THE 


American  Dictionary 


OF   THE 


ENGLISH  LANGUAGE 


Based  on  the  Latest  Conclusions  of  the  Most  Eminent  Philologists 

AND 

COMPRISING    MANY   THOUSANDS    OF    NEW   WORDS    WHICH    MODERN 

LITERATURE,    SCIENCE    AND    ART    HAVE    CALLED    INTO 

EXISTENCE   AND   COMMON    USAGE 

Together  with  Pronunciations  the  most  approved ;   Etymologies  based  on  the  researches  of  Skeai^ 

Wedgwood,  and  their  co-laborers  ;    and  Definitions  which  include  new  meani?igs  sanctioned 

by  good  modern  7isage,  and  old  meanings  foimd  in  the  works  of  several  of  the  old 

masters  of  the  language,  but  never  before  published  in  any  Lexicon. 


dompileJ)  anb  ebiteb  unber  tl^c  imntcMote  snjjcroision  of 
PROFESSOR    DANIEL   LYONS. 


NEW  YORK 

PETER   FENELON  COLLIER  &  SON 

M  C  M  1  1 


PREFACE. 

^^T  IS  confidently  expected  that  this  dictionary  will  commend  itself  to  all  those 
who  favor  books  of  reference  on  the  multuni  in  parvo  plan.  Every  accepted 
word  in  the  English  language  will  be  found  in  its  pages  ;  and,  in  addition,  many 
technical  terms  which  the  advance  of  modern  science  and  the  recent  rapid 
spread  of  useful  knowledge  in  the  United  States  have  made  part  and  parcel  of 
our  popular  literature ;  also  many  old  words  and  meanings  found  in  the  writings  of  the 
Elizabethan  and  Queen  Anne  periods.  It  has  been  found  necessary  to  enlarge  upon  many 
words,  whose  full  and  real  meaning  is  not  adequately  disclosed  by  a  mere  definition.  To  all 
definitions  which  do  not  apply  in  this  country,  the  American  meaning  has  been  added.  Local 
meanings,  words  and  phrases  ;  provincialisms,  both  English  and  American,  and  a  few  slang 
words  and  phrases — all  of  which  are  instructive  as  showing  the  natural  growth,  and  in  some 
cases  the  debasement,  of  the  pure  stock  of  our  language — are  given  for  what  they  are  worth, 
and  only  in  such  instances  as  are  to  be  met  with  in  early  and  recent  standard  works. 

The  etymology  of  each  word  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  the  definition  of  the  primitive 
word.  These  etymologies  will  be  found  to  differ  materially  from  those  found  in  other  diction- 
aries, of  even  recent  date.  As  it  is  only  within  the  past  twenty-five  years  that  the  etymology 
of  English  words  has  attained  even  the  semblance  of  an  exact  science,  these  new  etymolo- 
gies will  be  found,  in  general,  more  correct  than  those  of  any  preceding  work.  The  industrious 
labors  of  Skeat,  Wedgwood  and  other  recent  authorities  on  English  philology,  leave  the  most 
patient  lexicographer  with  many  open  questions  upon  his  hands.  For  this  very  sufficient 
reason,  the  editors  of  this  dictionary  announce,  simply,  that  they  have  given  the  latest  and 
what  to  them  seem  the  most  imperative  conclusions  of  the  science  of  English  philology — a 
science  which,  though  rapidly  progressing,  is  still,  on  the  whole,  quite  incomplete. 

We  have  but  to  add  that,  in  general,  the  aim  of  the  editors  of  the  "  American  Dictionary 
of  the  English  Language "  has  been  to  give  to  the  public  a  convenient  lexicon  which  will 
decide  all  questions  about  words,  which  arise  in  the  course  of  general  reading,  and  to  give  to 
the  American  reading  public  the  latest,  most  authentic  and  most  complete  conclusions  of 
English  philology.  , 

New  York,  March  i,  1892. 


INTRODUCTION. 


■yiTHEir  Pope  wrote  " The  proper  study  of  mankind 
VV  is  man,"  he  gave  to  the  world  a  most  palpable 
truism.  It  seems  to  us  of  this  age  of  science,  that  the 
much-quoted  assertion  was  hardly  worth  the  penning. 
Every  science  now  leads  up  to  and  down  to  man.  In 
him  chemistry  has  its  highest  exponent ;  zoology,  its 
acme ;  astronomy,  the  final  object  of  its  search  among 
the  planets  as  well  as  the  final  object  of  solar  and 
planetary  influences.  If  we  search  the  stratified  rocks 
of  geology,  we  find  his  imprint  and  those  of  his  animal 
"  ancestors  "  in  Evolution.  Geographical  exploration 
finds  him,  or  the  remnants  of  him,  wellnigh  everj'^- 
where.  Archseology  excavates  and  deciphers  hiero- 
glyphics, and  lo !  the  buried  city  and  the  long-locked 
mausoleum  give  up  the  dead  rulers  and  chieftains  of 
prehistoric  ages. 

For  centuries  learned  men  studied  the  various  lan- 
guages and  dialects  of  the  earth.  They  brought  the 
dead  languages  of  ancient  civilizations  into  schools  and 
colleges.  More  recently  they  studied  the  rude  and  un- 
couth languages  and  dialects  of  barbarous  and  savage 
tribes.  They  sagely  guessed  at  the  origin  of  modern 
words,  and  many  of  their  guesses  were  printed  in 
books  and  studied  as  philology.  Naturally,  the  fount- 
ain-head from  which  flowed  the  stream  of  their  inves- 
tigations was  the  Syro-Chaldaic,  the  supposed  original 
language  of  the  Semitic  people,  spoken  in  the  cradle  of 
the  human  race.  On  this  basic  line  the  dead  lan- 
guages, and  many  of  the  languages  of  modern  Europe, 
were  studied,  their  roots  were  unearthed  and  deci- 
phered, and  the  older  French,  German  and  other  Con- 
tinental savants  piled  up  a  philological  literature  of 
enormous  proportions,  hopelessly  locked  against  the 
nonprofessional,  and  for  the  most  part  utterly  worth- 
less, in  the  light  of  modern  philological  research. 

The  philological  savants  of  England  and  America 
were  content  to  follow  the  German  and  French  scholars 
in  this  line  of  investigation.  The  old  and  misleading 
line  of  philological  research  was  not  seriously  taken  up 
to  any  extent,  in  even  the  highest  English  and  American 
institutions  of  learning.  No  original  investigations 
were  attempted.  The  French  and  German  scholars 
had  pre-empted  the  field,  and  the  occasional  echo  heard 
at  Oxford  or  Harvard  was  from  some  imported  Orient- 
alist who  had  studied  and  travelled  among  cuneiform 
inscriptions  and  had  finished  his  studies  at  Paris  or 
Berlin. 

The  exception  to  this,  in  this  countrj%  is  of  course 
the  great  "  Webster's  Unabridged  Dictionary,"  so  long 
valued  [for  its  depth  and  for  its  patient  and  painstak- 
ing selection  of  the  results  of  French  and  German 
philological  research  up  to  the  date  of  its  publication. 
But  the  investigations,  the  systematized  canons  of 
derivation,  and  the  classification  of  root-forms  to  be 
found  in  that  great  work  of  a  laborious  lifetime,  will 
live  in  history  as  the  magnificent  ruin  of  a  noble  struct- 
ure which  but  for  a  few  short  years  outlived  its 
builder.  In  modern  editions  of  the  "Unabridged," 
the  bulk  of  the  philological  canons  and  systems,  which 


cost  their  author  so  much  to  get  together,  must  be 
omitted ;  though,  despite  all  this,  there  is  but  one 
"Webster's  Unabridged." 

Modern  English  etymology  divides  all  languages 
into  Aryan  and  non- Aryan.  Our  language  is  one  of 
the  former ;  Hebrew  and  Arabic  belong  to  the  latter 
classification.  It  is  easy  to  conclude,  therefore,  that  no 
English  word  is  dei'ived  from  a  Hebrew  or  an  Arabian 
root ;  and  that  no  word  of  either  Hebrew  or  Arabian 
extraction  could  come  into  the  English  unless  the  word 
was  actually  borrowed  and  made  a  part  of  the  latter 
through  custom  and  constant  usage.  If  the  English- 
speaking  people  could  not  come  in  contact  with  the 
people  of  Arabia  or  Palestine,  we  would  have  no  He- 
brew or  Arabian  words  in  our  language.  In  the  early 
ages  of  civilization,  peaceable  inter  -  visitations  be- 
tween even  neighboring  peoples  were  few  and  infre- 
quent ;  and  between  distant  peoples,  absolute  non-inter- 
course was  the  rule  with  very  slight  exception.  Two 
very  important  facts  must  be  noted,  as  the  natural 
and  inevitable  result  of  this. 

First,  the  two  original  divisions  of  languages  found 
at  the  dawn  of  written  history — the  Aryan  and  the 
non- Aryan — ^had  a  tendency  to  diverge  more  and  more 
widely  from  each  other  as  time  advanced.  Each  grew 
and  developed  and  changed  along  different  basic  lines, 
and  in  obedience  to  different  climatic,  social,  moral  and 
even  physiological  influences.  Under  primitive  con- 
ditions the  divergence  of  the  two  languages  had  a 
tendency  to  more  and  more  estrange  the  nations  and 
peoples  speaking  them,  to  build  up  widely  differing 
systems  of  government,  religion,  and  the  other  con- 
comitants of  civilization.  At  this  day,  therefore,  we 
should  not  expect  to  find  words  in  the  English — one  of 
the  Aryan  family  of  languages — whose  roots  are  trace- 
able to  a  non-Aryan  language,  such  as  the  Hebrew. 

We  must  note,  secondly,  that  two  peoples  of  the 
Aryan  race,  and  whose  remote  ancestors  originally 
spoke  the  same  language,  might,  in  the  course  of  ages, 
become  so  widely  separated  as  to  develop  finallj'  into 
very  different  and  differently-speaking  communities. 
The  original  word — spoken  exactly  alike  before  their 
separation — would  become  modified  so  that  it  would 
be  different  in  sound.  The  fact,  therefore,  that  an 
English  word  sounds  very  much  like  a  word  we  may 
find  in  some  other  language  does  not  prove,  or  even 
tend  to  prove,  that  the  two  words  are  related.  On  the 
contrary,  if  the  two  words  in  question  had  been  origi- 
nally the  same  word,  they  would  now  be  very  different — ■ 
would  look  but  very  little,  if  any,  alike  I  In  the  study  of 
linguistic  roots  we  must  be  cautious,  go  slow,  and  not 
be  led  astray  bj'^  mere  appearances. 

The  comparative  studj'  of  languages,  which  is  now 
absolutely  essential  to  the  proper  study  of  English  ety- 
mology, has  a  most  important  aid  in  the  comparative 
study  of  peoples — their  manners,  customs,  religious  be- 
liefs and  superstitions,  their  folk-lore  and  their  legend- 
ary literature.  And,  conversely,  since  the  new  era  of 
comparative  philology  has  dawned  upon  the  world  of 

(V) 


VI 


INTRODUCTION. 


learning,  much  valuable  information  has  been  obtained 
concerning  ancient  and  mediieval  peoples  and  their  re- 
lations to  each  other  at  certain  periods  when  history 
itself  leaves  manj'  important  questions  in  doubt.  In  the 
study  of  borrowed  words,  particularly,  is  this  the  case. 
Words  introduced  into  English  from  the  Old  High  Ger- 
man and  other  languages  of  tlie  Continent  are  admir- 
ably handled  by  Skeat  and  his  co-laborers,  so  as  to 
throw  much  needed  light  upon  even  so  recent  a  period 
as  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries. 

In  order  to  follow  the  changes  and  modifications  of 
root-forms  from  the  parent  stem  to  the  present  English 
word,  it  will  be  necessarj'  at  the  outset  to  have  care- 
fully studied  Grimm's  Law,  a  condensed  summaiy  of 
which  will  be  found  elsewhere.  This  Law  may  be  justlj' 
regarded  as  the  key  to  modern  English  etymology,  as 
well  as  its  foundation  aud  vital  principle. 

The  history  of  the  English  language  most  familiar 
to  all  persons  of  fair  education  is  that  it  was  at  first 
Anglo-Saxon ;  that,  after  the  Norman  Conquest,  in 
1066,  man}'  new  words  were  introduced  from  the  French 
of  that  tiuae ;  and  that,  down  to  our  own  day,  new  words 
have  been  constantly  added,  formed  lai'gel}'^  from  the 
Latin  and  Greek.  From  the  earliest  Saxon  times  down 
to  the  present,  this  history  has  been  divided  into  peri- 
ods and  epochs,  each  mai'king  the  rise,  progress  and 
deca}'  of  some  distinctive  variety  of  literature.  We 
have,  for  example,  the  epochs  of  Chaucer,  Spenser, 
Shakespeare,  the  Restoration,  Queen  Anne,  the  Georg- 
ian, and,  in  our  own  day,  the  modern  epoch  of  the  En- 
glish language,  with  a  well-defined  and  somewhat  vary- 
ing development  in  the  United  States  and  in  Great 
Britain. 

These  epochs  have  been  studied  with  reference  to 
the  development  of  English  literature  rather  than  the 
English  language.  This  study  has  given  glory  and  re- 
nown to  the  illustrious  masters  with  whose  names  the 
English  language  shall  be  forever  associated ;  but  it 
tells  us  nothing  of  the  birth,  parentage  and  growth  of 
the  words  which  have  been  the  masters'  servants — at 
times  their  slaves  and  playthings. 

And  j'et  these  little  words  in  their  root-forms  were 
serving  the  human  race  long,  long  before  the  Saxon 
set  foot  on  Britain  ;  and  they  will  continue  to  delight, 
and  give  comfort,  and  preserve  for  unborn  generations 
the  beautiful,  the  sublime,  the  good  and  the  true 
thoughts  and  mind-pictures  of  the  masters,  long  after 
the  lai'ge  majority  of  present  and  past  litterateurs  have 
ceased  to  be  named,  in  literary  circles ! 

These  words  have  a  veneraiale  historj',  back  in  those 
early  days  when  man — and  lovely  woman — first  learned 
they  had  two  tongues,  one  in  each  head  !  When  words 
— these  very  root-forms  unearthed  by  the  learned  Skeat 
and  his  co-laborers — first  came  into  fashion  the  race  was 
indeed  in  its  infancy,  non-progressive  and  unenterpris- 
ing. At  that  early  day,  we  stand  truly  at  the  dawTi  of 
a  new  era.  Man  begins  to  speak  in  words,  and  his 
fellow-man  understands  him.  Then  comes  a  separa- 
tion, and  different  tribes,  races  and  nations  set  up, 
each  one  for  itself; 

Is  not  the  historj'  of  words,  from  their  parent-forms 
to  their  present  fair  and  harmonious  proportions,  a  his- 
tory worth  writing  and  studjnng?  In  so  doing  we 
shall  not  be  studjnng  or  glorifying  the  ideas  of  great 
individuals,  the  greatest  of  whom  must  reach  total  or 
partial  oblivion  with  the  lapse  of  ages ;  but  we  shall 
be  studying  and  marking  the  progress  of  the  human 
species  itself,  from  its  primitive  or  primeval  helpless- 
ness to  its  reign  of  universal  empire,  acquired  by  the 
"  communication  of  thought  by  means  of  words."  We 
shall  find  men  of  a  race  all  but  extinct  leaving  perhaps 


some  strange  inscription  on  a  buried  temple  or  burial 
vault,  by  which  insci'iption  the  learned  will  discover 
their  descendants  and  trace  a  connection  between  the 
living  words  of  to-day  and  the  words  first  uttered  by 
the  human  voice.  We  shall  see  the  human  race  in  its 
dispersion  to  the  vainous  habitable  portions  of  the 
globe  carrying  with  it  to  its  new-found  homes  the 
precious  gift  of  articulate  language,  developing  into' 
forms  as  various  as  the  scattered  habitations  them- 
selves, but  still  maintaining  intact  the  germ,  the  root, 
common  to  the  different  members  of  the  original 
linguistic  family-. 

Ages  pass,  and  men  begin  to  visit  the  homes  of 
races  that  were  not  of  the  same  family.  A  conquering 
stranger  race  brings  new  and  strange  woi'ds  to  its 
conquered  foe,  along  with  its  chains  and  its  oppressions, 
but  the  language  of  the  enslaved  and  captive  race 
does  not  wholly  perish.  After  long  ages  words  of  the 
captive  race  are  found  in  the  language  of  tlie  con- 
quei'or.  Sometimes  they  are  kept  because  the\-  have 
the  same  sounds ;  but  they  are  not  of  the  same  parent 
stock — one  was  Aryan,  the  other  non- Aryan. 

Again,  two  long-separated  tribes,  members  of  the 
same  linguistic  family,  are  brought  into  contact.  Their 
words  do  not  sound  alike.  Words  with  the  same  mean- 
ing have  invariably  a  different  sound,  and  neither  tribe 
adopts  any  of  the  words  of  the  other.  Thus  their 
words,  descended  from  the  same  parent-form,  continue 
to  grow  more  and  more  divergent,  at  the  same  time 
preserving  a  certain  uniformity  of  variation. 

It  is  the  triumph  of  modern  etymology  that  it  gives 
the  rule  to  determine  what  this  uniformity  is  and  in 
what  words  it  is  found. 

Coming  down  to  the  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  we 
find  two  polished,  highly -finished  languages  in  Europe, 
the  Greek  and  the  Latin.  The  northern  races  that 
completed  the  overthrow  and  shared  the  spoils  of  the 
Empire  of  the  West  found  their  richest  treasure, 
without  appreciating  it,  in  the  smooth,  precise  and 
musical  language  of  "Virgil,  Horace  and  Cicero. 

The  Anglo-Saxon,  or  Old  English,  found  a  Celtic 
tongue  on  the  island  of  Britain  in  449.  The  familiar 
modifications  of  the  Latin,  now  known  to  us  as  French, 
Spanish  and  Italian,  began  their  development  at  this 
time.  It  is  highly  probable  that  the  Old  English,  or 
Anglo-Saxon,  had  received  additions  from  the  Latin 
which  ante-date  the  additions  and  modifications  which 
affected  it  after  the  Norman  Conquest.  The  same  is 
probably  true  of  the  Teutonic  dialect  spoken  by  the 
German  Franks  before  Clovis  crossed  into  Gaul ;  and 
also  of  the  Celtic  dialects  spoken  in  Gaul  and  Britain, 
respectively,  before  the  Anglo-Saxon  and  Frankish 
conquests  of  those  countries.  On  this  view  of  the  case, 
the  "English  "  which  resulted  from  the  amalgamation 
of  the  Celtic-Latin-Germanic  Norman-French  with  the 
Celtic-Saxon  of  England  must  have  been  a  verj'  com- 
plex and  heterogeneous  compound. 

But  time  works  many  wonders.  The  Church  Latin 
of  the  Ages  of  Faith  no  doubt  added  its  contributions 
to  the  Old  English  vocabulary.  It  aided  in  toning 
down  the  harshness  of  the  early  French  to  the  Romance 
dialects  which  succeeded.  When  the  Conqueror  won 
at  Hastings,  he  brought  a  less  uncouth  language  to 
enrich  the  vocabulary  of  England  than  that  which  was 
used  by  his  pirate  ancestors. 

The  study  of  Latin  in  the  monasteries  and  univer- 
sities of  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries,  and  the 
use  of  that  language  by  the  scholars  and  churchmen  of 
England,  gave  to  many  of  the  productions  of  English 
authors  of  that  time  a"  decidedly  Johnsonese  tone  aco 
pretentiousness. 


INTRODUCTIOIf. 


Vll 


During  all  this  time  simple,  short  words  were 
quietly  resting  in  the  bosom  of  Old  English.  Some 
were  related  to  the  Swedish,  Old  High  German,  Scan- 
dinavian and  Gothic.  Some  were  Celtic  in  disguise, 
carried  captive  by  the  Frank  and  Roman,  in  Gaul,  and 
by  the  Saxon,  in  Britain  !  These  little  words  did  not 
die.  And  they  were  related — manj'  of  them — to  the 
smoothly-flowing  Latin  of  Cicero,  and  the  roaring, 
rolling,  resonant  Greek  of  Demosthenes  and  Homer. 
These  little  words  came  to  us  from  flie  tribal  settle- 
ments of  primeval  man.  They  are  Aryan  or  Indo- 
European,  and  they  do  not  come  to  us  from  the  Semitic 
Hebrew  or  S^'ro-Ohaldaic,  and  cannot,  at  present,  be 
traced  to  the  cradle  of  the  human  race.  They  are  the 
imperishable  little  words  that  Swift  loved  and  could 
use  so  effectualljr  to  strike  his  hardest  blows.  They 
are  also  the  "  toughest  "  riddles  that  modern  English 
et3'mology  gives  us  to  solve — thej'  are  so  old,  so  often 
hunted  down  and  so  little. 

We  must  now  brieflj'  review  the  different  languages 
which  have  contributed  to  the  present  structure  and 
form  of  English  words — either  by  adaptation  or  by 
natural  descent.  There  is  a  class  of  words  of  Old  Low 
German  descent.  The  term  includes  a  limited  class  of 
words,  whose  precise  origin  is  enveloped  in  obscurity. 
"If  not  precisely  English,  they  come  very  near  it," 
says  Skeat.  The  chief  difficulty  about  them  is  that 
the  time  of  their  introduction  into  English  is  uncer- 
tain. Either  they  belong  to  Old  Friesian  and  were 
introduced  by  the  Friesians  who  came  over  to  England 
with  the  Saxons,  or  to  some  form  of  Old  Dutch  or  Old 
Saxon,  and  may  have  been  introduced  from  Holland, 
possibly  even  in  the  fourteenth  century,  when  it  was 
not  uncommon  for  Flemings  to  visit  England,  for  com- 
mercial and  other  purposes,  and  end  by  taking  up  their 
residence  there. 

The  introduction  of  Dutch  words  into  English  re- 
ceived little  attention  until  Skeat  took  up  the  subject. 
History  shows  that  England's  relations  with  Holland 
were  often  very  close.  We  read  of  Flemish  mercenary 
soldiers  being"  employed  by  the  Normans,  and  of  Flem- 
ish settlements  in  Wales,  "  where,"  says  old  Fabyan, 
"they  remained  a  long  wh3'le;  but  after,  the3'  sprad 
all  Englande  ouer." 

History  tells  us  of  the  alliance  between  Edward  III. 
and  the  free  towns  of  Flanders ;  and  of  the  importation 
of  Flemish  weavers  by  the  same  monarch.  The  wool 
used  by  the  cloth-workers  of  Flanders  grew  on  the 
backs  of  English  sheep ;  closer  relations  between  the 
two  countries  grew  out  of  the  brewing  trade  and  the  in- 
vention of  printing,  and  were  secured  by  the  new  bond 
of  the  Protestant  faith.  Caxton  spent  thirty  years  in 
Flanders  (where  the  first  English  book  was  printed) 
and  translated  the  Low  German  version  of  "Reynard 
the  Fox."  Tyndale  settled  at  Antwerp  to  print  his  New 
Testament.  After  Antwerp  had  been  captured  by  the 
Duke  of  Parma  "  a  third  of  the  merchants  and  manu- 
facturers of  the  ruined  cit}%"  saj's  Mr.  Green,  "  are 
said  to  have  found  a  refuge  on  the  banks  of  the 
Thames."  All  this  must  have  affected  the  English 
langaiage  at  that  time  :  and  it  is  tolerably  certain  that 
dm'ing  the  fourteenth,  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries, 
particularly  the  last,  several  Dutch  words  were  intro- 
duced into  England. 

Scandinavian  or  old  Danish  words  were  introduced 
into  England  b_y  the  Danes  and  Northmen  who  settled 
in  the  country  at  various  times  before  the  Conquest. 
Their  language  is  best  represented  by  Icelandic,  owing 
to  the  curious  fact  that,  ever  since  the  first  coloniza- 
tion of  Iceland  by  the  Northmen,  about  874,  the  lan- 
guage of  the  settlers  has  been  preserved  with  but 


slight  changes.  Hence,  instead  of  its  being  strange 
that  English  words  should  be  borrowed  from  Icelandic, 
it  must  be  remembered  that  this  name  represents,  for 
philological  purposes,  the  language  of  those  Northmen 
who,  settling  in  England,  became  ancestors  of  some  of 
the  leading  families  in  the  country ;  and,  as  they  set- 
tled chieflj'  in  Northumbria  and  East  Anglia,  parts  of 
England  not  strictlj'  represented  by  Anglo-Saxon, 
"Icelandic"  has  come  to  be  English  of  the  English. 
Skeat,  in  some  cases,  derives  "  Scandinavian  "  words 
from  Swedish,  Danish  or  Norwegian  ;  but,  he  explains, 
this  means  that  the  Swedish,  Danish  or  Norwegian 
words  are  the  best  representative  of  the  Icelandic  that 
can  be  found.  The  number  of  words  adopted  into  mod- 
ern English  from  the  Swedish  and  Danish  is  very 
small. 

The  German  language  is  properly  called  High 
German,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  other  Teutonic 
dialects,  which  belong  to  Low  German.  This,  of  all 
Teutonic  languages,  is  the  furthest  removed  from 
English,  and  the  one  from  which  fewest  words  are 
directly  borrowed,  though  there  is  a  very  general 
popular  notion  (due,  says  Skeat,  to  the  utter  want  of 
philological  training  among  English-speaking  people) 
that  the  contrary'  is  the  case.  A  knowledge  of  Ger- 
man is  often  the  sole  idea  by  which  an  Englishman  or 
an  American  regulates  his  "derivations  "  of  Teutonic 
words ;  and  he  is  better  pleased  if  he  can  find  the 
German  equivalent  of  an  English  woixl  than  by  any 
true  account  of  the  same  word,  however  clearly  ex- 
pressed. Yet  it  is  well-established,  b3'  Grimm's  Law 
of  sound-shiftings,  that  the  German  and  the  English 
consonantal  S3stems  are  ver3'  different.  Owing  to  the 
replacement  of  the  Old  High  German  p  by  the  Modern 
German  b,  and  other  changes,  English  and  German 
now  approach  each  other  more  nearly  than  Grimm's 
Law  suggests  ;  but  we  ma3'  still  observe  the  following 
ver3'  striking  difference  in  the  dental  consonants : 

English :  cl  t  th  day,  tooth,  thorn,  foot. 

German  :  t  z  {ss)  d  ta^,  zahn,  dorn,  fuss. 

The  number  of  words  in  English  that  are  borrowed 
directly  from  the  German  is  quite  insignificant,  and 
the3'  are  all  of  late  introduction.  It  is  more  to  the 
purpose  to  remember  that  there  are,  nevertheless,  a 
considerable  number  of  German  words  that  were  bor- 
rowed indirectl\',  viz.,  through  the  French.  Examples 
of  such  words  are,  brmvn,  dance,  gay,  guard,  halbert,  etc., 
man3'  of  which  would  hardl3'  be  at  once  suspected.  It 
is  precisely  in  accounting  for  these  Frankish  words 
that  German  is  so  useful  to  the  English  etymologist. 
The  fact  that  we  are  highl3'  indebted  to  German  writers 
for  their  excellent  philological  work  is  veiy  true  and 
one  to  be  thankfull3'  acknowledged  ;  but  that  is  quite 
another  matter  altogether. 

The  influence  of  French  upon  English  is  too  well 
known  to  require  comment.  But  the  method  of  the 
derivation  of  French  words  from  Latin  or  German  is 
often  very  difficult,  and  requires  the  greatest  care. 
There  are  numerous  French  words  in  quite  common 
use ;  such  as  arse,  ease,  trancher,  to  cut,  which  have 
never  yet  been  clearly  solved :  and  the  solution  of 
man3'  others  is  highlj'  doubtful.  Latin  words  often 
undergo  the  most  curious  transformations,  as  ma3'  be 
seen  by  consulting  Brachet's  Historical  Grammar. 
What  are  called  "  learned  "  words,  such  asmobile,  which 
is  merel3'  a  Latin  word  with  a  French  ending,  present 
no  difRcult3' ;  but  the  "  popular  "  words  in  use  since  the 
first  formation  of  the  language  are  distinguished  by 
three  peculiarities  :  (1)  the  continuance  of  the  tonic  ac- 
cent, (2)  the  suppression  of  the  short  vowel,  (3)  the  loss 
of  medial  consonant.    The  last  two  peculiarities  tend  to 


vffl 


INTKODUCTION. 


disguise  the  ori^n,  and  require  much  attention.  Thus, 
in  the  Latin  bonitatem,  the  short  vowel  i,  near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  word,  is  suppressed;  whence.  F.  bonte,  E. 
bounty.  And  again,  in  the  Latin  ligare,.  to  bind,  the 
medial  consonant  g,  standing  between  two  vowels,  is 
lost,  producing  the  F.  Her,  whence  E.  liable. 

The  result  is  a  great  tendency  to  compression,  of 
which  an  extraordinary  but  well-known  example  is  the 
Low  Latin  mtaticum,  reduced  to  edage  by  the  suppression 
of  the  short  vowel  i,  and  again  to  eage  by  the  loss  of 
the  medial  consonant  d  ;  hence  F.  dge,  E.  age. 

One  other  peculiarity  is  too  important  to  be  passed 
over.  With  rare  exceptions,  the  substantives  (as  in 
all  the  Romance  languages)  are  formed  from  the  acou' 
sative  case  of  the  Latin,  so  that  it  is  commonly  a  mere 
absurdity  to  cite  the  Latin  nominative,  when  the  form 
of  the  accusative  is  absolutely  necessary  to  show  how 
the  French  word  arose. 

French  may  be  considered  as  being  a  wholly  un- 
original language,  founded  on  debased  Latin ;  but  it 
must  at  the  same  time  be  remembered  that,  as  history 
teaches  us,  a  certain  part  of  the  language  is  necessarily 
of  Celtic  origin,  and  another  part  is  necessarily  Frank- 
ish,  that  is.  Old  High  German.  It  has  also  clearly 
borrowed  words  freely  from  Old  Low  German  dialects, 
from  Scandinavian  (due  to  the  Normans),  and,  in  later 
times,  from  Italian,  Spanish,  etc.,  and  even  from  En- 
glish and  many  entirely  foreign  languages. 

The  other  Romance  languages,  i.  e.,  languages  of 
Latin  origin,  are  Italian,  Spanish,  Portuguese,  Pro- 
vengal,  Romansch  and  Wallachian.  English  contains 
words  borrowed  from  the  fli^t  four  of  these,  but  there 
is  not  much  in  them  that  needs  special  remark.  The 
Italian  and  Spanish  forms  are  often  useful  for  com- 
p;irison  with,  and  consequent  restoration  of,  the  crushed 
and  abbreviated  Old  French  forms.  Italian  is  remark- 
able for  assimilation,  as  in  ammirare  (for  admirare)  to 
admire,  ditto  (for  dido),  a  saying,  whence  E.  ditto. 
Spanish,  oo  Hie  other  tiand,  dislikes  assimilaticMi,  and 


carefully  avoids  double  consonants;  the  only  conso- 
nants that  can  be  doubled  are  c,  n,  r,  besides  II,  which 
is  sounded  as  E.  I  followed  by  y  consonant,  and  is  not 
considered  as  a  double  letter.  The  Spanish  ^  is  sounded 
by  y  consonant,  and  occurs  in  duena,  EngUshed  as 
duenna.  Spanish  is  also  remarkable  as  containing 
many  Arabic  (Moorish)  words,  some  of  which  have 
found  their  way  into  English.  The  ItaUan  infinitives 
commonh'  end  in  -are,  -ere,  -ire,  with  corresponding  past 
participles  in  -ato,  -uto,  -ito.  Spanish  infinitives  com- 
monlj'  end  in  -ar,  -er,  -ir,  with  corresponding  past  par- 
ticiples in  -ado,  -ido,  -ido.  In  all  the  Romance  lan- 
guages, substantives  are  most  commonly  formed,  as 
in  French,  from  the  Latin  accusative. 

Words  of  Celtic  origin  form  a  particularly  slippery 
subject  to  deal  with,  for  want  of  definite  information 
on  their  older  forms  in  a  conveniently  accessible  ar- 
rangement. That  English  has  borrowed  several  words 
from  Celtic  cannot  be  doubted,  but  we  must  take  care 
not  to  multiply  the  number  of  these  unduly.  Again, 
"  Celtic  "  is  merely  a  general  term,  and  in  itself  means 
nothing  definite,  just  as  "  Teutonic  "  and  "  Romance  " 
are  general  terms.  To  prove  that  a  word  is  Celtic,  we 
must  first  show  that  the  word  is  borrowed  from  one  of 
the  Celtic  languages,  as  Irish,  Gaelic,  Welsh,  Cornish 
or  Breton,  or  that  it  is  of  a  form  which,  by  the  help  of 
these  languages,  can  be  fairly  presumed  to  have  ex- 
isted in  the  Celtic  of  an  early  period.  The  chief  diffi- 
culty lies  in  the  fact  that  Welsh,  Irish,  Cornish  and 
Gaelic  have  all  borrowed  English  words  at  various 
periods,  and  Gaelic  has  certainly  also  borrowed  some 
words  from  Scandinavian,  as  history  tells  us  must  have 
been  the  case.  We  gain,  however,  some  assistance  by 
comparing  all  the  languages  of  this  class  together,  and 
again,  by  comparing  them  with  Latin,  Greek,  San- 
skrit,  etc.,  since  the  Celtic  consonants  often  agree  with 
these,  and,  at  the  same  time,  differ  from  Teutonic, 
Thus  the  word  boast  is  probably  Celtic,  since  it  appears 
In  Welsh,  Comisb  and  Gbelic. 


CANONS    FOR    ETYMOLOGY. 


The  Rev.  Walter  W.  Skeat  gives  us  the  following 
excellent  synopsis  of  this  important  subject  in  his 
"  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  "  : 

"  In  the  course  of  the  work,  I  have  been  led  to  adopt 
the  follovsring  canons,  which  merely  express  well-known 
principles,  and  are  nothing  new.  Still,  in  the  form  of 
definite  statements,  they  are  worth  giving : 

"1.  Before  attempting  an  etymologjs  ascertain  the 
earliest  form  and  use  of  the  word  ;  and  observe  chro- 
nology. 

"3.  Observe  history  and  geography;  borrowings 
are  due  to  actual  contact. 

"  3.  Observe  phonetic  laws,  especially  those  which 
regulate  the  mutual  relation  of  consonants  in  the  vari- 
ous Aryan  languages,  at  the  same  time  comparing  the 
vowel-sounds. 

"4.  In  comparing  two  words,  A  and  B,  belonging  to 
the  same  language,  of  which  A  contains  the  lesser 
number  of  syllables,  A  must  be  taken  to  be  the  more 
original  word,  unless  we  have  evidenae  of  contraction 
or  other  corruption. 

"5.  In  comparing  two  words,  A  and  B,  belonging  to 
the  same  language  and  consisting  of  the  same  number 
of  syllables,  the  older  form  can  usually  be  distinguished 
by  observing  the  sound  of  the  principal  vowel. 

"  6.  Strong  verbs,  in  the  Teutonic  languages,  and 
the  so-called  '  irregular  verbs '  in  Latin,  are  commonly 
to  be  considered  as  primary,  other  related  forms  being 
taken  from  them. 

"7.  The  whole  of  a  word,  and  not  a  portion  only, 
ought  to  be  reasonably  accounted  for;  and,  in  tracing 
changes  of  form,  any  infringement  of  phonetic  laws  is 
to  be  regarded  with  suspicion. 

"  8.  Mere  resemblances  of  form  and  apparent  con- 
nection in  sense  between  languages  which  have  differ- 
ent phonetic  laws  or  no  necessary  connection  are  com- 
monly a  delusion,  and  are  not  to  be  regarded. 

'•  9.  When  words  in  two  different  languages  are 
more  nearly  alike  than  the  ordinary  phonetic  laws 
would  allow,  there  is  a  strong  probability  that  one  lan- 
guage has  borrowed  the  word  from  the  other.  Truly 
cognate  words  ought  not  to  be  too  much  alike. 

"  10.  It  is  useless  to  offer  an  explanation  of  an  En- 
glish word  which  will  not  also  explain  all  the  cognate 
forms. 

"These  principles,  and  other  similar  ones  well 
known  to  comparative  philologists,  I  have  tried  to  ob- 
serve. Where  I  have  not  done  so,  there  is  a  chance 
of  a  mistake.  Corrections  can  only  be  made  by  a  more 
strict  observance  of  the  above  canons. 

"  A  few  examples  will  make  the  matter  clearer. 

"  1.  The  word  surloin,  or  sirloin,  is  often  said  to  be 
derived  from  the  fact  that  the  loin  was  knighted  as  Sir 
Loin  by  Charles  II.,  or  (according  to  Richardson)  by 
James  I.  Chronology  makes  short  work  of  this  state- 
ment, the  word  being  in  use  long  before  James  I.  was 
born.  It  is  one  of  those  unscrupulous  inventions  with 
which  English  '  etymology  '  abounds,  and  which  many 


people  admire  because  they  are  *  so  clever.*    The  nam* 

ber  of  those  who  literally  prefer  a  story  about  a  word 
to  a  more  prosaic  account  of  it  is  only  too  large. 

"As  to  the  necessity  for  ascertaining  the  oldest 
form  and  use  of  a  word  there  cannot  be  two  opinions. 
Yet  this  primary  and  all-important  rule  is  continually 
disregarded,  and  men  are  found  to  rush  into  'etymolo* 
gies '  without  the  slightest  attempt  at  investigation  or 
any  knowledge  of  the  history  of  the  language,  and 
think  nothing  of  deriving  words  which  exist  in  Anglo- 
Saxon  from  German  or  Italian.  They  merely '  think  it 
over,'  and  take  up  with  the  first  fancy  that  comes  to 
hand,  which  they  expect  to  be  '  obvious '  to  others  be- 
cause they  were  themselves  incapable  of  doing  better ; 
which  is  a  poor  argument,  indeed.  It  would  be  easy  to 
cite  some  specimens  which  I  have  noted  (with  a  view 
to  the  possibility  of  making  a  small  collection  of  sucb 
philological  curiosities),  but  it  is  hardly  necessary.  1 
will  rather  relate  my  experience — viz. :  that  I  have  fre- 
quently set  out  to  find  the  etymology  of  a  word  with- 
out any  preconceived  ideas  about  it,  and  usually  found 
that,  by  the  time  its  earliest  use  and  sense  had  been 
fairly  traced,  the  etymology  presented  itself  unasked. 

"  2.  The  history  of  a  nation  generally  accounts  for 
the  constituent  parts  of  its  language.  When  an  early 
English  word  is  compared  with  Hebrew  or  Coptic,  as 
used  to  be  done  in  the  old  editions  of  "Webster's  Dic- 
tionary," history  is  set  at  defiance ;  and  it  was  a  good 
deed  to  clear  the  later  editions  of  all  such  rubbish.  As 
to  geography,  there  must  always  be  an  intelligible  geo- 
graphical contact  between  races  that  are  supposed  to 
have  borrowed  words  from  one  another ;  and  this  is 
particularly  true  of  olden  times,  when  travelling  was 
less  common.  Old  French  did  not  borrow  words  from 
Portugal,  nor  did  Old  English  borrow  words  from 
Prussia,  much  less  from  Finnish  or  Esthonian  or  Cop- 
tic, etc.,  etc.  Yet  there  are  people  who  still  remain 
persuaded  that  Whitsunday  is  derived,  of  all  things, 
from  the  German  Pfingsten. 

"  3.  Few  delusions  are  more  common  than  the 
comparison  of  L.  cura  with  E.  care,  of  Gr.  sAtf  with 
E.  tvJwle,  and  of  Gr.  x^pt  with  E.  charity.  I  daresay 
I  myself  believed  in  these  things  for  many  years, 
owing  to  that  utter  want  of  any  approach  to  any 
philological  training,  for  which  England  in  general 
has  long  been  so  remarkable.  Yet  a  very  slight 
(but  honest)  attempt  at  understanding  the  English, 
the  Latin  and  the  Greek  alphabets  soon  shows 
these  notions  to  be  untenable.  The  E.  care,  A.  S. 
cearu,  meant,  originally,  sorrow,  which  is  only  a  second- 
ary meaning  of  the  Latin  word  ;  it  never  meant,  orig- 
inally, attention  or  painstaking.  But  this  is  not  the 
point  at  present  under  consideration.  Phonetically, 
the  A.S.  c  and  the  L.  c,  when  used  Initially,  do  not  cor- 
respond ;  for  where  Latin  writes  c  at  the  beginning  of 
a  word,  A.  S.  has  h,  as  in  L.  cehare=h..  S.  hel-an,  to 
hide.  Again,  the  A.  S.  ea,  before  r  following,  stands 
for  original  a,  cearu  answering  to  an  older  carii.    But 

(ix) 


INTRODUCTION. 


the  L.  oara.  Old  Latin  coira,  is  spelt  with  a  long  u, 
originally  a  diphthong,  which  cannot  answer  exactly  to 
an  original  a.  It  remains  that  these  words  both  con- 
tain the  letter  r  in  common,  which  is  not  denied  ;  but 
this  is  a  slight  ground  for  the  supposed  equivalence 
of  words  of  wliich  the  primary  senses  were  different. 
The  fact  of  the  equivalence  of  L.  f  to  A.  S.  /i  is  com- 
monly known  as  being  due  to  Grimm's  Law.  The 
popular  notions  about  Grimm's  Law  are  extremely 
vague.  Many  imagine  that  Grimm  made  the  law  not 
many  years  ago,  since  which  time  Latin  and  Anglo- 
Saxon  have  been  bound  to  obey  it.  But  the  word  law 
is  then  strangely  misapprehended  ;  it  is  onlj'  a  law  in 
the  sense  of  an  observed  fact.  Latin  and  Anglo-Saxon 
were  thus  differentiated  in  times  pi-eceding  the  earliest 
record  of  the  latter,  and  the  difference  might  have  been 
observed  in  the  eighth  cenLurj'  if  anj'one  had  had  the 
wits  to  observe  it.  When  the  difference  has  once  been 
perceived,  and  all  other  A.  S.  and  Latin  equivalent 
words  are  seen  to  follow  it,  we  cannot  consent  to  estab- 
lish an  exception  to  the  rule  in  order  to  compare  a  single 
(supposed)  pair  of  words  which  do  not  agree  in  the 
vowel-sound,  and  did  not  oi-iginally  mean  the  same  thing. 
"As  to  the  Gr.  s;>.or,  the  aspirate  (as  usual)  rep- 
resents an  original  ."?,  so  that  o^lof  answers  to  Sans. 
sarva,  all.  Old  Lat.  solliis,  whilst  it  means  *  whole '  in 
the  sense  of  entire  or  total.  But  the  A.  S.  hdl 
(which  is  the  old  spelling  of  whole)  has  for  its  initial 
letter  an  h,  answering  to  Gr.  it,  and  the  original  sense 
is  'in  sound  health,'  or  'hale  and  hearty.'  It  may 
much  more  reasonably  be  compared  with  the  Gr. 
KoU; ;  as  to  which  see  Curtius,  i.  172.  As  to  x'^pv,  the 
initial  letter  is  ;r,  a  guttural  sound  answering  to  Lat. 
h  or  g,  and  it  is,  in  fact,  allied  to  L.  gratia.  But  in 
charity,  the  ch  is  French,  due  to  a  peculiar  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  Lat.  c,  and  the  Fr.  charite  is,  of  course, 
due  to  the  L.  ace.  caritatem,  whence  also  Ital. 
caritate  or  carith.  Span,  caridad,  all  from  L.  cHrits, 
with  long  a.  When  we  put  wif  and  cHrtis  side  hy 
side,  we  find  that  the  initial  letters  are  different, 
that  the  vowels  are  different,  and  that,  just  as  in  the 
case  of  cearu  and  cara,  the  sole  resemblance  is  that 
they  both  contain  the  letter  r .'  It  is  not  worth  while 
to  pursue  the  subject  further.  Those  who  are  con- 
firmed in  their  prejudices  and  have  no  guide  but  the 
ear  (which  they  neglect  to  train),  will  remain  of  the 
same  opinion  still ;  but  some  beginners  maj'  perhaps 
take  heed,  and  if  they  do,  will  see  matters  in  a  new 
light.  To  all  who  have  acquired  any  philological 
knowledge,  these  things  are  wearisome. 


"  4.  Suppose  we  take  two  Latin  words  such  as  eort- 
tas  and  earns.  The  former  has  a  stem  car-i-tat- ;  the 
latter  has  a  stem  car-o-,  which  may  very  easilj-  turn 
into  car-i-.  We  are  perfectly'  confident  that  the  ad- 
jective came  first  into  existence,  and  that  the  sb.  was 
made  out  of  it  by  adding  a  suffix ;  and  this  we  can  tell 
by  a  glance  at  the  words,  by  the  very  form  of  them. 
It  is  a  rule  in  all  Aryan  languages  that  words  started 
from  monosyllabic  roots  or  bases,  and  were  built  up 
by  supplying-  new  suffixes  at  the  end ;  and,  the  greater 
the  number  of  suflBxes,  the  later  the  formation.  When 
apparent  exceptions  to  thi<5  law  present  themselves, 
they  require  especial  atten';ion  '.  but  as  long  as  the  law 
is  followed,  it  is  all  in  the  natural  course  of  things. 
Simple  as  this  canon  ceems,  i'  is  frequently'  not  ob- 
served ;  the  consequence  being  that  a  word  A  is  said 
to  be  derived  from  B,  whereas  B  is  its  own  offspring. 
The  result  is  a  reasoning  m  a  circle,  as  it  is  called  ;  we 
go  round  and  round,  but  there  is  no  progress  upward 
and  backward,  which  is  the  direction  in  which  we  should 
travel.  Thus  Richardson  derivesr/iJMf  from  '  Fr.  echine,' 
and  this  from  'Fr.  echiner,  to  chine,  divide,  or  break  the 
back  of  (Cotgrave),  probably  from  the  A.  S.  cinan,  to 
chine,  chink  or  rive.'  From  the  absurdity  of  deriving 
the  '  Fr.  echiner '  from  the  'A.  S.  cinan  '  he  might  have 
been  saved  at  the  outset,  hy  remembering  that,  instead 
of  echine  being  derived  from  the  verb  echiner,  it  is  ob- 
vious that  echiner,  to  break  the  back  of,  is  derived  from 
echine,  the  back,  as  Cotgrave  certainly  meant  us  to 
understand ;  see  eschine,  eschiner  in  '  Cotgrave's  Dic- 
tionarj'.'  Putting  eschine  and  eschiner  side  by  side,  the 
shorter  form  is  the  more  original. 

"  5.  This  canon,  requiring  us  to  compare  vowel 
sounds,  is  a  little  more  difficult,  but  it  is  extremely  im^ 
portant.  In  many  dictionaries  it  is  utterly  neglected, 
whereas  the  information  to  be  obtained  from  vowels  is 
often  extremely  certain ;  and  few  things  are  more 
beautifully  regular  than  the  occasionally  complex,  yet 
often  decisive  manner  in  which,  especialh'  in  the  Teu- 
tonic languages,  one  vowel-sound  is  educed  from  an- 
other. The  very  fact  that  the  A.  S.  e  is  a  modification 
of  6  tells  us  at  once  that  fedan,  to  feed,  is  a  derivative 
otfdd,  food  ;  and  that  to  derive /oor?  from  feed  is  simply 
im'possible.  In  the  same  way  the  vowel  e  in  the  verb 
to  set  owes  its  very  existence  to  the  vowel  a  in  the  past 
tense  of  the  verb  to  sit;  and  so  on  in  countless  in- 
stances. 

"The  other  canons  require  no  particular  com- 
ment." 


SPEECH    AS    A    BARRIER    BETWEEN    MAN    AND    BEAST. 


If  we  ask.  Are  irrational  animals  endowed  with  the 
faculty  of  speech  ?  we  are  met  by  three  sections  of  ad- 
vanced scientists  at  the  very  threshold  of  the  discus- 
sion. The  sl^eptic  is  in  doubt  as  to  whether  there  is 
any  such  distinction  as  tlie  distinction  between  rational 
and  irrational  animals.  The  agnostic  does  not  linow — 
and  claims  no  one  else  can  Itnow — whether  there  is  any 
such  distinction  or  not.  The  monistic  philosopher, 
Ernst  Heinrich  Haeckel,  endeavors  to  prove  in  "  Evo- 
lution of  Man  "  that  Reason,  as  a  frontier  post  be- 
tween Man  and  Beast,  is  altogether  untenable.  Either 
we  must  talie  Reason  in  its  narrow  sense,  argues 
Haecl^el — and  in  that  case  it  is  lacking  in  most  Men  as 
well  as  in  the  lower  animals;  or  we  must  take  it  in  its 
broader  and  lower  sense,  in  which  case  it  is  present  in 
such  animals  as  the  Horse,  Elephant,  Dog  and  Ape,  as 
well  as  in  the  human  species.  Under  sucli  circum- 
stances it  is  evident  that  we  cannot  satisfactorily  dis- 
cuss the  question  by  beginning  at  either  Reason  or 
Speech  as  a  barrier  between  Man  and  Beast.  If  the 
atheistic  evolution  or  development  theory  has  been 
established,  there  is  no  distinction  or  barrier  between 
Man  and  Beast,  except  a  mere  matter  of  higher  devel- 
opment in  the  former  than  in  the  latter.  Beasts  have 
both  Speech  and  Reason  as  well  as  Man  has,  and  there 
is  no  barrier  here.  Going  still  further  down  the  scale 
ot  organisms,  we  reach  forms  of  life  which  have  noth- 
ing but  skulless  brain-bladders.  The  Mind  in  these 
organisms  cannot  develop  with  its  organ,  the  brain, 
for  the  brain  has  not  yet  differentiated  in  them.  At 
this  point  in  the  scale,  at  all  events,  development  of 
Mind  has  not  yet  begun. 

"We  hold  that  atheistic  evolution  cannot  stand,  un- 
less it  stands  as  an  entirety.  The  question  is  not.  Does 
Reason  develop  in  connection  with  its  organ,  the  brain  ? 
as  Haeckel  discusses  it;  but  does  Reason  develop 
gradually  all  along  the  line — from  the  undifferentiated 
Amoeba,  up  through  skulless  brain-bladders,  and, 
finally,  in  connection  with  its  organ,  the  brain,  in  the 
higher  Beasts  and  in  Man  ?  Was  it  Reason,  or  merel}' 
intelligence,  which  was  developing,  all  along  the  line, 
until  Man  came  upon  the  scene  ?  If  it  is  Reason,  as 
between  Man  and  the  higher  Beasts,  why  not  Reason, 
as  between  the  primitive  slime  and  Protomonas  ? 

If  we  begin  to  call  it  Reason,  as  distinct  from  intel- 
ligence., anywhere  in  the  line  of  development,  why  not 
begin  at  Man  ?  Does  not  Man — even  the  Australian 
Bushman — show  an  intelligence  which  even  in  its  de- 
gradation is  quite  distinct  from  the  intelligence  of 
the  Ape  ?  Haeckel  quotes  with  approval  the  lines  of 
Goethe's  "  Mephistopheles  "  : 

**  He  calls  It  Reason,  but  thou  see'st 
Its  use  but  makes  him  beastlier  than  the  beast." 

Instinct  keeps  the  beast  within  the  bounds  of 
nature,  but  reason  conferred  upon  the  Bushman,  and 
upon  others  besides  the  Bushman,  is  a  dangerous 
possession.  It  controls  nature.  Here  is  the  dividing 
line.    This  is  human  Reason,  with  its  almost  limitless 


powers  of  investigation ;  its  ability  to  stifle  the  volc« 
of  instinct,  not  only  for  high  good,  but  for  base  evil ; 
its  strange,  contradictory  power  of  either  looking 
forward  to  a  higher  destiny  in  a  Hereafter,  or  of 
looking  backword  to  the  unclean  Ape,  as  a  near 
relative,  without  the  faintest  idea  of  ever  associating 
with  it,  or  trying  to  form  it  into  a  new  political  party. 
Whereas  the  Anthi'opoid  Apes  are  supposed  to  have 
differentiated  from  common  Apes,  and  finally  into  Men, 
mostly  bj'  withdrawing  themselves  from  association 
with  the  coarser  Apes,  this  human  Reason  is  capable, 
in  the  case  of  Ernst  Haeckel,  of  looking  upon  the 
Anthropoid  Ape  as  a  more  suitable  ancestor  than  a 
"  God-like  Adam,"  and  nevertheless  develops  into  a 
giant  intellect  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Man  can 
think  as  he  sees  fit  about  his  relations  with  Apes  and 
"other  cattle,"  and  yet  remain  Man;  but  if  the 
Anthropoid  Apes  had  not  gone  off  by  themselves  and 
commenced  to  chatter  and  talk  and  get  their  heads  to- 
gether, so  the  coarser  Apes  could  not  understand  them, 
they  would  never  have  diffei'ontiated  ;  and  even  Evolu- 
tion itself  could  never  have  clianged  them  into  even 
Bushmen,  much  less  into  the  sagacious  Lake-Dwellers 
of  Switzerland,  or  the  liberty-loving  Mound-Builders  of 
tliese  States. 

With  these  limitations  as  to  the  development  of 
human  from  brutal  intelligence,  we  have  no  objections 
to  urge  against  a  notable  article  in  the  Atlantic  Monflih; 
for  September,  1891,  by  Mr.  E.  P.  Evans,  on  "  Speech  as 
a  Barrier  between  Man  and  Beast."  In  reply  to  Max 
Mliller's  dictum  that  "  no  animal  has  ever  spoken," 
Mr.  E.  P.  Evans  asserts  that  parrots  and  ravens  utter 
articulate  sounds  as  distinctly  as  the  average  cockney, 
and  in  most  cases  make  quite  as  intelligent  and  edify- 
ing use  of  them  for  the  expression  of  ideas.  Again : 
"  In  the  course  of  ages,  and  as  the  result  of  long  proc- 
esses of  evolution  and  transformation,  monkeys  have 
learned  to  speak,  but  when  thej'  have  acquired  this 
faculty  we  call  them  men." 

If  we  call  them  Men,  instead  of  Monkeys,  when  they 
have  gained  the  power  of  speech,  the  question  is,  Do 
we,  as  it  were,  call  them  by  their  right  name  ?  Is  it 
proper,  scientific,  to  make  the  distinction  ?  If  it  is  not, 
then  Man  is  not  only  descended  from  the  unclean  Ape, 
but  he  is  a  shameless  pretender,  usurper  and  tyrant. 
He  snatches  from  the  monkey  the  priceless  heritage 
of  speech,  and  hies  him  to  cities  and  towns,  leaving  in 
the  woods  of  barbarous  countries  the  sagacious  little 
animals  which  he  has  robbed — and  which  now,  per- 
force, chatter  and  pine  away,  while  Man  takes  com- 
fort and  enjoj's  even  free  speech.  On  the  other  hand, 
if  it  is  true  that  Man  alone  can  justly  lay  claim  to  the 
power  of  speech,  then,  of  course,  speech  is  a  barrier 
between  mas  and  beast.  Is  it  an  insurmountable 
barrier?  According  to  Mr.  E.  P.  Evans,  when  the 
Monkey  speaks  we  call  it  Man.  In  this  sense  the 
barrier  of  speech  is  an  insurmountable  barrier;  where 
speech  begins  the  beast  ends. 

But  does  human  speech  develop  from  brutal  speech  ? 

(xi) 


mTRODUCTION. 


Max  Miiller  stops  at  roots  or  "phonetic  cells  "  as  "ul- 
timate facts  in  the  analysis  of  languag-e,''  and  virtually 
says  to  the  philologist,  "Thus  far  shalt  thou  go,  and 
no  further,  and  here  shall  thy  researches  he  stayed." 
"The  scholar,"  he  declares,  "begins  and  ends  with 
these  phonetic  types;  or,  if  he  ignores  them,  and 
I  traces  words  back  to  the  cries  of  animals  or  to  the  in- 


terjections of  men,  he  does  so  at  his  peril.  The  philos- 
opher goes  beyond,  and  he  discovers  in  the  line  which 
separates  rational  from  emotional  language,  concept- 
ual from  intuitional  knowledge — in  the  roots  of  lan- 
guage he  discovers  the  true  barrier  between  Man  and 
Beast." 

Replying  to  this  argument,  Mr.  Evans  declares 
that  the  philologist,  who  recognizes  in  the  roots  of 
language  the  Ultima  Thule  beyond  which  he  dare  not 
push  his  investigations,  confesses  thereby  his  incom- 
petency to  solve  the  problem  of  the  origin  of  language, 
and  must  resign  this  field  of  inquiry  to  the  zoopsjxhol- 
ogist,  who,  freeing  himself  from  the  trammels  and 
illusions  of  metaphysics,  seeks  to  find  a  firm  basis  for 
his  science  in  the  strict  and  systematic  study  of  facts. 
Imagine  the  follj'  of  the  physiologist  who  should  say 
to  his  fellow-scientists  :  "  In  j'our  researches  you  must 
begin  and  ejd  with  cells.  If,  in  studying  organic 
structures,  you  go  back  of  cells  and  endeavor  to  dis- 
cover the  laws  underlying  their  origin,  you  do  so  at 
your  peril.  Beware  of  the  dangerous  seductions  of 
cytoblast  and  cytogenesis  and  treacherous  quagmires 
of  pr  toplasm." 

in  this,  Mr.  E.  P.  Evans  presumes  that  the  "  origin 
of  cells"  has  been  clearly  traced.  If  there  is  good  ad- 
vice to  be  found  anj'where  on  the  subject  of  the  shad- 
owy development  and  spontaneous  generation  which 
precedes  the  cell  in  atheistic  evolution,  that  advice 
would  be.  Do  not  say  you  understand  how  primitive 
slime  in  the  bottom  of  the  primordial  sea  ever  became 
a  thing  of  life  and  a  cell — unless  you  do  understand  it. 
Unless  you  see  that  such  might  have  been  the  fact,  do 
not  say  that  you  so  see.  If  the  tracing  of  the  roots  of 
human  language  from  the  roots  of  brutal  language  is 
to  depend  on  an^'thing  like  the  arguments  adduced  by 
Haeckel  in  his  attempt  to  make  cells  out  of  primitive 
slime,  then  indeed  do  the  roots  of  monkey  language 
need  careful  mu'^hing  for  a  few  more  winters. 

But  Mr.  Evans  admits  it  is  only  natural  that  the 
philologist  should  think  thus,  being  so  absorbed  in  the 
laws  which  govern  the  transmutation  of  words  that  he 
comes  to  regard  these  metamorphoses  as  finalities,  and 
never  goes  behind  and  beyond  them.  We  must  look, 
therefore,  not  to  comparative  philolog.v,  but  to  com- 
parative psychology,  for  the  discovery  of  the  origin  of 
language.  Philolopy  has  to  do  with  the  growth  and 
development  of  speech  out  of  roots,  which  are  assumed 
to  be  ultimate  nd  unanalyzable  elements,  like  the 
purely  hypothetical  particles  which  the  physicist  calls 
atoms;  but  as  to  the  natum  and  genesis  of  roots  them- 
selves the  philologist  of  to-day  is  as  puzzled  and  per- 
plexed as  was  the  old  Vedic  poet,  when,  in  the  presence 
of  the  universe  and  its  mysterious  generation,  he  could 
only  utter  the  pathetic  and  helpless  crj',  "Who,  indeed, 
knows,  who  can  declare,  whence  it  sprang,  whence  this 
evolution?" 

"  Show  me  only  one  root  in  the  language  of  ani- 
mals," says  Max  Miiller,  "  such  as  ak,  to  be  sharp  and 
quick,  and  from  it  two  derivatives,  as  a.^a,  the  quick 
one — the  horse — and  acufus,  sharp  or  quick-witted  ; 
nay,  show  me  one  animal  that  has  the  power  of  form- 
ing roots,  that  can  put  one  and  two  together,  and 
realize  the  simplest  dual  concept ;  show  me  one  animal 
that  can  think  and  say  'two,'  and  I  should  say  that, 


so  far  as  language  is  concerned,  we  cannot  oppose  Mr. 
Darwin's  argument,  and  that  Man  has,  or  at  least  may 
have  been,  developed  from  some  lower  animal." 

Mr.  Evans  replies  that  according  to  the  theorj-  of 
evolution  the  language  of  animals  has  not  yet  reached 
the  root  stage  and  never  can  reach  it ;  for  it  would 
then  become  articulate  speech,  and  be  no  longer  the 
language  of  animals,  but  the  language  of  Man.  But 
this  is  surely  no  evidence  or  indication  that  one  may 
not  grow  out  of  the  other ;  on  the  contrary,  it  rather 
suggests  the  possibility  of  such  growth  and  develop- 
ment. 

We  cannot  be  certain,  however,  that  animals  may 
not  have  general  concepts.  When  a  dog,  in  eager  pur- 
suit of  some  object,  yelps,  ak-ak,  how  do  we  know  that 
this  sharp  utterance,  which  expresses  the  strong  and 
impatient  desire  of  the  dog  to  overtake  the  object,  may 
not  stand  in  the  canine  mind  for  the  general  concept 
of  quickness?  It  is  used  in  pursuing  all  animals  and 
inanimate  things — ^bird,  hare,  squirrel,  stick  or  stone — 
and  cannot  therefore  denote  any  single  one  of  them, 
but  must  have  a  general  signification.  For  aught  we 
know,  the  language  of  animals  may  be  made  up  of  un- 
developed roots  vaguely  expressive  of  general  con- 
cepts, or  may  even  contain  derivative  sounds. 

Mr.  Darwin  asserted  that,  since  becoming  domesti- 
cated, the  dog  has  learned  to  hark  in  as  many  as  five 
or  six  distinct  tones :  eagerness,  as  in  the  chase ;  an- 
ger, as  well  as  growling- ;  the  yelp  or  howl  of  despair, 
when  shut  up;  the  baying  at  night ;  the  bark  of  joj', 
when  starting  on  a  walk  with  his  master;  and  the 
very  distinct  one  of  demand  or  supplication,  as  when 
wishing  for  a  door  or  window  to  be  opened. 

Saj-s  Mr.  E.  P.  Evans:  "Tiiis  variety  of  tones, 
expressing  different  desires  and  emotions  in  an  animal 
that,  in  its  wild  state,  could  not  bark  at  all,  marks  a 
very  considerable  advance  in  the  power  of  vocal  utter- 
ance as  the  result  of  association  with  man." 

In  closing  this  very  curious  and  highly  entertaining 
article,  Mr.  Evans  thinks  it  would  be  superfiuous  to 
multiply  instances  of  the  capability  of  understanding 
articulate  speech  manifested  by  monkeys,  horses,  dogs, 
cats,  elephants,  birds,  and  other  animals  that  acquire 
this  power,  as  children  do,  through  the  ear  and  by  the 
exercise  of  attention.  Thej'  also  show  a  nice  discrim- 
ination in  distinguishing  between  words  similar  in 
sound.  A  parrot  or  a  raven  masters  a  new  sentence 
by  repeating  it,  and  working  at  it,  just  as  a  school- 
boy solves  a  hard  problem.  These  birds  associate 
sounds  with  objects,  and  thus  invent  names  for  them. 
Everj'  dog  is  a  "  bow-wow,"  and  every  cat  a  "  miau- 
miau."  The  denotive  term  has  an  onomato-poetic 
origin,  and  by  the  process  of  generalization  is  applied 
to  all  animals  of  the  species  ;  it  is  not  necessary  that 
the  parrot  should  have  heard  each  individual  dog  bark 
or  cat  mew  before  giving  it  its  appropriate  name.  A 
raven  belonging  to  Gotlhard  Heidegger,  a  clergj'man 
and  rector  of  the  gymnasium  in  Zurich,  was  constantly 
picking  up  words  dropped  in  general  conversation,  and 
using  them  afterward  in  the  most  surprising  manner. 

Even  animals  whose  laryngeal  apparatus  is  not 
structurally  adapted  to  the  production  of  articulate 
sounds  may  be  taught  to  utter  them.  Leibnitz  men- 
tions a  dog  which  had  learned  to  pronounce  thirty 
words  distinctly.  In  the  Dumfries  Journal  of  January, 
1829,  an  account  is  given  of  a  dog  which  called  out 
"  William  "  so  as  to  be  clearlj'  understood ;  and  Mr. 
Romanes  cites  the  case  of  an  English  terrier  which  had 
been  taught  to  say,  "How  are  you,  grandmam?" 
The  careful  and  systematic  experiments  now  being 
made  in  this  direction  bv  Professor  A.  Graham  Bell 


SPEECH    AS    A    BARRIER    BETWEEN    MAN    AND    BEAST. 


xiu 


and  other  scientists  are  exceedingly  interesting,  and 
may  lead  to  important  results. 

In  view  of  these  facts,  it  is  evident  that  the  barrier 
between  human  and  animal  intelligence,  once  deemed 
impassable,  is  becoming  more  and  more  imperceptible, 
and  with  the  rapid  progress  of  zoopsychological  re- 
search will  soon  disappear  altogether.  "  When  we  re- 
member," says  Professor  Sayce,  "the  inarticulate 
clicks  which  still  form  part  of  the  Bushman's  lan- 
guage, it  would  seem  as  if  no  liue  of  division  could  be 
drawn  between  Man  and  Beast,  even  when  language 
is  made  the  test."  Apes  make  use  of  similar  clicks 
for  a  like  purpose,  and  these  sounds  are  doubtless  sur- 
vivals of  speech  before  it  became  distinctively  articulate. 

Whatever  may  be  the  value  of  the  facts  presented 
by  Mr.  Evans,  it  cannot  be  disputed  that  the  whole 
theory  of  atheistic  evolution  has  one  apparently  insur- 
mountable barrier  to  overcome  before  it  can  be  gen- 
erally accepted  by  the  great  majority  of  men.  This 
bai'rier  Haeckel  calls  "human  ari'ogance."  Man's  in- 
stinctive dislike  to  be  told  that  he  is  the  same — only  a 
little  different,  owing  to  adaptation — as  the  Ape  that 
grins  at  him  in  the  menag'erie  and  pays  no  taxes ;  and 
that  Man's  mind,  "  the  liuman  reason  "  which  evolu- 
tionists are  wont  to  ridicule,  does  not  separate  him 
from  the  American  Ape  with  the  flat  nose  that  claims 
relationship  with  the  Mound-Builders,  nor  from  the 
foreign  Ape  with  the  up-and-down  nose,  that  used  to 
throw  cocoanuts,  worth  ten  cents  eacli,  at  English 
sailors,  to  keep  the  sailors  from  climbing  the  trees  to 
get  them:  this  instinctive  dislike  is  called  "human 
arrogance."  Haeckel  avers  that  this  prejudice  is  very 
unbecoming  in  people  who  sometimes  lay  claim  to  a 
proper  and  highly  becoming  humility  of  spirit. 

We  propose  to  show,  among  other  things,  that  in 
this  Haeckel,  and  all  who  believe  as  he  does,  are  turn- 
ing traitor  to  their  own  species.  If  the  struggle  for 
existence  and  progress  among-  organisms  are  at  work 
among  all  living  beings,  let  us  think  we  are  not  related 
to  the  Ape  and  such  cattle,  even  if  we  are.  Was  it 
not  such  arrogance  as  this,  according  to  evolution,  that 
caused  a  few  choice  Apes  to  go  off  by  themselves  as  a 
select  set  and  develop  into  Men- Apes,  then  into  Ape- 
Men,  and,  finally,  to  drop  the  Ape  from  their  family 
name  altogether  ?  Did  not  this  arrogance  in  the  course 
of  time  cause  them  to  go  in  out  of  the  rain  and  cold 
and  heat,  so  that  they  eventually  shed  their  hair,  for 
the  most  part  ?  What  caused  them  to  get  their  heads 
together  and  talk,  instead  of  chattering,  so  that  the 
"cawser  "  Apes  could  not  know  what  they  were  saying 
— if  it  was  not  arrogance  ?  Could  anything  but  arro- 
gance impel  them  to  make  flint  arrowheads  with  which 
to  kill  the  cave-bear  for  a  grand  reception  dinner  of  the 
select  set,  instead  of  climbing  a  tree  to  get  away  from 
Bruin?  Mere  "  humility  of  spirit "  and  knowing"Man's 
Place  in  Nature  "  as  well  as  a  disciple  of  Huxley  says 
he  does,  would  have  caused  the  bottom  to  drop  out  of 
the  whole  enterprise ;  and  the  other  Apes  would  have 
the  laugh  on  the  select  few,  who  had  great  expectations 
and  absurd  pretensions  without  the  ability  to  realize  on 
them. 

Huxley's  Law  gives,  in  substance,  the  following  ac- 
count of  the  "Place  in  Nature  "  occupied,  for  exam- 
ple, by  your  baby  boy,  one  year  old,  in  whom  neither 
reason  nor  speech  has  yet  awakened  :  "  Your  child 
is  less  above  the  Ape  of  the  future,  and  perhaps  of 
the  present,  than  a  human  of  the  future,  or  perhaps 
of  the  present,  is  above  him.  This  child  may  be 
nearer  to  the  Ape  in  every  essential  characteristic 
than  he  is  to  a  highly-developed  human.  When  your 
child    is   old    enough    to    study,  let    him    first  learn 


'  Man's  Place  in  Nature '  from  the  '  only '  Huxley. 
He  will  then  entertain  a  fellow-feeling  for  the  Ape 
as  an  unfortunate,  poor  relation  who  was  left  behind 
in  '  natural  selection  or  the  struggle  for  existence  ' 
etc.,  even  more  so  than  for  a  next-door  neighbor  who 
lacks  force  of  character  and  general  organic  strength, 
because  of  certain  habits  and  traits  in  his  parents! 
Your  child  should  be  trained  to  point  with  pride  to  an 
ambitious,  go-ahead  Ape-Man  from  which  came  chil- 
dren who  could  build  a  fire  and  others  ivMcJi  hung  head 
downward  from  a  tree  by  their  tails—and  are  doing  it 
yet^ — to  amuse  some  attractive  female  Ape. 

"It  is  far  nobler  to  have  such  an  ancestor,  who  had 
two  kinds  of  children,  some  with  ez^ect  mien,  who  broke 
the  old  Man- Ape's  heart  by  their  insubordination,  ar- 
rogance and  strange,  outlandish,  ai'ticulate  chattering 
—this  is  the  crowd  you  and  your  child  are  descended 
from — and  others,  whe  were  only  collateral  relatives 
to  your  child  and  you,  and  who  stayed  with  their  pro- 
genitor, comforted  his  declining  years  by  making  him 
eat  at  the  second  table,  if  he  could  find  anything,  and 
finally  let  him  die  and  rot  on  top  of  the  ground  to  save 
funeral  expenses.  It  is  far  nobler,  we  monists  say,  to 
have  such  a  versatile,  though  badly  used  ancestor, 
than  to  be  descended  from  a  God-like  Adam,  whom  the 
'black  International,'  and  the  rest  of  the  churches  tell 
you  about,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  getting  your  money, 
tickling  your  vanity  and  keeping  you  in  ecclesiastical 
leading  strings.  Bear  in  mind,  now,  we  do  not  saj' 
that  Man  is  descended  from  the  Ape.  In  fact,  we  hold 
that  these  low-down,  flat-nosed,  long-tailed  American 
Apes  are  not  in  any  way  connected  with  Man's  de- 
scent, and  only  very  slightly,  as  a  mere  offshoot,  with 
man's  pedigree.  What  we  say  and  can  easily  prove, 
if  you  will  just  bear  in  mind  the  natural  descent  of 
Man  from  the  lower  animal,  is  this :  That  Men  and 
Apes  are  both  descended  from  the  same  parent ;  that 
this  same  parent  form  is  probably  extinct ;  that  if  it 
is  not,  we  will  probably  find  him  somewhere  in  Africa 
or  Asia.  It  or  he  is  either  black,  yellow  or  brown ; 
either  Mongolian,  Malay  or  Ethiopian.  The  real  Apes 
that  you  and  your  little  boy  are  descended  from  never 
came  to  America  until  they  became  Men." 

Exciting  prejudice  against  the  development  theory 
is  entirely  uncalled  for,  as  intense  prejudice  against  it 
already  exists.  We  distinctly  disclaim  any  attempt  to 
do  so  in  asking  the  reader  to  take  monism  home  to  him- 
self, especially  the  "Ape  Question."  The  argument 
that  the  foregoing  enforces  and  illustrates  is  this  : 
Adaptation  is  one  of  the  mechanical  causes  of  athe- 
istic evolution.  In  this  a  prominent  factor  is  a  sense 
of  superiority,  pride,  arrogance,  on  the  part  of  indi- 
viduals of  a  species  who  are  about  to  change  their 
habits  of  life,  to  submit  to  the  mechanical  cause  or  law 
of  adaptation — to  develop,  as  man  is  said  to  have  done, 
from  the  Ape-Man  parent  form.  This  is  a  fixed  and 
unalterable  law ;  it  is  necessary,  this  causal  connection 
between  a  sense  of  superiority,  pride  and  arrogance, 
and  the  change  in  the  habits  of  life.  If  that  sense  of 
superiority  was  necessary  as  between  Ape-Men  and 
other  Ape-Men — the  sense  of  superiority  on  the  part  of 
Man  toward  Apes — the  customary  "arrogance"  is 
much  more  necessary,  and  Man  cannot  think  that  he  is 
allied  to  Apes.  The  atheistic  evolutionists  are  men. 
Therefore  they  cannot  think  that  their  views  on  the 
Ape  Question  are  anything-  but  arrant  nonsense.  Their 
readers  are  Men,  therefore  they  cannot  think  what 
these  monistic  books  try  to  prove.  As  between  Men, 
those  individuals  compelled,  by  atheistic  evolution,  to 
rise  not  at  all  or  very  slowly  above  their  present  con- 
dition, cannot  think  themselves  equal  to  those  above 


Xt7 


INTRODUCTION. 


them ;  and  those  who  are  compelled  to  rise  cannot  but 
look  down  upon  their  weaker  bretliren.  Tliis  last  is  a 
distinction  within  tlie  species ;  the  other  is  a  distinction 
between  one  species  and  another.  Finally,  what  the 
human  mind  cannot  think — but  must  think  the  con- 
trary— is  not  true.  Therefore,  by  the  atlieistic  evolu- 
tionist's own  laws,  and  according  to  his  necessary  con- 
nection between  cause  and  effeQt,  Man  is  not  descended 
from,  nor  allied  to,  the  Ape  nor  an  Ape-Man  form. 

In  this  we  are  grasping  a  really  vital  point,  if  con- 
nection between  cause  and  effect  everywhere  is  neces- 
sary, inevitable.  When  Man  ditfei-entiated  from  Ape- 
Men,  as  the  latter  had  previously'  differentiated  from 
Apes,  it  was  necessary  that  the  "  progressive  element," 
the  '•  only  "  Men  in  the  one  case,  and  the  '•  only  "  Ape- 
Men  in  the  other,  should  consider  themselves,  after  a 
few  generations,  as  entireh'  distinct  from  Apes  in  the 
one  case  and  Ape-Men  in  the  other.  Now,  instead  of 
a  few  generations,  give  us  an  epocli,  or  even  an  age,  or 
a  few  thousand  years;  then  give  us  a  general  migration 


to  a  country  where  Apes  and  Ape-Men  did  not  intrude 
to  remind  the  emigrants  of  their  discreditable  pedi. 
gree ;  add  Heredity  and  Adaptation  and  the  Struggle 
for  Existence ;  contemplate  the  weeding  out  of  the 
ne'er-do-weels;  bring  Natural  Selection  upon  the  scene, 
whereby  male  and  female  of  the  weaker  class,  and  of 
others  more  worthy,  are  snubbed  and  jilted  and  swin- 
dled out  of  their  property  and  given  over  to  dishonest 
guardians,  executors,  administrators  and  assigns,  a  nd 
allowed  to  die  bachelors  and  old  maids ;  let  this  con- 
tinue among  the  emigrants  for  a  few  thousand  years, 
and  we  will  show  you  a  race  under  the  control  of  the 
fixed  and  unalterable  laws  of  Heredity  and  Adaptation 
to  such  an  extent  that  they  cannot  think  themselves 
allied  to  Apes  or  Ape-Men.  And  what  the  human 
mind  cannot  think — but  must  think  the  contrary — ^is 
false.  At  all  events,  why  waste  ime  and  talents  try- 
ing to  make  the  human  species  think  that,  the  con- 
trary of  which  the  "  only  evolution  theorj'  compels 
ustoUunk? 


Table    of    Divisions    op    the    Aryan    Languages. 

Trb  English  language — the  offspring  of  the  Anglo-Saxon — is  one  of  the  Low  Qermao  dialects  which 
form  part  of  the  Teutonic  branch  of  the  Indo-European  or  Aiyan  languages. 
The  Aryan  iangxiages  may  be  divided  into  six  principal  branches: 


L 

n. 

m. 

rv. 

V. 

VL 

inoAx. 

PEE8IC. 

CELTIt 

Ge^co-Latdj. 

SLAVONIC. 

'Ihe  Teatoaic  branch  is  divided   iato   three  classes,  the  Low  Qerman,  High  Qenaaa  and  Scandina'' 
viui: 


'Ssatcmax 


L  LowGennim. 


Mceso-Gothic,  preeerred  In  Ul- 
phUas's  tropHlaUon  ot  tte 

Gospels. 
Anglo-baxon. 
EnKlish. 
Old  Saxon. 
Frisian. 
Dutch. 


3. 
4. 
& 

a.  Flemish. 


IL  High  German. 


|l.  ( 
Is.  I 


Old  High  Germafl. 
Middle  High  Germaik 
New  High  Grermao. 


ri.  Icelandic. 
ffl.Scandln«Tl«».     l^-^f^^'^- 
(4.  Danish. 


The  Celtic  branch  is  divided  into  • 


i.  Gadhelic  or  Erse. 
1.  Iriah. 

9.  Scottish  QaettO. 
S.  Manx. 


U. 


Cymric. 
I.  Welsh, 
a  Cornish  (1 
S.  Breton. 


Grimm's    Law   op   the    Interchange   of   Consonant    Sounds. 


The  evidence  that  the  group  of  languages  known  as 
the  Aryan  languages  form  a  family — that  is,  are  all 
sister-dialects  of  one  common  mother-tongue— consists 
in  their  grammatical  forms  being  the  same,  and  in  their 
having  a  great  many  words  in  common.  In  judging 
whether  an  individual  word  in  one  of  these  tongues  is 
really  the  same  with  a  word  in  another  of  the  tongues, 
we  are  no  longer  guided  by  mere  similarity  of  sound  ; 
on  the  contrary',  identit/  of  sound  is  generally  a  pre- 
sumption that  a  proposed  etymology  is  wrong.  Words 
are  constantly'  undergoing  change,  and  each  language 
follows  its  own  fashion  in  making  those  changes.  Cor- 
responding words,  therefore,  in  the  several  languages 
must,  as  a  rule,  in  the  long  course  of  ages  have  come 
to  diifer  greatly  ;  and  these  differences  follow  certain 
laws  which  it  is  possible  to  ascertain.  Unless,  then,  a 
proposed  identification  accord  with  those  laws,  it  is  in- 
admissible. We  are  not  at  liberty  to  suppose  any  ar- 
bitrary omission  of  a  letter,  or  substitution  of  one  let- 
ter for  another,  as  was  the  fashion  in  the  old  guessing 
school  of  etymology. 

Of  the  laws  of  interchange  of  sounds  in  the  Indo- 
European  family,  the  most  important  is  that  known  as 
Grimm's  Law,  so  called  after  the  famous  German  phi- 
lologist who  investigated  it.  It  exhibits  the  relations 
lound  to  exist  between  the  consonant  sounds  in  three 
groups  of  the  Aryan  languages — namely,  (1)  the  Clas- 
sical, including  Sanskrit,  Greek  and  Latin ;  (2)  Low 
German,  which  we  may  take  Gothic  and  English  as 
repi-esenting ;  (3)  High  German,  especially  Old  High 
German,  in  which  the  Law  is  more  consistently  carried 
out  than  in  modem  High  German. 

The  scope  of  the  Law  is  confined  to  the  interchanges 
among  the  following  consonant  sounds,  which  are  here 
arranged  so  as  to  show  their  relations  to  one  another : 

Sharp.  Flat.  Asptrata 

Labial p  b  t(v) 

Linguo-dental t  d  thf«; 

Guttural k(c)  g  oh(fc) 

The  horizontal  division  into  three  orders  depends  on 
the  organ  chiefly  used  in  the  utterance.  The  differ- 
ences between  the  vertical  seines  are  more  easily  felt 
than  described.  Pronounce  first  ip  and  then  ib  /  in  the 
first  the  hps  are  completely  closed,  and  the  sound  or 
voice  from  the  larynx  abruptly  cut  off.  In  the  second 
the  lips  are  also  completely  shut,  but  a  muffled  voice  is 
continued  for  a  moment ;  it  is  produced  by  the  vocal 
chords  being  still  kept  in  a  state  of  tension,  and  the 
breath  continuing  to  issue  through  them  into  the  cavity 
of  the  mouth  for  a  brief  space  after  the  lips  are  closed. 
Next  pronounce  if;  in  this,  although  the  voice-sound 
abruptly  ceases,  the  lip-aperture  is  not  so  completely 


closed  but  that  a  thin  stream  of  breath  continues  to 
escape  with  the  sound  of  a  whisper.  Hence  the  name 
aspirate  given  to  such  articulations.  Now,  inter- 
changes do  take  place  between  members  of  these 
vertical  series — that  is,  one  sharp  takes  the  place  of 
another,  as  in  Welsh,  pen ;  Gaelic,  k\x\ ;  or  in  Rus- 
sian, i^eodor  for  TJieoAore.  Such  instances,  however, 
are  comparatively  rare  and  sj^oradic.  It  is  between 
members  of  the  horizontal  orders  that  interchanges 
chiefly  take  place — that  is,  labials  with  labials,  dentals 
with  dentals,  etc.;  and  it  is  with  these  interchanges 
that  Grimm's  Law  deals. 

The  substance  of  the  Law  may  be  presented  in  a 
tabular  form,  as  follows : 


<1)  Classical Sharp. 

(3)  Low  German Aspirate. 

(8)  High  German.... Flat. 


Flat.  Aspirate 

Sharp.  Flat 

Aspirate.      Sharp. 


The  table  may  be  thus  read  :  A  classical  sharp  labial, 
asj>,  is  represented  in  Low  German  by  the  aspirate 
labial  /,  and  in  High  German  by  the  flat  labial  b  ;  and 
so  of  the  other  orders. 


EXAMPLE& 

(A)  IKTERCHANGK  OF  LABIA1& 


OUESICAL. 
Sans.,  Gr.,  L.  pater. . 
Gr.  pteron(peteron).. 

L.  pulex......... 

L.rapina 

Gr.  kannabis 

L.  /ra(n)gp 

Gr.  pftn,!..  /u 


LOW  GEBUAN. 
E.  /ather,  Goth,  fadrs 

E.  feather 

E.  flea,  Scot.  /lech... 
A.6.  rea/,  E.  reave.... 

B.  hemp 

E.  breali,Goth.  brii^an 
E.6e 


0.  B.  QEBIUII. 
uatar. 

■wedar,  Ger,  feder. 
1)10,  G«r.  /lo'h. 
ronb. 

hana/,  Ger.  han/. 
prechan,  Ger.  fcrechen 
pirn  (I  am). 


(B)  IKTERCHASGE  OF  LiNGCO-DEirrALS. 


L.  tennis 

L.  tectum 

Gr.  odout^  li.  dent.... 

L.  dlngua  (—  lingua). 
Gr.  thugater. 

Gr.  tfter,  L. /iero 


E.  tJiin 

E.  t/iatch,  Goth.  ehak. 
E.  iooth,  Goth. 

tnnthus. 

K  tongue 

E.  daughter,  Gotb. 

dauhtar. 

Kdeer. 


dtmni,  Ger.  dtlnn. 

dach. 

£and,  Ger.  zalm. 

zunga. 
tohtar. 

tior. 


(C)  iNTERCHAirGE  OF  GtrmTRAlS. 


L.claudtts. 

Gr.  fcard-,  L.  cord-., 

L.  octo 

Gr.  gonn. 

L.aoer. 

Gr.  c/ien,  L.  anser 

(— ftanser) 

L.  ftortna 


E.  ftalt 

E.  heart 

E.  eig/it,  Goth.  ah.tan. 

E.  fence 

E.  acre,  Groth.  afcrs. . . 
E.  goose 

E.  garden,  Goth,  gards 


ftalz. 

Tierza. 

aftte,  Grer.  ac/tt. 

c?inio. 

acTiar,  Ger.  acfcer. 

ftans,  Ger.  gans, 

fearto,  Ger.  garten. 


It  will  be  observed  that  there  are  a  good  many  ex- 
ceptions to  the  Law,  especially  in  the  case  of  the 
aspirates;  the  influence  of  adjoining  letters  often 
causes  anomalies.  The  Law  holds  good  oftenest  in 
the  begiooing  of  words. 


List    of    Abbreviations. 


•oc according. 

CKCns accnsatiTe. 

adj adjective. 

adv adverb. 

agrl agricultaraL 

(ug algebra. 

anat anatomy. 

orc/i architectara 

arlth. aritbmetio. 

agtr astronomy. 

B. Bible. 

hooMt. book-keeptng, 

hot botany. 

c century. 

<tf compare. 

chem chemisdry. 

cog cognate. 

comp .......  ....comparathrt. 

conj. conjunction. 

cemn connected. 

contr contraction. 

C07T cormption^^ 

demons. demonstratlfSi 

Diet Dictionary. 

dim, diminutive. 

dub donbtfnL 

esp especially. 

ety etjTpology. 

fern feminine. 

flg. flgnratively. 

fol followed. 

fort fortificatlaa. 

.j.a.....Ainerioa&. 

At. Arable. 

A.a Anglo-Sana. 

Bavarian. 

,. Bobemten. 

>•••... .Breton. 

Celtic. 

gbaL OialdeaOi 

Ooin.  .«•••••. ....Oomjsfa. 

Dbii. Danish. 

Dot. Dntcb. 

fei a^ 

nm jnemlflh. 

It*  ••••••••••••••Prencha 

Mi. .VHsiao. 


freq freqnentatlTa 

gen genitive. 

ged geology. 

geom geometry. 

gram grammar. 

mm gunnery. 

her. Heraldry. 

kott horticultar& 

tuf infinitive. 

imt interjection. 

<n*ei» intensive. 

jew Jewelry. 

lit .literally. 

mcu, masculme. 

math mathematioa 

NMCh mechanica 

med medicine. 

miti military. 

mln mineralogy. 

mus music. 

myth mythology. 

n.,  na nonn,  notins. 

not.  ht$t natural  history. 

nmit nautical. 

neg negative. 

Otis, ..obsolete. 

opp opposed. 

tii>t. optic. 

tnig originally. 

f>. participle. 

paint painting. 

904*. past  participle. 

OmL Gaelic. 

8er. GernuuL 

eoth Gothic. 

Or. Greek. 

lb. Hebrew. 

HindnstanL 

Etingariaa. 

Icelandla 

Irish. 

Italian. 

Latin. 

..........  Litbnanian. 

„  B Middle  EngUeb. 

IPWI. Mexican. 

Wof  ............Norman. 

Sanr. Norwegian. 


pass. passive. 

pa.t pasttenM, 

perf perfect. 

perh perhaps. 

pers,... person. 

pfx pre&x. 

phU ....philosophy. 

pi pluraL 

poet poetical. 

pass possessive. 

Fr.Bk Book  of  Commoo 

Prayer. 

pr.p present  partidylt 

prep. preposition. 

pres. present. 

pHnt printing. 

priv privative. 

prob probably. 

pron pronoun. 

prov provincial. 

rhct rhetoric. 

stg signifying. 

sing. singular. 

svpert superlative. 

term termination. 

Test Testaotent. 

theol theology. 

unk unknown. 

T.I. verb  intranaUiflk 

v.t. verb  transittik 

tool  Boology. 


O.  Fr OldFtencb. 

O.  Oer. Old  Germaa 

Pera Persian. 

Port Portngne«e. 

Prov. ProvengaL 

Rom Romance. 

Bnss Russian. 

San& Sanskrit. 

Scand. ScandinaTtifc 

Scot Scottish. 

Slav Slavonic' 

Sp Spanish. 

6w Swedish. 

Tent Tentonla 

Turk. Tnrkldi. 

W Wal*. 


A    DICTIONARY 

OF  THE 

ENGLISH    LANGUAGE 


■k,  the  (ndeflnite  article,  a  broken-down 
form  of  An,  and  used  before  words  be- 
ginning with  the  sound  of  a  consonant. 
[See  An.] 

A,  used  at  one  time  before  participles,  as 
in  "  She  lay  a  dying."  It  is  now  admit- 
ted only  colloquially. 

-IBACK,  a-bak',  adv.  {naut.)  said  of  sails 
pressed  backward  against  the  mast  by 
the  wind — hence,  Taken  aback,  taken 
by  surprise. 

ABACUS,  ab'a-kus,  n.  a  counting-frame 
or  table :  (arch.)  a  level  tablet  on  the 
capital  of  a  column. 

ABAFT,  a-baft',  adv.  or  prep.,  on  the  aft 
or  hind  part  of  a  ship  :  behind. 

ABANDON,  arban'dun,  v.t.  to  give  up  :  to 
desert :  to  yield  (one's  self)  without  re- 
straint. 

AJ3ANDONED,  a-ban'dund,  adj.  given  up, 
as  to  a  vice  :  very  wicked. — n.  Abandon- 
ment, a-ban'dun-ment,  act  of  abandon- 
ing :  state  of  being  given  up. 

ABASE,  a-bas',  v.t.  to  cast  down :  to  hum- 
ble :  to  degrade. — n.  Abasement,  a-bas'- 
ment,  state  of  humiliation. 

&BASH,  a-bash',  v.t.  to  confuse  with 
shame  or  guilt. — n.  Abashment,  a-bash'- 
ment,  confusion  from  shame. 

ABATE,  a-bat',  v.t.  to  lessen  :  to  mitigate. 
— v.i.  to  grow  less. 

ABATEMENT,  a-bat'ment,  n.  the  act  of 
abating  :  the  sum  or  quantity  abated : 
(her.)  a  mark  of  dishonor  on  a  coat-of- 
arms. 

SlBATIS,  ABATTIS,  a'bat-is,  n.  (fort.)  a 
rampart  of  trees  felled  and  laid  side  by 
side,  with  the  branches  towards  the 
enemy. 

IBATTOIR,  a-bat-war*,  n.  a  slaughter- 
house. 

ABAXIAL,  ab-ak'si-al,  ac(j.  not  in  the 
axis  ;  specifically-,  in  botany,  applied  to 
the  embryo  when  out  of  the  axis  of  the 
seed.    Also  Abajtile. 

ABBA,  ab'a,  n.  in  Chaldee  and  Syriac,  a 
father. 

ABBACY,  ab'a-si,  n-  the  office  of  an 
abbot. 

ABBATIAL,  ab-bashal,  Abbaticai*,  ab 
bat'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  an  abbey. 

ABBESS,  ab  es,  n.  the  superior  of  a  relig- 
ious community  of  women.  [Fem.  of 
Abbot.] 

ABBEY,  ab'e,  n.  a  monastery  of  persons 
of  eitiier  sex  presided  over  by  an  abbot 
or  abbess  ;  the  churcli  attached  to  it : — 
pi.  Abbeys.  jFr.  ahbaye — L.  abbatia — 
Abpa.] 

4lBB0T,  ab'ut,  n.  the  father  or  head  of  an 
abbey.— /em.  Abb'ess.  [L.  abbas,  ab- 
batis — Abba.] 

ABBREVIATE,  ab-bre'vi-at,  v.t.  to  make 
brief  or  short :  to  abridge.  [L.  abbrevio^ 
•atum — ab,  intensive,  and  brevis,  short. 
See  Brief.] 

ABBREVIATION,  ab-bre-vi-a'shun,  n.  a 
shortening :  a  part  of  a  word  put  for  the 
whole. 

ABBREVIATOR,  ab-brS'vi-ftt-UTs  n.  one 
who  abbreviates. 


A— ABOMINATE. 

ABDICATE,  ab'di-kat,  v.t.  to  renounce  or 
give  up  (a  high  office). — n.  Abdica'tion, 
[L.  ab,  from  or  off,  dico,  -atum,  to  pro- 
claim.] 

ABDOMEN,  ab-do'men,  n.  the  lower  part 
of  the  belly.     [L.l 

ABDOMINAL,  ab-clom'in-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  abdomen. 

ABDUCTION,  ab-duk'shun,  n.  the  carry- 
ing  away,  esp.  of  a  person  by  fraud  or 
force.  [L.  cu),  from,  duco,  duetum,  to 
draw.] 

ABDUCTOR,  ab-dukt'ur,  n.  one  guilty  of 
abduction  :  a  muscle  tliat  draws  away. 

ABEAM,  a-bSm',  adv.  (naut.)  on  the  beam, 
or  in  a  line  at  right  angles  to  a  vessel's 
length.  [Pfx.  a  (A.S.  on,  on),  on,  and 
Beam.] 

ABECEDARY,  a-be-se'da-ri,  n.  a  first 
principle  or  element :  rudiment.  "Such 
rudiments  or  abecedaries." — Fuller. 

ABED,  a-bed',  adv.  in  bed.  [Prefix  a,  on, 
and  Bed.] 

ABERRANT,  ab-er'ant,  adj.,  toandering 
from  tlie  right  or  straight  path.  [L.  ab, 
from,  erro,  to  wander.] 

ABERRATION,  ab-er-a'siiun,  n.  a  wander- 
ing from  the  right  patii :  deviation  from 
trutli  or  rectitude. 

ABET,  a-bet',  v.t.  to  incite  by  encourage- 
ment or  aid  (used  cniefly  in  a  bad  sense) : 
—pr.p.  abett'ing  ;  pa.p.  abett  'ed. — n. 
Abetment,  a-bet'ment.  —  n.  Abettor. 
a-bet'ur.  fO.  Fr.  abeter — A  ( — L.  ad,  to), 
and  beter,  to  bait,  from  root  of  Bait.] 

-ABEYANCE,  a-ba'ans,  n.  a  state  of  sus- 
pension or  expectation.  [Fr. — -d  (L.  ad, 
to),  and  bayer,  to  gape  in  expectation, 
from  imitative  root  ba,  to  gape.] 

ABHOR,  ab-hor',  v.t.  to  shrink  from  with 
horror :  to  detest :  to  loathe  : — pr.p.  ab- 
horring ;j3a.p.  abhorred'.  [L.  See  Hor- 
ror.] 

ABHORRENCE,  ab-horens,  n.  extremfe 
hatred. 

ABHORRENT,  ab-hor'ent,  adj.  detesting : 
repugnant. 

ABHORRING,  ab-hor'ing,  n.  (B.)  object  of 
great  liatred. 

ABIDE,  a-bid',  v.t.  to  bide  or  wait  for :  to 
endure  :  to  tolerate. — v.i.  to  remain  in  a 
place,  dwell,  or  stay  i—pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
abode'. — adj.  Abiding,  continual.  [A.S. 
abidan — pfx.  o=Goth.  MS=Ger.  er,  and 
bidan,  to  wait.] 

ABIGAIL,  ab'i-gal,  n.  a  lady's  maid. 
[From  Abigail,  1  Sam.  xxv.] 

ABILITY,  a-b.l'i-ti,  n.  quality  of  being 
able  :  power  :  s'  rength  :  sldll :  —  pT. 
ABLL'lTtES,  the  powers  of  the  mind. 
[M.  R,  hability  Fr.  liabilfti — L.  habili- 
tas — habilis,  easily  handled,  fit,  apt, 
able,   from    habeo,  to  have,   hold.    See 

ABI0GENESI3T,  a-bi'o-j  m-c-sist,  n.  a  be- 
liever in  abiogenesis.  a  theory  based  on 
spontaneous  generation  as  opposed  to 
sexual  generation  :  or,  more  explicitly, 
the  production  of  life  or  living  beings 
under  certain  pliysi  al  conditions  witli- 
out  the  intervention  of  antecedent  li\nng 
forms.  Also  Abiogenist.  Abiogeny, 
same  as  Abiogenesis.    Abiogenetic,  adj. 


of.  pertaining  to,  or  produced  by   abio 

genesis. 

ABIRRITATE,  ab-ir-ri-tat,  v.t.  in  medicine, 
to  deaden,  as  the  vital  phenomena  of  the 
tissues :  to  debilitate.  ABiRRrrATrvE, 
ab-ir'ri-tat-iv,  adj.  tending  to  abirritate. 

ABJECT,  ab'jekt,  adj.  cast  away :  mean  : 
worthless.  -  adv.  Ab'jectlt.  [L.  afr- 
jeetus— cast  away — ab,  away,  jacio,  to 
throw.] 

ABJECTION,  ab-jek'shun,  Abjectness, 
ab'jekt-nes,  n.,  a  mean  or  lou'  state; 
baseness. 

ABJURE,  ab-jOSr',  v.t.  to  renounce  on 
oath  or  solemnly. — n.  Abjuration,  ab- 
jOur-a'shun.  [L.  ab,  from,  jura,  -atum, 
to  swear.] 

ABLACTATION,  ab-lak-ta'shun,  n.  a  wean- 
ing. [L.  ab,  from  lado,  to  suckle — lac, 
lactis,  milk.] 

ABLATIVE,  ab'lat-iv,  adj.  used  as  a  n. 
The  name  of  the  sixth  case  of  a  Latin 
noun.  [L.  ablaVvus  —  ab,  from,  fero, 
latum,,  to  take ;  as  if  it  indicated  talking 
away,  or  privation.] 

ABLAZE,  a-blaz',  adv.,  in  a  blaze :  on  fire. 

ABLE,  a'bl,  adj.  (eomp.  A'bler  ;  superl. 
Ablest),  having  sufficient  strength, 
power,  or  means  to  do  a  thing  :  skillful. 
— adv.  A'bly.    [See  Abiuty.] 

ABLEGATE,  ab'leg-at,  n.  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  a  special  commissioner 
charged  with  conveying  his  insignia  of 
office  to  a  newly  appointed  cardinal. 

ABLUTION,  ab-loo'shun,  n.  act  of  wash- 
ing, esp.  the  body,  preparatory  to  relig- 
ious rites.  [L.  dblutio — ab,  away,  /mo=; 
lavo,  to  wash.] 

ABNEGATE,  ab'ne-gat,  v.t.,  to  deny.  [L. 
ab,  away,  and  nego,  to  deny.  See  Ne- 
gation.] 

ABNEGATION,  ab-ne-gS'shun,  n.  denial: 
renunciation. 

ABNORltAL,  ab-nor'mal,  adj.,  not  normal 
or  according  to  rule  :  irregular. — n.  As- 
NOE'snTY.     [L.  ab,  away  from,  NoRMAL.| 

ABOARD,  arbord',  adv.  or  prep.,  onboard: 
in  a  ship.  [Pfx.  a,  on,  and  Board.] 
Used  also  of  thmgs  on  shore,  as  aboarci 
a  railway  train,  etc.     [Amer.] 

ABODE,  a-bod',  n.  a  dwelling-place  •  stay 
[Abide.] 

ABODE,  a-bod-,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Abide. 

ABOLISH,  ab-ol'ish,  v.t.  to  put  an  end  to  : 
to  annul.  [Fr.  abolir — L.  aboleo,  -itum 
— ab,  from,  olo,  olesco,  to  grow — ab  here 
reverses  the  meaning  of  the  simple 
verb.] 

ABOLITION,  ab-ol-ish'un,  n.  the  act  of 
abolishing. 

ABOLITIONIST,  ab-ol-ish'un-ist,  n.  one 
who  seeks  to  aboUsh  anything,  esp 
slavei-y. 

ABOLITIONIZE,  ab-ol-ish'un-Iz,  v.t.  to 
imbue  with  the  doctrines  or  principlee 
of  an  abolitionist. 

ABOMINABLE,  ab-om'in-a-bl,  adj.  hate- 
ful, det,establ«>. — adv.  Abom'inably. — n, 
Abom'inableness.    [See  Abominate.] 

ABOMINATE,  ab-om'in-at,  v.t.  to  abhor: 
to  detest  extremely.  [L.  aboviinor, 
-atus — to  turn  from  as  of  bad  omen. 
See  Omen.1 


ABOMINATION 


ACCAD 


ABOIMINATION,  ab-om-in-a'shun,  n.  ex- 
treme aversion  :  anything  abominable. 

ABORIGINAL,  ab-o-rij'in-al,  adj.  first, 
primitive. 

ABORIGINES,  ab-o-rij'in-ez,  7i.pl  the 
original  inhabitants  of  a  country.  [L. 
See  Origin.] 

ABORT,  ab-ort',  v.i.  to  miscarry  in  hirth. 
[L.  aborior,  abortus— ah,  orior,  to  rise — 
ab  here  reverses  the  meaning.] 

ABORTICIDE,  a-bort'i-sid,  n.  in  obstetrics, 
the  destruction  of  a  monstrous  fetus  in 
utero. 

ABORTION,  ab-or'shun,  n.  premature  de- 
livery :  anything  tliat  does  not  reach 
maturity. 

.ABORTIVE,  ab-ort'iv,  adj.  born  untimely : 
xmsucoessful :  producing  notiiing :  ren- 
<lering  abortive.  (Obs.) — adv.  Aboet'- 
ITELT. — )i.  ABOKT'IVEKESS. 

ABOUND,  ab-owTid',  v.i.  to  overflow,  be 
in  great  plenty :  (with  in)  to  possess  in 
plenty.  [L.  abimdo,  to  oveiSlow  as  a 
river,  from  unda,  a  wave.] 

ABOUT,  a-bowt',  prep,  round  on  the  out 
side  :  around  :  here  and  there  in  :  near 
to  :  concerning :  engaged  in.  —  adv. 
around  :  nearly :  here  and  tliere.  — 
Bring  about,  to  cause  to  take  place. — 
<;oHE  ABOUT,  to  take  place. — Go  about, 
to  prepare  to  do.  [A.S.  abittan — a,  on, 
be,  by,  vtan,  outside.] 

ABOVE,  a-buv',  prep.,  on  the  up  side  : 
higher  than  :  more  than. — adv.  over- 
head :  in  a  higher  position,  ordei*,  or 
powei'. — Above  one's  bend,  out  of  one's 
power :  beyond  reach,  (Amer.)  [A.S. 
abuf an — a,"  on,  be,  by,  yfan,  high,  up- 
wards, which  is  an  adv.  formed  from  uf 
-=^up.] 

ABOVE-BOARD,   a-buv'-b5rd,  adj.  above 

the  board  or  table  :  open. 
,  ABRADE,    ab-rad',    v.t.,  to  scrape  or  rub 
of)'.     [L.  ab,  off,  rado,  rasuim,  to  scrape.  ] 

ABRASION,  ab-ra'zhua,  n.  the  act  ol  rub- 
bing off. 

ABREAST,  a-brest',  adv.  wiVa.  the  breasts 
in  a  Une :  side  by  side :  (naut.)  opposite 
to.     [a,  on,  and  Breast.] 

ABRIDGE,  a-brij',  v.t.  to  make  brief  or 
short :  to  shorten  :  to  epitomize.  [Fr. 
abreger — L.   abbreviare.     See    Ap-RRKAa- 

ATE.T 

ABRLDGJIENT,  a-brij'ment,  n.  contrac- 
tion :  summary. 

ABBOAD,  a-brawd',  adv.  on  the  broad  or 
open  space :  out  of  doors :  in  another 
country. 

ABROGATE,  ab'ro-gat,  v.t.  to  repeal  (a 
law).  [L.  ab,  away,  rogo,  -atum,  to  aslv  ; 
because  when  a  law  \vas  proposed  the 
people  were  "asked"  (to  sanction  or  re- 
lect  it).] 

ABROGATION,  ab'ro-ga'shun,  n.  act  of 
repealing. 

ABROGATIVE,  ab-ro'ga-tiv,  adj.  tendmg 
to  -abrogate :  capable  of  abrogating  or 
annulhng. 

ABRUPT,  ab-rupt',  adj.  the  opposite  of 
gradual,  as  if  broken  off:  sudden  :  unex- 
.pfected. — n.  an  abrupt  place. — adv.  Ab- 
BUPT'LY. — n.  Abrupt'ness.  [L.  abrup- 
ttis — ab,  off,  rwmpo,  ruptum,  to  break.] 

ABSCESS,  ab'ses,  n.  a  collection  of  puru- 
lent mattei'  within  some  tissue  of  the 
body.  [L.  absoessus — abs,  away,  cedo, 
cessum.  to  g-o,  to  retreat.] 

ABSCOND,  abs-kond',  v.i.  (lit.)  to  hide 
one's  self  :  to  quit  the  counti-y  in  order 
to  escape  a  legal  process.  [L.  abs,  from 
CT  away,  condo,  to  hide.] 

ABSENCE,  abs'ens,  n.  the  being  away  or 
not  present :  want  :  inattention. 

ABSENT,  abs'ent,  adj.,  being  aioay  :  not 
present  :  inattentive.  [L.  abs,  away 
nwon,  ens,  entis,  being — swiu,  esse,  to  be. 
3ee  ENnxY.] 


ABSENT,  abs-ent',  v.t.  to  keep  one's  self 
away. 

ABSENTEE,  aljs-ent-e',  ?i.  one  wlio  lives 
away  from  his  estate  or  liis  office. 

ABSENTEEISM,  abs-ent-e'izm,  n.  the  prac- 
tice of  a  land-owner  living  at  a  distance 
from  his  estate. 

ABSEY-BOOK,  ab-se-book,  n.  (that  is,  an 
ab  c  book)  a  primer,  which  sometimes 
included  a  catecliism.  "  And  then  comes 
answer  like  an  absey-book." — Shak. 

ABSINTH,  ab'sinth,  7i.  spirit  flavored  with 
wormwood.  £Fr. — L.  absinthiian,  worm- 
wood— Gr.  ] 

ABSINTHIC,  ab-sin'thic,  adj.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  absintliium  or  wormwood,  or  to  an 
acid  obtained  from  it. 

ABSOLUTE,  ab'sol-ut,  adj.  free  from 
Umits  or  conditions :  complete  :  unlim- 
ited :  free  from  mixture :  considered 
without  reference  to  other  things  :  un- 
conditioned, unalterable  :  unrestricted 
by  constitutional  checks  (said  of  a  gov- 
ernment) :  {gram.)  not  immediately  de- 
pendent.— adv.  Ab'solutelt. — n.  Ab'soI/- 
uteness.  [L.  absolutiis,  pa.p.  of  absolvo. 
See  Absolve.] 

ABSOLUTION,  ah-sol-u'shun,  n.  release 
from  punishment :  acquittal '  remission 
of  sins  by  a  priest. 

ABSOLUTISM,  ab'sol-ut-izm,  n.  a  govern- 
ment where  the  ruler  is  without  restric- 
tion. 

ABSOLUTIST,  ab'sol-ut-iBt,  adj.  ai  or  per- 
taining to  absolutism :  despotic.  "  All 
tliese  things  were  odious  to  the  old  gov- 
erning classes  of  France  ;  their  spirit  was 
absolutist,  ecclesiastical,  and  military." — 
J'ohii  Morley. 

ABSOLVE,  ab-zolv*,  v.t.,  to  loose  or  set 
free  :  to  pardon  :  to  acquit ',  also,  to  fin- 
isn :  accomplish.  (Obs.)  [L.  ab,  from, 
solvo,  soluium,  to  loose.    Bee  Solve.] 

ABSORB,  ab-sorb',  v.t.,  to  such  in :  to 
swallow  up  :  to  engage  wholly.  [L.  ab, 
from,  sorbeo,  sorptain,  to  suck  in.] 

ABSORBABLE,  ab-sorb'ar-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  absorbed. — n.  Absc£babil'ity. 

ABSORBENT,  ab-sorb'uit,  adj.  imbibing: 
swaliowing. — n.  that  which  absorbs. 

ABSORPTION,  ab-soi-p'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
absorbing :  entire  occupation  of  mind. 

ABSORPTIVE,  ab-sorpt'iv,  adj,  having 
power  to  absorb. 

ABSQUATULATE,  ab-squat'u-lat,  v.i.  to 
run  away,  especially  iu  disgrace,  as  from 
debt.     (Aiuer.) 

ABSTAIN,  abs-tan',  v.i.  to  hold  or  refrain 
from  :  also,  v.t.  to  hinder  ;  to  obstruct : 
to  debar :  to  cause  to  keep  away  from, 
"  Abstain  men  from  marrying." — Mil- 
ton. [Fr.  abstenir — L.  abs,  fi-om,  teneo, 
to  hold.    See  Tenable.] 

ABSTEMIOUS,  abs-tem'i-us,  a^j.  temper- 
ate :  sparing  in  food,  drink,  or  enjoy- 
ments.— adv.  Abstem'iouhlt. — n.  Abs- 
temiousness. [L.  abstemius — abs,  from, 
temetuvl,  strong  "wine.J 
i-ten'sh: 


ABSTENTION,  abs-i 
ing. 


nun,  71.  a  refrain- 


ABSTERGENT,  abs-terj'ent,  adj.  serving 
to  cleanse. 

ABSTERSION,  abs-ter'shun,  n.  act  of 
cleansing  by  lotions.  [L.  abstergeo, 
-tersum,  to  wipe  away.] 

ABSTINENCE,  abs'tin-ens,  n.  an  abstain- 
in"-  or  refraining,  especially  from  some 
indulgence. 

ABSTINENT,  abs'tin-ent,  adj.  abstaining 
from:  temperate.     [See  ABSTAIN.] 

ABSTRACT,  abs-trakt',  v.t.,  to  draw  away: 
to  sepai-ate  :  to  purloin,  [L.  abs,  away 
from,  traho,  tractum,  to  draw.  See 
Trace.] 

ABSTRACT,  abs'trakt,  adj.  general,  as  op- 
posed to  particular  or  individual :  the 
opposite  of  abstract  is  ecmcrete :  a  red 


color  is  an  abstract  notion,  a  red  roee  is 
a  concrete  notion  :  an  abstract  noun  is 
the  name  of  a  quality  apart  from  the 
thing,  as  redness. — n.  summary  :  abridg- 
ment :  essence. — adv.  Abs'tractly. — )i. 
Abs'tractness.  [L.  abstractus,  as  if  a 
quality  common  to  a  number  of  things 
were  drawn  away  from  the  things  and 
considered  by  itself.] 

ABSTRACTED,  abs-trakt'ed,  adj.  absent  in 
mind. — adv.  Abstract'edly. — n.  ABS 
tract'edness. 

ABSTRACTION,  abs-trak'shun,  n.  act  of 
abstracting :  state  of  being  abstracted  . 
absence  of  mind  :  the  operation  of  the 
mind  by  which  certain  qualities  or  at- 
tributes of  an  object  are  considered 
apart  from  the  rest :  a  purloining. 

ABSTRUSE,  abs-troos',  adj.  hidden  :  re- 
mote from  apprehension  :  difficult  to  be 
underetood. — adv.  Abstruse'ly. — n.  Abs- 
truse'ness.  [L.  abstnisus,  thrust  away 
(from  observation) — irudo,  trusuin,  to 
thrust.] 

ABSURD,  ab-surd',  adj.  obviously  unrea^ 
sonabte  or  false. — adv.  Absurd'ly.  [L. 
absurdus — ab,  from,  surdits,  harsh-sound- 
ing, deaf.] 

ABSURDITY,  ah-snrd'i-ti,  ABSURDNESS, 
ab-surd'ues,  n.,  tlic  quality  cj  being  at>- 
surd :  anything  absord. 

ABUNDANCE,  ab-und'ans,  n.  ample  suffi- 
ciencv  :  great  plenty.     [See  Abound.  1 

ABUNDANT,  ab-nnd'ant,  adj.  plentiful.— 
adv.  Abund'antly. 

ABUSE,  ab-iiz',  v.t.  to  use  wrongly;  to 
pein-^ert :  to  revile :  to  violate,  [L.  ab, 
away  (from  wliat  is  right),  utor,  usus, 
to  use.] 

ABUSE,  ab-us',  n.  ill  use  :  misapplication  , 
reproach. 

ABUSIVE,  ab-us'iv,  adj.,  containing  or 
practicing  abuse. — adv.  Abius'ivjixtI — rt. 
Abus'iveness. 

ABUT,  a-but',  v.i.  to  end  :  to  border  (on) . 
— pr.p.  abutt'ing ;  pa.p.  ahutt'ed.  [Fr. 
aboutir,  from  bout,  the  end  of  anything. 
See  Butt,  the  end.] 

ABUTMENT,  a-birt'ment,  n.  that  which 
abuts  :  {arch.)  what  a  limb  of  an  arch 
ends  or  rests  on. 

ABYSM,  a-bizm',  n.  a  form  of  Abyss.  [O. 
EV.  abysme,  from  Lat.  abyssimv^,  super^ 
of  dbyssus,  bottomless.] 

ABYSMAL,  a-bizm'al,  adj.  bottomless  :  nn- 
ending. 

ABYSS,  a-bis',  71.  a  botto77iless  gulf :  a  deep 
mass  of  water.  [Gr.  abyssos,  bottomless 
— a,  without,  byssos,  bottom.] 

ACACIA,  a-ka'shi-a,  77.  a  genus  of  thorny 
leguminous  plants  witli  pinnate  leaves. 
[L. — Gr.  akakia — ake,  a  short  point.] 

ACADEMIC,  ak-a-dem'ik,  7i.  a  Platonic 
pliQosopher :  a  student  in  a  college. 
ACADEMlciSil,  ak-a-dem'i-sizm,  n.  the 
system  or  mode  of  teaching  at  an  acad- 
emy :  an  academical  mannerism,  as  of 
painting.  Academics,  .ik-a^dem'iks,  ?j. 
the  Platonic  philosophy  :  Flatonism. 
[See  Academy.] 

ACADEMIC,  -AL,  ak-a-dem'ik-al,  adj.  of 
an  academy. — adv.  Academ'ically. 

ACADEMICIAN,       ak-ad-em-ish'yan,      n, 

member  of  an  academy. 
ACADEMY,     ak-ad'em-i,     ?«.     (orig.)    the 
school  of  Plato  :  a  higher  school :  a  so 
ciety  for  the  promotion  of  science  or  ait 
[Gr.  Akademia,  the  name  of  the  gardec 
near  Athens  where  Plato  taug-ht.] 
ACANTHUS,     a-kan'thus,    n.     a    prickly 
plant,  called  bear's  breech  or  brankur- 
sine  :  {a7'eh.)  an  ornament  resembling  its 
leaves  used  in  the  capitals  of  the  Corin- 
thian and  Composite   orders.      [L. — Gr. 
akanthos — ake,  a  point,  anthos,  a  flower 
— the  prickly  plant.] 
ACCAD,  ak'ad,  71.  1,  a  member  of  one  of  the 


AUCADIAJN 


ACCUMULATOK 


primitive  races  of  Babylonia ;  one  of  the 
dominant  race  at  the  time  to  which 
the  earliest  contemporaneous  records 
reach  back.  This  race  is  believed  to 
have  belonged  to  the  Tui'anian  family, 
or  to  have  been  at  any  rate  non-Semitic. 
Also  vNTitten  Akkad.  "The  Accadi,  or 
Accads,  were  the  '  Higlilauders '  who  had 
descended  from  the  mountainous  region 
of  Elam  on  tlie  east,  and  it  was  to  them 
that  the  Assyrians  ascribed  the  origin  of 
Chaldean  civilization  and  writing." — A. 
H.  Sayce.  2,  the  language  of  this  race : 
Accadian. 

ACCADL4.N,  ak-ka'di-au,  adj.  belonging  to 
the  Accads  or  primitive  inhabitants  of 
Babylonia.     Also  written  Akkadian. 

ICCADIAN,  ak-ka'di-an,  n.  1,  an  Accad : 
3,  the  language  of  the  Accads,  a  non- 
Semitic  and  probably  Turanian  speech 
spoken  in  ancient  Babylonia  previously 
to  the  later  and  better  known  Semitic 
dialect  of  the  cuneiform  inscriptions.  A 
kindred  dialect,  the  Sumarian,  seems  to 
have  been  in  use  at  the  same  time  in 
Babylonia. 

a.GCEDE,  ak-sed',  v.i.  to  agree  or  assent. 
[L.  acoedo,  aocessum,  to  go  near  to— ad, 
to,  cedo,  to  go.     See  Cede.] 

ACCELERATE,  ak-sel'er-at,  v.t.  to  increase 
the  speed  of :  to  hasten  the  progress  of. 
[L.  accelero,  -at urn — ad,  to,  celer,  swift. 
See  Celerjitt.] 

ACCELERATION,  ak-sel-er-a'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  hastening  :  increase  of  speed. 

ACCELERATIVE,  ak-sel'er-at-iv,  adj. 
quickening. 

ACCENT,  ak'sent,  ti.  modulation  of  the 
voice  :  stress  on  a  syllable  or  word  :  a 
mark  used  to  direct  tiiis  stress :  in 
poetry,  language,  words,  or  expressions 
in  general.  [L.  accentus,  a  tone  or  note 
— ad,  to,  cano,  to  sing.] 

iiCCENT,  ak-sent',  v.t.  to  express  or  note 
the  accent. 

ACCENTUAL,  ak-sent'u-al,  adj.  relating 
to  accent. 

ACCENTUATE,  ak-sent'u-at,  v.t.  to  mark 
or  pronounce  with  accent :  to  make 
prominent :  to  lay  stress  upon :  to  em- 
pliasize :  to  give  prominence  to ;  to  mark 
as  of  importance  ;  as,  he  accentuated  the 
views  of  the  pai-ty  on  this  question. — 
Accentuation,  ak-sent-ii-a'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  placing  or  of  pronouncing  accents. 

ACCEPT,  ak-sept',  v.t.  to  receive :  to  agree 
to :  to  promise  to  pay :  (B.)  to  receive 
with  favor.  [L.  accipio,  aeeeptum — ad, 
to,  capio,  to  take.] 

ACCEPTABLE,  ak-sept'a-bl,  a^'.,  to  be 
accepted :  pleasing  :  agreeable.  —  adv. 
Accept' ABLY. 

AOCEPTABLENESS,  ak-sept'a-bl-nes,  AC- 
CEPTABILITY, ak-sept-a-bU'i-ti,  n., 
quality  of  being  aecexttaJble. 

ACCEPTANCE,  ak-sept'ans,  n.  a  favorable 
reception :  an  agreeing  to  terms :  an 
accepted  bill. 

ACCEPTATION,  ak-sept-a'shun,  n.  a  kind 
reception  :  the  meaning  of  a  word. 

ACCEPTER,  ak-sept'er,  ACCEPTOR,  ak- 
sept'iir,  n.  one  who  accepts. 

ACCESS,  ak-ses',  or  ak'ses,  n.  liberty  to 
come  to,  approach:  increase.  [See  Ac- 
cede.] 

A.CCESSAEY,  ak'ses-ar-i.  Same  as  ACCES- 
aouY. 

ACCESSIBLE,  ak-ses'i-bl,  adj.,  tliut  may  be 
approadied. — adv.  Access'IBLY. — n,  Ac- 
cesstbil'ity. 

ACCESSION,  ak-sesh'un,  n.,  a  coming  to : 
increase. 

ACCESSORY,  ak'se9-or4.  adj.  additional: 
contributing  to :  aiding. — n.  anything  ad- 
ditional :  one  who  aids  or  gives  counte- 
nance to  a  crime. — adj.  AoCESBoll'IAI,, 
fslating  to  an  accessory. 


ACCIDENCE,  afc'sid-ena,  n.  the  part  of 
grammar  treating  of  the  inflections  of 
words  (because  these  changes  are  • '  acci- 
dentals "  of  words  and  not  "  essentials  "_\. 

ACCIDENT,  ak'sid-eut,  it.  that  which  hap- 
pens :  an  unforeseen  or  uui^xpected  event : 
chance :  an  unessential  quality  or  prop- 
erty. [L.  aceido,  to  fall  to,  to  happen — 
ad,  to,  cado,  to  fall.] 

ACCIDENTAL,  ak-sid-ent'al,  adj.  happen- 
mg  by  chance :  not  essential. — )i.  any- 
thing not  essential. — adi'.  Accident'ally. 

ACCIPITRAL,  alc-sip'i-tral,  adj.  of  or  per- 
taining to  tiie  Accipitres  or  birds  of  prey : 
having  the  character  of  a  bird  of  prey. 
"Of  temper  most  accipitral,  hawkisli, 
aqmline,not  to  say  vultui-ish." — Carlyle. 

ACCLAIM,  ak-klan/,  ACCLAMATION,  ak- 
klam-a'shiui,  ii.  a  shout  of  applause.  [L. 
ucclamo — ad,  to,  clanio,  -atum,  to  shout. 
See  Claim.] 

ACCLAMATOR,  ak-kla-ma'ter,  w.  one  who 
expresses  joy  or  applause  by  acclamation. 
"  .icc/a??iaiors  who  had  lilled  .  .  .  the  air 
with  '  Vive  le  Roy.' " — Evelyn. 

ACCLAMATORY,  ak-ldam'a-tor-i,  adj  ex- 
pressing acclamation. 

ACCLIMATE  ak-kllm'at,  ACCLIMATIZE, 
ak-klim'at-iz,  v.t.  to  inure  to  a  foreign 
climate.  [Fr.  acclitnater,  from  a  and 
climat.    See  Climate.] 

ACCLIMATION,  alii-klim-a'shun,  ACCLIM- 
ATATION,  ak-kllm-at-a'sbun,  ACCLIM- 
ATIZATION, ak-ldim-at-i-za'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  aooUmatizing ;  the  state  of  being 
acclimatized.  iThe  first  form  of  the 
word  is  anomalous,  the  second  is  that 
used  in  French,  and  the  third  is  that 
most  in  use  in  EngUsh.] 

ACCLIVITY,  ak-ldiv'i-ti,  n.  a  slope  up- 
wai'ds,  opp.  to  Declivity,  a  slope  down- 
wards. [L.  ad,  to,  clivus,  a  slope,  from 
root  of  clino,  to  slope.] 

ACCOLADE,  ak-ol-ad ,  tl.  blow  over  the 
neck  or  shoulder  with  a  sword,  given  in 
coufeiTing  knighthood.  [Fi'. — L.  ad,  to, 
collum,  neck.] 

ACCOjVIMODATE,  ak-kom'mod-at,  v.t.  to 
adapt :  to  make  suitable :  to  supply :  to 
adjust.  £L.  ad,  to,  comimodus,  fitting. 
See  Commodious.] 

ACCOMMODATING,  ak-kom'mod-at-ing, 
jp.adj.  affording  accommodation :  obUg- 
ing. 

ACCOMMODATION,  ak-kom-mod-a'shun, 
n.  convenience  :  fitness :  adjustment :  a 
loan  of  monev. 

ACCOMMODATIVE.ak-kom'mod-at-iv.acZ/. 
furnishing  accommodation :  obliging. 

ACCO]\IPANLMENT,ak-kum'i)an-i-ment,w. 
that  wliich  accompanies  :  instrumental 
music  along  witli  a  song. 

ACCOMPANIST,  ak-kum'pan-ist,  Ji.  one 
who  accompanies  a  singer  on  an  instru- 
ment. 

ACCOMPANY,  ak-kum'pan-i,  v.t.  to  keep 
company  with  :  to  attend,  p'r.  accom- 
pagner.    See  Company.] 

ACCOMPLICE,  ak-kom'i3lis,  ru  an  asso- 
ciate, esp.  in  crime.  [L.  ad,  to,  complex, 
•ids,  ioined.l 

ACCOMPLISH,  ak-kom'plish,  v.t.  to  com- 
plete :  to  effect :  to  fumU :  to  equip.  [Fr. 
accomplii — L.  ad,  to,  compleo,  -plere,  to 
fill  up.    See  Complete.] 

ACCOMPLISHABLE,  ak-kom'plish-arbl, 
adj.  tliat  may  be  accompUshed. 

ACCOMPLISBiED,  ak-kom'plisht,  adj. 
complete  in  acquirements :  especially 
graceful  acquirements :  polished. 

ACCOMPLISHMENT,  ak-kom'plish-raent, 
n.  completion  :  ornamental  acquirement. 

ACCORD,  ak-kord',  v.i.  to  agree :  to  be  in 
correspondence. — v.t.  to  grant.  [TV.  ao- 
corder — L.  ad,  to,  cor,  cordis,  the  heart.] 

ACCORD,  ak-kord',  n,  agreement :  har- 
mony :  (with,  ouxi)  spontaneous  molianu 


ACCORDANCE,    ak-kord'ans,    n.    agree 

ment  :  confoniiity. 
ACCORDANT,  ak-!v-ord'ant,  mdj.  agreemg  • 

corresponding. 
ACCORDING,   alc-kord'ing,  p.adj.   in   ac 

cordance  :  agreeing. — According  as,  aE 

adverbial    phiase=in    proportion.— Ao 

CORDiNa  to,  a  prepositional  phrase=it 

accordance  with  or  agreeably  to. 
ACCORDINGLY,    ak-kord'ing-li,    adv.    in. 

agreement  (with  what  precedes). 
ACCORDION,  ak-kord'ion,  n.  a  small  keyed 

musical  instrument  with  bellows.   [From 

Accord.] 
ACCOST,  ak-kost',  v.t.  to  speak  fli-st  to  ; 

to   ad(h'ess.     [Fr.    accoster — L.    ad,   to, 

costa,  a  side.] 
ACCOSTABLE,  ak-kost'a-bi,  adj.  easy  of 

JICCGSS  '  ufTtiblG. 
ACCOUCHEMENT,  ak-kooch'mong,  n.  de- 

Uvery  in  child-bed.     [Fr.  d,  and  coiiche, 

a  bed.    See  Couch.] 
ACCOUCHEUR,   ak-koo-sher',    n.  a  man 

who  assists  women  in  childbirtii.— /em. 

Accoucheuse,  ak-koo-shez'.    [Fr.J 
ACCOUNT,  ak-kownt',  v.t.  to  reckon  ■;  to 

judge,  value. — v.i.  (with  for)  to  give  a 

reason.      [O.   Fr.   accomtei — L.    ad,   to, 

computare,    to  reckon.     See   Compute, 

Count.] 
ACCOUNT,    ak-kownt',    n.    a    counting : 

statement :  value :  sake. 
ACCOUNTABLE,  ak-kownt'a-bl,  adj.  Ua 

ble  to  account :  responsible. — adv.   Ac- 
count'ably. 
ACCOUNT ABLENESS,  ak-kownt'a^bl-nes, 

ACCOUNTABILITY,  ak-kownt-a-bU'i-ti, 

n.  liability  to  give  account. 
ACCOUNTANT,  ak-kownt'ant,  n.  one  who 

keeps  or  is  skilled  in  accounts. 
ACCOUNTANTSHIP,    ak-kownt'ant-sliip, 

n.  the  employment  of  an  accountant. 
ACCOUTRE,   ak-ko6'ter,   v.t.  to  c^j-ess  or 

equip    (esp.    a   warrior) : — -jjr.jj.    aooou'- 

tring- ;  pia.p.  accou'tred.     [Fr.  accoutrer 

— of  dovibtful  origin.] 
ACC0UTREJrENTS,ak-k6o'ter-ments,»i.fii. 

dress  :  niiUtary  equipments. 
ACCREDIT,  ak-ki-ed'it,  v.t.  to  give  credit, 

authority,  or  honor  to.     [Fi\  acarediter 

— L.  ad,  to,  credo,  -itum,  to  trust.    See 

ACCREMENTITIAL,  ak-ki-e-men-ti'shal, 
adj.  in  physiol.  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
process  of  accrementition. 

ACCREMENTITION,  ak-ki-e-men  ti'shon, 
n.  in  physiol.  the  process  of  producing 
or  developing  a  new  individual  by  the 
gi'owth,  extension,  and  separation  of  a 
part  of  the  parent :  gemmation. 

ACCRESCENCE,  ak-kres'ens,  n.  graduai 
growth  or  increase. 

ACCRESCENT,  ak-kres'ent,  adj.,  growing: 
increasing.  [L.  ad,  in  addition,  cresco,  to 
grow.] 

ACCRETION,  ak-kre'shim,  n.  a  growing 
to :  increase. 

ACCRUE,  ak-ki'oo',  v.i.  to  spring,  come. 
[Fr.  accroitre,  pa,p.  accni — L.  ad,  to, 
cresco,  to  grow.] 

ACCUMBENT,  ak-kumb'ent,  adj.,  lying 
doum  or  reclining  on  a  couch.  [L.  ad, 
to.  cumbo,  to  lie.] 

ACCUMULATE,  ak-kum'ul-at,  v.t.,  to  heap 
or  pile  up  :  to  amass. — v.i.  to  increase 
gi-eatlv.     [L. — ad,  to,  cumulus,  a  heap.] 

ACCUMULATION,  ak-kum-ul-a'shun,  n.  a 
heapingjup  :  a  heap,  mass,  or  pile. 

ACCUMULATrVE,  ak-kum'ul-at-iv,  adj 
heaping  up. 

ACCUMULATOR,  ak-kum'ul-at-ur,  n.  one 
who  accumulates :  in  elect,  same  as 
Condenser.  The  name  is  now  esjiecialiy 
ippUed  to  a  kind  of  battery  devised  bv 
M.  Camille  Faure,  bv  means  of  which 
electric  energy  can  oe  stoi'ed  and  ren- 
dered portaUe.    Each  battery  forms  & 


ACCURACY 


ACTINISM 


'  cylindrical  leaden  vessel,  containing  al- 
ternate sheets  of  metallic  lead  and 
minium  wrapped  in  felt  and  rolled  into  a 
spiral  wetted  with  acidulated  water.  On 
being  charged  with  electricity  the  energy 
may  be  stored  till  required  for  use. 
ACCURACY,    ak'kur-a-si,  n.  correctness; 

OYQ  f»fcTl  goo 

ACCURATE,     ak'kur-at,    adj.    done   inth 

care:    exact.  — adv.     Ac'curately.— n. 

-NESS.     [L.  ad,  to,-  cura,  care.] 
ACCURSED,  ak-kurs'ed.  adj.  subjected  to 

a  curse :    doomed  :    extremely   wicked. 

[L.  ad,  and  Curse.] 
ACCUSABLE,  ak-kuz'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 

be  accu.se  d. 
ACCUSATION,  ak-kuz-a'shun,  n.  the  act 

of  accusing :  the  charge  brought  against 

any  one. 
ACCUSATIVE,  ak-kuz'a-tiv,  adj.  accusing, 

— n.  {gram.)  the  case  of  a  noun  on  which 

the  action  of  a  verb  falls  (in  English,  the 

objective). 
ACCUSATORY,  ak-kuz'a-tor-i,   adj.   con- 
taining accusation. 
ACCUSE,  ak-kuz',  v.t.  to  bring  a  charge 

against  :     to     blame  :    to    indicate :    to 

evince  :   to   .show  :   to  manifest.     "Am- 

phialus  answered  .  .  .  with  such  excus- 

mg  himself  that  moi'e  and  more  accused 

his   love  to  Philoclea."— Sir  P.  Sidney. 

[L.  aceuso—ad.  to,  causu,  cause.] 
ACCUSER,  ak-kiiz'er,  n.  one  who  accuses 

or  brings  a  charge  against  another. 
ACCUSTOM,    ak-kus'tum,    v.t.    to    make 

familiar  by  custom :  to  habituate.     [Fr. 

accmitumer.    See  Custom.] 
ACCUSTOMED,  ak-kus'tumd,p.ad/.  usual : 

frequent :  habituated. 
ACE,  as,  n.  the  one  of  cards  and  dice.    [Er. 

— L.  as,  unity — as,  Tarentine  Doric  form 

of  Gr.  heis,  one.] 
ACERBITY,     as-erTji-ti,     n.     bitterness : 

sourness :      harshness :     severity.      [L. 

acerbiis,  harsh  to  the  taste — acer,  sharp 

—root,  ak;  sharp.] 
ACETATE,  as'et-at,  n.  a  salt  of  acetic  acid 

which  is  the  sour  principle  in  vinegar. 
ACETIC,  as-et'ik,  adj.,  of  vinegar:  sour. 

[L.  acetiim,  vinegar — aceo,  to  be  sour.] 
ACETIFY,  as-et'i-n,  v.t.  or  v.i.,  to  turn  into 

vinegar. — n.  Acetification,  as-et-i-fi-ka'- 

shun.     [L.  acetiim,  vinegar,  and faeio,  to 

mUnTP     I 

ACETOUS,  as-e'tus,  adj.  sour. 

ACHE,  ak,  ?i.  a  continued  pain. — v.i.  to  be 

in  continued  pain  : — pr.j).  ach'ing  :  pa.p. 

ached'.     [A.S.  eee,  cece  :  M.E.  ake.] 
ACHIEVABLE,  a-cbev'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 

be  achieved. 
ACHIEVE,  a-chev',  v.t.,  to  bring  to  a  head 

or  end  :  to  perform :  to  accomplish  :  to 

fain,  win.  [Fr.  aehever — chef,  the  head, 
ee  Chief.] 

ACHIEVEMENT,  anjhev'ment,  n.  a  per- 
formance :  an  exploit :  an  escutcheon. 

ACHROMATIC,  a-krom-at'ik,  adj.  trans- 
mitting light  li-ithout  color,  as  a  lens. 
[Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  chroma,  color.] 

ACHROMATISM,  a-krom'at-izm,  n.  the 
state  of  being  achromatic. 

ACICULAR,  as-ik'u-lar,od/.,  needle-shaped: 
slender  and  sharp-pointed.  [L.  acicula, 
dim.  of  acus,  a  needle — root  ak,  sharp.] 

(xClD,  as'id,  adj.,  sharp  :  sour. — n,  a  sour 
substance :  {chem.)  one  of  a  class  of  sub- 
stances, usually  sour,  which  turn  vege- 
table dyes  to  red,  and  combine  with  alka- 
Ues,  metallic  oxides,  etc.,  to  form  salts. 
[L.  aceo,  to  be  sour — root  ak,  sharp.] 

ACIDIFIABLE,  as-id'i-fi-arbl,  adj  capable 
of  being  converted  into  an  acid. — n. 
Acidifica'tion. 

ACDJIFIC,  as-id-if  ik,  adj.  producing  acidity 
or  an  acid  :  acidifying. 

ACEDEFY,  as-id'i-fi,  v.t,  to  make  acid:  to 
convert  into  an  acid  •.—pr.p.  acid'ifying  ; 


pa.p.  acid'ified.  [L.  acidics,  sour,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

ACIDiry,  as-id'i-ti,  ACIDNESS,  as'id-nes, 
?i.  tlie  qu.ality  of  being  acid  or  sour. 

ACIDULATE,'  as-id'u-lat.  v.t.  to  make 
sliglitly  acid. 

AClbULENT,  a-sid'ii-lent,  adj.  being  some- 
what acid  or  sour  :  cross  :  tart :  peevish. 
"  Aii.xioiis  acidident  face." — Carlyle. 

ACIDULOUS,  as-id'u-lus,  adj.  slightly  sour: 
subacid :  containing  carbonic  acid,  as 
mineral  waters.  [L.  acididns,  Mta.  of 
acidus,  sour.    See  Acid.] 

ACIERAGE,  a'se-er-aj,  n.  [Fr.  aeier,  steel.] 
A  process  by  which  an  engraved  copper- 
plate or  an  electrotype  from  an  engraved 
plate  of  steel  or  copper  has  a  film  of 
iron  deposited  over  its  surface  by  elec- 
tricitj',  in  order  to  protect  the  engraving 
from  wear  in  printing.  By  this  means 
an  electrotype  of  a  fine  engraving  which, 
if  printed  directly  from  the  copper,  would 
not  yield  500  good  impressions,  can  be 
made  to  yield  3,000  or  more.  Wlienever 
the  fibu  of  iron  becomes  so  worn  as  to 
reveal  any  part  of  the  copper  under- 
neath, it  is  removed  and  a  fresh  coating 
deposited ;  and  in  this  way  as  many  as 
30,000  good  impressions  have  been  print- 
ed from  the  electrotype  of  a  finely-en- 
graved plate. 

ACKNOWLEDGE,  ak-nol'ej,  v.t.  to  own  a 
knoidedge  of :  to  admit :  to  own  :  to  con- 
fess. [Pfx.  o  ( — A.S.  on,  on),  and  BInowI/- 
EDGE.]  Acknowledge  the  corn,  to  ac- 
knowledge or  confess  a  charge  or  impu- 
tation.   (Amer.) 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT,  ak-nol'ej-ment,  n. 
recognition  :  admission  :  confession  : 
thanks :  a  receipt. 

AClfE,  ak'me,  n.  the  top  or  highest  point : 
the  crisis,  as  of  a  disease.  [Gr.  Aknie — 
ake.  a  point.] 

ACNE,  ak'ne,  n.  a  small  pimple  on  the 
face.     [Gr.] 

ACOLYTE,  ak'o-llt,  ACOLYTH,  ak'o-lith, 
n.  an  inferior  church  oificer.  [Gr.  akolou- 
thos,  an  attendant.] 

ACONITE,  ak'o-nit,  n.  the  plant  wolf's- 
bane  or  monk's-hood  :  poison.  [L.  aconi- 
turn — Gr.  akoniton.l 

ACORN,  a'korn,  n.  the  seed  or  fruit  of  the 
oak.-— adj.  A'corned.  [A.S.  vecern  came 
to  be  spelled  ac-cem,  acorn,  from  suppos- 
ing it  compounded  of  oak  and  kern  or 
coni,  seed  :  cecem  may  be  the  dim.  of  dc, 
oak,  as  Ger.  eichel,  is  of  eiehe ;  but  it  is 
more  probably  derived  from  acer  or  aker, 
a  field  (see  Acre),  and  meant  primarily 
"  the  fruit  of  the  field."    (Skeat).] 

ACOTYLEDON,  a-kot-i-le'dun,  n.  a  plant 
without  distinct  cotyledons  or  seed-lobes. 
— adj.  Acotyle'donous.  [Gr.  a,  neg., 
and  kotijledon.    See  Cotyledon.] 

ACOUSTIC,  a-kowst'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  sense  of  hearing  or  to  the  theory 
of   .'".oi.mds.     [Gr.  akoustikos — akouO.    to 

ACOUSTICS,  a-kowst'iks,  n.  the  science  of 
sound. 

ACOUSTICALLY,  a-kous'tik-al-li,  adv. 
in  relatioato  or  in  a  manner  adapted  to 
acoustics.    Prof.  Tyndall. 

ACQUAINT,  ak-kwant,  v.t.  to  make  or  let 
one  to  know  :  to  inform. — p.adj.  Ac- 
quaint'ed.  [O.  Fr.  accointer.  Low  L. 
accognitare — L.  ad,  to,  cognitus,  known.] 

ACQUAINTANCE,  ak-kwant'ans,  )■.  fa- 
miliar knowledge  :  a  person  whom  we 
know.— Acquaint' anceship,  n.  familiar 
knowledge. 

ACQUIESCE,  ak-kwi-es',  v.i.,  <o  res<  satis- 
fied or  without  making  opposition  :  to 
assent.  [L.  acquiesco — ad,  and  quies, 
rest.] 

ACQUIESCENCE,  ak-kwi-es'ens,  n.  quiet 
assent  or  submission. 


ACQUIESCENT,  ak-kwi-es'ent,  adj.  resting 
satisfied :  easy:  submissive. 

ACQUIRABLE,  ak-kwir'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  acquired. 

ACQUIRE,  ak-kwir',  v.t.  to  gain  :  to  attain 
to.  [L.  acquiro.  -quisitum — ad,  to,  and 
qucero,  to  seek — as  il',  to  get  to  some- 
tliing  songlit.] 

ACQUIREMENT,  ak-kwir'ment,  n.  some- 
tiling  learned  or  got  by  efl'ort,  and  not  a 
gift  of  nature. 

ACQUISITION,  ak-kwiz-ish'un,  n.  the  act 
of  acmiiriiig  :  that  which  is  acquired. 

ACQUISITIVE,  ak-k\viz'it-iv,  adj  desirous 
to  acquiro. — n.  Acquis'itiveness.  Ac- 
QUIST,  ak-kwist',  n.  acquisition  (Obs.). 

ACQUIT,  ak-kwit',  v.t.  to  free  :  toi-elease : 
to  declare  innocent  i—pr.p.  acquitt'ing ; 
pa.p.  acquitt'ed.  [Fr.  aequitter — L.  ad, 
quiet-,  rest — to  give  rest  from  an  accusa- 
tion.   See  Quit)] 

ACQUITTAL,  ak-kwit'al,  n.  a  judicial  dis- 
charge  from  an  accusation. 

ACQUITTANCE,  ak-kwit'ans,  n.  a  dis- 
charge from  an  obligation  or  debt :  a  re- 
ceipt. 

ACRE,  a'ker,  n.  a  measure  of  land  contain- 
ing 4,840  sq.  yards.  [A.S.  ceeer,  Ger. 
acker,  L.  ager,  Gr.  agros.  Sans,  ajra,  a 
field.] 

ACREAGE,  a'ker-aj,  n.  the  number  of 
acres  in  a  piece  of  land. 

ACRED,  a'kerd,  adj.  possessing  acres  or 
land. 

ACRID,  ak'rid,  adj.  biting  to  the  taste  i 
pungent  :  bitter.  [L.  acer,  acris,  sharp 
— root  ak,  sharp.] 

ACRIDITY,   a-krid'i-ti,  ACRIDNESS,  ak'- 

-  rid-nes,  n.  quality  of  being  acrid :  a 
sharp,  bitter  taste. 

ACRIMONIOUS,  ak-ri-mon'i-us,  adj.  sharp 
bitter. 

ACRIMONY,  ak'ri-mun-i,  n.  bitterness  of 
feeling  or  language.  [L.  acrimonia-' 
acer,  sharp.] 

ACROBAT,  ak'ro-bat,  n.  a  rope-dancer :  a 
tumbler  :  a  vaulter. — adj.  Acrobat'ic. 
[Gr.  akrobated,  to  walk  on  tiptoe.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  acrobat  or  his  perform- 
ance ;  as,  acrobatic  feats :  acrobatic  en- 
tertainments :  akron,  the  top,  and  baino, 
to  go.] 

ACROGEN,  ak'ro-jen,  n.  a  plant  that  grows 
at  the  top  chiefly,  as  a  tree-fern. — adj. 
Acrog'enous.  [Gr.  akron,  extremity, 
top,  gen-,  to  generate.] 

ACROPOLIS,  arkro'pol-is,  n.  a  citadel,  esp. 
that  of  Athens.  [Gr.  akropolis — akj-os, 
the  highest,  polis,  a  city.] 

ACROSS,  a-kros',  prep,  or  adv.,  cross-wise  : 
from  side  to  side.  [Pfx.  a  ( — ^A.S.  on,  on), 
and  Cross.] 

ACROSTIC,  a-kro'stik,  n.  a  poem  of  which, 
if  the  first  or  the  last  letter  of  each  line 
be  takea  iu  succession,  they  will  spell  a 
name  or  a  sentence.  [Gr.  akros,  ex- 
treme, and  stichos,  a  Une.] 

ACROTISM,  ak'ro-tizm,  ji.  in  vied,  an 
absence  or  weakness  of  the  pulse.  [Gr. 
a,  priv.,  and  krotos,  a  beating.] 

ACT,  akt,  v.i.  to  exert  force  or  influence : 
to  produce  an  effect :  to  behave  one's 
self. — v.t.  to  perform  :  to  imitate  or  play 
the  part  of. — n.  something  done  or  do- 
ing :  an  exploit :  a  law  :  a  part  of  a  play. 
[L.  ago,  actum,  Gr.  ago,  to  put  in  mo 
tion.  Sans,  aj,  to  drive.]  | 

ACTAIBLE,  alrt'a-bl,  adj.  capable  of  being- 
acted  or  performed  :  practically  possible, 
"Is  naked  truth  oAdble  in  true  life?" 
— Tennyson. 

ACTING,  akt'ing,  n.  action  :  act  of  per. 
forming  an  assumed  or  a  dramatic  part. 

ACTINISM,  ak'tin-izm,  n.  the  chemical 
force  of  the  sun's  rays,  as  distinct  from 
light  and  heat.  [Gr.  aktis,  aktinos  a 
ray.] 


iCTINOLOQ-Y 


ADMINISTER 


4Cr^N0'/)'xY,  ak-tinol'O-ji,  n.  that 
branch  of  science  which  investigates 
the  powui'  of  sunlight  to  cause  chem- 
ical action.  [Gr.  aktis,  aktinos,  a  ray, 
and  logos,  a  discourse.] 

4.CTINOPHOROUS,  ak-ti-nof'or-us,  adj. 
having  ray-like  spines.  [Gr.  aktis,  akti- 
nos, a  rav,  and  phero,  I  carry.] 

ACTION,  ak'shun,  n.  a  state  of  acting :  a 
deed  :  operation  :  gesture  :  a  battle  :  a 
lawsuit. 

ACTIONABLE,  ak'shun-a-bl,  adj.  liable  to 
a  lawsuit. 

ACTIONLESS,  ak'shon-les,  adj.  unfit  to  be 
made  the  subject  of  a  legal  action :  not 
actionable. 

ACTIVE,  akt'iv,  adj.  that  acts:  busy: 
nimble  :  (gram.)  transitive. — adv.  Act'- 

rVELY. — ns.  ACTIV'ITY,  ACT'rVENESS. 

ACTOR,  akt'ur,  n.  one  who  acts :  a  stage- 
player. 

ACTRESS,  akt'res,  n.  a  female  stage- 
player, 

ACTUAL,  akt'u-al,  adj.  real:  existing  in 
fact  and  now,  as  opp.  to  an  imaginary 
or  past  state  of  things. — adu.  Act'uau.y. 
— n.  AcrcTAL'iTT. 

ACTUAL,  ak'tti-al,  n.  something  actual  or 
real.  "  Not  .  .  .  actuals,  but  only  Egyp- 
tian budget  estimates." — Fort.  Rev. 

ACTUALIST,  ak'tu-al-ist,  jj.  oae  who  deals 
with  actualities :  opposed  to  idealist. 
Qrote. 

ACTUALIZE,  akt'u-al-Iz,  v.t.  to  make  act- 
ual. 

ACTUARY,  akt'u-ar-i,  n.  a  registrar  or 
clerk :  one  who  makes  the  calculations 
connected  with  an  insurance  office.  [L. 
actuarius  (scriba),  an  amanuensis,  a 
clerk.] 

ACTUATE,  akt'u-at,  v.t.  to  put  into  or  in- 
cite to  action:  to  influence.  [L.  actus, 
action.     See  ACT.] 

A.CTURIENCE,  ak-tu'ri-ens,  n.  a  desire  for 
action.  Qrote.  (Rare.)  [From  act,  and 
iirio,  the  termination  of  Latin  desidera- 
tive  verbs.] 

ACUMEN,  ak-u'men,  n.,  sharpness:  quick- 
ness of  perception  :  penetration.  [L.  See 
Acute.] 

ACUPRESS,  ak'u-pres,  v.t.  in  surg.  to  stop 
hemorrhage  in  by  means  of  acupressure. 

ACUPRESSURE,  ak-u-presh'ur,  7i.  a  mode 
of  arresting  hemorrhage  from  cut  arter- 
ies, by  inserting  a  needle  into  the  flesh  so 
as  to  press  upon  the  mouth  of  the  artery. 

iL.  ucus,  a  needle,  and  Pressijee.] 
UPU:^GTURE,   ak-u-pungkt'ur,   n.   an 
operation  for  relieving  pain  hy  punctur- 
ing the  flesh  ivith  needles.     [L.  acus,  a 
needle,  and  Pctncture.] 

A.CUTE,  ak-ut',  ok^'.,  sAarp-pointed :  keen ; 
opp.  of  dull :  shrewd :  shrill. — adv. 
Acutely,  ak-utli. — n.  Acute'ness. — 
ACDTE  ANGLE,  an  angle  less  than  a  right 
angle. — Acute  disease,  one  violent  and 
rapid,  as  opp.  to  Chronic.  [L.  acutiis, 
pa.p.  of  acuo,  to  sharpen,  from  root  ak, 
sharp.] 

AD.  or  ADV.,  n.  abbreviation  of  advertise- 
ment.    (Araer.) 

ADAGE,  ad'aj,  n.  an  oXA  saying :  a  proverb. 
[L.  adagiwn,  from  ad,  to,  and  root  of  aio, 
to  say.] 

ADAMANT,  ad'a-mant,  n.  a  very  hard 
stone  :  the  diamond.  [L.  and  Gr.  ada^ 
mas,  -antes — a,  neg.,  and  damao,  to 
break,  to  tame.     See  Tame.] 

ADAMANTINE,  ad-a-man'tin,  adj.  made 
of  or  like  adamant :  that  cannot  be 
broken  or  penetrated.  Also  Adaman- 
tean.     (Obs.) 

ADAMANTOID,  ad-a-mant'oid,  n.  a  crys- 
tal characterized  by  being  bounded  by 
forty-eight  equal  triangles.  [Gr.  arfa- 
vios,  tne  diamond,  and  eidos,  resem- 
blance.] 


ADAPT,  ad-apt',  v.t.,  to  make  apt  or  fit :  to 
accommodate.  [Fr.,  L.  adaptare — ad, 
to,  and  apto,  to  fit.j 

ADAPTABLE,  ad-apt'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  adapted. — n.  Adaptabil'ity. 

ADAPTATION,  ad-apt-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  making  suitable  :  fitness. 

ADAYS,  a-daz',  adv.  nowadays  :  at  the 
present  time.     [Pfx.  a,  on,  and  Days.] 

ADD,  ad,  v.t.  to  put  (one  thing)  to  (an- 
other) :  to  sum  up  :  with  to,  to  increase. 
[L. — addo — ad,  to,  do,  to  put.] 

ADDENDUM,  ad-den'dum,  «.,  a  thing  to 
be  added:  an  appendix.^^Z.  Adden'da. 
[L.  See  Add.] 

ADDER,  ad'er,  n.  a  kind  of  serpent.  [A. 
S.  ncedre ;  Ger.  alter  is  for  natter.  An 
adder  came  by  mistake  into  use  for  a 
nadder ;  the  reverse  mistake  is  a  newt 
for  an  ewt  or  eft.\ 

ADDICT,  ad-dikt',  v.t.  to  give  (one's  self) 
up  to  (generally  in  a  bad  sense).  [L. 
addico,  addictum — ad,  to,  dico,  to  de- 
clare.] 

ADDICTED,  ad-dikt'ed,  adj.  given  up  to. 
—ns.  Addict'ednbss,  Addic'tion. 

ADDITION,  ad-dish'un,  n.  the  act  of  ad* 
ing  :  the  thing  added  :  the  rule  in  arith- 
metic for  adding  numbers  together :  ti- 
tle, honor. 

ADDITIONAL,  ad-dish'un-al,  adj.  that  is 
added. 

ADDLE,  ad'dl,  ADDLED,  ad'dld,  adj.,  dis- 
eased :  putrid  :  barren,  empty. — ADDLE- 
HEADED,  Addle-paied,  having  a  head  or 
pate  with  addled  brains.  [A.S.  adl,  dis- 
ease, orig.  inflammation,  from  ad,  a 
burning ;  akin  to  Lat.  cestus,  a  glowing 
heat ;  Gr.  aithos,  a  burning.] 

ADDRESS,  ad-dres',  v.t.  to  direct :  to  speak 
or  write  to  :  to  court :  to  direct  in  writ- 
ing.— n.  a  formal  communication  in  writ- 
ing :  a  speech  :  manners  :  dexterity  : 
dh-ection  of  a  letter  •.—pi.  Addeess'es, 
attentions  of  a  lover.  To  address-One's 
SELF  TO  A  TASK,  to  set  about  it.  [Fr. 
adresser     See  Dress,  Direct.] 

ADDUCE,  ad-dus',  v.t.  to  bring  forward  s 
to  cite  or  quote.  [L.  adduco — ad,  to, 
and  duco,  to  bring.] 

ADDUCIBLE,  ad-dus'i-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  adduced. 

ADDUCTOR,  ad-dukt'ur,  n.  a  muscle  which 
draws  one  part  towards  another.  [See 
Abductor.] 

ADEEM,  a-dem',  v.t.  in  law,  to  withdraw, 
revoke,  or  take  away,  as  a  grant,  a  leg- 
acy, or  the  like.  [L.  adimo,  to  take  away.] 

ADSEP,  a-dep',  adv.  deeply.  "  We  shout 
so  adeep  down  creation's  profound."— £. 
B.  Browning.     (Rare.) 

ADENOPHOROUS,  ad-e-nof  or-us,  at^.  to 
zoot.  and  hot.  hearing  glands.  [Gr.  aden, 
a  gland,  and  phero,  to  bear.] 

ADEPT,  ad-ept  or  ad'ept,  adj.  completely 
skilled. — n.  a  proficient.  [L.  adeptus 
(artem),  having  attained  (an  art),  pa.p. 
of  adipiscor,  to  attain — ad,  to,  and 
apiscor.  Sans,  ap,  to  attain.] 

ADEQUATE,  ad'e-kwat,  adj.,  equal  to: 
proportionate  :  sufficient.  —  adv.  Ad'e- 
quately.  [L.  adeequatus,  made  equal — 
ad,  to,  and  cequus,  equal.] 

ADEQUATENESS,  ad'e-kwat-nes.  Ade- 
quacy, ad'e-kwa-si,  n.  state  of  being 
adequate :  sufficiency. 

ADHERE,  ad-her*,  v.i.,  to  stick  to:  to  re- 
main fixed  or  attached.  [L.  ad,  to,  hcereo, 
hcesimi,  to  stick.] 

ADHERENCE,  ad-her'ens,  n.  state  of  ad- 
hering :  steady  attachment. 

ADHERENT,  ad-her'ent,  adj.  sticking  to.- 
71.  one  who  adheres  :  a  follower  :  a  par- 
tisan. 

ADHESION,  ad-he'zhun,  n.  the  act  of  ad- 
hering or  sticking  to  :  steady  attach- 
ment.   [See  Adhere.] 


ADHESIVE,  ad-hes'iv,  adj.  sticky  :  apt  te 
adhere. — adv.  Adhes'ively. — n.  AdhkS'» 
iveness. 

ADIAPHORIST,  ad-i-af'o-rist,  n.  a  follower 
of  Melanchthon  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
who  maintained  that,  in  matters  indif- 
ferent, charity  was  to  be  preferred  to 
uniformity,  and  that  obedience  was  due 
to  the  imperial  power.  The  Adiaphorists 
also  accepted  the  interim  of  Charles  V. 
[See  Interim,  2.]  [Gr.  adiaphora,  indif- 
ferent or  non-essential  things.] 

ADIAPHORISTIC,  ad-i-af-o-ris'tik,  adg, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Adiaphorists,  or 
to  the  controversies  between  the  follow- 
ers of  Luther  and  Melanchthon. 

ADIEU,  a-du',  adv.  (I  commend  you)  to 
Ood:  farewell. — n.  a  farewell.  [Fr.  i 
Dieu,  to  God.] 

ADIPOSE,  ad'i-poz,  adj.  fatty.  [L.  adeps, 
adipis,  soft  fat.] 

ADIPSOUS,  a-dip'sus,  adj.  tending  tc 
quench  thirst,  as  certain  fruits.  [Gr. 
priv.  a,  and  dipsa,  thirst.] 

ADIT,  ad'it,  n.  an  opening  or  passage,  esp. 
into  a  mine.  [L.  aditus — ad,  to,  eo,  itum, 
to  go.] 

ADJACENT,  ad-jas'ent,  adj.,  lying  near  to  ; 
contiguous. — n.  Adjacency,  ad-jas'en-si, 
— adv.  Adjac'ently.  [L.  ad,  to,  jaceo^ 
to  lie.] 

ADJECTIVE,  ad'jekt-iv,  n.  a  word  added 
to  a  noun,  to  qualify  it,  or,  rather  per- 
haps,  that  adds  some  property  to  a  noun. 
— adv.  Ad'jectiyely. — adj.  AdjectIv'al. 
[L.  adjectivum  {r^omen),  an  added  (noun) 
— adjicio,  -jectum,  to  throw  to,  to  add — 
ad,  to,  jacio,  to  throw.] 

ADJOIN,  ad-join  ,  v.i.  to  lie  next  to.  [See 
Jom.] 

ADJOINING,  ad-join'ing,  adj.  joining  to  s 
near  :  adjacent. 

ADJOURN,  ad-jurn  ,  v.t.  to  put  off  to  an- 
other  day  :  to  postpone.  [Fr.  ajo^irner 
— ad,  to,  and  jour,  day.     See  Journal.] 

ADJOURNMENT,  ad-jurn'ment,  n.  the  act 
of  adjourning  :  the  interval  it  causes. 

ADJUDGE,  ad-juj',  v.t.  to  decide.  [See 
Judge.] 

ADJUDICATE,  ad-joo'di-kat,  v.i.  to  pro- 
nounce  judgment. — ns.  Adju'dica'tion, 
Adju'dicatoe.     [See  Judge.] 

ADJUNCT,  ad'junkt,  adj.,  joined  or  added 
to. — n.  the  thing  joined  or  added.  [L. 
See  Join.] 

ADJUNCTIVE,  ad-junkt'iv,  ad;',  joining.— 
Adjunctively,  ad  junkt'iv-li.  Adjunct- 
LY,  ad-junkt'li,  adv.  in  connection  with. 

ADJURATION,  ad-joor-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  adjuring  :  the  charge  or  oath  used  in 
adjuring. 

ADJURE,  ad-joor',  v.t.  to  charge  on  oath 
or  solemnly.  [L. — ad,  to,  juro,  -atum, 
to  swear.]  > 

ADJUST,  ad-just',  v.t.  to  arrange  prop- 
erly :  to  regulate :  to  settle.  [O.  Fr. 
ajouster.  Low  L.  adjuxtare,  to  put  side 
by  side—  L.  jwcta,  near  :  from  root  jug, 
seen  in  L.  jungo,  to  join,  E.  YOKE.] 

ADJUSTMENT,  ad-just'ment,  n.  arrange- 
ment. 

ADJUTANCY,  ad'joot-ans-i,  n.  the  office 
of  an  adjutant :  assistance. 

ADJUTANT,  ad'joot-ant,  n.  an  officer  wh© 
assists  the  commanding  officer  of  a  gar- 
rison or  regiment :  a  large  species  of 
stork  or  crane  found  in  India. — Adju 
tant-General,  an  officer  who  performs 
similar  duties  for  the  general  of  an  army-. 
[L.  adjuto^adjuvo — ad,  to,  juvo,  to  as- 
sist.] 

ADJUTATOR,  ad'ju-ta-ter,  w.  [L.  ac^to, 
to  assist.     See  AGITATOR,  3.] 

ADMEASUREMENT,  ad-mezh'ur-ment,  n. 
the  same  as  measurement. 

ADMINISTER,  ad-min'is-ter,  v.t.  to  act  as 
server  or  minister  in  a  performance  ;  to 


ADMINISTRATION 


ADVISABLE 


supply :    to  conduct.     [L.   ad,  to,  aad 

MnnsTEB.] 
ADMI>aSTRATION,  ad-rain-is-tra'ahun, «. 

The  act  of  administering  :  the  power  op 

partv  that  adiuinisters. 
AiMI>fISTRATIVE,  ad-min'is-tra-tiv,  a4f. 

that  adviinisters. 
ADJUNISTRATOR,     ad-min-is-tr5'tur,    n. 

one  who   luanages  or   directs  :  he   who 

manages  the  affairs  ot  one  dying  without 

making  a  \n\\.—fem.   Admuostra'tkix. 

— n.  AbMI>flSTRA'TORSIIIP. 

ADMIRABLE,  ad'uia-a-bl,  adj.  worthy  of 
being  ad  mi  rod. — adv.  Ad'mirably. — n. 
Admirableness. 

ADMIRAL,  ;m1  mir-al,  n.  a  naval  officer  of 
the  highest  rank.  p^r.  amiral,  from  Ar. 
amir,  a  lord,  a  chief.J 

ADMIRALTY,  ad  rair-al  ti,  7i.  the  board  of 
commissioners  /or  the  atlministratioa  of 
naval  affairs. 

ADMIRATION,  ad-mir-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  admiring:  (obs.)  wonder. 

ADMIRE,  ad-mir',  v.t.  to  have  a  high  opin- 
ion of :  to  love.— ady.  AdjUR  inglt.  [Ft. 
admirer  —h.  ad,  at,  miror,  to  wonder.] 

ADMIRER,  ad-m!r'er,  n.  one  who  admires : 
a  lover. 

ADMISSIBLE,  ad-mis'i-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  admitted  or  allowed. — Ji.  Abmissibii;- 
'      ITY. 

ADMISSION,  ad-misn'un.  Admtitance,  ad- 
mit'ans,  n.  the  act  of  admitting :  leave 
to  entefj 

ADMISSIVE,  ad-mis'iv,  adj.  having  the 
nature  of  an  admission  :  containing  an 
admission  or  acknowledgment.  "  More 
admixsive  than  excusatory." — Lamb. 

ADMIT,  ad-nait',  v.t.  to  allow  to  enter  ;  to 
let  in  :  to  concede  :  to  be  capable  of: — 
pr.p.  admitting  :  pa.p.  admitt'ed.  [L. 
admitto,  -missum — ad,  to,  mitto,  to  allow 
to  go.] 

ADMIXTURE,  ak-miks'tur,  n.  what  is 
added  to  the  chief  ingredient  of  a  mix- 
ture. 

ADMONISH,  ad-mon'ish,  v.t.  to  warn  :  to 
reprove  mildlj*.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  moneo, 
to  put  into  the  mind,  akin  to  Ger.  mah- 
nen,  to  remind  ;  Gr.  nienos,  spirit,  mind; 
Sans.  man.  to  think.] 

AIJMONITION,  ad-mon-ish'un,  n.  kind  re- 
proof :  counsel :  advice.  Obsolete  form 
in  old  authors,  Admomshjient. 

ADMONITORIAL,  ad-mon-i-to'ri-al,  adj. 
reproving :  admonishing :  having  the 
manner  of  an  admonitor.  '•  Miss  Tox 
....  has  acquired  an  admonitorial 
tone,  and  a  habit  of  improving  passing 
occasions. " — Dickeiis. 

ADMONITORY,  ad-nion'i-tor-i,  adj.  con- 
taining admonition. 

ADO,  a-doo',  n.  a  to  do:  bystle:  trouble. 
[Contr.  of  at  do,  a  form  of  the  inf.  bor 
rowed  from  the  Scandinavian.] 
4.DOBE,  a-dob',  n.  sun-baked  brick  used  fo<* 
building  houses  in  New  Mexico,  and 
other  parts  of  the  Mexican  border  region. 
(Amer.) 

ADOLESCENCE,  ad-o-les'ens,  n.  the  period 
of  vouth. 

ADOLESCENT,  ad-o-Ies'ent,  adj.,  growing 
to  manhood.  fL.  ad,  to,  and  olesco,  to 
grow,  allied  to  alo,  to  nourish.] 

ADONIS,  a-do'nis,  n.  a  kind  of  wig  former- 
ly worn.  "  He  puts  on  a  fine  flowing 
adonis  or  white  periwig." — Graves. 

ADOPT,  ad-opt',  v.t.  to  choose  :  to  take  as 
one's  own  what  is  another's,  as  a  child, 
etc.  [L.  adopto — ad,  to,  and  opto,  to 
wish,  choose.] 

ADOPTABILITY,  anJopt-a-biVi-ti,  «.  the 
state  of  being  suloptable  :  the  capability 
cf  being  adopted  :  also,  that  which  can 
be  adopted  or  made  use  of.  "  The  select 
adopt  ab  ilities.  "—Carlyle. 
ADOPTABLE.,  a-dopt'a-bl,  adj.  carah'"  '^ 


tit  for,  or  'vorthy  of  being  adopted. 
"The  Liturgy  or  adaptable  and  gener- 
allv  adopted  set  of  prayers." — Carlyle. 

ADO"PTION,  ad-op'shun,  )i.  tlie  act  of 
adopting  :  the  state  of  being  adopted. 

ADOPTIVE,  ad-opt'iv,  adj.  that  adopts  or 
is  adopted. 

ADORABLE,  ad-r.r'a-bl,  adj.  worthy  of  be- 
ing adored. — ady.  Ador'ably. — n.  Ador'- 

ABLENESS. 

ADORATION,  ad-Cr-il'shun,  n.  divine  wor- 
ship •  homage. 

ADORATORY,  a-dor  arto-ri,  n.  a  place  of 
worship  :  aohurch  or  chapel.    Southey. 

ADORE,  ad -or',  v.t.  to  worship,  to  love  in- 
tensely.—odt?.  Ador'ingly.  [L.  ad,  to, 
oro,  to  speak,  to  pray.    See  Oracle.] 

ADORER,  ad-or  er,  n.  one  who  adores :  a 
lover. 

ADORN,  ad -orn',  v.t.  to  deck  or  dress.  Also 
obsolete  form  of  pa.p.  ADORNED.  [L. 
ad,  to,  onto,  to  deck  :  Sans,  varna,  color.] 

ADORNMENT,  ad-orn'ment,  w.  ornament : 
decoration. 

ADOWN;  a-down',  adv.  and  prep.  down. 
[A.S.  of-dune — of,  fi-om,  dun,  a  hill.  See 
Down,  a  bank.] 

ADRIFT,  a-driff ,  adj.  or  adv.  floating  as 
driven  (by  the  wind) :  moving  at  ran- 
dom. [Lit.  "on  drift,"  a  representing 
A.S.  on,  on.    See  Drift.] 

ADROIT,  a-droit',  adj.  dexterous,  skillful. 
— adv.  Adroitly,  n-droit'li. — n.  Adroit'- 
NESS.  [Fr.  d,  droit,  right — L.  directiis, 
straight.    See  Direct.] 

ADSCITITIOUS.  ad-sit-ish'us,  adj.,  added 
or  assumed  :  additional.  [L.  adscisco, 
-scititm,  to  take  or  assume — ad,  to,  scisco, 
to  inquire — scio,  to  know.] 

ADSIGNIFICATION,  ad'sig-nif-i-ka-shun, 
n.  an  additional  signification.  'And  in 
this  opinion  (viz.  that  there  is  no  adsig- 
nification  of  manner  or  time  in  tliat 
which  is  called  the  indicative  mood,  no 
adsiwiijication  of  time  in  that  which  is 
caOed  the  present  participle)  T  am  ael. 
thernew  nor  singular." — Home  Tooke. 

ADULATION,  ad-u-la'shun,  n.  fawming ; 
flattery.  [L.  adulor,  adulatus,  to  fawn 
upon.]" 

ADULATORY,  ad'u-la-tor-i,  adj.  flattering. 

ADULT,  ad-ult',  adj.,  grottti :  mature. — n. 
a  grown-up  person.  [L.  adultus — ado- 
l''sco,  to  grow.    See  Adolescent.] 

ADULTERATE,  ad-ult'er-at,  v.t.  to  cor- 
rupt :  to  make  impure  (by  mixing).  [L. 
adultero — ad,  to,  alter,  other  ;  as  if,  to 
make  other  than  genuine.] 

ADULTERATION,  ad-ult-er-a'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  adulterating :  the  state  of  being 
adulterated. 

ADULTERER,  ad-ult'er-er,  n.  a  man  guilty 
of  adiilterv. — fern.  Adult'eress. 

ADULTERINE,  ad-ult'er-in,  adj.  resulting 
from  adultery :  spui'ious. — n.  the  off- 
sprina:  of  adultery. 

ADULTEROUS,  ad-ult'er-us,  adj.  guilty  of 
adiilterv. 

ADULTERY,  ad-ult'er-i,  n.  violation  of  the 
marriage-bed.     [See  AjiULTEEATE.] 

ADUMBRATE,  ad-umbr'at  or  ad'-,  v.t.  to 
give  a  faint  shadoic  of :  to  exhibit  imper- 
fectly.— n.  Adtjjibra'tiox.  [L.  ad,  to, 
•umbra,  a  shadow.] 

ADUSK.  a-dusk',  adj.  or  adv.  in  the  dusk 
or  twilight:  dark.  "To  die  and  leave 
the  world  adusk."—E.  B.  Broicniyig. 
(Rare.) 

ADVANCE,  ad-vans',  V.t.  to  put  forward, 
or  to  the  van  :  to  promote  to  a  higher 
office  :  to  encourage  the  progress  of :  to 
propose  :  to  supply  beforehand. — v.i.  to 
move  or  go  forward  :  to  make  progress : 
to  rise  in  rank. — n.  progress :  improve- 
ment :  a  giving  beforehand. — Is  ad- 
TASCE.  beforehand.  Adtanobd  female, 
a   woman    who   claims  the   rights  and 


privileges  of  men  as  to  voting,  etr  'H(e» 
fallen  into  disuse.  (Amer.)  [Fr.  ai'<Jii«e3' 
— Prov.  avant,  dbans,  before — L.  abatUe, 
from  beforej^ 

ADVANCEMENT,  ad-vans'ment,  n.  pro- 
motion :  improvement  :  payment  ot 
money  in  advance. 

ADVANTAGE,  ad-vant'aj,  7i.  superiority 
over  another  :  gain  or  benefit. — v.t.  ie. 
benefit    or    profit.      [Fr.    avantage.    It  . 
vanfaggio — Fr.  avant,  before.    See  Aj> 

VANCE.J 

ADVANTAGEOUS,  ad-vant-S'jus,  adj.  of 
advantage :  useful. — adv.  Advaxta'- 
geously. —n.  Adtanta'geousness. 

ADVENT,  ad'vent,  n.,  a  comiug  or  arri- 
val:  the  first  or  the  second  coming  of 
Christ :  the  four  weeks  before  Christmas. 
[L.  adventus — ad,  to,  venio,  to  come.] 

ADVENTITIOUS,  ad-vent-ish'us,  adj.  acci- 
dental :  foreign. — adv.  A-Dyenti'tiously. 
[See  Advent.] 

ADVENTUAL,  ad-vent'u-al,  adj.  relating 
to  Advent.     . 

ADVENTURE,  ad-vent'ur,  n.  a  risk  o? 
chance  :  a  reniai-kable  incident :  an  en- 
terprise.— v.i.  to  attempt  or  dare. — v.t, 
to  risk  or  hazard.  [O.  Fr. — L.  adventhu- 
rua,  about  to  come  or  happen,  fiit.p.  ot 
adrcnio.    See  Advent  ] 

ADVENTURER,  ad-venf^ur-er,  n.  one  who 
engages  in  liazardous  enterprises.— /em. 
Advent'uress. 

ADVENTUROUS,  ad_vent'ur-us,  Adten- 
TURESOME,  ad-vent'ur-sum,  adj.  enter- 
prising, —adv.  Adyent'urously. — n.  Ad- 
vent'urousness. 

ADVERB,  ad'verb,  n.  a  word  added  to  a 
verb,  adjective,  or  other  adverb  to  ex- 
press some  modification  of  the  meaning 
or  an  accompanying  circumstance.  [L, 
adverbiwn — ad,  to,  verbum,  a  word.  It 
is  so  called,  not  because  it  is  added  to  E 
verb,  but  because  it  is  a  word  (verbuni, 
joined  to,  at  supplemental  of,  otbet 
words.] 

ADVERBI.\L,  ad-verb'i-al,  adj.  pertaining 
TO  an  adverb. — adv.  Advehb'IALLT. 

ADVERBIALIZE,  ad-verb'i-al-iz,  v.t  to 
give  the  form  or  force  of  an  adverb  to  ^ 
to  use  as  an  adverb. 

ADVERSARY,  ad'vers-ar-i,  n.  an  oppo- 
nent :  an  enemy. — The  Adversary, 
Satan.     [L.  adversariiis.    See  Adverse.] 

ADVERSATIVE,  ad-versa-tiv,  adj.  denot- 
ing opposition,  contrariety,  or  v.ariety. 
[See  Adverse.] 

ADVERSE,  ad'vers,  adj.  acting  in  a  con- 
trary direction  :  opposed  to  :  unfortu- 
nate.— adv.  Ad'versely. — w.  Ad'teese- 
KESS.  [L.  adversus — ad,  to,  and  verto, 
versiim,  to  turn.] 

ADVERSITY,  ad-vers'i-ti,  n.  adverse  cir- 
cumstances :  aflBiction  :  misfortune. 

ADVERT,  ad-vert',  v.i.  (used  with  to]  to 
turn  the  mind  (to) :  to  regard  or  ob- 
serve.    [L.  ad,  to,  and  verto,  to  turn.] 

ADVERTENCE,  ad-vert'ens,  ADVERT- 
ENCY, ad-vert'en-si,  n.  attention  to: 
heedfulness  :  regard. 

ADVERTISE.  ad-vert-I/  or  ad'-,  v.t.,  to 
turn  attention  to  :  to  inform  :  to  give 
public  notice  of.  [Fr.,  from  L.  See  Ad 
vert.] 

ADVERTISEMENT,  ad-vert'iz-ment  or  aa 
vert-iifment,  n.  the  act  of  advertising  oj 
making  known :  a  public  notice  in  a 
newspaper  or  periodical. 

ADVERTISER.  ad-vert-I/er,  n.  one  who 
advertises :  a  paper  in  wliich  advertise- 
ments are  published. 

ADVICE,  ad-vTs',  n.  counsel :  in  pi.  intelli- 
gence. [0.  Fr.  advis,  Fr.  avis — I*  <kI 
visum,  according  to  what  is  seen  or 
seems  best.] 

ADVISABLE,  ad-viz'a-bl,  adj.  that  maybe 
ad%n'spd  or   recommendpd  •  prudent  ;  e». 


ADVISE, 


AFFRIGHT 


pedien^. — adv.   Advk'ably. — ns.   Advis- 

AEIL'IT'^,  ADVIS'aBLENKSS. 

AJDVISE,  ad-viz',  v.t.  to  give  advice  or 
counsel  to  :  to  inform. — v.i.  ( —  with)  to 
consult  :  vr.p.  advis  ing  :  pa.p.  advised'. 
[0.  Fr.  adviser,  from,  advis  or  avis.  See 
Advice.] 

ADVISE,  ad-vize',  v;i  to  consider :  to  take 
advice.     (Obs.) 

.;2J) VISED,  ad-vlzd'^  adj.  deliberate  :  caur 
tio\>s. — adv.  Advis'edly. — (i.  Advised- 
NESS,  ad-viz'ed-nes,  deliberate  eonsiderar 
tion  :  prudent  procedure. 

ADVISEMENT,  :Ld-viz'raeat,  n.  sanae  as 
advice  (Old  English). 

ADVISEE,  ad-vTz'er,  n.  one  who  advises  or 
gives  advice. 

ADVOCACY,  advo-ka-si,  n.  a  pleading 
for  :  defence.     [See  Advocate.] 

ADVOCATE,  ad'vo-kat,  n.  one  wlio  pleads 
the  cause  of  another  esp.  ia  a  court  of 
law. — v.t.  to  plead  in  favor  of.  —  n. 
Advoca'xion.  [L.  advocatus  —  advoco, 
-atum — ad,  to,  voco,  to  call :  to  call  in 
(another  to  help,  as  in  a  lawsuit  or  in 
sickness).] 

ADVOWER,  ad-vou'er,  n.  the  owner  of  an 
advowson  :  a  patron.     [See  Advowson.] 

ADVOWSON,  ad-vow'zuu,  n.  tlie  riglit  of 
patronage  or  presentation  to  a  cliurch 
benefice.  [O.  Fr. — Low  L.  advocatio, 
right  of  tlie  patron — L.  advocatus,  a 
patron.] 

ADZ,  ADZE,  adz,  n.  a  carpenter's  tool  con- 
sisting of  a  thin  arched  blade  with  its 
edge  at  right  angles  to  the  handle.  [A.S. 
adesa.\ 

3;DILE,  5'dil,  n.    See  Edile. 

.EDCEOLGGY,  e-de-ol'o-ji),  n.  that  part  of 
medical  science  which  treats  of  the  or- 
gans of  generation  :  also,  a  treatise  on 
or  account  of  the  organs  of  generation. 
[Gr.  aidoia,  tlie  privy  parts,  and  logos,  a 
discourse.] 

.ffiGIS;  e'jis,  n.  (orig.)  a  shield  given  by 
Jupiter  to  Minerva  :  anything  that  pro- 
tects.    [L. — Gr.  aigis.] 

^GITHOGNATH^.e-gi-thog'na-th5,;i.j3Z. 
in  Huxley's  classification  of  birds,  drawn 
fi'om  their  osseous  structure,  a  suborder 
of  Carinatas,  having  the  bones  of  the 
palate  disposed  as  in  the  sparrow  and 
other  passerine  birds.  [Gr.  aigithos,  a 
sparrow,  and  gnathos,  the  jaw.] 

^GITHOGNATHOUS,  e-gi-thog'na.-thus, 
adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  j9Sgithog- 
nathae. 

<S;NEID,  e'ne-id,  n.  an  epic  poem  written 
by  Virgil,  the  hero  of  which  is  .^neas. 
[L.  .^neis,  -idos.'] 

(ffiOLIAN.  e-u'U-an,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
acted  on  by  the  wind.  \_j^oliis,  the  god 
of  the  winds.] 

^OLOTROPIC,  5-ol-o-trop'ik,  adj.  applied 
to  bodies  unequally  elastic  in  different 
directions  :  opposed  to  isotropic.  Sir  W. 
'Jlun^psoii.  [Gr.  aiolos,  changeful,  and 
trope,  a  turning.] 

^ON,  5'on,  n.  a  period  of  tinie,an  age  or  one 
of  a. series  of  ages,  eternity.     [Gr.  aidn.'] 

AERATE,  a'er-at,  v.t.  to  put  air  into :  to 
supply  with  carbonic  acid.     [L.  aiir,  air.] 

AERATION,  a-er-a'shun,  n.  exposure  to 
the  air. 

AERIAL,  a-er'i-al,  adj.  belonging  to  the 
air  :  inhabiting  or  existing  in  the  air : 
elevated,  lofty. 

AERIE,  il'ri  or  e'ri,  n.     See  Eybt. 

AERIFORM,  a'er-i-form,  adj.  having  the 
form  or  nature  of  air  or  gas.  [L.  aSr 
and /orma.] 

AEROKLINOSCOPE,  a-er-0-khn'O-skOp,  n. 
an  apparatus  constructed  to  show  the 
direction  of  tlie  wind  in  connection  with 
the  barometric  pressure.  [Gr.  aer,  air, 
klino,  to  bend  or  kicliiie,  and  skopao,  I 
Tiew.7 


AEROLITE,  5'er-o-llt,  n.  a  meteoric  stone. 

JGr.  aer,  air,  lithos,  a  stone.] 
IROMETER,  a-er-om'e-ter,  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  density  of  air 
and  gases.     [Gr.  aer,  and  JIeier.] 

AERONAUT,  iL'er-o-nawt,  n.  one  who  as- 
cends in  a  balloon.  [Gr.  aer,  air,  nautes, 
sailor.] 

AERONAUTICS,  il-er-o-nawt'iks,  n.  the 
science  or  art  of  navigating  the  air  in 
balloons. 

uEROSE,  e'ros,  adj.  having  the  nature  of 
or  resembling  copper  or  brass  :  copperj'. 
[L  cerosus,  containing  brass  or  copper.] 

AEROSIDERITE,  a-er-o-sid'er-It,_n.  an  iron 
meteorite.  [Gr.  aer,  air,  mid  sideros,  iron.] 

AEROSIDEROLITE,  a-er-o-sid'er-o-llt,  Ji. 
a  meteor  containing  both  stone  and  iron. 
[Gr.  aer,  air,  sideros,  iron,  and  lithos,  a 
stone.] 

AEROSTATICS,  a-er-o-stat'iks,  n.  the 
science  of  the  equilibrium,  of  air  or  of 
elastic  fluids ;  the  science  of  raising  and 
guiding  balloons.  [Gr.  aer,  air,  statikos, 
relating  to  equiUbrium.     See  Statics.] 

AEROSTATION,  a-er-u-sta'shun,  r..  the  art 
of  raising  and  guiding  balloons. 

^STHEMATOLOGY,  Cs-thC-ma-tol'o-ji,  n. 
the  doctrine  of  the  senses,  or  the  appa- 
ratus of  the  senses  :  that  part  of  physio- 
logical anatomy  which  treats  of  the 
senses.  Dunglison.  [Gr.  aisthema,  a  per- 
ception, and  logos,  discourse.] 

^STHESIOLOGY,  Cs-thc-si-oro-ji,  n.  the 
doctrine  or  branch  of  knowledge  con- 
cerned with  the  sensations.  Dunglison. 
[Gr.  aisthesis,  perception,  and  logos,  dis- 
course.] 

^STHESODIC,  f  s-th5-sod'ik,  adj.  capable 
of  conducting  sensation  :  said  of  the  gray 
matter  of  the  spinal  cord,  which  can  con- 
vey sensory  impressions  to  the  sensorium 
though  itself  insensible.  [Gr.  aisthesis, 
sensation,  and7(odos,  a  path.] 

jSISTHETE,  rs'thet,  n.  one  devoted  to 
the  principles  or  doctrines  of  sesthetics  : 
specifically  applied  in  a  semi-contemptu- 
ous way  to  one  who  carries  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  sense  of  the  beautiful  to  a 
ridiculous  extent. 

.ESTHETIC,  es-thet'ik,  ^STHETICAL,  Es- 
thet'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  aesthetics. — 
adv.  .^sthet'icat.t.y. 

.aiSTHETICS,  es-thet'iks,  n.  the  feeling  of 
beauty  in  objects,  the  science  of  taste  : 
the  pliilosopiiy  of  the  fine  arts.  [Gr. 
aistlietikos,  perceptive — aisthanomai,  to 
feel  or  perceive.] 

AFAR,  a-far',  adv.,  at  a.  far  distance.  [Pfx. 
a,  and  Far.] 

AFFABLE,  af'fa-bl,  adj.  condescending : 
easy  to  speak  to. — adv.  Af'fably. — ns. 
AFFABrL'iTT,  Ai'fableness.  [Fr. — L. 
affahilis — nffari,  to  speak  to— ad,  to,  and 
fari,  to  speak.] 

AFFAIR,  af-filr',  n.,  that  which  is  to  be 
done  :  business  :  an  engagement  or  bat- 
tle of  minor  importance  : — pi.  transac- 
tions in  general :  public  concerns.  [Fr. 
affaire,  O.  Fr.  afaire — d,  and  faire — L. 
ad,  and  facer  ,  to  do.     Ct.  E.  Ado.] 

AFFECT,  af-fekt',  v.t.,  to  act  upon:  to 
produce  a  change  upon  :  to  move  the 
feelings.  [L.  officio,  affectum — ad,  to, 
faeio,  to  do.] 

AFFECT,  af-fekt',  v.t.  to  strive  after :  to 
make  a  show  or  pretence  of :  to  love : 
{B.)  to  pay  court  to. — v.i.  to  be  inclined 
to :  to  prefer.  (Obs.)  [L.  affecto,  freq. 
of  afficio.    See  Affect  above  ] 

AFFECTATION  af-fekt-S'shun,  n.  a  striv- 
ing after  or  an  attempt  to  assume  what 
is  not  natural  or  real :  pretence. 

AFFECTED,  af-fekt'ed,  adj.  touched  with 
a  feeling  (either  for  or  against) :  full  of 
affectation :  feigned. — adu.  Affect'edly. 
— «,  Affeot'edness 


AFFECTING,  af-fekt'ing,  adj.  haviag 
power  to  move  tlie  passions  :  pathetic— 
adv,  Affect'inqly. 

AFFECTION,  af-fek'shun,  n.  kindness  or 
love  :  attachment :  an  attribue  or  prop- 
erty.    [L.  See  Affect.] 

AFFECTIONATE,  af-fekTshun-at,  adj.  fuJS 
of  affection  :  loving. — adv.  Affec'ticcs- 

ATELY. — n.  AfFEC'TIONATENESS. 

AFFECTIONED,  af-fek'shund,  adj.  (£.> 
disposed. 

AFFERENT,  af'fer-ent,  adj^{anat.)  bring- 
ing to,  applied  to  the  nerves  that  convey 
sensations  to  the  nerve  centres.  [L.  aj. 
ferens — ad,  to,,  and  fero,  to  carry.] 

AFFIANCE,  af-ffans,  n.,  faith  pledged  to~. 
marriage  contract :  trust. — v.t,  to  pledge 
faith  :  to  betroth.  [O..  Fr.  afftawiC,  6, 
afjidanza,  confidence — ^L.  ad,  to,  .^dUssj, 
faith.] 

AFFIDAVIT,  af  fi-da'vit,  7i.  a  written  dec- 
laration on  oath.  [Low  L.  affidavit,  33 
pers.  sing.  perf.  of  t.  '^do,  to  pledge  one"te 
faith.] 

AFFILIATE,  af-fiTi-at,  v.t.  to  receive  iiitc. 
a  family  as  a  son,  or  into  a  society  as  a 
member.     [L.  ad,  to,  fiXius,  a  son.  J 

AFFILIATION,  af-fil-i-a'shun,  n  act  dS 
receiving  into  a  family  or  society"  a.'?  a 
member :  {law)  the  assignment  of  an 
illegitimate  child  to  its  father. 

AFFINITION,  af-fi-ni'shon,  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  affined :  mental  alBnitj 
or  attraction.     (Rare.) 

AFFINITY,  af-fln'i-ti,  n.  nearness  of  Jdn^ 
agreement,  or  resemblance  :  relationship 
by  marriage,  opposed  to  consanguinity  or 
relationship  by  blood  :  {chem.)  the  pecul- 
iar attraction  between  the  atoms  of  two 
simple  substances  that  makes  them  coma- 
bine  to  form  a  compound.  [L.  afflnitaf> 
— affinis,  neighboring  —  ad,  at,  finia^ 
boundary.]  I 

AFFIRM,  af-ferm',  v.t.  to  assert  confident 
ly  or  positively.  [L.  affirmo — ad,Jirmii». 
firm.     See  riESr.] 

AFFIRMABLE,  af-ferm'a-bl,  ac^Vthat  maj 
be  affirmed. — n.  Aefirih'ant. 

AFFIRMATION,  af-fer-miTshun,.  n-  act  of 
asserting  :  that  which  is  affirmed  :  a  sol- 
emn declaration. 

AFFIRMATIVE,  af-ferm'at-iv,  adj.  or  n 
that  affirms  or  asserts. — adv.    AFFlRrf- 

ATI  V  ELY. 

AFFIS,  af-flks',  v.t.,  to  fix  to:  to  add :  tc 
attach.     [L.  affigo,  -fixtim—ad,  to,  figo,. 
to  fix.     See  Fix.] 
AFFIX,  af'fiks,  n.  a  syllable  or  letter  put  tc 

the  end  of  a  word,  called  also  PostfiX; 

Suffix. 
AFFLATUS,  af-fla'tus,  n.  inspiration.  [See 

Inflation.] 
AFFLICT,  af-flikt',  v.t.  to  give  continued 

pain,  distress,  or  grief.— ^lajj.  afflictedj 

beaten  down.    (Obs.)    [L.  ad,  to,  Jligo,  tc 

dash — to  the  ground.] 
AFFLICTION,  af-flik'shon,  n.  distress  m 

its  cause^ 
AFFLICTIVE,  af-flikt'iv,  ad^.  causing  difiK 

AFFLXJENCE,  affl(50-ens,  n.  abundance: 

wealth. 
AFFLUENT,   affloo-ent,  adj.  abounding  •: 

wealthy. — n.   a  stream  flowing    into   a 

river  or  lake.     [L.  affliLO—ad,  to,  Jluo,  to 

flow.] 
AFFORD,  af-fi3rd',  v.i.  to  yield  or  produce  i 

to  be  able  to  sell  or  to  expend.     [M.  E. 

aforthen,  from  A.S.  geforthian  or  for- 

thian,  to  further  or  cause  to  come  forikh.J 
AFFRAY,  af-fra',  n.  a  fight  causing  alarm  z 

a  bravi^l.     [Fr.  effrayer,  to  frigliteE  ;  O, 

Fr.  esfreer,  to  freeze  with  teri-or — Low  I«. 

exfrigidare,  to  chfll.    See  FRiGlDil 
AFFRIGHT,    af-frit',   v.t.,    to  frighten,-^ 

n.    sudden    fear.    [A.S.    afyrhta^K 

Feight.1 


AFFRONT 


8 


AGRAFFE 


AFFRONT,  af-frunt',  v.t.  to  meet  front  to 
front :  to  insult  openly. — n.  contemptu- 
ous treatment.  [Fr.  affrontei — L.  ad, 
to,  front-,  the  forehead.] 

AFFUSION,  af-fu'zlum,  n.  the  act  of  iJOur- 
ing  upon  or  sprinkling:.  [L.  ad,  to, 
fundo,  fusum,  to  pour.] 

AFIELD,  a-fEld',  adv.  to,  in,  or  on  the 
field. 

AFLOAT,  a-flut',  adv.  or  ac^'.  floating :  at 
sea  :  unfixed. 

AFLOW,  a-flo',  adj.  or  adv.  in  a  loose, 
waving  state  :  flowing.  "  With  gray 
hair  afloip." — Wliittier.     (Rare.) 

AFOOT,'  a-foot',  adv.,  on  foot. 

AFORE,  a-for',  prep,  {obs.)  before. 

AFOREHAND,  a-fOr'hand,  adv.  before  the 
regular  time  of  accomplishment :  in  ad- 
vance. 

AFORESAID,  a-fOr'sed,  adj.,  said  or 
named  before. 

AFORETIME,  a-fOr'tim,  adv.,  in  former  or 
past  times. 

AFRAID,  a-frad',  adj.  struck  with  fear: 
timid.     [From  root  of  AffbaY.] 

AITRESH,  a-fresh',  adv.  anew,  [a,  on,  and 
Fresh.] 

AFRICANDER,  af'rik-an-der,  n.  a  native 
of  Cape  Colony  or  the  neighboring  re- 
gions born  of  white  parents. 

AFRICANIZE,  af'rik-an-ize,  v.t.  to  place 
under  the  control  of  African  negroes. 
(Amer.) 

AFT,  aft,  adj.  or  adv.  behind  :  near  or  tow- 
ards the  stern  of  a  vessel.  [A.S.  ceft, 
which  is  short  for  cefter.'\ 

AFTER,  aft'er,  adj.  behind  in  place  :  later 
in  time  :  more  toward  the  stern  of  a  ves- 
sel.— prep,  behind,  in  place :  later,  in 
time  :  following,  in  search  of :  in  imita- 
tion of :  in  proportion  to  :  concerning. — 
adv.  subsequently :  afterward.  [A.S. 
after,  comp.  of  af,  or  of,  the  primary 
meaning  being  more  off,  further  away  ; 
■ter  as  a  comparative  affix  is  seen  in  L. 
al-ter,  E.  o-ther.    See  Of.] 

AFTERACT,  aft'er-akt,  n.  an  net  after  or 
subsequent  to  another. 

AFTERBIRTH,  aft'er-berth,  n.  the  pla- 
centa and  membranes  which  are  expelled 
from  the  womb  after  the  birth. 

AFTERCLAP,  aft'er-klap,  n.  an  additional 
and  generally  unjust  demand,  beyond 
the  bargain  originally  made.     (Amer.) 

AFTERCROP,  aft'er-krop,  n.,  a  crop  com- 
ing after  the  first  in  the  same  year. 

AFTER-DINNER,  aft'er-din-er,  adj.  hap- 
pening or  done  after  dinner ;  as,  an 
after-dinner  speech  :  sometimes  used 
substantively  "  An  after-dinner's  nap." 
— Tennyson. 

In  after-dinner  talk 
Across  the  walnuts  and  the  wine. — Tennyson. 

AFTERMATH,  aft'er-math,  n.  a  second 
crop  of  grass.     [See  Mow,  Meadow.] 

AFTERMOST,  afVer-raost,  adj.  hindmost. 
[A.S.  ceftemest ;  Goth,  af-tuma,  -tuma, 
being  equiv._  to  L.  -tumus  in  op-tumus, 
best.  Goth."  has  also  af-ti:.m-ists=A.S. 
cef-tem-est,  whicli  is  thus  a  double  super- 
lative. In  aftermost,  r  is  intrusive  and 
-most  is  not  the  adv.  most.'\ 

.4FTERNIGHT,  aft'er-nit,  adv.  in  the 
eveiiiiig.     (Amer.) 

fVFTERNOON,  aft'er-noon,  n.  the  time  be- 
tween noon  and  evening. 

AFTERPIECE,  aft'er-pes,  n.  a  farce  or 
other  minor  piece  performed  after  a 
play. 

AFTER-SHAFT,  aft'er-shaft,  n.  in  ornith. 
a  supplementary  or  accessory  shaft  fui-- 
nished  with  barbs  or  fibres,  given  off  at 
the  point  of  junction  of  the  shaft  and 
quill  of  most  feathers  except  those  of  the 
wings  and  tail. 

AFTERWARD,  aft'er-ward,  Aitekwaeds, 
aft'er-wardz,  adv.  in  after-time  :  later : 


subsequently.  [A.S.  aefter,  and  weard, 
towards,  in  direction  or] 

AGA,  a'ga,  n.  a  Turkish  eomm.ander  or 
chief  officer.  [Turk,  agha,  Pers.  ak, 
aica,  a  lord.] 

AGAIN,  a-gen',  adv.  once  more :  in  re- 
turn :  back.  [A.S.  on-gean,  again,  oppo- 
site ;  Ger.  ent-gegen.]  Also  pronounced 
a-giin',  at  least  in  poetry,  as  evidenced 
by  following  passages. 

When  slie  was  eased  of  her  pain. 

Came  the  jjood  lord  Athelstane, 

When  her  ladyship  married  again. — Thackeray. 
O  that  ^twere  possible 
After  long  grief  and  pain 
To  find  the  arms  of  my  true  love 
Round  me  once  again! — Tennyson. 

AGAINST,  a-genst',  prep,  opposite  to : 
in  opposition  to  :  in  provision  for. 
[Formed  from  again,  as  whilst  from 
tvhile.]  , 

AGAPE,  a-gap',  adj.  or  adv.  gaping  from 
wonder,  expectation,  or  attention.  [Lit. 
"  on  gape,"  from  prefix  a  (for  A.S.  on, 
on),  and  Gape.] 

AGATE,  ag'at.  n.  a  precious  stone  com- 
posed of  layers  of  quartz,  of  different 
tints.  [Gr.  achates,  said  to  be  so  called  be- 
cause first  found  near  the  river  Achates 
in  Sicily.] 

AGE,  Sj,  n.  the  ordinary  length  of  human 
life  :  the  time  during  which  a  person 
or  thing  has  lived  or  existed  :  mature 
years  :  legal  maturity  (at  21  years)  :  a 
I)eriod  of  time  :  a  generation  of  men  :  a 
century. — v.i.  to  grow  old  : — pr.p.  ag'ing; 
pa.p.  aged.  [Fr.  Age,  O.  Fr.  edage — L. 
oetas=old  L.  mvitas — L.  oevum,  age ; 
cog.  with  E.  Ever.] 

AGED,  Sj'ed,  adj.  advanced  in  age  :  hav- 
ing a  certain  age. — n.pil.  old  people. 

AGEING,  aj'ing,  n.  in  calico-printing,  a 
process  during  which  the  color  pre- 
viously deposited  on  the  outside  of  the 
fibre  gradually  penetrates  it  and  becomes 
more  firmly  attached. 

AGENCY,  aj'ens-i,  n.  the  office  or  business : 
operation,  or  action  of  an  agent. 

AGENDA,  aj-and'a,  n.,  things  to  be  done: 
a  memorandum-book  :  a  ritual.  [L. 
aqendus,  fut.  p.  pass,  of  ago,  to  do.] 

AGENT,  aj'ent,  n.  a  person  or  thing  that 
acts  or  exerts  power :  one  intrusted  with 
the  business  of  another.  [L.  ago,  to  do. 
See  Act.] 

AGGLOMERATE,  ag-glora'er-at,  v.t.  to 
make  into  a  ball :  to  collect  into  a  mass. 
— v.i.  to  grow  into  a  mass.  [L.  glomus, 
qlomeris,  a  ball.    See  CLEW,  Globe.] 

AGGLOMERATION,  ag-glom-er-a'shun,  n. 
a  growing  or  heaping  together  :  a  mass. 

AGGLUTINATE,  ag-gloOt'in-at,  v.t.  to 
cause  to  adhere  by  glue  or  cement.  [L. 
agglutino — ad,  to,  gluten,  glue.  See 
Glue.] 

AGGLUTINATION,  ag-glo5t-in-a'shun,  n. 
the  act  of  uniting-,  as  by  glue  ;  adhesion 
of  parts. 

AGGLUTINATIVE,  ag-glo6t'in-at-iv,  adj. 
tending  to  or  having  power  to  cause  ad- 
hesion. 

AGGRANDIZE,  ag'grand-Iz,  v.t.,  to  make 
great  or  larger :  to  make  greater  in 
power,  rank,  or  honor.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ad, 
to,  and  gra7}dis,  large.] 

AGGRANDIZEMENT,  ag-grand-iz'ment,  w. 
act  of  aggrandizing :  state  of  being  ag- 
grandized. 

AGGRAVATE,  ag'gi-av-at,  v.t.  to  make 
worse :  to  provoke.  [L.  ad,  to,  gravis, 
heavy.     See  GRA.VE.] 

AGGRAVATION,  ag-grav-a'shun,  n.  a 
making  worse :  any  quality  or  circum- 
stance which  makes  a  thing  worse. 

AGGREGATE,  ag-greg-at,  v.t.  to  coUect 
into  a  mass  :  1^  accumulate.  [L.  aggrego, 
-atum,  to  brin^  together,  as  a  flock — ad, 
to,  grex,  gregis,  a  flock.] 


AGGREGATE,  ag'greg-at,  adj.  formed  ol! 
parts  taken  together. — n.  the  sum  total 
— adv.  Ag'qeegately. 

AGGREGATION,  ag-greg-a'shun,  n.  act  oif 
aggregating  :  state  of  being  collected  to- 
gether :  an  aggregate. 

AGGRESSION,  ag-gresh'un,  n.  first  act  of 
hostility  or  injury.  [L.  aggredior,  -gressus 
— ad,  to,  gradior,  to  step.] 

AGGRESSIVE,  ag-gres'iv,  adj.  making  the 
first  attack. — n.  Aggress'iveness. 

AGGRESSOR,  ag-gres'm-,  w.  one  who  at- 
tacks first. 

AGGRIEVE,  ag-grov*,  v.t.  to  press  lieavily 
upon:  to  pain  or  injiu-e.  [O.  Fr.  agrever, 
Sp.  agraviar — L.  ad,  to,  and  gravis, 
heavj'.    See  Grief,  Grieve.] 

AGHAST,  a-gast',  adj.  stupefied  with  hor- 
ror. [Properly  agast ;  M.  E.  agasten,  to 
terrify ;  A.S.  intens.  pfx.  a,  and  gcestan, 
to  terrify.  The  primary  notion  of  the 
root  gees-  (Goth,  gais-)  is  to  fix,  stick ; 
to  root  to  the  spot  with  terror.  See 
Gaze.] 

AGILE,  aj'il,  adj.,  active:  nimble.  [L. 
agilis — ago,  to  do  or  act.] 

AGILITY,  aj-il'i-ti,  n.  quiclcness  of  motion: 
nimbleness. 

AGIO,  a'ji-o,  n.  the  difference  in  value  be 
tween  metallic  and  paper  money:  dis- 
count. [It.  aggio,  agio,  rate  of  exchange, 
same  as  agio,  ease,  convenience.] 

AGITATE,  aj'i-tat,  v.t.  to  keep  moving :  to 
stir  violently :  to  discuss.  [L.  agito, 
freq.  of  ago,  to  put  in  motion.  See 
Act.] 

AGITATION,  aj-i-ta'shun,  n.  commotion : 

Sertm-bation  of  mind  :  discussion. 
ITATOR,  aj'i-tat'ur,  n.  1,  one  who  ex- 
cites public  commotion  :  3,  a  name  given 
to  certain  officers  in  the  time  of  Crom- 
well appointed  by  the  army  to  manage 
their  concerns.  There  were  two  from 
each  regiment.  [In  this  sense  the  proper 
spelling  is  probably  Adjutator,  meaning 
not  one  who  agitates  but  one  who 
assists.]  "  They  proceeded  from  those 
elective  tribunes  called  agitators,  who 
had  been  established  in  every  regiment 
to  superintend  the  interests  of  tb-s  army." 
— Hallarn. 

AGLOW,  a-glo',  adj.  very  warm  :  red-hot. 
[See  Glow.] 

AGMATOLOGY,  ag-ma^tol'o-ji,  n.  in  surg. 
that   department  of  the  science  which- 
treats  of  fractures ;  also,  a  treatise  on 
fractures.     [Gr.  agma,  agmatos,  a  frac- 
tm-e,  and  logos,  a  discourse.] 

AGMINATE,  ag-'min-at,  AGMESTATED, 
ag'min-iit-ed,  adj.  crowded :  closely 
packed :  specifically  applied  in  anat.  to 
certain  glands  or  foUicles  in  the  small 
intestine.  Called  also  Peyer's  Olands. 
JLi.  agmen,  agminis,  a  crowd,  a  "band.] 

AGNATE,  ag'nat,  adj.  related  on  the 
father's  side :  allied. — n.  a  relation  by 
the  father's  side.  [L. — ad,  to,  nascor,  to 
be  born.    See  Cognate.] 

AGNOSTIC,  ag-nos'tik,  n.  one  who  holds 
that  we  Jcnow  nothing  of  the  super- 
natiu-al. — n.  Agnos'ticism.  [a,  priva- 
tive, and  Gr.  gnostikos,  good  at  knowing. 
See  Gnostic] 

AGO,  a-go',  AGONE,  a-gon',  adv.,  gone : 
past :  since.  [Pa.p.  of  A.S.  agan,  to  passs 
away — inten.  pfx.  a,  and  gan,  to  go.T 

AGOG,  a-gog*,  adj.  or  adv.  eager.  [Ety. 
doubtful.] 

AGOING,  a-go'ing,  adv.,  going  on:  current. 

AGONIZE,  ag'o-niz,  v.t.  to  struggle,  suffer 
agony. 

AGONIZING,  ag'o-niz-ing,  adj.  causing 
agony. — adv.  Ag'onizingly. 

AGONY,  ag'o-ni,  n.  a  violent  struggle : 
extreme  suffering.     [Gr. — agon,  contest.] 

AGRAFFE,  AGRAFF,  a-graf ,  n.  a  sort 
of  clasp  or  hook,.     "  An  agraffe  set  with 


AGRAPHIA 


ALCOHOLIZE 


brilliants."— Sir  W.  Scott.     [Fr.  agrafe, 
a  hook,  a  clasp.    See  Aggrappes.] 

Braided  tresses,  and  cheeks  of  bloom. 

Diamond  agraff  and  foam-white  plume. — Landor, 

AGRAPHIA,  a-grafi-a,  n.  in  pathol.  a  form 
of  aphasia,  in  which  the  patient  is  unable 
to  express  ideas  by  written  signs.  [Gr.  a, 
priv.,  and  grapho,  to  describe,  to  write. 

;    See  Aphasia.] 

AGRARIAN,  ag-ra'ri-an,  adj.  relating  to 
land :  applied  especially  to  Roman  laws 
for  the  equal  distribution  of  the  pubhc 
lands.  [L.  agrarius—ager,  a  field.  See 
Acre.] 

AGRAEIANISM,  ag-ra'ri-an-izm,  n.  an 
equal  division  of  lands. 

AGREE,  a-gre',  i\i.  to  be  of  one  mind :  to 
concur  :  (fol.  by  to)  to  assent  to  :  (fol.  by 
mtli)  to  resemble,  to  suit  i—pa.p.  agi-eed  . 
[Fi'.  agreer,  to  accept  kindly — L.  ad,  to, 
and  gratus,  pleasing.] 

AGREEABLE,  a-gre'a-bl,  adj.  suitable : 
pleasant. — adv.  Agree' ably. 

AGREEABLENESS,  a-greVbl-nes,  n.  suit- 
ableness :  conformity :  quality  of  pleas- 
ing. 

AGREEMENT,  a-gre'ment,  n.  concord : 
conformity  :  a  bargain  or  contract. 

AGRICULTURAL,  ag-ri-kult'Qr-al,  adj. 
relating  to  agriculture. 

AGRICULTURE,  ag'ri-kult-ur,  n.  the  art 
or  practice  of  cultivating  the  land.  [L. 
agrieultura — ager,  a  field,  cultura,  culti- 
vation.   See  Culture.] 

AGRICULTURIST,  ag-ri-kult'ur-ist,  n.  one 
skilled  in  agriculture. 

AGRIN,  a-grin',  adj.  or  adv.  in  the  act  or 
state  of  grinning  :  on  the  grin.  "  His 
visage  all  agrin." — Tennyson. 

AGRIOLOGIST,  ag-ri-ol'o-jist,  n.  one  who 
makes  a  comparative  study  of  human 
customs,  especially  of  the  customs  of  man 
in  a  rude  or  uncivilized  state.  Max  Miil- 
ler.  [Gr.  agrios,  pertaining  to  a  wild  state, 
and  logos,  a  discourse.] 

AGRIOLOGY,  ag-ri-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  com- 
parative study  of  the  customs  of  man  in 
his  natural  state. 

AGRONOMIAL,  ag-ro-no'mi-al,  adj.  same 
as  Agronomic.    Lord  Lytton. 

AGROPE,  a-gi-op',  adv.  gropingly.  E.  B. 
Brown  ing. 

AGROUND,  a-grownd',  adv.  stranded. 
[Prefix  a.  on,  and  Ground.] 

AGRYPNOTIC,  ag-rip-not'ik,  n.  in  med. 
something  which  tends  to  drive  away 
sleep.     [Gr.  agrypnos,  sleepless.] 

AGUE,  a'gu,  n.  a  fever  coming  in  period- 
ical fits,  accompanied  with  shivering : 
chlUiness.  [Fr.  aigu,  sharp — L.  acutus. 
See  Acute.] 

AGUISH,  a'gii-ish,  adj.  having  the  quali- 
ties of  an  ague  :  chilly  :  shivering. 

AH,  a,  int.  an  exclamation  of  surprise, 
joy,  pity,  complaint,  etc.  [Fi-. — L.  ;  Ger. 
ach.] 

AHA,  ii-lia',  int.  an  exclamation  of  exulta- 
tion, pleasure,  surprise,  or  contempt. 

AHEAD,  a-hed',  adv.  fiu-ther  on :  in  ad- 
vance :  headlong.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
Head.] 

AHOY,  a-hoi',  int.  a  nautical  term  used  in 
hailing.     [Form  of  int.  HoY.] 

AHULL,  a-liul',  adv.  (naut.)  with  sails 
furled,  and  helm  lashed,  driving  before 
the  wind,  stern  foremost,  [a,  on  ( — A.S. 
on,  and  Hull.] 

AID,  ad,  v.t.  to  help,  assist. — n.  help:  as- 
sistance :  an  auxiliary  :  subsidy.  —  adj. 
Aid'Less.  [Fr.  aider — L.  adjutare — ad, 
and  juvo,  jutum,  to  help.] 

AIDE-DE-OAMP,  ad'-de-kong,  n.  a  mili- 
tary officer  who  assists  the  general : — 
pi.  Aides-de-camp.  [Fi-.,  assistant  of  the 
camp.] 

AIDER,  ad'er,  n.  one  who  brings  aid :  a 
helper. 


AIL,  al,  v.t.  to  give  pain  :  to  trouble. — v.i. 
to  feel  pain  :  to  be  in  trouble. — n.  trouble  : 
indisposition.  [A.S.  eglan,  to  pain.  See 
Awe.] 

AILMENT,  al'ment,  n.  pain  :  indisposition : 
disease. 

AIM,  am,  v.i.  (with  at)  to  point  at  with  a 
weapon  :  to  direct  the  intention  or  en- 
deavor.— v.t.  to  point,  as  a  weapon  or 
firearm. — n.  the  pointing  of  a  weapon  : 
the  thing  pointed  at :  design  :  intention. 
[O.  Fr.  esmer,  to  reckon — L.  cestimare,  to 
estimate.    See  Estimate.] 

AIMLESS,  am'les,  adj.  without  aim. 

AINO,  i'no,  n.  one  of  a  tribe  found  in  the 
interior  of  Yesso,  in  the  south  of  SakliaUn 
and  the  Kurile  Islands,  supposed  to  be 
the  remains  of  the  aboriginal  population. 
They  are  remarkable  for  their  hirsute- 
ness,  in  many  cases  the  bodies,  and  still 
more  frequently  the  legs  and  arms,  being 
covered  with  short,  bristly  hair.  The 
word  is  also  used  adjectively. 

AIR,  ar,  n.  the  fluid  we  breathe  :  the  at- 
mosphere :  a  Mght  breeze :  a  tune  :  the 
bearing  of  a  person  :— pZ.  affectation. — 
v.t.  to  expose  to  the  air :  to  dry  :  to  ex- 
pose to  warm  air.     [Fi\ — L.  ah — Gr.] 

AIR-BED,  ar'-bed,  n.  a  bed  for  the  sick,  in- 
flated with  air. — Air-cell,  ar'-sel,  n.  a 
cavity  containing  air. — AlR-cusmON,  ar'- 
koosh'un,  n.  an  air-tight  cushion,  which 
can  be  inflated. — Air-engine,  ar'-en'jin, 
n.  an  engine  put  in  motion  by  air  ex- 
panded by  heat. — Air-gun,  ar'-gun,  n.  a 
gun  which  discharges  bullets  by  means 
of  compressed  air. — AnONESS,  ar'i-nes, 
n.  state  of  being  airy  :  openness  :  UveU- 
ness. — Airing,  ar'ing,  n.  exposure  to  the 
air  or  fire  :  a  short  excursion  in  the  open 
au'. — Air-jacket,  ar'-jak'et,  n.  a  jacket 
with  air-tight  cavities,  which  being  in- 
flated renders  a  person  buoyant  in  water. 
— Airless,  ar'les,  adj.  void  of  air :  not 
having  free  communication  with  the 
open  air. — Air-pump,  ar'-pump,  n.  an  in- 
strument for  pumping  the  air  out  of  a 
vessel. — Am-TIGHT,  ar'-tit,  adj.  so  tight 
as  not  to  admit  air. — Am- vessel,  ar'- 
ves'el,  n.  a  vessel  or  tube  containing  air. 

AIRWARDS,  ar'werds,  adv.  up  in  the  air  : 
upwards.  "Soar  airwards  again." — 
Ttiackeray. 

AIRY,  ar'i,  adj.  consisting  of  or  relating  to 
air :  open  to  the  air :  like  air :  unsub- 
stantial :  hght  of  heart :  sprightly. — adv. 
Air'ily. 

AISLE,  II,  n.  the  wing  or  side  of  a  church  : 
the  side  passages  in  a  chiu-ch.  [Fi-.  aile, 
O.  Fr.  aisle — L.  axilla,  ala,  a  wing.] 

AISLED,  lid,  adj.  having  aisles. 

AJAR,  a-jiir',  adv.  partly  open.  [Lit.  "on 
the  turn,"  A.S.  on,  on,  cyrr,  a  turn.  See 
Char,  work.] 

AKE,  old  English  spelling  of  ache. 

AKIMBO,  a-kim'bo,  adv.  with  hand  on  hip 
and  elbow  bent  outward.  [Pfx.  a,  Celt. 
cam,  crooked,  with  superfluous  E.  Bow.] 

AKIN,  a-kin',  adj.,  of  kin:  related  by 
blood  :  having  the  same  properties.  [Of 
and  Kin.] 

AKKAD,  AKKADIAN.  See  Accad,  Ac- 
cadiajj. 

ALABASTER,  al'a-bas-ter,  n.  a  semi-trans- 
parent kind  of  gypsum  or  sulphate  of 
lime :  the  fine  limestone  deposited  as 
stalagmites  and  stalactites. — adj.  made 
of  alabaster.  [Gr.  alahaatros,  said  to  be 
derived  from  Alabastron,  a  town  in 
EgJTJt.] 

ALACK,  a-lak',  int.  an  exclamation  de- 
noting sorrow.  [Prob.  from  M.  E.  lak, 
loss.    See  Lack.] 

ALACK- A-DAY,  a-lak'-a-da,  int.  an  excla- 
mation of  sadness.  [For,  "  ah  I  a  loss  to- 
day."] 

ALACRITY,  a-lak'ri-ti,  n.  briskness  :  cheer- 


ful readiness  :  promptitude.  [L.  alaeris^ 
brisk.] 

ALAMODE,  a-la-mod',  adv.,  according  to 
the  mode  or  fashion.     [Fr.  &  la  m,ode.] 

ALARM,  a-larm',  n.  notice  of  danger :  sud- 
den surprise  with  fear :  a  mechanical 
contrivance  to  arouse  from  sleep. — v.t.  to 
call  to  arms  :  to  give  notice  of  danger : 
to  fill  with  dread.  [Fr.  alarme — It.  alt 
arme,  to  arms — L.  ad,  to,  arma,  arms.] 

ALARMIST,  a-larm'ist,  n.  one  who  excites 
alarm  :  one  given  to  prophesying  dan- 
ger. —  adj.  Alarm'ist,  alarming.  —  adv. 
Alarm'ingly. 

ALARUM,  a-liir'um,  n.  and  v.t.  Same  as 
Alarm. 

ALAS,  a-las',  int.  expressive  of  grief.  [Fr. 
helas — L.  lassus,  wearied.] 

ALB,  alb,  n.  a  white  linen  vestment  reach- 
ing to  the  feet,  worn  by  priests.  [L. 
albus.  white.] 

ALBANY-BEEF,  awlb-ny-bef,  n.  the  stur- 
geon, a  fish  which  ascends  the  Hudson 
river  as  far  as  Albany,  and  a  part  of  whose 
flesh  resembles  beef.     (Amer.) 

ALBATROSS,  al'ba-tros,  n.  a  large,  loi^- 
winged,  web-footed  sea-bird,  in  the  SoutE- 
ern  Ocean.  [Corr.  from  Span,  alcatraz, 
a  white  pelican.] 

ALBEIT,  awl-be'it,  adv.  although :  not- 
withstanding.    [I5e  it  all.] 

ALBESCENCE,  al-bes'ens,  n.  the  act  or 
state  of  growing  white  or  whitish.  [L. 
albesco,  to  grow  wlute,  from  albus,  white.] 

ALBINO,  al-bl'no,  n.  a  person  or  animal 
whose  skin  and  hair  are  unnaturally 
white,  and  pupil  of  the  eye  red:^jt. 
Albi'nos.  [It.  albino,  whitish — L.  altnts, 
white.] 

ALBUM,  al'bum,  n.  among  the  Romans,  a 
white  tablet  or  register  :  a  book  for  the 
insertion  of  portraits,  autographs,  etc. 
[L.  albus,  white.] 

AliBUMEN,  al-bii'men,  n.,  the  ivhite  of 
eggs  :  a  like  substance  found  in  animal 
and  vegetable  bodies.    [L. — albus,  white.] 

ALBUMINIFORM,  al-bu-min'i-form,  adj. 
formed  like  or  resembhng  albumen. 

ALBUMINIMETER,  al-bu-mi-nim'e-ter,  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring'  the  quan- 
tity of  albumen  contained  in  any  sub- 
stfinpp 

ALBUMINOID,  al-bu'min-oid,  adj.  Uke  al- 
bumen.   [Albumen  and  Gr.  eidos,  form.] 

ALBUMINOUS,  al-bu'min-us,  adj.  hke  or 
containing  albumen. 

ALBURNUM,  al-burn'um,  n.  in  trees,  the 
white  and  soft  parts  of  wood  between  the 
inner  bai-k  and  the  heart-wood.  [L. — 
albus,  white.] 

ALCALDE,  al-kal'da,  n.,  a  judge.  [Sp. — 
Ar.  al-kadi- — kadaj,  to  judge.] 

ALCHEMIST,  al'kem-ist,  n.  one  skilled  in 
alchemy. 

ALCHEMY,  ALCHYBIY,  al'ki-mi,  n.  the 
infant  stage  of  chemistry,  as  astrology 
was  of  astronomy.  A  chief  pursuit  of 
the  alchemists  was  to  transmute  the 
other  metals  into  gold,  and  to  discover 
the  eUxir  of  life.  Also,  in  old  authors,  a 
mixed  metal  formerly  used  for  various 
utensils,  hence  a  trumpet.  Milton.  [Ar. 
aZ^the;  Gr.  cheo,  to  pour,  to  melt,  to 
mix  :  hence  chymeia  or  chemeia,  a  mix- 
ing, and  chymic  or  chemic,  appUed  to  the 
processes  of  the  laboratory.  See  Chem- 
istry.] 

ALCOHOL,  al'ko-hol,  n.  pure  spirit,  a  liquid 
generated  by  the  fermentation  of  sugar 
and  other  saccharine  matter,  and  foi"m- 
ing  the  intoxicating  element  of  ferment- 
ed liquors.  [Ar.  al-kohl — al,  the,  qochl, 
fine  powder.] 

ALCOHOLIC,  al-ko-hol'ik,  adj.  of  or  hke 
alcohol. 

ALCOHOLIZE,  al'k5-hol-Iz,  v.t.  to  convert 
into  alcohol :  to  rectify. 


ALCOHOLOMETER 


10 


.4LL0M0RPHI0 


MiCOHOLOMETEE,  al-kcVhol-om'e-+«r,  n. 
an  instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
strength. of  spirits.  [ALCOHOLand  Meter.] 

ALCOfiAN,  al'kc-raa,  n.  KORAI*  vriih  the 
Arabic  article  prefixed. 

ALCOVE,  al'kuv  or  al-kuv',  n,  a  recess  in  a 
room :  any  recess :  a.  shady  retreat.  [It. 
dloova  ;  Sp.  alcoba,  a  place  in  a  room 
railed  o£f  to  hold  a  bed— Ar.  al-gdbah,  a 
tent.] 

ALDER,  awl'der,  n.  a  treensually  growing 
in  moist  CTOund.  [A.S.  alor ;  Ger.  eUer, 
L.  a7*Mts.] 

ALDERMAN,  awl'der-man,  n^  now  a  civic 
dienitary  next  in  rank  to  the  mayor. — 
adj.  AlBERMAyiC.  [A.  S.  ealdor  (from 
eald,  old),  senior,  chief :  ealdor^man, 
ruler,  king,  chief  nia^strate.] 

AT.nF.RN,  awl'dern,  adj.  made  of  alder. 

.aUDINE,  al'dln,  adj.  applied  to  books 
printed  by  Aldus  Jlanutius  of  Venice,  in 
16th  c. 

ALE,  al,  n.  a  strong driwfc  made  from  malt: 
a  festival,  so  called  from  the  liquor 
drunk. — ^Ale-berry,  a  beverage  made 
from  ale. — ^Ai£-house,  a  house  in  which 
ale  is  sold.  [A.S.  ealui  Ice.  &;  OaeL  ol, 
drink.] 

ALEE,  a-le',  adv.,  on  the  /e«-elde.  [See 
Lee.]^ 

ALEMBIC,  al-em'bik,  n.  a  vessel  used  bv 
the  old  chemists  in  distillation.  [Ar.  at, 
the,  ara&iV— Gr.  ambiks,  a  cup.] 

ALERT,  al-ert',  adj.  watchful:  brisk. — 
Upon  the  alert,  upon  the  watch. — n. 
Aleet'ness.  [It.  air  erta,  on  the  erect — 
erfo,  L.  erectus,  erect.] 

ALETH0SC0PE,a4e'tho-skSp,Ti-  an  optical 
instrument  by  means  of  which  pictures 
are  made  to  present  a  more  natural  and 
life-like  appearance.  [Gr.  (dSth^,  true, 
and  skopeo,  to  view.] 

ILE-WIFE,  al'wif,  n.  a  fish  of  the  same 
genus  as  the  shad,  abouta  foot  in  length, 
common  on  the  east  coast  of  the  United 
States.     (Amer.) 

ALEXANDRIAN,  al-egz-an'dri-an,  adj., 
relating  to  Alexandria  in  Egypt :  relat- 
ing to  Alexander. 

ALEXANDRINE,  al-egz-an'drin,  n.  a  rhym- 
ing verse  of  twelve  syllables,  so  called 
from  its  use  in  an  old  French  poem  on 
Alexander  the  Great. 

ALEXIPYRETIC,  a-lek-si-pi-ret'ik,  adj.  in 
vied,  same  as  FEBRrETJGE.  [Gr.  alexo,  to 
ward  off,  and  jjyretos,  a  fever.] 

ALFALFA,  al-fal'fa,  n,  a  name  given  to  a 
valuable  pasture  and  forage  plant :  the 
lucerne  {Medicago  sativa).    [Sp.] 

ALG*^,  al'je,  n.  (fiot.)  a  division  of  plants, 
embracing  searweeds.  [L.,  pi.  of  alga, 
searweed.J 

ALGEBRA,  al'je-bra,  n.  the  science  of  cal- 
culating by  symbols,  thus  forming  a 
kind  of  universal  arithmetic.  [Sp.  from 
At.  al-jabr,  the  resetting  of  anything 
broken,  hence  combination.] 

ALGEBRAIC,  -AL,  al-je-bra'ik,  -al,  a4f. 
pertaining  to  algebra. — Algebea'ist,  n, 
one  skilled  in  algebra. 

ALGOED,  al'goid,  adj.  resembling  the  algSB 
or  aquatic  plants.  [L.  alga,  a  sea-weed, 
and  Gr.  eidos,  resemblance.] 

ilLGONKlN,  ALGONQUIN,  al-gonTdn,  n. 
a  family  of  North  American  Indians, 
which  contained  many  tribes,  and  form- 
ly  occupied  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
and  all  the  country  eastward  :  a  member 
cf  this  family. 

&LQUM,  al'gum.    Same  as  ALMtJO. 

AT  J  AS,  ali-as,  adv.  otherwise. — n.  an  as- 
somed  name.  [L.  alias,  at  another  time, 
otherwise — alius,  Gr.  alios,  other.] 

.■MiTBI,  al'i-bT,  to.  the  plea  that  a  person 
charged  with  a  crime  was  in  another 
pleux  when  it  was  committed.  [L. — 
alius  other,  M,  there.] 


AT. TEN,  al'ycn,  adj.  foreign  :  different  in 
nature  :  adverse  to. — n.  one  belonging 
to  another  coimtry :  one  not  entitled  to 
the  rights  of  citizenship.  [L.  alienus 
— aliiix,  other.] 

ALIENABLE,  aVyen-a-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being  transferred  to  another. — n.  At.tf.n- 
abil'itt. 

ALIENAGE,  al'yen-aj,  n.  state  of  being  an 
alien. 

ALIENATE,  al'yen-fit,  vj.  to  transfer  a 
right  or  title  to  ajwtlier:  to  withdraw 
the  affections :  to  misapply. — adj.  with- 
drawn :  estranged. — n.  Aliena.'tion.  [L. 
See  Auden.] 

ALIGHT,  a-llt',  v.i.  to  come  down  (as  from 
a  horse) :  to  descend :  to  fall  iipon.  [A.S. 
alihtan,  to  come  down.    See  Light,  v.i.\ 

ALIGHT,  a-lit',  adj.  on  fire:  lighted  up. 
[a,  on,  and  Light.    See  Light,  m.l 

ALIGN,  a-Un',  v.t.  to  regulate  by  a  line :  to 
arrange  in  line,  as  troops.  [Fr.  aligner 
— L.  ad,  and  linea,  a  line.] 

ALIGNMENT,  a-lln'ment,  w.  a  laying  out 
by  a  line  :  the  ground-plan  of  a  railway 
or  road. 

ALIKE,  a-Uk',  adj.  like  one  another :  hav- 
ing resemblance. — adv.  in  the  same  man- 
ner or  form :  similarly.    [A.S.  onlic.   See 

LlKB.] 

ALIMENT,  al'i-ment,  n.,  nourishment:  food. 
[L.  alimentum^<tlo,  to  nourish.] 

ALIMENTAL,  al-i-ment'al,  adj.  supplying 
food. 

ALIMENTARY,  al-i-ment'ar-i,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  aliment :  nutritive. — n.  Alimenta- 
tion, al-i-men-ta'shun,  the  act  or  state  of 
nourishing  or  of  being  nourished. — n. 
(jphren.)  A  ltmentiteness,  al-i-ment'iv- 
nes,  desire  for  food  or  drink. 

ALIMONY,  al'i-mun-i,  w.  an  allowance  for 
support  made  to  a  wife  when  legEdly  sep- 
arated from  her  husband. 

ALIQUOT,  aj'i-lnvot,  adj.  such  a  part  of  a 
number  as  will  di\-ide  it  without  a  re- 
mainder. [L.  aliquot,  some,  several — 
alius,  other,  quot,  how  many.] 

ALIVE,  a-llv',  adj.  in  life :  susceptible. 
[A.S.  on  life.] 

ALKALI,  aJ'ka-li  or  -II,  n.  (chem.)  a  sub- 
stance which  combines  with  an  acid  and 
neutralizes  it,  forming  a  salt.  Potash, 
soda,  and  Umn  ai-e  alkalies ;  they  have 
an  acrid  taste  (that  of  soap),  and  turn 
vegetable  blues  to  green.  See  Acn): — 
pi.  Alkalies.    [Ai-.  al-kali,  ashes.] 

ALKALDIETER,  al-ka-Um'e-ter,  n.  an  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  strength  of 
alkalies. 

ALKALINE,  al'ka-lln  or  -Un,  adj.  having 
the  properties  of  an  alkali. — n.  Alkaldt- 

ITY. 

ALKALOID,  alTia-loid,  n,  a  vegetable  prin- 
ciple possessing  in  some  degree  alkaline 
properties. — adj.  pertaining  to  or  resem- 
oUng  alkali.  [Ai,kah  and  Gr.  eidos,  form 
or  resemblance.] 

ALKORAN,  n.  same  as  Alcoran. 

ALL,  awl,  adj.  the  whole  of :  every  one  of. 
— adv.  wholly :  completely :  entirely. — », 
the  whole :  everytning. — All  in  all, 
everything  desired.  —  All  's  one,  it  is 
just  the  same. — At  ALL,  in  the  least  de- 
gree or  to  the  least  extent.  [A.S.  eal, 
Ger.  all,  Gael,  uile,  W.  oil] 

ALLAH,  alia,  n.  the  Arabic  name  of  the 
one  God.  [Ar,  al-Udh,  "  the  worthy  to 
be  adored."] 

ALLAY,  al-la',  v.t.  to  lighten,  relieve :  to 
make  quiet.  [O.  Fr.  aleger — L  alleviare 
—ad,  and  levis,  light,  confused  with  A.S. 
a-leeqan.  to  lay  down.] 

ALLEGATION,  al-le-ga'shun,  n.  an  as- 
sertion. 

ALLEGE,  al-Iej*,  v.t.  to  produce  as  an  ar- 
gument or  plea;  to  assert.  [L.  allego, 
to  send  one  person  to  another  to  confer 


with  him :  to  mention  or  bring  tormmH 
— ad,  to.  and  lego,  -atiun,  to  send.] 

ALLEGIAJNCE,  al-lej'i-ans,  n.  the  dutj  of! 
a  subject  to  his  liege  or  sovereign,  [I* 
ad,  to,  and  Liege.] 

ALLEGORIC,  -AL,  al-Ie-gor'ik,  -aJ,  adj.  ir 
the  form  of  an  allegory  :  figurative  •- 
adv.  ALLEQOa'iCALLT. 

ALI^EGORIZE,  al'le-gor-Tz,  v.t.  to  put  ii 
form  of  an  allegorj'. — v.L  to  use  allegory, 

ALLEGORIZATION,  alle-goivi-za'shon,  n. 
the  act  of  turning  into  allegory:  alle- 
gorical treatment. 

ALLEGORY,  alle-gor-i,  n.  a  description  of 
one  thing  under  the  image  of  another. 
[Gr.  alios,  other,  and  agoreuS,  to  speak.] 

ALLEGRO,  al-le'gro,  adv.  and  n.  (mus.\a 
word  denoting  a  brisk  movement.  [It. 
— L.  alacer,  brisk.l 

ALT.ET.r7A,  ALLELUIAH,  al-Ie-loo'ya. 
Same  as  Halleluiah. 

ALLEVIATE,  al-lev'i-at,  v.t.  to  mahe  light : 
to  mitigate.— M.  Allevia'TION.  [L.  ad, 
levis,  Ught.] 

ALLEY,  aHi,  n.  a  walk  in  a  garden :  a 
passage  in  a  citv  naiTower  than  a  street : 
—pi.  All'eys.  |Fr.  alUe,  a  passage,  from 
aller,  to  go,  O.  Fr.  aner,  from  L.  adnare, 
to  go  to  by  water.    Cf.  Arrive.] 

ALL-FOOLS'-DAY,  awl-foolz'-da,  n.  ApriJ 
first.  [From  the  sportive  deceptions  prac- 
ticed on  that  day.] 

ALL-FOURS,  awl-forz',  rupl.  (preceded  by 
on)  on  four  legs,  or  on  two  hands  and 
two  feet. 

ALL-HAIL,  awl-hal',  int.,  all  health,  a 
phrase  of  saJutation.     [See  Hail,  int.] 

ALL-HALLOW,  awl-hallo,  ALLr-HAL- 
LOWS,  awl-halloz,  n.  the  day  of  all  the 
Holy  Ones.  See  All-saints.  [All  and 
HallowJ 

ALLIANCE,  al-ITans,  n.  state  of  being  al 
bed  :  union  by  marriage  or  treaty.  [Sec 
Ally.] 

ALLIGATION,  al-li-ga'shun,  n.  (arith.)  a 
rule  for  finding  the  price  of  a  compound 
of  ingTedients  of  different  values.  [L. 
alligatio,  a  binding  together — ad,  to,  and 
ligo,  to  bind.] 

ALLIGATOR,  alTi-ga^tur,  n.  an  animal  of 
the  crocodile  family  found  in  America, 
Sp.  el  lagarto — L.  lacerta,  a  lizard.] 

ITERAL,  al-ht'er-al,  adj.  same  as  AL- 
uterative.    [See  Alliteration.] 

ALLITERATION,  al-lit-er-a'shun,  n.  the 
recurrence  of  the  same  letter  at  the  be- 
ginning of  two  or  more  words  foUowing 
close  to  each  other,  as  in  "  opt  ollitera- 
tion's  artful  aid."  [Fr. — L,  ad,  to,  and 
litera,  a  letterj 

ALLITERATIVE,  al-lit'er-a-tiv,  adj.  per- 
taining to  alUteration. 

ALLOCATE,  allo-kat,  v.t.,  to  place  :  to  as- 
sign to  each  his  share.  [L.  ad,  to,  and 
loms,  a  place.] 

ALLOCATION,  al-lo-ka'shun,  n.  act  of  al- 
locating :  allotment :  an  allowance  made 
upon  an  account. 

ALLOCECROUS,  al-loVrus,  adj.  of  various 
colors  :  generally  applied  to  minerals. 
[Gr.  allochroos,  allocfirous — alios,  other, 
and  chroa,  color.] 

ALLOCUTION,  al-lo-kO'shun,  n.  a  furiaai 
address,  esp.  of  the  Pope  to  his  clergy. 
JL.  ad,  to,  and  loquor,  locutus,  to  speak.'' 

ALLODIAJj,  al-15'di-al,  a^f.  held  inde- 
pendent of  a  superior ;  fireehold  :—  op- 
posed to  Feudal. 

ALLODIUM,  al-lo'di-um,  n.  freehold  e» 
tate  :  land  held  in  the  possession  of  the 
owner  without  being  subject  to  a  feudal 
superior.  [Low  L.  allodium,  most  prob. 
from  Ice.  aldr,  old  age,  and  oiftoZ,  a  home- 
stead ;  alda-othal,  a  property  of  ages.] 

ALLOMORPHIC,  al-lS-moKflk,  nd/._  per- 
taining to  or  possessing  the  quahtiee  of 
allomorphism. 


ALLOMORPHISM 


11 


ALTO 


ALLOMORPHISIM,  al-lo-mor-'flzm.  n.  that 
property  of  certain  substances  of  assum- 
ing a  different  form,  the  substance  re- 
maining' other\vise  unchanged.  [Gr.  alios, 
other,  and  morphe,  form.] 

ALLOMORPHITE,  aI-lo-mor'£It,  n.  a  va- 
riety of  baryta  having  the  form  and 
cleavage  of  anhydrite. 

AliLOPATHY,  al-lop'a-tlii,  n.  a  name  given 
by  homeopathists  to  the  current  or  or- 
thodox medical  practice. — adj.  Allo- 
pathic.— n.  Allop'athist.  [See  Home- 
opathy.] 

ALLOT,  al-lot',  v.t.  to  divide  as  by  lot:  to 
distribute  in  portions  :  to  parcel  out : — 
j}r.p.  allott'ing :  pa.p.  allott'ed.  [L.  ad, 
to,  and  Lot.] 

ALLOTMENT,  al-lot'ment,  n.  the  act  of 
allotting :  part  or  shai-e  allotted, 

ALLOTKIOPHAGY,  al-lot'ri-of'a-gi,  n. 
in  7ned.  a  depraved  appetite  for  some  par- 
ticular article  of  food  or  for  noxious  or 
not  eatable  substances.  [Gr.  allotrios, 
belonging  to  another,  andp/iagro,  to  eat.] 

ALLOTROPY,  al-lot'ro-pi,  n.  the  property 
in  some  elements,  as  carbon,  of  existing 
in  more  tlian  one  form.  [Gr.  alios,  an- 
other, and  tropos,  form.] 

ALLOW,  al-low',  v.t.  to  grant :  to  permit : 
to  acknowledge  :  to  abate.  [Fr.  allouer, 
to  grant — L.  ad,  to,  and  loco,  to  place. — 
AlXow,  in  the  sense  of  approve  or  sanc- 
tion,  as  used  in  B.  and  hj  old  writers, 
has  its  root  In  L.  laudo,  to  praise.] 

ALLOWABLE,  al-low'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  allowed  :  not  forbidden  :  la^vful. — 
adv.  Allow' ABLY. — n.  Allow'ableness. 

ALLOWANCE,  al-loVans,  n.  that  which 
is  allowed :  a  stated  quantity :  abate- 
ment. 

ALLOY,  al-loi',  i\t.  to  mix  one  metal  with 
another  :  to  reduce  the  purity  of  a  metal 
by  mixing  a  baser  one  with  it. — n-.  a  mix- 
ture of  two  or  more  metals  (when  mer- 
cury is  one  of  the  ingredients,  it  is  an 
Amalgam)  :  a  baser  metal  mixed  with  a 
finer ;  anything  that  deteriorates.  [Tr. 
aloi,  standard  of  metals,  aloyer.  It.  alle- 
gare,  to  alloy — L.  ad  legem,  according  to 
law.j 

ALL-SAINTS'-DAY,  awl-sants'-da,  n.  No- 
vember 1,  a  feast  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  in  honor  of  all  tlie  saints.  [See 
All-hallows.] 

ALL-SOULS-DAY,  awl-solz'-da,  n.  the 
second  daj'  of  November,  a  feast  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  held  to  pray  for 
all  souls  in  purgatory. 

ALLUDE,  al-lud',  v.i.  to  mention  slightly 
in. passing :  to  refer  to.  [L.  ad,  at,  Indo, 
lusuni,  to  plaj'.] 

ALLURE,  al-lur',  v.t.  to  draw  on  as  by  a 
Jure  or  bait :  to  entice.  [L.  ad,  to,  and 
Lure.] 

ALLURE,  al-lur',  n.  same  as  Allueement. 
Longfellow.    (Rare.) 

ALLURING,    al-lur'ing,    adj.   enticing. — 

adv.  ALLTJE'INGLY. — n.  ALLtXRE'MENT. 

ALLUSION,  al-lu'zhun,  n.  an  indirect  ref- 
erence. 

ALLUSrV^E,  al-lus'iv,  adj.  alluding  to : 
hinting  at :  referring  to  indirectly. — adv. 
Allusively. 

ALLUVIUM,  aUu'vi-um,  n.  the  mass  of 
water-borne  matter  deposited  by  rivers 
on  lower  lands  :  — pi.  Allu'vta.  —  adj. 
Allu'vi.\l.  [L. — alluo,  to  wash  to  or  on 
— ad,  and  luo=lavo,  to  wash.] 

ALLY,  al-li',  v.t.  to  form  a  relation  by 
marriage,  friendship,  treaty,  or  resem- 
blance -.-^a.p.  allied'.  [Fr. — Xu  alligo, 
-are — ad,ligo,  to  bind.] 

ALLY,  al-lT,  n.  a  confederate  :  a  prince  or 
state  united  by  treaty  or  league:— ^J. 
Allies'. 

ALMANAC,  al'ma-nak,  lu  a  register  of  the 
days,    weeks,  and  months  of  the  year. 


,  n.  the  place  where 
nearly.    [Prefix 


etc.     [Fi-. — Gr.    almenichiaka  (in  Euse- 
bius),  an  Egyptian  word,  prob.  sig.  "  daily 
observation  of  things." 
ALMIGHTY,  awl-mitl,  adj.  possessing  all 
might  or  power  :  omnipotent. — The  Al- 
mighty, God. 
ALMIGHTYSHIP,    awl-mit-i-ship,    n.  the 
state  or  quahty  of  being  almighty  :  om- 
nipotent.    Cowley. 
ALMOND,    a'mund,    n.    the   fruit  of    the 
almond-tree.     [Fr.  amande — L.  amygda- 
luvi — Gr.  amygdale.] 
ALMOINTDS,  a'mundz,  n.pl.  the  tonsils  or 
glands  of  the  throat,  so  called  from  their 
resemblance  to  the  fruit  of  the  almond- 
tree. 
ALMONER,  al'mun-er,  n.  a  distributer  of 

alms. 
ALMONRY,  al'mun-ri 
alms  are  distributed. 
ALMOST,  awl'most,  adv. 

al,  quite,  and  Most.] 
ALMS,  amz,  n.  relief  given  out  of  pity  to 
the  poor.     [A.S.  celmaxse,  through  late 
L.,  from  Gr.  eleemosyne — eleos,  compas- 
sion.] 
ALilS-DEED,   amz'-ded,   n..  a   charitable 

deed. 
ALMS-HOUSE,  amz'-hows,  n.  a  house  en- 
dowed  for  the  support  and  lodging  of 
the  poor. 
ALMUG,  al'mug,  m.  a  tree  or  wood  men- 
tioned   in    the    Bible,    kind    uncertain. 
JHeb.] 
ALNASCHARISM,    al-nas'ker-izm,  n.  an 
action  or  conduct  like  that  of  Alnaschar, 
the  hero  of    a  well-known  story  in  the 
"Arabian  Nights";  anything  done  dur- 
ing a  day-dream   or  reverie.      "With 
maternal  alnascliarisin  she  had,  in  her 
reveries,  thrown  back  her  head  wth  dis- 
dain, as  she  repulsed  the  family  advances 
of  some  wealthy  but  low-born  heiress." — 
Miss  Edgeworth. 
ALOE,   al'6,   n.   a  genus  of   plants  with 
juicy   leaves   yielding    the    gum  called 
aloes.     [Gr.  afot.] 
ALOES,    aloz,   n.  a  purgative  drug,  the 

juice  of  several  species  of  aloe. 
AT, OFT,  a-loft',  adv.  on  high  :  overhead : 
{naut.)  above  tlie  deck,  at  the  mast-head. 
JPi-eflx  a  ( — A.S.  on),  on,  and  LOFT.] 
ALONE,  al-on',  adj.  single  :  sohtary.^-ath". 
singly,  by    one  s  self.      [Al    (for    ALL), 
quite',  and  One.] 
ALONG,  a-long',  adv.  by  or  through  the 
length  of :  lengthwise :  throughout :  on- 
ward :   (fol.  by  tvith)  in  company  of. — 
prep,  by  the  side  of :  near.     [A.S.  and- 
lang — prefix  and-,  against,  and  Long.] 
ALOOF,  a-loof ,  adv.  at  a  distance  :  apart. 
Used  as  a  prep,  in  old  authors.     [Prefix 
a  (—A.S.  on),  on,  and  LooF.    See  Loof, 
Luff.] 
ALOUD,  a-lowd',  adv.  with  a  loud  voice : 
loudly.     [FVom  A.S.  on,  on,  and  hlyd, 
noise,  Ger.  laut.    See  Loud.] 
ALOW,  a-lo',  adv.  in  a  low  place  : — opp.  to 

Aloft. 
ALP,  alp,  n.  a  high  mountain  -.—pi.  Alps, 
specially  appUed  to  the  lofty  mountain- 
ranges  of  S^vitzerland.     [L. — Gael,  alp,  a 
mountain :    aUied  to  L.  albus,  white — 
white  with  snow.] 
ALPACA,  al-pak'a,  n.  the  Peruvian  sheep, 
akin  to  the  llama,   having  long  silken 
wool :    cloth  made  of  its  wool.     [Peru- 
\ian.] 
ALPEN-STOCK,  alp'n-stok,  n.  a  long  stick 
or  staff'  used  by  travellers  in  climbing  the 
Alps.     [Ger.] 
ALPHA,    al'fa,  n.  the  first  letter  of  the 
Greek  alphabet :  the  first  or  beginning. 
[Gr.  alpha— 3.eb.  aleph,  an  ox,  the  name 
of  the  first  letter,  which  in  its  oiiginal 
figure  resembled  an  ox's  head.] 
ALPHABET,  al'fa-bet,  7i.  the  letfers  of  a 


language  arranged  in  the  usual  order.  [Gr. 

ahilio.  beta,  the  lust  two  Greek  letter^  1 

ALPH-A3ETIC,  -AL,  al-fa-bet'ik,   -al,  adj. 

relating  to  or  in  the  order  of  an  alphabet". 

— adv.    A  I.PH ABEI'ICALLY'. 

ALPINE,  alp'ui  or  alp'in,  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  Alps,  or  to  any  lofty  mountains : 
very  high. 
ALRfiADY,  awl-red'i,  adv.  previously,  or 

before  the  time  specified. 
ALREADY,   awl-red'i,  adj.  existing  now  : 
being  at  the  present  time  or  for  some- 
time past :  present.     "LordHobart  and 
Lord  FitZM-illiam  are  both  to  be  eails  to- 
morrow ;    the  former,   of  Buckingham. 
tlie  latter  by  his  already  title."— i?.  H'al- 
pole. 
ALSO,  awlso.  adv.  in  Kke  manner :  further. 
[All,  quite,  just ;  so,  in  that  or  the  same 
manner.] 
ALTAR,  awlt'ar,  n.,  a  high  place  on  which 
sacrifices    were    anciently    offered :    in 
Christian    churches,     the     communion 
table :    (Jig.)    a    place  of  worship.     [L. 
altare — altus,  liigli.] 
ALTARPIECE,  awlt'ar-pes,  rt.  a  painting 

or  decorations  placed  over  an  altar. 
ALTER,  awl'ter,  v.t.  to  make  other  or  dif- 
ferent :  to  change  :  to  geld,  as  animals 
(Amer.).— [-.i.  to  become  different:  to 
vary.  [L.  alter,  other,  another— a/  (root 
of  alius,  other),  and  the  old  comparative 
suffix  -fer=E.  -ther.] 
ALTERABLE,  awl'ter-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 

be  altered. — adv.  Al'terably. 
ALTERATION,  awl-ter-a'shun,  n.  change. 
ALTERATI^i:.  awl'ter-at-iv,  adj.  haN-ing 
power    to    alter. —  ?i.    a   medicine    that 
makes  a  change  in  the  \'ital  functions. 
ALTERCATE,  jil'ter-kat,  v.i.  to  dispute  or 
wrangle.     [L.  altercor,  -catus,  to  bandy 
words  fi'oiu  one  to  the  other  (alter).] 
jyLTEECA'nON,  al-ter-ka'shun,  n.  conten- 
tion :  controversy. 
ALTERNANTHERA,  awl-ter-nan'ther-a.  >i. 
a  genus  of  plants  belonging  to  Amaran- 
thaceaj,  so  called  from  the  staraens  being 
alternately    fertile    and    barren.      They 
have  opposite  leaves,  and  small  tribrac- 
teate  flowers,  arranged  in  head.s.     Sev- 
eral species  ai'e  gro«ai  in  gardens  for  the 
sake  of  their  riclilv-colored  foliage. 
ALTERNATE,  al'ter-nat  or  al-ter'nat,  v.t. 
to  cause  to  follow  by  turns  or  one  after 
the  other. — v.i.  to  happen  bv  turns:  to 
follow  everj-  other  or  second  time.     [L. 
alter,  other.] 
ALTERNATE,  al-ter'nat,  adj.,  one  after  the 
other :    by    turns. — adv.   Alter'nately. 
Old  spelhng.  Alters  for  botli  adj.  and 
adv.    Milton. 
ALTERNATION,  al-ter-na'shun,  }!.  the  act 

of  alternating:  interchange. 
ALTERNATIVE,  al-ter'nat-iv,  adj.  offering 
a  choice  of  two  tilings. — ;;.  a  choice  be- 
tween    two     things. — adv.     Alter'na- 
tively. 
ALTERISIZE,  al-ter-niz',  v.t.  to  cause  to  fol- 
low alternately :  to  alternate.     "  A  tSt*- 
a-tete  alternized  with  a  trio  by  my  son." 
Miss  Burney.    (Rare.) 
ALT-HORN,  alt'horn,  n.  a  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  sax-horn  family,  often  re- 
C lacing    the    French   horn    in    militarj 
ands. 
ALTHOUGH,  awl-^/i6',  cojy.  admitting  nli 
that :      notwitii-standing      that.        (See 
Tnorou.] 
ALTIFY,  al'ti-fl,  v.t.  to  heighten  :  to  exag- 
gerate.     (Rare.)      "Every     count;^     i? 
given  to  magnify — not  to  say  aliify— 
their  own  things  therein."— i^i^/er. 
ALTITUDE,    alt'i-tud,     n.,    height.      [L 

altiludo — altm,  high.] 
ALTO,   alt'o,   n.  (orig.)  the  highest    part, 
sung    by    males :    the    lowest    voice    ir 
women."    [It. — L.  altus,  liigh.] 


ALTOGETHER 


13 


AMICABLE 


ALTOGETHER,  awl-too-g-ef^t'er,  adv.,  cUl 
together :  wholly :  completely :  without 
exception. 

ALTO-RELIEVO.  ALTO-RILIEVO,  alt'o- 
re-le'vo,  n.,  high  relief:  figures  projected 
by  at  least  half  their  thickness  from  the 
ground  on  which  thej-  are  sculptured, 
fit.  alto.  high.    See  Relief.] 

I  ALTRUISM,  al'troo-ism,  n.  the  principle  of 

;  living  and  acting  for  the  interest  of 
others.     [L.  alter,  another.] 

iLVlI,  al'ura,  n.  a  mineral  salt,  the  double 
sulphate  of  alumina  and  potash.  [L. 
aliimen.] 

ALUMINA,  al-u'min-a,  ALUMINE,  al'ft- 
min,  n.  one  of  the  earths :  the  characteris- 
tic ingi-edient  of  common  clay.  Alumina 
is  a  compound  of  aluminium  and  oxy- 
gen.    [L.  alumen,  alum.] 

ALUMINOUS,  al-u'min-us,  adj.  containing 
alum,  or  alumina.  

aLUMTNUM,  al-u'min-um,  ALUMINIUM, 
al-u-min'i-um,  n.  the  metaUic  base  of 
alumina,  a  metal  reserabUng  silver,  and 
remarkable  for  its  Ughtness. 

ALUMNUS,  al-um'nus,  n.  one  educated 
at  a  college  is  called  an  alumnus  of  that 
college : — pi.  Alum'NI.  [L.  from  alo,  to 
nourish.] 

ALWAYS,  awl'waz,ALWAY,  awl'wa,  adv. 
through  all  ways :  continually :  forever. 

AM,  am,  the  first  person  of  the  verb  To  be. 
[A,S.  eom :  Gr.  eimi ;  Lat.  sum  for  esum ; 
Sans,  asmi — as,  to  be.] 

AMAIN,  a -man',  adv.,  icith  main  or 
stren^h :  with  sudden  force.  [Pfx.  a 
and  Main.] 

AMALGAM,  a-mal'gam,  n.  a  compound  of 
mercury  with  another  metal :  any  soft 
mixture.  [L.  and  Gr.  nialagma,  an  emol- 
lient— Gr.  malasso,  to  soften.] 

AMALGAMATE,  a-mal'gam-at,  v.t.  to  mix 
mercury  %vith  another  metal :  to  com- 
pound.— v.i.  to  unite  in  an  amalgam :  to 
blend  :  to  intermarry,  as  the  black  and 
white  raxjes.  (Amer.) 

«3(LALGAMATI0N,  a-mal  gam-a'shun,  ». 
the  blending  of  different  things. 

AMANUENSIS,  a-man-u-en'sis,  n.  one  who 
writes  to  dictation :  a  copyist :  a  secre- 
tary. [L. — ab,  from,  and  manus,  the 
hand.] 

AMARA-N'i'Jl,  -US,  a'mar-anth,  -us,  n.  a 
genus  of  plants  with  richly  colored  flow- 
ers, that  last  long  \9ith0ut  \vithering,  as 
Love-lies-bleeding.  [Gr.  amarantos,  un- 
fading— a,  neg.,  and  root  mar,  to  waste 
away ;  allied  to  Lat.  mori,  to  die.]  Old 
form,  AsiARiNT.  Milton. 

AMARANTHINE,  a-mar-anth'in,  adj.  per- 
"taining  to  amaranth :  unfading. 

AMASS,  a-mas',  v.t.  to  gather  in  large 
quantity :  to  accumulate.  [Fr.  amass&r 
— L.  ad,  to,  and  massa,  a  mass.] 

AMATEUR,  am-at-ar*,  7i.  one  who  culti- 
vates a  particular  study  or  art  for  the 
love  of  it,  and  not  professionally.  [Fr. — 
L.  amator,  a  lover — ama,  to  love.] 

AMATIVE,  am'at-iv,  adj.,  relating  to  love: 
amorous.  [From  L.  amo,  -atum,  to  love.] 

AMATIVENESS,  am'at-iv-nes,  n.  propen- 
sity to  love. 

AMATORY,  am'at-or-i,  adj.,  relating  to,  or 
causing  love :  affectionate. 

VMAZE,  a-maz',  v.t.  to  put  the  mind  in  a 
maze:  to  confound  with  surprise  or 
wonder. — n.  astonishment :  perplexity. 
[Prefix  a,  and  Maze.] 

jjlAZE,  a  maZ*,  v.i.  to  wonder:  to  be 
amazed. 

Madam,  amaze  not;  see  his  majesty 

Return'd  with  dory  from  the  Holy  Land.— ftefe. 

AMAZEDNESS,  armaz'ed-nes,  AMAZE- 
MENT, armaz'ment,  n.  a  feeling  of  sur- 
prise mixed  with  wonder. 

A  M  A  ZTNG.a-maz'ing,  p.  adj.  causing  amaze- 
ment .  astonishing. — adv.  Amaz'inqly. 


AMAZON,  am'az-OQ,  n.  one  of  a  faoled 
nation  of  female  warriors :  a  mascuUne 
woman :  a  virago.  [Ety.  dub.,  perhaps 
from  Gr.  a,  priv.,  mazo.s,  a  breast ;  they 
were  said  to  cut  off  the  right  breast  that 
they  might  use  their  weapons  more 
freely.] 

AMAZONIAN,  am-az-on'ian,  adj.  of  or  like 
an  Amazon :  of  masculine  manners:  war- 
Uke. 

AMBASSADOR,  am-bas'a-dur,  n.  a  diplo- 
matic minister  of  the  highest  order  sent 
by  one  sovereign  power  to  another.— /em. 
Ambass'adress. — adj.  Ambassador'ial. 
Qt.  ambasciadore,  L.  ambactus,  derived 
by  Grimm  from  Groth.  andbahts,  a  ser- 
vant, whence  Ger.  amt,  office.] 

AMBER,  am'ber,  n.  a  yellowish  fossil  resin, 
used  in  making  ornaments.  [Fr. — Ar. 
attbotc] 

AMBERGRIS,  amTjer-grfs,  n.  a  fragrant 
substance,  of  a  gray  color,  found  on  the 
sea-coast  of  warm  countries,  and  in  the 
intestines  of  the  spermaceti  whale.  [Am- 
ber and  Fr.  gris,  gray.] 

AMBIDEXTER,  amb'i-deks'ter,  n.  one  who 
uses  both  hands  with  equal  facility:  a 
double-dealer. — o^/.  Ambidex'teous.  [L. 
ambo.  both,  dexter,  right  hand.] 

AMBIENT,  amb'i-ent,  adj.,  going  round : 
surrounding :  investing.  [L.  ambi,  about, 
tens,  ienfis,  pr.p.  of  eo,  to  go.] 

AJIBIGUITY,  amb-ig-u'i-ti,  AMBIGUOUS- 
NESS,  amb-ig'u-us-nes,  n.  uncertainty  or 
doubleness  of  meaning. 

AMBIGUOUS,  amb-ig'u-us,  adj.  of  doubt- 
ful signification  :  equivocal. — adv.  Am- 
Bia'UOUSLY.  [L.  ambiguus — ambigo,  to 
go  about — ambi,  about,  ago,  to  drive.] 

A3IBITI0N,  amb-Lsh'un,  n.  the  desire  of 
power,  honor,  fame,  excellence ;  also, 
grudge,  spite  (Amer.).  [L.  ambitio,  the 
going  about,  i.e.,  the  canvassing  for 
votes  practiced  by  candidates  for  office  in 
Rome — ambi,  about,  and  eo,  itum,  to  go.] 

AMBITIONIST.  am-bi'shon-ist,  n.  an  ambi- 
tious person :  one  devoted  to  self-aggran- 
dizement. "  A  selfish  ambitionist  and 
quack." — Carlyle. 

AMBITIOUS,  amb-ish'us,  adj.  fuh  of  ambi- 
tion :  desirous  of  power :  aspiring :  indi- 
cating ambition. — adv.  Ambi'tiously. — 
n.  Ambi'tiousness. 

AMBLE,  amTjl,  v.i.  to  move  as  a  horse  by 
lifting-  both  legs  on  each  side  alternately : 
to  move  affectedly. — n.  a  pace  of  a  horse 
between  a  trot  and  a  walk.  [Fr.  ambler 
— L.  ambulo,  to  walk  about.] 

AMBLER,  ami)ler,  ji.  a  horse  that  ambles. 

A3IBR0SIA,  am-bro'zhi-a,  n.  the  fabled 
food  of  the  gods,  which  conferred  im- 
mortality on  those  who  partook  of  it. 
[L. — Gr.  ambrosios=ambrotos,  immortal 
— a,  neg.,  and  brotos,  mortal,  for  mrotos, 
Sans,  mrita,  dead — mri  (L.  ?tiori),  to  die.] 

AMBROSIAL,  am-bro'zhi-al,  adj.  fragrant : 
deUoious. — adv.  Ajibro'sially. 

AJMBROSIAN,  am-bro'zhi-an,  adj.  relating 
to  ambrosia:  relating  to  St.  Ambrose, 
bishop  of  Milan  in  the  4th  century. 

AMBR"i ,  am'bri,  n.  a  niche  in  churches  in 
which  the  sacred  utensils  were  kept :  a 
cupboard  for  \'ictuals.  [O.  Fr.  armaria, 
a  repository  for  arms ;  Fr.  armoire,  a 
cupboard — L.  armarium,  a  chest  for  arms 
— arma,  arms.] 

AMBULANCE,  amTjul-ans,  n.  a  carriage 
which  serves  as  a  inovable  hospital  for 
the  wounded  in  battle.  [Fr  — L.  flmbu- 
tans,  -antis,  pr.p.  of  ambulo,  to  walk 
about.] 

AMBULATORY,  amTjOl-at-or-i,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  power  or  faculty  of  walking: 
moving  from  place  to  place,  not  station- 
ary.— n.  any  part  of  a  Duilding  intended 
for  walking  in,  as  the  aisles  of  a  church. 

AMBUSOADE,  am'busk-ad,  n.  a  hidhig  to 


attack  by  surprise :  a  body  of  troops  la 
concealment.  [Fr.  embnscade — It.  ii»> 
boscare,  to  he  in  ambush — im.  in.  and 
bosco,  a  wood,  from  root  of  BuSH.] 

AMBUSH,  amTjoosh,  n,  and  v.  same  mean- 
ings as  Ambuscade.  [0.  Fr.  embiudie. 
See  Ambuscade.] 

AMEER,  a-mer',  n.  a  title  of  honor,  also  ai 
an  independent  ruler  in  Mohammodan 
countries.     [Ar.  amir.    See  Admiral.] 

AMELIORATE,  a-mel'yor-at,  v.t.,tomak6 
better:  to  improve. — v.i.  to  grow  bt-tter 
— adj.  Amel'iorattve.  — n.  Ameijora'- 
TION.     [L.  ad,  to,  and  melior,  better.] 

AJMEN,  a'mcH',  a'men',  int.  so  let  it  l)e  i 
[Gr. — Heb.  amen,  firm,  true.] 

AMEN,  a'men,  v.t.  1,  to  say  amen  to :  tc 
approve  :  to  homologate.  (Rare.)  '•  Is 
there  a  bishop  on  the  oench  that  has  not 
amen'd  the  humbug  in  his  lawn  sleeves, 
and  called  a  blessing  over  the  kneeling 
pair  of  perjurers?" — Thackeray.  2,  to 
end :  to  finish.  "  This  very  evening 
have  I  amen'd  the  volume." — Southey. 

AMENABLE,  a-men'a-bl,  adj.  easy  to  be 
led  or  governed :  liable  or  subject  to. — 
adv.  Amen' ably.  —  71s.  Ajuenabil'ity, 
AMEyABLENESs.  [Fr.  amener,  to  lead — 
a=-Li.  ad,  and  mener,  to  lead — Low  L. 
minare,  to  lesid,  to  drive  (as  cattle) — ^L, 
minari,  to  threaten.] 

AMEND,  a-mend',  v.t.  to  correct :  to  im- 
prove.— v.i.  to  grow  or  become  better.— r 
adj.  Amend' ABLE.  [Fr.  amender  for  emen- 
der — L.  emendo,  -are,  to  remove  a  fault 
— e,  ex,  out  of,  and  menda,  a  fault.] 

AMENDMENT,  a-mend'ment,  n.  correc- 
tion :  improvement. 

ATTENDS,  a-mendz*,  n.pl.  supply  of  a  loss; 
compensation. 

AMENTrY,  am-en'i-ti,  n.,  pleasantness,  ag 
regards  situation,  chmate,  manners,  or 
disposition.  [Fr.  amenite — L.  amcenitc^ 
— amoenus,  pleasant,  from  root  of  amo. 
to  love.] 

AMERCE,  a-mers*,  v.t.  to  punish  by  a  fine. 
[O.  Fr.  amercier,  to  impose  a  fine — Lk 
merces,  wages,  fine.] 

AMERCEMENT,  a-mers'ment,  n.  a  penal- 
ty inflicted. 

AMERICAN,  a-mer'ik-an,  adj.,  peHaining 
to  America,  especially  to  the  United 
States. — n.  a  native  of  America.  [From 
America,  so  called  accidently  from  Amer- 
igo Vespucci,  a  navigator  who  explored 
part  of  the  continent  after  its  discovery 
by  Columbus.] 

AifERICANIZE,  a-mer'ik-an-Iz,  v.t.  to  ren- 
der American. 

AMERICANISM,  a-mer'ik-an-izm,  ft,  a 
word,  phrase,  or  idiom  peculiar  to  Ampr. 
icans. 

AMETHYST,  a'meth-ist,  n.  a  bluish-violet 
variety  of  quartz  of  which  drinking-cups 
used  to  be  made,  which  the  ancients 
supposed  prevented  drunkenness. — adj. 
Amethyst'ine.  [Gr.  amethystos — a,  neg. 
methyo,  to  be  drunken — methu,  winei 
Eng.  mead.  Sans,  madhu,  sweet.] 

AMIABILITY,  am-i-a-bil'i-ti,  AMTART.F'- 
NESS,  am'i-a-bl-nes,  n.  quality  of  being 
amiable,  or  of  exciting  love. 

AMIABLE,  am'i-a-bl,  adj.,  lovable:  worthy 
of  love. — adv.  A'miably.  [Fr.  amiable, 
friendly — L.  amicabilis,  from  amicus,  a 
friend  ;  there  is  a  confusion  in  meaning 
with  EV.  aimable,  lovable-^L.  amabUis — 
amo,  to  love.] 

AMIANTHUS,  a-mi-anth'us.  n,  the  finest 
fibrous  variety  of  asbestus;  it  can  be 
made  into  cloth  which  when  stained  i« 
readily  cleansed  by  fire.  [Gr.  amiantos. 
unpoliutable — a,  neg.,  and  miaind,  te 
soil.] 

AMICABLE,  am'ik-a-bl,  adj.,  friendly.^ 
adv.  Am'icably. — ns.  Amicabil'ity,  Am'- 
ICABLEMKSS.  fl,.  amicabilis- amo  tolove^^ 


AMICE 


13 


ANATHEMA 


AMICE,  am'is,  n.  a  flowing  cloak  formerly 
wora  by  priests  and  pilgruiis :  a  Unen 
garment  worn  by  priests  about  the 
shoulders  wiiile  celebrating  mass.  [O. 
Ft.  amis,  amid — L.  amictus — am,icio,  to 
wrap  about — avib,  about,  and  jacio,  to 
throw.] 

AMID,  a-mid',  AMIDST,  a-midst',  prep.,  in 
the  middle  or  midst :  among. — adi'.  Aivnn'- 
smps,  half-way  between  the  stem  and 
stern  of  a  sliip.  [Prefix  a,  on,  in,  and 
A.S.  7nid,  middle.] 

4MIR,  a-mer'.     Same  as  Ameer. 

AMISS,  a-mis',  adj.  in  error  :  wrong. — adi\ 
in  a  faulty  manner.  [a,  on,  and  Ice. 
inissa,  a  loss.     See  Miss.J 

AMITY,  am'i-ti,  n.,  friendship:  good-wUl. 
[Fr.  amitie — ami — L.  amicus,  a  friend. 
See  Amicable.] 

AMMIRAL,  am'mi-ral,  n.  admiral ;  also  a 
ship.  (Obs.) 

AMMOI^IA,  am-mon'-i-a,  n.  a  pungent  gas 
yielded  by  smelling-salts,  and  by  burning 
feathers,  etc.  [From  sal-ammoniac,  or 
smelling-salts,  first  obtained  near  the 
temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon.} 

4MMONIAC,  -AL,  am-mon  i-ak,  -i'ak-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  or  having  the  proper- 
ties of  ammonia. 

AMMONITE,  am'mon-Tt,  n.  the  fossil  shell 
of  an  extinct  genus  of  mollusks,  so  called 
because  they  resembled  the  horns  on  the 
statue  of  Jupiter  Amm,on,  worshipped  as 
a  ram. 

AMMUNITION,  am-mun-ish'im,  n.  any- 
thing used  for  ■munition  or  defence : 
military  stores,  esp.  powder,  balls,  bombs, 
etc.  [L.  ad,  for,  munitio,  defence — m,unio, 
to  defend.] 

AiTNESTY,  am'nest-i,  n.  a  general  pardon 
of  political  ofllenders.  [Gr.  a-mnestos, 
not  remembered.] 

•ytfCEBA,  a-meb'a,  n.  a  microscopic  animal 
capable  of  undergoing  many  changes  of 
form  at  will : — -pi.  Amceb'^.  [Gr.  ameibo, 
to  change.] 

AMa3N0MANIA,a^me'no-ma'm-a,m.  a  form 
of  mania  in  which  the  hallucinations 
are  of  an  agreeable  nature.  [L.  amaenus, 
pleasant,  and  Gr.  mania,  madness.] 

AMONG,  a-mung',  A3I0NGST,  a-mungst', 
prep,  of  the  number  of :  amidst.  [A.S. 
wv-geniang — mcengan,  to  mingle.] 

AMOROUS,  am'or-us,  adj.  easily  inspired 
with  love :  fondly  in  love :  relating  to 
love. — adv.  Am'orously. — Ji.  Am'orous- 


NESS.     [L.  amor,  love.] 
AMORPHOUS,     a-morfus, 


adj.    without 
[Gr.  a,  neg., 


regular   shape,  shapeless, 
and  morphe,  form.] 

AMOUNT,  a^mownt',  v.i.  to  mount  or 
rise  to  :  to  result  in. — n.  the  whole  sum  : 
the  effect  or  result.  [O.  Fr.  amonter,  to 
ascend — L.  ad,  to,  mons,  a  mountain.] 

AMOUR,  am-oor',  n.  a  love  intrigue.  [Fr. 
— L.  amor,  love.] 

AMPHIBIA,  am-fl'bi-a,  AMPHIBLALS  or 
AMPHIBIANS,  n.pl.  animals  capable  of 
living  both  under  water  and  on  land. — adj. 
Amphi'bious.  [Gr.  amphi,  both,  bios,  life.] 

AMPHIELASTIC,  am-fi-blas'tik,  adj.  in 
physiol.  a  term  apphea  to  the  series  of 
ova  intermediate  between  the  holoblastic 
or  mammalian  ova,  and  the  meroblastic, 
or  ova  of  birds  or  reptiles. 
vMPHICTYONIC,  am-fik-ti-on'ik,  adj. 
rhe  Amphictyonio  Council  was  an  old 
Greek  assembly  composed  of  deputies 
from  twelve  of  the  leading  states.  [Gr. 
amphiktyones,  orig.  dub.] 

AMPHIGORIC,  am-fi-gor'ik,ad/.of,relating 
to,  or  consisting  of  amphigory  :  absurd  : 
nonsensical. 

AMPHIGORY,  am'fl-gor-i,  n.  a  meaning- 
less rigmarole :  nonsense  verses  or  the 
like :  a  nonsensical  parody.  [Fr.  am,phi- 
gouri.] 


AMPHISB^NA,  am-fis-be'na,  n.  a  serpent 
that  can  go  both  ways,  forward  or  back- 
ward. [Gr.  aniphis,  amphi,  on  both 
sides,  baitio,  to  go  or  walk.] 

AMPHITHEATRE,  am-fi-the'a-ter,  n.  an 
oval  or  cu'cular  edifice  having  rows  of 
seats  one  above  another,  around  an  open 
space,  called  the  arena,  in  which  public 
spectacles  were  exhibited  :  anything  like 
an  amphitheatre  in  form.  [Gr.  amphi, 
round  about,  theatron,  a  place  for  seeing 
— theaomai,  to  see.] 

A3IPLE,  am'pl,  adj.  spacious :  large 
enough  :  liberal. — adv.  Aji'plt. — n.  Am'- 
PLENESS.     [L.  amplus,  large.] 

AMPLIFICATION,  am'pU-fi-ka'shun,  n. 
enlargement. 

AMPLIFY,  am'pli-fl,  v.t.  to  make  more 
copious  in  expression :  to  add  to.  [L. 
amplus,  large,  and  f ado,  to  make.] 

AMPLITUDE,  am'pli-tud,  n.  largeness: 
the  distance  from  the  east  point  of  a 
horizon  at  which  a  heavenly  body  rises, 
or  from  the  west  point  at  which  it  sets. 

AMPUTATE,  am'put-at,  v.t.  to  cut  off,  as  a 
Umb  of  an  animal. — n.  Amputa'tion. 
[L.  amb,  round  about,  puto,  to  cut.] 

AMRITA,  am're-ta,  n.  in  Hindu  myth,  the 
ambrosia  of  the  gods :  the  beverage  of 
immortality,  that  resulted  from  the 
churning  of  the  ocean  by  the  gods  and 
demons.  [Sans,  amritam,  from  a,  priv., 
and  mri,  to  die  ;  akin  to  L.  mors,  death. 
See  Mortal.] 

AMUCK,  a-muk*,  adv.  wildly :  madly. 
[Malay,  amok,  intoxicated  or  excited  to 
madness.] 

AMULET,  am'u-let,  n.  a  gem,  scroll,  or 
other  object  carried  about  the  person,  as 
a  charm  against  evil.  [L.  amuletum,  a 
word  of  unknown  origin  ;  curiously  like 
the  mod.  Ar.  himalah,  -at,  lit.  "a  car- 
rier," often  applied  to  a  shoulder-belt,  by 
which  a  small  Koran  is  hung  on  the 
breast.] 

AMUSE,  a-muz',  v.t.  to  occupy  pleasantly : 
to  beguile  with  expectation.  [Fr. 
amtiser.^ 

AMUSEMENT,  a-muz'ment,  n.  that  which 
amuses :  pastime. 

AMUSING,  a-muz'ing,  adj.  affording 
amusement  :  entertaining. — adv.  Amus  - 
INGLY. 

AMYLOID,  am'U-oid,  n.  a  half-gelatinous 
substance  like  starch,  found  in  some 
seeds.  [Gr.  amylon,  the  finest  flour, 
starch  ;  lit.  "unground  " — o,  neg.,  myle, 
a  mill,  and  eidos,  form.] 

AN,  an,  adj.,  one:  the  indefinite  article, 
used  before  words  beginning  with  the 
sound  of  a  vowel.     [A.S.  an.   See  One.] 

AN,  an,  conj.  if.     [A  form  of  And.] 

ANA,  a'na,  a  suffix  to  names  of  persons  or 
places,  denoting  a  collection  of  memora^ 
ble  sayings,  as  Johjisoniana,  sayings  of 
Dr.  Johnson.  [The  neuter  plural  termi- 
nation of  L.  adjectives  in  -anMs=pertain- 
ing  to.] 

ANABAPTIST,  an-a-bapt'ist,  n.  one  who 
holds  that  baptism  ought  to  be  admin- 
istered only  to  adults  (by  inmiersion), 
and  therefore  that  those  baptized  in  in- 
fancy ought  to  be  baptized  again. — n. 
A-NABAPi'isM.  [Gr.  ana,  again,  baptizo, 
to  dip  in  water,  to  baptize.] 

ANACHORISM,  a-nak'o-rizm,  n.  something 
not  suited  to  or  inconsistent  with  the 
country  to  which  it  is  referred.  J.  R. 
Lowell.  [Modelled  on  anachronism,  from 
Gr.  ana,  here  implying  error  or  diverg- 
ence, and  dhora,  a  countrj'.] 

ANACHRONISM,an-a'ki-on-izm,  n.  an  error 
in  regard  to  time,  whereby  a  thing  is 
assigned  to  an  earlier  or  to  a  later  age 
than  what  it  belongs  to.— adj.  Anachbon- 
iST'ir.  [Gr.  ana,  backwards,  chronos, 
time.] 


an-al-je'si-a,   n.   in  pathol. 
pain  whether  in  health  or 
[Gr.  an,  priv.,  and 


ANACONDA,  an-a-kon'da,  ji.  a  large  snake, 
a  species  of  boa,  found  in  South  America. 

ANACREONTIC,  an-a-kre-ont'ik.  adj.  after 
the  manner  of  the  Greek  poet  Anacreon: 
free. 

AN.1EMIA,  an-em'i-a,  n.  a  morbid  want  of 
blood:  the  condition  of  the  body  after 
great  loss  of  blood.     [Gr.   a,  an,  neg. 
haima.  blood.] 

ANESTHETIC,  an-es-thet'ik.  adj.  produc- 
ing insensibility.  —  n.  a  substance,  as 
chloroform,  that  produces  insensibility. 
[Gr.  a,  an.  neg.,  aisthesis,  sensation — 
aisthanomai,  to  feel.] 

ANAGLYPH,  an'a-gUf,  w.  an  ornament 
carved  in  relief. — adj.  Anagltpt'ic.  [Gr. 
ana,  up,  glyi^hb,  to  carve.] 

ANAGRAM,  an'a-gram,  n.  a  word  or  sen- 
tence formed  by  reuriting  (in  a  different 
order)  the  letters  of  another  word  or  sen- 
tence :  as  "Mve"  —  "e\'il."  — ad/'.  Ana- 
orammat'ic,  -al.  [Gr.  ana,  again,  grapho, 
to  write.] 

ANAL,  an  al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  near 
the  anus. 

ANALGESIA, 
absence  of 
disease.    Dunglison. 
algos,  pain.l 

ANALOGICAL,  an-a-loj'ik-al,  adj.  having, 
or  according  to,  analogy. 

ANALOGOUS,  an-a'log-us,  adj.  having 
analogy :  bearing  some  resemblance  to : 
simUar. 

ANALOGUE,  an'a-Wg,  n.  a  word  or  body 
bearing  analogj'  to,  or  resembling  an- 
other: (anat.)  a,u  organ  which  performs 
the  same  function  as  another,  though 
difl'ering  from  it  in  structure.  [See 
Homologue.] 

ANALOGY,  an-alS-ji,  n.  an  agreement  or 
correspondence  in  certain  respects  be- 
tween tilings  otherwise  different :  rela- 
tion in  general :  likeness.  [Gr.  a?ia. 
according  to,   and  logos,  ratio.] 

ANALYZE,  an'a-llz,  v.t.  to  resolve  a  whole 
into  its  elements  :  to  separate  into  com- 
ponent parts. — adj.  Analyz'able.  [Gr. 
ana,  up,  lyo,  to  loosen.] 

ANALYSIS,  an-a'lis-is,  n.  a  resolving  or 
separating  a  tiling  into  its  elements  or 
component  parts  :—pl.  Ana'L'^SES.  [See 
Analyze.] 

ANALYST,  an'al-ist,  n.  one  skilled  in 
analysis. 

ANALYTIC,  -AL,  an-a-lit'ik,  -al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  analysis  :  resolving  into  first 
principles. — adv.  Analyt'IC a t.t.y. 

ANAPEST,  an'a-pest,  n.  (in  verse)  a  foot 
consisting  of  three  syllables,  two  short 
and  the  tnu-d  long,  or  (in  Eng.)  two  un- 
accented and  the  third  accented,  as  ap- 
pre-hend'  [Gr.  anapaistos,  reversed, 
because  it  is  the  dactyl  reversed.] 

ANAPESTIC,  -AL,  an-a-pest'ik,  -al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  anapests. 

ANAPHRODISIA,  an-af'rc-diz'i-a,  n.  the 
absence  of  venereal  power  or  desire  :  im- 
potence. [Gr.  an,  priv.,  and  aphrodisios, 
venereal,  from  Aphrodite,  the  Greek 
goddess  of  love.] 

ANAPODEICTIC,  an-ap'o-dik'tik,  ad;,  in- 
capable of  being  demonstrated.  [Gr.  an, 
priv.,  and   apodeiktikos,  demonstrable.] 

ANAPTOTIC,  an-ap-tot'ik,  adj.  in  philol. 
applied  to  languages  which  have  a  tend- 
ency to  lose  the  use  of  inflections.  [Gr 
ana.  back,  and  ptosis,  inflection.] 

ANARCHIST,  an'ark-ist,  n.  one  'vhc  pra 
motes  anarchy.     Old  form  ANARCH. 

ANARCHIZE,  an'iu--kTz,  v.t.  to  put  into  a 
state  of  anarch.v  or  confusion. 

ANARCHY,  an'ark-i,  ?i,  the  u-ant  of  gov- 
ernment in  a  state :  political  confusion. — 
adjs.  Anar3h'ic,  Anarch'ical.  [Gr.  a, 
an,  neg.,  arche,  goveiiinient.] 

ANATHEMA,   an-a'lhera-a,   n.  (orig.)   an 


ANATHEMATIZE 


U 


ANXLK 


offering'  made  and  set  up  in  a  temple ;  an 
ecclesiastical  curse  :  any  pei'soa  or  thin^ 
anathematized.     [Gr.  ana,  up,  tithemi, 

ANATHEMATIZE,  aa-a'them-at-Iz,  v.t.  to 
pronounce  accui-sed. 

(LXATOMIC,  -AL,  an-a-tom'ik,  -al,  adj.  re- 
lating to' anatomy. 

ANATOMIZE,  an-a'tom-iz,  v.t.  to  dissect  a 
body  :  (lig.)  to  lay  open  minutely.  [From 
Anatomt.] 

ANATOMIST,  an-a'tom-ist,  n.  one  skilled 
in  anatomy. 

ANAT05IY,  an-a'tom-i,  «.  the  art  of  dis- 
secting' any  organized  body :  science  of 
the  structure  of  the  body  learned  by  dis- 
section. [Gr.  ana,  up,  asunder,  t^mno, 
to  cut.] 

ANBURY,  an'ber-i,  n.  a  disease  in  turnips, 
in  which  the  root  becomes  divided  into 
a  number  of  parts — bene*;  the  popular 
name  Fingers  axd  Toes.  [From  A.S. 
ampre,  a  crooked  sweUing  vein.] 

ANCESTOR,  an'ses-tui',  n.  one  from  whom 
a  person  has  descended :  a  forefathei-. — 
fern.  Au'CESTKESS. — adj.  Ances'teal.  [O. 
'Fr.  ancestre — L.  antecessor — ante,  before, 
cedo.  cessum,  to  go.] 

ANCESTRY,  an'ses-tri,  n.  a  line  of  ances- 
tors :  hneage. 

ANCHOR,  angk'ur,  n.  a  hooked  iron  instru- 
ment that  holds  a  ship  by  sticking  into 
the  ground:  (fig.)  anj'tlung  that  gives 
stabuity  or  security. — v.t.  to  fix  by  an 
anchor :  to  fasten. — v.  i,  to  cast  anclior  : 
to  stop,  or  rest  on.  [Fr.  ancre — L.  ancora 
— Gr.  angkyra,  from  angkos,  a  bend — root 
angJc.  bent.     Conn,  with  ANGLE.] 

ANCHORAGE,  angk'ur-aj,  n.  ground  for 
anchoring :  duty  imposed  on  ships  for 
anchoring. 

INCHORET,  angTcor-et,  ANCHORITE, 
ang'kor-it,  n.  one  who  has  withdi-awn 
from  the  world :  a  hermit.  [Gr.  anaelio- 
retes — ana,  apart,  choreo,  to  go.] 

ANCHORITISH,  ang-ko-rlt'ish,  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  an  anchorite,  or  his  mode 
of  life :  anehoretic.  "  Sixty  years  of 
religious  reverie  and  amUwriiish  self- 
denial." — De  Quineey. 

ANCHORITISM,  ang-'ko-rlt-izm,  n  the 
state  of  being  secluded  from  the  world : 
the  condition  of  an  anchorite. 

ANCHORLESS,  ang'ker-les,  adj.  being 
without  an  anchor:  hence,  drifting:  un- 
stable. "  My  homeless,  anetiorless,  un- 
supported mind." — Charlotte  Bronte. 

ANCHOVY,  an-cho'vi,  n.  a  small  fish  of 
the  herring  kind  from  which  a  sauce  is 
made.  [Sp.  and  Port,  anchova  ;  Fr.  an- 
chois.     Of  doubtful  ety.] 

ANCIENT,  au'shent,  adj.  old:  belonging 
to  former  times. — n.pl.  .An'cients,  those 
who  lived  in  remote  times :  in  B.,  elders. 
—  adv.  AN'caENTLT. — n.  Aj^'cientness, 
[Ft.  aneien — Low  L.  antiatms,  old — L. 
ante,  before,  prob.  conn,  'with  AND.  See 
Antique.] 

ANCIENT,  an'shent,  n.  (obs.)  a  flag  or  its 
bearer :  an  ensign.  [Corr.  of  Fr.  erv- 
seigne.    See  Ensign.] 

ANCILLARY,  an'sil-ar-i,  adj.  subservient. 
[L.  ancilla,  a  maid-servant.] 

ANCORIST,  ang'ko-rist,  n.  one  withdrawn 
from  the  world :  a  hermit :  an  anchoret, 
or  anchoress.  "  A  woman  latelj'  turned 
an  ancorist." — Fuller. 
IND,  and,  conj.  signifies  addition,  and  is 
used  to  connect  words  and  sentences :  in 
M.E.  it  was  used  for  if.  [A.S.,  and  in 
the  other  Teut.  lang. :  prob.  allied  to  L. 
ante.  Gr.  anti,  over  against.] 

ANDANTE,  an-dan'te,  adj.,  going  easily: 

moderately  slow :  expressive.     [It. — oti- 

dare,  to  go.] 

ANDIRON,    andl-urn,    n.   tlie    iron    bars 

which  support  the  ends  of  the  logs  in 


a  wood-fire,  or  in  whioh  a  epit  turns. 

J  Ety.  dub.] 
lECDOTAL,   an'ek-d5t-al,    ANECDOTI- 
CAL,  an-ek-dot'i-kaU  ac^j.,  in  the  form  of 
an  anecdote. 

ANECDOTAEIAN,  an'ek-do-ta'ri-an,  n.  one 
who  deals  in  or  retails  anecdotes  :  an  an- 
eodotist.  "  Our  ordinary  anecdotarians 
make  use  of  Ubels." — Roger  North. 

ANECDOTE,  an'ekdot,  n.  an  incident  of 
private  life :  a  short  story.  [Gr.,  not 
published — a,  an,  neg.,  and  eMotos,  pub- 
lished— ek,  out,  and  didomi,  to  give.] 

ANELE,  an-el',  i:t.  to  anoint  witJi  oil:  to 
administer  extreme  unction.  [A.S.  on- 
elan — on,  on,  and  ele,  oil.] 

ANEMOMETER,  a-nem-om'et-er,  n.  an  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  force  of  the 
u-ind.     [Gr.  anemos,  wind,  and  Meter.] 

ANEMONE,  a-nem'o-ne,  n.  a  plant  of  the 
crowfoot  family.  [Said  to  be  from  Gr. 
anemos,  wind,  because  some  of  the  spe- 
cies love  exposed  situations.] 

ANEROID,  an'e-roid,  adj.  notmg  a  barom- 
eter by  which  the  pressure  of  the  air  is 
measured  vrithout  the  use  of  liquid  or 
quicksLlver.     [Gr.  a,  neg.,  neros,  wet.] 

ANETIC,  a-net'ik,  adj.  in  med.  relie-ving  or 
assuaging  pain :  anod^Tie.  [Gr.  anetikos, 
relaxing.] 

ANEURISM,  an'ur-izm,  n.  a  soft  tumor, 
arising  from  the  ii-idenitig  up  or  dilata- 
tion of  an  artery.  [Gr.  aneurisma — ana, 
up.  eurys,  wide.] 

ANEW,  a-nu',  adv.  afresh :  again.  [M.  £. 
of-neiv — A.S.  of.  Of,  and  New.] 

ANGEL,  an'jel,  n.  a  di-vine  messenger :  a 
ministering  spirit :  an  old  E.  coin=10s., 
bearing  the  figure  of  an  avgel. — adjs. 
Angelic,  an-jel'ik,  Angel'ical.  —  adv. 
Angel'ically.  [Gr.  angelos,  a  messen- 
ger.] 

ANGELHOOD,  an'jel-hod,  ti.  the  state  or 
condition  of  an  angel :  the  angelic  natui'e 
or  character.    E.  B.  Brmvning. 

ANGELOLATRY,  an-jel-ol'a-tri,  n.  the 
worship  of  angels.  [E.  angel,  and  Gr. 
latreia,  worship.] 

ANGER,  ang-'ger,  n.  a  strong  passion  ex- 
cited by  injm-y. — v.t.  to  make  ajagry. 
J  Joe.  angr  ;  aUied  to  Anguish.] 
TGEVIN,  an'je-vin,  adj.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Anjou,  a  former  province  in  the  north- 
west of  France. 

ANGINA,  anj-i'na,  n.  applied  to  diseases  in 
which  a  sense  of  tightening  or  suilocar 
tion  is  a  prominent  symptom.  [L.  See 
Anguish.] 

ANGLE,  ang'gl,  n.  a  corner:  the  point 
where  two  lines  meet :  [geom.)  the  in- 
clination of  two  straight  lines  which 
meet,  but  are  not  in  the  same  straight 
line.  [Fr. — L.  anguhis :  cog.  vrith  Gr. 
angkylos :  both  from  root  angk,  ak,  to 
bend,  seen  also  in  Anchor,  AiJkle.] 

ANGLE,  ang'gl,  n.,  a  hook  or  bend :  a  fish- 
ing-rod with  line  and  hook. — v.L  to  fish 
with  an  angle. — v.t.  to  entice :  to  try  to 
gain  by  some  artifice.  [A.S.  angel,  a 
hook,  allied  to  Anchor.] 

ANGLER,  ang'gler,  n.  one  who  fishes  with 
an  angle. — ^Angling,  ang'gling,  n.  tha 
art  or  practice  of  fishing  with  an  angle. 

ANGLICAN,  ang'glik-an,  adj.,  English. 
[See  English.] 

ANGUCANISM;,  ang'glik-an-izm,  n.  at- 
tachment to  English  institutions,  eep. 
the  English  Church :  the  principles  of 
the  English  Church. 

ANGLICISM,  ang'gUs-lzm,  n.  an  English 
idiom  or  pecuharity  of  language. 

ANGLICIZE,  ang'glis-Iz,  v.t.  to  express  in 
English  idiom. 

ANGLO-,  ang'glo,  pfx.,  English — used  in 
composition  :  as  Anglo-Saxon,  etc. 

ANGLOMANIA,  ang'glo-man'i-a,  n.,  a 
mania  for  what  is  English :  an  indiscrim- 


inate   admiration    of    English    iusuiu 
tions. 

ANGLO-SAXON,  ang'glo-saks'un,  adj.  ap- 
phed  to  the  earliest  form  of  the  Knglia^ 
language :  the  term  Old  Enghsb  is  nov? 
preferred  by  some. 

ANGRY,  ang'gii,  adj.  excited  with  anger  ; 
inflamed. — A_NGRILY,  ang'g-ri-U,  adv. 

ANGUISH,  ang'g^wish,  lu  excessive  pain  of 
body  or  mind :  agony.     [Fr.  ango-isse — L. 
angustia,  a  strait,  straitness — ango,  to     , 
press  tightly :  to  strangle.    See  Anger.] 

ANGULAR,  ang'gul-ar,  adj.  ha\'ing  an 
an  angle  or  corner :  (fig.)  stiff  in  man- 
ner :  the  opposite  of  easy  or  graceful. — 
n.  Angular'itt. 

ANIGHTS,  a-nlts',  adv.,  of  nights,  at  night. 

ANILE,  an'a,  adj.  old-womanish :  imbecile. 
— A-NILITY,  an-il'i-ti,  n.  [L.  anus,  an  old 
woman.] 

ANILINE,  an'U-in,  n.  a  product  of  coal-tar, 
extensively  used  in  dyeing.  [Anil,  an 
indigo  plant,  from  which  also  it  is  made.] 

ANIMADVERSION,  an-im-ad-ver'slmn,  n. 
criticism,  censure,  or  reproof. 

ANIMADVERT,  an-kn-ad-vert',  v.i.  to 
criticise  or  censure.  [L.,  to  turn  the 
mind  to — anim,us,  the  mind,  ad,  to,  and 
verto,  to  turn.] 

ANIMAL,  an'im-al,  n.  an  organized  being, 
haWng  life,  sensation,  and  voluntary 
motion :  it  is  distinguished  from  a  plant, 
which  is  organized  and  has  life,  but  not 
sensation  or  voluntary  motion  ;  the  name 
sometimes  implies  the  absence  of  the 
hj^iier  laculties  pecuhar  to  man. — adj. 
oi  ;<»  selon^ing  to  animals :  sensual.  [L, 
— anvma,  u^r,  life,  Gr.  anemos,  ^vind — ao, 
aemi,  Sans,  an,  to  breathe,  to  blow.] 

ANIMALCULE,  an-im-al'kul,  n.,  a  small 
animal,  esp.  one  that  cannot  be  seen  by 
the  naked  eye  •.—pi.  Anim a t/cules,  or 
Anhial'cula.  [L.  animakulum,  dim  oi 
animal.] 

ANIMALISM,  an'im-al-izm,  n.  the  state  oi 
being  actuated  by  animal  appetites  only  : 
sensuality. 

ANIMATE,  an'im-at,  v.t.  to  give  life  to : 
to  enliven  or  inspirit. — adj.  Uving' :  pos- 
sessing animal  lite.     [See  ANruAlT] 

ANIMATE,  an'i-mat,  v.i.  to  become  en- 
livened or  exhilarated :  to  rouse.  "  Mr. 
Arnott,  animating  at  this  speech,  glided 
behind  her  chair." — Miss  Burney. 

ANIMATED,  an'im-at-ed,  adj.  lively :  full 
of  spirit. 

ANIMATION,  an-im-a'shun,  n.  liveliness: 
vigor. 

ANIMISM,  an'im-izm,  n.  theory  which  re- 
g-ai'ds  the  beUef  in  spirits,  that  appear  in 
dreams,  etc.,  as  the  germ  of  religious 
ideas.     [L.  aninia,  the  soul.] 

ANBIOSITY,  an-im-os'i-ti,  n.  bitter  ha- 
tred :  enmity.  [L.  animositas,  fullness 
of  spirit.    See  Aothtat.J 

ANIMUS,  an'im-us,  n.  mtention :  spirit : 
prejudice    against.     [L.   animus,  spirit, 
soul,  as  dist.  from  anima,  the  mere  life,     "i 
See  Animal.] 

ANISE,  an'is,  n.  aromatic  plant,  the  seeds 
of  which  are  used  in  making  cordials. 

JGr.  anison.] 
nsOMETRIC,  arnTsS-met'rik,  adj.  a 
term  appUed  to  crystals  which  are  de- 
veloped dissimilarly  in  the  three  axial 
directions.  [Gr.  anisoa,  unequal,  and 
metron,  a  measure.] 

ANISOTROPE,  an-i-so-trOp,  ANISOTROP- 
IC, an'i-s6-trop'ik,  adj.  naving  different 
properties  in  different  directions:  not 
isotropic:  seolotropic. 

ANKER,  angk'er,  n.  a  liquid  measure  used 
on  the  continent,  formerly  in  England, 
varying  from  aboot  seven  to  nine  g^aJlons. 

rput.) 

ANKLE,  angk%  n.  the  joint  between  the 
foot  and  leg,  forming  an  angle  or  bend. 


ANKLET 


15 


ANTHROPOID. 


(A^,  ancleow,  cog.  with  Ger.  enkel,  and 

conn,  -with  Akgle.] 
ANKLET,  ang-k'let,  n.  an  ornament  for  the 

ankle. 
ANNA,  an'a,  n.  an  Indian  coin  worth  8  cts. 
ANNALIST,  an'al-ist,  n.  a  -writer  of  annals. 
ANNALS,   an'alz,  n.23l.  records  of  events 

under  the  years  in  which  they  happened: 

year-books.   [L.  annates — anmis,  a  year.] 
(■AKNEAL,  an-el',  v.t.  to  temper  glass  or 


metals  by  subjecting;  them  to  great  heat 
'  and  gradually  cooling  :  to  heat  in  order 
to  fix  colors  on,  as  glass. — n.  AKNEAi'lNQ. 
[A.S.  aiioelan,  to  set  on  Are — celan,  to 
burn.] 
ANNELIDA,  an-el'i-da,  n.  a  class  of  ani- 
mals having'  a  long  body  t.omposed  of 
numerous  rings,  as  worms,   leeches,  &c. 

JL.  annellus,  dim.  of  annulus,  a  ring.] 
TNLX,  an-naks',  v.t.  to  add  to  the  end: 
to  affix. — n.  sometliing  added.     [L. — ad, 
to,  necto,  to  tie.] 

ANNEXATION,  an-neks-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
annexing. 

ANNIHILATEj  an-nl'hil-at,  v.t.  to  reduce 
to  nothing :  to  put  out  of  existence.  [L. 
ad,  to,  tiiliil,  nothing.] 

ANNIHILATION,  an-ni-liil-a'shun,  n.  state 
of  being  reduced  to  nothing :  act  of  de- 
stroying. 

ANNIVERSARY,  an-ni-vers'ar-i,  adj.,  re- 
turning or  happening  every  2/ea)";  annual. 
— (I.  the  day  of  the  year  on  which  an 
€vent  happened  or  is  celebrated.  [L.  an- 
nus, a  year,  and  verto,  versum,  to  turn.] 

ANNOMINATE,  an-nom'in-at,  v.t.  to  name: 
especially,  to  give  a  punning  or  alht- 
erative  name  to.  (Rai-e.)  "  How  then 
shall  these  chapters  be  annominated  ?  " — 
Southey. 

ANNOTATE,  an'not-at,  v.t.,  to  make  notes 
upon.  [L.  annoto—^d,  to,  noto,  -atmn, 
to  markj 

AN^'NOTATION,  an-not-a'shun,  n.  a  note  of 
explanation :  comment. 

ANNOTATOE,  an-not-at'ur,  n.  a  wciter  of 
notes :  a  commentator. 

ANNOUNCE,  an-nowns',  v.t.  to  declare :  to 
g'i ve  pubUc  notice  of. — n.  iVNNOUNCE'MENT. 
[Fi\  annonoer,  L.  annunciare — ad,  to, 
nunoio,  -are,  to  deliver  news.] 

ANNOY,  an-noi',  v.t.  to  trouble:  to  vex: 
to  tease  :— uc.p.  Anxoy'ikg  ;  pa.p.  An- 
noyed'. [Fr.  ennuyer.  It.  annoiare — L. 
in  odio  esse,  to  be  hatefid  to.] 

ANNOYANCE,  an-noi'ans,  n.  that  which 
annoys.  ■• 

ANNUAL,  an'nu-al,  adj.,  yearly:  coming 
every  year:  requiring  to  be  renewed 
every  year. — n.  a  plant  that  lives  but 
one  year :  a  book  pubUshed  yearly. — adv. 
Akt'tJttat.t.v-  [L.  annualis — annus,  a 
year.] 

ASfNUITANT,  an-nil'it-ant,  k.  one  wjio  re- 

»    ceives  an  annuity. 

ANNUITY,  an-nu>ti,  n.  a  sum  of  money 
payable  yearly.     [L.  annus,  a  year.] 

ANNUL,  an-nul',  v.t.  to  make  mdl,  to  re- 
duce to  nothing :  to  abolish  •.—■pr.p.  An- 
NUii'iNG :  pa.p.  Annulued'.  [Tr.  annuler 
— L.  ad,  to,  nidlus,  none.] 

ANNTTT.AR,  an'nul-ar,  adj.  ring-shaped. 
[L.  annulus  or  anulus,  a  ring — dim.  of 
anv^,  a  rounding  or  ring.] 

ANNULATED,  an'nul-at-ed,  adj.  formed  or 
divided  into  rings.     [L.     See  AnjuILAK.] 

ANNUNCIATION,  an-nun-si-a'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  announcing. — AuNnNOlAliaN-DAY, 
the  anniversary  of  the  Angel's  salutation 
to  the  Virgin  Mary,  the  35th  of  March. 

JL.  See  Announce.] 
rODYNE,  an'o-din,  n.  a  medicine  that  al- 
lays pain.  [Gr.a,  an,  ueg.,a.a<iodpne,paia.] 
ANOINT,  an-oint',  v.t,  to  sniear  with  oint- 
ment or  oil :  to  consecrate  with  oU.  [O. 
Ft.  enoindre — L.  invngo,  miwu^itanr-tn, 
and  ungo,  to  smear.] 


ae  quality 


ANOINTED  (the),  an-omt'ed,  n.  the  Mes- 
siali. 

ANOMALOUS,  an-om'al-us,  adj.  irregular : 
deviating  from  rule.  fGr.  anomaws — a, 
an,  neg.,  and  homatos,  even — h(niios, 
same.] 

ANOMALY,  an-om'al-i,  n.  irregularity : 
deviation  5'om  rule.     [See  Anomalocs.] 

ANON,  au-on',  adv.,  in  one  (instant) :  im- 
mediately, 

ANONYME,  an'on-!m,  n.  an  assumed  or 
false  name.     [See  Anonyiiocb.] 

A2JONYMITY,  an-on-im'i-ti,  n.  thi 
or  state  of  being  anonymous, 

ANONYMOUS,  au-on 'im-us,  adj.,  wanting 
a  name:  not  having  the  real  name  of  the 
author. — adv.  Anoi?ymously.  [Gt.  ano- 
nyinos — a,  an,  neg.,  and  mioina,  name.] 

ANOTHER,  an-uWi,'er,  adj.  not  the  same : 
one  more :  any  other.  [A.S.  an,  one, 
and  Other.] 

ANSERINE,  an'ser-in  or  -in,  adj.,  relating 
to  the  goose  or  goose-tribe.  [L.  anser ; 
cog.  with  E.  Goose  (which  see),  Sams. 
hamsa.] 

ANSEROUS,  an'ser-us,  adj.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  goose  or  geese .:  Uke  a  goose : 
hence,  foolish :  sally :  simple.  Sydney 
Smith. 

ANSWER,  an'ser,  v.t.  to  reply  to :  to  sat- 
isfy or  solve:  to  suit. — v.i.  to  reply;  to 
be  acoovmtable  for :  to  correspond. — n. 
a  reply :  a  solution.  [Lit.  "  to  swear 
against,"  as  in  a  trial  by  law,  from 
A.S.  and-,  against,  swerian,  to  swear.] 

ANSWERABLE,  an'ser-a^bl,  adj.  able  to 
be  answered :  accountable  :  suitable ; 
equivalent. — adi\  An'sweeably. 

ANT.  ant,  n.  a  small  insect :  the  emmet. — 
n.  Ant'hill,  the  hillock  raised  by  ants  to 
form  their  nest.  [A  contr.  of  Emmet — 
A.S.  cemete.] 

ANTACID,  ant-as'id,  n.  a  medicine  which 
counteracts  acidity.  [Gr.  anti,  against, 
and  Acid.] 

A-NTAGONISM,  ant-ag'on-izm,  n.,  a  (in- 
tending or  struggling  against:  opposi- 
tion. [Gr.  anti,  against-— agroM,  contest. 
See  AooNY.] 

ANTAGONIST,  alnt-ag'on-ist,  n.,  one  who 
contends  or  struggles  vfith  another::  an 
opponent.  [Gr.  antagonistes.  See  An- 
tagonism.] 

ANTAGONIST,  an-tag'on-ist,  ANTAGON- 
ISTIC, ant-ag-on-ist'ik,  adj.  contending 
against,  opposed  to. 

ANTAGONIZE,  ant-ag'6-nlz,  vj.  to  act  in 
opposition  to;  to  counteract :  to  hinder. 
(Rare.)  "  The  active  principle  of  valerian 
root  is  .  .  .  found  to  greatly  deaden  the 
reflex  excitabUity  of  the  spinal  cord,  thus 
antagonising  the  operation  of  strych- 
nine."— Amer.  Ency. 

ANTARCTIC,  ant-arkt'ik,  adj.,  opposite  the 
Arctic :  relating  to  the  south  ^ole  or  to 
south  polar  regions.  [Gr.  anti,  opposite, 
and  Aectic] 

ANTE,  an'te.  n.  a  bet  placed  in  opposition 
to  the  dealer's  bet  in  playing  tne  game 
of  poker — hence  to  ante,  to  bet. 

ANTECEDENT,  an-te-sed'ent,  adj.,  going 
before  in  time :  prior. — n.  that  which  pre- 
cedes in  time  :  (gram.)  the  noun  or  pro- 
noun to  which  a  relative  pronoun  refers : 


—'pl.  pre\'ious  pi-inciples,   conduct,  his- 
tory,    etc.— otfw.      Anteced'ently. — n. 
Anteced'ence.    [L.  ante,  before,  cedens, 
■entis ;  pr.p.  of  eedo,  eessum,  to  go.] 
ANTECHAMBER,  an'te-cham-fcer,  n.    See 

AirfEROOM. 

AMTE-CHOIR,  an'te-kvvir,  w.  m  arch. 
that  pai't  between  the  doors  of  the  choir 
and  the  outer  ejitrance  of  the  screen, 
under  the  rood-loft,  forming  a  sort  of 
lobby  or  vestibule.  Ency.  Brit.  Oailed 
also  "FoRE-CHom. 

ANTEDATE,  an'te-ttac,  v,t.,  io  Uuie  before 


the  true  time :  to  anticipate.    jX.  ante, 
before,  and  Date.] 

ANTEDILUVIAN,  an-te-di-lu'w-an,  adj. 
existing  or  happening  before  the  Dduge 
or  the  Flood. — n.  one  who  iived  before 
the  Flood.     [See  Deluge.] 

ANTELIOS,  an-te'li-oB,  n.  the  position  of  a 
heavenly  body  when  opposite  or  ovei 
against  the  sun :  used  also  adjectively 
[Gr.  antelios.  opposite  the  sue — anti 
against,  and  helios,  the  sun.] 

ANTELOPE,  an'te-lop,  n.  a  quadruped  in 
termediate  between  the  deer  and  goat. 
[Etv.  dub/l 

ANTfiJIEErDIATSr,  an-te-me-ri'di-an,  adj., 
before  midday  or  noon.    £See  Mekidian.] 

ANTE-NAVE,  an'te-nav,  n.  in  arch,  same 
as  Galilee  (which  see). 

ANTENNA,  an-ten'e,  n.pt  the  feelers  or 
horns  of  insects.  [L.  antenna,  the  yard 
or  beam  of  a  saU.] 

ANTENUPTIAL,  an-te-nupsh'al,  adj.,  be- 
fore nuptials  or  mairiage.  [L.  ante, 
before,  and  Nuptial.] 

ANTEPENULT,  an-te-pen-ult'.  n.  the  syl- 
lable before  the  penult  or  next  ultimate 
syllable  of  a  word  ;  the  last  syllable  of  a 
word  hut  two. — adj.  Antepenult'iiiate. 
[L.  ante,  before,  and  Penult.] 

ANTERIOR,  an-te'n-or,  adj.,  before,  in 
time,  or  place :  in  front.  [L.,  comp.  of 
ante,  before.] 

ANTEROOM,  an'te-room,  n.,  a  rocnnttefore 
another  :  a  room  leading  into  a  principal 
apartment.     [L.  a;ife,  before,  and  ROOM.] 

ANTHELIOS,  an-the'li-os,  n.  same  as  Ante- 
lios. 

ANTHELMINTIC,  an-thel-mint'ik,  Oiij., 
destroying  or  expelling  worms.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  helmins,  helmintos.  a 
worm.] 

ANTHEM,  an'them,  n.  a  piece  of  sacred 
music  sung  in  alternate  parts :  a  piece  of 
sacred  music  set  to  a  passage  from  Scrip- 
tm-e.  [A.S.  antefen — Gr.  antipliona- 
anti,  in  return,  pihone.,  the  voice.] 

ANTHEM,  an'them,  v.t.  to  celebrate  or 
salute  with  an  anthem  or  song.    Keats. 

ANTHER,  an'ther,  n.  the  top  of  the  sta- 
men in  a  flower,  which  contains  the  pollen 
or  fertUizing  dust.  [Gr.  antheros,  flow- 
erv,  blooming.] 

ANT-HILL.     See  under  Ant. 

ANTHOGRAPHY,  an-tbog'ra-fi,  n.  that 
branch  of  botany  which  treats  of  flow- 
ers :  a  description  of  flowers.  [Gr.  oh- 
thos,  a  flower,  and  graphs,  description.] 

ANTHOID,  an'thoid,  adj.  ha\Tng  tlie  form 
of  a  flower:  resembling  a  flower.  [Gr. 
anthos,  a  flower,  and  eidos,  form.] 

ANTHOLOGY,  an-thol'oj-i,  n.  (lit.)  a 
gathering  or  collection  of  floirers :  a  col- 
lection of  poems  or  choice  literary  ex- 
tracts.—ac^.  Antholog'ical.  [Gr.  an 
til  OS.  a  flower,  kgo,  to  gather.] 

ANTHRACITE,  an'thras-It,  n.  a  kind  ol 
coal  tiiat  bm-ns  vrithout  flame,  etc.  [Gr 
anthrax,  coal.] 

ANTHRAX,  an'thraks,  n.  a  malignant  boil : 
a  splenic  fever  of  sheep  and  cattle.  [L.— 
Gr.  anthrax,  coal.] 

ANTHROPOCENTRIC,  an-thr5'p6-sen  trik, 
adj  aptjcllative  of  or  peitaining  to  any 
theory  "of  the  universe  or  solar  .system  in 
which  man  is  held  to  be  the  ultimate  end, 
and  in  which  he  is  assmned  to  be  the 
chief  or  central  piut  of  creation.  [Gr. 
anthropos.  a  man,  and  keiiiron,  a  centre. J 

ANTHROPOGENIC,  an-thro'po-je'nik,  adj. 
of  or  pertaining  to  anthroi)Ogeuy. 

ANTHROPOGENY,  an-thro'poi'en-i,  n. 
the  science  of  tlie  origin  and  develop- 
ment of  man.  [Gr.  anthropos,  maa, 
and  gennao.  to  beget.]  . 

ANTHROPOID,  anHhrop-oid,  cu^.,  mi  the 
I  Jorm  of  or  resembling  man.  fGr.  an- 
I      thrOpos,  man,  eidos.  fornuj 


ANTHROPOLOGY 


IC 


APHASIA 


UTTHROPOLOGY,  an-throp-ol'oj-i,  n.  the 
natural  history  of  man  in  its  widest 
sense,  treating  of  liis  relation  to  the 
brutes,  the  different  races,  etc. —  adj. 
AnthropOLOG'icaL.  [Gr.  anthrdpos,miin, 
and  logos,  discourse — lego,  to  say.] 

%NTHROPOMOEPHISM,  an-tbrop-o- 
morf'izm.  n.  the  representation  of  the 
Deity  in  the  form  of  man  or  with  bodily 
parts  :  the  ascription  to  the  Deity  of  hu- 
man affections  and  passions.— ac^.  An- 
theopomorph'ic.  [Gr.  anthrojjos,  man, 
morphe,  form.] 

ANTHROPOPHAGI,  an-throp-of'aj-i,  n.pl, 
man-eaters,  cannibals.— Anthropophag- 
ous, an-throp-of  ag-us,  adj.  [Gr.  antliro- 
pos,  man,  phago.  to  eat.] 

ANTHROPOPHAGY,  an-throp-of'aj-i,  n. 
cannibalism. 

ANTIANARCHIC,  an'ti-an-ar'kik,  adj.  op- 
posed to  anarchy  or  confusion.  "Your 
antianarehic  Girondins." — Carlyle. 

A.NTIC.  ant'ik,  adj.  odd :  ridiculous. — n. 
a  fantastic  figure :  a  buffoon :  a  trick. 
[Fr.  antique— -L.  antiquus,  ancient — ante, 
before.    Doublet  of  Antique.] 

ANTICHRIST,  an'ti-krist,  n.  the  great  op- 
poser  of  Christ  and  Christianity.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  Christ.] 

ANTICHRISTIAN,  an-ti-krist'yan,  adj.  re- 
lating to  Antichrist :  opposed  to  Chris- 
tianity. 

ANTICIPATE,  an-tis'ip-at,  v.t.  to  be  before- 
hand with  (another  person  or  thing),  to 
forestall  or  preoccupy :  to  foresee.  [L. 
anticipo,  -atwn — ante,  before,  capio,  to 
take.] 

ANTICIPATION,  an-tis-ip-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
anticipating :  foretaste :  previous  no- 
tion :  expectation. — adj.  Anti'cipaTORY. 

ANTICLIMAX,  an-ti-kllm'aks,  11.,  tlie  op- 
posite ofclimojc :  a  sentence  in  wliich  the 
ideas  become  less  important  towards  the 
close.     [Gr.  anti,  against,  and  Climax.] 

(LNTICLINAL,  an-ti-klin'al,  adj ,  sloping 
in  opposite  directions. — n.  (geol.)  the  line 
from  which  the  strata  descend  in  op- 
posite directions.  [Gr.  anti,  against, 
klino,  to  leanj 

\NTICYCLONE,  an'ti-si-klon,  n.  a  meteor- 
ological phenomenon  presenting  some 
features  opposite  to  those  of  a  cyclone. 
It  consists  of  a  region  of  high  barometric 
pressure,  the  pressure  being  greatest  in 
the  centre,  with  light  winds  flowing  out- 
wards from  the  centre,  and  not  inwards 
as  in  the  cyclone,  accompanied  with  great 
cold  in  winter  and  with  great  heat  in 
summer. 

ANTIDOTE,  an'ti-dot,  n.  that  which  is 
given  against  anything  that  would  pro- 
duce bad  effects  :  a  counter-poison  :  {fig.) 
amytliing  that  prevents  evil. — adj.  Aij'Tl- 
DOTAL.  [Gr.  antidotos — anti,  against, 
didomi,  to  give.] 

ANTILOGOUS,  an-til'o-gus,  adj.  in  elect. 
applied  to  that  pole  of  a  crystal  which  is 
negative  when  being  electrified  by  heat, 
and  afterwards,  when  cooUng,  positive. 

4NTIM0NY,  an'ti-mun-i,  n.  a  brittle 
white-colored  metal  much  used  in  the 
arts  and  in  medicine. — adj.  Antimon'ial. 
[Ety.  dub.] 

^NTINOMIAN,  an-ti-nom'i-an,  n.  one  who 
holds  that  the  law  is  not  a  rule  of  life 
under  the  Gospel. — adj.  against  the  law  : 
pertaining  to  the  Anttnomians. — n.  Anti- 
nom'iaotsm.  [Gr.  anti,  against,  nomos,  a 
lawj      

iiNTIPATHY,  an-tip'ath-i,  n.  dislike  :  re- 
pugnance :  opposition. — adj.  Antipa- 
thet'ic.  [Gr.  anti,  against,  pathos  feel- 
ing] 

ANTIPHLOGISTIC,  an-ti-floj-ist'ik,  adj., 
acting  against  heat,  or  inflammation. 
[Gr.  anti,  against,  phlogiston,  burnt — 
phlego,  to  burn.] 


ANTIPHON,  an'tLt-on,  ANTIPHONY,  an- 

tif'on-i,  n.,  alternate  chanting  or  singing. 
[Gr.  anti,  in  return,  a,nd  phone,  voice.  A 
doublet  of  Anthem.] 

ANTIPHONAL,  an-til"6n-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  antipliony. — n.  a  book  of  anti- 
phons  or  antliems. 

ANTIPODES,  an-tip'od-ez,  n.pl.  those  liv- 
ing on  the  other  side  of  the  globe,  and 
wliose  feet  are  thus  opposite  to  ours. — 
adj.  Antip'odal.  [Gr.  anti,  opposite  to, 
pons,  2)odos,  a  foot.] 

ANTIPOPE,  an'ti-pop,  n.  an  opposition 
pope  :  a  pretender  to  the  papacy.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  Pope.] 

ANTIQUARY,  an'ti-kwar-i,  n.  one  who 
studies  or  collects  ancient  things  :  one 
skUIed  in  antiquities. — adj.  Antiquarian, 
an-ti-kwar'i-an.  —  n.  Antiquar'IANISM. 
[From  Antique.] 

ANTIQUATED,  an'ti-kwat-ed,  adj.,  grown 
old,  or  out  of  fashion  :  obsolete. 

ANTIQUE,  an-tek',  adj.  ancient :  old-fash- 
ioned.— n.  anything  very  old  :  ancient 
relics. — n.  Antique'NESS.  [Fr. — L.  an- 
tiquus, old,  ancient — ante,  before.] 

ANTIQUITY,  an-tik'wi-ti,  n.,  ancient  times: 
great  age  :  a  reUc  of  the  past. 

ANTISABBATARIAN,  an-ti-sab-at-a'ri-an, 
n.  one  who  opposes  the  observance  of 
the  Lord's  day  with  the  strictness  of  the 
Jewish  Sabbath.  [Gr.  anti,  against,  and 
Sabbatarian.] 

ANTISCORBUTIC,  an-ti-skor-but'ik,  adj. 
acting  against  scurvy. — n.  a  remedy  for 
scurvy.  [Gr.  anti,  against,  and  SCOR- 
BUTIC.] 

ANTISEPTIC,  an-ti-sept'ik,  adj.  and  n., 
counteracting  putrefaction.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  sepd,  to  make  putrid.] 

ANTISTROPHE,  an-tis'trof-e,  n.  (poet.) 
the  stanza  of  a  song  alternating  with 
the  strophe.  [Gr.  anti,  against,  and 
StropheJ 

ANTITHESIS,  an-tith'e-sis,  n.  a  figure  in 
wliich  thoughts  or  words  are  set  in  con- 
trast :  opposition  -.—pi.  Antith'eses,  -sez. 
—adj.  AimTHET'ic,  -al. — adv.  Antiteth'- 
ICALLY.  [Gr.  anti,  against,  tithemi,  to 
place.] 

ANTI-TRADE,  an'ti-trad,  n.  a  name  given 
to  any  of  the  upper  tropical  winds  which 
move  northward  or  southward  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  trade-\vinds,  which 
blow  beneath  them  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion. These  great  aerial  currents  descend 
to  the  surface,  after  they  have  passed  the 
limits  of  the  trade-winds  and  form  the 
south-west,  or  west-south-west  winds  of 
the  north  temperate,  and  the  north-west, 
or  west-north-west  winds  of  the  south 
temperate  zones. 

ANTITYPE,  an'ti-tip,  n.  that  which  corre- 
sponds to  the  type:  that  which  is  pre- 
figured by  the  type.  [Gr.  anti,  corre- 
sponding to,  and  Type.] 

ANTLER,  antler,  ?i.  the  branch  of  a  stag's 
horn. — adj.  Ant'lered.    [Ety.  dub.] 

ANTONY-OVER,  an'to-ni-6ver,  n.  a  game 
at  ball  played  by  two  parties  of  boys  on 
opposite  sides  of  a  schoolhouse,  over 
which  the  ball  is  thi-own.    (Amer.) 

ANTOZONE,  ant'6-zon,  n.  a  compound  for- 
merly supposed  to  be  a  modification  of 
oxygen,  and  to  exhibit  qualities  dii-ectly 
opposed  to  those  of  ozone,  but  now  known 
to  be  the  peroxide  of  hj'drogen. 

ANUS,  an'us,  n.  the  lower  orifice  of  the 
bowels.  [L.,  for  as-nus,  "sitting-part," 
from  root  as,  to  sit.] 

ANVIL,  an'vil,  n.  an  iron  block  on  which 
smiths  hammer  metal  into  shape.  [A.S. 
anjilt.  on  filt — on  Jillan,  to  strike  down 
or  fell.    See  Fell,  v.t.} 

ANXIETY,  ang-zl'e-ti,  n.  state  of  being 
anxious. 

ANXIOUS,  angk'shus,  adj.  uneasy  regard- 


ing something  doubtful :  solicitous. — n. 
An'xiousness.  —  adv.  An'xiovsly.  fL, 
anxius  —  ango,  to  press  tightly.  See 
Anger,  Anguish.] 

ANY,  en'ni,  adj.,  o?ie  indefinitely :  some; 
whoever. — adv.  An'ything  (B.),  at  all.— 
An'Y'wise,  in  any  way.  [A.S.  aenig — an, 
one.] 

ANYBODY,  en'ni-bo-di,  n.  1,  any  one  per 
son  :  as,  anybody  can  do  that. — 2,  s,  well- 
known  person :  a  person  of  importance 
or  celebrity  :  as,  is  he  anybody  ?  [Colloq.] 

ANYONE,  en'ni-wun,  n.  any  person  :  any- 
body. 

ANYRATE,  en'ni-rat,  n.  used  only  in  the 
phrase  at  anyrate :  that  is,  whatever  con- 
siderations are  to  be  taken  account  of : 
under  any  circumstances  :  whatever  else  : 
as,  you  at  anyrate  need  not  reproach 
me  :  he  was  going  there  at  anyrate. 

ANYWHEN,  en'ni-when,  adv.  at  any  time. 
"  An\'Avhere  or  anywhen." — De  Quincey. 
(Rare'.) 

ANYWHERE,  en'ni-hwar,  adv.  in  any 
place. 

ANYWHITHER,  en'ni-hwifA-er,  adv.  to 
any  place. 

AONlAN,  a-6'ni-an,  adj.  pertaining  to 
Aonia  in  Greece,  or  to  the  Muses  sup- 
posed to  dwell  there. 

AORIST,  a'or^ist,  n.  the  name  of  certain 
tenses  in  the  Greek  verb  expressing  in- 
definite time. — adj.  indefinite  :  undefined. 
[Gr.  aoristos,  indefinite  —  a,  priv.,  and 
lioros,  a  limit.] 

AORTA,  a-or'ta,  w.  the  great  artery  that 
rises  up  from  tiie  left  ventricle  of  the 
heart. — adjs.  Aor'tal,  Aor'tic.  [Gr. 
aorte — aeiro,  to  raise  up.] 

APACE,  a-pas',  adv.  at  a  quick  pace: 
swiftly :  fast.     [Prefix  a,  and  Pace?] 

APART,  a-part',  adv.  separately :  aside. 
[Fr.  aparte — L.  a  p>arte,  from  the  part 
or  side.] 

APARTMENT,  a-part'ment,  n.  a  separate 
room  in  a  house.  [Fr.  appartement,  a 
suite  of  rooms  forming  a  complete  dwell- 
ing, tnrough  Low  L.,  from  L.  ad,  and 
partire,  to  divide^sars,  a  part.] 

APATHY,  ap'ath-i,  n.,  want  of  feeling: 
absence  of  passion  :  indifference. — adj. 
Apathet'ic.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  pathos,  feel- 
ing.] 

APE,  ap,  n.  a  taUless  monkey :  a  sUly  imi- 
tator.— v.t.  to  imitate,  as  an  ape.  [A.S. 
apa,  Ger.  affe.} 

APEAK,  a-pek',  adv.  (naut.)  the  anchor  is 
apeak  when  the  cable  is  drawn  so  as  to 
bring  the  ship's  bow  directly  over  it.  [a, 
on,  and  Peak.] 

APEDOM,  ap'dimi,  APEHOOD,  ap'hud,  n. 
the  state  of  being  an  ape,  or  of  being 
apish.  "This  early  condition  of  ape- 
dom." — De  Quincey. 

There^s  a  do^-faced  dwarf 
That  gets  to  godship  somehow,  yet  retains 
His  apehood.  — Browning. 

APERIENT,  a-pe'ri-ent,  adj.,  opening: 
mildly  purgative. — n.  any  laxative  medi- 
cine.    [L.  aperio,  to  open.] 

APERITIVE,  a-per'it-iv,  n.  an  aperient. 
"  Gentle  aperitives." — Richardson. 

APERTURE,  a'pert-ur,  n.,  an  opiening:  a 
hole.     [L.  apertura — aperio,  to  open.] 

APEX,  apeks,  n.,  the  summit  ov  point  :- 
pi.    Apexes,    a'peks-ez,    Apices,    ap'i- 
sez.     [L.] 

APHANAPTERIX,  af-an-ap'ter-iks,  n.  a 
genus  of  large  Ralline  birds,  incapable  of 
flight,  the  remains  of  which  are  found  in 
the  post-tertiary  deposits  of  Mauritius. 
They  survived  into  the  hmnan  period, 
and  were  exterminated  at  a  compara- 
tively late  date.  [Gr.  aphanes,  obscure, 
and  pteryz,  a  wing.] 

APHASIA,  a-fa'zi-a,  n.  in  pathol.  a  symp- 
tom of  certain  morbid  conditions  of  the 


APHASIC 


17 


APPLE 


nervous  system,  in  which  the  patient 
loses  the  power  of  expressing  ideas  by 
means  of  words,  or  loses  the  appropriate 
use  of  words,  the  vocal  organs  the  while 
remaining  intact  and  the  intelligence 
sound.  There  is  sometimes  an  entire 
loss  of  words  as  connected  with  ideas, 
and  sometimes  only  the  loss  of  a  few.  In 
one  form  of  the  disease,  called  Aphemia, 
-  the  patient  can  think  and  write,  but  can- 
-  not  speak  ;  in  another,  called  Agraphia, 
he  can  think  and  speak,  but  cannot  ex- 
press his  ideas  in  wi-iting.  In  a  great 
majority  of  cases  where  post-mortem 
examinations  have  been  made,  morbid 
changes  have  been  found  in  the  left 
frontal  convolution  of  the  brain.  [Gr. 
a^priv.,  a^nd phasis,  speech.] 

APHASIC,  a-fa'zdk,  adj.  of  or  pertaining 
to  aphasia. 

APHASIC,  a-fa'zik,  n.  a  person  affected 
with  aphasia. 

APHELION,  af-el'jTin,  n.  the  point  of  a 

Jilanet's  orbit  farthest  away  from  the  sun. 
Gr.  apo,  from,  helios,  the  sun.] 
'HELIOTROPISM,  af-e'li-ot'r6-pi2m,  n. 
in  bot.  a  tendency  to  turn  away  from  the 
sun  or  the  light,  as  opposed  to  Helio- 
TROPISM  (which  see).  Darwin.  [Gr.  apo, 
away  from,  helios,  the  sun,  ana  trope,  a 
turning.] 

APHEMIA,  a-fe'mi-a,  n.  in  pathol.  a  form 
of  aphasia  in  which  the  patient  can 
think  and  write,  but  cannot  speak.  See 
Aphasia.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  phemi,  I 
speak.] 

APHERESIS,  af-e're-sis,  n.  the  taking  of  a 
letter  or  syllable  from,  the  beginning  of 
a  word.    [Gr.  apo,  from,  haireo,  to  take.] 

APHORISM,  af'or-izm,  n.  a  brief  pithy 
saying :  an  adage.  [Gr.  aphorizo,  to 
mark  off  by  boundaries — apo,  from,  and 
horos,  a  limit.] 

APHORIZMING,  af-or-i^'ming,  adj.  much 
given  to  the  use  of  aphorisms.  "There 
is  no  art  that  hath  been  more  cankered 
in  her  principles,  more  soUed  and  slab- 
bered with  aphorizming  pedantry,  than 
the  art  of  policy." — Milton. 

APHORISTIC,  -AL,  af-or-ist'ik,  -al,  adj.  in 
the  form  of  an  aphorism. — adv.  Aphor- 
ist'icauly. 

APHRODISIAN,  af-ro-diz'i-an,  adj.  of,  or 
pertaining  to,  or  given  up  to  unlawful 
sexual  pleasures.  [Gr.  aphrodisios,  per- 
taining to  sexual  pleasures,  from  Aphro- 
dite, the  goddess  of  love.]  "They 
showed  me  the  state  nursery  for  the 
children  of  those  apihrodisian  dames, 
their  favorites." — C.  Reade. 

APIARY,  ap'i-ar-i,  n.  a  place  where  bees 
are  kept.     [L.  apiarium — apis,  a  bee.] 

APIECE,  a-pes',  adv.,  in  piece:  to  each. 

APISH,  ap'ish,  adj.  Uke  an  ape  :  imitative : 
foppish. — adv.  Ap'ishly. — n.  Ap'ishness. 

APOCALYPSE,  a-pok'al-ips,  n.  the  name 
of  the  last  book  of  the  New  Testament. 
— adj.  Apocalypt'ic,  -al.  [Gr.,  a  reve- 
lation, an  uncovering — apo,  from,  ka- 
lypto,  kalypso,  to  cover.] 

APOCOPE,  a-pok'op-e,  n.,  the  cutting  off 
of  the  last  letter  or  syllable  of  a  word. 
[Gr.  apo,  off,  kopto,  to  cut.] 

APNCEIA,  ap-ne'a,  n.  in  mea.  absence  of 
respiration  :  insensible  respiration :  as- 
phyxia. [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  pnoie,  a 
breathing,  from  p>n60,  to  breathe.] 

APOCRYPHA,  a-pok'rif-a,  n.  certain  books 
whose  inspiration  is  not  admitted. — adj. 
Apoc'rtphal.  [Gr.,  "  tilings  hidden" — 
apo,  from,  krypto,  to  hide.] 

APOGEE,  ap'o-je,  n.  the  point  in  the 
moon's  orbit  furthest  aivay  from  the 
earth.     [Gr.  apo,  from,  ge,  the  earth.] 

APOGEOTROPlSM,  ap'o-ge-ot'ro-pizm,  n. 
a  tendency  to  turn  or  bend  in  opposi- 
tion to  gravity,  or  away  ft-om  the  cen- 
B 


tre  of  the  earth,  as  opposed  to  Geotrop- 
ISM  (which  see).  Darwin.  [Gr.  ajjo,  away 
from,  ore,  the  earth,  and  trope,  a  turning.] 

APOLOGETIC,  -AL,  a-pol-oj-et'ik,  -al,  adj. 
excusing  :  said  or  written  in  defence. — 
adv.  Apologet'ically. 

APOLOGETIC,  a-pol-oj-et'ik,  n.  an  apol- 
ogy. "Full  of  deprecatories  and  apolo- 
getics."— Roger  North. 

APOLOGETICS,  a-pol-oj-et'iks,  n.  branch 
of  theology  concerned  vrith  the  defence 
of  Christianity. 

APOLOGIZE,  arpol'oj-Iz,  v.i.  to  make  ex- 
cuse. 

APOLOGIST,  a-pol'oj-ist,  n.onewno  makes 
an  apology  :  a  defender. 

APOLOGUE,  a'pol-og,  n.  a  moral  tale :  a 
fable.  [Fr. — Gr.  apologos,  a  fable — apo, 
from,  logos,  speech.] 

APOLOGY,  a-pol'oj-i,  n.  something  spoken 
to  ward  off  an  attack  :  a  defence  or  justi- 
fication :  an  excuse.  [Gr. — apo,  from, 
logos,  speech.] 

APOPHTHEGM^,  a'po-them,  n.  a  form  of 
Apothegm. 

APOPLECTIC,  -AL,  a-po-plekt'ik,  -al,  adj. 
of  or  predisposed  to  apoplexy. 

APOPLEXY,  a'po-pleks-i,  n.  loss  of  sensa^ 
tion  and  of  motion  by  a  sudden  stroke. 
[Gr.  apoplexia — apo,  from,  away,  and 
plesso,  to  strike.] 

APOSIOPESTIC,  ap'o-si-o-pes'tik,  adj.  of 
or  pertaining  to  an  aposiopesis.  "That 
interjection  of  surprise  .  .  .  with  the 
aposiopestic  break  after  it,  marked  thus, 
2J_<js^ " Sterne. 

APOSTASY,  APOSTACY,  a-post'arsi,  n. 
abandonment  of  one's  reUgion,  prin- 
ciples, or  party.  [Gr.  "  a  standing 
away  " — apo,  from,  stasis,  a  standing.] 

APOSTATE,  a-post'at,  n.  one  guilty  of 
apostasy  :  a  renegade. — adj.  false  :  trai- 
torous :  fallen. — Apostatize,  a-post'at-iz, 
v.i.  to  commit  apostasy. 

APOSTLE,  a-pos'l,  n.  one  sent  to  preach 
the  Gospel :  specially,  one  of  the  twelve 
disciples  of  Christ. — Apostleship,  a-pos'l- 
ship,  n.  the  office  or  dignity  of  an  apostle. 
— Apostolic,  -al,  a-pos-tol'ik,  -al,  adj. 
[Gr.,  one  sent  away,  apo,  away,  stello,  to 
send.] 

APOSTROPHE,  a-post'rof-e,  n.  {rhet.)  a 
sudden  turning  away  from  the  subject 
to  address  some  person  or  object  present 
or  absent :  a  mark  ( ' ),  showing  the  omis- 
sion of  a  letter.  [Gr.  apo,  from,  and 
Strophe,  a  turningr] 

APOSTROPHIZE,  a-post'rof-iz,  v.t.  to  ad- 
dress by  apostrophe. 

APOTHECARY,  a-poth'ek-ar-i,  n.  one  who 
dispenses  medicine.  [Gr.  apotheke,  a 
storehouse — apo,  away,  and  tithemi,  to 
place.  ]^ 

APOTHEGM,  a'po-them,  n.  a  terse  pointed 
remark :  an  aphorism.  [Gr.  apo,  from, 
out,  phthengomai,  to  speak  plainly.] 

APOTHEOSIS,  a-po-the'o-sis,  n.  deifica- 
tion. [Gr.,  a  setting  aside  as  a  god — apo, 
away  from  what  he  was,  theos,  a  god.T 

APPAX/,  ap-pawl',  v.t.  to  terrify  :  to  dis- 
may.—:pr.p.  appall'ing  :  pa.p.  appalled'. 
[Ace.  to  Skeat,  from  Celtic  pall,  to 
weaken,  and  not  from  O.  Fr.  apalir,  to 
growpalej 

APPANAGE,  ap'pan-aj,  n.  a  provision  for 
younger  sons  :  aliment.  [Fr.  apanage — 
L.  ad,  and  pants,  bread.] 

APPARATUS,  ap-par-at'us,  n.  things  pre- 
2iared  or  provided  :  set  of  instruments  or 
tools.     [L.  ad,  to,  paratus,  prepared.] 

APPAREL  ap-par'el,  n.  covering  for  the 
body :  dress. — v.t.  to  dress,  adorn  :-^pr.p. 
appar'elUng  or  appai-'eling ;  pa.p.  ap- 
par'elled  or  appar'eled.  [Fi-.  appareil— 
pareiller,  to  put  like  to  Uke,  to  assort  or 
suit— pareil,  like— L.  par,  equal,  Uke.] 

APPARENT,  ap-par'eut,  adj.  that  may  be 


seen  :  evident :  seeming. — adv.  Appab'- 
ently. — n.  Appar'entness.  [L.  ap- 
parens.    See  Appear.] 

APPARITION,  ap-par-Lsh'un,  n.,  an  ap. 
pearance  :  something  only  apparent,  not 
real :  a  ghost.— adj.  Appari'tional.  [See 
Appear.] 

APPARITOR,  ap-par'it-or,  n.  an  ofiicer 
who  attends  on  a  court  or  on  a  magis- 
trate to  execute  orders.  [L. — root  of 
Appear.] 

APPEAL,  ap-pel',  v.i.  to  caU  upon,  have 
recourse  to  :  to  refer  (to  a  witness  oi 
superior  authority).— r./.  to  remove  a 
cause  (to  another  court). — n.  act  of  ap- 
pealing.— adj.  Appeal' ABLE.  [L.  appem, 
-atum,  to  address,  call  by  name.] 

APPPALTNGNESS,  ap-pel'ing-nes,  n.  the 
quaUty  of  appealing  or  beseeching,  as 
for  mercy,  aid,  sympathy,  or  the  like. 
"Ready  sympathy  .  .  .  niade  him  aUve 
to  a  certain  appealingness  in  her  be= 
havior  towards  him." — Oeorge  Eliot. 

APPEAR,  ap-per',  v.i.  to  become  visible  : 
to  be  present :  to  seem,  though  not  real. 
[L.  aj)pareo — ad,  to,  pareo,  paritum,  to 
come  forth.] 

APPEARANCE,  ap-per'ans,  n.  the  act  of 
appearing :  the  thing  seen :  apparent 
Ukeness  :  arrival  :  show. 

APPEASE,  ap-pez',  u<.  to  pacify:  to  quiet: 
to  aUay. — adj.  Appeas'able.  [Fr.  apaiser 
— L.  ad,  tOjpax, pacts,  peaceri 

APPELLABILITY,  ap-pel'a-bd'i-ti,  n.  the 
state  or  quaUty  of  being  appealable. 

APPELLABLE,  ap-pel'a-bl,  adj  capable  ot 
being  appealed :  appealable. 

APPELLANT,  ap-pel  ant,  n.  one  who  ap- 
peals. 

APPELLATE,  ap-pel'at,  adj.  relating  to 
appeals. 

APPELLA-nON,  ap-pel-a'shun,  7i.  that  by 
which  anything  is  called :  a  name.  [$€« 
Appeal.]  

APPELLATIVE,  ap-pel'at-iv,  n.  a  name 
common  to  aU  of  the  same  kind,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  proper  name. — adj. 
common  to  many  :  general. 

APPEND,  ap-pend',  v.t.,  to  hang  one  thing 
to  another :  to  add.  [L.  ad,  to,  pendo, 
to  hang.] 

APPENDAGE,  ap-pend'aj,  n.  something 
appended. 

APPENDIX,  ap-pend'iks,  n.  something  ap- 
pended or  added  :  a  supplement  -.—pL 
Append'ixes,  -iks-ez,  Append'ices,  -is-ez. 

APPERTAIN,  ap-per-tan',  v.i.,  t»  belong 
to.  [Fr.  from  L.  ad,  to,  pertineo,  to  be- 
long.    See  Pertain.] 

APPETENCE,  ap'pet-ens,  APPETENCY, 
ap'pet-ens-i,  n.,  a  seeking  after  :  desire, 
especiaUy  sensual  desire.  [L.  ad,  to, 
tipif)   to  spf k  I 

APPETIZE,  ap'pet-Iz,  v.t.  to  create  or 
whet  appetite. 

APPETIZER,  ap'pet-iz-er,  n.  something 
which  whets  the  appetite. 

APPETITE,  ap'net-It,  n.  natural  desire'. 
desire  for  food  :  hunger.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
a])})etitiis — appeto.    See  Appetence.] 

APPLAUD,  ap-plawd',  i:t.  to  praise  by 
clapping  the  hands  :  to  praise  loudly :  t« 
extol.  [L.  applaudo — ad,  to,  plaudo. 
plausum,  to  clap.    See  Explode.] 

APPLAUSE,  ap-plawz',  n.  praise  loudlr 
expressed  :  acclamation. — adj.  Applaus- 
ive. 

APPLE,  ap1,  n.  the  fruit  of  the  apple-tree 
— The  apple  of  the  eye,  the  eye-baU 
AppI-£  brandy,  a  kind  of  brandy  distilled 
from  cider.  Apple  bctter,  a  sauce  made 
of  apples  stewed  down  in  cider,  which  ia 
put  away  Uke  butter  in  tubs  for  use  dur- 
ing the  vrinter.  Apple  jack,  same  as 
apple  brandy.  APPLE  SLUMP,  a  New 
England  dish  consisting  of  apples  and 
molasses  baked  within  a  oread  pie  in  aa 


APPLIANCE 


16 


ABBOR 


Iron  pot.  (Amer.)  JA-S.  apt:  the  wo«J 
is  found  in  all  the  Teutonic  tongues,  in 
the  Celtic  and  tlie  Slavonic] 

APPLIANCE,  ap-plTans,  n.  anything  ap- 
plied :  means  used. 

APPLICABLE,  ap'plik-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
DeappUed:  suitable. — adv.  AypuCABLT. 
—ns.    Applicabil'ity,  Ap'pucableness. 

APPLICANT,  ap'plik-ant,  n.  one  who  ap- 
plies :  a  petitioner. 

APPLICATION,  ap-plik-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  applying :  the  thing  applied  i  close 
thought  or  attention :  request :  solicita- 
tion. 

APPLY,  ap-plT,  v.t.  to  lay  or  put  to :  to 
employ :  to  fix  the  mind  on. — v.i.  to  suit 
or  agree :  to  have  recourse  to :  to  make 
request  '.—pr.p.  apply'ing ;  pa.p.  ap illed'. 
[O.  Fr.  aplier,  L.  applico,  -are — art,  to, 
plico,  -atiim,  to  foldr] 

APPOINT,  ap-point',  v.t.  to  fix :  to  settle  : 
to  name  to  an  office  :  to  equip.  [O.  Fr. 
apointer,  Prov.  apuntar.  Low  L.  oppunc- 
tare — L.  ad,  to,  punetum,  a  point.] 

APPOINTJIENT,  ap-point'ment,  w.  settle- 
ment :  situation  :  arrangement :  — p^. 
equipments. 

APPORTION,  ap-p5r'shun,  v.t.,  to  portion 
out :  to  divide  m  just  shares. — n.  Appoe'- 
TiONMENT.    [L.  ad,  to,  and  Portion.] 

APPOSITE,  ap'poz-It,  adj.  adapted :  suit- 
able.— i.dl\  APPOSITELY. — n.  Ap'posite- 
NESS.  [L.  apposittis,  pa.  p.  of  appono,  to 
put  to — ad,  to,  pono,  to  put.] 

APPOSITION,  ap-poz-ish'un,  n.  the  act  of 
adding :  state  of  being  placed  together  or 
against:  {gram.)  the  annexing  of  one 
noun  to  another,  in  the  same  case  or 
relation,  in  order  to  explain  or  limit  the 
first.    [See  Apposite.] 

APPRAISE,  ap-praz*,  v.t.,  to  set,a price  on; 
to  value  with  a  view  to  sale.  \Fr.  ap- 
pricier,  O.  Fr.  apreiser,  L.  appreiio,  -are 
— ad,  to,  pretimn,  price.] 

APPRAISEJIENT,  ap-pra^ment,  n.  a  valu- 
ation. 

APPRAISER,  ap-praz'er,  n.  one  who  values 
property. 

APPRECIATE,  ap-pre'shi-5t,  v.t.  (lit.)  to  set 
a  price  on  :  to  estimate  justly — used  fig- 
uratively: also  to  raise  the  value  of, 
(Amer.)— ad/.  Appee'ciable. — adv.  Ap- 
pre'ciablt.  [L.  appretiatus,  pa.p.  of 
appretio.    See  Appraise.] 

APPRECIATION,  ap-pre-shi-a'shun,  ?!.  the 
act  of  settina:  a  value  on ;  just  estimation, 

APPRECIATrV'E,  ap-pre'shi-at-iv,  APPRE- 
CIATORY,  ap-pre'sni-at-or-i,  a^.  imply- 
ing appreciation. 

APPREHEND,  ap-pre-hend',  v.t.,  to  lay 
hold  of :  to  seize  oy  authority :  to  catch 
the  meaning  of :  to  understand  :  to  fear. 
—adj.  Apprehens'ible.  [L,  apprehendo 
—ad,  to,  prehendo,  -hensum,  to  lay  hold 
of,  from  proe  and  root  heiid,  which  is  for 
hed,  the  n  being  intrusive,  and  this  akin 
to  English  get.  Compare  Gr.  chandand 
— ^root  chad,  to  hold.] 

APPREHENSION,  ap-pre-hen'shun,  n.  act 
of  apprehending  or  seizing :  arrest :  con- 
ception :  fear.      

APPREHENSI VE,  ap-pre-hens'iv,  adj. 
fearful :  suspicious. — n.  Appeehens'ive- 

NESS. 

APPRENTICE,  ap-prent'is,  n.  {lit.)  a 
learner :  one  bound  to  another  to  learn 
a  trade  or  art. — t'.^  to  bind  as  an  appren- 
tice. [Fr.  ap2>renti,  O.  Fr.  apprentis — 
apprendre — L.  apprehendere,  to  learn. 
See  APPREHE^•D.J 

APPRENTICESHIP,  ap-prent'is-ship,  n, 
the  state  of  an  apprentice. 

APPRISE,  ap-prtz*,  v.t.  to  give  notice :  to 
inform.  [Fr.  appre^idre,  pa.p.  ajjpris, 
to  instruct,  from  root  of  APPREHEirt).] 

APPROACH,  ap-pr6ch',  v.t.  to  draw  near : 
to  approximate. — v.t.  to  come  near  to : 


to  resemble. — it.  a  drawing  near  to :  aiv 
cess  :  a  path  or  avenue. — adj.  Appboa<^- 
ABLE.  iFr.  approcher.  Low  L.  appro- 
piare—la.  ad,  Xio,  prove,  near.] 

APPROBATE,  ap'pro-bat,  v.t.\o  express 
approbation  of.*   (Amer.) 

APPROBATION,  ap-prob-a'shun,  n.  ap- 
proval.   [See  Approve.] 

APPROPINQUITY,  ap-pr5-ping'tn-i-ti,  n. 
the  state  of  being  near  :  nearness.  Lamb. 

APPROPRIATE,  ap-pro'pri-at,  v.t.  to  take 
to  one's  self  as  one's  oim  .•  to  set  apart 
for  a  purpose. — adj.  set  apart  for  a  par- 
ticular purpose  :  peculiar :  suitable.  — 
adv.  Appro'priately. — n.  Appro'priate- 
NESS.  [L.  approprio,  -atum  —  ad,  to, 
moprins,  one's  ovra.    See  Proper.] 

APPROPRIATION,  aji-pro-pri-a'shun,  n. 
the  act  of  appropriating :  application  to 
a  particular  purpose. 

APPROVAL,  ap-jM'oov'al,  n.  the  act  of  ap- 
pro\ing :  approbation. 

APPROVE,  ap-proo\-',  v.t.  (lit.)  to  esteem 
good  :  to  be  pleased  with  :  to  commend ; 
to  sanction. — adv.  Approv'ingly.  [Ft. 
approuvo;  Prov.  aprobar,  L.  approbo, 
•atnm — ad,  to,  and  probo,  to  test  or  try 
—probvs.  good.]  [prove. 

APPROVEN,  ap-proo^•'n,  old  pa.p.  of  Ap- 

APPROVER,  ap-prSov'er,  Ji.  one  who  ap- 
proves :  (lau-)  an  accomplice  in  crime 
admitted  to  give  evidence  against  a  pris- 
oner. 

APPROXBIATE,  ap-proks'im-at.a^/.  ,«ear- 
est  or  next :  approaching  correctness.— 
v.t,  to  come  near,  to  approach. — adv. 
Approx'diately.  [L.  approximo,  -atnm 
— ad,  to,  proximxis,  nearest,  superlative 
of  prope,  near.    See  Approach.] 

APPROXIMATION,  ap-proks-im-a*shun,  n. 
an  approach. 

APPURTENANCTE,  ap-pur'ten-ans,  n.,  that 
which  ajjpertains  to :  an  appendage. — 
adj.  Appdr'tenant.  [Fr.  appartenanee, 
O.  Fr.  apttrtenaunse,  from  root  of  Ap- 

PERTAml 

APRICOCK,  a'pri-kok,  n.  old  form  of  Apri- 
cot. 

APRICOT,  a'pri-kot,  n.  a  fruit  of  the  plum 
kind,  [O.E.  apricock.  Fr.  abricot.  The 
Fr.  abricot  was  from  Port.  albricoqne= 
At.  al-barqiiq.  But  barg;uq  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  Low  Gr.  pirailxokion,  which  is 
simply  the  L.  prcecoquum  or  pra:cox, 
early  ripe.    See  Precocious.] 

APRIL,  a  pril,  n.  the  fourth  month  of  the 
year,  when  the  earth  opens  to  bring  forth 
fruits,  etc,  [L.  Aprilis=aperilis — aperio, 
to  open.] 

APRON,  a'prun,  tu  a  cloth  or  piece  of 
leather  worn  before  one  to  protect  the 
dress.  —  adj.  A'proned.  [O.E.  and  Fr. 
naperon — Fr.  nappe,  cloth,  table-cloth. 
Low  L.  mappa,  a  napkin.] 

APRONEER,  Srprun-er,  n.  one  who  wears 
an  apron ;  a  tradesman  or  shopman. 
"  Some  surly  aproneer." — Bp.  Gavden. 

APROPOS,  ar-pro-po',  adv.,  to  thepvrpose: 
appropriately:  m  reference  to.  [Fr.  d 
rn'opos.    See  Propose.] 

APSE,  aps,  n.  an  arched  recess  at  the  end 
of  the  choir  of  a  chm-ch.    [See  Apsis.] 

APSIDAL,  ap'sid-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
apsides,  or  to  the  apse  of  a  church. 

APSIS,  ap'sis,  n.  one  of  the  two  extreme 
points  in  the  orbit  of  a  planet,  one  at  the 
greatest,  the  other  at  the  least  distance 
from  the  son  i— pi.  Ap'sides.  [L.  apsis 
— Gr.  hapsis,  a  connection,  an  arch- 
hapta,  to  connect.    See  Apt.] 

APT,  apt,  adj.  liable:  ready:  quick.  fL. 
aptus,  fit — apo,  to  join ;  cog.  vtith  Gr. 
haptd.] 

APTeRYX,  ap'ter-lks,  n.  a  bird  found  in 
New  Zealand,  wingless  and  tailless.  [Gr. 
g,  priv.,  pteryx,  wing.] 

ap-trnus,  n.  a  genus  of  coleop- 


terous insects  belonging  to  the  C!ap»b,' 

dee.      [See  BOBIBARDrER-BEETLE.] 

APTITUDE,  apt'i-tud,  n.  fitness:  tend- 
ency :  readiness. — adv.  Apt'ly. — n.  APT- 
NESS.    [Low  L.  aptitvdo — root  of  Apt.] 

AQUA-FORTIS,  a'tna-for'tis,  n.  (lit.) 
strong  water:  nitric  acid.  [L.  aqua, 
water, /or/is.  strong.] 

AQUAMANILE,  aVwa-ma-nns,  n.  the 
basin  in  which,  according  to  the  ancient 
church  ceremony,  the  priest  washes  his 
hands  in  celebrating  the  mass.  Also  ap- 
plied to  vessels  of  the  ewer  kind  formerly 
used  in  private  houses,  and  frequently 
made  into  grotesque  forms  representing 
a  real  or  fabulous  animal  or  the  like 
[From  L.  aqua,  water,  and  manare,  to 
flow.] 

AQUARIUM,  a-kwa'ri-um,  n.  a  tank  or 
vessel  for  water  plants  and  animals :  a 
public  collection  of  such  tanks :  — pi, 
Aqua'riums  or  Aqua'ria.  [L. — aqua, 
water.l 

AQUARIUS,  a-kwa'ri-us.  n.,  the  water- 
bearer,  a  sign  of  the  zodiac.  [L.  aqua^ 
water.] 

AQUATIC,  a-kwat'ik,  adj.,  relating  to 
water;  li\'ing  or  growing  in  water. — 
Aquatics,  a-kwat'iks,  n.  amusements  on 
the  water,  as  boating,  etc. 

AQUA-VIT^,  a'kwa-vj'te,  n.  git.)  water  of 
life,  a  name  g^iven  to  ardent  spuits.  [C 
aqua,  water,  vitce,  of  life,  vita.] 

AQUEDUCT,  aVwe-dukt,  n.  an  artificial 
channel  for  conveying  tcater.  [L.  aqua, 
water — duco,  ductum,  to  lead.] 

AQUEOUS,  a'kwe-us,  a^/.  watery :  depos- 
ited by  water. 

AQUILINE,  ak'wil-in  or  -in.  adj.  relating 
to  the  eagle:  hooked,  like  an  eagle's  beak, 
JTj.  aquila.] 

ARAB,  ar'ab,  71.  a  native  of  Arabia:  s 
neglected  or  homeless  boy  or  girl,  usually 
Sttr.p'ft  Arab 

AEABESQUE, '  ar'ab-esk,  adj.  after  the 
manner  of  Arabian  designs. — n.  a  fan- 
tastic painted  or  sculptured  ornament 
among  the  Spanish  Moors,  consisting  ov 
foUage  and  other  parts  of  plants  curi- 
ously intertwined.  [Fr. — ^It.  arabesco'; 
-esco  corresponding  to  Eng.  -ish.] 

ARABIAN,  ar-ab'i-an,  adj.  relating  to  Ar- 
abia.— n.  a  native  of  Arabia. 

ARABIC,  ar'ab-ik,  adj.  relating  to  Arabia, 
or  to  its  language. — «.  the  language  of 
Arabia.     [L.  Arabieus.] 

ARABLE,  ar'a-bl,  adj.  fit  for  ploughing  or 
tillage.     [L.  arabilis — aro  ;  cog.  with  Gr 
aroo,  to  plough,  A.S.  erian,  E,  Ear,  v.t,, 
Ir.  araim.] 

ARAMAIC,  ar-a^ma'ik,  ARAMEAN,  ar-a 
me'an,  adj.  relating  to  Aramcea,  the 
whole  of  the  country  to  the  N.E.  of 
Palestine,  or  to  its  language,  a  branch  of 
the  Semitic. 

ARBITER,  arTiit-er,  n.  one  chosen  by  par- 
ties in  controversy  to  decide  between 
them :  a  judge  having  absolute  power  of 
decision  :  an  lunpire  :—fem.  Arbitress. 
[L. — ar.=ad,  tO;  and  bito  (cog.  with  Gr. 
oai-nd).  to  go  or  come  ;  sig.  one  whc 
comes  to  look  on,  a  witness,  a  judge.] 

ARBITRAMENT,  ar-bit'ra-ment,  n.  the  de- 
cision of  an  arbiter :  determinatioc : 
choice. 

ARBITRARY,  arT)ltr-ar-i,  adj.  depending 
on  the  will  (as  of  an  arbiter) :  not  boimc 
by  rules  :  despotic  :  absolute. — adv.  Ae- 
bitrarily. — n.  Ar'sitrariness. 

ARBITRATE,  ar^itr-at,  v.t.  to  act  as  an 
arbiter :  to  determine. — n.  Arbitra'Tion. 

ARBITRATOR,  arT)i-tra-tur,  n.  same  a<! 
Arbiter.— fern.  Ar'bitrateix. 

ARBOR,  SrTjur,  n.  an  inclosed  seat  in  s 
garden,  covered  with  branches  of  trees, 
plants,  etc:  abower,  [Acorr  ot  harbor, 
a  shelter.l 


AKBOREOUS 


19 


ARITHMETIC 


ARBOREOUS,  ar-bor'e-us,  adj.,  of  or  be- 
longing to  trees.  [L.  arboreus — arbor,  a 
tree.] 

ARBORESCENT,  ar-bor-es'ent,  adj.  grow- 
ing or  formed  like  a  tree. — n.  Arbores'- 
CENCE.  [L.  arboresoo,  to  become  a  tree — 
arbor,  a  tree.] 

ARBORETUM,  ar-bor-et'um,  n.  a  place  in 
which  specimens  of  trees  and  shrubs  are 
cultivated  ■.—pi.  AEBOEeT'A.    [L. — arbor, 

ARBORICULTURE,  ar'bor-i-kult-ur,  n., 
the  culture  of  trees,  esp.  timber-trees. — 
adj.  Arboricul'ttjeal.  — n.  Arboricul'- 
TURIST.    [L.  arbor,  and  Culture.] 

ARBUTE,  ar'but,  ARBUTUS,  ar'but-us,  n. 
the  strawberry  tree:  an  evergi-een  shrub, 
which  bears  fi-uit  resembling  the  straw- 
berry.   [L.  arbutus,  akin  to  arbor,  tree.] 

ARC,  ark,  n.  a  segment  of  a  circle  or  other 
curve. — Electric  aec,  in  electric  light- 
ing, the  light  emitted  by  an  electric  cur- 
rent in  crossing  over  the  small  interval  of 
space  between  the  carbon  points.  Called 
also  Voltaic  arc.  [Fr. — L.  amis,  a 
bow.l 

ARCADE,  ark-ud',  n.  a  wa'.k  arched  over  : 
a  long  arched  gallery,  lined  wth  shops 
on  both  sides.  [Fr. — L.  areata,  arched. 
See  Arch.] 

ARCADIAN,  ark-ad'i-an,  adj.  pertaining 
to  Arcadia,  a  district  in  Greece:  pastoral: 
rural. 

ARCANUM,  ark-an'um,  n.  a  secret :  a 
mystery  : — pi.  Arcan'a.  [L. — arcanus, 
secret,  closed — area,  a  chest.] 

ARCH,  arch,  n.  a  construction  of  stones  or 
other  materials,  arranged  in  the  line  of 
a  curve,  so  as  by  mutual  pressure  to  sup- 
port each  other. — v.t.  to  cover  with  an 
arch  :  to  bend  into  the  form  of  an  arch. 
[From  Fr.  arc,  as  ditch  is  from  dyke — la. 
areus,  a  bow.] 

ARCH,  arch,  adj.  cunning :  sly  :  waggish : 
mirthful :  shrewd. — adv.  Arch'lt. — n. 
Abch'ness.  [A.S.  earg,  timid,  slothful ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  arg,  mischievous,  bad.] 

ARCH,  arch  (ark,  before  a  vowel),  adj.  used 
as  a  prefix  :  the  first  or  chief.  [A.S.  arce, 
from  Lat.  and  Gr.  archi-, — Gr.  arclte, 
beginning.] 

ARCHEOLOGY,  ark-e-ol'oj-i,  «.  knowl- 
edge of  ancient  art,  customs,  etc.:  the 
science  of  P-iitiquities. — adj.  Arch^OLOG'- 
ICAL.  —  ach}.  Aech^olo'j'ically.  —  n. 
ARcaEOL'OGiST.  [Gr.  archaips,  ancient 
— arche,  beginning,  and  logos,  discourse.] 

ARCHAIC,  -AX,  ark-a'ik,  -al,  adj..  ancient: 
obsolete.  [Gr.  arehaikos — archaios,  an- 
cient— arche,  beginning.] 

ARCHAISM,  ark'a-izm,  n.  an  archaic  or 
obsolete  word  or  phrase. 

ARCHAIST,  ar-ka'ist,  n.  an  antiquarian : 
an  archaeologist.     E.  B.  Browning. 

ARCHANGEL,  ark-an'jel,  n.  an  angel  of 
the  highest  order. — adj.  Archangel'IC. 
[Arch,  chief,  and  Angel.] 

ARCHBISHOP,  arch-bish'up,  n.,  a  chief 
bishop :  the  bishop  of  a  province  as  well 
as  of  his  own  diocese. — n.  Archbish'- 
OPRic.    [Arch,  chief,  and  Bishop.] 

ARCHBISHOPESS,  arch-bish'up-es,  n.  the 
wife  of  an  archbishop.     Miss  Bumey. 

ARCHDEACON,  arch-de'lm,  n.,  a  chief 
deacon  :  the  officer  having  the  chief 
super\'ision  of  a  diocese  or  part  of  it, 
next  under  the  bishop.  —  n.  AECHDELi'- 
OONBY,  the  office,  jurisdiction,  or  residence 
-'^fan  archdeacon. — n.  Archdea'conship, 
iHe  office  of  an  archdeacon.  [Arch,  chief, 
and  Deacon.]^ 

ARCHDIOCESE,  arch-di'o-sez,  n.  the  dio- 
cese of  an  archbishop. 

ARCHDUKE,  arch-duk',  n.,  a  chief  duke  : 
a  prince  of  Austria.— /e??!.  Archduch'ess. 
—adj.  Aechdu'cal.  —  ns.  Archduch'y, 
Archduke'dom,  the  territory  of  an  arch- 


duke or  archduchess.  [Arch,  chief,  and 
Duke.] 

ARCHER,  arch'er,  n.  one  who  shoots  mth 
a  bow  and  arrows: — fern.  Arch'eress. 
[Fr. — arc,  L.  arcus,  a  bow.] 

ARCHERY,  arch'er-i,  n.  the  art  of  shooting 
with  the  bow. 

ARCHETYPE,  ark-e-tip,  ??,.  the  original 
pattern  or  model.  —  adj.  Archetyp'al. 
[Gr.  arclie=archi-,  original,  and  typos, 
a  model.] 

ARCHIDIACONAL,  iirk-i-di-ak'on-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  an  archdeacon.  [Gr.  archi- 
ls here  taken  directly  from  Greek.  See 
Archdeacon.  1 

ARCHIEPISCOPAL,  ark-i-ep-i'skop-al,  adj. 
belonging  to  an  archbishop. — Archiepis'- 
COPACY,  n.  dignity  or  province  of  an 
archbishop.     [See  Episcopal.] 

ARCHIPELAGO,  ark-i-pel'a-go,  n.  the  chief 
sea  of  the  Greeks,  or  the  J^gean  sea  : 
a  sea  abounding  in  small  islands.  [Gr. 
archi-,  chief,  pelagos,  sea.] 

ARCHITECT,  arki-tekt,  n.  one  who  de- 
signs buildings  and  superintends  their 
erection  :  a  maker.  [Gr.  architekton — 
archi-,  chief,  and  tektbn,  a  builder.] 

ARCHITECTURE,  ark'i-tekt'tir,  n.,  the  art 
or  science  of  building :  structui-e. — adj. 
Architect'ural. 

ARCHITECTURE,  ark'i-tekt'ur,  v.t.  to  con- 
struct :  to  build. 

This  was  architectur^d  thus 
By  the  great  Oceauus. — Keats. 

ARCHITRAVE,  ark'i-trav,  n.,  the  chief 
beam :  (arch.)  the  lowest  division  of  the 
entablature  resting  immediately  on  the 
abacus  of  the  column.  [It.  from  Gr. 
archi-,  chief,  and  L.  trabs,  a  beam — the 
chief  beam.] 

ARCHIVES,  ark'ivz,  n.  the  place  in  which 
government  records  are  kept :  pubhc 
records.  [Fr. — Gr.  archeion — atche,  gov- 
ernment.] 

ARCHIVIST,  ark'iv-ist,  n.  a  keeper  of 
archives  or  records. 

ARCHON,  ark'on,  n.  one  of  nine  chief 
magistrates  who  at  one  time  governed 
ancient  Athens.  [Gr.  archo,  to  be  first, 
to  rule.] 

ARCHWAY,  arch'wa,  n.  a  way  or  passage 
under  an  arch. 

ARCOSOLIUM,  ar-ko-so'li-um,  n.  a  term 
applied  to  those  receptacles  for  dead 
bodies  of  martyrs  in  the  Catacombs  which 
consist  of  a  deep  niche  cut  in  the  rocky 
wall,  arched  above,  and  under  the  arch 
a  sarcophagus  excavated  in  the  solid 
rock.  The  flat  cover  of  the  sarcophagus 
might  be  used  as  an  altar :  and  such 
tombs  were  often  richly  ornamented. 
[L.L.,  from  L.  arcus,  an  arch,  and  solium, 
a  sarcophagus,  a  throne.] 

ARCTIC,  arkt'ik,  adj.  relating  to  the  con- 
stellation the  Great  Bear,  or  the  north. 
JGr.  arktos.  a  bear.] 
:CTOGEAL,  ark-to-je'al,  adj.  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  colder  parts  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere.  "  The  great  arctogeal 
province."  —  Huxley.  [Gr.  arctos,  the 
north,  and  gea,  the  earth.] 

ARDENCY,  ard'en-si,  ARDOR,  ard'or,  n. 
warmth  of  passion  or  feeling :  eager- 
ness. 

ARDENT,  ard'ent,  adj.,  burning:  fiery: 
passionate. — adv.  Ard'ENTLY.  [L.  ardens 
— ardeo,  to  burn.] 

ARDUOUS,  ard'u-us,  a<^'.  difficult  to  ac- 
complish :  laborious. — adv.  Ard'uously. 
— n.  Ard'uousness.  [L.  arduus,  high, 
akin  to  Celt,  ard,  high,  height.] 

ARE,  ar,  the  plural  of  the  present  indica- 
tive of  the  verb  to  be.  [M.E.  ar-en  was 
the  northern  form  which  took  the  place 
of  A.S.  sindon.  Dan.  er-es,  ar-en=as-en  ; 
er-e=es-e  ;  the  root  is  as-,  to  be  seen  in 
L.  ea-se,  s-um  for  es-um.    See  Was.] 


AREA,  a're-a,  n.  any  plane  surface  or  in 
closed  space  :  the  sunken  space  around 
the  basement  of  a  building :  (geom.)  the 
superficial  contents  of  any  figure.     [L.] 

ARENA,  a-re'na,  n.  an  open  space  strewed 
with  sand  for  combatants  :  any  place 
of  public  contest. — adj.  Arena'ceous, 
sandy.     [L.  arena,  sand.] 

ARENATED,  ar'e-na-ted,  adj.  reduced  or 
ground  into  sand.     [L.  arena,  sand.] 

AREOPAGITE,  ar-e-op'aj-it,  n.  a  member 
of  the  Areopagus. 

AREOPAGUS  ar-e-op'ag-us,  n..  Mars' 
Hill,  on  which  the  supreme  court  of  an- 
cient Athens  was  held  :  the  court  itself, 
[L. — Gr.  Areios  pagos,  hUl  of  Ares — or 
Mars.] 

ARETAICS,  ar-e-ta'iks,  n.  in  ethics,  same 
asARETOLOGY.  Orotc.  [Gr.  arrfe.  virtue.] 

ARETOLOGY,  ar-e-tol'o-ji,  n.  that  part  of 
naoral  philosophy  which  treats  of  virtue, 
its  nature,  and  the  means  of  attaining  to 
it.  [Gr.  arete,  virtne,  and  logos,  dis- 
coursed 

ARGENT,  arj'ent,  adj.  made  of,  or  Uke 
sOver.  [Fr. — L.  argentum,  silver — Gr 
argos,  white.] 

ARGILLACEOUS,  arj-ill-a'shus,  adj.  of  the 
nature  of  clay.  [L.  argilla—Gr.  argilos, 
white  cla^' — argos,  white.] 

ARGONAUT,  ar'go-nawt,  n.  one  of  those 
who  sailed  in  the  ship  Argo  in  search 
of  the  golden  fleece.  [Gr.  Argo,  and 
nautes,  a  sailor.] 

ARGOSY,  ar'go-si,  n.  a  large  merchant- 
vessel  richly  laden.  [Prob.  from  the  ship 
Argo.    See  Argonaut.] 

ARGUE,  arg'u,  v.t.  to  prove  by  argument ; 
to  discuss. — v.i.  to  offer  reasons  :  to  dis- 
pute -.—pr.j}.  ar'guing ;  jja.p.  ar'gued. 
[L.  arguo,  to  prove — from  root  of  Gr. 
argos,  clear,  and  so^to  make  clear.] 

ARGUMENT,  arg'u-ment,  n.  a  reason  of- 
fered as  proof  :  a  series  of  reasons  :  a 
discussion  :  subject  of  a  discourse.  [L. 
argumentum.    See  Argue.] 

ARGUMENTATION,  arg-u-ment-a'shun, 
n.  an  arguing  or  reasoning. — adj.  Argu- 
ment'attve.  —  adv.  Argument' ATI  v ely, 
— n.  Argument' ativeness. 

ARGUS,  arg'us,  n.  a  mj-thological  being, 
said  to  have  had  a  hundred  eyes,  some  of 
which  were  always  awake :  any  very 
watchful  person.     [Gr. — argos,  bright.] 

ARIAN,  a'ri-an,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Arius 
of  Alexandria  (4th  c),  who  denied  the 
divinity  of  Christ. — n.  one  who  adheres 
to  the  doctrines  of  Alius :  a  Unitarian. 
— Arianism,  a'ri-an-izm,  n.  the  doctrines 
of  the  Arians. 

ARID,  ar'id,  adj.,  dry:  parched. — ns.  Arid' 
ity,  Ar'idness.    [L.  aridus.] 

ARIES,  a'ri-ez,  n.,  the  Ram,  the  first  of  the 
signs  of  the  zodiac,  which  the  sun  en- 
ters on  March  21.     [L.] 

ARIGHT,  a-rit',  adv.  in  a  right  way: 
rightly. 

ARISE,  a-rlz*,  v.i.,  to  rise  up:  to  come  into 
view :  to  spring :— -pa. <.  arose,  a-roz" ; 
pa.p.  aris'en.  [Prefix  a  (as  in  Abide), 
and  Rise.] 

ARISTOCRACY,  ar-is-tok'ras-i,  n.,  govern- 
ment  by  the  best  men  or  nobles :  the 
nobility  or  chief  persons  of  a  state.  [Gr^ 
arisfos.  best,  and  kratos,  power.] 

ARISTOCRAT,  ar'is-to-krat  or  ar-is'-,  n 
one  who  belongs  to  or  favors  an  aris 
tocracy  :  a  haughty  person. — Aeisto 
CRATIC,  -al,  ar-is-to-krat'ik,  -al,  adlj 
belonging  to  aristocracy. — adv.  Aeisto 
ceat'ically. 

ARISTOTELIAN,  ar-is-to-teli-an,  adj.  re- 
lating to  Aristotle  or  to  hi.s  ))hilosophy. 

ARITHMETIC,  ar-ith'met-ik,  n.  the  science 
of  numbers :  the  art  of  reckoning  by 
flgiu-es. — adj.  Arithmet'ical. — adv.  Ab- 
rrmiET'iCALLY.  [Gr.  arithmetike  (ttchnl. 


ARITHMETICIAN 


20 


ARTICULATE 


art),  relating-  to  numbers  —  arithmos, 
number.] 

AEITHJIETICIAN,  ar-ith-me-tish'yan,  n. 
one  skilled  in  arithmetic. 

AJEUTHMOCRACY,  ar-ith-mok'ra-si,  n. 
rule  or  government  by  a  majority.  "A 
democracy  of  mere  numbers  is  no  democ- 
racy, but  a  mere  brute  arithmocracy." — 
Kingsley. 

AKITHMOCRATIC,  a-rith'mo-krat'ik,  adj. 
of  or  pertaining  to  an  arithmocracy  or 
rule  of  numbers.  "American  democ- 
racy, being  merely  arithmocratic,  pro- 
vides no  representation  whatsoever  for 
the  more  educated  and  more  experienced 
minority.  "—Kingsley. 

ARK,  ark,  n.  a  west  or  coffer  :  a  large 
floating  vessel :  a  large,  flat  boat  used 
on  some  of  the  western  rivers  of  the 
United  States,  to  transport  merchandise. 
[A.S.  arc — ^L.  area,  a  chest — arceo,  to 
guard.] 

ARM,  arm,  n.  the  hmb  extending  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  hand  :  anything  project- 
ing from  the  main  body,  as  an  inlet  of 
the  sea  :  (Jig.)  power. — n.  Arm'FUI,. — adj. 
Arm'lkss. — n.  Ahm'let,  a  bracelet. 
[A.S. ;  cog.  vrith  L.  armus,  the  shoulder- 
joint.  Gr.  harmos,  a  joint.  From  root 
ar-.    See  Arms.] 

ARM,  arm,  n.  a  weapon :  a  branch  of  the 
military  service.     [Sing,  of  Akms.] 

ARM,  arm,  v.t.  to  furnish  with  arms  or 
weapons  :  to  fortify. — i\i.  to  take  arms. 
[L.  anno,  to  arm — arma,  weapons.  See 
Abms.] 

ARMADA,  arm-a'da,  n.  a  fleet  of  armed 
ships.  [Sp. — L.  armatus,  armed — armo, 
to  arm.l 

ABMADlixLO,  arm-a-dill'o,  n.  a  smaU 
quadruped,  having  its  body  armed  with 
a  bony  shell  -.^-pl.  Aemadill'os.  [Sp. 
dim.  of  armado,  armed.] 

ARMAMENT,  arm'a-ment,  n.  forces  armed 
or  equipped  for  war  :  the  guns,  etc.,  with 
which  a  ship  is  armed.  [L.  armamenta 
— arma.] 

ARMENIAN,  ar-me'ni-an,  adj.  belonging 
to  Armenia,  a  country  of  Western  Asia. 
— n.  a  native  of  Armenia. 

ARMENIAN,  ar-min'yan,  adj.  holding  the 
doctrines  of  Arminitis. — 7i.  a  follower  of 
Arminius,  a  Dutch  divine,  who  denied 
the  Cahnnistic  doctrine  of  election. — n. 
Abmtm'taxtsm. 

ARMIPOTENT,  arm-i'pot-ent,  adj., power- 
ful in  arms.  [L.  arma,  arms,  potens, 
-entis,  powerful.] 

ARMISTICE,  arm'ist-is,  n.  a  short  suspen- 
sion of  hostilities  :  a  truce.  [Fr. — L. 
arma,  arms,  sisto,  to  stop.] 

ARMORIAL,  arm-or'i-al,  adj.  belonging  to 
armor,  or  to  the  arms  of  a  family. 

ARMORIC,  ar-mor'ik,  n.  the  language  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Armorica,  the  ancient 
name  for  Brittany.  [L.  Armoricus — 
Celt,  ar,  on,  vior,  the  sea.] 

ARMOR,  arm'ur,  n.  defensive  arms  or 
dress :  plating  of  ships  of  war. — n. 
Arm'or-beareb. — adj.  Ajim'or-plated. 

ARMORER,  arm'ur-er,  n.  a  maker  or  re- 
pairer of,  or  one  who  has  the  charge  of 
armor. 

ARMORY,  arm'ur-i,  n.  the  place  in  which 
arms  are  made  or  kept :  a  collection  of 
ancient  armor. 

ARMPIT,  arm'pit,  n.  the  pit  or  hoUow  un- 
der the  shoulder. 

ARMS,  armz,  n.pl.  weapons  of  offence  and 
defence  :  war  :  hostOity  :  armorial  en- 
signs. [L.  anna,  (lit.)  "fittings;"  Gr. 
harmona,  the  tackling  of  a  ship — root 
ar-,  to  fit ;  conn,  with  Asm,  the  limb.] 

ARMSWEEP,  arm'swep,  n.  the  length  of 
reach  or  svring  of  an  arm.  Browning. 
(Poetical.) 

AR^IY,  arm'i,  n.  a  large  body  of  men  armed 


for  war  and  under  military  concmiand  :  a 
host.     [Fr.  armie — L.  armata.] 

AROMA,  a-ro'ma,  n.  sweet  smell :  the  odor- 
ous principle  of  plants  :  (fig.)  flavor  of  any 
kind.     [Gr.] 

AROMATIC,  ar-o-mat'ik,  adj.  fragrant : 
spicy. 

AROSE,  a-roz",  past  tense  of  Arise. 

AROUND,  a^rownd',  prep,  on  all  sides  of. — 
adi\  on  every  side  :  in  a  circle.  [A,  on, 
and  RoUM).] 

AROUSE,  a-rowz',  v.t.     Same  as  RouSE. 

ARPENT,  ar'oang,  n.  an  acre.     [Fr.] 

ARQUEBUSfi,  ARQUEBUSS,  ar'kwi-bus, 
n.  an  old-fashioned  hand-gun.  [Fr. 
arquebiise,  from  Dut.  haakous — haak, 
hook,  and  bus,  box,  barrel  of  a  gun ; 
Ger.  hakenbiieh.se.] 

ARRACK,  ar'ak,  n.  an  ardent  spirit  used 
in  the  East.     [Ar.  araq,  juice  or  sweet.] 

ARRAIGN,  ar-ran',  v.t.  to  call  one  to  ac- 
count :  to  put  a  prisoner  upon  trial :  to 
accuse  publicly. — n.  Arraign'meiw.  [O. 
Fr.  aragnier,  Fr.  arraisonn^i — Low  L. 
arrationare—Ti.  ad,  to,  ratio,  reason.] 

ARRANGE,  ar-ranj',  v.t.  to  set  in  a  rank 
or  row  :  to  put  in  order  :  to  settle.  [Fr. 
arranger — a  ( — L.  ad,  to),  and  ranger. 
See  RangeJ^ 

ARRANGEMENT,  ar-ranj'ment,  n.  act  of 
arranging :  classification  :  settlement. 

ARRANT,  ar'rant,  adj.  downright,  noto- 
rious (used  in  a  haA  sense).  [Corr.  of 
arghand,  pr.p.  of  argh,  the  northern 
form  of  A.S.  eargian,  to  be  a  coward, 
Ger.  arg,  bad.] 

ARRAS,  ar'ras,  n.  tapestry.  [From  Arras 
in  Northern  France,  where  first  manu- 
factured.] 

ARRAY,  ar-ra',  n.  order :  dress :  equipage. 
— v.t.  to  put  in  order:  to  arrange:  to 
dress,  adorn,  or  equip.  [O.  Fr.  arroi, 
array,  equipage — L.  ad,  and  a  Teut.  root, 
found  either  in  O.  Grer.  rat  (Oer.  rath), 
counsel,  E.  Read,  or  in  E.  Ready,  Ger. 
be-reit.] 

ARREAR,  a'rer,  v.t.  to  cause  to  rise:  to 
raise  up:  to  rear.  "A  desperate  pre- 
sumption arreared." — Fidler. 

ARREAR,  ar-rer',  n.  that  which  is  in  the 
rear  or  behind :  that  which  remains  un- 
paid or  undone  (used  mostly  in  pi.) ;  also, 
the  rear.  "  The  arrear  consisting  of  be- 
tween three  and  four  thousand  foot." — 
Heylin.  [Fr.  arriire,  behind — L.  ad,  to, 
retro,  back,  behind.] 

ARREST,  ar-rest',  v.t.  to  stop  :  to  seize  :  to 
apprehend  by  legal  authority. — n.  stop- 
page :  seizure  by  warrant.  [Fr.  arreter 
for  arrester — L.  ad,  to,  resto,  to  stand 
stiUJ 

ARRIERO,  ar-ri-arro',  n.  a  muleteer.    [Sp.] 

ARRIVAL,  ar-riVal,  n.  the  act  of  arriving : 
persons  or  things  that  arrive. 

ARRIVE,  ar-riV,  v.i.  (fol.  by  at)  to  reach 
any  place  :  to  attain  to  any  object.  [Fr. 
arriver — Low  L.  adripare — L.  ad,  to, 
ripa,  a  bank  ;  as  if,  to  reach  the  bankj 

ARROGANCE,  ar'rog-ans,  ARROGANCY, 
ar'rog-ans-i,  n.  undue  assumption  of  im- 
portance. 

ARROGANT,  ar'rog-ant,  adj.  claiming  too 
much :  overbearing. — adv.  Ar'rogantly. 

ARROGATE,  ar'rog-at,  v.t.  to  claim  as 
one's  own  :  to  claim  proudly  or  unduly. 
PLi.  arrogo — ad,  to,  rogo,  rogatum,  to  ask, 
to  claim.] 

ARRONDISSEMENT,  ar-ron'des-mang,  n. 
a  subcUvision  of  a  French  department. 
[Fr. — arrondir,  to  make  round — L.  ad, 
and  Fr.  rond.    See  Round.] 

ARROW,  ar'ro,  n.  a  straight,  pointed 
weapon,  made  to  be  shot  from  a  bow. — 
n.  Arrow-head,  ar'ro-hed.  —  Arrow- 
headed,  ar'ro-hed'ed,  adj.  shaped  Uke  the 
head  of  an  arrow.  [A.S.  areioe  ;  Ice.  or, 
akin  perhaps  to  Ice.  orr,  the  swift.] 


ARROWLET,  a'ro-let,  n.  a  Uttle  arrow. 
Tennyson . 

ARROWROOT,  ar'r6-ro5t,  n.  a  starch  ob- 
tained from  the  roots  of  certain  plants 
growing  chiefly  in  W.  Indies,  and  much 
used  as  food  for  invalids  and  children. 
[Said  to  be  so  named  because  used  by 
the  Indians  of  S.  America  as  an  antidote 
against  wounds  caused  by  poisoned  ar- 
rows.] 

ARROWY,  ar'ro-i,  adj.  of  or  like  arrows. 

ARROYO,  ar-ro'yo,  n.  a  ravine.  [Sp.] 

ARSENAL,  ar'se-nal,  n.  a  pubUc  magazine 
or  manufactory  of  naval  and  military 
stores.  [Fr.  and  Sp.;  from  Ar.  d&r,  a 
house,  and  cina'at,  trade. 

ARSENIC,  ar'sen-ik,  n.  a  mineral  poison  : 
a  soft,  gray-colored  metal.  [Gr.  arsen, 
male  ;  the  alchemists  fancied  some  met- 
als male,  others  female.] 

ARSENIC,  -AL,  ar-sen'ik,  -al,  adj.  com- 
posed of  or  containing  arsenic. 

ARSON,  ars'on,  n.  the  crime  of  willfully 
burning  houses  or  other  buildings.  [O. 
Fr.  arson — L.  ardeo,  arsum,  to  burn.] 

ART,  art,  2d  pers.  sing,  of  the  present 
tense  of  the  verb  to  be.     [A.S.  eart.] 

ART,  art,  71.  practical  skill  guided  by  rules : 
the  rules  and  methods  of  doing  certain 
actions :  a  profession  or  trade  :  contriv- 
ance :  skOl  :  cunning :  artifice.  [L.  ars, 
artis,  from  root  ar-,  to  fit.     See  Arm.] 

ARTERIALIZE,  ar-te'ri-al-Iz,  v.t.  to  make 
arterial. 

ARTERY,  ar'ter-i,  n.  a  tube  or  vessel 
which  conveys  blood  from  the  heart. — 
adj.  Arte'rial.  [L. — Gr.  arteria,  orig. 
the  windpipe,  the  bronchice,  then  appUed 
to  the  arteries  :  perh.  conn,  with  artad, 
I  fasten  to,  hang  from.] 

ARTESIAN,  ar-te'zhan,  adj.  appUed  to 
weUs  made  by  boring  until  water  is 
reached.  [From  Artois  (anc.  Artesium), 
in  the  north  of  France,  where  these  wells 
are  said  to  have  been  first  made.] 

ARTFUL,  art'fool,  adj.  full  of  art:  cun- 
ning.— adv.  Art'ftjlly. — n.  Art'ftjlness. 

ARTHROGRAPHY,  ar-throg'ra-fi,  n.  m 
anat.  a  description  of  the  joints.  [Gr. 
arthron,  a  joint,  and  graphe,  descrip- 
tionj 

ARTHURIAN,  ar-thQ'ri-an,  adj.  of  or  per- 
taining to  King  Arthur,  or  to  the  legends 
connected  with  him  and  his  knights  of 
the  Round  Table.  "  Among  the  writers 
of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  cen- 
turies the  historical  existence  of  Arthur 
was,  with  a  few  rare  exceptions,  denied, 
and  the  Arthurian  legend  regarded  pure- 
ly as  an  invention  of  the  worthy  chron- 
icler, Greoffrey  of  Monmouth."  —  Ency. 
Brit. 

ARTIAD,  ar'ti-ad,  n.  in  chem.  a  name  given 
to  an  element  of  even  equivalency,  as  a 
dyad,  tetrad,  etc.  :  opposed  to  a  perissad, 
an  element  of  uneven  equivalency,  such 
as  a  monad,  triad,  etc. 

ARTICHOKE,  ar'ti-chok,  n.  an  eatable 
plant  with  large  scaly  heads,  hke  the 
cone  of  the  pine.  [Fr.  artichaut,  It.  ar- 
ticiocco,  Sp.  alcaehofa,  Ar.  alharshaf.] 

ARTICLE-,  art'i-kl,  n.  a  separate  element, 
member,  or  part  of  anything  :  a  particu- 
lar substance  :  a  single  clause,  or  term  : 
(gram.)  one  of  the  particles,  an  or  a  and 
the. — v.t.  to  draw  up  or  bind  by  articles. 
[L.  articulus,  a  little  joint — artus,  a  joint 
— root  ar-,  to  join. 

ARTICULAR,  ar-tik'ul-ar,  adj.,  belonging 
to  the  joints.     [See  Article.] 

ARTICULATE,  ar-tik'iil-at,  adj.  distinct : 
clear. — v.t.  to  joint :  to  form  into  dis- 
tinct sounds,  syllables,  or  words. — v.i. 
to  speak  distinctly. — acfr.  Artic'tjlately. 
— n.  Artic'clatexess.  [L.  o.rticulo. 
-atum,  to  furnish  with  iomts.  to  utter 
distinctly.    See  Article.] 


ARTICULATION 


31 


ASSAIL 


ARTICULATION,  ftr-tik-ul-a'shuii,  «.,  a 
Joining,  as  of  the  bones  :  distinct  utter- 
ance :  a  consonant. 

ARTIFICE,  art'i-fis,  n.  a  contrivance :  a 
trick  or  fraud.  [L.  artificium — artifex, 
-fids,  an  artificer — ars,  artis,  and  faeio, 
to  make.] 

ARTIFICER,  ar-tif'is-er,  n.  a  workman : 
an  inventor. 

ARTIFICIAL,  art-i-flsh'yal,  adj.,  made  by 
art :  not  natural :  cultivated  :  not  in- 
digenous :  feigned. — adv.  Artific'iaix,t. 
J^e  Artifice.] 
;TILLERIST,  ar-tU'er-ist,  n.  one  skiUed 
in  artillery  or  gunnery. 

ARTILLERY,  ar-til'er-i,  n.  offensive  weap- 
ons of  war,  esp.  cannon,  mortars,  etc.  : 
the  men  who  manage  them  :  a  branch 
of  the  militai|y  service  :  gunnery.  [Fr. 
artillerie — O.  Fr.  artiller,  to  arm :  from 
a  supposed  Low  L.  artillare — L.  ars,  artis, 
art.] 

ARTILLERY-MAN,  ar-tU'er-i-man,  n.  a 
soldier  of  the  artillerj'. 

ARTISAN,  art'i-zan,  n.  one  skilled  in  any 
art  or  trade  :  a  mechanic.  [Fr.  artisan, 
It.  artigiano  =  L.  as  if  artitianus — 
artitiis,  skilled  in  the  arts — ars,  artis, 
art.] 

ARTIST,  art'ist,  n. ,  one  who  practices  an 
art,  esp.  one  of  the  fine  arts,  as  painting, 
sculpture,  or  architecture.  [PV.  artiste, 
Ital.  artista — L.  ars,  artis,  art.] 

ARTISTIC,  -AL,  art-ist'ik,  -al,  adj.  accord- 
ing to  art. 

ARTLESS,  art'les,  adj.  guileless :  simple. — 
n.  Art'lessness. 

ARUSPICY,  a^rus'pi-si,  n.  divination  by 
inspection  of  the  entrails  of  beasts.  [L. 
aruspicium,  orig.  dub.] 

ARYAN,  a'ri-an,  adj.  relating  to  the  family 
of  nations  otherwise  called  Indo-Euro- 
pean (comprehending  the  inhabitants  of 
Europe — except  the  Tui-ks,  Magyars  and 
Finns — and  those  of  Armenia,  Persia, 
and  N.  Hindustan),  or  to  their  languages. 
[Sans,  arya,  excellent,  prob.  aUied  to  Gr. 
aristos,  the  best.] 

AS,  az,  adv.  and  conj.  similarly :  for  ex- 
ample :  while  :  in  like  manner.  [As  is  a 
corr.  of  also — A.S.  eal-sica,  al  so,  alse,  als; 
Ger.  als.  The  primary  meaning  is,  just 
so,  quite  in  that  way.] 

AS,  rel.  pro.  from  the  Scand.  [O.  Ic,  es. 
Mod.  Ic.  er.    This  use  of  as  is  provincial.] 

ASAFETIDA,  as-a-fet'i-da,  n.,  fetid  asa, 
a  medicinal  gum,  having  an  offensive 
smell,  made  from  a  Persian  plant  called 
aza. 

ASBESTOS,  a-sbest'os,  n.  an  incombustible 
mineral,  a  variety  of  hornblende,  of  a 
fine  fibrous  textvu'e,  resembling  flax. 
[Gr.  {lit.)  unquenchable — a,  neg.,  sbestos, 
extinguished.] 

ASCEND,  as-send',  v.i.,  to  elimb  or  mount 
up :  to  rise  :  to  go  backwards  in  the  or- 
der of  time. — v.t.  to  climb  or  go  up  on. 
[L.  ascendo,  ascensum — ad,  and  scando, 
to  chmb.  Sans,  skand,  to  leap  upwards.] 

ASCENDANT,  as-send'ant,  adj.  superior  : 
above  the  horizon. — n.  superiority  :  {as- 
tral.) the  part  of  the  ecliptic  rising 
above  the  horizon  at  the  time  of  one's 
birth :  it  was  supposed  to  have  com- 
manding influence  over  the  person's 
life,  hence  the  phrase,  in  the  ascend- 
ant. 

ASCENDENCY,  as-send'en-si,  n.  control- 
ling influence. 

ASCENSION,  as-seu'shun,  n.  a  rising  or 
going  up.     [L.  ascensio — oscendo.] 

ASCENSION-DAY,  as-sen'shun-da,  n.  the 
festival  held  on  Holy  Thursday,  ten  days 
before  Whit-sunday,  to  commemorate 
Christ's  ascension  to  heaven. 

ASCENT,  as-sent',  n.  act  of  ascending: 
way  of  ascending  :  deg^ree  of  elevation. 


ASCERTAIN,  as-ser-tan',  v.t.  to  determine : 
to  obtain  certain  knowledge  of. — adj. 
Ascertain' ABLE.  [O.  Fr.  acertainer. 
See  Certain.] 

ASCETIC,  as-set'ik,  ».,  one  rigidly  self- 
denying  in  religious  observances  :  a  strict 
hermit. — adj.  excessively  rigid  :  austere : 
recluse. — n.  Asceticism,  as-set'i-sizm. 
[Gr.  asketes,  one  that  uses  exercises  to 
train  himself.] 

ASCHAM,  as'kam,  n.  in  archery,  a  large 
case  fitted  up  with  the  necessary  drawers 
and  compartments  for  the  reception  of 
the  bow,  arrows,  string,  and  other  neces- 
sary accoutrements.  [After  Roger  As- 
cham,  who  in  1544  published  "  Toxophi- 
lus,"  a  celebrated  treatise  on  archery.] 

ASCITITIOUS,  as-sit-ish'us,  adj  See 
Adscititious. 

ASCRIBE,  a-skrib',  v.t.  to  attribute,  im- 
pute, or  assign. — adj.  Ascrib'able.  [L. 
ascribo,  -seriptum — ad,  to,  scribo,  to 
write.] 

ASCRIPTION,  a-skrip'shun,  n.  act  of  as- 
cribing or  imputing. 

ASEITY,  a-se'i-ti,  w.  the  state  or  condition 
of  having  an  independent  existence. 
"  The  absolute  being  and  aseity  of  God." 
— Prof.  W.  R.  Smith.  ' '  By  what  mysteri- 
ous light  have  you  discovered  that  aseity 
is  entail'd  on  matter?" — Gentleman  In- 
structed, 1704.  [L.  o,  from,  and  se,  one's 
self :  lit.  the  state  of  being  from  or  by 
one's  self.] 

ASH,  ash,  n.  a  well-known  timber  tree. — 
ad;j.  Ash'en.  [A.S.  cesc,  Ger.  esche.  Ice. 
ashi .] 

ASHAMED,  a-shamd',  adj.,  affected  with 
shame.  [Pa.  p.  of  old  verb  ashame — pfx. 
a,  inten.,  and  Shame.] 

ASHES,  ash'ez,  n.pl.  the  dust  or  remains 
of  anjrthing  burnt  :  the  rf  mains  of  the 
human  body  when  burnt  .  (fi.g.)  a  dead 
body.     [A.S.  cesce,  Ice.  aska.] 

ASHLAR,  ash'lar,  ASHLER,  ash'ler,  n. 
(lit.)  stones  laid  in  rows :  hewn  or  squared 
stone  used  in  facing  a  wall,  as  distin- 
g^shed  from  rough,  as  it  comes  from 
the  quarry.  [Fr.  aisselle,  dim.  of  ais,  a 
plank  ;  L.  assis,  a  plank — assula,  a  Utile 
plank,  a  shingle.  Such  Uttle  wooden 
boards  were  used  to  face  walls  before 
stones,  and  squai-ed  stones  took  the 
name.] 

ASHORE,  a-shor',  adi;.,  onshore.  [Pfx.  a, 
and  Shore.] 

ASH-WEDNESDAY,  ash-wenz'da,  n.  the 
first  day  of  Lent,  so  called  from  the 
Roman  Catholic  custom  of  sprinkling 
asJies  on  the  head. 

ASHY,  ash'i,  adj.  of  or  like  ashes  :  ash- 
colored  :  pale. 

ASIDE,  a-sid',  adv.,  on  or  to  one  side :  pri- 
vately. 

ASININE,  as'in-In,  adj.  of  or  like  an  ass. 

J  See  Ass.] 
ININITY,  as-i-nin'i-ti,  n.  the  quality  of 
being  asinine  :  obstinate  stupidity. 

ASIPHONATE,  a-sl'fon-at,  adj.  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Asiphonata  :  not  possess- 
ing a  respiratory  tube  or  siphon.  H.  A. 
Nicholson. 

ASK,  ask,  v.t.,  to  seek :  to  request,  inquire, 
beg,  or  question. — v.i.  to  request :  to 
make  inquiry.  [A.S.  aesian,  ascian, 
Ger.  heischen,  Ice.  ceskja.  Sans,  ish,  to 
dseire.] 

ASKANCE,  arskans',  v.t.  to  turn  aside,  as 
the  eyes  :  to  make  look  with  indiffer- 
ence. 

O,  how  are  they  wrapp'd  In  with  infamies 
That  from  their  own  misdeeds  askance  their  eyes. 

—SItak. 

ASKANCE,  a-skan.s',  ASKANT,  a-skaat', 
adv.  sideways  :  awry  :  obliquely.  [O. 
Fr.  a  scanche  ;  It.  schiancio,  a  slope,  fi-om 
the  root  of  Slant.] 


ASKEW,  a-sku',  adv.  on  the  Skew  :  a\vry 
ASKINGLY,  a.sk'tng-li,  adv.  in  an  entreat- 
ing manner :  with  expression  of  request 
or  desire. 

How  askingly  its  footsteps  iiither  bend  I 
It  seems  to  say,  "  And  have  I  found  a  friend  ? " 

—Coleridge. 

ASLANT,  a-slant',  oc^".  or  adt'.  on  tht 
Slant  :  obUquely. 

ASLEEP,  a-slep',  adj.  or  adv.  in  sleep  :  1, 
sleeping.  3,  having  a  pecuhar  numb,  or 
prickly  feeling,  as  in  the  hands  or  feet. 
"  His  legge  .  .  .  was  aU  aslejie,  and  in  a 
manner  sterke  stiff. "—  Udall.  3,  stunned : 
senseless.  "So  saying,  she  .  .  .  gave 
Susy  such  a  douse  on  the  side  of  the  head 
as  left  her  fast  asleep  for  an  hour  and  up- 
ward."—i?.  Brooke. 

ASLOPE,  a-slop',  adj.  or  adv.  on  the  Slope, 

ASMEAR,  a-smer',  adj.  smeared  over :  be- 
daubed. "I  came  into  Smithfield,  and 
the  shameful  place,  being  all  asinear 
with  filth,  and  fat,  and  blood,  and  foam, 
seemed  to  stick  to  me." — Dickens. 

ASP,  asp,  ASPIC,  asp'ik,  n.  a  very  veno- 
mous serpent.     [Fr.— L.  and  Gr.  asjns.] 

ASPARAGUS,  as-par'a-gus,  n.  garden 
vegetable.     [L.— Gr.  asparagos.} 

ASPECT,  as'pekt,  n.  look  :  view  :  appear- 
ance :  position  in  relation  to  the  points 
of  the  compass :  the  situation  of  one 
planet  with  respect  to  another,  as  seen 
from  the  earth.  [L.  aspeatua — ad,  at. 
specio,  to  look.] 

ASPEN,  asp'en,  n.  the  trembling  pojjJai.— 
adj.  made  of,  or  like  the  aspen.  [AS. 
oesp,  Ger.  aspe.'[ 

ASPERITY,  as-per'i-ti,  n.,  roughness: 
harshness.  [Fr.— L.  asperitas — asper, 
rough.] 

ASPERSE,  as-pers',  v.t.  to  slander  or  ca- 
lumniate. [L.  aspergo,  -spersum — ad,  to, 
on,  spar  go,  to  scatter.] 

ASPERSION,  as-per'shun,  n,  calumny ; 
slander. 

ASPHALT,  as-falt',  ASPHALTUM,  as- 
falt'um,  n.  a  hard,  bituminous  substance, 
anciently  used  as  a  cement,  and  now  for 
paving,  etc.  —  adj.  AsphaLT'IC.  [Gr. 
asphaltos,  an  Eastern  word.] 

ASPHODEL,  as'fo-del,  n.  a  kind  of  lily. 
[See  Daffodil.] 

ASPHYXIA,  a-sfiks'i-a,  n.  (lit.)  suspended 
animation,  suffocation. — adj.  ASPHYX'- 
lATED.  [Gr.,  a  stopping  of  the  pulse — a, 
neg.,  sphyzo,  to  throb.] 

ASPIRANT,  as-pu"'ant,  n.  one  who  aspires  -. 
a  candidate. 

ASPIRATE,  as'pir-at,  v.t.  to  pronounce 
with  a  full  breathing,  as  the  letter  h  in 
house. — n.  a  mark  of  aspiration  (  '  ) :  an 
aspu-ated  letter. — n.  Aspiration,  as-pir- 
a'sliun,  n.  pronunciation  of  a  letter  with 
a  full  breathing.  [L.  ad,  and  spiro,  to 
breathe.] 

ASPIRE,  as-pir',  v.i.  to  desire  eagerly :  to 
aim  at  high  things. — adj.  Aspir'INO. — 
adv.  AspmiNGLY. — Aspiea'tion,  n.  eager 
desire.  [L.  aspiro,  -atum — ad,  to,  spiro., 
to  breathe.] 

ASQUAT,  arskwot',  adv.  in  a  squat  or  hud- 
dled up  manner:  coweringly.  "Sitting 
asquat  between  my  mother  and  sister. ' 
— Richardson. 

ASQUINT,  a-skwint',  adv.  towards  the 
corner  of  the  eye :  obUquely.  [Pfx.  a 
on,  and  SQUINT.] 

ASS,  as,  71.  a  weU-known  quadruped  of  the 
horse  family  :  (fig.)  a  dull,  stupid  feUow, 
[A.S.  osso.  The  word,  orig.  perhaps  Se- 
mitic, has  spread  into  aU  the  Eur.  lang. , 
it  is  a  dim.  in  all  but  Eng. — h.  as-inus, 
Ger.  es-el.] 

ASSAFETIDA,  same  as  Asafetida. 

ASSAIL,  as-sal',  v.t.  to  assault :  to  attack. 
— adj.  Assail'able.  [Fr.  assaillir,  h, 
assilire — ad,  upon,  and  sa?io,  to  leap.] 


ASSAILANT 


22 


ASTRINGENl 


ASSAILANT,  as-sal'ant,  n.  one  who  assails 
or  attacks. 

ASSASSIN,  as-sas'sin,  n.  one  who  kills  by 
surprise  or  secretly.  [Fr. — Ar.  hashishin, 
the  followers  of  an  Eastern  robber-chief, 
who  fortified  themselves  for  their  adven- 
tures by  hashish,  an  intoxicating  drink 
made  from  hemp.] 

ASSASSINATE,  as-sas'sin-at,  v.t.  to  murder 
by  surprise  or  secret  assault. 

ASSASSINATION,  as-sas-sin-a'shun,  n.  se- 
cret murder. 

ASSAULT,  as-sawlt',  ».  a  sudden  attack : 
a  storming,  as  oi  a  town. — v.t.  to  make 
an  assault  or  attack  upon.  [Fr.  assaut, 
O.  Fr.  asalt — L.  ad,  upon,  sallus,  a  leap. 
See  Assail.] 

ASSAY,  as-sa',  v.t.,  to  ejcamine  or  weigh 
accurately :  to  determine  the  amount  of 
metal  in  an  ore  or  alloy. — v.  i.  to  attempt : 
to  essay. — n.  the  determination  of  the 
quantity  of  metal  in  an  ore  or  alloy  :  the 
thing  tested.     [See  EssAY.] 

ASSEGAI,  as'se-ga,  n.  a  spear  or  javelin 
used  by  the  Kaffirs  of  S.  Africa.  [Sp. 
asagaiia—Xv.  al-khaziq.] 

ASSEJIBLAGE,  as-sem'blaj,  n.  a  collection 
of  persons  or  thing's. 

ASSEMBLE,  as-sem  ol,  v.t.  to  call  or  bring 
to  the  same  place,  or  together :  to  collect. 
— v.i.  to  meet  together.  [Fr.  assembler. 
Low  Lat.  assimulare — L.  ad,  to,  »lmul, 
together,  at  the  same  time  ;  Gr.  homos, 
A.S.  sam,  same  ;  Sans,  sam,  together.] 

ASSE>IBLY,  as-sem'bli,  n.  a  collection  of 
individuals  assembled  in  the  same  place 
for  any  purpose. 

ASSENT,  as-sent',  u.t.jfoiWjifcwfft.;  agree. 
— n.  an  agreeing  or  acquiescence  :  com- 
pUance.  —  adv.  Assent'ingly.  [L. — ad, 
to,  seiitio,  to  think.] 

ASSERT,  as-sert',  v.t.  to  declare  strongly: 
to  affirm.  [L.  assero,  assertum,  to  lay 
hold  of,  declare — ad,  to,  sero,  to  join, 
knit.] 

ASSERTION,  as-ser'shun,  n.  affirmation. 

ASSESS,  as-ses',  v.t.  to  fix  the  amount  of, 
as  a  tax :  to  tax :  to  fix  the  value  or 
profits  of,  for  taxation  :  to  estimate. — 
adj.  Assess' ABLE.  [Fr.  asseoir — L.  assi- 
dere,  assessum,  to  sit  by,  esp.  of  judges 
in  a  court  (in  Low  L.  to  set,  fix  a  tax), 
from  ad,  to,  sedeo,  to  sit.] 

ASSESSMENT,  as-ses'ment,  n.  act  of  assess- 
ing :  a  valuation  for  the  purpose  of  taxa- 
tion :  a  tax. 

ASSESSOR,  as-ses'or,  n.  a  legal  adviser  who 
sits  beside  a  magistrate. — adj.  ASSESSO- 
BiAL,  as-ses-o'ri-al.    [See  Assess.] 

ASSETS,  as'sets,  n.pZ.  the  property  of  a 
deceased  or  insolvent  person,  considered 
as  chargeable  for  all  debts,  etc.  :  the  en- 
tire property  of  all  sorts  belonging  to  a 
merchant  or  to  a  trading  association. 
pi.E.  aseth,  Fr.  assez,  enough — L.  ad,  to, 
satis,  enough.] 

ASSEVERATE,  as-seVer-at,  v.t.  to  declare 
seriously  or  solemnly. — n.  Assevera'tion. 
[L.  assevero,  -atum — ad,  to,  severiis,  seri- 
ous.   See  Severe.] 

ASSEVERATORY,  as-sev'er-st-to-ri,  adj. 
of  the  nature  of  an  asseveration:  sol- 
emnly or  positively  affirming  or  aver- 
ring "  After  divers  warm  and  assevera- 
tory  answers  made  by  Mr.  Atkins,  the 
captain  stopped  short  in  his  walk." — 
Roger  yorth . 

ftSSIBILATION,  a-sib'i-la'shon,  n.  the  act 
of  making  sibilant :  specffioaUy,  in  philol. 
the  assimilation  of  a  dental  or  guttural 
consonant  ^vith  a  following  i-sound,  as  in 
the  word  nation,  in  which  in  pronuncia- 
tion the  fi  is  assibilated. 

ASSEDITITY,  as-sid-u'i-ti,  7i.  constant  ap- 
pUcation  or  diligence.  [L.  assiduitas — 
assidmis.     See  ASSIDUOUS.] 

ASSIDUOUS,  as-sid'u-us,  adj.  constant  or 


imwearied  in  application :  diligent. — adv. 
Assid'uously. — n.  Assid'uousness.  [L. 
assiduus,  sitting  close  at — ad,  to,  at, 
sedeo,  to  sit.] 

ASSIGN,  as-sin',  i\f.,  to  sign  or  mark  out  to 
one  :  to  allot :  to  appoint :  to  allege  :  to 
transfer. — n.  one  to  whom  any  property 
or  right  is  made  over. — Assignable,  as- 
sin'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be  assigned.  [Fr. 
assignee — L.  assignare,  to  mark  out — ad, 
to,  signum,  a  mark  or  sign.] 

ASSIGNATION,  as-sig-na  shun,  n.  an  ap- 
pointment to  meet,  used  chiefly  of  love- 
appointments  :  the  making  over  of  any- 
thing to  another. 

ASSIGNEE,  as-sin-e',  n.  one  to  whom  any 
right  or  property  is  assigned :— ^/.  the 
trustees  of  a  sequestrated  estate. 

ASSIGNIMENT,  as-sln'ment,  n.  act  of  as- 
signing :  anything  assigned  :  the  writing 
by  which  a  transfer  is  made. 

ASSIMILATE,  as-sim'U-at,  v.t.,  to  make 
similar  or  like  to :  to  convert  into  a  like 
substance,  as  food  in  our  bodies. — )i.  AS- 
SIMILATION.    [L.  assirnilo,  -atum — ad,  to, 

ASSIMILATIVE,  as-sun'il-at-iv,  ad^.  hav- 
ing the  power  or  tendency  to  assimilate. 

ASSIST,  as-sist',  v.t.  to  help.  [L.  assisto, 
to  stand  by — ad,  to,  sisto,  Gr.  histemi,  to 
make  to  stand.] 

ASSISTANCE,  as-sist'ans,  n.  help  :  relief. 

ASSISTANT,  as-sist'aut,  adj.  helping  or 
lending  aid. — n.  one  who  assists:  a 
helper. 

ASSIZE,  as-siz*,  v.t,  to  assess:  to  set  or  fix 
the  quantity  or  price. — n.  a  statute  set- 
tUng  the  weight,  measure,  or  price  of 
anything : — pi.  the  sessions  or  sittings  of 
a  court  held  in  English  and  Canadian 
counties  twice  a  year,  at  which  causes 
are  tried  by  a  judge  and  jury.  [O.  Fr. 
assise,  an  assembly  of  judges,  a  set  rate 
— asseoir — L.  assiaeo.] 

ASSIZER,  as-siz'er,  n.  an  officer  who  in- 
spects weights  and  measures. 

ASSOCIATE,  as-so'shi-at,  v.t.  to  join  with, 
as  a  friend,  or  partner :  to  unite  in  the 
same  bodj'. — v.i.  to  keep  company  %vith : 
to  combine  or  unite.  [L.  associo—ad,  to, 
soeiiis,  a  companion.] 

ASSOCIATE,  as-so'shi-at,  adj.  joined  or 
connected  with. — n.  one  joined  or  con- 
nected with  anotlier :  a  companion, 
friend,  partner,  or  ally. 

ASSOCLA.TION,  as-s6-shi-a'shun,  n.,  act  of 
associating :  union  or  combination :  a 
society  of  persons  joined  together  to  pro- 
mote some  object. 

ASSOILZIE,  as-soU'ye,  v.  to  free  one  ac- 
cused from  a  charge :  a  Scotch  law  term, 
the  same  as  the  archaic  assoil,  to  absolve 
from  sin,  discharge,  pardon.  [Through 
Fr.  from  L.  absolvere.j 

ASSONANCE,  as'son-ans,  n.  a  correspond- 
ence in  sound :  in  Sp.  and  Port,  poetry, 
a  kind  of  rhyme,  consisting  in  the  coin- 
cidence of  the  vowels  of  the  correspond- 
ing syllables,  without  regard  to  the  con- 
sonants.    [L.  ad,  to,  sonans,  sounding.] 

ASSONANT,  as'son-ant,  adj.  resembling  in 
sound. 

ASSORT,  as-sort',  v.t.  to  separate  into 
classes  :  to  arrange. — v.i.  to  agree  or  be 
in  accordance  with.  [Fr.  assortii — L. 
ad,  to,  sors,  a  lot.] 

ASSORTMENT,  as-sort'ment,  n.  act  of  as- 
sorting :  quantity  or  number  of  things 
assorted :  variety. 

ASSUAGE,  as-swaj',  v.t.  to  soften,  miti- 
gate, or  aUay. — v.i.  to  abate  or  subside. 
[O.  Fr.,  formed  as  if  from  a  L.  assua- 
viare — suavis,  mild.] 

ASSUAGEMENT,  as-swaj'ment,  n.  abate- 
ment :  mitigation. 

ASSUASIVE,  as-swa'siv,  adj.  softening, 
mUd.    [See  Suasive.] 


ASSUj^IE,  as-sum',  v.t.  to  take  upon  one  s 
self :  to  take  for  granted :  to  arrogate  : 
to  pretend  to  possess. — v.i.  to  claim  un- 
duly  :  to  be  arrogant.  [L. — ad,  to,  sumo, 
snmptum,  to  take.] 

ASSUMING,  as-sum'ing,  adj.  haughty; 
arrogant. 

ASSUMPTION,  as-sum'shun,  n.  act  of 
assuming :  a  supposition.     [L.    See  As. 

SUME.] 

ASSURANCE,  ash-shoor'ans,  n.  confi. 
dence  :  feeling  of  certainty :  impudence  : 
positive  declaration  :  insurance,  as  ap- 
pUed  to  Uves. 

ASSURE,  ash-shoor',  v.t.  to  make  sure  or 
secure :  to  give  confidence  :  to  tell  posi- 
tively :  to  insure.  [Fr.  assurei — -ad,  and 
s&r,  sure.     See  SUEE.] 

ASSURED,  ash-shoord',  adj.  certain :  with- 
out doubt :  insured  :  overbold.  —  adv. 
Assue'edly. — n.  Assue'edness. 

ASSYRIOLOGIST,  as-sir'i-ol'o-jist,  n.  one 
skilled  in  or  well  acquainted  ■«-ith  the 
antiquities,  language,  etc.,  of  ancient 
Assyria. 

ASTESI,  as'ter,  n.  a  genus  of  plants  with 
compound  flowers,  like  little  stars.  [Gr. 
aster,  a  star.] 

ASTERISK,  as'ter-isk,  n.  a  star,  used  in 
printing,  thus*:  in  the  Greek  Ch.  an 
appliance  in  the  form  of  a  star  or  cross, 
with  the  ends  bent  to  serve  as  supports, 
placed  during  the  Uturgy  over  tlie  paten 
so  as  to  keep  the  cover  of  the  latter 
from  touching  th^  sacred  bread.  [Gr. 
asteriskos,  dim.  of  aster,  a  star.] 

ASTERN,  a-stern',  adv.  on  the  stern :  to- 
wards the  hinder  part  of  a  ship  :  behind. 
J  See  Stern,  n.] 
TEROID,  as'ter-oid,  n.  one  of  the  minor 
planets  revolving  between  Mars  and 
Jupiter. — adj.  Asteeoid'al.  [Gr.  aster^ 
a  star,  eidos,  form.] 

ASTHMA,  ast'ma,  n.  a  chronic  disorder  of 
the  organs  of  respiration.  [Gr.  —  ad. 
aemi,  to  breathe  hard.] 

ASTHMATIC,  -AL,  ast-mat'ik,  -al,  adj, 
pertaining  to  or  affected  by  asthrna. 

ASTONIED,  as-ton'id,  pa.p.  of  obs.  v. 
Astony. 

ASTONISH,  as-ton'ish,  v.t.  to  impress  with 
sudden  surprise  or  wonder :  to  amaze : 
[M.  E.  astonien,  due  to  a  confusion  of 
A.S.  stunian  (see  Stun)  and  O.  Fr.  es- 
tonner  (Fr.  etonner) — Low  L.  extonare, 
— L.  ex,  out,  tonare,  to  thunder.] 

ASTONISHING,  as-ton'ish-ing,  adj.  very 
wonderftil :  amazing.  — adv.  Aston'ish- 
ingly. 

ASTONISHMENT,  as-ton'ish-ment,  n. 
amazement :  wonder. 

ASTOUND,  as-townd',  v.t.  to  amaze.  [M.E. 
astonien  ;  a  doublet  of  Astonish.] 

ASTRAGAL,  as'tra-gal,  n.  (arch.)  a  small 
semicircular  molding  or  bead  encircUng 
a  column :  a  round  molding  near  the 
mouth  of  a  cannon.  [Gr.  astragalos,  cna 
of  the  vertebras,  a  molding.] 

ASTRAKHAN,  as'tra-kan,  n.  a  name  given 
to  sheep-skins  with  a  curled  woolly  sur- 
face obtained  from  a  variety  of  sheep 
found  in  Bokhara,  Persia  and  Syria: 
also,  a  rough  fabric  with  a  pile  in  imita- 
tion of  this. 

ASTRAL,  as'tral,  a<^*.  belonging  to  the 
stars :  starry.  [L.  antrum,  a  star ;  conn, 
with  Star.] 

ASTRAY,  a-stra',  adv.  out  of  the  right 
way.     [Prefix  a,  on,  and  Stray.] 

ASTRICTION,  as-trik'shun,  n.  a  binding  or 
contraction.    [L.    See  Astringent.] 

ASTRIDE,  a-strid',  adv.  wth  the  leg* 
apart,  or  across.  [Pfx.  a,  on,  and 
Stride.] 

ASTRINGENT,  as-trinj'ent,  adj.,  binding: 
contracting :  strengthening  : — n.  a  medi- 
cine that  causes  contraction.— adw.  Aa» 


ASTROGENY 


23 


ATTESTATION 


TaUJO'ENTLY.— «.    ASTEINO'ENCY.     [L.  OS- 

tringo — ad,  to,  stringo,  to  bind.] 

ASTROGENY,  as-troj'e-ai,  n.  the  creation 
or  evolutiou  of  the  celestial  bodies.  H. 
Spencer.  [Gr.  astron,  a  star,  and  gennao, 
to  produced 

ASTROLABE,  as'tro-lab,  ii.  an  instrument 
for  measuring  the  altitudes  of  the  sun  or 
stars  at  sea,  now  superseded  by  Hadley's 
quaxli'ant  and  sextant.  [Gr.  astron,  a 
star,  lab,  lambaiio,  I  take.] 

ASTROLOGER,  as-trol'o-jer,  n.  one  versed 
in  astrolog-v. 

ASTROLOGUE,  as'tro-log,  n.  an  astrologer. 
Tom  D'  Urfey. 

ASTROLOGY,  as-trol'o-ji,  re.  the  infant 
stage  of  tlie  science  of  the  stars  (now 
called  Astronomy) :  it  was  occupied 
chiefly  in  foretelling  events  from  the 
positions  of  the  heavenly  bodies. — adj. 
Astrolog'ic,  -al. — adv.  Astrolog'icaI/- 
LY.  [Gr.  astrologia — astron,  star,  logos, 
knowledge.] 

ASTRONOMER,  as-tron'o-mer,  71.  one 
versed  in  astronomy. 

ASTRONOMY,  as-tron'om-i,  n.  the  laws  or 
science  of  the  stars  or  heavenly  bodies. — 
adj.  Astronom'ic. — adv.  Astronom'icai,- 
LY.  [Gr.  astronomia — astron,  star,  7iomo8, 
a  law.] 

ASTUCIOUS,  as-tu'shus,  adj.  designing: 
subtle  :  astute.  "  Louis  .  .  .  like  aU  as- 
tucious  persons,  was  as  desirous  of  look- 
ing into  the  hearts  of  others  as  of  con- 
cealing his  own." — Sir  W.  Scott. 

ASTUCITY,  as-tu'si-ti,  n.  the  quality  of 
being  astute  :  astuteness.  ' '  With  as- 
tucity,  with  swiftness,  with  audacity." — 
Carlyle. 

ASTUTE,  ast-ut',  adj.,  crafty :  cunning : 
shrewd  :  sagacious. — adv.  Astute'ly'. — 
n.  Astute  NESS.  [L.  astutus — astus, 
craft,  akin  perhaps  to  ACUTE.] 

ASUNDER,  a-sun'der,  adv.  apart :  into 
parts  :  separately.  [Pfx.  a  =  on,  and 
Sunder.] 

ASURA,  as'u-ra  or  a-su'ra,  n.  in  Hind, 
myth,  one  of  the  demons  born  from  the 
thigh  of  Brahma  while  the  quahty  of 
darkness  pervaded  liis  body.  Asura  is  a 
general  name  for  all  the  giants  and  dem- 
ons who  composed  the  enemies  of  the 
gods  and  the  inhabitants  of  Patala ;  and 
a  special  designation  for  a  class  of  these 
of  the  first  order.     Garrett. 

ASYLUM,  a-sil'um,  n.  a  place  of  refuge 
for  debtors  and  for  such  as  were  accused 
of  some  crime  :  an  institution  for  the 
care  or  relief  of  the  unfortunate,  such  as 
the  blind  or  insane  :  any  place  of  refuge 
or  protection.  [L. — Gr.  asylon — a,  priv., 
syle,  right  of  seizure.] 

ASYMPTOTE,  a'sim-tot,  n.  {math.)  a  line 
that  continually  approaches  nearer  to 
some  curve  without  ever  meeting  it. — 
adj.  Asymptot'ical.  [Gr.  asymptotos, 
not  coinciding — a,  not,  syn,  with,  j^totos, 
apt  to  iaXl^pipto,  to  fall.] 

AT,  at,  prep,  denoting  presence,  nearness, 
or  relation.  [A.S.  cet ;  cog.  with  Goth, 
and  Ice.  at,  L.  ad ;  Sans,  adhi,  on.] 

ATAVISM,  at'av-izm,  w.  the  recurrence  of 
any  peculiarity  or  disease  of  an  ancestor 
in  a  later  generation.  [L.  atavus — avus, 
a  grandfather.] 

.ATE,  at  or  et,  did  eat,  pa.t.  of  Eat. 

A  THAN  AST  AN,  ath-a-naz'yan,  adj.  relat- 
ing to  Athanasius,  or  to  the  creed  attrib- 
uted to  him. 

ATHEISM,  a'the-izm,  re.  disbelief  in  the 
existence  of  God.  [Fr.  atheisms — Gr.  a, 
priv.,  and  theos,  God.] 

ATHEIST,  a'the-ist,  n.  one  who  disbelieves 
in  the  existence  of  God. 

ATHEISTIC,  -AL,  a-the-ist'ik,  -al,  adj.  re- 
lating to  or  containing  atheism. — adv. 
Atheist'ically. 


ATHEN^UM,  ATHENEUM.  ath-e-ne'um, 
jj.  a  tem})le  of  Athena  or  Minerva  at 
Athens,  m  which  scholars  and  poets 
read  their  works :  a  public  institution 
for  lectures,  reading,  etc.  [Gr.  Athe- 
naion — Athena  or  Athene,  the  goddess 
Minerva.] 

ATHENIAN,  a-the'ni-an,  adj.,  relating  to 
Athens,  the  capital  of  Greece. — n.  a  na- 
tive of  Athens. 

ATHERMANCY,  a-ther'man-si,  n.  the 
power  or  property  of  absorbing  radiant 
heat :  corresponding  to  opacity  in  the 
case  of  light  ;  as,  the  athermaney  of  ole- 
fiant  gas  and  of  other  compound  gases. 
Prof.  Tyndall.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and f/iermai- 
no.  I  heat.] 

ATHIRST,  a-therst',  adj,  thirsty:  eager 
for.     [A.S.  of,  very,  and  Thirst.] 

ATHLETE,  ath'let,  ?i.,  a  contender  for  vic- 
tory in  feats  of  strength  :  one  vigorous 
in  body  or  mind.  [Gr.  athletes — athlos, 
contest.] 

ATHLETIC,  ath-let'ik,  adJ  relating  to  ath- 
letics :  strong,  vigorous. 

ATHLETICS,  ath-let'iks,  n.  the  art  of 
wrestling,  running,  etc. :  athletic  exer- 
cises. 

ATHROB,  a-throb',  adj.  or  adv.  throbbing : 
in  a  throbbing  or  palpitating  state  or 
manner.     E.  B.  Broicning. 

ATHWART,  a-thwawrt',  prep,  across. — 
adv.  sidewise  :  wrongly  :  perplexingly. 
[Prefix  a,  on,  and  Thwart.] 

ATLANTEAN,  at-lan-te'an,  adj.,  relating 
to,  or  like  Atlas :  strong :  gigantic.  [See 
Atlas.] 

ATLANTES,  at-lan'tez,  n.pl.,  figures  of 
men  used  instead  of  columns.  [From 
Atlas.] 

ATLANTIC,  at-lan'tik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
Atlas,  or  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean. — re.  the 
ocean  between  Europe,  Africa,  and  Amer- 
ica. [From  Mount  Atlas,  in  the  north- 
west of  Africa.] 

ATLAS,  at'las,  ?;.  a  collection  of  maps. 
[Gr.  Atlas  (the  bearer),  a  god  who  bore 
the  world  on  his  shoulders,  and  whose 
figure  used  to  be  given  on  the  title-page 
of  atlases — prob.  from  a  (euphonic),  and 
tlao,  to  bear.] 

ATMOSPHERE,  at'mo-sfer,  n.  the  air  that 
surrounds  the  earth  :  (fig.)  any  surround- 
ing influence.     [Gr.  atmos,  air,  sphaira, 

ATMOSPHERIC,  -AL,  at-mo-sfer'ik,  -al, 
adj.  of  or  depending  on  the  atmosphere. 

ATOLE,  a'tol,  re.  Indian  corn  gruel.      [Sp.] 

ATOM,  at'om,  n.  a  particle  of  matter  so 
small  that  it  canyiot  be  cut  or  divided : 
anything  very  small.  —  adjs.  Atomic, 
a-tom'ik,  Atomical,  a-tomik-al.  [Gr. 
atomos — a,  not,  temno,  to  cut.] 

ATOMISM,  at'om-izm,  ?i.  the  doctrine  that 
atoms  arranged  themselves  into  the  uni- 
verse. 

ATOMIST,  at'om-ist,  n.,  one  who  believes  in 
atomism. 

ATONE,  at-on',  v.i.  (with  for)  to  give  satis- 
faction or  make  reparation. — v.t.  to  ex- 
piate. [At  and  one,  as  it  to  set  at  one, 
reconcile  ;  the  old  pronunciation  of  one 
is  here  preserved,  as  in  only.] 

ATONEMENT,  at-6n'ment,  re.  the  act  of 
atoning  :  reconciliation  :  expiation ;  repa- 
ration. 

ATRABILIARY,  at-ra-bU'yar-i,  adj.  of  a 
melancholy  temperament :  hypochon- 
driac. [L.  ater,  atra,  black,  bills,  gall, 
bile.    See  Bile.] 

ATROCIOUS,  a-tro'shus,  adj.  extremely 
cruel  or  wicked  :  heinous. — adv.  Ateo  - 
ciousLY. — n.  Atro'ciousness.  [L.  atrox, 
atrocis,  cruel.] 

ATROCITY,  a-tros'i-ti,  n.  shocking  wicked- 
ness or  cruelty. 

ATROPHY",  a'trof-i,  n.  a   wasting   away 


from  want  of  nourishment  owing  to 
some  defect  in  the  organs  of  nutrition, 
[Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  trophe,  nourishment. 

ATTACH,  at-tach',  v.t.  to  bind  or  fasten : 
to  seize:  to  gain  over.  [Fr.  attacher, 
from  d  ( — L.  ad)  andTiCK.] 

ATTACHABLE,  at-tach'a-bl,  a<^:  that  may 
be  attached. 

ATTACHfi,  at-tash-a',  «.  a  young  diplo' 
matist  attached  to  the  suite  of  an  am- 
bassador.    [Ft.] 

ATTACHMENT,  at-tach'ment,  n.  a  bond  of 
fidelity  or  afl'ection  :  the  seizure  of  any 
one's  goods  or  person  by  virtue  of  a  leg^al 
process. 

ATTACK,  at-tak*,  v.t.  to  fall  upon  vio- 
lently :  to  assault :  to  assail  with  un- 
friendly words  or  writing. — n.  an  assault 
or  onset :  severe  criticism  or  calumny. 
[Fr.  attaquer.  See  Attach,  of  which  "it 
is  a  doubtlet.] 

ATTAIN,  at-tan',  v.t.  to  reach  or  gain  by 
effort :  to  obtain. — v.i.  to  come  or  arrive : 
to  reach.  [Fr.  atteindre — L.  attingo,  -ere 
— ad,  to,  tango,  to  touch.] 

ATTAINABILITY,  at-tan-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  state 
of  being  attainable. 

ATTAINABLE,  at-tan'a-bl,  a<Hj.  that  may 
be  reached. — re.  Attain' ableness. 

ATTAINDER,  at-tan'der,  ?;.  act  of  attaint- 
ing: (laic)  loss  of  civil  rights  through 
conviction  for  high  treason.  [Fr.  at- 
teindre, to  come  to,  reach ;  O.  Fr.  attain- 
dre,  to  convict,  from  L.  attingo.  See 
Attain.] 

ATTAINMENT,  at-tan'ment,  re.  act  of  at- 
taining :  the  thing  attained :  acquisition. 

ATTAINT,  at-tant',  v.t.  to  convict :  to  de- 
prive  of  rights  for  being  convicted  of 
treason.     [See  Attainder,  Attain.] 

ATTAR  OF  ROSES.     See  Otto. 

ATTEMPER,  at-tem'per,  v.t.  to  mix  in  duo 
proportion  :  to  modifj'  or  moderate  :  to 
adapt.  [L.  attempero — ad,  to,  and  tem^ 
pero.    See  Temper.] 

ATTEMPT,  at-temt',  v.t.,  to  try  or  en- 
deavor :  to  make  an  effort  or  attack 
upon. — v.i.  to  make  an  attempt  or  trial, 
— re.  a  trial :  endeavor  or  effort.  [Fr. 
attenter — L.  attento — ad,  and  tempto- 
tento,  to  trv — tendo,  to  stretch.] 

ATTEND,  at-tend',  v.t.  to  give  heed  to :  to 
wait  on  or  accompany  :  to  be  present  at ; 
to  wait  for. — v.i.  to  jield  attention :  to 
wait.  [L,  attendo  —  ad,  to,  tendo,  to 
stretch.] 

ATTENDANCE,  at-tend'ans,  n.  act  of  at- 
tending :  presence  :  the  persons  attend- 

ArffiNDANT,  at-tend'ant,  adj.  giving  at- 
tendance :  accompanying. — re.  one  who 
attends  or  accompanies :  a  servant : 
what  accompanies  or  follows. 

ATTENT,  at-tent',  adj.  {B.)  giv-ing  atten- 
tion. 

ATTENTION,  at-ten'shun,  re.  act  of  attend- 
ing :  steady  application  of  the  mind  ■; 
heed  :  care.  [L.  attcntio — attendo.  See 
AttendJ 

ATTENTIVE,  at-tent'iv,  adj.  full  of  atten- 
tion :  mindful. — adv.  Attent'ively. — n. 
Attent'iveness. 

ATTENUATE,  at-ten'u-St,  v.t.,  to  make 
thin  or  lean :  to  break  down  into  finer 
parts. — v.i.  to  become  thin  or  fine :  to 
grow  less.  [L.  attenuo,  -atum — ad,  to, 
tenuis,  thin.J 

ATTENUATE,  at-ten'u-at,  ATTENUATED. 
at-ten'u-at-ed,  a(^'.  made  thin  or  slender : 
made  less  viscid. — n.  Attenuation,  at- 
ten-u-a'shun. 

ATTEST,  at-test',  v.t,  to  testify  or  bear 
untness  to :  to  affirm  :  to  give  proof  of, 
to  manifest.  [L.  attestor — ad,  to,  testis, 
a  witness.] 

ATTESTATION,  at-test-a'shun,  n.  act  oi 
attesting. 


ATTIC 


24 


ATTIC,  at'ik,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Attica  or 
to  Athens :  chaste,  elegant.— n.  Att'ic- 
ISM,  a  chaste,  elegant  expression.  [L. 
atticiis—Gr.] 

ATTIC,  at'ik,  n.  (arch.)  a  low  story  above 
the  cornice  that  terminates  the  main 
part  of  an  elevation  :  a  sky-lighted  room 
m  the  roof  of  a  house.     [Ety.  dub.] 

ATTIRE,  at-ttr',  v.t.  to  dress,  array,  or 
adorn  :  to  prepare.  —  n.  dress  :  orna^ 
mental  dress  :  (B.)  a  woman's  head-dress. 
[O.  Fr.  atirer,  from  a=acl,  and  a  Teut. 
root  found  in  Grer.  zier,  ornament,  A.S. 
tir,  splendor.     See  Tike,  dress.] 

ATTITUDE,  at'ti-tud,  n.  posture  or  posi- 
tion :  gesture.— ad/.  Attitud'inal.  [Fr., 
from  It.  attitudine,  a  fit  position— L. 
aptifudo—aptus,  fit.] 

ATTITUDINIZE,  at-ti-tud'in-iz,  v.t.  to  as- 
sume affected  attitudes. 

ATTORNEY,  at-tur'ni,  n.  one  legally  au- 
thorized to  act  for  another  :  one  legally 
qualified  to  manage  cases  in  a  court  of 
law  :  a  soUcitor  :  a  solicitor  or  attorney 
prepares  cases  and  does  general  law  busi- 
ness, while  a  barrister  pleads  before  the 
courts  -.—pi.  Attok'neys.— n.  Attorney- 
ship, at-tur'ni-ship.  [O.  Fr.  atorni,  Low 
L.  attornatus — atorno,  to  commit  busi- 
ness to  another— L.  ad,  to,  and  tomo,  to 

turn.]  ,  . 

ATTORNEY-GENERAL,  at-tur'm- 
jen'er-al,  n.  in  England,  the  chief  law- 
ofiicer  of  the  crown,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
manage  cases  in  which  the  crown  is 
interested  :  in  the  United  States,  one  of 
the  President's  Cabinet,  who  is  the  legal 
ad\'iser  of  the  Government,  and  must 
represent  the  United  States  in  all  suits 
brought  against  it.  The  individual 
States  have  an  officer  with  similar  duties. 

ATTRACT,  at-trakt',  v.t.,  to  draw  to  or 
cause  to  approach  :  to  allure :  to  entice. 

gL,.  attraho,  attractus — ad,  to,  traho,  to 

ATTRACTABLE,  at-trakt'a-bl,   adj.,  that 
may  be  attracted.— n.   Attractabil'ity. 
ATTRACTION,  at-trak'shun,  n.,  act  of  at- 
tracting :  the  force  which  draws  or  tends 
to  draw  bodies  or  their  particles  to  each 
other  :  that  which  attracts. 
ATTRACTIVE,  at-trakt'iv,  adj.,  having  the 
power  of   attracting:   alluring.  —  adus. 
Atteact'ively,  Attract'ikgly.— n.  At- 
tract'iveness. 
ATTRACTIVITY,  at-trak-tiVi-ti,  n.  attrac- 
tive power  or  influence. 
ATTRIBUTE,   at-trib'ut,  v.t.  to    ascribe: 
assign,  or  consider  as  belonging. — adj. 
Attrib'utable.     [L.  attribuo,  -tributum 
— ad,  to,  tribuo,  to  give.] 
ATTRIBUTE,  at'trib-iit,  n.  that  which  is 
attributed:  that  which  is  inherent  in: 
that  which   can   be   predicated  of  any- 
thing :  a  quahty  or  property. 
ATTRLBUTION,  at-trib-u'shun,  n.  act  of 
attributing :  that  which  is  attributed  : 
commendation. 
ATTRIBUTIVE,  at-trib'ut-iv,  adj.  express- 
ing an  attribute. — n.  a  word  denoting  an 
attribute. 
ATTRIST,  a-trist',  v.t.  to  grieve  :  to  sad- 
den.    "  How  then  could  I  write  when  it 
was  impossible  but  to  attrist  you  1  when 
I  could  speak  of  nothing  but  unparallel- 
ed horrors."- H.    Walpole.     [Prefix    at 
for  ad.  and  L.  tristis,  sad.] 
ATTRITION,  at-trish'un,  n.  the  nibbing 
of  one  thing  against  another :  a  wearing 
by  friction.     [L.  ad,  and  tero,  tritum,  to 
rub.] 
ATTUNE,  at-tun',  v.t.,  toput  in  tune:  to 
make  one  sound  accord  with  another  :  to 
arranp^  fltlv-     [L.  ad,  to,  and  Tune.] 
A.UBADE,  o-bad,  n.  open-air  music  per- 
formed at   daybreak,   generallv  at  the 
door,  or  under  the  window,  of  tne  person 


whom  it  is  intended  to  honor.  FFr.] 
Distinguished  from  Serenade  (which 
see).    Longfellou: 

AUBURN,  aw'burn,  adj.  reddish  brown. 
[The  old  meaning  was  a  Ught  yellow,  or 
lightish  hue;  Low  L.  albiuints,  whitish 
— L.  albus,  white.] 

AUCTION,  awk'shun,  n.  a  public  sale  in 
which  one  bidder  increases  the  price 
on  another,  and  the  articles  go  to  him 
who  bids  highest.  [L.  auctio,  an  increas- 
ing— augeo,  axictum,  to  increase.] 

AUCTIONEER,  awk-shun-er',  one  who  is 
Mcensed  to  sell  bv  auction. 

AUDACIOUS,  aw-da'shus,  adj.,  daring: 
bold  :  impudent.— adv.  Auda'ciously.— 
ns.  Auda'ctousness,  Audacity,  aw-das'i- 
ti.  [Fr.  audacienix—lj.  audax—audeo, 
to  dare.]  ,     , 

AUDIBLE,  awd'i-bl,  adj.,  able  tobe  heard. 
— adv.  Aud'ibly.— 7i.  Aud'ibueness  JX. 
audibilis — audio,  to  hear,  conn,  wth  Gr. 
Otis,  otos,  the  ear.] 

AUDIENCE,  awd'i-ens,  n.  the  act  of  hear- 
ing: admittance  to  a  hearing:  an  as- 
sembly of  hearers. 

AUDIENT.  aVdi-ent,  adj.  playing  the 
part  of  a  hearer  :  listening.  E.  B.  Brown- 
ing.    [L.    audiens,  hearing.     See  Audi- 

ENCE.l 

AUDIOMETER,  aw-di-om'et-er,  n.  an  in- 
strument, among  the  constituted  parts 
of  which  are  an  induction-coil,  a  micro- 
phone key,  and  a  telephone,  devised  to 
measure  with  precision  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing. [L.  audio,  to  hear,  and  Gr.  metron, 
measure.]^ 
AUDIOMETRIC,   aw'di-o-met'rik,   adj.   of 

or  pertaining  to  audiometry. 
AUDIOMETRY,  aw-di-om'et-ri,  n.  the  test- 
ing of  the  sense  of  hearing,  especially  by 
means  of  the  audiometer. 
AUDIPHONE,  aw'di-fon,  n.  an  acoustic 
instrument  bv  means  of  which  deaf  per- 
sons are  enabled  to  hear,  and  even  deaf- 
mutes  can  be  taught  to  hear  and  to 
speak.  The  essential  part  of  the  instru- 
ment is  a  fan-shaped  plate  of  hardened 
caoutchouc  which  is  very  sensitive  to  the 
influence  of  sound  waves.  The  sufferer 
from  deafness  holds  the  instrument  in 
his  hand  and  touches  the  top-edge  against 
his  upper  teeth  ;  and  the  soimds  are  col- 
lected and  conveyed  by  the  teeth  to  the 
auditory  nerve  without  ha'V'ing  to  pass 
through  the  external  ear.  [L-  audio,  to 
hear,  and  Gr.  phone,  a  sound.] 
AUDIT,  awd'it,  n.  an  examination  of  ac- 
counts by  one  or  more  duly  authorized 
persons. — v.t.  to  examine  and  adjust. 
fL.  aiiditus,  a  hearing— awdio,  to  hear. 
See  Audible.] 
AUDITOR,   awd'it-or,   n.,  a  hearer:    one 

who  audits  accounts. — n.  Aud'itorship. 
AUDITORrUM,    awd-it-or'i-um,    k.   in  an 
opera-house,  pubho  ball,  or  the  like,  the 
space  allotted  to  the  hearers. 
AUDITORY,   awd'it-or-i,  adj.  relating  to 
the  sense  of  hearing.— 7i.  an  audience  :  a 
place  where  lectures,  etc.,  are  heard. 
AUGEAN,  aw-je'an,  adj.  filthy  :  difficult. 
|Trom  Augeas,  a  fabled  king  of  Elis  in 
Greece,   whose  stalls,    containing  3,000 
cattle,  and  uncleaned  for  30  years,  were 
cleaned  by  Hercules  in  one  day.] 
AUGER,  aVger,  n.  a  carpenter's  tool  used 
for  boring  holes  in  wood.     [A  corr.  of 
nauger,  A.S.  nafegar—nafu,  a  nave  of  a 
wheel,  gar,  a  piercer.     See  Nave  (of  a 
wheel).  Gore,  a  triangular  piece.] 
AUGHT,  a^vt,  n.  a  whit :  ought :  anything  : 
a  part.     [A.S.   au~iht—a,  short  for  an, 
one,  and  unht,  a  wight,  a  thing.] 
AUGMENT,  awg-ment',  v.t.  to  increase :  to 
make  larger.— r.i.  to  grow  larger.     [L. 
augmentum,  increase — augeo,  to  increase, 
Gr.  auxand.] 


AUROCHS 

AUGMENT,  awg'ment,  n.  increase :  (gram.} 

a  prefix  to  a  word. 
AUGMENTATION,    awg-ment-a'shun,    n. 

increase  :  addition. 
AUGMENTATIVE,    awg-ment'at-iv,    adj. 
ha\'ing  the   quality    or    power  of   aug- 
menting.—  n.    (gram.)   a   word   formed 
from  another  to  express  increase  of  its 
meaning. 
AUGUR,   aw'gur,  n.  among  the  Romans, 
one   who   foretold  events  by   obser\-ing 
the  flight  and  the    cries    of    birds :     a 
diviner  :   a   soothsayer. — v.t.  to  foretell 
from  signs. — v.i.  to  guess  or  conjecture. 
[L.,  prob.  from  avis,  bird,  and  root  gar, 
in    L.    garrire,    to  chatter.    Sans,    gir, 
speech. T 
AUGURY,  aw'gur-i,  n.  the  art  or  practice 
of  auguring  :  an  omen. — adj.  Augural, 
aVgur-al.     [L.  augurium — augur.'\ 
AUGUST,   aw-gust',    adj.  venerable:    im- 
posing :  majestic— adr.  August'ly.— n. 
August'ness.     [L.    augustus — augeo,   to 
increase,  honor.] 
AUGUST,  aw'gust,  n.  the  eighth  month  ol 
the  year,  so  called  after  Csesar  Augustus, 
one  of  the  Roman  emperors. 
AUGUSTAN,  aw-gust'an,  adj.  pertaining 
to  Augustus   (nephew   of  Julius  Cffisar, 
and  one  of  the  greatest  Roman  emper- 
ors) or  to  the  time  in  which  he  lived  : 
classic  :  refined. 
AUGUSTINE,  aw-gust'in,  AUGUSTINIAN, 
aw-gus-tin'i-an,   n.   one  of    an  order  of 
monks,  so  called  from  St.  Augustine. 
AUK,  awk,  n.  a  web-footed  sea-bird,  found 
in  the  Northern  Seas.      [Low  L.   alca, 
Ice.  alka.l 
AULIC,  awl'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  royal 
court.     [L.    aulicus — aula,    Gr.    aule,    a 
royal  court.] 
AUNT,   ant,  n.  a  father's  or  a  mother's 
sister.     [O.  Fr.  ante — L.  amita,  a  father's 
sister.] 
AXTKEIAa,  awr-el'ya,  n.  the  chrysalis  of 
an  insect,  from  its  golden  color.     [L.  au- 
mm,  gold.] 
AUREOLA,  awr-e'o-la,  AUREOLE,  aw^e- 
61,  n.,  the  gold-colored  light  or  halo  with 
which    painters  surround    the    head  of 
Christ  and  the  saints.    [L.  aureohis,  dim. 
of  aureus,  golden.] 
AURICLE,  awr'i-kl,  n.  the  external  ear  :— 
pi.  the  two  ear-Uke  cavities  of  the  heart. 
[L.  auiHcula,  dim.  of  auris,  the  ear.] 
AURICOMOUS,  awr  ik-o-mus,  adj.  1,  hav- 
ing golden  hair :  2,  appUed  to  a  prepara- 
tion which  gives  a  golden  hue  to  the 
hair.    Lord  Lytton.     [L.   aunim,    gold, 
and  coma,  hair.] 
AURICULA,   awT-iVul-a,  n.  a  species  of 
primrose,  also  called  bear's-ear,  from  the 
shape  of  its  leaf. 
AURICULAR,   awT-ik'ul-ar,  adj.,  pertain- 
ing to  the  ear :  known  by  hearing,  or  by 
report. — Auricular  confession,  secret, 
told    in    the    ear.— adu.    Aumc'ularly. 
[See  Auricle.] 
AURICULATE,     awr-ik'ul-at,     adj.,    ear 
shaped.     [Low  L.  auriculatus—L.  auri- 
cula.] 
AURIFEROUS,  awr-ifer-us,  a^j.,  bearing 
or  yielding  gold.      [L.  aurifer — aurum, 
gol^, /ero,  to  bear.] 
AURIFIC,  awr-if  ik,  adj.  capable  of  trans- 
muting substances  into  gold  :  gold-mak- 
ing.    "Some  experiments  made  with  an 
aurific  po\rAeT."—Southeu.     [L.  aurum. 
gold,  and  facio,  to  make.] 
AURIFORM,  awr'i-form,  adj.,  ear-shaped, 

[L.  auris,  ear,  and  Form.] 
AURIST,  awr'ist,  n.  one  skilled  in  diseases 

of  the  ear. 
AUROCHS,  awr'oks,  n.  the  European  bison 
or    vrM.   ox.      [Grer.    auerochs,  O.   Ger. 
urohso — Ger.  ur  (L.  %ir-us,  Gr.  ouros),  a 
kind  of  wild  ox,  and  ochs,  ox.] 


AURORA 


25 


AVOCATION 


AURORA,  aw-ro'ra,  n.  the  dawn :  in 
poetry,  the  goddess  of  dawn.  [L.  for 
ausosa ;  cog.  with  Gr.  eos ;  from  a  root 
seen  in  Sans,  ush,  to  burn.] 

AURORA  BOREALIS,  aw-ro'ra  bo-re-a'lis, 
n.,  the  northern  aurora  or  light :  a  me- 
teor seen  in  northern  latitudes. — Aurora 
Atjstrat.ts.  aws-tra'lis,  n.  a  meteor  in  the 
S.  hemisphere.  [L.  borealis,  northern 
—boreas,  the  north  wind.   See  Austral.] 

AURORAL,  aw-ro'ral,  adj.  relating  to  the 
aurora. 

AUSCULTATION,  aws-kult-a'shun,  n.  the 
art  of  discovering  diseases  of  the  lungs 
and  heart  by  applying  the  ear  to  the 
chest,  or  to  a  tube  in  contact  with  the 
chest.  [L.  axisculto,  to  listen,  fi-om  ausi- 
cula  for  auricula.    See  Aueicile.] 

AUSCULTATORY,  aws-kult'a-tor-i,  adj. 
relating  to  auscultation.    . 

AUSONIAN,  aws-6'ni-an,  adj.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Italy  or  the  Italians.  Long- 
fellow. (Poetical.)  [L.  ^ttsonia,  a  poetical 
term  for  the  whole  Italian  peninsula, 
from  Ausones,  the  name  given  to  the 
primitive  inhabitants  of  middle  and 
lower  Italy.] 

AUSPICE,  aw'spis,  n.  an  omen  drawn  from 
observing  birds  :  augury — generally  used 
in  pi.  Auspices,  aVspis-ez,  protection : 
patronage.  [Fr. — L.  auspicium — auspex, 
auspieis,  a  bird-seer,  from  avis,  a  bird, 
specio,  to  observe.] 

AUSPICIOUS,  aw-spish'us,  adj.  having 
good  auspices  or  omens  of  success  :  favor- 
able :  fortunate. — adv.  Auspi'CIOUSLY. — 
n.  Auspi'ciousness. 

AUSTERE,  aws-ter',  adj.  harsh :  severe : 
stern. — adv.  Austere'ly.  [L.  austems — 
Gr.  ausferos — auo,  to  dry. 

AUSTERENESS,  aws-ter'nes,  AUSTER- 
ITY, aws-ter'it-i,  n.  quality  of  being 
austere :  severity  of  manners  or  life : 
harshness. 

AUSTRAL,  aws'tral,  adj.,  southern.  [L. 
australis — auster,   the  south  wind.] 

AUSTRALASIAN,  aws-tral-a'shi-an,  adj., 
pertaining  to  Australasia,  or  the  coun- 
tries that  lie  to  the  south  of  Asia. 

AUSTRALIAN,  aws-tra'li-an,  adj.,  of  or 
pertaining  to  Australia,  a  large  island 
between  the  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. — 
71.  a  native'  of  Australia. 

AUSTRIAN,  aws'tri-an,  adj.,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Austria,  an  empire  of  Central 
Europe. — n.  a  native  of  Austria, 

AUTHENTIC,  -AL,  aw-thent'ik,  -al,  adj. 
having  authority  or  genuineness  as  if 
from  the  author's  oivn  hand :  original : 
genuine  :  true. — adv.  Authen'tically. 
[Gr.  authentes,  one  who  does  anything 
with  his  own  hand — autos,  self.] 

AUTHENTICATE,  aw-thent'ik-at,  v.t.  to 
make  authentic  :  to  prove  genuine. 

AUTHENTICATION,  aw-thent-ik-a'shun, 
n.  act  of  authenticating  :  confirmation. 

AUTHENTICITY,  aw-thent-is'it-i,  n.  qual- 
ity of  being  authentic  :  genuineness. 

AUTHOR,  awth'or,  n.,  one  who  originates 
or  brings  into  being :  a  beginner  or  first 
mover :  the  writer  of  an  original  book  : — 
fern.  Auth'oress.  [Fr.  auteur,  L.  auctor 
— augeo,  auctum,  to  cause  things  to  in- 
crease, to  produce.] 

AUTHORITATIVE,  awth-or'it-at-iv,  ac^. 
having  authority  :  dictatorial.  —  adv. 
Author'itattvely. — n.  Author'itative- 

NESS. 

AUTHORITY,  awth-or'it-i,  n.  legal  power 
or  right :  power  derived  from  office  or 
character  :  weight  of  testimony :  permis- 
sion : — pi.  Author'ities,  precedents  : 
opinions  or  sajrings  carrying  weight : 
persons  in  power. 

AUTHORIZE,  awth'or-Iz,  v.t.  to  give  au- 
thority to :  to  sanction :  to  establish  by 
authority. — n.  Authoriza'tion. 


AUTHORSHIP,  awthor-ship,  n.  state  of 
being  an  author. 

AUTOBIOGRAPHER,  aw-to-bl-og-raf-er, 
n.  one  who  writes  his  own  life. 

AUTOBIOGRAPHY,  aw-to-bl-og-raf-i,  n., 
the  biography  or  life  of  a  person  written 
by  himself. — adjs.  Autobiograph'ic,  Au- 
tobiograph'ical.  [Gr.  autos  one's  self, 
bios,  life,  grapho,  to  write.] 

AUTOCRACY,  aw-tok'ras-i,  n.  an  absolute 
government  by  one  man :  despotism. 
jGr.  autos,  self,  kratos,  power.] 

AUTOCRAT,  aw'to-krat,  n.  one  who  rules 
by  his  own  power :  an  absolute  sovereign. 
—adj.  Autocrat'ic.  [Gr.  autokrates— 
autos,  self,  kratos,  power.] 

AUTO-DA-FE,  aw'to-da-fa',  n.  the  execu- 
tion of  persons  who  were  condemned  by 
the  Inquisition  to  be  burned  -.^pl.  AuTOS- 
DA-FE.  [Port.,  from  auto,  L.  actus,  act; 
da,  L.  de,  of ;  and  fe,  L.  fides,  faith — an 
act  of  faith.] 

AUTOGONY,  aw-tog'o-ni,  n.  the  genera- 
tion of  simple  organisms  from  an  in- 
organic formative  fluid.  Rossiter.  [Gr. 
autos,  self,  and  gone,  generation,  birth.] 

AUTOGRAPH,  aw'to-graf,  n.,  one's  own 
hsiudwriting :  a  signature. — adj.  AuTO- 
GRAPH'lc.  [Gr.  autos,  self,  graphe, 
writing.  ] 

AUTOKMETICAL,  aw'to-kl-net'i-kal,  adj. 
self-moving.  Dr.  H.  More.  [Gr.  autos, 
self,  and  kineo,  to  move.] 

AUTOMATISM,  aw-tom'at-izm,  n.  auto- 
matic action  :  power  of  self-moving. 

AUTOMATIZE,  aw-tom'a-tiz,  v.t.  to  make 
an  automaton  or  self-acting  machine  of. 
"A  god-created  man,  all  but  abnegating 
the  character  of  man  ;  forced  to  exist, 
automatized,  mummy-wise  ...  as  Gen- 
tleman or  Gigman." — Carlyle. 

AUTOMATON,  aw-tomVton,  n.,  a  self- 
moving  machine,  or  one  which  moves  by 
concealed  machinery  -.—pi.  .4  utom'atons 
or  Autom'ata. — adJs.  Automat'ic,  Auto- 
mat'ical.  [Gr.  automatos,  self-moving 
— autos,  self,  and  a  stem  mat-,  to  strive 
after,  to  move.] 

AUTONOMIST,  aw-ton'o-mist,  n.  one  who 
advocates  or  favors  the  principle  of 
autonomy. 

AUTONOMY,  aw-ton'om-i,  n.  the  power  or 
right  of  self-government. — adj.  Auton'- 
OMOUS,  self-governing.  [Gr. — autos,  and 
nomos,  law.] 

AUTOPSY,  a\v'top-si,  n.,  personal  inspec- 
tion, esp.  the  examination  of  a  body  aiter 
death.  [Gr. — autos,  self,  and  opsis, 
sight.] 

AUTORIAL,  aw-to'ri-al,  adj.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  an  author.  "Testing the  autorial 
power. " — Poe. 

AUTOTHEISM,  aw-to-the'izm,  n.  the  wor- 
ship of  one's  self ;  excessive  self-esteem. 
Nineteenth  Century. 

AUTOTHEIST,  aw-to-the'ist,  n.  one  given 
to  autotheism  ;  one  who  makes  a  god  of 
himself.  "  He  begins  to  mistake  more 
and  more  the  voice  of  that  very  flesh  of 
his,  which  he  fancies  he  has  conquered, 
for  the  voice  of  God,  and  to  become  with- 
out knowing  it  an  autotheist." — Kingsley. 

AUTUMN,  aw'tum,  n.  the  third  season  of 
the  year  when  fruits  are  gathered  in, 
popularly  comprising  the  months  of 
August,  September,  and  October. — adj. 
Autum'nal.  [L.  autumnus,  axictumnus 
— augeo,  auctum,  to  increase,  to  produce.] 

AUXlLIA-R,  awg-zU'i-ar,  n.  an  auxiliary. 
"  My  auxiliars  and  allies."— Sir.  H.  Tay- 
lor. 

AUXILIARY,  awg-zil'yar-i,  adj.  helping. 
— n.  a  helper :  an  assistant :  (gram.)  a 
verb  that  helps  to  form  the  moods  and 
tenses  of  other  verbs.  [Lu—atixilium, 
help— aufifeo,  to  increased 

AVAIL,  a-val',  v.t.,  to  be  of  value  or  service 


to  :  to  benefit. — v.i.  to  be  of  use :  to  an< 
swer  the  purpose.— h.  benefit :  profit  s 
ser'dce. — Avails,  profits  :  proceeds. 
(Amer.)  [Fr.— L.  ad,  to,  valeo,  to  be 
strong,  to  be  worth.] 

AVAILABLE,  a-val'a-bl,  adj.  that  one  may 
avail  one's  self  of :  profitable :  suitable 
— adv.  Avail' ably. 

AVAILABLENESS,  a-val'a-bl-nes,  AVAIL- 
ABILITY,  a-val-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  qualitv  ol 
being  available  :  power  in  promoting  an 
end  in  view  :  validity. 

AVALANCHE,  av'al-ansh,  n.  a  mass  ol 
snow  and  ice  sliding  down  from  a  moun- 
tain :  a  snow-sUp.  [Fr. — avaler,  to  slip 
down — L.  ad,  to,  vallis,  a  valley.] 

AVARICE,  av'ar-is,  n.  eager  desire  for 
wealth  :  covetousness.  [Fr. — L.  avaritia 
—avarus,  greedy — aveo,  to  pant  after.] 

AVARICIOUS,  av-ar-ish'us,  adj.  extremely 
covetous  :  greedy.— adu.  Atari'CIOUSLY. 

— n.   AVARI'CIOUSNESS. 

AVAST,  a- vast',  int.  (naut.)  hold  fasti 
stop  !     [Dut.  houd  vast,  hold  fast.] 

AVATAR,  a-va-tar',  ?;.,  the  descent  of  a 
Hindu  deity  in  a  visible  form  :  incarna- 
tion. [Sans. — ava,  away,down,  and  tara, 
passage — tri,  to  cross.] 

AVAUNT,  a-vawnt',  int.  move  on :  be- 
gone !  [Fr.  avant,  forward  —  L.  ab, 
from,   ajife,  before.] 

AVE,  a've,  n.,  be  well  or  happy:  hail,  an 
address  or  prayer  to  the  Virgin  Marv :  in 
fuU,  Ave  Mari'a.  [L.  aveo,  to  be  well  or 
propitious.] 

AVENGE,  a-venj',  v.t.  (B.)  to  inflict  pun- 
ishment  for. — n.  Avengkment,  a-venj'- 
ment.  [Fr.  venger — L.  vindicare.  See 
Vengeance.] 

AVENGER,  a-venj'er,  n.  one  who  avenges. 

AVENOUS,  a-ve'nus,  adj.  in  bot.  wanting 
veins  or  nerves,  as  the  leaves  of  certain 
plants. 

^  VENUE,  av'en-u,  n,  an  alley  of  trees 
leading  to  a  house :  in  Amer.  a  wide 
street.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ad,  to,  venio,  to 
come.] 

AVER,  a-ver',  t'.^  to  declare  to  be  true; 
to  affirm  or  declare  positively : — pr.p 
averr'ing  ;  pa.p.  averred'.  [Fr.  aiwer— 
L.  ad,  and  verus,  true.] 

AVERAGE,  av'er-aj,  ?i.  the  mean  value  or 
quantity  of  a  number  of  values  or  quan^ 
titles. — adj.  containing  a  mean  value. — 
v.t.  to  fix  an  average. — v.i.  to  exist  in,  or 
form,  a  mean  quantity.  [Low  L.  aver- 
agium,  carrj-ing  service  due  to  a  lord  by 
his  tenants  with  their  averia  or  cattle : 
loss,  expense  in  carrying  —  averium, 
"  havings,"  goods,  cattle — ^0.  Fr.  aver — 
L.  habere,  to  have  ;  confused  with  Dut. 
averij,  FV.  avarie — Ar.  awar,  damage ; 
hence  a  contribution  towards  damage  to 
a  cargo  formerly  levied  on  each  mer- 
chant in  proportion  to  the  goods  car-^ 
ried.] 

AVERMENT,  a-ver'ment,  n.  positive  asser- 
tion. 

AVERSE,  a-vers',  adj.  having  a  disinclina 
tion  or  hatred :  disliking. — adv.  Averse' 
LY. — n.  Averse'ness.  [L.  aversus,  turned 
away,  pa.^.  of  averto.    See  Avert.] 

AVERSION,  a-ver'shun,  n.  dislike :  hatred  - 
the  object  of  dislike.    [See  Avert.] 

AVERT,  a-vert',  v.t.  to  turn  from  or  aside  • 
to  prevent.  [L.  averto — ab,  from,  rer^o, 
to  turn.] 

AVIARY,  a'vi-ar-i,  n.  a  place  for  keeping 
birds.  _[L.  aviarium — avis,  a  bird. 

AVICUL'TURE,  a'vi-kul-tur,  n.  the  breed- 
ing and  rearing  of  birds.    Baird. 

AVIDITY.  a-vicTit-i,  n.  eagerness  :  greedi- 
ness. [L.  aviditas  —  avidus,  greedy  — 
ai'eo,  to  pant  after.] 

AVOCATION,  a-vo-kashun,  n.  formerly 
and  properly,  a  diversion  or  distraction 
from  one's  regular  employment :   now. 


AVOID 


26 


BACKSLIDE 


oae's  proper  busiiiess-=VoCA.TlO>" :  busi- 
ness wnich  calls  for  one's  time  and  atten- 
tion. [L.  avocatio.  a  calling  away — ab, 
from,  voco,  to  call.] 

AVOID,  a- void',  v.t.  to  try  to  escape  from  : 
to  shun.— aci;'.  Avoidable.  [Pfx.  a=Fr. 
<?*'=L.  ex,  out,  and  Void.] 

AVOIDANCE,  a-void'aus,  n.  .the  act  of 
avoiding-  or  shunning  :  act  of  annulling. 

AVOIRDUPOIS,  av-er-du-poiz'.  adj.  or  n. 
a.  system  of  weights  in  which  the  lb. 
equals  16  oz.  [Fr.  avoir  dti  pais,  to  have 
(of  the)  weight— L.  habeo,  to  have,  pe)i- 
sum.  that  wliich  is  weighed.] 

AVOUCH,  a-vowch',  v.t.  to  avow :  to  as- 
sert or  own  positively.  [Fr.  d,  and  O. 
Fr.  vocher — L.  vocn,  to  call.  See  Vouch.] 

AVOW,  a-vow',  v.t.  to  declare  openly:  to 
own  or  confess. — adv.  Avow'edly. — adj. 
Avow' ABLE.  [Fr.  avoiiei;  orig.  to  swear 
fealtj'  to — L.  ad,  and  votum,  a  vow.  See 
Vow.] 

AVOWAL,  a-vow'al.  ti.  a  positive  declara- 
tion :  a  frank  confession. 

AWAJT.  a-wat'.  v.t.  to  ivait  or  look /or  ;  to 
be  in  store  for  :  to  attend.  [Through  Fr. 
from  root  of  Ger.  icacht,  a  watch.  See 
Wait.] 

AWAKE,  a-wak',  v.t.  to  rouse  from  sleep  : 
to  rouse  from  a  state  of  inaction. — v.i.  to 
cease  sleeping  :  to  rouse  one's  self  : — 
pa.p.  awaked'  or  awoke'.  —  adj.  not 
asleep  :  vigilant.  [A.S.  awacan — a- (Ger. 
er-.  Goth,  us-.  Ice.  or-),  inten.  or  causal, 
and  iracan,  to  wake.] 

AAVAKEN,  a-wak'n,  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  awake. 

AWAKENING,  a-wak'n-ing.  n.  the  act  of 
awaking  or  ceasing  to  sleep  :  a  revival  of 
religion. 

AWARD,  a-wawrd',  v.t.  to  adjudge  :  to  de- 
termine.— n.  judgment:  final  decision, 
esp.  of  arbitrators.  [O.  Fr.  eswardeir  or 
esgardeir,  from  es^L.  ex  and  a  Teutonic 
root  seen  in  E.  Ward.] 

AWARE,  a- war',  adj.  wary:  informed. 
[From  an  A.S.  geiccer,  from  prefix  ge- 
and  iccer,  cautious.     See  Waet.] 

AWAY,  a-wa',  adv.  out  of  the  way :  ab- 
sent.— int.  begone  ! — (I  cannot)  Aw  at 
■HTTH^bear  or  endure  :  Away  with  (him) 
=take  away :  (make)  Away  ^viTH=de- 
stroy.  [A.S.  aiveg — a,  on,  2ceg,  way,  [lit.) 
'•on  ones  way."] 

AWE,  aw,  n.  reverential /ear  ;  dread. — v.t. 
to  strike  \\'ith  or  influence  by  fear.  [Ice. 
agi,  A.S.  ege,  fear  ;  cog.  with  Gael,  eag- 
hal,  Gr.  achos,  anguish.  From  root  ag-, 
seen  in  Anger.  Anxious.] 

AWEARY,  a-we'ri,  n.  weary.  [Pfx.  a, 
and  Weaby.J 

AA\'E-STRUCK,  aw'-struk,  adj.  struck  or 
affected  %\'ith  awe. 

AWFUL,  aw'fool,  adj.  full  of  awe. — adv. 
Aw'fully.— )1.  Aw'fulness. 

AWHILE,  a-hwir,  adv.  for  some  time  :  for 
a  short  time.     [Pfx.  a,  and  While.] 

AWKWARD,  awk'ward,  adj.  clumsy  :  un- 
graceful.— adv.  Awk'wardly. — jj.'A'wk'- 
WARDNESS.  [M.E.  atck,  contrarj-,  wrong, 
and  A.S.  ward,  dh-ection.] 

AWL,  awl,  n.  a  pointed  instrument  for 
boring  small  holes  in  leather.     [A.S.  eel.] 

AWN,  awn,  n.  a  scale  or  husk :  beard  of 
corn  or  grass. — adjs.  Awned.  Aw^"'less. 
[Ice.  ogn :  Ger.  ahne ;  from  root  ak-, 
sharp,  seen  in  Acute.] 

AWNING,  awn'ing,  n.  a  covering  to  shel- 
ter from  the  sun's  Bays.     [Ety.  dub.] 

AWOKE,  a-wok',  did  awake— jjasf  tense  of 
Awake. 

AWRY,  a-rl',  adj.  twisted  to  one  side  : 
crooked  :  wrong  :  perverse. —  adv.  un- 
evenlv :  perverselv.  [Pfx.  a.  on,  and 
Wry."] 

AXE,  aks,  71.  a  well-known  instrument  for 
he\Ting  or  chopping. — Axe  to  grind,  a 
Member  of  Congress  who  supports  some 


favorite  project  which  makes  him  ap- 
pear generous,  while  he  acts  from  a  self- 
ish motive,  is  said  to  have  an  axe  to 
grind.  (Amer.)  [A.S.  cex:  L.  ascia:  Gr. 
axine.  perhaps  from  root  ak-,  sharp.] 

AXEMAN,  aks'man,  n.  one  who  \\-ields  an 
axe  :  one  who  cuts  down  trees  :  a  wood- 
man.    Whittier. 

AXIOM,  aks'^-um,  n.  a  self-evident  truth : 
a  universally  received  principle  in  an  art 
or  science.-Hi((/.->.  Axioiiat'ic,  Axiomat'- 
ICAL. — adv.  Axiomat'icallt:.  [Gr.  oa-- 
ioma — axioo.  to  tliink  worth,  to  take  for 
gi-anted — axios,  worth.] 

AXIS,  aks'is,  n.  the  axle,  or  the  line,  real 
or  imaginary,  on  which  a  body  revolves  : 
—pi.  Axes,  aks'ez. — adj.  Ax'ial.  [L. 
axis;  cf.  Gr.  axon.  Sans,  aksha,  A.S. 
ea.v.] 

AXLE,  aks'l,  AXLE-TREE,  aksl-tre,  n. 
the  pin  or  rod  in  the  nave  of  a  wheel  on 
which  the  wheel  turns.  [Dim.  from  A.S. 
eax.  and  axle  ;  Sw.  a.reZ.J 

AY,  AYE,  I,  adv.,  yea:  yes:  indeed. — 
Aye,  I,  n.  a  vote  in  the  affirmative.  [A 
form  of  Yea.] 

AYAH,  a'ya,  n.  a  native  Indian  waiting- 
maid. 

AYE,  a,  adv.,  ever:  always :  for  ever. 
[Ice.  ei,  ever,  A.S.  a ;  conn,  with  Age, 
Ever.] 

AYRY.  a'ri,  n.  a  hawk's  nest.   [See  Eyey.] 

AZIMUTH,  az'uu-uth,  7i.  tlie  arc  of  the 
horizon  between  the  meridian  of  a  place 
and  a  vertical  circle  passing  through  any 
celestial  body.  [Ar.  al  saint,  the  direc- 
tion.   See  Zenith.] 

AZOTE,  a-zot',  n.  nitrogen,  so  called  be- 
cause it  does  not  sustain  animal  life. — 
adj.  Azot'ic.  [Gr.  a,  neg.,  and  zao,  to 
live.] 

AZURE,  a'zhur,  adj.  of  a  faint  blue:  sky- 
colored. — )i.  a  delicate  blue  color :  the 
skj'.  [Fr.  azur,  corr.  of  Low  L.  lazur, 
lazulum,  azolum,  blue  ;  of  Pers.  origin.] 


B 


BAA,  ba,  n.  the  cry  of  a  sheep. — v.i.  to 
cry  or  bleat  as  a  sheep.  [From  the 
soundj 

BABBLE,  bab'bl.  v.i.  to  speak  like  a  baby : 
to  talk  childishly:  to  tell  secrets. — v.t. 
to  prate  :  to  utter.  [E. ;  connected  with 
Dut.  babbelen,  Ger.  babbeln,  Fr.  babiller, 
from  ba,  ba,  representing  the  first  at- 
tempts of  a  child  to  speak.] 

BABBLE,  bab'bl.  BABBLEIiIENT,  bab'bl- 
ment,  BABBLING,  bab'bling,  n.  idle 
senseless  talk. 

BABBLER,  bab'bler,  n.,  one  who  babbles. 

BABE,  bab,  BABY,  ba'bi,  n.  an  infant: 
child. — aclj.  Ba'byish.  —  Ji.  Ba'byhood. 
[Ba,  ba.    See  Babble.] 

BABEL,  ba'bel,  n.  a  confused  combination 
of  sounds.  [From  Heb.  Babel  (confusion), 
where  the  language  of  man  was  con- 
founded.] 

BABOON,  ba-boon',  n.  a  species  of  large 
monkev,  having  a  long  face,  dog -like 
tusks,  larg-e  lips,  and  a  short  tail.  [Fr. 
babouin  ;  remoter  origin  dub.] 

BACCARA,  bak'ka-ra,  'BACCARAT,  bak"- 
ka-rat,  a  game  of  cards  introduced  from 
France  into  England  and  America.  It 
is  played  by  any  number  of  players,  or 
ratner  bettors,  and  a  banker.  The  latter 
opens  the  play  by  dealing  two  cards  to 
each  bettor,  and  two  to  himself,  and 
covering  the  stakes  of  each  individual 
with  an  equal  sum.  The  cards  are  then 
examined,  and  those  belonging  to  the 
bettors  which  when  added  score  nine 
points,  or  nearest  that  number,  take 
their  own  stake  and  tlie  banker's.  Should 


he,  however,  be  nearest  the  winning 
number  of  points,  he  takes  all  the  stakes 
on  the  table  ;  in  any  case  he  takes  the 
stakes  of  the  players  who  have  not 
scored  so  near  the  winning  points  as 
himself.  Various  other  numbers,  as  19, 
29,  18,  28,  etc.,  give  certain  advantages 
in  the  game.    Com-t  cards  count  as  ten 

Eoints,  the  others  according  to  the  num« 
er  of  pips.     [Fr.,  origin  unknown.] 

BACCBLANAL,  bak'ka-nal,  BACCHANA- 
LLAN,  bak-ka-na'h-an,  n.  a  worshipper 
of  Bacchus :  one  who  indulges  in  drunken 
revels. — adj.  relating  to  drunken  revels. 
[L.  Bacchus,  Gr.  Bacchos,  the  god  of 
wine.] 

BACCHANALL\,  bak-ka-na'h-a,  BAC- 
CHANALS, bak'ka-nalz,  n.pl.  orig. 
feasts  in  honor  of  Bacchus:  drunken 
revels. 

BACCIFORM,  baVsi-form,  adj.  shaped  Uke 
a  beriT.  [L.  bacca,  a  berrj-,  and  forma, 
formj 

BACHELOR,  bach'el-or,  n.  an  unmarried 
man  :  one  who  has  taken  liis  first  degree 
at  a  university.  —  >is.  Bach'elorhood, 
Bach'eloeship"  [O.  Fr.  bacheler,  a 
young  man.  Ety.  disputed  ;  according 
to  Brachet  from  'Low  L.  bdccalarius,  a 
farm  -  servant,  originally  a  cow-herd  ; 
from  baccalia,  a  herd  of  cows  ;  and  this 
from  bacca.  Low  L.  for  vacca,  a  cow.] 

BACILLUS.  ba-sU'lus,  n.  a  species  of  rod-like 
microscopic  organisms  belonging  to  the 
genus  Bacterium.  Certain  diseases  are 
believed  to  be  caused  by  these  bodies 
being  introduced  into  the  sj-stem. 

BACK,  bak,  u.  the  hinder  part  of  the  body 
in  man,  and  the  upper  part  in  beasts: 
the  hinder  part. — adv.  to  the  place  from 
which  one  came :  to  a  former  state  or 
condition  :  behind  :  in  return  :  again. — 
Back  and  forth,  backward  and  forward, 
(Amer.) — v.t.  to  get  upon  the  back  of: 
to  help,  as  if  standing  at  one's  back  :  to 
put  backward. — v.i.  to  move  or  go  back. 
— To  BACK  OUT,  to  retreat  from  difficulty : 
to  withdraw  from  an  engagement  or 
contest.  (Amer.)  [A.S.  boec,  Sw.  bak, 
Dan.  bag.] 

BACKBITE,  bak'blt.  v.t.  to  speak  evil  of 
any  one  behind  his  back  or  in  his  ab- 
sence.—)!s.  Back'bitee,  Back'bitino. 

BACKBONT;,  bak'bon,  n.  the  bone  of  the 
back,  the  vertebral  column  ;  also,  firm- 
ness, stabilitv  of  purpose,  energ-v.  (Amer.) 

BACKDOOR,  "bak'dor,  n.  a  door  in  the 
back  part  of  a  building. 

BACKED,  bakt,  adj.  pro%-ided  with  a  back : 
— used  in  composition,  as  Hump-backed. 

BACKER,  bak'er,  n.  one  who  backs  or  sup- 
ports another  in  a  contest. 

BACKGAJiIMON,  bak-gam'un,  n.  a  game 
played  by  two  persons  on  a  board  with 
dice  and  fifteen  men  or  pieces  each. 
[Ety.  dub.,  perhaps  A.S.  bcec,  back,  and 
gamen.  game.] 

BACKGROUND,  bak'grownd,  n.  ground  at 
the  back :  a  place  of  obscmity  :  the  space 
behind  the  principal  figures  of  a  picture. 

BACK-HANDED,  bak'-hand-ed,  a^'.  with 
the  hand  turned  backward  (as  of  a  blow) : 
indirect. 

BACK-PIECE,  bak'-pes,  BACK-PLATE, 
bak'-plat,  n.  a  piece  or  plate  of  armor  for 
the  back. 

BACK-SCRAPER,  bak'-skrap-er,  BACK- 
SCRATCHER, bak'-skrach-er,  n.  same  as 
Scratch-back,  3.  "A  back-scratcher  ot 
which  the  hand  was  ivorv." — Southey. 

BACKSHEESH,  BACKSHISH,  bak'shesh, 
n.,a  gift  or  present  of  monev,  in  the  East. 
[Pers.J 

BACKSLIDE.  bak-sUd',  v.i.  to  slide  or  fall 
back  in  faith  or  morals  :— ;)a.p.  backslid* 
or  backslidd'en. — ns.  Backslid'eb,  Back- 
slid'tng. 


BACKSTAIRS 


BALL 


tACKSTAIRS,  bak'starz,  ?i.pZ.  back  or  pri- 
vate stairs  of  a  house. — adj.  secret  or 
underhand. 

BACK-STRING,  bak'-string-,  n.  a  leading- 
string-  by  wWch  a  cliUd  is  supported  or 
gnided  from  behind.  "The  hack-string 
and  the  bib." — Cowper. 

BACKWARD,  bak'ward,  BACKWARDS, 
bak'wardz,  adv.  towards  the  back :  on 
the  back  :  towards  the  past :  from  a  bet- 
ter to  a  worse  state.  [Back  and  affix 
Ward.  Wards,  in  tlie  direction  of.] 

BACKWARD,  bak'ward.aci/.  keeping  back : 
uuwilUng  :  slow :  late  ;  also,  bashful, 
timid.  (Amer.) — adv.  Back'wardly. — n. 
Back'wardness. 

BACKWOODS,  bak'woodz,  n.j^l,  the  for- 
est or  uncultivated  part  of  a  country  be- 
yond the  cleared  country,  as  in  N.  Arqer. 
—n.  Backwoods'jian. 

BACON,  ba'kn,  n.  swine's  flesh  salted  or 
pickled  and  dried.— To  save  one's  bac»n, 
to  preserve  one's  self  from  harm.  (Amer.) 
[O.  Fr.— O.  Dutch,  bak,  a  pig.] 

BACONIAN,  bak-on'i-an,  adj.  pertaining 
to  Lord  Bacon  (1561-1636),  or  to  liis  phi- 
losophy, which  was  inductive  or  based  on 
e.rperience. 

BAD,  bad,  adj.  Ul  or  evil :  wicked :  hurt- 
ful : — eomp.  Worse  ;  superl.  Worst. 
[Ety.  dub.,  perhaps  from  Celt,  baodh, 
foolish,  -wicked.] 

BADDISH,  bad'ish,  adj.  somewhat  bad : 
not  very  good.  [Bad,  and  dim.  termina- 
tion is/i.] 

BADE,  bad,  past  tense  of  Bid. 

BADGE,  baj,  n.  a  mark  or  sign  by  which 
one  is  known  or  distinguished.  [Low  L. 
bagia,  a  mai-k,  baga,  a  ring,  from  a  Teut. 
root,  seen  in  A.S.  beah,  a  ring,  mark  of 
distinction.] 

BADGER,  baj'er,  ?i.  a  burrowing  animal 
about  the  size  of  a  fox,  eagerly  hunted 
by  dogs. — v.t.  to  pursue  wth  eagerness, 
as  dogs  hunt  the  badger :  to  pester  or 
worry.  [A  corr.  of  bladger — O.  Fr. 
bladier.  Low  L.  bladarius,  a  corn-dealer, 
from  bladuni,  corn,  because  the  creatvu-e 
was  believed  to  store  up  corn.  Ace.  to 
Diez,  bladum is  from Ij.ablatum,  '-carried 
away."    See  Ablative.] 

BADINAGE,  bad'in-azh,  n.  light  playful 
talk  :  banter.  [Fr.  badinage — badin, 
playful  or  bantering.] 

BADLY,  bad'li,  adv.  in  a  bad  manner :  not 
well:  imperfectly:  wrongly.-u.  Bad'ness. 

BADMINTON,  bad-min'ton,  n.  a  kind  of 
claret-cup  or  summer  beverage,  so  called 
from  being  invented  at  the  Duke  of  Beau- 
fort's seat  of  that  name.  "Soothed  or 
stimulated  by  fragrant  cheroots  or  beak- 
ers of  Badminton." — Disraeli. 

BAFFLE,  baf'fl,  v.t.  to  elude  or  defeat  by 
artifice :  to  check  or  make  ineffectual. 
[O.  Fr.  bejler,  to  deceive,  to  mock ;  It. 
beffa,  a  scoffing.] 

BAG,  bag,  n.  a  sack  or  pouch. — v.t.  to  put 
into  a  bag  :  to  capture  : — pi:2^-  bagg'ing : 
jM.p.  bagged'.  [A.S.  boelg,  bag,  belly  ; 
Celt,  bag,  balg,  belly,  wallet.] 

BAGASSE,  ba-gas',  n.  the  dry  remains  of 
the  sugar-cane,  after  the  juice  has  all 
been  pressed  out — used  as  fuel  in  boiHng 
the  juice.     (Amer.) 

BAGATELLE,  bag-a^tel',  n.  a  trifle:  a 
game  played  on  a  board  with  nine  balls 
and  a  cue.  [Fr.;  It.  bagatella,  a  conjur- 
er's trick,  a  trifle.] 

BAG-FOX,  bag'-foks,  n.  a  fox  kept  in  con- 
finement, and  sUpped  from  a  bag,  when 
no  other  victim  of  a  hunt  is  to  be  had. 
Miss  Ferrier. 

BAGOAGE,  bag'aj,  n.  the  tents,  provisions, 
and  other  necessaries  of  an  arniy  :  travel- 
ler's luggage.  [Fr.  bagage — O.  Fr.  bagues, 
goods  or  effects ;  from  Celt,  bag,  a 
bundle.] 


BAGOAGE,  bag'aj,  n.  a  worthless  woman: 
a  saucy  female.  [Fr.  6agras.se,  a  prosti- 
tute.] 

BAGGING,  bag'ing,  n.  cloth  or  material 
for  bags :  usually  made  of  hemp,  when 
used  for  packing  cotton.     (Amer.) 

BAGOY,  bag'i,  adj.  loose  like  a  bag. 

BAGMAN,  bag'man,  n.  a  commercial 
traveller. 

BAGNIO,  ban'yo,  n.  a  house  of  Ul-fame. 
[It.  bagno — L.  balneum,  a  bath.] 

BAGPIPE,  bag'pip,  n.  a  musical  wind-in- 
strument, consisting  of  a  leathern  bag, 
which  acts  as  a  bellows,  and  pipes. — n. 
Bag'piper. 

BAH,  ba,  int.  an  exclamation  of  disgust  or 
contempt. 

BAIL,  bal,  71.  one  who  procures  the  release 
of  an  accused  person  by  becoming  guar- 
dian or  security  for  his  appearing  in 
court :  the  security  given. — v.t.  to  set  a 
person  free  by  g^iving  security  for  him : 
to  release  on  the  security  of  another. 
[O.  Fr.  bail,  a  guardian,  a  tutor  ;  Low  L. 
baila,  a  nurse,  fiom  L.  bajulus,  acarrier.] 

BAIL,  bal,  n.  one  of  the  cross  pieces  on  the 
top  of  the  wicket  in  cricket ;  also,  the 
handle  of  a  pail,  bucket  or  kettle.  (Amer.) 
[O.  Fr.  bailies,  sticks,  a  palisade.] 

BAIL,  bal,  v.t.  to  clear  (a  boat)  of  water 
with  buckets.— To  bail  one's  own  boat, 
to  mind  one's  own  business  without 
waiting  for  help  from  others.    (Amer.) 

tDut.  balie,  a  tub,  Fr.  bailie  (whence 
)iez  derives  the  Dut.  word).  Also  spelled 
Bale.] 

BAILABLE,  bal'a-bl,  adj.  admitting  of 
bail. 

BAILIE,  bal'i,  n.  a  municipal  officer  in  Scot- 
land corresponding  to  an  alderman.  [Fr. 
bailli,  land-steward,  officer  of  justice. 
See  Bajliff.] 

BAILIFF,  bal  if,  n.  a  sheriff's  officer :  an 
agent  or  land-steward.  [O.  Fr.  baillif 
(old  form  of  bailli,  see  Bailie);  from  root 
of  Bail.] 

BAILIWICK,  bal'i-wik,  n.  the  jurisdiction 
of  a  baUifl.  [O.  Fr.  baillie,  lordship,  au- 
thority, and  A.S.  wic — L.  viciis,  a  village, 
station.] 

BAIRN,  barn,  n.  a  child.  [Scot,  bairn, 
A.S.  beam — 6eran,  tobear.] 

BAIT,  bat,  n.  food  put  on  a  hook  to  allure 
fish  or  make  them  bite :  any  allurement : 
a  refreshment  taken  on  a  journey. — v.t. 
to  set  food  as  a  lure  :  to  give  refreshment 
on  a  joui-ney. — v.i.  to  take  refreshment 
on  a  journey.     [See  Bait,  v.'] 

BAIT,  bat,  v.t.  to  provoke  an  animal  by  in- 
citing dogs  to  bite  it :  to  harass.  [Ice. 
beita,  from  root  of  Bite.] 

BAIZE,  bas,  n.  a  coarse  wooUen  cloth. 
[From  pi.  of  Fr.  baye ;  so  called  from  its 
color.    See  Bay,  adj.] 

BAKE,  bak,  v.t.  to  dry,  harden,  or  cook  by 
the  heat  of  the  sun  or  of  fire  :  to  prepare 
food  in  an  oven. — v.i.  to  work  as  a  baker. 
[A.S.  bacan;  cog.  with  Ger.  backen,  to 
bake,  Gr.  phogo,  to  roast.] 

BAKEHOUSE,  bak'hows,  n.  a  house  or 
place  used  for  baking  in. 

BAKER,  bak'er,  n.  one  who  bakes  bread, 
etc. 

BAKERY,  baVer-i,  n.  a  bakehouse. 

BAKING,  bak'ing,  n.  the  process  by  which 
bread  is  baked:  the  quantity  baked  at 
one  time.    

BAKING-POWDER,  bak'ing-pou-der,  n.  a 
powder  used  in  baking  bread  chiefly  as  a 
substitute  for  yeast.  The  common  in- 
gredients are  powdered  tartaric  acid,  bi- 
carbonate of  soda,  and  potato  farina. 

BALANCE,  bal'ans,  n.  an  instrument  for 
weighing,  usually  formed  of  too  dishes 
or  scales  hanging  from  a  beam  supported 
in  the  middle :  act  of  weighing  two 
things:   equality  or  just  proportion  of 


weight  or  power,  as  the  balance  c^ 
pou-er :  the  sum  required  to  make  the 
two  sides  of  an  account  equal,  hence  the 
surplus,  or  the  sum  due  on  an  account : 
also  the  remainder  of  anj-thiug  ;  as,  the 
"  balance  of  the  party  stayed."  (Amer.) 
— v.t.  to  weigh  in  a  balance  :  to  counter- 
poise :  to  compare :  to  settle  as  an  ac- 
count.— v.i.  to  have  equal  weight  or 
power,  etc.:  to  hesitate  or  fluctuate, 
[Fr. — L.  bilanx,  having  two  scales — bis, 
double,  lunx,  lands,  a  dish  or  scale.] 

BALANCE  -  HANDLED,  bal'ans-han-dld, 
adj.  a  term  appUed  to  table-knives  which 
have  the  weight  of  the  handle  so  ad- 
justed that  when  the  knives  are  laid  on 
the  table  the  blades  do  not  touch  the 
table-cloth. 

BALANCE-SHEET,  bal'ans-shet,  n.  a  sheet 
of  paper  showing  a  summaiy  and  bal- 
ance of  accounts. 

BALANIFEROUS,  bal-a-nif'er-us,  adj. 
bearing,  yielding,  or  producing  acorns. 
[L.  balanus,  Gr.  balanos,  an  acorn,  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

BALANOH),  bal'a-noid,  adj.  having  the 
form  or  appearance  of  an  acorn  :  relat- 
ing or  pertaining  to  the  cirriped  family 
Baianidfe  or  acorn  shells. 

BALANOID,  bal'a-noid,  n.  a  cirriped  of  the 
family  Balanidae  or  acom-sheUs. 

BALCONY,  balk'on-i,  n.  a  platform  or  gal- 
lery outside  the  window  of  a  room.  [It. 
bateone  ;  from  O.  Ger.  balcho  (CJer.  oal- 
ken),  a  beam,  cog.  with  E.  Balk  in  the 
obs.  sense  of  beam,  partition.] 

BALD,  bawld,  adj.  without  hair  on  the 
head  :  bare,  unadorned.  —  adv.  Bald'- 
LY. — n.  Bald'ness.  [Orig.  "shining," 
"white,"  Celt,  bal,  "white"  spot;  or 
conn,  with  Bold,  which  in  Goth,  balthai 
meant  the  "brave,"  "  shining,"  Ice 
Baldr,  "  Lighigoi."] 

BALDERDASH,  baw^'der-dash,  n.  idle, 
senseless  talk ;  anything  jumbled  to- 
gether without  judgment.     [Ety.  dub.] 

BALDHEAD,  bawld'hed,  n.  a  person  bald 
on  the  head. 

BALDICOOT,  bawl'di-kiit,  n.  1,  the  com- 
mon coot.  Hence — 3,  {Jig.)  a  monk,  on 
account  of  his  sombre  raiment  and 
shaven  crown.  "Pi-incesses  that  .  .  . 
demean  themselves  to  hob  and  nob  with 
these  black  baldicoots." — Kingsley. 

BALDRIB,  bawld'rib,  n.  1,  a  piece  cut 
from  the  side  of  a  pig  lower  down  than 
the  spare-rib,  and  consisting  of  a  rib 
with  flesh  devoid  of  fat  on  it.  "  Baldrib, 
griskin,  chine,  or  chop." — South.  Hence 
— 3i  (fid-)  a  lean,  lanky  person.  T.  Mid- 
dleion.    (Rare.) 

BALDRICK,  bawld'rik,  n.  a  warrior's  belt. 
[O.  Fr.  baldric,  from  O.  Ger.  balderich, 
girdle.] 

BALE,  bal,  n.,  a  ball,  bimdle,  or  package 
of  goods. — v.t.  to  make  into  bales.  [See 
Ball.] 

BALE,  bal,  v.t.  to  throw  out  water.  [See 
Bail.] 

BALEEN,  ba-len',  n.  the  whalebone  of  com- 
merce.    [Fr. — L.  balcena,  whale.] 

BALEFUL,  bal'fool,  adj.  full  of  misery, 
destructive  ;  full  of  sorrow,  sad. — adv. 
Bale'fully.  [Obs.  E.  hale,  A.S.  bealo. 
Ice.  66/,  woe,  evU.] 

BALK,  hawk,  v.i.  to  stop  abruptly  in  one's 
course,  as  a  sulky  horse.     (Amer.) 

BALK,  bawk,  n.  a  liinderance  or  disap- 
pointment.—r.f.  to  check,  di.sappoint,  or 
elude :  to  stop  short  at :  omit.  [A.S. 
balca,  a  heap  or  ridge,  also  a  beam,  a 
partition;  conn,  -with  Bab.  Sec  Balcony.] 

BALL,  bawl,  n.  anything  round  :  a  bullet : 
a  well-known  game.  |Tr.  balle.  Weigand 
has  shown  that  this  is  a  Romance  word, 
as  in  It.  palla — Gr.  palld,  to  swng,  akin 
to  ballo,  to  throw.] 


BALL 


28 


BAPTIST 


BALL,  bawl,  n.  an  entertainment  of  danc- 
ing.    [Fi\  hal — It.  and  Low  L.  baiZare, 

to  dance,  from  Gr.  hallO  to  throw,  the 
game  of  ball-throwing  having  been  as- 
sociated with  music  and  dancing.] 

BALLAD,  ball'ad,  n.  a  short  narrative 
poem  :  a  popular  song.  [Fr.  ballade.  It. 
hallata,  from  ballare,  to  dance ;  a  song 
sung  in  dancing.] 

BALLADMONGER,  baU'ad-mung-ger,  n. 
a  dealer  in  ballads. 

BALLAST,  bal'last,  n.  heavy  matter  placed 
in  a  ship  to  keep  it  steady  when  it  has 
no  cargo :  that  wliich  renders  anj'tliing 
steady. — v.t.  to  load  \\ith  ballast :  to 
make  or  keep  steady.  [Dut.;  ety.  best 
seen  in  Dan.  bag-last  or  ballast,  from 
bag,  "  behind."  the  Back,  and  last, 
load ;  a  load  placed  behind  or  under  to 
steady  a  ship.] 

BALLET,  ball  a,  n.  a  theatrical  exhibition 
acted  chiefly  in  dancing.  [Fr.  dim.  of 
bal,  a  dance.] 

BALLISTA,  ball-is'ta,  n.  a  military  engine 
in  the  form  of  a  cross-bow,  used  by  the 
ancients  for  throwing  heavy  arrows, 
darts,  large  stones,  etc.  [L. — Gr.  ballb, 
to  throw.] 

BALLOON,  ball-oon',  n.  a  large  bag,  made 
of  hght  material,  and  filled  with  a  gas 
lighter  than  common  air,  so  as  to  make 
it  ascend. — Ballooning,  the  operation  of 
inflating  shares  or  stock  by  publishing 
fictitious  favorable  reports  or  the  like. 
(Stock  exchange  slang.)  [Fr.  ballon — 
balle,  a  ball ;  the  on  is  augmentative.] 

BALLOT,  bal'ut,  n.,  a  little  ball  or  ticket 
used  in  voting :  the  act  of  secret  voting 
by  putting  a  ball  or  ticket  into  a  box. — 
v.i.  to  vote  by  ballot  •.—pr.p.  ball'oting  ; 
pa.p.  ball'oted.  [Fr.  ballotte,  dim.  of 
balle,  a  ball.     See  Ball.] 

BALL-PROOF,  bawl'-proof,  adj.  proof 
against  balls  discharged  from  firearms. 

BALLROOM,  tawl'room,  n.  a  room  for 
balls  or  dancing. 

BALM,  bam,  n.  an  aromatic  plant :  a  fre^- 
grant  and  heaUng  ointment  obtained 
from  such  a  plant  :  anything  that  heals 
or  soothes  pain.  [Fr.  baume,  O.  Fr.  basme 
— L.  balsamiim.     See  Baj*am.] 

BALMY,  bam'i,  adj.  fragrant :  soothing : 
bearing  balm. 

BALNEOGRAPHY,  bal-ne-og'ra-fl,  n.  a  de- 
scription of  batiis.  Dunglison.  [L.  bal- 
neum, a  bath,  and  Gr.  graphs,  a  descrip- 
tion.] 

BALNEOLOGy,  bal-ne-ol'o-ji,  n.  a  treatise 
on  baths  or  bathing :  the  branch  of 
knowledge  relating  to  baths  and  bath- 
mg.  Dunglison.  [L.  balneum,  a  bath, 
and  Gr.  logos,  a  discourse.] 

BALNEOTHERAPIA,  bal'ne-o-ther-a-pl'a, 
BALNE0THERAPY,bal'ne-6-ther-a^pi,re. 
the  treatment  of  disease  by  baths.  Dun- 
glison. [L.  balneum,  a  bath,  and  Gr. 
therapeia,  medical  treatment.] 

BALSAM,  oawl'sam,  n.  the  name  of  cer- 
tain plants :  a  resinous  oily  substance 
flowing  from  tnem.  [L.  balsamum — Gr. 
balsamon — Heb.  baal,  a  prince,  and  scha- 
man,  oil.] 

BALSAMIC,  bal-sam'ik,  adj.  soothing. 

BALUSTER,  bal'ust-er,  n.  a  small  pUlar 
used  as  a  support  to  ihe  rail  of  a  staii- 
case,  etc. — ad).  Balustered,  bal'ust-erd. 
[Fr.  baZustre — Low  L.  balaustium — Gr. 
halaustion,  the  flower  of  the  pomegran- 
ate ;  from  the  similarity  of  form.] 

BALUSTRADE,  bal'ust-rad,  n.  a  row  of 
balusters  joined  by  a  rail. 

BAMBOO,  bam-boo',  n.  a  gigantic  Indian 
reed  or  grass,  with  hollow-jointed  stem, 
and  of  hard  texture.     [Malay.] 

BAMBOOZLE,  bam-b66'zl,  v.t.  to  deceive  : 
to  confound.     [Ety.  dub.] 

BAN,  ban,  n.  a  proclamation  :  a  denuncia- 


tion :  a  curse.  [A.S.  ge-i>ann,  a  procla- 
mation, a  widefy  diffused  Teut.  word, 
O.  Grer.  pannan,  orig.  meaning  to  "sum- 
mon to  trial."    See  Abandon.] 

Banality,  ba-nal'l-ti,  n.  the  state  of  be- 
ing banal,  trite,  or  stale  :  commonplace- 
ness  :  vulgarity  or  triviality  in  expres- 
sion.    [Ft.  banalite.'\ 

BANANA,  ba-na'na,  n.  a  gigantic  herba- 
ceous plant,  remarkable  for  its  nutritious 
fruit. 

BAND,  band,  n.,  that  which  binds  to- 
gether :  a  tie.  A.S.  bend,  from  bindan, 
to  bind.    See  Bind.] 

BAND,  band,  n.  a  number  of  persons  bound 
together  for  any  common  purpose :  a 
body  of  musicians  —v.t.  to  bind  together. 
— v.i.  to  associate.  [Fr.  bande,  from 
Ger.  band,  bond,  thing  used  in  binding — 
binden,  E.  Bind.     See  Banner.] 

BANDAGE,  band'aj,  n.  a  strip  of  cloth 
used  to  bind  up  a  wound  or  fractiu-e. — 
v.t.  to  bind  with  such. 

BANDANA,  BANDANNA,  ban-dan'a,  n.  a 
kind  of  silk  or  cotton  colored  handker- 
chief, originally  from  India. 

BAIS'^DBOX,  band'boks,  n.  a  thin  kind  of 
box  for  holding  bands,  caps,  etc. 

BANDIT,  ban'dit,  ;;.  an  outlaw  :  a  robber : 
—pi.  Ban'dits  or  Banditt'I.  [It.  bandito 
— Low  L.  bannire,  bandire,  to  proclaim, 
from  Ban.] 

BANDOG,  ban'dog,  n.  properly  band-dog, 
a  large,  fierce  dog  (which,  on  accovmt  of 
its  fierceness,  was  kept  bound  or  chained). 

BANDORE,  ban-dor',  n.  a  widow's  veU  for 
covering  the  head  and  face.     Prior. 

BANDS,  bandz,  n.pl.  a  portion  of  the  dress 
worn  by  clergymen,  barristers,  etc. — a 
relic  of  the  ancient  amice. 

BANDY,  ban'di,  n.  a  club  bent  at  the  end 
for  striking  a  ball :  a  game  at  ball  with 
such  a  club. — v.t.  to  beat  to  and  fro  as 
witn  a  bandy  :  to  toss  from  one  to  an- 
Wher  (as  words),  like  playing  at  bandy  : 
—pa.p.  ban'died.  [Fr.  bander,  to  bend 
— <xer.  band,  a  tie,  string.] 

BANDY-LEGGED,  ban'di-legd,  adj.  nav- 
ing  bandy  or  crooked  legs. 

BANE,  ban,  n.,  destruction :  death :  mis- 
chief :  poison.  [A.S.  bana,  a  murderer ; 
Ice.  bani,  death.] 

BANEFUL,  ban'fool,  adj.  destructive.  — 
adv.  Bane'fdllt. 

BANG,  bang,  n.  a  heavy  blow. — v.t.  to 
beat :  to  strike  violently.  [Ice.  bang,  a 
hammering ;  originally  perhaps  from  the 
sound.]  ^^ 

BANG,  BANGUE,  bang,  n.  an  intoxicat- 
ing drug  made  from  Indian  hemp.  [Pars. 
bang.l 

BANIAN.    See  Banyan. 

BANISH,  ban'ish,  v.t.  to  condemn  to  exile  : 
to  drive  away.  [Fr.  bannir  —  Low  L. 
bannire,  to  proclaim,  from  Ban,  and  see 
AbandonJ 

BANISHMENT,  ban'ish-ment,  n.  exile. 

BANISTER,  ban'ist-er,  n.  corruption  of 
Balustek. 

BANJO,  ban'io,  n.  a  musical  instrument 
hKe  a  fiddle.  [Corr.  of  Fr.  bandore  or 
pandore — ^L.    pandura — Gr.  2}andoura.] 

BANJORE,  ban^jor,  n.  Same  as  Banjo. 
Miss  Edgeworth. 

BANK,  bangk,  n.  a  mound  or  ridge  of 
earth :  the  earthy  margin  of  a  river, 
lake,  etc. :  rising  ground  in  the  sea,.— v.t 
to  inclose  with  a  bank.  [A.S.  banc; 
Ger.  bank.  Conn,  with  Bench  through 
the  idea  of  "  thing  ridged  or  raised."] 

BANK,  bangk,  n.  a  place  where  money  is 
deposited  :  an  institution  for  the  keep- 
ing, lending,  and  exchanging,  etc.,  of 
money. — v.t.  to  deposit  in  a  bank,  as 
money.  [Fr.  banqtie — It.  banco,  a  bench 
on  which  the  Italian  money-changers  dis- 
played their  money— Ger.6anfc,E.  Bench.] 


BANKABLE,  bangk'a-bl,  a<W.  received  aii 
a  bank,  as  bills :  discountsible,  as  notes. 
(Amer.) 

BANK-BILL,  bangV-bil,  n.  a  bank-note 
(Amer.) 

BANKER,  bangk'er,  n.  a  vessel  engaged  in 
the  Newfoundland  fisheries.  (Amer.) 

BANKER,  bangk'er,  n.  one  who  keeps  a 
bank :  one  employed  in  banking  busi^ 
ness. 

BANKING,  bangk'ing,  n.  the  business  of  a 
banker. — adj.  pertaining  to  a  bank. 

BANKLESS,  bangk'les,  adj.  without  banks 
or  limits.     "The  bankless  sea." — Davies. 

BANK-NOTE,  bangk'-not,  n.  a  note  issued 
by  a  bank,  which  passes  as  monev. 

BANKRUPT,  bangl^rupt,?).  one  who  breaks 
or  fails  in  business  :  an  insolvent  person. 
— adj.  insolvent.  [Bank,  a  bencn,  and 
L.  ruptus,  broken.] 

BANKRUPTCY,  bangk'rupt-si,  n.  the  state 
of  being  or  act  of  becoming  bankrupt. 

BANK-STOCK,  bangk'-stok,  n.  a  share  or 
shares  in  the  capital  stock  of  a  bank. 

BANNER,  ban'er,  n.  a  military  standard  ; 
a  flag  or  ensign.  [Fr.  banniere.  It.  ban- 
diera — Low  L.  bandum,  a  standard,  from 
Ger.  band,  a  band,  a  strip  of  cloth,  a 
waving  or  fluttering  cloth,  used  as  a  flag 
— Ger.  binden.    See  Band,  Bind.] 

BANNERED,  ban'erd,  adj.  fm-msbed  with 
banners. 

BANNERET,  ban'er-et,  n.  a  higher  class  of 
knight,  inferior  to  a  baron.  [Fr.,  dim.  of 
BanneeJ 

BANNOCK,  ban'nok,  n.  a  cake  of  Indian- 
meal  fried  in  lard. 

BANNS,  banz,  n.pl.  a  proclamation  of  mar- 
riage.    [From  Ban.] 

BANQUET,  bangk' wet,  n.  a  feast :  any 
rich  treat  or  entertainment. — v.t.  to  give 
a  feast  to. — v.i.  to  fare  sumptuously. — n. 
Banq'uet-house.  [Fr.— It.  banchetto, 
dim.  of  banco,  a  bench  or  table — Ger. 
bank.    See  Bank,  a  bench.] 

BANQUETTE,  ban-kef,  n.  a  name  for  a 
sidewalk  in  Louisiana. 

BANSHEE,  ban'she,  n.  a  female  fairy  in 
Ireland  and  elsewhere,  who  usually  ap- 
pears and  utters  a  peculiar  shrieking  wail 
before  a  death  in  a  particular  family  to 
which  she  is  attached.  [Ir.  bean,  a  wo- 
man, sidhe,  a  fairy.] 

BANTAM,  ban'tam,  n.  a  small  variety  of 
the  common  fowl,  brought  from  th^a 
East  Indies,  and  supposed  to  be  named 
from  Bantam  in  Java. — adj.  of  the  ban- 
tam breed. 

BANTER,  bant'er,  v.t.  to  assail  with  good- 
humored  raillery :  to  joke  or  jest  at ; 
also,  to  challenge  to  a  match :  to  provoke 
to  a  wager.  (Amer.) — n.  humorous  raO- 
lery :  jesting.     JTEty.  dub.J 

BANTING,  bant'ing,  n.  a  system  of  diet 
for  reducing  superfluous  fat.  [From  W. 
Banting  of  London,  who  recommended 
it  to  the  public  in  1863.] 

BANTLING,  bantling,  n.  a  child.  [So 
called  from  the  bands  in  which  it  is 
wrapped.] 

BANYAN,  ban'yan,  n.  one  belonging  to 
the  caste  of  merchants  in  India. — Ban- 
yan-day, a  day  without  meat.  [Sans. 
banij,  a  merchant.] 

BANYAN,  ban'yan,  n.  the  Indian  fig-tree 
whose  branches  take  root  and  spread 
over  a  large  area.  [So  called  by  the 
English  because  the  Banyans  (merchants) 
held  their  markets  under  it.  ] 

BAOBAB,  ba'o-bab,  n.  a  large  African  tree. 
[W.  African.] 

BAPTISM,  bapt'izm,  n.  immersion  in  or 
sprinkUng  with  water  as  a  religious  cere- 
mony.— adj.  Baptism' AL. 

BAPTlST,  bapt'ist,  n.  one  who  baptizes  r 
one  who  approves  only  of  adult  baptism 
by  immersion. 


BAPTISTERY 


29 


BARROW 


BAPTISTERY,  bapt'ist-er-i,  n.  a  place 
where  baptism  is  administered. 

BAPTIZE,  bapt-Iz',  v.t.  to  administer  bap- 
tism to  :  to  christen.  [Gr.  baptizo — bapto, 
to  dip  in  water.] 

BAR,  bar,  n.  a  rod  of  any  solid  substance  : 
a  bolt :  a  hinderance  or  obstruction  :  a 
bank  of  sand  or  other  matter  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  :  the  railing  that  in- 
closes a  space  in  a  tavern  or  in  a  court  of 
law  :  any  tribunal :  the  pleaders  in  a  court 
as  distinguished  from  the  judges  :  a  divis- 
ion in  music. — v.t.  to  fasten  or  secure,  as 
with  a  bar  :  to  hinder  oi  exclude  : — pr.p. 
barring  ;  pa.p.  barred'.  [Fr.  barre,  It. 
barra ;  of  Celtic  origin.] 

BARB,  barb,  n.  the  beardike  jag  near  the 
point  of  an  arrow,  fish-hook,  etc. — v.t.  to 
arm  with  barbs,  as  an  arrow,  etc.  [Fr. — 
L.  barba,  a  beard.] 

BARB,  barb,  n.  a  swift  kind  of  horse,  the 
breed  of  which   came    from  Barbary  in 

BARB  AC  AN,  '  bar'ba-kan,  BARBICAN, 
bar'bi-kan,  n.  an  outer  work  or  defence 
of  a  castle,  esp.  before  a  gate  or  bridge. 
[Low  L.  barbacana,  prob.  from  Pers.] 

BARBADOS-NUT,  bar-ba'doz-nut,  n.  the 
physic-nut,  a  product  of  Curcas  pnrgans 
(Jatropha  Curcas).     [See  Cuecas.] 

BARBARESQUE,  bar-bar-esk',  adj.  charac- 
teristic of  barbarians :  barbarous.  De 
Quincey.    (Rare.) 

BARBARIAN,  bar-bar'i-an,  adj.  uncivil- 
ized :  savage  :  without  taste  or  refine- 
ment.— n.  an  uncivilized  man,  a  savage  : 
a  cruel,  brutal  man.  [L.  barbariis,  Gr. 
barbaros — bar,  bar,  an  imitation  of  unin- 
telligible sounds — applied  by  the  Greeks 
(and  afterwards  the  Romans)  to  those 
speaking  a  different  language  from 
themselves.] 

BARBARIC,  bar-bar'ik,  adj.  foreign  :  un- 
civilized. 

BARBARISM,  bar'bar-izm,  n.  savage  life  : 
rudeness  of  manners  :  an  incorrect  form 
of  speech. 

BARBARITY,  bar-bar'i-ti,  n.  savageness : 
cruelty. 

BAEBAllIZE,  bar'bar-Iz,  v.t.  to  make  bar- 
barous. 

BARBAROUS,  bar'bar-us,  adj.  uncivilized  ; 
rude  :  savage,  brutal. — adv.  Bar'bae- 
OUSLY. — n.  Bak'babousness. 

BARBECUE,  barb'e-ku,  v.t.  to  roast  whole, 
as  a  pig.     [Ety.  dub.] 

BARBEL,  barb'el,  n.  a  fresh-water  fish 
with  beard-like  appendages  at  its  mouth. 
[O.  Fr.  barbel — L.  barba,  a  beard.] 

BABBER,  barb'er,  n.  one  who  shaves 
beards  and  dresses  hair.  [Fr. — L.  barba, 
a  beard.] 

BARBERRY,  bar'ber-i,  n.  a  thorny  shrub 
with  red  berries,  common  in  hedges. 
[Low  L.  and  Sp.  berberis — Ar.  barbaris.'] 

BARBICAN,  bar'bi-kan,  n.  same  as  Bar- 

BACAN. 

BARD,  bard,  n.  a  poet  and  singer  among 

the  ancient  Celts :  a  poet.     [Celtic] 
BARDIC,  bard'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  bards 

or  their  poetry. 
BARE,  bar,  adj.  uncovered,  naked  :  poor, 

scanty :  unadorned  :  mere  or  by  itself. — 

v.t.  to  strip  or  uncover. — adv.    Bake'ly. 

— n.  Bare'ness.     [A.S.  basr ;  Ger.  baar, 

bar ;  Ice.  6er.] 
BARE,  bar,  o\A  pa.t.  of  Bear. 
BAREFACED,  bar'fast,  adj.  with  the  face 

uncovered  :     impudent.  —  adv.    Bake'- 

FACEDLY. — n.    BARE'FACEDNESS. 

BARGAIN,  bar'gin,  n.  a  contract  or  agree- 
ment :  a  favorable  transaction. — INTO 
THE  BARGAIN,  over  :  above  :  besides. — 
v.i.  to  make  a  contract  or  agreement : 
to  chaffer.  [Fr.  barguigner — Low  L. 
barcaniare  ;  ace.  to  Diez  from  barca,  a 
boat,  used  in  carrying  goods  about.] 


BARGE,  barj,  n.  a  boat  used  in  the  unload- 
ing of  lar^e  vessels  :  a  pleasure  or  state 
boat.  [O.  Fr.  barge— Low  L.  bargia. 
Prob.  a  doublet  of  Bark,  a  barge.] 

BARIC,  bar'ik,  adj.  pertaining  or  relating 
to  weight,  more  especially  the  weight  of 
the  atmosphere  as  measured  by  the  bar- 
ometer.    [Gr.  barys,  heavy.] 

BARILLA,  fjar-il'a,  n.  an  alkaUne  ash  ob- 
tained by  burning  several  marine  plants 
(that  grow  chiefly  on  the  east  coast  of 
Spain),  used  for  making  soap,  glass,  etc. 
[Sp.] 

BARITONE,  bar'i-ton,  n.  same  as  Baby- 
tone. 

BARK,  bark,  n.  the  noise  made  by  a  dog, 
wolf,  etc. — v.i.  to  yelp  like  a  dog :  to 
clamor. — To  bark  xjp  the  wrong  tree, 
to  mL^take*  one's  object  :  to  pursue  the 
\vTong  course  to  obtain  it.  In  Jumting,  a 
dog  drives  a  squirrel  or  other  game  into 
a  tree,  where  by  barking  he  attracts  its 
attention  until  the  hunter  arrives.  Some- 
times the  game  escapes,  or  the  dog  is 
deceived,  and  barks  up  the  wrong  tree. 
[A.S.  beorcan,  probably  a  variety  of 
hreean,  to  crack,  snap.     See  Break.] 

BARK,  BARQUE,  biirk,  n.  a  barge :  a  ship 
of  small  size  :  technically,  a  three-masted 

,  vessel  with  no  square  saUs  on  her  mizzen- 
mast.  [Fr.  barque  —  Low  L.  barca ; 
perh.  from  Gr.  baris,  a  boat.] 

BARK,  bark,  n.  the  outer  rind  or  covering 
of  a  tree. — v.t.  to  strip  or  peal  the  bark 
from.  —  To  BARK  A  squirrel,  to  strike 
with  a  rifle  ball  the  bark  on  the  upper 
side  of  a  branch  on  which  the  animal  sits, 
so  that  the  concussion  kills  it  without 
mutilation.  (Amer.)  [Dan.  bark.  Ice. 
borkr.] 

BARKEN,  bark'en,  adj.  consisting  or  made 
of  bark.  "Barken  knots." — Wliittier. 
(Rare.) 

BARLEY,  bar'li,  n.  a  grain  used  for  food, 
but  cliiefly  for  making  malt.  [A.S.  bcerlic 
— [»ere(Scot.6ea?-)and  lic=lec,\ee\i,  plant; 
W.  barllys — bara,  bread,  llys,  a  plant ; 
akin  to  L.  far,  corn  —  from  root  of  to 
bear.l 

BARLEY-CORN,  bar'li-korn,  n.  a  grain  of 
barley :  a  measure  of  length^the  third 
part  of  an  inch. 

BARM,  biirm,  m.  froth  of  beer  or  other  fer- 
menting liquor  used  as  leaven  :  yeast. 
[A.S.  beorma,  Dan.  barme ;  akin  to  L. 
fermentum,  Eng.  brew."] 

BARMAID,  bar'mad,  n.  a  female  who  waits 
at  the  bar  of  a  tavern  or  beer-shop. 

BARMECIDE,  bar'nie-sfd,  adj.  imaginary 
or  pretended.  [From  a  story  in  the 
"Arabian  Nights,"  in  which  a  beggar  is 
entertained  by  one  of  the  Barmecide 
princes  on  an  imaginary  feast.] 

BARMY,  barm'i,  adj.  containing  barm  or 
yeast. 

BARN,  barn,  n.  a  building  in  which  grain, 
hay,  etc.,  are  stored. — v.t.  to  store  in  a 
barn. — ns.  Barn-door,  barn'-dor.  Barn- 
yard, barn'-yard.  [A.S.  berern,  con- 
tracted bern,  from  bere,  barley,  em,  a 
house.] 

BARNABY-BRIGHT,  bar'na-bi-brit,  n.  the 
day  of  St.  Barnabas  the  Apostle,  the  11th 
of  June,  which  in  old  style  was  the  day 
of  the  summer  solstice,  or  as  put  by  the 
old  rhyme  :  "Bamaby-bright,  the  longest 
day  and  the  shortest  night."  "The 
steward  .  .  .  adjourned  the  court  to 
Bamaby-bright  that  they  might  have  day 
enough  before  them." — Addisoii. 

BARNACLE,  bar'na-kl,  n.  a  shell -fish 
which  adheres  to  rocks  and  the  bottoms 
of  ships  :  a  kind  of  goose.    [Ety.  dub.] 

BARNACLES,  bar'na-klz,  n.  spectacles. 
[O.  Fr.  bericle,  dim.  from  L.  beryllus, 
beryl,  crystal  ;  Ger.  brille.] 

BAROMETER,  bar-om'et-er    u.  an  instru- 


ment by  which  the  weight  of  the  atmos- 
phere is  measured  and  changes  of  weath- 
er indicated.— ad/.  Baromet'ric. — adv. 
Baromet'rically.  [Gr.  baros,  weight; 
metron,  measure.] 
BAROMETRY,  ba-rom'et-ri,  n.  the  art  or 
operation  of  conducting  barometrica! 
measurements,  experiments,  observa 
tions,  or  the  Uke. 

A  scrap  of  parchment  hun^  by  geometry, 

(A  great  rennement  in  barometry). 

Can,  like  the  stars,  foretell  the  weather.— Surf/t. 

BARON,  bar'on,  n.  a  title  of  rank  next 
above  a  baronet  and  below  a  viscount, 
being  the  lowest  in  the  House  of  Peers  : 
a  title  of  certain  judges  :  in  feudal  times, 
the  peers  or  great  lords  of  the  realm. 
[Fr.  haroji ;  in  the  Romance  tongues  the 
word  meant  a  man  as  opposed  to  a  wo- 
man, a  strong  man,  a  warrior ;  either 
from  Celtic  bar,  a  hero,  fear,  a  man,  or 
from  O.  Ger.  bar,  man.  (O.  Ger.  bairan, 
E.  Bear,  to  carry).] 

BARONAGE,  bar'on-aj,  n.  the  whole  body 
of  barons. 

BARONESS,  bar'on-es,  n.  a  baron's  wife. 

BARONET,  bar'on-et,  n.  a  title  of  rank 
next  above  a  knight  and  below  a  baron — 
the  lowest  hereditary  title  in  England. 
[Dim.  of  Baron.] 

BARONETAGE,  bar'on-et-aj,  n.  the  whole 
body  of  baronets. 

BARONETCY,  bar'on-et-si,  n.  the  rank  of 
baronet. 

BARONIAL,  bar-6n'i-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  baron  or  barony. 

BARONY,  bar'on-i'i  n.  the  territory  of  a 
baron. 

BAROUCHE,  ba-roosh',  n.  a  double-seated 
four-wheeled  carriage  with  a  falling  top. 
[It.  bai-rocio—L.  birotus,  two-wheeled, 
from  bis,  twice,  rota,  a  wheel.] 

BARQUE,  biirk,  n.  same  as  Bark,  a  ship. 

BARRACLADE,  bar'ra-klad,  n.  a  liome 
made  napless  blanket.  [D.  baare  klede- 
ren,  bare  clotlis.] 

BARRACK,  bar'ak,  n.  a  hut  or  building 
for  soldiers,  esp.  in  garrison  (generally 
used  in  the  plural).  [Fr.  baraque.  It. 
baracca,  a  tent ;  cf.  Celtic  barrachad,  a 
hut.] 

BARRANCA,  bar-rang'kaw,  n.  a  deep  ra- 
vine produced  suddenly  by  heavy  rains, 
and  having  steep  banks.  Used  on  Mexican 
border.     (Amer.) 

BARRAQUE,  bar-rak',  n.  a  roof  on  four 
posts  for  sheltering  hay  or  other  produce. 
[Fr.  baraque,  barrack.] 

BARREL,  bar'el,  n.  a  round  wooden  vessel 
made  of  bars  or  staves :  the  quantity 
which  such  a  vessel  contains  :  anything 
long-  and  hollow,  as  the  barrel  of  a  gun. 
— v.t.  to  put  in  a  barrel.  [Fr.  baril — barre. 
See  Bar.] 

BARREL-VAULT,  bar'el-vawlt,  n.  the 
simplest  form  of  vault,  having  a  semi- 
circular roof.     [See  Vault.] 

BARREN,  bar'en,  adj.  incapable  of  bearing 
offspring:  unfruitful :  dull, stupid. — Bar- 
rens, in  the  United  States,  elevated 
lands  or  plains  on  which  grow  small 
trees,  unfit  for  timber.— 7i.  Barr'enness. 
[Fr.  brihaigne,  O.  Fr.  baraigne.] 

BARRICADE,  bar'ik-ad,  it.  a  temporary 
fortification  raised  to  hinder  the  advance 
of  an  enemy,  as  in  the  street  fights  at 
Paris. — v.t.  to  obstruct :  to  fortify.  [Fr. 
—barre,  a  bar.    See  Bar.] 

BARRIER,  bar'i-er,  n.  a  defence  against 
attack :  a  limit  or  boundary.  [Fr.  bar- 
rier e.] 

BARRISTER,  bar'is-ter,  n.  one  who  is  quali- 
fied to  plead  at  the  bar  in  an  English 
law-court. 

BARROW,  bar'ro,  n.  a  small  hand  or  wheel 
carriage  used  to  bear  or  convey  a  load. 
[A.S.  berewe — beran,  to  bear.] 


BARROW 


30 


BATTALION 


BARROW,  bar'ro,  n.  a  mound  raised  over 
graves  in  former  times.  [A.S.  beorh — 
beorgan,  to  protect.] 
BARTER,  barter,  v.t.  to  give  one  thing-  in 
exchange  for  another. — v.i.  to  traffic  bj' 
exchanging-. — h.  traffic  by  exchange  of 
commodities.  [O.  Fr.  bareter.] 
BARYCENTRIC,  bar-i-sen'trik,  adj.  of, 
pertaining,  or  relating  to  the  centre  of 
graA-ity.— Bartcextric  calculus,  an  ap- 
plication to  geometry  of  the  mechanical 
theory  of  the  centre  "of  gravity,  executed 
in  two  distinct  ways,  according  as  metri- 
cal or  descriptive  geometrical  properties 
are  to  be  investigated.  [Gr.  barys,  heavj-, 
and  kentron,  centre.] 

BARYTONE,  bar'i-ton,  n.  a  deep-toned 
male  voice  between  bass  and  tenor.  [Gr. 
barys,  heavy,  deep,  and  totws,  a  tone.] 

BASALT,  bas-awlt',  n.  a  hard,  dark-colored 
rock  of  igneous  origin. — adj.  Basalt'ic. 
[L.  basaltes  (an  African  word),  a  marble 
found  in  Ethiopia.] 

BASALTOID,  ba-sawlt'oid,  adj.  allied  in 
appearance  or  nature  to  basalt :  resem- 
bling basalt.  [Basalt,  and  Gr.  eidos,  re- 
semblance.] 

BASE,  bas,  n.  that  on  which  a  thing  rests  : 
foot :  bottom  :  foundation  :  support :  the 
chief  ingredient. — v.t.  to  found  or  place 
on  a  base  i^pr.p.  bas'ing  ;  pa.p.  based. 
[Fr. — L. — Gr.  basis — baino,  to  step.] 

BASE,  bas.  n.  a  skirt  which  hung  do-wn 
from  the  waist  to  the  knees  of  a  knight 
when  on  horseback.     [From  Base,  adj.] 

BASE,  bas,  adj.  low  in  place,  value,  esti- 
mation, or  principle  :  mean  :  vHe  :  worth- 
less :  (New  Test.)  humble,  lowly. — adv. 
Base'lt. — n.  Base'ness.  [Fi-.  bas— Low 
L.  bassits,  thick,  fat,  a  -s-ulgar  Roman 
word,  found  also  in  name  ^assiw.] 

BASE-BALL,  bas'-bawl,  n.  a  favorite  game 
of  ball  hi  the  United  States,  so-called 
from  the  bases,  four  in  number,  set  down 
so  as  to  mark  the  form  of  a  diamond,  and 
which  designate  the  cii'cuit  each  player 
must  complete,  in  order  to  score  a  run, 
after  strUang  the  ball. 

BASE-BORN,  bas'-ba\vrn,  adj.  born  of  low 
parentage  :  illegitimate  by  birth :  mean. 

BASE-BURNER,  bas'-bern^sr,  n.  a  base- 
burning  sm-face  or  stove. 

BASE-BURNING,  bas'-bern-ing,  adj.  burn- 
ing at  the  base. — Base-buemxg  furnace 
or  stove,  one  in  which  the  fuel  burns  at 
the  bottom,  and  is  renewed  from  a  self- 
acting  hopper  or  chamber  above. 

BASEIjESS,  bas'les,  adj.  without  a  base  or 
foundation. 

BASEJLENT,  bas'ment,  n.  the  base  or  low- 
est storv  of  a  building. 

BASE-SPIRITED,  bas'-spir-it-ed,  adj. 
mean-spirited. 

BASE-STRING,  bas'-string,  n.  the  string 
of  a  musical  instrument  that  gives  the 
lowest  note. 

BASE-VIOL,  bas'-vi-ol,  n.    Same  as  Bass- 

TIOL. 

BASHAW,  ba-shaw',  n.  com.  written 
Pasha  or  Pacha  (which  see). 

BASHFUL,  bash'fool,  adj.  easily  confused  : 
modest:  shy:  wanting  confidence. — adv. 
BAStfruLLT. — n.  Bas^fulness.  [From 
root  of  Abash.] 

BASIHYAL,  ba-si-hl'al,  adj.  in  anat.  re- 
lating to  or  connected  with  the  body  or 
basal  portion  of  the  hyoid  bone.  [See 
HTonx] 

BASILICA,  baz-U'ik-a,  n.  among  the  Ro- 
mans, a  large  hall  for  judicial  and  com- 
mercial purposes,  many  of  which  were 
afterwards  converted  into  Christian 
churches :  a  magnificent  church  built 
after  the  plan  of  the  ancient  basilica. 
[L.  basilica,  Gr.  basilike  (oikia,  a  house), 
belonging  to  a  king,from  basileus,a,  king.] 

BASILISK,  bji/il-isk,  n.  a  fabulous  serpent 


haNTng  a  crest  on  its  head  like  a  crown  : 
in  modern  zoologv,  a  kind  of  crested 
lizard.  [G.  basiliskos.  dim.  of  basileus,  a 
king.] 

BASIN,  bas'n,  ?!.  a  wide  open  vessel  or 
dish  :  any  hollow  place  containing  water, 
as  a  dock  :  the  area  drained  by  a  river 
and  its  tributaries.  [Fr.  bassin,  It.  bacino, 
Low  L.  bacchinus,  perhaps  from  the  Cel- 
tic bac,  a  cavitv.l 

BASIOCCIPITAi,  ba'si-ok-sip'i-tal.  adj.  in 
anat.  pertaining  to  or  connected  -with 
the  base  of  the  occipital  bone. 

BASIPETAL,  ba-sip'e-tal,  adj.  tending  to 
the  centre.  Specifically,  in  bot.  a  term 
appUed  to  a  leaf  in  which  the  axis  ap- 
pears first,  and  on  its  sides  the  lobes  and 
leaflets  spring  from  above  downwards, 
the  base  being  developed  after  the  tip. 
[L.  basis,  a  base,  andpeto,  to  seek.] 

BASIS,  biis'is,  n.  the  foundation  or  that  on 
which  a  thing  rests :  the  pedestal  of  a 
column  :  the  groundwork  or  first  prin- 
ciple : — pi.  Bases,  bas'ez.  [See  Base, 
foundation.] 

BASISPHENOID,  ba-si-sfe'noid,  adj.  in 
anat.  pertaining  to  or  connected  -with 
the  base  or  posterior  portion  of  the 
sphenoid  bone. 

BASK,  bask,  i:i.  to  he  in  the  warmth  or 
sunshine.  [From  an  O.  Scand.  form  of 
Bathe.] 

BASKET,  bas'ket,  n.  a  vessel  made  of 
plaited  twigs,  rushes,  or  other  flexible 
materials.  [W.  basged — basg,  network, 
plaiting.] 

BASKET -BEAGLE,  basTiet-be-gl,  n.  a 
beagle  used  in  hunting  a  hare  that  was 
slipped  from  a  basket  to  be  coursed. 
"  Gray-headed  sportsmen,  who  had  sunk 
from  fox-hounds  to  basket-beagles  and 
coursing." — Sir  W.  Scott. 

BASKET-HARE,  bas'ket-har,  n.  a  captive 
hare  shpped  from  a  basket  to  be  coursed 
in  the  absence  of  other  /rrame. 

BASKET-HILT,  bas'ket-hilt,  n.  the  hilt  of 
a  sword  with  a  covering  -wrought  like 
basket-work  to  defend  the  hand  from  in- 
jury. 

BASKET-MEETING,  bas'ket-met-ing,  n.  a 
picnic  much  in  vogue  in  the  United 
States.  It  derives  its  name  from  the 
practice  of  each  member's  bringing  pro- 
visions in  a  basket. 

BASQUE,  bask,  adj.  relating  to  Biscay,  a 
district  of  Spain,  or  to  the  language  of 
its  natives. 

BAS-RELIEF,  ba^re-lef ,  n.  Same  as  Bass- 

RELTEF. 

BASS,  bas,  n.  the  low  or  grave  part  in  mu- 
sic.— adj.  low,  deep,  grave. — v.t.  to  sound 
in  a  deep  tone.     [See  Base,  low.] 

BASS,  bas,  n.    Same  as  Bast  (which  see). 

B  ASSOON,  bas-oon',  72.  a  musical -wind- 
instrument  of  a  bass  or  very  low  note. 
[It.  bassone,  augment,  of  basso,  low, 
from  root  of  Base.] 

BASS-RELIEF,  has'-re-lef,  n.  {seidptxire) 
figures  which  do  not  stand  far  out  from 
the  CTound  on  which  they  are  formed. 
[It.  basso-rilievo.  See  Base,  low,  and 
Relief.] 

BASS-VIOL,  bas'-vi-ol,  7i.  a  musical  instru- 
ment with  four  strings,  used  for  playing 
the  bass :  the  -violoncello.  [See  Bass, 
low,  and  Viol.] 

BAST,  bast,  n.  the  inner  bark  of  the  lime- 
tree  :  matting  made  of  it.  [A.S.  boest  ; 
Dan..  Sw.,  Ger.  bast.] 

BASTARD,  bast'ard,  n.  a  child  born  of 
parents  not  married. — adj.  born  out  of 
wedlock  :  not  genuine  :  false.  [Fr.  b6- 
tard ;  O.  Fr.  ^5  de  bast,  son  of  bast,  bast 
or  b&t  bein^  a  coarse  saddle  for  beasts  of 
burden,  and  indicating  contempt.] 

BASTARDIZE,  bast'ard-iz,  v.t.  to  prove  to 
be  a  bastard. 


BASTARDY,   bast'ard-i,   n.    the    state   oS 

being  a  bastard. 
BASTE,   bast,    v.t.,   to  beat  -with  a  stick< 

[Ice.  beysta.  Dan.  boste.  to  beat.] 
BASTE,  bast,   v.t.   to  drop  fat  or  butter 
over  meat   while  roasting.      [Et3-.   un- 
known.] 

BASTE,  bast,  v.t.,  to  seu- sUghtly  or  with 
long  stitches.  [O.  Fr.  bastir,  from  O. 
Ger.  bestan.  to  sew.] 

BASTILLE,  bast-el',  n.  an  old  fortress  in 
Paris  long  used  as  a  state  prison,  and 
demohshed  in  1789.  [Fi-.— O.  Fr.  bastir 
(Fr.  batir).  to  build.] 

BASTINADE,  bast-m-ad',  BASTINADO, 
bast-in-ad'o,  v.t.  to  beat  T\ith  a  baton 
or  stick,  esp.  on  the  soles  of  the  feet 
(a  form  of  punishment  in  the  East) : — 
pr.p.  bastinad'ing  or  bastinad'oing ;  pa.p. 
bastinad'ed  or  bastinad'oed. — ns.  Bastln- 
aDE',  BASTrsaD'o.  [Sp.  bastonada,  Fr. 
bastonnade — baston.Odton.    See  Baton.] 

BASTION,  bast'j-un,  n.  a  kind  of  tower  at 
the  angles  of  a  fortification.  [Fr. — O. 
Fr.  bastir,  to  bmld.] 

BASTIONARY,  bas'ti-on-a-ri,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  bastions ;  as, 
systems  of  bastionary  fortification. 

BAT,  bat,  n.  a  hea^■y  stick  for  beatiiig  or 
striking :  a  club  for  striking  the  ball  in 
base-ball  and  cricket :  a  piece  of  brick. — 
v.i.  to  use  the  bat  in  cricket : — pr.p. 
batt'ing  ;  pa.p.  batt'ed.  [Celt,  bat,  the 
root  of  beat,  an  imitation  of  the  sound 
of  a  blow.] 

BAT,  bat,  n.  an  animal  -with  a  body  like  a 
mouse,  but  which  flies  on  wings  attached 
to  its  fore-feet.  [M.E.  and  Scot,  bakke 
— Dan.  bakke,  Ice.  letherblaka,  leather- 
flapper.] 

BATCH,  bach,  n.  the  quantity  of  bread 
baked  or  of  anj-thing  made  at  one  time. 
[From  Bake.] 

BATE.  bat.  v.t.  and  v.i.    Same  as  Abate. 

BATESIENT- LIGHT,  bat'ment-llt,  )i.  in 
arcJi.  one  of  the  Ughts  in  the  upper  part 
of  a  window  of  the  perpendicular  style, 
abated,  or  only  half  the  wdth  of  tliose 
below. 

BATH,  bath,  n.  water  for  plunging  the 
body  into :  a  bathing :  a  house  for  bath- 
ing': — pi.  Baths,  bathz.  [A.S.  b<eth ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  bad.] 

BATH,  bath,  n.  the  largest  Jewish  liquid 
measure,  containing  about  8  gallons. 
[Heb.  "  measured."] 

BATHE,  hart.  v.t.  to  wash  as  in  a  bath:  to 
wash  or  moisten  with  any  Uquid. — v.i.  to 
be  or  he  in  water  as  in  a  bath. — n.  the 
act  of  taking  a  bath.  [A.S.  bathian — 
bath.] 

BATHOS,  ba'thos,  ?i.  a  ludicrous  descent 
from  the  elevated  to  the  mean  in  writ- 
ing or  speech.  [Gr.  bathos,  depth,  from 
bathys,  deep.] 

BATING,  bat'ing,  prep.,  abating,  except- 
ing. 

BATLET,  batlet,  n.  a  wooden  mallet  used 
by  laundresses  for  beating  clothes.  [Dim. 
of  Bat.] 

BATON,  bat'on,  n.  a  staff  or  truncheon, 
esp.  of  a  policeman  :  a  marshal's  staff, 
[FY.  b&ton — ^Low  L.  basto;  a  stick  ;  of  un- 
kno-wn  origin.] 

BATRACTTTAN,  ba-traTd-an,  adj.  of  or  be 
longing  to  the /rog  tribe.  [Gr.  batrachos, 
a  frog.] 

BATRACHOPHIDIA,  bat'ra-ko-fid'i-a,  n.pl. 
Same  as  Ophiomorpha.  [Gr.  batrachos, 
a  frog,  and  ophis,  a  serpent.] 

BATS3IAN,  bats'man,  ji.  one  who  -wields 
the  bat  at  base-ball,  cricket,  etc. 

BATTALION,  bat-al'yun,  n.  in  the  infanti-y 
of  a  modern  armv,  the  tactical  unit  or 
unit  of  command, "being  a  body  of  soldiers 
convenient  for  acting  together  (niunber- 
ing  from  500  to  1,000) :  several  companies 


BATTAILOUS 


81 


BEAR-WARD 


torm  a  battalion,  and  one  or  more  bat- 
talions a  regiment :  a  body  of  men  drawn 
up  in  battle-array.  [Fr. ;  from  root  of 
Battle.] 

BATTAILOUS,  bat'il-iis,  adj.  arrayed  for 
battle,  or  appearing  to  be  so.  [See  Bat- 
tle.] 

BATTEN,  bat'n,  v.i.  to  grow  fat :  to  live  in 
luxury. — v.t.  to  fatten :  to  fertilize  or  en- 
rich. [Ice.  hatna,  to  gi-ow  better.  See 
Better.]  [as  Baton.] 

BATTEN,  bat'n,  n.  a  piece  of  board.  [Same 

BATTER,  bafer,  v.t.,  to  heat  irith  s^tccessive 
blows :  to  wear  with  beating  or  by  use : 
to  attack  with  artillery. — n.  ingredients 
beaten  along  with  some  liquid  into  a 
paste. — BATTEai-CAKE,  a  cake  of  Indian 
meal,  made  with  buttermilk  or  cream : 
(arch.)  a  backward  slope  in  the  face  of  a 
wall.  [Fr.  battre,  It.  battere — L.  bat- 
tuere :  conn,  with  Beat.] 

BATTER,  bat'er,  n.  one  who  uses  the  bat 
at  base-ball  or  cricket. 

BATTERING-RAM,  bat'er-ing-ram,  n.  an 
ancient  engine  for  battering  down  walls, 
consisting  of  a  large  beam  with  an  iron 
head  like  that  of  a  ram,  suspended  in  a 
frame. 

BATTERY,  bat'er-i,  n.  a  number  of  can- 
non with  their  equipment :  the  place  on 
which  cannon  are  mounted ;  the  men 
and  horses  attending  a  batteary:  an  in- 
strument used  in  electric  and  galvanic 
expe  -iments :  (laiv)  an  assault  by  beatiag 
or  wounding. 

BATTING,  bat'ing,  n.  the  managemeat  of 
a  bat  in  pla^ang  games. 

BATTLE,  bat'l,  n.  a  contest  between  oppos- 
ing armies :  a  fight  or  encounter. — v.t.  to 
join  or  contend  in  fight.  [Fr.  batcille — 
battre,  to  beat.    See  Batter.] 

BATTLE,  bat'l,  n.  the  body  of  an  army. 

BATTLE-AXE,  bat'1-aks,  n.  a  kind  of  axe 
formerly  used  in  battle. 

8ATTLEDOOR,  BATTLEDORE,  batl-dor, 
11.  a  light  bat  for  striking  a  ball  or  shut- 
tle-cook. [Sp.  batidor,  a  beater,  a  wash- 
ing-beetle.] 

BATTLEMENT,  bat'1-ment,  n.  a  wall  or 
parapet  on  the  top  of  a  building  with 
openings  or  embrasures,  orig.  used  only 
on  fortifications. — adj.  Batt'iemented. 
[Prob.  from  O.  Fr.  bastillement — bastir, 
to  build.] 

BATTUE,  bat-too',  n.  a  sporting  term  :  in 
a  battue,  the  woods  ai-e  beaten  and  the 
game  driven  into  one  place  for  the  con- 
venience of  t!ie  shooters.  [Fr. — battre, 
to  beat.] 

BAUBLE,  baw'bl,  n.  a  trifling  piece  of 
finery :  a  child's  plaything.  [Fr.  bah  iole 
— It.  babbole,  toys — habbeo,  a  simpleton.] 

BAUDRIC,  bawd'rik.    Same  as  Baldrick. 

BAWBLE,  baw'bl.    Same  as  Bauble. 

BAWD,  bawd,  n.  a  prociu-er  or  procuress 
of  women  for  lewd  purposes. — ji.Bawd'ET. 
[O.  Fr.  baud,  bold,  wanton,  from  root  of 
BoldJ 

BAWDY,  bawd'i,  adj.  obscene  :  unchaste. 
— n.  Bawd'iness. 

BAWL,  bawl,  v.i.  to  shout  or  cry  out  loud- 
ly.— n.  a  loud  cry  or  shout.  [Ice.  baula, 
to  bellow.] 

BAY,  ba,  art/,  reddish-brown  incUning  to 
chestnut.  [Fr-  t>ah  It.  bajo — L.  badiiis, 
chestnut-colored .  ] 

Bay,  ba,  >!.  the  laurel-tree  t-^?.  an  honor- 
ary garland  or  crown  of  victory,  orig.  of 
laurel :  hterarj'  excellence.  [Fr.  bale,  a 
berry — L.  bacca.'] 

Bay,  ba.  n.  an  mlet  of  the  sea,  an  inward 
bend  of  the  shore  ;  also,  in  the  U.  S.,  ap- 
plied to  a  tract  of  low  swampy  land 
covered  with  bay-tre  bs.  [Fr.  baie — Low 
L.  baia,  a  harbor ;  ety.  dub.  Ace.  to 
Littre  from  Baice,  name  of  a  town  on 
the  Campanian  coast.] 


BAY,  bs,  v.L,  to  bark,  as  a  dog  at  his 
ga.me.—v.t.  to  bark  at :  to  follow  with 
barking.— At  bat,  said  of  hounds,  when 
the  stag  turns  and  checks  them,  makes 
them  stand  and  bark.  [O.  Fi-.  abbayer 
— L.  ad,  and  haiibari,  to  yelp.] 

BAY-ICE,  ba'-Is,  n.  ice  recently  formed  on 
the  ocean. 

BAY-LEAF,  ba'-lef ,  n.  the  leaf  of  the  sweet- 
bay  or  laurel-tree  {Laurus  nobilis).  These 
leaves  are  aromatic,  are  reputed  stimu- 
lant and  narcotic,  and  are  used  in  medi- 
cme,  cookery,  and  confectionery. 

BAY-MAHO(JaNY,  ba'-ma-hog-an-i,  n. 
Same  as  Bay-wood. 

BAYONET,  ba'  jn-et,  n.  a  dagger  for  fixing 
on  the  end  of  a  mu-ket. — v.t.  to  stab 
with  a  bayonet.  [Fr.  baiownjite — Bay- 
onne,  in  iFi'ance,  where  it  was  first 
made  J 

BAYOU,  bl'oo,  n.  the  outlet  of  a  lake,  e 
channel  for  water.     (Amer.) 

BAYS,  baz,  n.  a  garland.  [See  Bay,  a 
laurel.]^ 

BAY-SALT,  ba'-sawlt,  n.  sait  obtained 
from  sea-water  by  evaporation,  esp.  from 
s  /.t-marshe:  along  tlv  coast  of  France, 
•:tc.     [See  Bay,  an  inbt.J 

BAY- WINDOW,  ba'-win-d:6,  n.  a  window 
pi'oiecting  so  as  to  form  a  bay  or  r'^cess 
within. 

BAY -WOOD,  ba'-wood.  n.  that  variety  of 
mahogany  exported  fi-om  Honduras.  It 
is  softer  and  less  finely  marked  tlian  the 
variety  known  as  Spanish  mahogany, 
but  is  the  largest  and  most  abundant 
kind.     [See  Mahogany.] 

BAZAAB,  BAZAR,  ba-zar',  n.  an  Eastern 
market-place  or  exchange :  a  large  hall 
or  suite  of  rooms  for  the  sale  of  goods. 

iArab,  bazar,  a  market.] 
ELLIUM,  del'i-um,  n.  a  kind  of  gum. 
[Gr.  bdellion,  from  Heb.  bedolach.] 

BE,  be,  t'.i.  to  live :  to  exist :  to  liave  a 
certain  state  or  quality : — pr.p.  be'ing 
pa.p.  been  (pin).  [A.S.  beon  :  Ger.  bin  ; 
Gael,  bi,  to  exist ;  W.  byu;  to  live ;  Gr. 
phuo,  Li.  fui,  fio.  Sans,  hhu,  to  be,  origi- 
nally meaning,  to  grow.'] 

BEACH,  bech,  ?i.  the  shore  of  the  sea  or  of 
a  lake,  especially  when  sandy  or  pebbly : 
tl  strand.  [Ice.  bakki,  a  vanetj'  of 
In  aikJ] 

P -JACHED,  becht,  adj.  having  a  beach; 
driven  on  a  beach. 

BEACHY,  bech'i,  adj.  having  a  beach  or 
beaches. 

BEACON,  helm,  n.  a  fire  on  an  eminence 
used  as  a  sign  of  danger  :  anytliing  that 
warns  of  danger. — v.  t.  to  act  as  a  beacon 
to  :  to  light  up.  [A.S.  heacen,  a  bemion, 
a  sign  ;  conn,  with  Beckon.] 

BEAD,  bed,  n.  a  little  ball  pierced  for 
stringing,  used  in  counting  tne  prayers 
recited,  also  used  as  an  ornament :  any 
small  ball. — ^To  DRAvr  a  bead,  to  fire, 
from  the  practice  of  the  Western  hunts- 
man, in  taldng  aim,  of  gradually  raising 
the  front  sight,  which  resembles  a  bead, 
to  a  level  with  the  hind  sight,  and  firing 
the  moment  the  two  are  in  a  Une. 
(Amer.)  [A.S.  bed,  gebed,  a  prayer,  from 
biddan,  to  pray.    See  Bid.] 

BEADING,  bearing,  v  1,  in  arch,  a  mold- 
ing in  imitation  of  ..  bead  ;  2,  a  preparar 
tion  addrd  to  weak  spirituous  liquors  to 
cause  them  to  carrv  a  bead,  and  to  hang 
in  pearly  drops  about  the  sides  of  the 
bottle  or  glass  when  poured  out  or 
shaken,  it  bnn^  a  popular  notion  that 
spirit  is  strong  m  proportion  as  it  shows 
such  globules.  A  very  small  quantity 
of  oil  of  ■\'itriol  or  oil  of  almonds  mixed 
with  rectified  spirit  is  often  used  for  this 
purpose. 

BEADLE,  bed'l,  n.  a  messenger  or  crier  of 
a  court :  a  petty  officer  of  a  church,  col- 


lege, parish,  etc.    [A.S.  bydd—beOdan 
to  proclaim,  to  bid.] 

BEAB-ROLL,  bed'-rol.  n.  among  E.  Catho 
lies,  a  roll  or  list  of  the  dead  to  be  praveti 
for.     rSee  Bead.] 

BEADSJLAN,  bedz'man,  n.  one  employed 
to  pray  for  others.— /e?n.  Beads'womax. 

BEAGLE,  be'gl,  n.  a  small  hound  chieflj 
used  in  hunting  hares.     [Etv.  unknown.  J 

BEAK,  bgk,  n.  the  bill  of  a  bird  :  anj-thing 
pointed  or  projecting:  in  the  ancient 
galley,  a  pointed  iron  fastened  to  the 
prow  for  piercing  the  enemy's  vessel. — 
adj.  Beak'ed.  [Fr.  6eo— Celt,  beic,  akin 
tr  Peak,  Pike.] 

BEAKER,  bck'er,  n.  a  large  drinking-bow! 
or  cup.  [Ice.  bikarr  (Scot,  bicker) — Low 
L.  hicarium,  ace.  to  Diez  from  Gr.  bikos , 
of  Eastern  origin.] 

!.3EAK-HEAD,  bek'ned,  n.  an  ornament  re 
sembhng  the  head  and  beak  of  a  bird, 
used  as  an  enrichment  of  moldings  ic 
Norman  architecture. 

BEAM,  bem,  n.  a  large  and  straight  piece 
cf  timber  or  iron  forming  one  of  the 
main  supports  of  a  building,  ship,  etc.: 
tlie  part  cf  a  balance  from  which  the 
scales  hang :  the  pole  of  a  carriage :  a 
cylinder  of  wood  m  a  loom  :  a  ray  of 
hght. — V.'.  to  send  forth  hght :  to  sKine. 
[A.B.  bzard,  a  tree,  stock  of  a  tree,  a  ray 
of  light :  Ger.  banm,  a  tree  ;  Gr.  phyma, 
a  growth — phy-.  to  grow.] 

BEAMILY,  bem'i-li,  adv.  in  a  beamy  or 
beamin  •  manner  :  radiantly.  "  A  bright 
halo,  shining  beamily." — ^eats. 

BE—MLESS,  bemles.  adj.  without  beams  . 
emitting  no  raj's  of  light. 

BEAJry,  bem  i,  adj.  shining. 

BEAN,  ben,  n.  the  name  of  several  kinds 
of  pulse  and  their  seeds.  [A.S.  bean- 
Gor.  holme,  W.  ffaen,  L.  fdba.'\ 

BEAR,  bar,  v.t.  to  carry  or  support :  to  ej. 
lu-e :  to  behave  or  conduct  one's  self 
to  bring  forth  or  produce. — To  bear  / 
HAND,  to  assist :  to  be  active  and  not 
delay.  (Amer.) — v.i.  to  suffer:  to  be  pa 
tient :  to  press  (with  on  or  %ipon) :  to  be 
situated: — p)^-P-  bear'ing  ;  pa.t.  bore; 
pa.p.  borne  (but  the  pa.p.  when  used 
to  mean  "brought  forth"  is  horn) 
[A.S.  heran  ;  Goth,  bairan,  L.  fero,  Gr 
phero,  Sans.  b}iri.'\ 

BEAR,  bar,  n.  a  rough  wild  quadruped 
with  long  shaggy  hair  and  hooked 
claws :  any  bi-utal  or  ill-behaved  per 
son:  {astron.)  the  name  of  two  constel- 
lations, the  Great  and  the  Little  Bear 
[A.S.  hera ;  Grer.  heir ;  L.  fera.  a  wUc 
beast,  akin  to  Gr.  tlier.  JEol.  phSr.] 

BEARABLE,  bar'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
borne  or  endured. — adv.  Bear' ably." 

BEAED,  herd,  n.  the  hair  that  grows  ot 
the  chin  and  adjacent  parts  :  prickles  ot 
the  ears  of  corn  :  the  oarb  of  an  arrow  ■, 
the  gills  ot  oysters,  etc. — v.t.  to  t;ike  by 
the  beard  :  to  oppose  to  the  face.  [A.S.; 
W.  barf,  Ger.  hart,  Russ.  boroda,  I* 
harha.] 

BEARDED,  berd'ed,  adj.  having  a  beard ; 
pricklv  :  barbed.— ad/.  Beard'less. 

BEAREfe,  bar'er,  n.  one  who  or  that  whicb 
bears,  esp.  one  who  assists  in  carrying  a 
body  to  the  gi-ave :  a  carrier  or  mes- 
senger. 

BEAR-GARDEN,  bSr'-g&r-dn,  n.  an  inclos 
ure  where  bears  are  fiept :  a  rude  turbu 
lent  assembly. 

BEARING,  bar'ing,  n.  behavior  :  situatior 
of  one  object  with  regard  to  another  , 
relation. 

BEARISH,  bar'ish,  adj.  like  a  bear. 

BEARS-SKIN,  barz'-skin,  n.  the  sldn  of  ft 
bear :  a  shaggy  woollen  cloth  for  over 
coats. 

BEAR- WARD,  bar'-wawrd,  n.  a  warden  or 
keeper  of  bears 


BEAST 


BEFALL 


BEL&ST,  best,  n.  an  irrational  animal  as  op- 
posed to  man  :  a  four-footed  animal :  a 
brutal  person.  [O.  Fr.  beste,  Fr.  Mte—l,. 
bfstia.j 

BF^STINGS.  best'ingz.  Same  as  Biestings. 

BIiASTLY,  best'Ii,  aoj.  like  a  beast  in  ac- 
tions or  behavior :  coarse  :  obscene. — n. 
Bf  ■vst'ltness. 

8EAT,  bet,  v.t,  U-  Strike  repeatedly:  to 
break  or  bruiae :  to  strike,  as  bushes,  in 
order  to  rouse  game  :  to  thrash :  to  over- 
come.—  I'.i.  to  give  strokes  repeatedly: 
to  throb  :  to  dash,  as  a  flood  or  storm : — 
pr.p.  beat'ing ;  pa.t  beat :  pa.p.  beat'en. 
— n.  a  stroke  :  a  stroke  recurring  at  in- 
tervals, or  its  sound,  as  of  a  watch  or 
the  pulse :  a  rouad  or  course  :  a  place  of 
resort.  —  adj.  weary  :  fbtigued.  [A.S. 
beatan,  from  root  bat,  imitative  of  the 
sound    of   a   sharp   blow ;    hence    Bat, 

BUTT.l 

BEATEN,  bet'n,  adj.  made  smooth  or  bard 
by  beating  or  treading  :  worn  by  nSB. 

BEATER,  bet'er,  n.  one  that  beats  or 
strikes  :  a  crushing  instrument. 

BEATIFIC,  -AL,  be-a-tif'ik.  -al,  adj.  mak- 
insT  supremely  happy. 

BEATIFICATION,  be-at-i-fik-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  beatifying  :  {R.  C.  Church)  a  declara- 
tion by  the  pope  that  a  person  is  blessed 
in  heaven. 

BEATIFY,  be-at'i-fi,  v.  t.,  to  make  blessed  or 
happy  :  to  bless  \vith  eternal  happiness 
in  heaven.  [L.  beatus,  blessed,  and  facio, 
to  make.] 

BEATTNG,  bet'ing,  n.  the  act  of  sinking  : 
chastisement  by  blows:  regular  piilsa- 
tion  or  throbbing. 

BEATITUDE,  be-at'i-tud,  n.  heavenly  hap- 
piness, or  happiness  of  the  highest  kind  : 
—pi.  sayings  of  Christ  in  Matt,  v.,  de- 
claring the  possessors  of  certain  virtues 
to  be  blessed.  [L.  beatitudo  —  beatus, 
blessed.] 

jEAU,  bo,  n.,  a  jine,  gay  man,  fond  of 
dress:  a  \over -.—pi.  Beaux,  boz.—fem. 
Beixe.  [Fr.  beau,  bel — L.  bellus,  fine, 
gay,  a  contr.  of  benulus,  dim.  of  benuA, 
bonus^ooii.} 

BEAU-EDEAL,  bo-Td-e'al,  n.,  ideal  excel- 
lence, or  an  imaginary  standard  of  per- 
fection. 

BEAUJOLAIS,  b5-zh6-la,  n.  a  variety  of 
light  red  Burgundy  wine. 

BEAU-MONDE,  bo-mongd',  n.  the  gay  or 
fashionable  world.  [IV.  beau,  gay,  and 
viorj^,  world.] 

BEAUTEOUS,  bu'te-us,  adj.  full  of  beauty: 
fair  :  handsome.— adu.  Beau'teously. — 
n.  Beau'teousness. 

BEAUTIFIER,  bu'ti-fi-er,  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  beautifies  or  makes  beautiful. 

BEAUTIFUL,  bu'ti-fool,  adj.  fair :  beaute- 
ous :  applied  by  uneducated  people  both 
in  England  and  the  United  States  to 
anything  pleasing  or  good,  indiscrimi- 
nately.--<xav.  Beau'tifully. 

BEAUTIFY,  bQ'ti-fl,  v.t.  to  make  beautiful: 
to  grace :  to  adorn. — v.i.  to  become  beau- 
tiful, or  more  beautiful.  [Beauty,  and 
L.  facio,  to  make.] 

BEAUTY,  bii'ti,  n.  a  pleasing  assemblage 
of  qualities  in  a  person  or  object :  a  par- 
ticular grace  or  excellence :  a  beautiful 
person.     [Fr.  beauti,  from  beau.] 

BEAUTY-SLEEP,  bu'ti-slcp,  n.  the  sleep 
taken  before  midnight,  and  popularly  re- 
garded as  the  most  refreshing  portion  of 
the  night's  repose.  "A  medical  man, 
who  may  be  called  up  at  any  moment, 
must  make  sure  of  his  beauty-sleep." — 
Kingsley. 

BEAUTY-SPOT,  bu'ti-spot,  n.  a  spot  or 
patch  put  on  the  face  to  heighten  beauty. 

BEAVER,  beVer,  n.  an  amphibious  quad- 
ruped valuable  for  its  fur :  the  fur  of  the 
beaver  :  a  hat  made  ot  the  beaver's  fur : 


a  hat.  [A.S.  befer ;  Dan.  baever,  Ger. 
biber,  Gael,  beabhar,  L.  Jiber.] 

BEAVER,  bev'er,  n.  that  part  of  a  helmet 
which  covers  the  face.  [So  called  from 
a  fancied  likeness  to  a  child's  bib,  Fi-. 
baviere,  from  bare,  slaver.] 

BEBLOTCH,  be-bloch',  v.t.  to  cover  with 
blots  or  blotches,  as  of  ink.    Southey. 

BEBOOTED,  be-bot'ed,  p.  and  adj  an  em- 
phatic form  of  Booted.  "  Couriers  .  .  . 
bestrapped  and  bebooted.^—Carlyle. 

BECALM,  be-kam',  v.t.  to  make  calm,  stiU, 
or  quiet. 

BECAME,  be-kam',  pa.f.  of  Become. 

BECAUSE,  be-kawz^,  eonj.  for  the  reason 
that :  on  account  of :  for.  [A.S.  be,  by, 
and  Cause.] 

BECK,  bek,  m.  a  brook.  [Ice.  bekkr ;  Grer. 
bach.] 

BECK,  bek,  n.  a  sign  with  the  finger  or 
head :  a  nod. — v.i.  to  make  such  a  sign. 
[A  contr.  of  Beckon.] 

BECKON,  beVn,  v.t.  to  nod  or  make  a 
sign  to.  [A.S.  beacniaii — beacen,  a  sign. 
See  Beacon.] 

BECLOUD,  be-klowd',  v.t.  to  obscure  by 
clouds. 

BECOJIE,  be-kum',  i:i.  to  pass  from  one 
state  to  another :  to  come  to  be :  (fol.  by 
o/)  to  be  the  fate  or  end  of. — v.t.  to  suit 
or  befit : — pa.t.  became' ;  pa.p.  become'. 
[A.S.  beciunan — pfx.  be,  and  Come.] 

BECOMING,  be-kum'ing,  adj.  suitable  to : 
graceful. — adv.  Becom'ingly. 

BECOKONET,  be-ko'ro-net,  v.t.  to  adorn, 
as  with  a  coronet :  to  coronet.     Carlyle. 

BECURSE,  be-kers',  v.t.  to  shower  curses 
on.     C.  Reade. 

BED,  bed,  n.  a  couch  or  place  to  sleep  on : 
a  plot  in  a  garden :  a  place  in  which  any- 
thing rests :  the  channel  of  a  river :  ^geo'l.) 
a  layer  or  stratum. — v.t.  to  ))lace  in  bed : 
to  sow  or  plant :  to  lay  in  la\'ers  :—pr.p. 
bedd'ing :  pn.p.  bedd'ecl. — lis.feED'CHAMB'- 
ER,  Bedd'ing.  [A.S.  oed :  Ice.  bedr.  Ger. 
belt.] 

BEDAUB,  be-dawb',  v.t.  to  daub  over  or 
smear  with  any  thick  and  dirty  matter. 

BEDCHAIR,  bed'char,  n.  a  cnair  with  a 
movable  back  to  support  a  sick  person  as 
in  bed. 

BEDECK,  be-dek',  v.t.  to  deck  or  orna- 
ment. 

BEDEVIL,  be-dev'il,  v.t.  to  throw  into 
disorder  and  conjfusion,  as  if  by  tLi 
devil. 

BEDEW,  be-da',  v.t.  to  moisten  gently,  as 
with  dew. 

BEDFELLOW,  bed'fel'o,  n.  a  sharer  of  the 
same  bed. 

BEDIADEM,  bS-dfardem,  v.t.  to  crown  or 
adorn  with  a  diadem.     Carlyle. 

BEDIGHT,  be-dit',  adj.  a<3orned.  [Pfx.  be, 
and  DiGHT.] 

BEDEM,  be-dim',  v.t.  to  make  dim  or  dark. 

BEDIZEN,  be-dl/n,  v.t.  to  dress  gaudily. 

BEDIZENMENT,  be-diz'n-ment,  n.  the  act 
of  bedizening:  the  state  of  being  be- 
dizened: that  which  bedizens.  "The 
bedizenment  of  the  great  spirit's  sanctu- 
ary with  skulls."  —  Kingsley.  "Strong 
Dames  of  the  Market  .  .  .  with  oak- 
branches,  tricolor  bedizenment."  —  Car- 
lyle. 

BEDLAM,  bedlam,  n.  an  asylum  for  luna^ 
tics :  a  madhouse :  a.  place  of  uproar. — 
adj.  fit  for  a  madhouse.  [Corrupted  from 
Bethlehem,  the  name  of  a  monastery  in 
London,  afterwards  converted  into  a 
madhouse.] 

BEDLAJIITE,  bedaam-it,  n.  a  madman. 

BEDOUIN,  bed'oo-in,  n.  the  name  given 
to  those  Arabs  who  live  in  tents  and 
lead  a  nomadic  life.  [Fr. — ^Ar.  badaiciy, 
dwellers  in  the  desert.  J 

BEDRENCH.  be-drensh',  v.t.  to  drench  or 
wet  thoroughly. 


BEDRID,  -DEN,  bed'rid,  -dn,  ac^.  confine* 
to  bed  by  age  or  sickness. 

BEDROOM,  bed'room,  n.  a  room  in  which 
thei'e  is  a  bed :   a  sleeping  apartment. 

BEDSTEAD,  bed'sted,  n.  a  frame  for  sup- 
porting a  bed. 

BEDTICK,  bed'tik,  7i.  the  tick  or  cover  in 
whicli  feathers,  etc.,  are  put  for  beddings 

BEE,  be,  n.  a  four-winged  insect  that 
makes  honey.  —  n.  Bee-line,  the  most 
direct  road  from  one  point  to  another, 
like  the  honej'-laden  bee's  way  home 
to  the  hive.     [A.S.  beo ;  Ger.  biene.] 

BEE,  be,  n.  an  assemblage  of  people, 
generally  neighbors,  to  unite  their  labors 
for  the  benefit  of  one  individual  or 
family.  At  such  meetings  dancing  and 
much  merriment  are  usually  introduced 
at  the  breaking  up.    (Amer.) 

BEECH,  bech,  n.  a  common  forest  tree 
witli  smooth,  silverj'-looking  bark,  and 
producing  nuts,  once  eaten  by  man,  now 
only  by  pigs. — adj.  Beech'en.  [A.S.  bece, 
boc ;  GeT.buche,  Lat.  fagus,  Gr.  phegoa 
— from  root  ot  phago,  to  eat.] 

BEE-EATER,  be^-et'er,  n.  a  bu-d  allied  to 
the  Idng-flsher,  which  feeds  on  bees. 

BEEF,  bef,  n.  the  flesh  of  an  ox  or  cow : — 
pi.  Beeves,  used  in  orig.  sense,  oxen. — 
adj.  consisting  of  beef.  [Fr.  bceuf,  It. 
bove — L.  bos,  bovis;  cf.  Gr.  bous,  GaeL 
bo.  Sans,  go,  A.S.  cu.] 

BEEF-EATER,  bef -et'er,  n.  a  popular  name 
for  a  yeoman  of  the  sovereign's  g^uard. 
also  of  the  warders  of  the  Tower  a! 
London.  [The  obvious  ety.  is  the  right 
one,  there  being  no  such  form  as  biiffetier, 
as  often  stated.  Cf.  A.S.  hldf-aeta,  lit. 
"  loaf -eater,"  a  menial  servant.] 

BEEFSTEAK,  bef  stak,  n.  a  steak  or  slice 
of  beef  for  broiling. 

BEEif-WITTED,  bef-wit'ed,  adj.  dull  or 
heavy  in  wits :  stupid. 

BEEHIVE,  be'hiv,  n.  a  case  for  bees  to 
live  in. 

BEE-LINE,  be'-Un,  n.  a  direct  or  straight 
line — as  the  bee  flies  home  to  the  hive. 
(Amer.) 

BEEN,  bin,  pa.p.  of  Be. 

BEE-NETTLE,  be'-net-l,  n.  a  species  of 
hemp-nettle ;  Galeopsis  versicolor. 

BEER,  ber,  n.  a  liquor  made  by  fermenta- 
tion from  malted  barley  and  hops.  [A-S. 
beor ;  Fr.  Mere,  Ger.  bier ;  prob.  from 
root  of  Feement.] 

BEERY,  ber'i,  adj.  of  or  affected  by  beer. 

BEESTINGS,  best'ingz.    See  Biestinos. 

BEE.SWAX,  bez'waks,  n.  the  wax  collected 
bj'  bees,  and  used  by  them  in  construct- 
ing their  cells. 

BEET,  bet,  n.  a  plant  with  a  carrot-shaped 
root,  eaten  as  food,  from  which  sugar  is 
extracted.  [A.S.  bete,  Ger.  beete,  Fr.  bette 
— L.  beta.] 

BEET,  bet,  v.t.  to  mend,  as  a  fire,  by  add- 
ing fuel :  to  bete  :  hence,  to  rouse  :  to 
encourage.  [Old  English  and  Scotch. 
See  Bete.] 

It  heats  me.  It  beets  me. 

And  sets  me  a'  on  flame.— .BunM. 

BEETLE,  b§'tl,  n.  an  insect  with  hard 
cases  for  its  wings.  [A.S.  bitel — bitan, 
to  bite.] 

BEETLE,  be'tl,  n.  a  heavy  wooden  mallet 
used  to  beat  with. — v.t.  to  jut  or  hang 
out  like  the  head  of  a  beetle  or  mallet, 
[A.S.  bill,  hytel,  a  mallet — beatan,  tc 
beat.]  

BEETLE-BROWED,  be'tl-browd,  adj. 
%\ith  overhanging  or  prominent  brow. 

BEETROOT,  bet'ro5t,  n.  the  root  of  the 
beet  plant. 

BEEVES,  bevz,  n.pl.  cattle,  oxen.  [See 
Beef.  J  , 

BEFALL,  be-fawr,-y.<.  to  fall  upon  or  hap- 
pen to  :  to  betide. — v.i.  to  happen  or 
come  to  pass  •.—pr.p.  befall'ing ;  pa.t.  be 


BEFETTER 


83 


BELL-PUNCH 


M'eO' ,  pa.p.  befall'en.  [^/'  "^.feattan. 
See  Fat.t,.] 
aEFETTER,  be-fet'er,  v.t.  fct»  rcn&ne  with 
fetters :  heace,  to  deprive  of  freedom. 
"  Tongue-tied,  befettered,  lieavy-laden 
natioas. " — Carlyle. 

SEFIT,  be-flt',  v.t.  to  fit,  or  be  suitable  to  : 
—pr.p.  beHtt'ing ;  pa.p.  befltt'ed.  [Pfcs. 
be,  atid  Fit.] 

'JEFOOL,  be-fool',  v.t.  to  make  a  fool  of, 

or  deceive. 
iEFORE,  be-for',  pvep.  at  the /ore  part,  or 
in  front  of  :  in  presence  or  sight  of  :  pre- 
vious to :  in  preference  to :  superior  to. 
— adv.  in  front :  sooner  than  :  hitherto. 
[A.S.  be-foran.     See  Fore.] 

©EFOREHAND,  be-for'hand,  adv.  before 
the  time :  by  way  of  preparation. 

BEFOUL,  be-foul',  v.t.  to  dirty :  to  soil :  to 
tarnish.  "  Lawyers  can  live  without  be- 
fouling each  other's  names." — Trollope. 

BEFRIEND,  be-frend',  v.t.  to  act  as  a 
friend  to  :  to  favor. 

BEFRILL,  be-fril',  v.t.  to  furnish  or  deck 
with  a  frill  or  frills.  "  The  vicar's  white- 
haired  mother,  bef  rilled  .  .  .  with  dainty 
cleanliness." — George  Eliot. 

HEFRIZZ,  be-friz',  v.t.  to  curl  the  hair  of  : 
to  frizz.  '•  Befrizzed  and  bepowdered 
courtiers." — Contemp.  Rev. 

aEFUDDLE.  be-fud'l,  v.t.  to  stupefy  or 
muddle  with  liquor :  to  make  stupidly 
drunk. 

•8EO,  beg,  v.i.  to  ask  alms  or  charity :  to 
iive  by  asking  alms. — v.t.  to  ask  earnest- 
ly :  to  beseech  :  to  take  for  granted  ;— 
pr.p.  begg'ing;  pa.p.  begged'.  [A.S. 
bed-ec-ian,  contr.  bed'oian,  oeggen,  a  fre- 
quentative, to  ask  often,  from  biddan,  to 
ask.    See  Be.vd,  Bm.] 

SEGET,  be-get',  v.t.  to  be  the  father  of  : 
to  produce  or  cause :  to  generate :  to  pro- 
duce as  an  effect,  to  cause ;— pr.p.  begett'- 
ing;  pa.t.  begat',  begot';  pa.p.  begot', 
begott'en.  [A.S.  begitan,  to  acquire.  See 
Get.] 

SJEGE'TTER,  be-get'er,  n.  one  who  begets  s 
a  father. 

BEGGAR,  beg'ar,  n.  one  who  begs  ;  one 
who  lives  by  begg^ing. — v.t.  to  reduce  to 
beggary :  to  exhaust. 

BEGGAliLY,  beg'ar-li,  adj.  poor :  mean  ; 
contemptible.-— odw.  meanly. — «.  BMO'- 

ARONESS. 

3EGGARY,  beg'ar-!,  n.  extreme  poverty. 

BEGIFT,  be-gtft',  v.t.  to  confer  gifts  on  ; 
to  load  with  presents.     Carlyle. 

BEGIN,  be-gin  ,  v.i,  to  take  rise  ;  to  enter 
on  something  new  :  to  commence. — v.t 
to  enter  on  :  to  commenqe  •.—pr.p.  be 
ginn'ing ;  pa.t.  began' ;  pa.p.  begun' 
[A.S.  beginnan  (also  onginnan),  from  be, 
and  ginnan,  to  begin.] 

BEGINNER,  be-gin'er,  n.  one  who  begins  ; 
one  who  is  beginning  to  ieam  or  practice 
anything. 

BEGINNING,  be-gin'ing,  n.  origin  or  com 
mencement :  rudiments. 

I3EGIRU.  be-gerd',  v.t.  to  gird  or  bind  witb 
a  girdle :  to  surround  or  encompass  : — 
pa.t.  begirt',  begird'ed  ;  pa.p.  Degirt'. 
tSee  GiRD.j 

BEGIRDLE,  be-ger'dl,  v.t.  to  surromid  or 
encircle,  as  with  a  girdle.  "  Like  a  ring 
of  iron  they  .  .  .  begirdle  her  from. 
shore  to  shore."— Carlyle. 

IBEGIRT,  be-gert',  v.t.  Same  as  Bbqibd 
also  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Beoikd. 

QEGLARE,  be-gfar',  v.t.  to  glare  at  or  on. 
(A  humorous  coinage.)  "  So  that  a  by- 
stander without  beholding  Mrs.  Wilfer 
at  all  must  have  known  at  whom  she 
was  glaring  by  seeing  her  refracted  from 
the  countenance  of  the  begtared  one."— 

S-SGONE,  be-gon',  int.  {lit.)  be  gone.    In 
WOBfiBGUHB,  we  have  the  pa.p.  of  A.S. 
C 


ixgan,  to  go  round,  to  beset— beset  with 
woe. 

BEGOT,  be-got',  BEGOTTEN,  be-gofn, 
pa.p.  of  Beget.  [deeply, 

BEGRIME,  be-grim',  v.t.  to  grime  or  soil 

BEGROAN,  be-gron',  v.t.  to  receive  witb 
groans  :  to  assail  with  groans,  as  a  marit 
of  disapprobation.  "  Patriot  Brisso'.,  be- 
shouted  this  day  by  the  patriot  g».aei.es, 
shall  And  himself  begroaned  bv  ^hem,  on 
account  of  his  limited  ppviotism." — 
Carh/le. 

BEGUILE,  be-gil',  v.t.  to  chei-i,  or  deceive : 
to  cause  to  pass  unnotice'*  what  may  be 
attended  with  tedium  oi  pain.— ctdw. 
Beguil'ingl"S.  —  ns.  Beg'JILE'ment,  Bb>- 
gutl'er.    [See  Guile.] 

BEGUM,  be'gum,  n.  a  Hindu  princess  or 
lady  of  rank. 

BEGUN,  be-gun',  pa.p.  of  Begin. 

BEHALF,  be-haf,  n.  favor  or  benefit : 
sake,  account :  part.  [A.S.  healf,  half, 
part ;  on  healf e,  on  the  side  of.] 

BEHAVE,  be-haV,  v.t.  (with  self)  to  bear 
or  carry,  to  conduct. — v.i.  to  conduct 
one's  self:  to  act.  This  word,  when 
used  intransitively  and  reflexively,  has 
sometimes,    in    colloquial    language,    a 

food  sense,  having  the  force  of  to  he- 
ave weU,  to  conduct  one's  self  well,  the 
modifying  adverb  being  implied  ;  as,  the 
boy  will  get  his  holidays  if  he  behaves ; 
behave  yourselves  and  you  will  be  duly 
rewarded.  [A.S.  behalman,  to  restrain, 
from  habban,  to  have,  to  use.] 

BEHAVIOR,  be-haVyur,  n,  conduct: 
manners  or  deportment. 

BEHEAD,  be-hed',  v.t.  to  cut  oflf  the  head. 

BEHEADING,  be-hed'ing,  n.  tho  act  of 
cutting  off  the  head.  [HOLD. 

BEHELD,  be-held',  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Be- 

BEHEMOTH,  be'he-moth,  n.  an  animal 
described  in  the  book  of  Job,  prob.  the 
hippopotamus.  In  Milton,  the  felephant. 
[Heb.  "beasts,"  hence  "great  oeast,"] 

BEHEST,  be-hest',  n.  command  :  charge. 
[A.S.  behoeg,  vow,  from  6e,  and  nms, 
command — hatan ;  Gkith.  haitan,  to  call, 
to  name.] 

BEHIND,  be-hlnd',  prep,  at  the  back  of : 
after  or  coming  after :  inferior  to. — adv. 
at  the  back,  in  the  rear  :  backward  :  past. 
[A.S.  behindan ;  Ger.  hinten.  See  EuND.] 

BEHINDHAND,  be-hlnd'hand,  adj.  or  adv. 
being  behind  :  tardy,  or  in  arrears. 

BEHITHER,  he-hith'er.prep.  onthissideof. 
"Two miles  behither CMiAexi.'"—Eveltfn. 

BEHOLD,  be-hold',  v.t.  to  look  upon  :  to 
contemplate. — v.i.  to  look  :  to  fix  the  at- 
tention '.—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  beheld'. — imp, 
or  int.  see  I  lo  (  observe !  [A.S.  be- 
healden,  to' hold,  observe— pfx,  be,  and 
healdan.  to  hold.] 

BEHOLDEN,  be-hold'n,  ac(}.  bound  in 
gratitude  •  obUged.  [Old  pa.p.  of  Ba- 
HOLD,  in  its  orig.  sense.] 

BEHOLDER,  be-hold'er,  n.  one  who  be- 
holds :  an  onlooker. 

BEHOOF,  be-hoof,  n.  benefit:  conven- 
ience.   "(See  Behoove.] 

BEHOOVE,  be-hoov',  v.t.  to  be  Jit,  right, 
or  necessary  for — now  only  used  imper- 
sonally with  it.  [A.8.  behojian,  to  be  fit, 
to  stand  in  need  of ;  connected  with 
Have,  Ger.  haben,  L.  habeo,  to  have. 
habilis,  fit,  suitable.] 

BEIGE,  bazh.  n.  a  hght  woollen  fabric, 
made  of  wool  of  the  natural  color,  that 
is,  neither  dyed  nor  bleached.     [Fr.] 

BEING,  be'ing,  n.  existence :  any  person  or 
thing  existing.     [From  the  pr.p.  of  BE.] 

BEJUCO,  barho'ko,  n.  a  slender,  reed-like, 
tvrining  plant  of  Central  America. 
[American  Spanish.] 

The  serpent-like  b^uco  winds  his  spiral  foW  on  fold 
Round  the  tall  and  stately  celba  till  It  withers  In  his 
hold  —WhitMi^ 


BELiVBOR,  be-la'bur   v.t.  to  beat  soundly. 

BELATED,  bfe-lat'«d,  adj.  made  too  late: 
benight-od. 

BELaY,  ba-la'  v.t.  to  fasten  a  rone  6y 
wiuding  it  round  a  pin,  [Dut.  be-leggen, 
log.  with  Lay,  v.] 

(SELCH,  belsh,  v.t.  to  throw  out  vrmd 
from  the  stomach ;  to  eject  violently, 
— n.  eructation.  [A.S.  bealcan,  an  imi. 
tation  of  the  sounqj 

BELDAM,  BELDAME,  bel'dam,  w.  an  oW 
woman,  esp.  an  ugly  one.  [Fr.  bel,  fair 
(see  Belle),  and  Dame,  orig.  fair  dame, 
used  ironically.] 

BELEAGUER,  be-lSg'er,  v.t.  to  lay  siegt, 
to.  [Dut.  belegeren,  to  besiege  f  conn, 
with  Belay.] 

BELFRY,  bel'fri,  n.  the  part  of  a  steeple 
or  tower  in  which  bells  are  nung.  [Ong, 
and  properly,  a  watch-tower,  from  0.  ir, 
berfroi,  O.  Ger.  bercfrit—0.  Ger.  /rid,  a 
tower,  bergan,  to  protect.] 

BELIE,  be-U',  v.t.  to  give  the  lie  to :  to 
speak  falsely  of :  to  counterfeit  •.—pr.p. 
bel/ing;  pa.p.  belled'.  [A.S.  be,  and 
LieJ 

BELIEF,  be-lef ,  n.  persuasion  of  the  truth 
of  anything :  faith :  the  opinion  or  doc- 
trine beUeved. 

BELIEVABLE,  be-lev-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  believed. 

BELIEVE,  be-lev*,  v.t.  to  regard  as  true : 
to  trust  in. — v.i.  to  be  firmly  persuaded 
of  anything :  to  exercise  faitn  :  to  think 
or  suppose. — adv.  Beuev'ingly.  [With 
prefix  be-  for  ge-,  from  A.S.  gAyfan,  For 
root  of  lyfan,  see  Leave,  n.J 

BELIEVER,  be-lev'er,  n.  one  who  believes : 
a  professor  of  Christianity. 

BELIKE,  be-lik',  adv.  probably  ;  perhaps 
[A.S.  pfx.  be,  and  Like.J 

BELL,  Del,  n.  a  hollow  vessel  of  metal 
with  a  tongue  or  clapper  inside,  which 
rings  when  moved :  anything  bell- 
shaped. — Bear  the  bell,  to  be  first  or 
superior,  in  allusion  to  the  bell-wether 
of  a  fiock,  or  to  the  leading  horse  of  a 
team  wearing  bells  on  his  collar.  [A-S. 
Oella,  a  beU-^eZtare,  to  sound  loudly,] 

BELLADONNA,  bel-a-don'a,  n.  the  plant 
Deadly  Nightshade,  used  in  small  doses 
as  a  medicine.  [It.  bellordoniux,  fair 
lady,  from  its  use  as  a  cosmetic] 

BELLE,  Del,  m.,  a  fine  or  handsome  young 
lady:  a  beauty.     [Fr.,  fern,  of  Bead.] 

BELLES-LETTtlES,  bel-let'r,  n,  the  de- 
partment of  literature,  such  as  poetry 
and  romance,  of  which  the  chief  aim  is 
to  please  by  its  beauty.  [Fr.  beUe,  fine,  let- 
tres.  learning — lettre.  L.  litera.  a  letter.] 

BELLETRISTIC,  bel-let-i-ls'tik.  tujy.  per- 
taining or  relating  to  belles-lettres. 

BELL-HANGER,  bel'-hang'er,  n.  one  who 
hany-s  or  puts  up  bells. 

BELLICOSE,  berik-os,  adj.  contentious. 
[L.  bellicosus — bellum,  war.] 

BELLIED  bel'id,  adj.  swelled  out,  or 
prominent,  like  the  belly— used  gener 
ally  in  composition. 

BELLIGERENT,  bel-i'jer-ent,  (icy.,  carry- 
ing on  war. — n,  a  nation  engaged  £0 
war  [L.  belligero,  to  carry  on  war— 
bellum,  war,  gero,  to  cany.  See  Duel 
Jest.] 

BELLMAN,  bel'man,  n.  a  town-crier,  wIk- 
rings  a  bell  when  giving  notice  of  any 
thing. 

BELL-MARE,  bel'-mfir,  7i.  a  mare  choee» 
to  lead  a  drove  of  mules  In  the  South- 
west.   (Amer.) 

BELLOW,  bel'o,  o.t.  to  low:  to  make  = 
loud  resounding  noise. — n.  a  roaring 
[From  root  of  Beix.} 

BELLOWS,  bel'oz  or  beiuh  «,  an  uwtrw- 
raent  to  blow  with.  1A.S,  balig,  a  Das'; 
Gael,  balg;  conn,  with  Bklly.  Baq.] 

'4ELL-PUNCH,    bel'-punsh,    it.    a    amaiil 


BELL-SHAPED 


34 


BESET 


punch  fitted  to  the  jaws  of  a  pincers- 
shaped  instrument,  combined  with  a 
little  bell  which  sounds  when  the  punch 
makes  a  perforation.  Such  punches  are 
generally  used  to  cancel  tickets,  as  in 
tramwaj'  cars,  etc..  as  a  check  on  the 
eonductors,  the  ringing  of  the  bell  indi- 
cating to  the  passenger  that  his  ticket 
has  been  properly  punched,  and  that  the 
blank  cut  has  passed  into  a  receptacle  in 
the  instrument  from  wMch  the  blanks 
are  taken  and  counted  by  an  official  of 
the  company.  Other  forms  of  bell- 
punches  are  in  use,  as  a  combined  tell- 
tale and  bell,  the  ringing  of  which  indi- 
cates to  an  official  at  some  distance  that 
the  instrument  has  been  duly  pressed. 
BELL-SHAPED,    bel'-shapt,   adj.    shaped 

like  a  bell. 
BELL-WETHER,  heY-yveth'er,  n.  a  wether 
or  sheep  which  leads  the  flocks  with  a 
bell  on  liis  neck. 
BELLY,  bel'i,  «.  the  part  of  the  body  be- 
tween the  breast  and  the  thighs. — i\t.  to 
swell  out :  to  fill. — v.i.  to  swell : — ^^^''-J^- 
bell'ying ;  pa.p.  bell'led.     [From  root  of 
Bag.] 
BELLY-BAND,  bel'i-band,  n.  a  band  that 
goes  round  the  belly  of  a  horse  to  secure 
the  saddle. 
BELLYFUL,  bel'i-fool,  n.  as  much  as  fills 

the  belly,  a  sufficiency. 
BELONG,   be-long',  v.i.  to  be  one's  prop- 
erty :  to  be  a  part :  to  pertain  :  to  have 
residence.     [A.S.  langian.  to  long  after  ; 
of.  Dut.  helangen.'\ 
BEIONGING,  be-long'ing,  n.  that  which 
belongs  to  one — used  generally  in  the 
plural. 
BEIyOVED,    be-luvd'.    adj.    much    loved : 

vf  ry  dear. 
BELOW,  be-l6',  prep,  beneath  in  place  or 
rank  :  not  worthy  of. — adv.  in   a  lower 
place  :  {fig.)  on  earth  or  in  hell,  as  op- 
jposed  to  heaven.     \Be,  and  Low.] 
BELT,  belt,  n.  a  girdle  or  band  :  (geog.)  a 
strait. — v.t.  to  surround  \vith  a  belt  :  to 
encircle. — adj.  Belt'ed.   [A.S.  belt ;  Ice. 
beUi,  Gael,  halt,  L.  baltetts,  a  be.'t.] 
BELVEDERE,  bel've-der,  n.  {in   Italy)  a 
pa\'ilion  or  look-out  on  the  top  of  a  build- 
ing.    [It. — bello,  beautiful,  vedei-e,  to  ^ee 
— L.  belhts  and  videre.} 
BEMEET,  be-met',  v.t.  to  meet. 

Our  verj'  loving  sister,  well  betnet. — Skak. 

BEMll'KE,  be-ml'ter,  v.t.  to  adorn  with  a 
nrJtre.     Carlyle. 

BEMOAN,  be-mon',  v.t.  to  moan  at :  to 
lament. 

BEMOUTH,  he-mouth':  v.t.  to  utter  with 
an  affected,  big,  swelling  voice  :  to 
mouth.  "  In  Miltonic  blank  bemouthed." 
— Southey. 

BEMUEMUR;  be-mur'mur,  v.t.  1,  to  mur- 
mur round.  "  Bemurmured  now  by  the 
hoarse-flowing  Danube." — Carlyle.  3,  to 
greet  with  murmurs,  as  of  discontent  or 
the  like.  "  So  fare  the  eloquent  of  France, 
be7iiiirmured,  beshouted." — Carlyle. 

BEMTJZZLE,  be-muz"!,  v.t.  to  put  a  muzzle 
on  :  to  muzzle.     Carlyle. 

BENCH,  bensh,  n.  a  long  seat  or  form  :  a 
mechanic's  work-table  :  a  judge's  seat : 
the  body  or  assembly  of  judges. — v.t.  to 
place  on  or  furnish  with  benches.  [A.S. 
bene ;  cog.  with  Ger.  bank,  and  conn. 
'     with  E.  Bank,  a  ridge  of  earth.] 

BENCHER,  bensh'er,  n.  a  senior  member 
'     of  an  inn  of  court. 

BEND,  bend,  v.t.  to  curve  or  bow :  make 
crooked  :  to  turn  or  incline  :  to  subdue. 
— v.i.  to  be  crooked  or  curved  :  to  lean  : 
to  bow  in  submission  : — pa.p.  bend'ed  or 
bent. — n.  a  curve  or  crook.  [A.S.  ben- 
dan,  to  bend,  from  Band,  a  string ;  a 
bow  was  "bent "  by  tightening  the  bawd 
or  string.] 


BENE,  ben,  n.  a  prayer :  a  request :  an 
entreaty.  Wordsirorth.  (P»rovincial  En- 
glish.) rA.S.  bhi,  a  prayer.] 
BENEATH,  be-neth',  jirep.  under,  or  lower 
in  place :  unbecoming. — adv.  in  a  lower 
place :  below.  [A.S.  pf.\.  be,  and  neo- 
tliAn,  beneath.  See  Nether.] 
BENEDICK,  ben'e-dik,  BENEDICT,  ben'e- 
dikt,  n.  a  newly-married  man  :  also,  a 
bachelor.  [From  Benedick,  a  character  in 
Shakespeare's  Much  Ado  About  Nothing, 
who  begins  as  a  confirmed  bachelor  and 
ends  by  marr^•ing  Beatrice.] 

BENEDICTINE,  ben-e-dikt'in,  n.  one  of  an 
order  of  monks  named  after  St.  Benedict, 
called  also  Black  Friars  from  the  color  of 
their  dress. 

BENEDICTION,  ben-e-dik'shun,  n.  a  bless- 
ing: the  solemn  act  of  imploring  the 
blessing  of  God.  [L.  henedictio — bene, 
well,  dico,  dictum,  to  say.] 

BENEDICTORY,  ben-e-dikt'or-i.  adj.  de- 
claring a  benediction  :  expressing  %vishes 
for  good. 

BENEFACTION,  ben-e-faVshun,  n.  the 
act  of  doing  good  :  a  good  deed  done  or 
benefit  conferred.  [L.  bene/actio.  See 
Benefioe  1 

BENEFACTOR,  ben-e-fak'tor,  n.  one  who 
confers  a  benefit.— /em.  Benefac'tress. 

BENEFICE,  ben'e-fis,  n.  an  ecclesiastical 
living.  [Fr. — L.  beneficium,  a  kindness — 
benefaeere,  to  benefit — bene,  well,  facto, 
to  do.  In  Low  L.  benejicium  meant  a 
gift  of  an  estate.] 

BENEFICED,  ben'e-fist,  adj.  having  a 
benefice. 

BENEFICENCE,  be-nef'i-sens,  n.  active 
goodness  :  kindness  :  charity. 

BENEFICENT,  be-nef'i-sent,  adj.,  doing 
good  :  kind  :  charitable. — adv.  Benef'- 
icentlt. 

BENEFICIAL,  ben-e-fish'al,  adj.,  doing 
good :  iiseful :  advantageous. — adv.  Bene- 
nc'iALLY. 

BENEFICIARY,  ben-e-fish'i-ar-i,  n.  one 
who  holds  a  benefice  or  receives  a  benefit. 
— adj.  holding  in  gift. 

BENEFIT,  ben'e-flt,  n.  a  favor :  advantage : 
a  performance  at  a  theatre,  the  proceeds 
of  which  go  tp  one  of  the  company. — 
i\t.  to  do  good  to. — v.i.  to  gain  advan- 
tage : — iJr.^j.  ben'efiting  ;  pia.p.  ben'e- 
fited.     ^r.  bienfait — L.  benefactum.] 

BENEVOLENCE,  be-neVol-ens,  n.,  good- 
mil  :  disposition  to  do  good  :  an  act  of 
kindness :  {E.  Hist.)  a  species  of  tax 
arbitrarily  le\'ied  by  the  sovereign,  and 
represented  by  him  as  a  gratuity.  [L. 
benevolentia—bene,  well,  volo,  to  wish.] 

BENEVOLENT,  be-neVol-ent,  adj.,  tcell- 
wishiug:  disposed  to  do  good. — adv. 
Benev'olently. 

BENGAL-LIGHT,  ben-gawl'-lit,  n.  a  species 
of  firework  producing  a  very  %4vid  blue 
light,  much  used  for  signals  bv  sliips. 

BENIGHTED,  be-nif  ed,  adj.  overtaken  by 
night :  involved  in  darkness  :  ignorant. 
[Be,  and  Night.] 

BENIGN.  ben-In',  adj.  favorable :  gracious : 
kindly.  [O.  Fr.  henigne — L.  bemgnus= 
benigeniis,  well-born,  of  gentle  nature — 
benus,  bonus,  good,  and  gen,  root  of 
gigno,  to  produce.] 

BENIGNANT,  ben-ig'nant,  adj.  kind  :  gra- 
cious.— adv.  Benig'nantly.  [L.  benig- 
mis.'] 

BENIGNITY,  ben-ig'nit-i,  n.  goodness  of 
disposition  :  kindness :  graciousness. 

BENIGNLY,  ben-!n'li,  adv.  kindly:  gra^ 
ciously. 

BENISON,  ben'i-zn,  n.,  benediction,  bless- 
ing. [O.  Fr.  benetfon — L.  benedictio. 
See  Benediction.] 

BENJAMIN,  ben'ja-min,  n.  a  kind  of  top- 
coat or  overcoat  worn  by  men. 

BENT,  bent,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Bend. 


BENT,  bent,  n.  leaning  or  bias  :  fixed  ten- 
dency or  set  of  the  mind.    [From  Bend.] 

BENT,  bent,  n.  a  coarse  grass.  [A.S. 
beonet.] 

BENTHAMISM,  ben'tham-izm,  n.  that 
doctrine  of  ethics  or  of  social  and  politi- 
cal economy  taught  by  Jeremy  Bentham, 
the  sum  of  which  may  be  thus  stated  ■ — 
The  greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest 
number  is  the  end  of  all  true  mora! 
action.  Nature  having  placed  mankind 
under  the  government  of  two  sovereign 
masters,  Pleasure  and  Pain,  it  is  for 
them  alone  to  point  out  what  we  ought 
to  do.  This  doctrine  is  the  foundation 
of  Utilitarianism  (which  see). 

BENTHAMITE,  bon'tham-It,  n.  one  who 
Iiolds  or  favors  the  doctrine  of  Bentham- 
ism. 

BENUMB,  be-num',  v.t.  to  make  numb  or 
torpid. 

BENZINE,  ben'zin,  ji.  a  substance  pre- 
pared from  coal-tar  naphtha,  used  in  re- 
moving grease  stains  from  cloth.  [From 
Benzoin.] 

BENZOIN,  ben-zo'in,  n.  a  fragrant,  me- 
dicinal resin,  obtained  from  the  Styrax 
benzoin,  a  tree  of  Siimatra.  [Of  Arab. 
orig.] 

BEPOMMEL,  be-pum'mel,  v.t.  to  pomme! 
or  beat  soundly :  to  give  a  good  drub- 
bing to.  "BepommeUed  and  stoned  by 
irreproachable  ladies  of  the  straitest  sect 
of  the  Pharisees." — Tltackeray. 

BEQUEATH,  be-kweWi',  v.t.  to  give  or 
leave  by  will :  to  hand  down,  as  to  pos- 
terity. [A.S.  be,  and  cwethan,  to  say,  to 
tell.    See  Quoth.] 

BEQUEST,  be-lcwest',  n.  sotnethiug  be- 
queathed or  left  by  will :  a  legacy. 

BERASCAL,  be-ras'kal,  v.t.  to  call  or  ad- 
dress by  the  opprobrious  term  rascal 
Fielding. 

BEREAVE,  be-rev',  v.t,  to  rob  or  make 
destitute  : — pa.p.  bereaved'  or  bereft . 
[Pfx.  be,  and  Reave.     A.S.  reafian.'\ 

BEREAVEMENT,  be-rev'ment,  n.  heavy 
loss,  esp.  of  friends  by  death. 

BEREFT,  be-reft',  pa.p.  of  Bereave. 

BERGAMOT,  ber'ga-mot,  n.  a  fragrant  oil 
obtained  from  the  Bergamot  pear. 
[From  Bergamo,  a  town  of  Lombardy  in 
Italy.] 

BERIBAND,  be-rib'and,  BERIBBON,  be- 
rib'on,  v.t.  to  adorn  or  deck  with  a  rib- 
bon or  ribbons.  "  Nut  -  brown  maids 
bedizened  and  beribanded."  —  Carlyle 
"  Rouged  and  beribboned." — Miss  Bumey. 

BERRIED,  ber'id,  adj.  havin;^  berries. 

BERRY,  ber'i,  n.  any  small  juicy  fruit. 
[A.S.  berige  ;  Ger.  beere  ;  JDut.  bezie  , 
Goth,  basi;  Sans,  bhas,  to  eat.] 

BERTH,  berth,  n.  a  ship's  station  at  an- 
chor :  a  room  or  sleeping-place  in  a  ship  ; 
a  situation  or  place  of  emplojTiient.  [A 
form  of  Birth.] 

BERTHAGE,  berth'aj,  n.  a  charge  made 
on  vessels  occupj'ing  a  berth  in  a  dock  or 
harbor. 

BERYL,  ber'i!,  w.  a  precious  stone  of  a 
gi-eenish  color.    [L.  and  Gr.  beryllus.] 

BESCOUR,  be-skour',  v.t.  to  scour  over :  to 
overrun.     "  France  too  is  bescoitred  by  a 
devil's  pack,  the  baying  of  wliich  .  . 
still  sounds  in  the  mind's  ear." — Carlyle. 

BESEECH,  be-sech',  v.t.  to  seek  or  ask 
from  urgently :  to  implore  or  entreat  :— 
pr.p.  beseech'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  be- 
sought (be-sawt'). — adv.  Beseech'inqly 
[A.S.  be,  and  secan,  to  seek.] 

BESEECHLNGNESS,  be-sech'ing-nes,  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  beseeching 
or  earnestly  solicitous  :  entreaty.  Oeorge 
Eliot. 

BESEEM,  be-sem',  v.t.  to  be  seemly  or  fit 
for.    [Pfx.  be,  and  Seem.] 

BESET,  be-set',  v.t.  to  surround  or  inelose  • 


-BESETTING 


35 


BIBLIOLATK^ 


to  waylay  :  to  perplex  -.^pr.p.  besett- 
ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  beset'.  [A.S.  bi- 
settan,  to  surround.] 

BESETTING,  be-set'ing,  adj.  confirmed: 
habitual, 

8ESH0UT,  be-shout',  v.t.  to  greet  or  re- 
ceive with  shouts.     Carlyle. 

BESIDE,  be-sW,  prep.,  by  the  side  of:  over 
and  above :  distinct  from. — Beside  one's 
SELF,  out  of  one's  wits  or  reason.  [A.S. 
be,  by,  and  Side.]  \ 

BESIDE,  be-sid',  BESIDES,  be^sldz',  adv. 
moreover :  in  addition  to. 

BESIEGE,  be-sej',  v.t.  to  lay  siege  to:  to 
beset  with  armed  forces :  to  throng 
round. — n.  Besieger,  be-sej'er.  [Be,  and 
Siege.] 

8ESING,  be-slng',  v.t.  to  praise  or  cele- 
brate in  song.  "  The  Charter  which  has 
been  so  much  besung." — Dickens. 

BESME-AJR,  be-smer',  v.t.  to  smear  over  or 
daub. 

BESOM,  be'zum,  n.  an  implement  for 
sweeping.     [A.S.  besem,  besma.\ 

BESOT,  be-sor,  v.t.  to  make  sottish,  dull, 
or  stupid  -.—pr.p.  besott'ing  ;  pa.p.  be- 
sott'od. 

BESOUGHT,  be-sawt',  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of 
Beseech. 

BESPAKE,  be-spak',  pa.p.  of  Bespeak. 

BESPATTER,  be-spat'er,  v.t.  to  spatter  or 
sprinkle  with  dirt  or  anything  moist :  to 
defame. 

BESPEAK,  be-spek',  v.t.,  to  speak  for  or 
engage  beforehand :  to  betoken.  [Be, 
and  Speak.] 

BESPEAK,  be-spek',  v.t.  to  speak,  or  speak 
to.    [Prefix  be,  and  Speak.] 

BESPEECH,  be-spech',  v.t.  to  annoy  or  tor- 
ment by  much  speech-making.     Carlyle. 

BESPOUT,  De-spout',  v.t.  to  annoy  or  ha- 
rass with  much  loud,  empty  speaking. 
Carlyle. 

BESPY,  be-spf,  v.t.  to  subject  to  espion- 
age :  to  set  spies  upon.  "  Etis  own 
friends  of  the  people  .  .  .  bespied,  be- 
headed."— Carlyle. 

BEST,  best,  adj.  (serves  as  superl.  of  Good) 
good  in  the  highest  degree  :  first :  high- 
est :  most  excellent. — n.  one's  utmost 
endeavor  :  the  highest  perfection. — adv. 
(superl.  of  Well)  in  the  highest  degree  : 
in  the  best  manner.  [A.S.  betst,  betesf, 
best.    See  Better.] 

BESTEAD,  be-sted',  p.adj.  situated  ; 
treated.    [Pfx.  be,  and  Stead.] 

BESTEAD,  BESTED,  be-sted',  v.t.  ioplaee 
or  dispose  :  to  assist,  to  serve.  [Prefix 
be.  Stead,  place.] 

BESTIAL,  best'i-al,  adj.  like  a  beast :  vile : 
sensual.     [L.  bestialts.    See  Beiast.] 

BESTIALIZE,  best'i-al-iz,  v.t.  to  make  like 
;.  beast. 

BESTIALITY,  best-i-al'i-ti,  n.  beastliness. 

BESTJLARIAN,  bes-ti-a'ri-an,  n.  one  who 
takes  an  interest  m  the  kind  treatment 
of  beasts  :  the  term  has  been  applied  to 
these  persons  who  oppose  vivisection, 
and  was  invented  by  Darwin.  [L.  bestia, 
a  beast :  the  word  was  suggested  by  hu- 
mnnitarian.'] 

BESTIR,  be-stei',  v.t.  to  put  into  Uvely  ac- 
tion. 

BESTOW,  be-st5',  v.t.  to  stow,  place,  or 
put  by :  to  give  or  confer :  to  apply. 
fSee  Stow.] 

BESTOWAL,  be-stO'al,  n.  act  of  bestow- 
ing- :  disposal. 

8ESTRAP,  be-strap',  v.t.  to  confine  with  a 
strap  or  straps.  "The  young  Uon's 
whelp  has  to  grow  up  all  bestrapped,  be- 
muzzled." — Carlyle. 

6ESTRIEE,  be-strid',  v.t.  to  stride  over : 
to  sit  or  stand  across: — pa.t.  bestrid', 
bestrode' ;  pa.p.  bestrid',  bestridd'en. 
TSgp  Stt^toi''  I 

BESTUD,  be-stud',  v.t.  to  adorn  with  studs. 


BET,  bet,  n.  a  wager :  something  stakea 
to  be  lost  or  won  on  certain  conditions. 
—v.t.  and  i.  to  lay  or  stake,  as  a  bet  :— 
pr.p.  h  ett'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.jj.  bet  or 
bett'ed.  [Ety.  dub.  ;  either  A.S.  bad,  a 
pledge,  akin  to  Wed,  Wager,  or  a  contr. 
of  Abkt  1 

BETAKE,  be-tak',  v.t.  (with  self)  to  take 
one's  self  to  :  to  apply  or  have  recourse : 
—pa./,  betook' ;  pa.p.  betak'en.  [A.S. 
be.  and  Ice.  taka,  to  deliver.] 

BETEL,  be'tl,  n.  the  betel-nut,  or  nut  of 
the  areca  palm,  with  lime  and  the  leaves 
of  the  Betel-Pepper,  is  chewed  by  the 
Malays  as  a  stimulant.     [East,  word.] 

BETHINK,  be-thingk',  v.t.  to  think  on  or 
call  to  mind  :  to  recollect  (generally  fol- 
lowed by  a  reflective  pronoun). — v.t.  to 
consider  -.—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  bethought 
(be-thawf).  [A.S.  bethencan,  Ger.  be- 
denken.    See  'Think.] 

BETIDE,  be-tid',  v.t.,  to  happen  to  :  to  be- 
fall. [A.S.  pfx.  be,  and  tidan,  to  happen. 
See  Tide.] 

BETIMES,  be-tlmz',  adv.  in  good  time ; 
seasonably.     [Pfx.  be,  and  Time.] 

BETOKEN,  be-to'kn,  v.t.  to  show  by  a 
sign :  to  foreshow.  [A.S.  getacnian. 
See  Token.] 

BETOOK,  be-took',  pa.t.  of  Betake. 

BETRAY,  De-tra',  v.t.  to  give  up  treacher- 
ously :  to  disclose  in  breach  of  trust :  to 
discover  or  show.  [Pfx.  be,  and  Fr.  trahir. 
It.  tradire — L.  tradere,  to  deliver  up.] 

BETRAYAL,  be-tra'al,  n.  act  of  betraying. 

BETRAYER,  be-tra'er,  n.  a  traitor. 

BETROTH,  be-troth',  v.t.  to  contract  or 
promise  in  order  to  marriage :  to  affiance. 
[Be,  and  Troth  or  Truth.] 

BETROTHAL,  be-troth'al,  BETROTH- 
MENT,  be-troth'ment,  n.  an  agreement 
or  contract  with  a  view  to  marriage. 

BETTER,  bet'er,  adj.  (serves  as  comp. 
of  Good)  good  in  a  greater  degree : 
preferable  :  improved. — adv.  (comp.  of 
Well)  well  in  a  greater  degree  :  more 
fully  or  completely :  with  greater  ad- 
vantage •.—pi.  superiors. — v.t.  to  make 
better,  to  improve :  to  benefit.  [A.S. 
bet  (adv.),  betera,  better,  Goth,  hatiza, 
Ger.  besser ;  root  hat,  good ;  it  is  in  ail 
the  Teutonic  lang.    See  Boot.] 

BETTER,  bet'er,  n.  one  who  bets. 

BETWEEN,  be-twen',  BETWIXT,  be- 
twikst',  prep,  in  the  middle  of  twain 
or  tiro:  in  the  middle  or  intermediate 
space  :  from  one  to  another.  [A.S.  be- 
ticeonan,  betweox,  betzmwt — be,  and 
twegen,  twa,  two,  twain.] 

BETWEENITY,  be-twen'i-ti,  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  between  :  intermedi- 
ate contlition :  that  wliich  occupies  an 
intermediate  space,  place,  or  position. 
"To  rejoin  heads,  tails  and  betweenities." 
— Soutiiey.  'The  house  is  not  Gothic, 
but  of  that  betweenity  that  intervened 

.  when  Gothic  declined  and  Palladian  was 
creeping  in." — H.  Walpole. 

BEVEL,  bev'el,  w.  a  slant  or  inclination  of 
a  surface  :  an  instniment  opemng  like  a 
pair  of  compasses  for  measuring  angles. 
— adj.  ha\nng  the  form  of  a  bevel :  slant- 
ing.— v.t.  to  form  with  a  bevel  or  slant : 
— pr.p.  beVelling ;  pa.p.  bevelled. — 
Bevel-gear  {mech.),  wheels  working  on 
each  other  in  different  planes,  the  cogs 
of  the  wheels  being  bevelled  or  at  oblique 
angles  to  the  shafts.  [Fr.  biveau,  an  in- 
strument for  measuring  angles.] 

BEVERAGE,  bev'er-aj,  «.,  drink:  any 
agreeable  liquor  for  drinking.  [O.  Fr. ; 
It.  beveraggio — bevere — L.  bioere,  to 
drink.] 

BEVY,  bev'i.  n.  a  brood  or  flock  of  birds, 
especiallv  of  quails :  a  company,  esp.  of 
ladies,  p*-  ^''°'  ^  drink,  a  company  for 
drinking.] 


BEWAIL,  be-wal',  v.t.  to  lament.  (See 
Wail.] 

BEWARE,  be-war',  v.i.  to  be  on  one's 
guard  :  to  be  suspicious  of  danger :  to 
take  care.  [The  two  words  be  ware  run 
together.     See  Wary.] 

BEWHLSKER,  be-whis'ker,  v.t.  to  furnisc 
with  whiskers :  to  put  whiskers  on. 
"She  who  bewhiskered  St.  Bridget." — 
Sterne.  "Striplings  beichiskered  vritt 
burnt  cork." — Iri'ing. 

BEWILDER,  be-wil'der,  v.t.  to  perplex  oi 
lead  astray. — n.  Bewil'derjient.  [fie, 
and  prov.  E.  tvildem,  a  wilderness.] 

BEWING,  be- wing',  v.t.  to  give  or  add 
wings  to.  "  An  angel-throng  beicinged.- 
—Poe. 

BEWITCH,  be-wicb',  v.t.  to  affect  by  nntch 
craft  :    to    fascin.ite    or    charm.      [See 
Witch.] 

BEWITCHERY,  be-wich'er-i,  BEWITCH 
MENT,  be-wich'ment,  n.  fascination. 

BEWITCHING,  be-wich'ing,  adj.  charm 
ing  :  fascinating.— adr.  Bewitch'inoly. 

BEAVRAY,  be-ra',  v.t.  (B.),  to  accuse:  to 
point  out :  to  betray.  [A.S.  pfx.  be,  and 
u'regan,  to  accuse.  1 

BEY,  ba,  n.  a  Turkish  governor  of  a  town 
or  province.  [Turk,  beg,  pronounced  h&, 
a  governor.] 

BEYOND,  be-yond',  prep,  on  the  farther 
side  of  :  farther  onward  than  :  out  at 
reach  of.  [A.S.  be-geond — pfx.  be,  and 
geond,  across,  beyond.  See  YoN,  Yon- 
der.] 

BEZEL,  bez'l,  n.  the  part  of  aringin  which 
the  stone  is  set.  [O.  Fr.  bisel,  Fr.  bisean  : 
of  uncertain  origin.] 

BHANG,  bang,  n.    Same  as  Bang,  Bangue. 

BI-,  an  old  form  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  prefix 
now  usually  written  be :  as,  bifore,  bt 
forn=hetote ;  ?wgra>i=began ;  biheste= 
behest ;  biside,  bisyde=heside ;  bitweeiu 
=betwaen ;  etc.     Chancer. 

BIAS,  bl'as,  n.  a  weight  on  one  side  of  a 
bowl  (in  the  game  of  bowling),  making 
it  slope  or  turn  to  one  side :  a  slant  or 
leaning  to  one  side  :  an  inclination  oJ 
the  mind,  prejudice. — v.t.  to  cause  to 
turn  to  one  side  :  to  prejudice  or  pre 
possess ;  pp.  bi'ased  or  bi'assed.  [Fr. 
hiais  ;  prob.  L.  bifax,  two-faced— ots. 
twice,  fades,  the  face.] 

BIB,  bib,  11.  a  cloth  put  under  an  infant's 
chin.  [M.E.  bibben,  to  imbibe,  to  tipple, 
because  the  cloth  imbibes  moisture — L. 
bibere,  to  drink.l 

BEB,  bib,  n.  a  fish  of  the  same  genus  as 
the  cod  and  haddock,  also  called  the 
Pout. 

BIBBER,  bib'or,  n.  a  tippler  :  chiefly  used 
in  composition,  as  {B.)  wine-bibber.  [L 
hibo,  to  drink.] 

BIBLE,  bi'bl,  n.  the  sacred  writings  of  the 
Christian  Church,  consisting  of  the  01c 
and  New  Testaments.  [Fr.— L.  and  Gr. 
biblia,  pi.  of  Gr.  biblioii.  a  little  book, 
biblos,  a  book,  from  byblos,  the  papyrus, 
of  which  paper  was  made.] 

BIBLICAL,  bib'lik-al,  adj.  of  or  relating  to 
the  Bible  :  scriptural.— fl(/r.  BIB'UCALLY. 

BIBLIC^VLITY,  bib-li-kal'i-ti,  n.  something 
relating  to,  connected  with,  or  containea 
in  the  Bible.     Carlyle. 

BIBLICIST,  biblis-ist, ;;.  one  versed  in  bib- 
lie*.!  lejirninar. 

BIBLIOGRAPHER,  bib-li-og'raf-er,  n.  ont: 
versed  in  bibliography  or  the  history  o? 
books.— adj.  Bibliograph'ic. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY,  bib-li-og'raf-i,  n.,  the  de- 
scription or  knowledge  of  books,  in  regard 
to  their  authors,  subjects,  editions,  and 
history.  [Gr.  biblion,  a  book,  grapho,  to 
wTite,  describe.] 

BIBLIOLATRY,  bib-li-ol'at-ri,  n.  super- 
stitious reverence  for  the  Bible.  [Or^ 
biblion,  a  book,  latreia,  worship.] 


BIBLIOLOGY 


36 


BIMANOUS 


<iIBLIOLOGy,  bib-li-ol'oj-i,  n.  an  account 
of  books  ;  biblical  literature,  or  theology. 
rOr.  biblion,  a  book,  logos  discourse.] 

BIBLIOMANIA,  bib-li-o-man'i-a,  11.  a 
mania  for  possessing  rare  and  curious 
books.     [Gr.  hibiion.  a  book,  and  Mania.] 

BIBLIOMANIAC,  bib-li-o-man'i-ak,  n.  one 
who  has  a  mania  for  possessing  rare  and 
curious  books. 

1BIBLIOPOLE,  bib'li-o-p6l,  BIBLIOPOL 
1ST,  bib-li-op'ol-ist.  n.  a  bookseller.  [Gr. 
biblion,  a  book,  poleb,  to  sell.] 

BIBULOUS,  bib'u-lus,  adj.,  drinking  or 
sucking  in  :  spongj'.  [L.  bibulus — bibo, 
to  drink.] 

BICARBONATE,  bT-kar'bon-at,  n.  a  car- 
bonate or  salt  having  two  equivalents  of 
carbonic  acid  to  one  equivalent  of  base. 
{Jj.  bi-  (for  dvi-,  from  duo,  two),  twice, 
and  Carbonate.] 

BICAVITARY,  bi-kav'i-ta-ri,  adj.  consist- 
ing of  or  possessing  two  cavities.  [L. 
prefix  bi;  two  twice,  and  E.  cavity.] 

•iICE.  bis,  n.  a  pale  blue  or  green  paint. 
[Fr.  bis,  bise ;  orig.  unknown.] 

iBICENTENARY,  bi-sen'te-na-ri,  11.  1,  that 
which  consists  of  or  comprehends  two 
hundred :  the  space  of  two  hundred 
years :  2,  the  commemoration  of  any 
event  that  happened  two  hundred  years 
before,  as  the  birth  of  a  great  man.  [L. 
prefix  bi-,  two,  twice,  and  E.  cetitenary.] 

BICENTENARY,  bi-sen'te-na-ri,  adj.  re- 
lating to  or  consisting  of  two  hundred  : 
relating  to  two  hundred  years ;  as,  a 
bicentenary  celebration. 

BICENTENNIAL,  bi-sen-ten'ni-al,  adj.  1, 
consisting  of  or  lasting  two  hundred 
years:  as,  a  bicentennial  period:  2.  oc- 
curring evei'y  two  hundred  years. 

BICEPS,  bi-seps,  n.  the  muscle  in  front  of 
the  arm  between  the  shoulder  and  elbow. 
[L.  biceps,  two-headed — bis,  twice,  and 
caput,  head.] 

BICIPITAL,  Iji-sip'ital,  adj.  (anat.),  having 
two  heads  or  origins.     [See  BICEPS.] 

BICKER,  bik'er,  v.i.  to  contend  in  a  petty 
way :  to  quiver :  to  move  quickly  and 
tremulously,  as  running  water.  [Ace. 
to  Skeat,  bicker^jnck-er,  or  peek-er,  to 
peck  repeatedly  with  the  beak.] 

BICONVEX,  bJ-kon'veks,  adj.  convex  on 
both  sides :  double  convex,  as  a  lens. 
See  Lens.  [Prefix  bi-,  two,  twice,  and 
convex.] 

BICORNE,  bi-korn',  n.  one  of  two  mon- 
strous beasts  (the  other  being  Chichev- 
ache— which  see)  mentioned  in  an  old 
satirical  poem  alluded  to  by  Chaucer  in 
tlie  "  Clerk's  Tale."  Bicorne  is  repre- 
sented as  feeding  on  patient  husbands, 
while  Chichevache  feeds  on  patient  wives, 
and  i-he  point  of  the  satire  consists  in 
representing  the  former  as  being  fat  and 
pampered  with  a  superfluity  of  food, 
while  the  latter  is  very  lean,  owing  to 
the  scarcity  of  her  diet. 

BICYCLE,  bi'sikl,  n.  a  velocipede  vrith  two 
wheels,  arranged  one  before  the  other. 
[L.  bis,  twice,  and  Gr.  kyklos,  a  cu-cle.] 

BICYCLING,  bi'sik-hng,  n.  the  art  or 
practice  of  managing  or  travelling  on  a 
bicycle. 

BID,  bid.  I;.*.,  to  offer :  to  propose  :  to  pro- 
claim :  to  invite  :  to  command  -.—pr.p. 
bidd'ing ;  pa.t.  bid  or  bade  ;  pa.y.  bid, 
bidden. — n.  an  offer  of  a  price.  [A.S. 
beodan,  Goth,  bj^idan,  Ger,  bieten,  to 
offer.] 

BID,  bid,  v.t.,  to  ask  for:  to  pray  (nearly 
obs.).  I^A.S.  biddan,  Goth,  bidjan ;  the 
connection  with  Bid,  to  command,  is 
dub.     See  Bead.] 

BIDDABLE,  bid'a-bl,  adj.  obedient  to  a  bid- 
ding or  command :  wuling  to  do  what  is 
bidden :  complying.  "  She  is  exceed- 
ingly attentive  and  useful ;  .  .  ,  indeed  I 


never  saw  a  more  biddable,  woman.'' — 

Dickens. 
BIDDER,  bid'er,  n.  one  who  bids  or  offers 

a  price.  [command. 

BIDDING,   biding,    n.    offer:    invitation: 
BIDE,  bid.  y.t.  and  r.i.  Same  as  ABIDE,  to 

wait  for.     [A.S.  bidan,  Goth,  beidan.] 
BIDING  biding,  n.,  abiding:  stay. 
BIENNIAL,     bi-en'yal,    adj.    lasting    tico 

years:  happenin"-  once  in  two  years. — 

n.   a  plant  that  l;ists  two  years.  —  adv. 

BiENN'lALLT.     [L    biennalis^bis,   twice, 

and  annus,  a  year.] 
BIER,  ber,  )i.  a  carriage  or  frame  of  wood 

for  bearing  tliedead  to  the  giave.     [A.S. 

beer:   Ger.   bahre,   L.   fer-etrum.    From 

root  of  Bear,  v.] 
BIESTINGS,   best'ingz,   n.   the   first  milk 

from  a  cow  after  calving.     [A.S.  bysting ; 

Ger.  biest-milch.] 
BIFACIAL,   bl-fa'sliyal,   adj.   ha\'ing   two 

like  faces  or  opposite  surfaces.     [L.  bis, 

twice,  and  Facial.] 
BIFURCATED,    bl-furlc-at-ed,    adj.,    tivo- 

forked  :  having  two  prongs  or  branches. 

[L.  bifurcus — bis,  twice,  furca,  a  fork.] 
BIFURCATION,  bl-furk-a'shun,  n.  a  fork- 
ing or  division  into  two  branches. 
BIG,  big,  adj.  large   or  great :  pregnant  : 

freat  in  air,  mien,  or  spirit.  [M.E.  bigg, 
cot.  bigly,  prob.  from  Ice.  byggi-ligr, 
habitable — byggja,  to  settle,  conn,  with 
biia,  to  dwell.  From  "  habitable "  it 
came  to  mean  "  spacious,"  "  large."] 

BIGAMIST,  big'am-ist,  n.  one  who  has 
committed  bigamy. 

BIGAMY,  big'am-i,  11.  the  crime  of  haWug 
two  wives  or  two  husbands  at  once.  [Fr. 
— L.  bis,  twice,  andGr.  ganios,  marriage.] 

BIGrGIN,  big-'in,  n.  a  child's  cap  or  hood. 
[Fr.  beguin,  from  the  cap  worn  by  the 
Biguines,  a  religious  society  of  women  in 
France.] 

BIGHT,  bit,  n.,  a  bend  of  the  shoi-e,  or 
small  bay :  a  bend  or  coil  of  a  rope. 
[Cf.  Dan.  and  Swed.  bugt.,  Dut.  bogt,  from 
root  of  Goth,  biugan,  A.S.  beogan,  Ger. 
biegen,  to  bend,  E.  bow.] 

BIGNESS,  big'nes,  n.  bulk,  size. 

BIGOT,  big'ot,  11.  one  blindly  and  obsti- 
nately devoted  to  a  particular  creed  or 
party.  [Fr.  ;  variously  derived  from  the 
oath  By  God,  used,  ace.  to  the  tale,  by 
the  Norman  RoUo,  and  then  a  nickname 
of  the  Normans ;  Beguine,  a  rehgious 
society  of  women  ;  Visigoth,  a  Western 
Goth  ,  and  Sp.  bigote,  a  moustache.] 

BIGOTED,  big'ot-ed.  adj.  having  the  quali- 
ties of  a  bigot. 

BIGOTRY,  big'ot-ri,  n.  blind  or  excessive 
zeal,  especially  in  religious  matters. 

BIJOU,  be-zhoo',  n.  a  trinket :  a  jewel :  a 
little  box  :— pZ.  BiJOUX,  be-zhoo'.     [Fi-.l 

BIJOUTRY,  be-zho6'tri,  n.  jewelry  :  small 
articles  of  virtu. 

BILATERAL,  bl-lat'er-al,  adj.,  having  two 
sides.    [L.  bis,  twice,  and  Lateral.] 

BILBERRY,  bil'ber-i,  n.  called  also  Whor- 
tleberry, a  shrub  and  its  berries,  which 
ai-e  dark-blue.  [Dan.  bollebaer,  ball- 
berry  (cf.  Billiards)  ;  Scot,  blaeberry ; 
Ger.  blaubeere.] 

BILBO,  bU'bo,  n.  a  rapier  or  sword  : — pi. 
Bilboes,  bil'boz,  fetters.  [From  Bilboa 
in  Spain.] 

BILE,  bll,  71.  a  thick  yellow  bitter  fluid 
secreted  by  the  liver  :  (fig.)  iU-humor. 
[Fr.— L.  bilis,  aUied  to  fel,  fellis.  the 
gall-bladder.] 

BILEVE,  v.i.  to  stay  behind  ;  to  remain. 
Chaucer.  [A.S.  belifan — be,  and  lifan,  to 
staj'  behind  ;  comp.  D.  blijven,  G.  bleiben. 

BELC^E,  bilj,  n.  the  bulging  part  of  a  cask : 
the  broadest  part  of  a  ship's  bottom. — 
v.il  to  spring  a  leak  by  a  fracture  in  the 
bilge,  as  a  ship.     [See  Bulge,  Bellt.] 

BILGE-WATER,  bilj'-waw'ter,  n.  the  foul 


water  which  gathers  in  the  bUge  or  bol 
tom  of  a  ship. 

BILIARY,  bil'yar-i,  adj.  belonging  to  or 
conveying  bile. 

BILINGUAL,  bl-ling'wal,  adj.  of  or  con- 
taining two  tongues  or  languages,  [t 
bilinguis — bis,  twice,  lingua,  tongue.] 

BILIOUS,  bil'yus,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
affected  bv  bUe. 

BILITERAt,  bi-lit'er-al,  n.  a  word,  root,  or 
.sj-llable  formed  of  two  letters.  A.  H 
Snyce. 

BILK,  bilk,  v.t.  to  elude :  to  cheat.  [Per- 
haps a  dim.  of  Balk.] 

BILL,  bil,  n.  a  kind  of  battle-axe  :  a  hatchet 
with  a  hooked  point  for  pruning-.  [A.S. 
bil :  Ger.  beil.] 

BILL,  bil,  n.  the  beak  of  a  bird,  or  any- 
thing like  it. — v.i.  to  join  bills  as  doves  : 
to  caress  fondlj'.  [A.S.  bile,  the  same 
word  as  the  preceding,  the  primary  mean- 
ing being,  a  cutting  implement.] 

BILL,  bil,  n.  an  account  of  monej* :  a  draft 
of  a  proposed  law  :  a  written  engage 
ment  to  pay  a  sum  of  money  at  a  fixed 
date ;  a  placard  or  advertisement  :  any 
viTitton  statement  of  particulars. — Bill 
OF  exchange,  a  written  order  from  one 
person  to  another,  desiring  the  latter  to 
pay  to  some  specified  person  a  sum  of 
money  at  a  fixed  date. — Bill  of  ladinq, 
a  pa))er  signed  by  the  master  of  a  ship 
by  which  he  makes  himself  responsible 
for  the  safe  delivery  of  the  goods  speci- 
fied therein. — Bill  of  fare,  in  a  hotel, 
the  list  of  dishes  or  articles  of  food. — 
Bill  of  health,  an  official  certificate  of 
the  state  of  health  on  board  sliip  before 
sailing. — Bill  of  mortality,  an  official 
account  of  the  births  and  deaths  occur- 
ring  witliin  a  given  time.  [(Lit.)  a  sealed 
paper,  from  Low  L.  billa — bulla,  a  seal. 
See  Bull,  an  edict.] 

BILLET,  bil'et,  n.,  a  little  note  or  paper 
a  ticket  assigning  quarters  to  soldiers.- 
r.t.  to  quarter  or  lodge,  as  soldiers.  [Fr 
— dim.  of  Bill.] 

BILLET,  bil'et,  n.  a  small  log  of  wood  used 
as  fuel.  [Fr.  billot — bille,  the  young 
stock  of  a  tree,  prob.  of  Celt,  orig.'perh 
allied  to  Bole,  the  trunk  of  a  tree.] 

BILLET-DOUX,  bil-e-doo'  .n.  a  sweet  note : 
a  love-letter  [Fr.  billet,  a  letter,  dozix, 
sweet.] 

BILLIARDS,  bil'yardz.  n.  a  game  played 
on  a  rectangular  table,  with  ivory  balls, 
which  the  players,  by  means  of  cues  or 
maces,  cause  to  strike  against  each  other. 
[Fr.  billard—hiUe.  a  ball.] 

BILLINGSGATE,  bil'ingz-gat,  n.  foui  lan- 
guage like  that  spoken  at  Billingsgate 
(the  great  fish-market  of  London). 

BILLION  bU'yun,  n.  a  million  of  millions 
(1,000,000,000,000) ;  or,  according  to  the 
French  method  of  nmiieration,  one  thou- 
sand millions  (1,000,000,000).  [L.  bis, 
twice,  and  Million.] 

BILLMAN,  bU'man,  n.  a  soldier  armed 
with  a  bill. 

BILLOW,  bil'o,  n.  a  great  wave  of  the  sea 
swelled  by  the  \vind. — v.i.  to  roll  in  large 
waves.  [Ice.  bylgja ;  Sw.  bolja,  Dan. 
bolge,  a  wave— root  belg,  to  swell.  See 
Bilge,  Bulge.] 

BILLOWY,  bil'6-i,  adj.  swelling  into  bil- 
lows. 

BILLY,  billi,  n.  1,  same  as  Sllbbing 
BILLY ;  2,  stolen  metal  of  any  kind 
(Slang) :  3,  a  small  metal  bludgeon  that 
may  be  carried  in  the  pocket  (Slang). 

BIMANA,    bi'man-a,    n.  '  animals    ha\'ing  > 
two  hands :  a  term  applied  to  the  highest 
order  of  mammaha,  of  which  man  is  the 
tj-pe  and  only  species.     [L.   bis,  twice, 
and  manus,  the  hand.] 

BIMANOUS,  bl-man-us,  adj.,  having  two 
hands. 


EIMENSAL 


37 


BISTER 


BIMENSAL,  bi-meas'al,  adj.  happening 
once  in  two  months  :  bimonthly.  [L.  bis, 
and  mensis,  a  month.] 

BIMETALLISM,  bl-met'al-izm,  n.  that  sys- 
tem of  coinage  wliich  recognizes  coins  of 
two  metals,  as  silver  and  gold,  as  legal 
tender  to  any  amount,  or  in  other  words, 
the  concurrent  use  of  coins  of  two  metals 
as  a  circulating  medium  at  a  fixed  rela- 
tive value.  "  This  coinage  was  super- 
seded by  the  bimetalUc  (gold  and  silver) 
coinage  of  Croesus,  and  bimetallism  was 
the  rule  in  Asia  down  to .  Alexander's 
time  in  the  fixed  ratio  of  one  to  thirteen 
and  a  half  between  the  two  metals." — 
Academy. 

BIMETALLIST,  bi-met'al-ist,  n.  one  who 
favors  bimetallism  or  a  currency  of  two 
metals.  "Among  the  advocates  of  a 
double  currency  on  the  Continent  have 
been  many  eminent  economists.  Yet  an 
Englislmian  might  almost  as  well  avow 
himself  a  protectionist  as  a  bimetallist." 
— Academy. 

BIN,  bin,  n.  a  place  for  storing  corn,  wine. 
—v.t.  to  put  into  or  store  in  a  bin  ;  as,  to 
bin  liquor.     [A.S.] 

BINARY,  bi'nar-i,  adj.  composed  of  two : 
twofold.  [L.  binarius — bini,  two  by  two 
— bis,  twice.] 

IBINAURAL,  bl-nawr'al,  adj.  1,  having  two 
ears  :  2,  pertaining  to  both  ears  :  fitted 
for  being  simultaneously  used  by  two 
ears  ;  as,  a  binaural  stethoscope,  which 
has  two  connected  tubes  capped  by  small 
eai'-pieces.  [L.  binus,  double,  and  auris, 
the  ear.] 
I  BIND,  bind,  v.t.  to  tie  or  fasten  together 
'  witli  a  band  :   to  sew  a'"^  border  on  :  to 

fasten  together  (the  leaves  of  a  book) 
and  put  a  cover  on  :  to  obhge  by  oath 
or  agreement  or  duty  :  to  restrain  :  to 
render  hard  i^pa.t.  and  pa.p.  bound. 
[A.S.  bindan ;  cog.  with  Ger.  binden. 
Sans,  bandh.  Cf.  Band,  Bend,  and  Bun- 
dle.] 

BINDER,  bind'er,  n.  one  who  binds,  as 
books  or  sheaves. — Self-binder,  a  har- 
vesting machine  which  cuts,  binds  and 
throws  aside  the  ripe  grain  in  sheaves. 

BINDERY,  blnd'er-i,  n.  an  establishment 
in  which  books  are  bound.     (Anier.) 

BINDING,  bind'ing,  adj.  restraining  :  obli- 
gatory.— n.  the  act  of  binding  :  anything 
that  binds  :  the  covering  of  a  book. 

BINDWEB,  bind'web,  n.  in  anat.  the  con- 
nective tissue  uniting  the  gray  cellular 
with  the  white  fibrous  matter  of  the 
brain  and  spinal  cord  :  neiu-ogUa. 

BINDWEED,  bind'wed,  n.  the  convolvulus, 
a  genus  of  plants  so  called  from  their 
twining  or  binding. 
f"  BINNACLE,  bin'a-kl,  n.  (naiit.)  the  box  in 
which  on  shipboard  the  compass  is  kept. 
[Formerly  bittacle — Port,  bitacola — L. 
haMtaculum,  a  dwelling-place — habito, 
to  dwell.] 

BINOCULAR,  bln-ok'til-ar,  adj.  having 
fivo  eyes  :  suitable  for  two  eyes.  [L.  bis, 
and  oculus,  eye.] 

BINOMIAL,  bi-nom'i-al,  adj.  and  n.  in 
algebra,  a  quantity  consisting  of  tivo 
terms  or  parts.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and 
nomen.  a  name,  a  term.] 
[-  BIOBLAST,  bl'o-blast,  n.  in  biol.  a  minute 
mass  of  transparent,  amorphous  pro- 
toplasm having  formative  power.  [Gr. 
bios,  life,  and  blastos,  a  germ.] 
lODYNAMIC,  bi'6-di-nam'ik,  adj.  per- 
taining or  relating  to  vital  force,  power, 
or  energy.  [Gr.  bios,  life,  and  dynamis, 
force.] 

leiOGENESIS,  bl-o-jen'e-sis,  n.  in  Inol.  1, 
that  department  of  science  which  specu- 
lates on  the  mode  by  which  new  species 
have  been  introduced  :  specifically,  that 
.'iew  of  this  doctrine  which  holds  that 


living  organisms  can  spring  only  from 
living  parents.  Biogenesis  is  opposed  to 
abiogenesis.  and  was  first  vigorously  sup- 
ported by  Redi,  an  Itahan  philosopher  of 
the  seventeenth  century  :  3,  the  history 
of  life  development  generally,  as  distin- 
guished from  ontogenesis,  or  the  liistory 
of  individual  development,  and  from 
phylogenesis,  or  the  liistory  of  genealogi- 
cal development.  [Gr.  bios,  life,  and 
genesis,  generation,  from  root  of  gigno- 
mai  or  ginomai,  to  be  born.] 

BIOGENESIST,  bi-o-jen'e-sist,  BIOGE- 
NIST,  bi-oj'e-nist,  n.  one  who  favors  the 
theory  of  biogenesis. 

BIOGENY,  bi-oj'e-ni,  n.  Same  as  Biogene- 
sis.    Huxley. 

BIOGRAPHEE,  bl-og'ra-fe',  n.  one  whose 
life  has  been  written  :  the  subject  of  a 
biography.  "There  is  too  much  of  the 
biographer  in  it  (Foster's  "  Life  of  Dick- 
ens"), and  not  enough  of  the  biographee." 
— Athenaeum. 

BIOGRAPHY,  bi-og'raf-i,  n.,  a  tmtten  ac- 
count or  liistory  of  the  life  of  an  indi- 
vidual :  the  art  of  writing  such  accounts. 
— n.  Biog'rapher,  one  who  writes  biog- 
raphy.— adjs.  Biograph'ic,  Biograph'- 
ICAL. — adv.  Biograph'ically.  [Gr.  bios, 
Ufe,  grapho,  to  write.] 

BIOLOGY,  bl-ol'oj-i,  n.  the  science  that 
treats  of  life  or  of  organized  beings. — 
adj.  Bioloq'ical.  [Gr.  bios,  Ufe,  logos,  a 
discourse.] 

BIOMAGNETIC,  bi'o-mag-net'ik,  adj.  per- 
taining- or  relating  to  biomagnetism. 

BIOMAGNETISM,  bi-o-mag'net-izm,  n. 
Same  as  Animal  Magnetism.  See  under 
Magnetism.  [Gr.  bios,  hie,  and  Mag- 
netism.] 

BIOMETRY,  bi-om'et-ri,  n.  the  measure- 
ment of  Ufe  :  specifically,  the  calculation 
of  the  probable  duration  of  hmnan  Ufe. 
[Gr.  bios,  Ufe,  and  metron,  a  measure.] 

BIOPLASM,  bi'o-plazni,  n.  a  name  sug- 
gested by  Dr.  Beale  for  the  albuminoid 
substance  constituting  the  Uving  matter 
of  the  elementary  part  or  ceU  in  plants 
and  animals.  CaUed  by  him  also  GER- 
MINAL Matter.  It  appers  to  differ  from 
protoplasm  chiefly  in  being  informed 
with  life.  [Gr.  bios,  Ufe,  and  plasma, 
anything  formed,  from  plasso,  to  form.] 

BIOPLASMIC,  bl-o-plaz'mik,  adj.  consist- 
ing of  or  pertaining  to  bioplasm.  "The 
physical  basis  of  Ufe  seems  to  be  struc- 
tureless and  apparently  homogeneous 
bioplasmie  matter." — Nicholson. 

BIOPLASTIC,  bl-o-plas'tik,  adj.     Same  as 

BlOPLASMlC. 

BIPARTITE,  bi'part-it  or  bl-piirfit,  adj., 
divided  into  two  like  parts.  [L.  bis, 
twice,  partitus,  divided— ^arMo,  to 
divide.] 

BIPED,  bi'ped,  n.  an  animal  with  ttvofeet. 
— adj.  having  two  feet.  [L.  bijyes — bis, 
twice,  ped-,  foot.] 

BIPENNATE,  bi-pen'at,  BIPENNATED, 
bl-pen'at-ed,  adj.,  having  tivo  ivirigs.  [L. 
• — bis,penna,  a  wing.] 

BIQUADRATIC,  bi-kwod-rat'ik,  n.  a  quan- 
tity tu'ice  squared,  or  raised  to  the  fourth 
power.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  quadratus, 
squared.] 

BIRAMOUS,  bi-r;Vmus,  adj.  possessing  or 
consisting  of  two  branches  :  dividing  into 
two  branches,  as  the  limbs  of  cirripedes. 
H.  A.  Nicholson.  [L.  prefix  bi,  two, 
twice,  and  ramus,  a  branch.] 

BIRCH,  berch,  v.t.  to  beat  or  punish  with 
a  birch  rod. 

There  I  was  hirched.  there  I  was  bred. 
There  like  a  little  Ailam  fed 
From  Leariiiu^'.s  woeful  tree.— Hood. 

BIRCH,  berch,  n.  a  hardy  forest-tree,  with 
smooth,  white  bark,  and  very  durable 
wood  :  a  rod  for  punislinient,  consisting 


of  a  birch  twig  or  twigs.     [A.S.  birce; 
Ice.  biOrk,  Sans,  bhurja^ 

BIRCH,  -EN,  berch,  -'en,  adj.  made  ot 
birch. 

BIRD,  herd,  m.  a  general  name  for  feath- 
ered animals. — v.i.  to  catch  or  snare 
bii'ds.  [A.S.  brid,  the  young'  of  a  bird,  a 
bird  :  either  from  root  of  Breed  (bredati- 
to  breed)  or  of  Birth  (beran,  to  bear).] 

BIRD-BAITING,  berd'-bat-ing,  71.  {he 
catching  of  birds  with  ciap-nets. 
Fielding. 

BIRD-FANCIER,  berd'-fan'si-er,  n.  one 
who  has  a  fancy  for  rearing  birds :  one 
who  keeps  birds  for  sale. 

BIRDLIME,  berd'Uni,  n.  a  sticky  sub- 
stance  used  for  catching  birds. 

BIRD-OF-PARADISE,  berd-ov-par'a-dls, 
n.  a  kind  of  Eastern  bird  with  splendid 
plumage. 

BIRD'S-EYE,  berdz'-i,  adj.  seen  from 
above  as  if  by  the  eye  of  a  flj'ing  bird. — 
n.  a  kind  of  tobacco. 

BIREME,  bi'rem,  ?i.  an  ancient  vessel  with 
two  rows  of  oars.  [Fr. — L.  biremis — bis, 
twice,  and  remus,  an  oar.] 

BIRK,  berk,  n.  Scotch  and  prov.  E.  for 
Birch. 

BIRTH,  berth,  ?! .  a  ship's  station  at  anchor. 
[Same  as  BERTH.] 

BIRTH,  berth,  n.  the  act  of  bearing  or 
bringing  forth  :  the  offspring  born  :  dig 
nity  of  family  :  origin.  [A.S.  beorth,  a 
birth — beran,  to  bear.] 

BIRTHRIGHT,  berth'rit,  n.  the  right  or 
privilege  to  which  one  is  entitled  by  birth, 

BISCUIT,  bis'kit,  n.  hard  dry  bread  in 
small  cakes :  in  the  United  States,  a 
peculiar  kind  of  hot  tea-roU,  usuaUy  fer- 
mented, and  eaten  warm  :  a  kind  of  un- 
glazed  earthenware.  [(Lit.)  bread  tunce 
cooked  or  baked  (so  prepared  by  the  Ro- 
man soldiers) ;  Fr. — L.  bis,  twice  ;  Fr. 
eiiit,  baked — L.  coquo,  coctum,  to  cook 
or  bake.] 

BISECT,  bi-sekt',  v.t.,  to  cut  into  two  equal 
parts.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  seco,  sectum, 
to  cut.] 

BISECTION,  bl-sek'shun,  n.  division  into 
two  equal  parts. 

BISEXUAL,  bi-sek'shoo-al,  adj.,  of  both 
sexes :  (bat.)  applied  to  flowers  which 
contain  both  stamens  and  pistUs  within 
the  same  envelope.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and 
Sexual.] 

BISHOP,  bish'op,  n.  one  of  the  higher 
clergy  who  has  charge  of  a  diocese ; 
also,  one  of  the  pieces  in  the  game  of 
chess,  having  its  upper  section  carved 
into  the  shape  of  a  mitre.  [A.S.  bisceop 
— L.  episcopus — Gr.  episkopos,  an  over- 
seer— epi,  upon,  skopeo,  to  \4ew.] 

BISHOPRIC,  bish'op-rik,  n.  the  office  and 
jurisdiction  of  a  bishop  :  a  diocese.  [A.S. 
ric,  dominion.] 

BISHOPSHIP,  bish'up-ship,  n.  Same  as 
BisHOPDOM  or  Bishopric.    Milton. 

BISMUTH,  biz'muth,  n.  a  brittle  metal  of 
a  reddish-white  color  used  in  the  arts 
and  in  medicine.  [Ger.  bismuth,  wiss- 
muth :  orig.  unk.] 

BISON,  bl'son,  n.  a  large  wild  animal  Uke 
the  buU,  with  shaggy  hair  and  a  fatty 
hump  on  its  shoulders.  [From  L.  and 
Gr.  ;  but  prob.  of  Teutonic  origin.] 

BISQUE,  bisk,  n.  a  species  of  unglaze<* 
porcelain,  twice  passed  through  the  fur- 
nace.    [Fr..  from  root  of  BlscnT.] 

BISSEXTILE,  bis-sext'il,  n.  leap-vear.— 
adj.  pertaining  to  leap-year.  [L.  bis, 
twice,  and  sextus,  sixth,  so  caUed  be- 
cause in  every  fourth  or  leap  year  the 
sixth  day  before  the  calends  of  March,  or 
the  24tli  February,  was  reckoned  ttviee.] 

BISTER.  BISTRE,  bis'ter,  n.  a  broivn  color 
made  from  the  soot  of  wood.  [Fr.  ;  orig. 
imknown.] 


BISULPHATE 


38 


BISULPHATE.  bl-sul'fat,  7!.,  a  double  sul- 
phate.   [L.  bis.  twice,  and  Sulphate.] 
BIT,  bit,  n.  a  bite,  a  morsel :  a  small  piece  : 
the  smallest  degree  :  a  small  tool  for  bor- 
ing: the  part  of  the  bridle  wliich  the 
horse  holds  in  his  mouth.— f.f.  to  put  the 
bit  in  the  mouth  i—pr-p.  bitt'mg ;  pa. p. 
bitt'ed.    [From  Bite.] 
BITCH,  bich,  n.  the  female  of   the    do^, 
■wolf,  and  fox.     [A.S.  bicce,  Ice.  bikkia.] 
BITE,  bit,  v.t.  to  seize  or  tear  with  the 
teeth :   to  sting  or  pain  :   to  wound  by 
reproach  -.—pa.t.  bit ;  pa.p.  bit  or  bitt  en. 
—n.  a  grasp  bv  the  teeth :   something 
"jitten  off:    a    mouthful.—?!.   Bit'ing.— 
adj.  Bit'ing.    [A.S.  bitan;  Goth,  beitan, 
Ice.  bifa,  Ger.  beUsen ;  akin  to  L.  fid-, 
Sans,  bhid,  to  cleave.] 
BITHEISM,  bi'the-izm,  n.  a  belief  in  the 
existence  of  two  Gods.     [L.   prefix  bi, 
two,  twice,  and  Theism.] 
BITTER,  bit'er,  r.^    to  make  bitter:  to 
give    a  bitter    taste   to.     "Would  not 
horse-aloes  bitter  it  (beer)  as  well?"  — 
Dr.  Woleot. 
BITTER,   bit'er,   adj.,  biting   or  acrid  to 
the  taste :  sharp  :  painful.— n.  any  sub- 
stance having  a  bitter  taste.— ad/.  Bitt'- 
ERiSH. — adt?.  Bitt' ERLY.—u.  Bitt' ERNESS. 
[A.S.— bitan,  to  bite.] 
BITTERN,  bit'ern,  n.  a  bu-d  of  the  heron 
family,  said  to  have  been  named  from 
the  resemblance  of  its  voice  to  the  Imv- 
ing  of  a  bull.     [M.E.  Wttour— Fr.— Low 
L.  butorim  (bos,  tatirus).] 
BITTERS,  bit'erz,    n.    a   liquid    prepared 
from  bitter  herbs  or  roots,  and  used  as  a 
stomachic. 
BITUMEN,  bi-tu'men,  n.  a  name  applied 
to    various    inflammable    mineral    sub- 
stances, as  naphtha,  petroleum,  asphal- 
tum.— adj.  BiTu'MiNOUS.    [L.] 
BIVALVE,  bi'valv,  n.  an  animal  having  a 
shell  in  tivo  valves  or  parts,  like  the  oj'- 
ster  :    a  seed-vessel   of   hke  kind. — adj. 
■     having  two  valves.— adj.  Bivalv'ular. 
[L.  bis.  Uvice,  valva,  a  valve.] 
BWOUAC,  biv'oo-ak,  n.  the  lying  out  all 
night  of  soldiers  in  the  open  air. — v.i.  to 
pass  the  night  in  the  open  air  i^pr.p. 
bivouacking ;  pa.p.    biv'ouacked.     [Fr. 
— Ger.  beiwachen,  to  watch  beside— oei, 
bv,  wachen.  to  watch.] 
BI-WEEKLY,  bi'wek'U,  adj.  properly,  oc- 
curring once  in  two  iceeks,  but  in  Eng. 
turice  in  every  week.     [L.  bis,  twice,  and 
Week.I 
BIZARRE,    bi-zar',    adj.    odd :    fantastic : 
extravagant.     [Fr.— Sp.    bizan-o,    high- 
spiritecir] 
BLAB,   blab,   v.i.  to  talk  much :  to  teU 
tales.— r.f.  to  tell  what  ought  to  be  kept 
secret  -.—pr.p.  blabb'ing  :  pa.p.  blabbed. 
[An    imitative    word,    found    in    Dan. 
blabbre,  Ger.  plapinrn.'] 
BLACK,  blak,  adj.  of  the  darkest  color; 
without  color  :  obscure  :  dismal :  sullen  : 
horrible.— ».    black    color :    absence    of 
color  :    a    negro  :    mourning.  —  v.t.    to 
make   black:    to    soil    or    stain. —adj. 
Black'ish.— n.  Black'ness.    [A.S.  blac, 
blcec.  black.] 
BLACKAMOOR,  blak'a-moor,  n.,  a  black 

Moor :  a  negro. 
BLACK- ART7  blak'-art,   n.  necromancy  : 
magic.     [Ace.  to  Trench,  a  translation 
of    Low    L.    nigromantia,    substituted 
erroneously   for    the    Gr.   necromanteia 
(see  Necromancy),  as  if  the  first  syl- 
lable had  been  L.  niger,  black.] 
BLACK-BACK,    blak'-bak,   n.   the    great 
black -backed     gull     (Larus    marinus). 
Kingsley. 
BLACKBALL,  blak'bawl,  v.t.  to  reject  m 
voting  bv  putting  a  black  ball  into  a 
ballet-box.  [the  bramble. 

BLACKBERRY,  blak'ber-i,  n.  the  berry  of 


BLACKBIRD,  blakl)erd,  n.  a  species  of 

thrush  of  a  black  color. 
BLACKBOARD,    blak'bord,    n.    a    board 
painted  black,  used  in  schools  for  \vrit- 
ing,  forming  figures,  etc. 
BLACK-CAtTLE,     blak'-katl,     n.    oxen, 

bulls,  and  cows. 
BLACKCOCK,   blak'kok,  n.  a,  species  of 
grouse,  common  in  the  north  of  England 
and  in  Scotland. 
BLACK-CURRANT,    blaV-kur'ant,    n.    a 
garden  shrub  with  black  fruit  used  in 
making  preserves. 
BLACK-DEATH,  blak'-deth,   n.   a    name 
given  to  the  plague  of  the  fourteenth 
century    from    the   black    spots   which 
appeared  on  the  skin. 
BLACKEN,  blak'n,  v.t.  to  make  black :  to 

defame.  ,      „  . 

BLACK-FLAG,  blak'-flag,  n.  the  flag  of  a 

pirate,  from  its  color. 
BLACKFRIAR,  blak'frT-ar,  n.  a  fnar  of  the 
Dominican    order,    so    called    from    his 
black  garments. 
BLACKGUARD,  blag'ard,  n.  (orig.  apphed 
to  the  lowest  menials  about  a  court,  who 
took  charge  of  the  pots,  kettles,  etc.)  a 
low,     ill-conducted    fellow.— adj.     low : 
scurrilous.— ?i.  Black'guardism. 
BLACK-HEART,  blak'-hart,  n.  a  species  of 
cherry  of  manv  varieties,  so  called  from 
the  fruit  being'  heart-shaped  and  having 
a  skin  nearlv  black. 

The  unnetted  blaek-hearts  ripen  dark. 
All  thine,  against  the  garden  wall.-  Tennyson. 
BLACKING,  blak'ing,  n.  a  substance  used 

for  blacking  leather,  etc. 
BLiVCKLEAD.blak-led',  n.  a  black  mineral 
used  in  making  pencils,  blacking  grates, 

OtrC 

BLACKLEG,  blak'leg,  n.  a  low  gambling 
feUow.  ,        , , 

BLACK-LETTER,  blak'-let'er,  n.  the  old 
English     (also     called     Gothic)     letter 

(Black-lcttcr) 

BLACKMAIL,  blak'mal,  n.  rent  or  tribute 
formerly  paid  to  robbers  for  protection. 
[Black  and  A.S.  vial,  tribute,  toll.] 
BLACK-ROD,   blak'-rod.  ii.  the  usher  of 
the  order  of  the  Garter  and  of  parlia- 
ment, so  called  from  the  black  rod  which 
he  carries. 
BLACKSmTH,    blak'smith,    n.    a    smith 
who  works  in  iron,  as  opposed  to  one  who 
works  in  tin. 
BLACKTHORN,  blak'thorn,  n.  a  species  of 

dark-colored  thorn  :  the  sloe. 
BLADDER,  blad'er,  n.  a  thin  bag  distended 
with  liquid  or  air  :  the  receptacle  for  the 
urine.     [A.S.    bladr—tilawan  ;   O.    Ger. 
blahan,    blajan,    to   blow;    Ger.    blase, 
bladder— Wasera,  to  blow ;  cf.  L.  flat-us, 
breath.] 
BLADE,  blad,  n.  the  leaf  or  flat  part  of 
grass   or   corn:   the   cutting  part   of  a 
knife,  sword,  etc.  :  the  flat  part  of  an 
oar  :  a  dashing  fellow.     [A.S.  Vked ;  Ice. 
blad.  Ger.  blatt.] 
BLADED,  blad'ed,   adj.  furnished  with  a 

blade  or  blades. 
BLAIN,  blan,  m.  a  boil  or  blister.     [A.b. 
blegen,  a  blister,  prob.  iTom  blawan,  to 
blow.]  .  . 

BLAJMABLB,  blam'a-bl,  adj.  deserving  of 
blame:    faulty.  —  adt>.    Blam'ably.  —  M. 
Blam'ableness. 
BLAME,  blam,  v.t.  to  find  fault  with:  to 
censure.  —  n.    imputation    of    a    fault : 
crime  :  ceasure.     [Fr.  bl&mer,  blasmer— 
Gr.  blasphemeo,  to  speak  ill.    See  Blas- 
pheme.] 
BLAMEFUL,     blam'fool,     adj.     meriting 
blame  :  criminal.— adr.  Blame'fully.— 
n.  Blame'fulness. 
BLAMELESS,      blam'les.      adj.     wthout 
blame  :      guiltless  :      innocent.  —  adv. 
BLAME'LESSLY.— ?l.   BlAME'LESStfESS. 


BLASTOMERE 

BLAMEWORTHY.      blani'\^-ur-t7ii,      adj. 

worthy  of  blame  :  culpable, 
BLANC,   blank,   adj.,  white.     [A  form  ot 

Blank.] 
BLANCH,  blansh,  v.t.  to  whiten.— r'.i.  to 

frow  white.    [Fr.  blanchir—blanc,  white, 
ee  Blank.] 
BLANC-MANGE,     bla-mawngzh',     ?!.     a 
white    jelly   prepai-ed  ■s\-ith  milk.     [Fr. 
blanc,  white,  manger,  food.] 
BLAND,    bland,    adj.,    smooth ;    gentle ; 
mild.— f(dr.   Bland'ly.— n.   Bland'ness. 
[L.  blandus.  perh.=  mla(n)diis  =  'E.  mild.] 
BLANDISHMENT,  bland'ish-ment,  n.  act 
of  expressing  fondness  :   flattery  :  win- 
ning expressions  or  actions.     [Fr.  blan' 
dissement,  O.  Fr.  blandir,  to  flatter— L. 
blandus,  mild.] 
BLANK,  blank,  v.t.  to  make  pale,  and  so 

confound. 
BLANK,  blangk,  adj.  without  writing  or 
marks,  as  in  white  paper  :  empty  :  vacant, 
confused  :  in  poetry,  not  having  rhjTne. 
— n.  a  paper  without  writing :  a  ticket 
having  no  mark,  and  therefore  valueless : 
an  empty  space. — adr.  Blank'ly.— ». 
Blaniv'ness.  [Fr.  blanc,  from  root  of 
Ger.  blinken,  to  glitter— O.  H.  Ger. 
blichen,  Gr.  phlegein,  to  shine.] 
BLANK-CARTRIDGE,  blangk'-kar'trij,  n. 

a  cartridge  without  a  bullet. 
BLANKET,  blangk'et,  n.  a  white  woollen 
covering  for  beds :  a  covering  for  horses, 
etc.     [Ft.  blanchet,  dim.  of  blanc,  from 
its  usual  white  color.] 
BLANKETING,  blangk'et-ing,  n.  cloth  for 
blankets  :  the  punishment  of  being  tossed 
in  a  blanket. 
BLANK-VERSE,    blangV-vers,    n.    verse 
without   rhyme,    especially   the    heroic 
verse  of  five  feet. 
BLARE,  blar,  v.i.  to  roar,  to  sound  loudly, 
as  a   trumpet. — n.  roar,   noise.      [M.E. 
blaren,  orig.  blasen,  from  A.S.  blcBsan,  to 
blow.    See  Blast.] 
BLASPHEME,   blas-fem',  v.t.   and  r.j.  to 
speak  impiously  of,  as  of  God  :  to  curse 
and  swear. —}i."Blasphem'ee.     [Gr.  Was- 
phemeo—blapto,  to  hurt,  phemi,  to  speak. 
See  Blajie.] 
BLASPHEMOUS,    blas'fem-us,    adj.  con- 
tainingblasphemy:  impious. — adv.  Blas'- 

PHEMOUSLY. 

BLASPHEIiIY,  blas'fem-i,  n.  profane  speak- 
ing :  contempt  or  indignity  offered  to 
God.  ^     , 

BLAST,  blast,  n..  a  blou-mg  or  gust  of 
wind  :  a  forcible  stream  of  air  :  sound  of 
a  wind  instrument :  an  explosion  of  gun- 
powder :  anything  pernicious.— r.f.  to 
strike  with  some  pernicious  influence,  to 
bhght :  to  affect  with  sudden  violence  or 
calamity:  to  rend  asunder  -w-ith  gun- 
powder.' [A.S.  bloest—bloesan,  to  blow  ; 
Ger.  blasen.] 

BLAST-FURNACE,  blast'-fur'nas,  n.  a 
smelting  furnace  into  which  hot  air  is 
blown. 

BLASTIDE,  blas'tid,  n.  in  biol.  a  nunute 
clear  space  on  the  segments  of  the  fecun- 
dated o-*nun  of  an  organism,  which  is 
the  primary  indication  of  the  cytoblast 
or  nucleus.  [Gr.  blastos,  a  germ,  and 
eidos,  resemblance.] 

BLASTING,  blast'ing,  n.  the  separating  of 
ma.sses  of  stone  by  means  of  an  explosive 

oil  |'\ct"0  TlOf^ 

BLASTOGENESIS,  blas-to-jen'e-sls,  n.  in 
biol.  reproduction  by  gemmation  or 
budding.  [Gr.  blastos,  a  germ,  and 
geiiesis,  generation.]  . 

BLASTOMERE,  blasto-mer,  n.  in  biol.  a 
portion  of  fecundated  protoplasm  which 
divides  from  other  parts  of  the  o\-um 
after  impregnation,  and  may  remain 
united  as  a  single  cell-aggregate,  or  some 
or  all  of  which  may  become  separate 


BLASTOSPHERE 

organisms.     [Gr.    blastos,   a   germj   and 
meros,  a  portion.] 
BLASTOSPHERE,  blas'to-sfer,  n.  in  biol. 
tho  hollow  globe  or  sphere  ori^nating 
from  the  formation  of  blastomeres  on  the 
periphery  of  an  impregnated  oviun,    j  Gr, 
blastos,  a  germ,  and  Sphere.] 
WLASTOSTYLE,  blas'to-stll,  n.  a  term  ap- 
plied by  Prof.  Allman  to  certain  column- 
shaped  zooids  in  the  Hydrozoa  which  are 
destined  to  produce  generative  buds.  [Gr. 
blastos,  a  germ,  and  stylos,  a  column.] 
SLATANT,  blat'ant,  adj.,  bleating  or  bel- 
lowing: noisj'.     [A.S.  blmtan,  to  bleat.] 
13LAZE,    blaz,   n.   a   rush  of  light  or  of 
flame  :  a  bursting  out  or  active  display, 
— v.i.   to  burn  with   a  flame :  to  throw 
out  light.      [A.S.   bloese,  a  torch,  from 
root  of  Blow.] 
BLAZE,    blaz,    BLAZON,    bla'zn,   v.f.  to 
proclaim,  to  spread  abroad. — To  Blaze  a 
TREE,  to  make  a  white  mark  by  cutting 
off  a  piece  of  the  bark.     [Same  as  Blake  : 
Blazon  is  the  M.  E.  blasen,  with  the  n 
retained.] 
BLAZON,  bla'zn,  v.t.  to  make  public :  to 
display :  to  draw  or  to  explain  in  proper 
terms,  the  figures,  etc.,  in  armorial  bear- 
ings.— n.  the  science  or  rules  of  coats  of 
arms.     [Fr.  blason,  a  coat  of  arms,  from 
root  of  Blaze.] 
BLAZONRY,  bla'zn-ri,  n.  the  art  of  draw- 
ing or  of  deciphering  coats    of   arms : 
heraldry. 
BLEACH,    blech,    ti.t.  to    make  pale   or 
white  :  to  whiten,  as  textile  fabrics. — v.i. 
to  grow  white.     [A.S.  blacian,  to  grow 
pale,  from  root  of  Bleak.] 
3LEACHER,  blech'er,  h.  one  who  bleaches, 

or  that  which  bleaches. 
8LEACHERY,   bleoh'er-i,  n.  a  place  for 

bleaching. 
*iLEACHING,  blech'ing,  n.  the  process  of 

whitening  or  decolorizing  cloth. 
^-LEAK,    blek,    adj.    colorless :  dull    and 
cheerless ;      cold,      unsheltered.  —  adv. 
Bleak'ly. — n.  Bleak'ness.    [A.S.  bloec, 
bide,  pale,  slaining ;  a  different  word  from 
blac  (without  accent),  black.    The  root  is 
blican,  to  shine.] 
BLEAK,  blek,  n.  a  small  wliite  river-flsh. 
BLEAR,  bier,  adj.  (as  in  Bleak-Eted,  blei-'- 
id)  sore  or  inflamed  :  dim  or  blurred  with 
inflammation.      [Low    Ger.    bleer-oged, 
"  blear-ey^d."] 
iBLEAT,  blet,  v.i.  to  cry  as  a  sheep. — n.  the 
cry  of  a  sheep.     [A.S.  blcetan ;  L.  balare, 
Gr.  bleohe,  a  bleating  ;  root  bla- ;  formed 
from  the  sound.] 
BLEATING,  blet'ing,  n.  the  cry  of  a  sheep. 
BLEED,  bled,  v.i.  to  lose  blood  :  to  die  by 
slaughter :    to    issue    forth  or  drop    as 
blood. — v.t.  to  draw  blood  fi-om  : — pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  bled.  [A.B.bledan.  See  Blood.] 
BLEEDING,   bled^ing,   n.   a   dischai'ge   of 

blood  :  the  operation  of  letting  blood. 
BLEMISH,  blem'ish,  n.  a  stain  or  defect : 
reproach. — v.t.  to  mark  with  any  deform- 
ity :  to  tarnish :  to  defame.  [Fr.  bleme, 
pale,  O.  Fr.  blesmir,  to  stain — Ice.  bid- 
man,  livid  color — blar.  Blue.] 
BLENCH,  blensh,  v.i.  to  shrink  or  start 

back  ;  to  flinch.     [From  root  of  Bles'K.] 
iBLEND,   blend,  v.t.,  to  mix  together:  to 
confound. — v.i.  to  be  mingled  or  mixed  : 
— pa.p.  blend'ed  and  blent. — n.  Blend,  a 
rcixture.     [A.S.  blandan.'\ 
SLEPHARIS,  blef'ar-is,  n.  a  genus  of  fishes 
allied  to  the  mackerel  and  the  dory,  and 
including  the  hair-finned  dory  (B.  crini- 
tus),  a  flsh  found  on  the  Atlantic  shores 
of  North  America.     [Gr.   blepharis,  an 
eyelash,  referring  to  the  long  filaments 
proceeding  from  the  fins.] 
BLESS,   bles,    v.t.   to    invoke    a    blessing 
upon  :  to  make  joyous,  happy,  or  pros- 
oerous  .  to  wish  happiness  to  ;  to  praise 


39 


or  glorify  :—pa.p.  blessed'  or  bleet.  [A.S. 
blessian,  bletsian,  to  bless;  from  Uith- 
sian  or  blissian,  to  be  bhthe— 6Wf/ie, 
happy  ;  or  from  blotan,  to  kill  for  sacri- 
fice, to  consecrate.] 
BLESSED,  bles'ed,  adj.  happy  :  prosper- 
ous :    happy   in   heaven.  — adv.   Bless'- 

EDLY. — )i.  BlESS'EDNESS. 

BLESSING,  bles'ing,  n.  a  wish  or  prayer 
for  happiness  or  success :  any  means'  or 
cause  of  happiness. 
BLEST,  blest,  jm.21.  of  Bless. 
BLEW,  hlo6,2)a.t.  of  Blow. 
BLIGHT,  but,  n.  a  disease  in  plants,  which 
blasts  or  withers  them ;  anything  that 
injures  or  destroys. — v.t.  to  affect  with 
blight :   to  blast :   to  frustrate.     [Perh 
from  A.S.  blcec,  pale,  livid.] 
BLIND,  bUnd,  adj.  without  sight :  dark  : 
ignorant  or  undiscerning :   without  an 
opening. — a.   something   to   mislead  :  a 
window-screen  :  a  shade. — v.t.  to  make 
blind  :  to  darken,  obscure,  or  deceive :  to 
dazzle. — adv.   Blind'ly. — n.  Blind'ness. 
[A.S.  blind  ;  Ice.  blindr.] 

BLINDFOLD,  blind'fold,  adj.  haviag  the 
eyes  bandaged,  so  as  not  to  see  :  thought- 
less :  reckless. — v.t.  to  cover  the  eyes  :  to 
mislead.  [M.  E.  blindfellen,  from  A.S. 
fyllan,  fellan,  to  fell  or  strike  do\\Ti — 
"  struck  blind  ; "  not  conn,  with  fold.] 

BLIND  WORM,  blTnd'wurm,  n.  a  small  rep- 
tile, hke  a  snake,  having  eyes  so  small 
as  to  be  supposed  blind. 

BLINK,  bUngk,  v.i.  to  glance,  twinkle,  or 
wink  :  to  see  obscurely,  or  with  the  eyes 
half  closed. — v.t.  to  shut  out  of  sigl.L ;  to 
avoid  or  evade. — n.  a  gUmpse,  glance,  or 
wink.  [A.S.  blican,  to  gUtter ;  Dut. 
blinken.] 

BLINKARD,  blingk'ard,  n.  one  who  blinks 
or  has  bad  eyes. 

BLINKERS,  bUngk'erz,  n.  pieces  of  leather 
on  a  horse's  bridle  which  prevent  him 
seeing  on  the  side. 

BLISS,  blis,  w.  the  highest  happiness.  [A. 
S.  blis — blithsian,  blissian,  to  rejoice — 
blithe,  joyful.] 

BLISSFUL,  bUs'fool,  adj.  happy  in  the 
highest  degi-ee. — adv.  Bliss'fclly. — n, 
Buss'fulness. 

BLISTER,  blis'ter,  n.  a  thin  bubble  or  blad- 
der on  the  skin,  containing  watery  mat- 
ter :  a  pustule  :  a  plaster  applied  to  raise 
a  blister. — v.t.  to  raise  a  bUster.  [Dim. 
of  Blast.] 

BLISTERY.  bUs'ter-i,  adj.  full  of  bUsters. 

BLITHE,  hlith,  adj.  happy :  gay :  oprightly. 
— adv.  Blithe'ly.— M.  Blithe'ness.  [A. 
S.  blithe,  joyful.    See  Bliss.] 

BLITHESOME,  bhWi'sum,  adj.  joyous.— 
adv.    Blithe'somely. — n.   Buthe'some- 

NESS. 

BLOAT,  blot;  v.t.  to  swell  or  puff  out :  to 
dry  by  smoke  (appUed  to  fish). — v.i.  to 
swell  or  dilate :  to  grow  turgid. — p.adj. 
Bloat'ed.  [Scan.,  as  in  Sw.  biota,  to 
soak,  to  steep — blot,  soft.] 

BLOATER,  blot'er,  n.  a  herring  partially 
dried  in  smoke. 

BLOCK,  blok,  n.  an  unshaped  mass  of 
wood  or  stone,  etc. :  the  wood  on  which 
criminals  are  beheaded  :  (mech.)  a  pulley 
together  -with  its  framework :  a  piece  of 
wood  on  which  something  is  formed  :  a 
connected  group  of  houses  :  an  obstruc- 
tion :  a  blockhead. — v.t.  to  inclose  or 
shut  up :  to  obstruct :  to  shape.  [Widely 
spread,  but  ace.  to  Skeat,  of  Celt,  orig.; 
Gael,  ploc,  O.  Ir.  blog,  a  fragment.  See 
Plug.] 

BLOCKADE,  blok-ad',  n.  the  blocking  up 
of  a  place  by  surrounding  it  with  troops 
or  by  ships. — v.t.  to  block  up  by  troops 
or  ships. 

BLOCKHEAD,  blok'hed,  n.  one  with  a 
head  like  a  block,  a  stupid  fellow. 


BLOW 

BLOCKHOUSE,  blok-hows,  n.  a  small  tern 

porary  fort  genei-allv  made  of  loffs. 
BLOCKISH,   blok'ish;  a4i.  like  a  block  ■ 

stupid  :  dull. 
BLOCK-TIN,  blok'-tm,  n.  tin  in  the  forn: 

of  blocks  or  ingots. 
BLONDE,  blond,  n.  a  person  of  fair  com- 
plexion with  hght  hair  and  blue  eyes : 

opp.  to  Brunette.— arfy.  of  a  fair  com-' 
plexion  :  fair.     [Fr.] 
BLOND-LACE,  blond'-las,  71.  lace  made  of 

silk,  so  called  from  its  color. 
BLONDNESS,   blond'nes,  i>.  the  state  of 
being  blond :  fairness.     "  With  this  in- 
fantine blondness  showing  so  much  ready 
self-possessed  grace." — George  Eliot. 
BLOOD,  bind,  n.  the  red  fluid  in  the  arter- 
ies and  veins  of  men  and  animals  :  kin- 
dred, descent :  temperament :  bloodshed 
or  murder :  the  juice  of  anything,  esp.  if 
red.— In  hot  or  cold  blood,  under,  or 
free  frOm,  excitement  or  sudden  passion. 
— Half-blood,  relationship  through  one 
parent  only.   [A.S.  blod — root  blowan,  to 
bloom ;   cog.  with   0.  Fris.  blod,   G«r. 
bluf.] 
BLOODHEAT,  blud'het,   n.   heat    of   the 
same  degree  as  that  of  the  himian  blood 
(about  98°  Fahr.) 
BLOODHORSE,  blud'hors,  n.  a  horse  of 
tho  purest  and  most  highly  prized  blood, 
origin,    or   stock ;   called    also   blooded 
horse.    (Amer.) 
BLOODGUILTLESS,      blud'gUt-les,      adj. 
free  from  the  guilt  or  crime  0/  shedding 
blood,  or  murder.     Walpole. 
BLOODHOUND,  blud'hownd,  n.  a  large 
hound  formerly  employed  in    tracking 
human  beings  :  a  blood-tliirstv  person. 
BLOODSHED,  blud'shed,  n.  the  shedding 

of  blood :  slaughter. 
BLOODSHOT,  blud'shot,  adj.  (of  the  eye] 

red  or  inflamed  with  blood. 
BLOODY,  blud'i,  adj.  stained  with  blood  : 

murdei'ous,  cruel. 

BLOODY-FLUX,    blud'i-fluks,    n.    dysen 

tery,  in  wliich  the  discharges  from  the 

bowels  are  mixed  with  blood. 

BLOODY-SWEAT,  blud'i-swet,  n.  a  sweat 

accompanied  with  the  discharge  of  blood. 

BLOOM,  bloom,  v.i.  to  put  forth  blossoms : 

to  flower ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  beauty  or 

vigor :    to    flourish. — ?i.    a    blossom   or 

flower :    the  opening  of    flowers :    rosy 

color :  the  prime  or  highest  perfection  of 

anything. — p.adj.  Bloom'ING.  [Ice.  bl6m, 

Goth,  bloma,  from  root  of  A.S.  bldwan, 

to  bloom,  akin  to  L.  flo-reo,  to  flower.] 

BLOOM,  bloom,   v.t.  to  produce    in   full 

bloom  or  beauty. 
BLOOJIY,  blo6m-i,  adj.  flowery  :  flourish- 
ing. 
BLOSSOM,  blos'om,  n.  a  flower-bud,  the 
flower  that  precedes  fruit.— i'.?.  to  put 
forth  blossoms  or  flowers :   to  flourish 
and  prosper.     [A.S.  blostma,  from  root 
of  Bloom.] 
BLOT,  blot,  n.  a  spot  or  stain  :  an  oblitera- 
tion, as  of  sometliing  written :  a  stain  in 
reputation. — v.t.  to  spot  or  stain:  to  ob- 
literate or  destroy  :  to  disgrace  •.—pr.p. 
blott'ing ;  pa.p.  blott'ed.     [Scand.,  as  m 
Dan.  plet.  Ice.  blettr,  a  spot.    Cf.  Grer. 
platsch,  a  splash,  and  Ice.  blatitr,  moist  ■ 
h.  fluid-iis.] 
BLOTCH,  bloch,  n.  a  dark  spot  on  the  skin, 
u   pustule. — adj.    Blotched'.    [Ace.    tc 
Skeat,    blotch==blatch,    from    black,    as 
bleach  from  bleak.] 
BLOTTING-PAPER,     blot'ing-pa'per,     n. 

unsized  paper,  u.sed  for  absorbing  ink. 
BLOUSE,  blowz,  »;.  a  loose  outer  garment 


BLOUSED,  blowzed,  p.  and  adj.  wearing  t< 
blouse.  •'  A  bloused  and  bearded  French- 
nian  or  two." — Kingsley. 

BLOW,  bid,  n.  a  stroke  or  knock  :  a  sud 


BLOW 


40 


BOIL 


den  misfortune  or  calamity.  [A.S.  bteo- 
win  is  doubtful ;  found  in  Dut.  blouwen, 
to  dress  (beat)  flax,  Ger.  hhiiie)i.  to  beat 
hard,  anc'  L.  jlig-  in  Inflict,  Flagella- 
tion. Derivative  Blue.] 
BLOW.  bio.  i:i.  to  bloom  or  blossom  : — 
pr.p.  blow'inff ;  pa.2}.  blown.  [A.S 
bldwaji,  Grer.  bluhen.    See  Bloom,  Blos 

SOMJ 

9L0W,  bl5,  v.i.  to  produce  a  ciu-rent  ot 
air  :  to  move,  as  air  or  the  \vind. — v.t.  to 
drive  air  upon  or  into  :  to  drive  by  a  cur- 
rent of  air :  to  sound  as  a  w-ind  instru- 
ment : — pti.t.  blew  (bloo)  ;  pa.p.  blown. — 
Blow  upon,  to  taint,  to  make  stale. 
[A.S.   blawan ;  Ger.  bldhen,  blasen ;  L. 

BLOWPIPE,  blo'pip,  11.  a  pipe  through 
which  a  current  of  air  is  blown  on  a 
flame,  to  increase  its  heat. 

BLOWN,  blon,  p.adj.  out  of  breath,  tired  : 
swelled  :  stale,  worthless. 

BLOWZE,  blowz,  n.  a  ruddy,  fat-faced 
woman. — adjs.  Bix)WZED',  Blowz'y,  rud- 
dy, or  flushed  with  exercise.  [From  root 
of  Blush.] 

BLCJBBER.  blub'er,  n.  the  fat  of  whales 
and  other  sea  animals. — v.i.  to  weep  in  a 
Doiny  manner.  [Blubber,  Blabber,  etc., 
a»e  extensions  of  hleb,  blob  ;  they  oon- 
tsun  the  root  idea  of  "  puffed-up,"  and 
a*e  formed  in  imitation  of  the  sound  of 
tae  bubbling  or  foaming  of  a  liquid.] 

BLODGEON,  blud'jun,  n.  a  short  stick 
with  a  lieavy  end  to  strike  with.  [From 
root  of  Block.] 

JSLUE,  bloo,  n.  the  color  of  the  sky  when 
unclouded :  one  of  the  seven  primaiy 
colors. — adj.  of  the  color  blue. — n.  Blue  - 
NESS.  [Found  in  Ice.  blar,  cog.  with 
Ger.  blau ;  originally  meaning  livid,  the 
color  caused  by  a  Blow.] 

BLUEBELL,  bloo'bel,  n.  a  plant  that 
bears  blue  bell-shaped  flowers. 

BLUEBOOK,  bloo'book,  n.  a  book  contain- 
ing some  official  statement,  so  called 
from  its  blue  cover. 

BLUE-BOTTLE,  bloo'-bota,  n.  a  plant 
vrith  blue  bottle-shaped  flowers  that 
g^ows  among  corn  :  a  large  blue  fly. 

BLUE-JACKET,  bloo'-jak'et,  n.  a  seaman, 
as  distinguished  from  a  marine. 

BLU^i-STOCKING,  bloo'-stok'ing,  n.  a  lit- 
erary lady :  applied  in  Dr.  Johnson's  time 
to  meetings  held  by  ladies  for  conversa- 
tio::!  with  Certain  literary  men,  one  of 
whom  alwaj's  wore  blue  stockings. 

BLUFF,  bluf ,  adj.  blustering  :  outspoken  : 
steep. — n.  Bluff'ness.     [Prob.  Dut.] 

BLUFF,  bluf,  n.  a  high  steep  bank  over- 
looking the  sea  or  a  river. 

BLUISH,  bloo'ish,  adj.  slightly  blue. — n. 
Blu'ishness. 

BLUNDER,  blun'der,  v.i.  to  make  a  gross 
mistake,  to  flounder  about. — n.  a  gross 
mistake.     [From  root  of  Blunt.] 

BLUNDERBUSS,  blun'der-bus,  n.  a  short 
hand-gun,  with  a  wide  bore.  [Corr.  of 
Dut.  dmiderbus — donder,  thunder,  bus,  a 
box,  barrel  of  a  gun,  a  gun ;  Ger.  dormer- 
bftc7i.se.] 

BLUNT,  blunt,  adj.  ha^^ng  a  dull  edge  or 
point :  rough,  outspoken,  dull. — v.t.  to 
dull  the  edge  or  jjoint :  to  weaken. — adj. 
Blunt'ish. — adv.  Blunt'ly. — n.  Blunt'- 
NESS.  [Orig.  sleepy,  dull ;  Dan.  blunde, 
to  slumber,  akin  to  BLIND.] 

SLUE,  blur,  n.  a  blot,  stain,  or  spot. — v.t. 
to  blot,  stain,  obscure,  or  blemish  : — 
pr.p.  blurr'ing  ;  x>a.p.  blurred'.  [A  vari- 
ety of  Blear.  J 

BLURT,  blm-t,  v.t.  to  utter  suddenly  or 
unadvisedly.     [Prom  Blaee.] 

BLUSH,  blush,  n.  a  red  glow  on  the  face 
caused  by  shame,  modesty,  etc. :  any 
reddish  color  :  sudden  appearance. — v.i. 
to  show  shame  or  confusion  by  growing 


red  m  tlje  face :  to  grow  red.  [A.S. 
blyse,  a  blaze.    See  Blaze,  Blowze.J 

BLUSTER,  blus'ter,  v.i.  to  make  a  noise 

Uke  a  blast  of  wind  :  to  bully  or  swagger. 

,  — n.  a  blast  or  roaring  as  of  the  wind  : 

bullying    or    boasting    language.     [An 

augmentative  of  Blast.] 

BLUSTERY,  blus'ter-i,  adj.  blustering: 
blusterous  :  raging  :  noisy.  "  A  hollow, 
blustery,  pusUlaninious,  and  unsound  one 
(character)." — Curlyle. 

BO,  bo,  int.  a  word  used  to  frighten 
children. 

BOA,  bo'a,  n.  a  genus  of  serpents,  which 
includes  the  largest  species  of  serpents, 
the  Boa-constrictor:  a  long  serpent- 
like piece  of  fur  worn  round  the  neck  by 
ladies.     [Perh.  conn,  with  L.  bos,  an  ox.] 

BOAR,  bor,  n.  the  male  of  swine.  [A.S. 
bar.'] 

BOARD,  bord,  >?.  a  broad  and  thin  strip  of 
timber  :  a  table  to  put  food  on  :  food  :  a 
table  round  which  persons  meet  for  some 
kind  of  business  :  any  council  or  author- 
ized body  of  men,  as  a  school  board  : 
the  deck  of  a  ship. — On  Board,  in  U.  S., 
same  as  Aboard. — v.t.  to  cover  \vith 
boards :  to  supply  with  food  at  fixed 
terms  :  to  enter  a  ship  :  to  attack. — v.i. 
to  receive  food  or  take  meals.  [A.S. 
bord,  a  board,  the  side  of  a  ship  ;  Ice. 
bord,  the  side  of  a  ship  ;  found  also  in 
Celt.  ;  conn,  either  with  Bear  or  with 
Broad.] 

BOARDER,  bord'er,  n.  one  who  receives 
board  (food) :  one  who  boards  a  ship. 

BOAHDING,  bord'ing,  n.  the  act  of  cover- 
ing with  boards  ;  the  covering  itself :  act 
of  bo'arding  a  ship. 

BOARDING-SCHOOL,  bord'ing-skool,  n. 
a  school  in  wliich  board  is  given  as  well 
as  instruction. 

BOARD-WAGES,  bord'-waj'ez,  n.  wages 
allowed  to  servants  to  keep  themselves 
in  food. 

BOAST,  host,  v.i.  to  talk  vaingloriously :  to 
brag. — v.t.  to  brag  of :  speak  proudly  or 
confidently  of :  to  magnify  or  exalt  one's 
self. — n.  an  expression  of  pride  :  a  brag  : 
the  cause  of  boasting.  [M.E.  bost — ^W. 
bost,  Gael,  bosd,  a  bragging.] 

BOASTFUL,  bost'fool,  adj.  given  to  biag. 
— adv.  Boast'fullt. — n.  Boast'fulness. 

BOASTING,  bost'ing,  n.  ostentatious  dis- 
play :  vaunting. 

BOAT,  hot,  n.  small  open  vessel  usually 
moved  by  oars  :  a  small  ship. — v.i.  to  go 
in  a  boat.  [A.S.  bat ;  Dut.  boot ,  Fr. 
bat-eau :  Gael,  bata.] 

BOATABLE,  bot'a-bl,  adj.  capable  of  being 
navigated  with  boats.     (Amer.j 

BOATHOOK,  bot'hook,  n.  an  iron  hook 
fixed  to  a  pole  used  for  pulling  or  push- 
ing off  a  boat. 

BOATING,  bot'ing,  n.  the  art  or  practice 
of  sailing  in  boats. 

BOATMAN,  bot'man,  n.  a  man  who  has 
charge  of  a  boat :  a  rower. 

BOATSWArN,bot'swan(coUoquiaUybo'sn), 
n.  a  petty  ofiicer  on  board  ship  who  looks 
after  the  boats,  rigging,  etc.,  and  calls 
the  seamen  to  duty,  [(Lit.)  a  boat's  swain 
or  servant.  From  A.S.  bdtswdn — bat,  a 
boat,  sivdn,  a  lad.] 

BOB,  bob,  v.i.  to  move  qviickly  up  and 
down,  to  dangle  :  to  fish  with'  a  bob. — 
v.t.  to  move  in  a  shore  jei'king  manner  : 
—pr.p.  bobb'ing  ;  pa.p.  bobbed'. — n.  a 
short  jerking  motion  :  a  sUght  blow : 
anything  that  moves  ^vith  a  bob  or 
swing  :  a  pendant.  [Perhaps  imitative, 
like  Gael,  bog-,  to  agitate,  babag,  baban, 
a  tassel.] 

BOBBIN,  bob'in.  n.  a  small  piece  of  wood 
on  which  thread  is  wound.  [Fr.  bobine, 
perhaps  from  Gael,  baban,  a  tassel.] 

BOBBINET,   bob-m-et'  or  bob'in-et,   n.   a 


kind  of  fine   netted  lace  made  by  mai. 
chines. 

BOBOLINK,  bob'o-lingk,  n.  aNorth  Ameri 

can  singing  bird,  fovmd  in  the  northerrj 

states  in  spring  and  summer.     [At  first 

Bob  Lincoln,  from  the  note  of  the  bird,"! 

i  BOB-SLED,   bob'-sled,  n.  a  sled  for    th? 

transportation  of  large  timber  from  the 

I      forest  to  a  river  or  public  road  :  also  & 

I       farmer's  road  sled.     (Amer.) 

BOBAVIG.  bob'wig,  n.  a  short  wig. 

BOCK-BEER,  BOCK-BIER,  bok'ber,  n 
a  double  strong  variety  of  lager-beer, 
darker  in  color  than  the  ordinary  kinds, 
less  bitter  in  taste,  and  considerably 
more  intoxicating.  [Gr.  bock-bier,  buck 
or  goat  beer,  so  called,  it  is  said,  from 
making  its  consumers  prance  and  tum- 
ble about  like  a  buck  or  a  goat.] 

BOOKING,  bok'ing-,  n.  a  Idnd  of  baize  or 
woollen  cloth,  used  to  cover  a  floor  or  to 
protect  carpets.     (Amer.) 

BODE,  bod,  i\t.  to  portend  or  prophesy. — 
v.i.  to  be  an  omen  :  to  foreshow.  [A.S. 
bodian,  to  announce — bod,  a  message  , 
allied  to  Bid.]  [called  in  Canada, 

BODETTE,  bo-det',  n.  a  cot  bedstead,  so 

BODICE,  bod'is,  n.  a  woman's  stays,  for- 
merly called  bodies,  from  fitting  close  tc 
the  body. 

BODIED,  bod'id,  adj.  having  a  body. 

BODILESS,  bod'i-les,  adj.  ^vithout  a  body  . 
incorporeal. 

BODILY,  bod'i-ly,  adj.  relating  to  the  body., 
esp.  as  opposed  to  the  mind. 

BODKIN,  bod'Mn,  n.,  a  small  dagger:  a 
small  instrument  for  pricking  holes  or 
for  dressing  the  hau' :  a  large  blunt 
needle.     [Prob.  W.  bidog.] 

BODY,  bod  i,  n.  the  whole  frame  of  a  mac 
or  lower  animal :  the  main  part  of  aF 
animal,  as  distinguished  from  the  limbs 
the  main  part  of  anything :  matter,  as 
opposed  to  spirit :  a  mass  :  a  person  :  a 
number  of  persons  united  by  some  com  ■ 
mon  tie. — v.t.  to  give  form  to :  to  em- 
body : — pr.p.  bod'ying ;  pa.p.  bod'ied. 
[A.S.  bodig.^ 

BODYGUARD,  bod'i-giird,  n.  a  guard  to 
protect  the  person,  esp.  of  the  sovereign. 

BODY-POLITIC,  bod'i-pol'it-ik,  n.  the  col- 
lective body  of  the  people  in  its  political 
capacity. 

BCEOTTAN,  be-o'shyan,  adj.  pertaining  tc 
Boeotia  in  Greece,  noted  for  the  dullness 
of  its  inhabitants  :  hence,  stupid,  dull. 

BOG,  bog,  n.  soft  ground  :  a  marsh  or  t 
mire. — adj.  Bogo't.     [Ir.  bogach; 
bog.] 

BOGGLE,  bogl,  v.i.  to  stop  or  hesitate,  as 
if  at  a  bogle  :  to  make  difficulties  about  a 
thing  ;  also  to  embarrass.    (Amer.) 

BOGLE,  bogl,  n.  a  spectre  or  goblin. 
[Scot,  bogle,  a  ghost ;  W.  biog,  a  goblin 
See  Bug.] 

BOGMOSS  bog'mos,  n.  a  genus  of  moss 
plants. 

BOGUS,  bo'gus,  adj.  counterfeit,  spurious, 
[An  Amer.  cant  word,  of  very  doubtful 
origin.] 

BOHEA,  bo-he',  n.  the  lowest  quality  o! 
black  tea.     ["Chinese.] 

BOHEMIAN,  Do-he'mi-an,  n.  and  adj.  ap- 
phed  to  persons  of  loose  and  irregular 
habits. — n.  Bohe'mtanism.  [Fr.  bohe- 
mien,  a  gipsy,  from  the  beUef  that  these 
wanderers  came  from  Bohemia.] 

BOIL,  boU,  v.i.,  to  bubble  up  from  the  a«tioD 
of  heat :  to  be  hot :  to  be  excited  or  agi- 
tated.— v.t.  to  heat  to  a  boiling  state 
to  cook  or  dress  by  boUing. — BoniNO- 
POINT,  the  temperature  at  which  liquids 
begin  to  boil  under  heat.  [O.  Fr.  boiH' 
— L.  bidlire—tndla,  a  bubble?] 

BOIL,  boil,  n.  an  inflamed  swelling  of 
tumor.  [A.S.  byl ;  Ger.  beule ;  Ice.  oola 
from  the  root  of  Bulge.] 


BOILER 


41 


BOOTLESS 


BOILER,  boil'er,  n.  one  who  boils  :  that  in 
which  anything'  is  boiled. 

BOISTEROaS,  bois'ter-us,  adj.,  mid: 
noisy  :  turbulent :  stormy. — adv.  Bois'- 
TEROUSLY. — n.  Bois'terousness.  [M.B. 
boistoiis — W.  bmyst,  wildness.] 

BOISTEROUS,  bois'ter-us,  adj.  strong. 

BOLD,  bold,  adj.  daring-  or  courageous  : 
forward  or  impudent :  executed  with 
spirit :  striking  to  the  sight :  steep  or 
abrupt. — adv.  Bold'ly. — n.  Bold'ness. — 
To  MAKE  BOLD,  to  take  the  liberty,  to 
make  free.  [A.S.  bald ;  O.  Ger.  paid  ; 
O.  Fr.  baud,  Goth,  balths.  Ice.  ballr.] 

BOLE,  bol,  n.,  the- round  stem  or  body  of  a 
tree.  [Ice.  bolr,  from  its  round  form. 
Conn,  with  BowL,  a  cup,  Bulge,  Boil,  a 
sweUing,  and  Bag.] 

BOLL,  bol,  n.  one  of  the  round  heads  or 
aeed-vessels  of  flax,  poppy,  etc.  :  a  pod 
or  capsule  :  a  Scotch  dry  measure  =  six 
imperial  bushels,  not  now  legally  in  use. 
[A  form  of  BowL,  a  cup,  and  sig.  "thing 
round."] 

BOLLED,  bold,  swollen:  podded.  [Pa.p. 
of  M.E.  bollen,  to  swell.] 

BOLSTER,  bol-ster,  n.  a  long  round  pillow 
or  cushion  :  a  pad. — v.t.  to  support  with 
a  bolster  :  to  hold  up.  [A.S.  bolster ; 
from  root  of  Bowl.] 

BOLT,  bolt,  n.  a  bar  or  pin  used  to  fasten 
a  door,  etc.  ;  an  arrow  ;  a  thunderbolt. 
— v.t.  to  fasten  with  a  bolt :  to  throw  or 
utter  precipitately  :  to  swallow  hastily. 
— v.i.  to  rush  away  (like  a  bolt  from  a 
bow) :  to  start  off  suddenly,  said  origi- 
nally of  a  horse  starting  from  his  course, 
afterwards  applied  to  poUticians  who  sud- 
denly desert  their  party  :  as  to  bolt  the 
nomination  of  an  objectionable  candi- 
date. [A.S.  and  Dan.  bolt,  Ger.  bolzen ; 
from  root  of  Bole,  of  a  tree.] 

BOLT,  bolt,  v.t.  to  sift,  to  separate  the 
l>ran  from,  as  flour  :  to  examine  by  sift- 
ing :  to  sift  through  coarse  cloth,  fo.  Fr. 
bulter,  or  buleter^mreter — from  bure — 
hcnv  L.  burra,  a  coarse  reddish-brown 
cloth — Gr.  pyrros,  reddisb^jt/r^FlEE.] 

BOLTING-HUTCH,  bolt'ing-huch,  n.  a 
hutch  or  large  box  into  which  flour 
falls  when  it  is  bolted. 

BOLT-UPRIGHT,  bolt'-up-rit',  adv.  up- 
right and  straight  as  a  bolt  or  arrow. 

BOLUS,  bo'lus,  n.  a  roimded  mass  of  any- 
thing :  a  large  pill.  [L.  bolus,  Gr.  bolos, 
a  lump.] 

BOMAREA,  bo-ma're-a,  n.  a  genus  of  ama- 
rylhdaceous  twining  plants,  natives  of 
South  America. 

BOMB,  bum,  n.  a  hollow  shell  of  iron  filled 
with  gunpowder,  and  discharged  from  a 
mortar,  so  as  to  explode  when  it  falls. 
[Fr.  bombe — L.  bombus,  Gr.  bombos,  a 
humming  sound  ;  an  Imitative  word.] 

BOMBARD,  bum-bard',  v.t.  to  attack  with 
bombs.  —  n.  Bombard'ment.  —  n.  Bom- 
bardier'. 

BOMBASINE,  BOMBAZINE,  bum-ba-zen', 
n.  a  twilled  fabric  of  silk  and  worsted. 

g^.  bombasin — Low  L.  bombacinium — 
r.  bombyx,  silk.    See  Bombast.] 

BOMBAST,  bum'bast,  n.  (orig.),  cotton  or 
any  soft  material  used  for  stuffing  gar- 
ments :  inflated  or  high-sounding  lan- 
guage. [Low  L.  bornbax,  cotton — Gr. 
bwnbyx,  silk.] 

BOMBASTIC,  bum-bast'ik,  adj.  high- 
sounding  :  inflated. 

BOMB-PROOF,  bum'-proof,  adj.  proof  or 
secure  against  the  force  of  bombs. 

BOMB-VESSEL,  bum'-ves-el,  7i.  a  vessel 
for  carrying  the  mortars  used  in  bom- 
barding from  the  sea. 

BONBON,  bong'bong,  n.  a  sweetmeat. 
JTFr.,  "  very  good  " — ban,  good.] 

BOND,  bond,  n.  that  which  binds,  a  band  : 
link  of  connection  or  union  :  a  writing 


of  obUgation  to  pay  a  sum  or  to  perform 
a  contract.— In  bond,  the  state  of  being 
deposited  or  placed  in  a  bonded  ware- 
house or  store  -.-^l.  imprisonment,  cap- 
tivity.—od;.  bound  :  in  a  state  of  servi- 
tude.— v.t.  to  put  imported  goods  in  the 
customs'  warehouses  tiU  the  duties  on 
them  are  paid.  [A.S.  ;  a  variation  of 
band — bindan,  to  bind.] 

BONDAGE,  bond'aj,  n.  state  of  being 
boimd  :  captivity :  slavery.  [O.  Fr. — 
Low  L.  bondagium,  a  kind  of  tenure. 
Ace.  to  Skeat,  this  is  from  A.S.  bonda,  a 
boor,  a  householder,  from  Ice.  bondi= 
buandi,  a  tiller,  a  husbandman.] 

BONDED,  bond'ed,  p. adj.  secured  by  bond, 
as  duties. 

BONDING,  bond'ing,  n.  that  arrangement 
by  which  goods  remain  in  the  customs' 
warehouses  tOl  the  duties  are  paid. 

BONDMAN,  bond'man,  n.  a  man  slave. — 
US.  Bond'maid,  Bond'woman. 

BONDSMAN,  bondz'man,  n.  a  bondman  or 
slave:  a  surety. 

BONE,  bon,  n.  a  hard  substance  forming 
the  skeleton  of  an  animal :  a  piece  of  the 
skeleton  of  an  animal. — v.  t.  to  take  the 
bones  out  of,  as  meat.  [A.S.  ba7i ;  Ger. 
bein,  Goth,  bain,  bone,  leg ;  W.  bon,  a 
stem  or  stock.] 

BONE- ASH,  bon'-ash,  n.  the  remains  when 
bones  are  burned  in  an  open  furnace. 

BONE-BLACK,  bon'-blak,  n.  the  remains 
when  bones  are  heated  in  a  close  vessel. 

BONE-CAVE,  bon'-kav,  n.  a  cave  in  which 
are  found  bones  of  extinct  animals,  some- 
times together  with  the  bones  of  man  or 
other  traces  of  his  contemporaneous  ex- 
istence. 

BONE-DUST,  bon'-dust,  n.  ground  or  pul- 
verized bones,  used  in  agriculture,  for 
fertilizing  the  soU. 

BONE-GLUE,  bon'-glQ,  n.  an  inferior  kind 
of  glue  obtained  from  bones.] 

BONE-SETTER,  bon'-set'er,  n.  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  set  broken  and  dislocated 
bones. 

BONFIRE,  bon'fir,  n.  a  large  Are  in  the 
open  air  on  occasions  of  public  rejoicings, 
etc.  [Orig.  a  fire  in  which  bones  were 
burnt.J 

BON-MOT,  bong'-mo,  n.,  a  good  or  witty 
saving-.     [Fr.  bon,  good,  mot,  word.] 

BONNE-BOUCHE,  bon-boosh',  n.  a  deUc- 
ious  mouthful.  [Tr.  bonne,  good,  bouche, 
mouth.] 

BONNET,  bon'et,  ?i.  a  covering  for  the  head 
worn  by  women  :  a  cap. — p.adj.  Bonn'- 
ETED.  [Fr. — Low  L.  bonneta,  orig.  the 
name  of  a  stuff.] 

BONNY,  bon'i,  adj.  beautiful :  handsome : 
gay. — adv.  Bonn'ily.  [Fr.  bon,  bonne — 
L.  bonus,  good  ;  Celt,  bain,  baine,  white, 
fair.] 

BONNY-CLABBER,  bon'ni-klab'ber,  n. 
thick  milk  from  which  the  whey  is 
drained  to  get  the  curds  out.     (Amer.) 

BONUS,  bon'us,  n.  a  premium  beyond  the 
usual  interest  for  a  loan  :  an  extra  divi- 
dend to  shareholders.     [L.  bonus,  good.] 

BONY,  bon'i,  adj.  full  of,  or  consisting  of, 
bones. 

BONZE,  bon'ze,  n.  a  Buddhist  priest.  [.Tap. 
bozu,  a  priest.] 

BOOBY,  boob'i,  n.  a  sUly  or  stupid  fellow : 
a  water-bird,  of  the  pelican  tribe,  remark- 
able for  its  apparent  stupiditj'.  [Sp.  bobo, 
a  dolt ;  O.  Fr.  botni,  stupid. — L.  balbus, 
stuttering.] 

BOOBYISM,  bo'bi-izm,  n.  the  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  a  booby  :  stupidity  :  foolish- 
ness. "Lamentable  ignoi-ance  and  booby- 
ism  on  the  stage  of  a  private  theatre." — 
Dickens. 

BOOK,  book,  n.  a  collection  of  sheets  of 
paper  bound  together,  either  printed, 
written  on,  or  blank  :  a  literary  composi- 


tion :  a  division  of  a  volume  or  subject.— 
v.t.  to  write  in  a  book.  [A.S.  boc,  a  book, 
the  beech  ;  Ger.  budie,  the  beech,  IntcK, 
a  book,  because  the  Teutons  first  wrote  on 
beeehen  boards.] 

BOOK-CLUB,  book'-klub,  n.  an  association 
of  persons  who  buy  new  books  for  circu 
lation  among-  themselves. 

BOOKING-CLERK,  book'ing-klerk,  n.  the 
clerk  or  official  who  supplies  passeng«rs 
with  tickets  at  a  booking-office. 

BOOKISH,  book'ish,  adj.  fond  of  books,  •<>- 
quainted  only  with  books. — n.  BooK'iae- 

NESS. 

BOOK-KEEPING,  book'-kep'ing,  n.  the 
art  of  keeping  accounts  in  a  regular  and 
systematic  manner. 

BOOK-LEARNING,book'-lern'ing,«.learn- 
ing  got  from  books,  as  opposed  to  practi- 
cal knowledge. 

BOOKPLATE,  booVplat,  n.  a  label  usuaUy 
pasted  inside  the  cover  of  a  book,  bearing 
the  owner's  name, crest, or  peculiar  device. 

BOOK-POST,  book'-post,  n.  the  depart- 
ment in  the  Post-office  for  the  transmis- 
sion of  books. 

BOOKWORM,  book'wurm,  n.  a  worm  or 
mite  that  eats  holes  in  books :  a  hard 
reader  :  one  who  reads  without  discrimi- 
nation  or  profit. 

BOOKWRIGHT,  book-rlt,  n.  a  writer  of 
books  :  an  author  :  a  term  of  sUght  con- 
tempt.   Kingsley. 

BOOM,  boom,  n.  a  pole  by  which  a  sail  is 
stretched :  a  chain  or  bar  stretched  across 
a  harbor.     [Dut.  boom,  a  beam,  a  tree.] 

BOOM,  boom,  v.i.  to  make  a  hollow  sound 
or  roar. — n.  a  hollow  roar,  as  of  the  sea, 
the  cry  of  the  bittern,  etc.  [^From  a  Low 
Ger.  root  found  in  A.S.  byme,  a  trumpet, 
Dut.  bommen,  to  drum ;  like  Bomb,  of 
imitative  origin.] 

BOOMERANG,b6om'e-rang,w.  a  hard-wood 
missile  used  by  the  natives  of  AustraUa, 
shaped  hke  the  segment  of  a  circle,  and 
so  made  that  when  thrown  to  a  distance 
it  returns  towards  the  thrower.  (Aus- 
trahan.)  Applied  also  to  any  scheme 
or  plan  which  turns  against  its  author. 
(Amer.) 

BOON,  boon,  n.  a  petition  :  a  gift  or  favor. 

ilce.  bon,  a  prayer;  A.S.  ben.] 
ON,  boon,  adj.  (as  in  boon  companion) 
gay,  merry  or  kind.     [Fr.  bon — ^L.  bontts, 
good.] 

BOOR,  boor,  n.  a  coarse  or  awkward  per- 
son. [Dut.  boer  (Ger.  bauer),  a  tiller  of 
the  sou — Dut.  botiicen :  cog.  with  Ger. 
baiien,  A.S.  buan,  to  till.] 

BOORISH,  boor'ish,  adj.  hke  a  boor  :  awk- 
ward or  rude. — adv.  Boor'ISHLY. — «. 
Boor'ishness. 

BOOST,  boost,  v.t.  to  lift  or  push  one  up  a 
tree  or  over  a  fence.     (Amer.) 

BOOT,  boot,  n.  a  covering  for  the  foot  and 
lower  part  of  the  leg  generally  made  of 
leather  :  an  old  instrument  of  torture  for 
the  legs  :  a  box  or  receptacle  in  a  coach  : 
n.pl.  the  servant  in  a  hotel  that  cleans 
the  boots. — v.t.  to  put  on  boots.  CFr. 
6o«e,  abutt,  or  a  boot,  from  O.Ger.  biUen, 
a  cask.    See  Bottle,  Butt.] 

BOOT,  boot,  v.t.  to  profit  or  advantage.— 
ji.  advantage  :  profit. — To  BOOT,  in  addi- 
tion. [A.S.  bot,  compensation,  amends, 
whence  betan,  to  amend,  to  make  Bet- 
ter.] 

BOOTEE,  boo-te',  n.  a  boot  without  a  top, 
or  a  shoe  made  like  a  boot  without  a  leg. 
(Amer.) 

BOOTH,  booth,  n.  a  hut  or  temporary  erec- 
tion formed  of  slight  materials.  [Ice. 
huth  ,-  Ger.  bude ;  also  Slav,  and  (Jelt., 
as  Gael,  both,  hut.] 

BOOTJACK,  boot'jak,  n.  an  instrument  for 
taking  off  boots.     [BOOT  and  Jack.] 

BOOTLESS,  boot'les,  adj.  wit)\out  boot  c 


BOOT-STOCKING 


42 


BOW 


profit-,  useless. — adv.    Boot'lessly. — n. 
Boot'lessness. 

BOOT-STOCKING,  bot'stok-ing,  n.  a  large 
stocldng  which  covers  the  leg  Uke  a  jack- 
boot. "  His  boot-stock-ings  coming  liigli 
above  the  knees." — Soiithey. 

BOOTY,  boot'i,  n.  spoil  taken  in  war  or  by 
force  :  plunder.  [Ice.  byti,  share — bi/td, 
to  divide.] 

DO-PEEP,  bo-pep',  n.  a  game  among  chil- 
dren in  which  one  peeps  from  behind 
something  and  cries  "Bo." 

BORACIC,  bo-ras'ik,  adj.  of  or  relating  to 
borax. — Boracic  acid,  an  acid  obtained 
by  dissolving  borax,  and  also  found  native 
in  mineral  springs  in  Italy. 

BORAX,  bo'raks,  n.  a  mineral  salt  used  for 
soldering  and  also  in  medicine.  [Fr. — Ar. 
Mtraq.] 

BORDER,  bord'er,  n.  the  edge  or  margin  of 
anything  :  the  marcli  or  boundary  of  a 
country:  a  flower-bed  in  a  garderi. — v.i. 
to  approach:  to  be  adjacent. — v.t.  to  make 
or  adorn  with  a  border  :  to  bound.  [Fr. 
bord,  hordure;  from  root  of  Board.] 

BORDERER,  bord'er-er,  n.  one  who  dwells 
on  the  border  of  a  countrj'. 

BORE,  bor,  v.t.  to  pierce  so  as  to  form  a 
hole  :  to  weary  or  annoy. — n.  a  hole  made 
by  boring :  the  size  of  the  cavity  of  a  gun : 
a  person  or  thing  that  wearies.  [A.S. 
horian,  to  bore,  from  bor,  a  borer  ;  Ger. 
bohren  ;  allied  to  L.  foro,  to  bore,  Gr. 
pharynx,  the  gullet.] 

BORE,  bor,  did  bear,  pa.t.  of  Bear. 

BORE,  bor,  n.  a  tidal  flood  which  rushes 
with  great  force  into  the  mouths  of  cer- 
tain rivers.  [Ice.  bdi-a,  a  wave  or  swell, 
from  root  of  to  Bear  or  lift.] 

BOREAL,  bo're-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
north  or  the  north  wind. 

BOREAS,  bo're-as,  n.  the  north  wind.  [L. 
and  Gr.] 

BORN,  hawrn,pa.p.  of  Bear,  to  bring  forth. 
— Not  born  in  the  woods  to  be  scared 
BY  AN  owl,  too  much  used  to  danger  to 
be  easily  frightened.     (Amer.) 

BORNE,  born,  pa.p.  of  Bear,  to  carry. 

BOROGLYCERIDE,  bo-ro-gli'se-rld,  n.  an 
antiseptic  compound  introduced  by  Prof. 
Barff ,  consisting  of  92  parts  of  glycerine 
to  63  parts  of  boracic  acid,  to  which  is 
added,  when  used  to  preserve  meat, 
oysters,  milk,  eggs,etc.,  about  fifty  times 
its  weio-ht  in  water. 

BOROUGH,  bur'6,M.  a  town  with  a  corpora- 
tion :  a  town  tliat  sends  representatives 
to  parliament.  Applied  also  to  certain 
towns  in  Pennsylvania.  [A.S.  biirg,  burli, 
a  city,  from  beorgan,  Ger.  bergen,  to  pro- 
tect.] 

BOROUGHMONGER,  bm-'6-mung'er,n.  one 
who  buys  or  sells  the  patronage  of  bor- 
oughs in  Great  Britain. 

BORROW,  bor'6,  v.t.  to  obtain  on  loan  or 
trust :  to  adopt  from  a  foreign  source. — 
w.Borr'ower.  [A.S.borgian — borg,  borh. 
a  pledge,  security;  akin  to  BoROUGH,  from 
the  notion  of  security.] 

BOSCAGE,  bosk'aj,  Ji.  thick  foliage  :  wood- 
land. [Fr.  boscage,  bocage — Low  L.  boscus 
(hence  Fr.  bois),  conn,  with  Ger.  busch, 
E.  bush.] 

BOSH,  bosh,  n.  used  also  as  int.,  nonsense, 
foolish  talk  or  opinions.  [Turk,  bosh, 
worthless,  frequent  in  Morier's  popular 
novel  ^j/es/i  a  (1834).] 

BOSKY,  bosk'i,ad;'.woody  or  bushy:  shady. 

BOSOM,  booz'um,  n.  the  breast  of  a  human 
being,or  the  part  of  the  dress  which  covers 
it :  (fig.)  the  seat  of  the  passions  and  feel- 
ings :  the  heart :  embrace,  inclosure,  as 
within  the  arms  :  any  close  or  secret  re- 
ceptacle.—at(/.  (in  composition)  confiden- 
tial:  intimate.— r.i.  to  inclose  in  the 
bosom.     [A.S.  bosm,  Ger.  busen.} 

BOSS,  bos,  71.  a  knob  or  stud  :  a  raised  or- 


nament.— v.t.  to  ornament  with  bosses. 

[Fr.  basse,  It.  bozza,  a  swelUng,  from  O. 

Ger.  bozen,  to  beat.] 
BOSS,   bos,  M.  a  master,   an  employer  of 

labor,  a  politician  who  holds  control  of 

large  patronage  and  uses  his  influence  for 

selfish  and  partisan  piu-poses.     Also    a 

name   for  the  buffalo  among  Western 

huntsmen.    (Amer.) 
BOSSY,  bos'i.  adj.  having  bosses. 
BOTANIZE,  bot'an-Iz,  v.i.  to  seek  for  and 

collect  plants  for  studv. 
BOTANIST,   bot'an-ist,  n.    one  skiUed    in 

botany. 
BOTANY,  bot'a-ni,  n.  the  science  of  plants. 

— ad/.BoTAN'ic. — adu.BOTAN'iCALLY.  [Gr. 

botane,  herb,   plant— liosA-o,  to  feed,  L. 

vescor,  I  feed  myself ;    perh.  cog.   with 

A.S.  tcoed.] 
BOTCH,  boch,  n.,  a  swelling  on  the  skin :  a 

clumsj'  patch  :  ill-finished  work. — v.t.  to 

patch  or  mend  clumsily  :  to  put  together 

unsuitably  or  unskillfully.    [From  root  of 

Boss.] 
BOTCHER,  boch'er,  n.-one  who  botches. 
BOTCHY,  boch'i,  adj.  marked  with  or  full 

of  botches. 
BOTH,  both,  adj.  and  pron.,  the  two:  the 

one  and  the  other. — conj.  as  well :  on  the 

one  side.     [Ice.  bathi,  Ger.  beide  ;  A.S. 

bd ;  cf.  L.  am-bo,  Gr.  am-pho.  Sans,  ubha, 

orig.  ambha.] 
BOTHER,  hoth'er,  v.t.  to  perplex  or  tease. 

iPerh.  from  Jr.  buaidhirt,  trouble.] 
TTLE,  bot'l,  n.  a  handle  of  hay.    JT)im. 
of  Fr.  botte,  a  bundle,  from  root  of  Boss.] 

BOTTLE,bot'l,n.a  hollow  vessel  for  holding 
hquids  :  the  contents  of  such  a  vessel. — 
v.t.  to  inclose  in  bottles.  [Fr.  boiiteille, 
dim.  of  botte,  a  vessel  for  hquids.  From 
root  of  Boot,  Butt.] 

BOTTLE-BELLIED,  bot'1-bel-Ud,  adj.  hav- 
ing a  beUy  shaped  like  a  bottle :  having 
a  swelling  out  prominent  belly.  "Some 
choleric,  bottle-bellied,  old  spider."— T1^. 
Irving. 

BOTTLED,  hot'lA,  2}.adj.  inclosed  in  bottles: 
shaped  or  protuberant  like  a  bottle. 

BOTTLER,  bot'ler,  n.  one  who  bottles  :  spe- 
cifically, one  w  hose  occupation  it  is  to  put 
liquors,  as  wine,  spirits,  ale,  etc.,  into 
bottles,  and  sell  the  bottled  liquor. 

BOTTOM,  bot'-um,  n.  the  lowest  part  of  any- 
thing :  that  on  which  anything  rests  or 
is  founded  :  low  land,  as  in  a  vaUey :  the 
keel  of  a  ship,  hence  the  vessel  itself. — 
v.t.  to  found  or  rest  upon. — adj.  Bott'om- 
LESS.  [A.S.  bot7n ;  Ger.  boden  :  conn, 
with  Tu.  fundus,  bottom,  Gael.6o?id,  bottni, 
the  sole.] 

BOTTOMRY,  bot'um-ri,  n.  a  contract  by 
which  money  is  borrowed  on  the  security 
of  a  ship  or  bottom.  [From  Bottom,  a 
ship.] 

BOUDOIR,  bood'war,  n.  a  lady's  private 
room.  [Fr.—bouder,  to  pout,  to  be 
sulky.] 

BOUGH,  bow,  n.  a  branch  of  a  tree.  [A.S. 
bog,  boh,  an  arm,  the  shoulder  (Ger.  bug, 
the  shoulder,  the  bow  of  a  ship) — A.S. 
bugan,  to  bend.] 

BOUGH,  bow,  v.t.  to  cover  over  or  shade 
witli  boughs. 

A  mossy  track,  all  over  houghed 
For  half  a  mUe  or  more. — Coleridge. 

BOUGHT,  bawt,  pa.t.  and  jja.p.  of  Bity. 

BOULDER,  b5ld'er,r!.a  large  stone  rounded 
by  the  action  of  water  :  (geol.)  a  mass 
of  rock  transported  by  natural  agencies 
from  its  native  bed. — adj.  containing 
boulders.  [Ace.  to  Wedgrwood,  from 
Swed.  bidlra,  Dan.  buldre,  to  roar  like 
thunder,  as  large  pebbles  do.] 

BOULEVARD,  bool'e-var,  7i.  a  promenade 
formed  by  levehng  the  old  fortifications 
of  a  town.   [Fr. — Ger.  bollwerk.  See  Buiy- 

WARK.] 


B0ULEVERSEMENT,b61-vers-man,  n.  the 
act  of  overthrowing  or  overturning :  the 
state  of  being  overthrown  or  overturned: 
overthrow:  overturn:  subversion:  hence, 
generally,  conxijlsion  or  confusion.  [Fr.] 

BOUNCE,  bowns,  v.i.  to  jump  or  spring 
suddenly  :   to  boast,  to    exaggerate. — n. 
a  heavy,  sudden  blow:  a  leap" or  spring  : 
a  boast :  abold  lie.  [Dut.  bonzen,  to  strike  » 
from  bons,  a  blow,  from  the  sound.]  \ 

BOUNCER,  bowns'er,  n.  one  who  bounces.- 
something  big  :  a  bully  :  a  liar. 

BOUND,  bownd,  jya.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Binb. 

BOUND,  bownd,  n.  a  limit  or  boundary. — 
v.t.  to  set  bounds  to  :  to  Umit,  restrain, 
or  surround.  [O.Fr.bojiwe- LowL.  bodina 
— ^Bret.  bonn,  a  boundary.] 

BOUND,  bownd,  v.i.  to  spring  or  leap. — n. 
a  spring  or  leap.  [Fr.  bondir,  to  spring, 
in  O.  Fr.  to  rebound — L.  bombitare.  See 
Boom,  the  sound.] 

BOUND,  bownd,  adj.  ready  to  go.  [Ice. 
buinn,  pa.p.  of  bua,  to  prepare.] 

BOUNDARY'',  bownd'a-ri,  n.  a  visible  bound 
or  Imiit :  border :  termination. 

BOUNDEN,  bownd'n,  adj.,  binding :  re- 
quired :  obhgatory.     [From  Bind.] 

BOUNDLESS,  bownd'les,  adj.  having  no 
bound  or  limit :   vast. — n.   Bound'uess- 

NESS. 

BOUNTEOUS,  bown'te-us  or  bown'tvus, 
BOUNTIFUL,  bown'ti-fool,  adj.  Uberalin 
gi^'inn;■ :  generous.— adi's.  Boun'teously, 
BouN  TiFULLY.  —  ns.  Boun'teousness, 
Boun'tifiilness.    [Pi'om  Bounty.] 

BOUNTY',  bown'ti,  n.  liberahty  in  bestow- 
ing  gifts  :  the  gift  bestowed  :  money  of- 
fered as  an  inducement  to  enter  the  army, 
or  as  a  premiimi  to  encourage  any  branch 
of  industry.  [Fr.  bonte,  goodness — L. 
bonitas — bonus,  good.] 

BOUQUET,  boo'ka,  n.  a  bunch  of  flowers  ; 
a  nosegay.  [Fr.— bosquet,  dim.  of  bois,  a 
wood — It.  hosco.    See  Boscage,  Bosh.] 

BOURBON,  bur'bun,  n.  any  old  fashioned 
party  which  acts  unmindful  of  past  ex- 
V)erience.     (Amer.) 

BOURG.  burg,  n.  same  as  Burgs, Borough. 

BOURGEOIS,  bur-jois',  n.  a  kind  of  print- 
ing t3rpe,  larger  than  brevier  and  smaller 
than  longprimer.  [Fr. — perh.  from  the 
name  of  tlie  typefounder.] 

BOURGEOISIE,  boorzh-waw'ze,n.the  mid- 
dle class  of  citizens,  esp.  traders.  [From 
Fr.  bourgeois,  a  citizen,  from  root  of 
Borough.] 

BOURGEON,  bur'jun,  v.  i.  to  put  forth 
sprouts  or  buds  :  to  grow.  [Fr.  bourgeon. 
a  bud,  shoot.] 

BOURN,  BOURNE,  born  or  boorn,  n.  a 
boundary,  or  a  limit.  [Fr.  oarne,  a  limit. 
See  Bound.] 

BOURN,  BOURNE,  born  or  boom,  n.  a 
little  stream.  [A.S.  burna,  a  stream  ; 
Scot.  bJirn,  a  brook;  Goth,  brunna,  a 
spring.] 

BOURSE,  boors,  n.  an  exchange  where 
merchants  meet  for  business.  [R-.  bourse. 
See  Purse.'] 

BOUSE,  booz,  v.i.  to  drink  deeply.  [Dut. 
buysen,  to  drink  deeply — buis,  a  tube  or 
flask  ;  aUied  to  Box.] 

BOUT,  bowt,  n.  a  turn,  trial,  or  round  :  an 
attempt.  [Doublet  of  Bight  ;  from  root 
of  Bow,  to  Dend.] 

BOVINE,  bo'vTn,  adj.  pertaining  to  cattle 
[L.  bos,  bovis,  Gr.  botis,  an  ox  or  cow.] 

BOW,  bow,  v.t.,  to  bejid  or  incline  toward.^: 
to  subdue. — v.i.  to  bend  the  body  in  salut- 
ing a  person  :  the  curving  forepart  of  a 
ship.  [A.S.  bugan,  to  bend  ;  akin  to  I.. 
fugio.  to  flee,  to  j'ield.] 

BOW,  bo,  n.  a  bent  piece  of  wood  for  shoot- 
ing arrows  :  anything  of  a  bent  or  curved 
shape,  as  the  rainbow  :  the  instrument 
by  which  the  strings  of  a  violin  are 
sounded.     [A.S.  boga.] 


BOWELS 


43 


BRAWNY 


BOWELS,  bow'elz,  n.^yl.  the  interior  parts 
of  the  body,  the  entrails  :  the  interior 
part  of  anything  :  (fig.)  the  heart,  pity, 
tenderness.  [Fr.  hoyau,  O.  Fr.  boel — L. 
Jwtellus,  a  sausage,  also,  an  intestine.] 

BOWER,  bow'er,  n.  an  anchor  at  the  bow 
or  forepart  of  a  ship.     [From  Bow.] 

BOAVER,  bow'er,  n.  a  shady  inclosure  or 
recess  in  a  garden,  an  arbor.  [A.S.  hur, 
a  chamber  ;  Scot,  hyre — root  A.S.  buan, 
to  dwell.] 

BOWERY,  bow'er-i,(id/.containing  bowers: 
shady. — n.  the  name  of  a  busy,  crowded 
street  in  New  York  City. 

BOWIE-KNIFE,  bo'i-nlf,  n.  a  dagger-knife 
worn  in  the  Southern  States  of  America, 
so  named  from  its  inventor,  ColonelJ9o!oie. 

BOWL,  bol,  n.  a  wooden  ball  used  for  roll- 
ing along  the  ground. — v.t.  and  i.  to  play 
at  bowls  :  to  roll  along  like  a  bowl  :  to 
throw  a  ball,  as  in  cricket.  [Fr.  boule — 
L.  bulla.    See  Boil,  v.'] 

BOWL,  bol,  n.  a  round  drinldng-cup :  the 
round  hollow  part  of  anything.  [A.S. 
holla.    See  Bole.] 

BOWLDER,  bold'er,  n.  same  as  Botxlder. 

BOWLINE,  bo'lin,  n.  (lit.)  the  line  of  the 
bow  or  bend  :  a  rope  to  keep  a  sail  close 
to  the  wind. 

B0WLING-GREEN,b6ring-gren,n.agreen 
or  grassy  plat  kept  smooth  for  bowling. 

BOWMAN,  bo'man,  11.  an  archer. 

BOWSHOT,b6'shot,»i.the  distance  to  which 
an  arrow  can  be  shot  from  a  bow. 

BOWSPRIT,  bo'sprit,  n.  a  boom  or  spar 
projecting  from  the  bow  of  a  ship.  [Bow 
and  Sprit.  ] 

BOWSTRING,  bo'string,  n.  a  string  with 
which  the  Turks  strangled  offenders. 

BOW- WINDOW,  bo'-wind'o,  n.  a  bent  or 
semi-circular  window. 

BOX,  boks,  n.  a  tree  remarkable  for  the 
hardness  and  smoothness  of  its  wood  :  a 
case  or  receptable  for  holding  anything  : 
the  contents  of  a  box  :  a  small  house  or 
lodge  :  a  private  seat  in  a  theatre  :  the 
driver's  seat  on  a  can-iage. — To  be  in  a 
BOX,  to  be  in  ditficulty,  or  in  a  compro- 
mising position.  (Amer.)  The  phrase  TO 
BE  IN  THE  WRONG  BOX  has,  it  seems,  a  re- 
spectable antiquity.  "  If  you  will  hear 
how  St.  Augustine  expoundeth  that  place, 
vou  shall  perceive  that  you  are  in  a  ivrong 
box.'' — Ridley  (1554).  "  I  perceive  that 
you  and  I  are  in  a  wrong  box." — J.  Udall 
(1588). — v.t.  to  put  into  or  furnish  \vith 
boxes.  [A.S.  box — L.  buxtis,  Gr.  xiyxos, 
the  ti-ee,  pyxis,  a  box.] 

BOX,  boks,?i.  a  blow  on  the  head  or  ear  with 
the  hand. — v.t.  to  strike  with  the  hand  or 
fist. — v.i.  to  fight  with  the  fists.  [Dan. 
bask,  a  sounding  blow  ;  of.  Ger.  pochen, 
to  strike.] 

ROXF.N,  boks'n,  adj.  made  of  or  like  box- 
wood. 

BOXING-DAY,  boks'ing-da,  n.  in  England, 
the  day  after  Christmas  when  boxes  or 
presents  are  given. 

BOXWOOD,  boks'wood,n.wood  of  the  box- 
tree. 

BOY,  boy,  n.  a  male  child  :  a  lad. — ».  Boy'- 
HOOD. — adj.  Boy'ish. — adv.  Boy'ishly. — 
n.  Boy'ishness.  [Fris.  boi,  Dut.  boef,  Ger. 
Imbe,  L.  x^npus,] 

BOYCOTT,  boy'kot,  u.f. to  combine  in  refus- 
ing to  work  to,  to  buy  or  sell  with,  or  in 
general  to  give  assistance  to,  or  have 
dealings  with,  on  account  of  difference  of 
opinion  or  the  like  in  social  and  political 
matters  :  a  word  introduced  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Land  League  of  Ireland 
in  1880.  [From  Captain  Boycott,  who 
was  so  treated  by  his  neighbors  in  Ireland 
in  1881.] 

BRACE,  bras,  n.  anything  that  draws  to- 
gether and  holds  tightly :  a  bandage  :  a 
pair  or  couple  :  in  printing,  a  mark  con- 


necting two  or  more  words  or  lines  (  }  ): 
—pi.  straps  for  supporting  the  trousers  : 
ropes  for  turning  the  yards  of  a  ship.— 
v.t.  to  tighten  or  strengthen.  [O.  Fr. 
brace,  Fr.  bras,  the  arm,  power— L.  bra- 
chium,  Gr.  brachion,  the  arm,  as  liolding 
together.] 

BRACELET,  bras'let,  ii.  an  ornament  for 
the  wrist.  [Fr.,dim.  of  O.  Fr.  6rac.  See 
Brace.] 

BRACH,  brak,  brach,n.adogfor  the  chase. 
[O.  Fr.  brache,  from  O.  Ger.  braeco.] 

BRACHIAL,  brak'i-al,  adj.  belonging  to 
the  arm.     [See  Brace.] 

BRACING,  brils'ing,  adj.  giving  strength 
or  tone.     [From  Brace.] 

BRACKEN,  brak'en,  n.  fern.     [See  Brake.] 

BRACKET,  brak'et,  n.  a  support  for  some- 
thing fastened  to  a  wall  :^pl.  in  printing, 
the  marks  [  ]  used  to  inclose  one  or  more 
words. — v.t.  to  support  by  brackets  :  to 
inclose  by  brackets.  [Dim.  formed  from 
Brace.] 

BRACKISH,  brak'ish,  adj.  saltish  :  applied 
to  water  mixed  with  salt  or  with  sea- 
water. — n.  Brack'ishness.  [Dut.  brak, 
refuse  ;  conn,  with  Wreck.] 

BRACT,  brakt,  n.  an  irregularly  developed 
leaf  at  the  base  of  the  flower-stalk. — adj. 
Brac'teal.  [L.  bractea,  a  thin  plate  of 
metal,  gold-leaf.  ] 

BRADAWL,  brad'awl,  n.  an  awl  to  pierce 
holes.  [For  inserting  brads,  long,  thin 
nails.] 

BRAG,  hrag,v.i.  to  boast  or  bluster  i^pr.p. 
bragg'ing  ;  jja.j}.  bragged. — n.  a  boast  or 
boasting' :  the  thing  boasted  of  :  a  game 
at  cards.  [Prob.  from  a  root  brag,  found 
in  all  the  Celtic  languages.    See  Brave.] 

BRAGGADOCIO,  brag-a-do'shi-o,  n.  a 
braggart  or  boaster :  empty  boasting. 
[From  Braggadochio.a,  boastful  character 
in  Spenser's  Faery  Queen.] 

BRAGGAUT,  brag'art,  adj.  boastful. — n.  a 
vain  boaster.  [O.Fr.  bra^ard,  vain,  brag- 
ging, from  root  of  Brag.] 

BRAHMAN,  bra'man,  BRAHMIN,  bra'min, 
n.  a  person  of  the  liighest  or  priestly  caste 
among  the  Hindus. — adjs.  Brahman'ic, 
-AT.,  Brahmin'ic,  -al.  [From  Brahma,  the 
Hindu  Deity.] 

BRAHMANI^M,  bra'man-izm,  BRAHMIN- 
ISM,  bra'min-izm,  n.  one  or  the  religions 
of  India,  the  worship  of  Brahma. 

BRAID,  brad,  v.t.,  to  plait  or  entwine. — n. 
cord,  or  other  texture  made  by  plaiting. 
[A.S.  bredan,  bregdan;  Ice.  bregda,  to 
weave.] 

BRAIN,  bran,  n.  the  mass  of  nervous  mat- 
ter contained  in  the  sliuU  :  the  seat  of 
the  intellect  and  of  sensation  :  the  in- 
tellect.— v.t.  to  dash  out  the  brains  of. 
[A.S.  brcegen  ;  Dut.  brein.] 

BRAINLESS,  bran'les,  adj.  without  brains 
or  understanding  :  sillv. 

BRAIN-SICKNESS,  brau'-sik'nes,  n.  disor- 
der of  the  brain  :  giddiness  :  indiscretion. 

BRAKE,  brak,  obs.  pa.t.  of  Break. 

BRAKE,  brak,  n.  a  fern  :  a  place  over- 
grown with  ferns  or  briers :  a  thicket. 
[Low  Ger.  brake,  brushwood ;  Ger.  brack, 
fallow.] 

BRAKE,  brak,  w.  an  instrument  to  break 
flax  or  hemp :  a  carriage  for  breaking- 
in  horses  :  a  bit  for  horses :  a  contrivance 
for  retarding  the  motion  of  a  wheel. 
[From  root  ot  Break.] 

BRAKY,  brak'i,  adj.  full  of  brakes :  thorny : 
rough. 

BRAMBLE,  bram'bl,  n.  aivild  prickly'plant 
bearing  black  berries  :  any  rough  prickly 
shrub. — adj.  Bram'bly.  [A.S.  oremel; 
Dut.  braam,  Ger.  brom.] 

BRAN,  bran,  n..  the  refuse  ot  grain:  the 
inner  husks  of  corn  sifted  from  the  flour. 
[Fr.  bran,  bran— Celt,  bran,  bran,  re- 
fuse.] 


BRANCH,  bransh,  n.  a  shoot  or  arm-like 
limb  of  a  tree  :  anji;hing  like  a  branch  : 
any  offshoot  or  subdivision. — v.t.  to  di- 
vide into  branches. — v.i.  to  spread  out  as 
a  branch.— ad/s.  Branch'less,  Branchy. 
[Fr.  branche — Bret,  branc,  an  arm  :  Low 
L.  branca,  L.  brachium.    See  Brace.] 

BRANCHI.a;,  brangk-i-e,  n.pl,  gills.— adj. 
BRANCniAL.  brangk'i-al.     [L.] 

BRANCHLET,  bransh'let,  u.  a  Uttle  branch 

BRAND,  brand,  n.  a  piece  of  wood  burning 
or  partly  burned.:  a  mark  burned  into 
anything  ^vith  a  hot  iron :  a  sword,  so 
called  from  its  glitter :  a  mark  of  in- 
famy.— v.t.  to  burn  or  mark  with  a  hot 
ii'on  :  to  fix  a  mark  of  infamy  upon. 
[A.S.,  from  root  of  BtJEN.] 

BRANDISH,  brand'ish,  v.t.  to  wave  or 
flourish  as  a  brand  or  weapon. — n.  a  wav- 
ing or  flourish.  [Fr.  brandir,  from  root 
o(  Brand.] 

BRAND-NEW,  brand'-nu,  adj.  quite  new 
(as  if  newly  from  the  fire). 

BRANDY,  brand'i,  n.  an  ardent  spirit  dis- 
tilled from  \vine.  [Formerly  brttndwine 
— Dut.  brandewijn — braiuien,  to  burn,  to 
distil,  and  wijn,  wine ;  cf.  Ger.  brant- 
ivein.]  [new. 

BRAN-NEW,  bran'nu,  adj.  Corr.  of  Br.*.nd- 

BRASIER,  bra'zher,  n.  a  pan  for  holding 
burnin"-  coals.  [Fr.,  from  the  root  of 
Brass.] 

BRASS,  bras,  n.  an  alloy  of  copper  and 
zinc  :  (fig.)  impudence  i^pl.  monumental 
plates  of  brass  inlaid  on  slabs  of  stone 
in  the  pavements  of  ancient  churches  : 
also  the  brass  musical  instruments  in  a 
band  or  orchestra.  In  its  colloquial  and 
slang  senses  the  use  of  the  word  is  by  no 
means  modern  ;  namely  :  1,  money.  'We 
should  scorn  each  bribing  varlet's  brass." 
— Bo.  Hall.  2,  impudence :  shameless- 
ness.  "  She  in  her  defence  made  him 
appear  such  a  rogue  that  the  chief  jus- 
tice wondered  he  had  the  brass  to  appear 
in  a  court  of  justice." — Roger  North. 
[A.S.  braes :  Ice.  bras,  solder ;  from 
brasa  to  harden  by  fire,  Swed.  brasa, 
fire.] 

BRASS-BAND,  bras'-band,  n.  a  band  or 
company  of  musicians  who  perform  on 
brass  instruments. 

BRASSY,  bras'i,  adj.  of  or  like  brass  :  im- 
pudent. 

BRAT,  brat,  n.  a  contemptuous  name  for  a 
child.  [A.S.  bratt,  W..  Gael,  brat,  a  rag  ; 
prov.  E.  brat,  a  child's  pinafore.] 

BRAVADO,  brav-a'do,  n.  a  display  of 
bravery  :  a  boastful  threat : — pi.  Brava'- 
DOES.  [Sp.  bravada,  from  root  of  Br.*.ve.] 

BRAVE,  brav,  adj.  daring,  courageous : 
noble. — v.t.  to  meet  boklly  :  to  defy. — h. 
a  bullv:  an  Indian  warrior. — adv.  Brave'- 
ly.  [Fr.  brave  ;  It.  and  Sp.  bravo :  from 
Celt.,  as  in  Bret,  braga,  to  strut  about, 
Gael,  breagh,  fine.    See  Brag.] 

BRAVERY,  brav'er-i,  n.  courage  :  heroism : 
flnerv. 

BRAV'O,  brav'6,  Ji .  a  daring  villain  :  a  hired 
assassin  -.-jjl.  Bravoes,  brav'oz.  [It.  and 
Sp.i 


Bh 


BRAVO,  br^v'o,  int.  well  done  :  excellent. 

[It.] 

RAVITRA,   brav-oor'a,  n.  (mus.)  a  terra 

applied  to  songs  that  require  great  spiri* 

in  e.xecution.     [It.] 
BRAWL,  brawl,  )i.  a  noisy  quarrel. — r.f.  tr 

Eirrel  noisily:   to  murmur  or  gurgle 
.  bragal,  to  vociferate,  wliioh,  ace.  to 
■at,  is  a  freq.  of  Braq.] 
BRAWN,  brawn,  n.  muscle :  thick  flesh, 
esp.  boar's  flesh  :  muscular  strength.    [0. 
Fr.  braon,  from  O.  G«r.  brato.  flesh  O'or 
roasting) — O.  Ger.  pratan  ((Jer.  brnle.', 
to  roast j 
BRAWNY, bra wn'i, o^/'.  fleshy:  muscular 
strong. 


BRAY 


U 


BRIDE 


BRAY,  bra,  v.t.,  to  break,  pound,  or  grind 
small.  [O.  Fr.  breier  (Fr.  broyer) ;  from 
root  ot  Break.] 

BBAY,  bra,  n.  the  crj^  of  the  ass  :  any  harsh 
grating  sound. — v.i.  to  cry  like  an  ass. 
pV.  braire.  Low  L.  bragire,  from  root  of 
Bkao,  Beawl.] 

iiRAZE,  braz,  v.t.  to  cover  or  solder  with 
brass. 

;iRAZEN,  bra'zn,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to 
brass  :  impudent. — v.t.  to  confi-ont  with 
impudence. 

BRAZIER,  bra'zher,  n.  see  Braseer. 

BREACH,  brech,  n.  a  break  or  opening, 
as  in  the  walls  of  a  fortress  :  a  breaking 
of  law,  etc. :  a  quarrel. — v.t.  to  make  a 
breach  or  opening.  [A.S.  brice,  Fr.  briche, 
from  root  of  Break.] 

BREAD,  bred,  n.  food  made  of  flour  or 
meal  baked  :  food  :  Uvelihood.  Bread- 
stuff, in  the  United  States,  denotes  all 
the  cereals  which  can  be  converted  into 
bread.  [A.S.  bread,  from  breotan,  to 
break  ;  or  from  breowan,  to  brew.] 

BREAD-BASKET,  bred'-bas-ket,  ?i.  1,  a 
papier  mache  or  metal  tray  used  for 
holding  bread  at  table:  2,  the  stomach. 
(Slang.)  "Another  came  up  to  second 
him,  but  I  let  drive  at  the  mark,  made 
the  soup-maigre  rumble  in  his  bread-bas- 
ket, and  laid  him  sprawling." — Foote. 

BREAD-FRUIT-TREE,  bred'-froot-tre',  n. 
a  tree  of  the  South  Sea  Islands,  produc- 
ing a  fruit,  which  when  roasted  forms  a 
good  substitute  for  bread. 

BREADTH,  bredth,  n.  extent  from  side  to 
side :  width.  [M.E.  brede,  A.S.  brcedu. 
See  Broad.] 

BREADWINNER,  bred'win'er,  n.  one  who 
works  for  the  support  of  himself  or  of 
himself  and  a  family  :  a  member  of  that 
section  of  the  community  whose  earnings 
support  both  themselves  and  the  women 
and  children. 

BREAK,  brak,t).f.to  part  by  force  :  to  shat- 
ter :  to  crush  :  to  tame  :  to  violate :  to 
check  by  intercepting,  as  a  fall :  to  inter- 
rupt, as  sUence  :  to  make  bankrupt :  to 
divxilge. — v.i.  to  part  in  two  :  to  burst 
forth  :  to  open  or  appear,  as  the  morning : 
to  become  bankrupt :  to  faU  out,  as  with 
a  friend: — pa.t.  hro^e  ;  pa.p.  brok'en. — 
n .  the  state  of  being  broken  :  an  opening : 
a  pause  or  interruption  :  the  dawn. — 
Break  cover,  to  burst  forth  from  con- 
cealment, as  game. — Break  down,  to 
crash,  or  to  come  down  bj' breaking  :  (lig.) 
to  give  way. — Break  orotjnb,  to  com- 
mence excavation :  (fig.)  to  begin. — 
Break  the  ice  {fig.),  to  get  through 
first  difficulties. — Break  a  jest,  to  utter 
.1  jest  unexpectedly. — Break  a  lance 
(fig.),  enter  into  a  contest  wth  a  rival. — 
Break  upon  the  ^vheel,  to  punish  by 
stretching  a  criminal  on  a  wheel,  and 
breaking  his  bones. — Break  with,  to  fall 
out,  as  friends.  [A.S.  brecan ;  Goth. 
brikan,  G«r.  brechen :  conn,  vrith  L. 
frango,  Gr.  rhegnumi ;  Gael,  bragh,  a 
burstj 

BREAKAGE,  brak'aj,  n.  a  breaking :  an  al- 
lowance for  things  broken. 

BREAKER,  brak'er,  n.  a  wave  broken  on 
rocks  or  the  shore. 

BREAKFAST,  brek'fast,n.  a  break  or  break- 
ing of  a  fast :  the  first  meal  of  the  day. 
— v.i.  to  take  breakfast. — v.t.  to  furnish 
with  breakfast. 

BREAKING-IN,  brak'ing-in',  n.  the  act  of 
trainin.oj;o  labor,  as  of  a  horse. 

BREAKNECK.brak'nek.adj.Ukely  to  cause 
a  broken  neck. 

BREAKWATER,  brak'waw'ter,m.  a  barrier 
at  the  entrance  of  a  harbor  to  break  the 
force  of  the  waves. 

BREAM,  brem,  n.  a  fresh-water  fish  of  the 
carp  family  :  a  salt-water  fiish  somewhat 


Uke  it.  [Fr."  breme,  for  bi-esme — O.  Ger. 
brahsema.  Ger.  brassen.] 

BREAST,  brest,  )(.  the  forepart  of  the 
human  body  between  the  neck  and  the 
belly  :  (Jig.)  conscience,  disposition,  affec- 
tions.— v.t.  to  bear  tlie  breast  against :  to 
oppose  manfully.  [A.S.  breost ;  Ger. 
brust,  Dut.  borsi,  pei-h.  from  the  notion 
of  bursting  forth,  protruding.] 

BREASTPLATE,  brest'plat,  n.  a  plate  or 
piece  of  armor  for  the  breast :  in  JS.,  a 
part  of  the  dress  of  the  Jewish  high- 
priest^ 

BREASTWORK,  brest'wurk,  n.  a  defensive 
work  of  earth  or  other  materials  breast- 
high.  -^ 

BREATH,  breth,  n.  the  air  drawn  into  and 
then  expelled  from  the  lungs  :  power  of 
breathing,  Ufe :  the  time  occupied  by 
once  breathing :  a  very  shght  breeze. 
[A.S.  brceth  ;  Ger.  brodem,  steam,  breath; 
peril,  akin  to  h.  frag-rare,  to  smell.] 

BREATHE,  hreth,  v.i.  to  draw  in  and  expel 
breath  or  air  from  the  lungs  :  to  take 
breath,  to  rest  or  pause  :  to  live. — v.t.  to 
draw  in  and  expel  from  the  lungs,  as  air  : 
to  infuse:  to  give  out  as  breath:  to  utter 
by  the  breath  or  softly  ;  to  keep  in  breath, 
to  exercise. 

BREATHING,  hveth'ing,  n.  the  act  of 
breathing  :    aspiration,    secret    prayer  : 

BREATHLESS,breth'les,acy.out  of  breath : 
dead.— n.  Breath'lessness. 

BREECH,  brech,  n.  the  lower  part  of  the 
body  behind :  the  hinder  part  of  any- 
thing, especially  of  a  gun. — v.t.  to  put 
into  breeches.  [See  Breeches,  the  gar- 
ment, in  which  sense  it  was  first  used.] 

BREECH-BLOCK,  brech'-blok,  n.  a  mov- 
able piece  d,t  the  breech  of  a  breech- 
loading  gun  which  is  withdrawn  for  the 
insertion  of  the  charge  and  closed  before 
firing  to  receive  the  impact  of  the  recoil. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

BREECHES,  brich'ez,  n.pl.  a  garment  worn 
by  men  on  the  lower  part  of  the  body, 
trousers.  [A.S.  broe,  pi.  brec  ;  found  in 
all  Teut.  lang. ;  also  Fr.braies — L.  bracece, 
which  is  said  to  be  from  the  Celt.,  as  in 
Gael,  briogais,  breeches.] 

BREECH-LOADER,  brech'-lod'er,  n.  a  fire- 
arm loaded  by  introducing  the  charge  at 
the  breech. 

BREECH-PIN,  brech' -pin,  BREECH- 
SCREW,  brech'-skro,  n.  a  plug  screwed 
into  the  rear  end  of  the  barrel  of  a  breech- 
loading  firearm  forming  the  bottom  of  the 
charge  chamber.    E.  H.  Knight. 

BREECH-SIGHT,  brech'-sit,  n.  the  gradu- 
ated sight  at  the  breech  of  a  gun,  which, 
in  conjunction  vdth  the  fi-ont  sight, 
serves  to  aim  the  gun  at  an  object.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

BREED,  bred,  v.t.  to  generate  or  bring 
forth  :  to  train  or  bring  up  :  to  cause  or 
occasion. — v.i.  to  be  with  young :  to  pro- 
duce offspring :  to  be  produced  or  brought 
forth  : — jja.t.  and  pa.p.  bred. — n.  that 
which  is  bred,  progeny  or  offspring  :  kind 
or  race.  [A.S.  br6dan,  to  cherish,  keep 
warm ;  Ger.  briiten,  to  hatch ;  conn, 
with  Brew.] 

BREEDER,  bred'er,  n.  one  who  breeds  or 
brings  up. 

BREEDING,  bred'ing,  n.  act  of  producing  : 
education  or  manners. 

BREEZE,  brez,  n.  a  gentle  gale  ;  a  wind. 
[Fr.  brise,  a  cool  wind  ;  It.  brezza.] 

BREEZY,  brez'i,  adj.  fanned  with  or  subject 
to  breezes. 

BRETHREN,  brei/i'ren,  plur.  of  Brother. 

BRETON,  brit'un,  adj.  belonging  to  Brit- 
tany or  Bretagne,  in  France. 

BREVE,  brev,  n.  (lit.)  a  brief  or  short  note  : 
the  longest  note  now' used  in  music,  |0  ||. 
[It.  breve — L.  brevis,  short.  In  old  church 


music  there  were  but  two  notes,  the  long 
and  the  breve  or  short.  Afterwards  the 
long  was  disused,  and  the  brei-e  became 
the  longest  note.  It  is  now  little  used, 
the  semibreve  being  the  longest  note.] 

BREVET,  brev'et,  n.  a  mihtary  commission 
entitling  an  officer  to  take  rank  above 
that  for  which  he  receives  p^.  [Fr.,  a 
short  document — L.  brevis,  short.] 

BREVIARY,  brev'i-ar-i,  n.  book  containing 
the  daily  service  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.    [Fi-.  bremaire — L.  brevis,  short, 

BREVIER,  brev-er',  n.  a  small  type  be 
tween  bourgeois  and  minion,  orig.  used 
in  printing  breviaries. 

BREVITY,  brev'it-i,  n.,  shortness :  concise' 
ness.     [L.  brevitas — brevis,  short.] 

BREW,  broo,  v.t.  to  prepare  a  liquor,  as 
from  malt  and  other  mateiials  :  to  con- 
trive or  plot. — v.i.  to  perform  the  opera- 
tion of  brewing :  to  be  gathering  or  form- 
ing. [A.S.  breovan ;  cf.  Ger.  brauen, 
which,  like  Fr.  brasser,  is  said  to  be  from 
Low  L.  braxare,. which  is  perh.  from 
Celt,  brag,  malt.] 

BREWER,  broo'er,  n.  one  who  brews. 

BREWFIRY,  broo'er-i,  n.  a  place  for  brew- 
ing. 

BREWING,  broo'ing,  n.  the  act  of  making 
Uquor  from  malt :  the  quantity  brewed 
at  once. 

BREWIS,  broo'is,  n.  crusts  of  rye  and  In- 
dian meal  bread,  softened  with  milk  and 
eaten  with  molasses.    (Amer.) 

BRIAR-ROOT,  brl'er-rot,  n.  the  root  ol  the 
white  heath,  a  shrub  often  growing  to  a 
large  size.  The  roots  are  gathered  ex- 
tensively in  the  south  of  France  and  in 
Corsica  for  the  purpose  of  being  made  into 
the  tobacco-pipes  now  so  much  used  under 
the  name  of  briar-root  pipes.  [The  first 
part  of  this  word  is  a  corruption  of  Fr, 
bruyere,  heath.] 

BRIC-A-BRAC,  brik-a-brak,  n.  a  collection 
of  objects  having  a  certain  interest  or 
value  from  their  rarity,  antiquity,  or  the 
like,  as  old  furniture,  plate,  china,  euri 
osities  ;  articles  of  vertu.  "Two  things 
only  jarred  on  his  eye  in  his  hurried 
glance  round  the  room,  there  was  too 
much  bric-d-brac:  and  too  many  flowers." 
— H.  Kingsley.  [Fr.  according  to  Littre 
based  on  the  phrase  de  brie  et  de  broe,  by 
hook  or  by  crook,  brie  being  an  old  word 
meaning  a  kind  of  trap  for  catching  bu'ds, 
etc.,  and  broe,  a  pitcher  or  jug.  Bric-d- 
brac  would  therefore  be  literally  objects 
collected  bj'  hook  or  crook.] 

BRIBE,  brib,  n.  something  given  to  influ- 
ence unduly  tlje  judgment  or  corrupt  the 
conduct:  allurement. — v.t.  to  influence 
by  a  bribe.  [Fr.  bribe,  a  lump  of  bread — ■ 
Celt,  as  in  W.  briwo,  to  break,  briio,  a 
fragment.] 

BRIBER,  brib'er,  n.  one  who  bribes. 

BRIBERY,  brib'er-i,  n.  the  act  of  giving  or 
taking  bribes. 

BRICK,  brik,  n.  an  oblong  or  square  piece 
of  burned  clay  :  a  loaf  of  bread  in  the 
shape  of  a  brick. — v.t.  to  laj'  or  pave  with 
brick.     [Fr.  brique,  from  root  of  Break.} 

BRICKBAT,  brik'bat,  n.  a  piece  of  brick, 
[Brick  and  Bat,  an  implement  for  strik- 
ing with.] 

BRICK-KILN,  brik-kil,  n.  a  kiln  in  which 
bricks  are  burned. 

BRICKLAYER,  brik'la-er,  n.  one  who  lay^ 
or  builds  with  bricks. — n.  Brick'latino, 

BRIDAL,  brid'al,  n.  a  marriage  feast :  a 
wedding. — adj.  belonging  to  a  bride,  or 
a  wedding :  nuptial.  [Bride,  and  Ale,  a 
feast.] 

BRIDE,  brid,  n.  a  woman  about  to  be  mar 
ried :  a  woman  newly  married.  [A.S, 
bryd  ;  Ice.  brudr,  Ger.  hraut,  a  bride  :  W 
priod,  one  married.] 


BRIDECAKE 


45 


BRONZE 


BRIDECAKE,  bi-M'kak,  n.  the  bride's  cake, 
or  cake  distributed  at  a  wedding. 

BETDE-CHAMBER,  brld'-cham'ber,  n.  the 
nuptial  apartment. 

BRIDEGROOM,  brld'gr66m,n.a  man  about 
to  be  married  :  a  man  newly>  married. — 
Bride'maid,  Bride's'maid,  Bride'man, 
Bride's'man,  attendants  at  a  wedding, 
[A.S.  brydguma — guma,  a  man.] 

BRIDEWELL,  brid'wel,  n.  a  house  of  cor- 
rection. [From  a  palace  near  St.  Bride's 
Well  in  London,  afterwards  used  as  a 
house  of  correction.] 

BRIDGE,  brij,  n.  a  structure  raised  across 
a  river,  etc.  :  anytliing  like  a  bridge. — 
v.t.  to  build  abridge  over.  [A.S.  hricg ; 
Grer.  brncke.  Ice.  bryggja.'] 

BRIDGELESS,  brij'les,  adj.  without  a 
bridge  :  not  capable  of  being  spanned  as 
by  a  bridge.  "  Bridgeless  tide."— Southey. 

BRIDLE,  bri'dl,  n.  the  instrument  on  a 
horse's  head,  by  which  it  is  controlled : 
amy  curb  or  restraint. — v.t.  to  put  on  or 
manage  by  a  bridle  :  to  check  or  restrain. 
— v.t.  to  hold  up  the  head  proudly  or  af- 
fectedly. [A.S.  bridel ;  O.  Ger.  bridel, 
w^tiGDiCS  Fv  t)vzdB.\ 

BRIDLE-PATH,  bri'dl-path,  n.  a  path  or 
way  for  horsemen. 

BRIEF,  bref,  adj.,  short:  concise. — adv. 
Brtef'ly. — n.  Brief'ness. 

BRIEF,  bref.  n.  a  short  account  of  a  client's 
case  for  the  instruction  of  counsel :  a 
writ  :  a  short  statement  of  any  kind.  [Fr. 
bref — L.  brems,  short. 

BRIEFLteSS,  bref 'les,  adj.  without  a  brief. 

BRIER,  bri'er,  n.  a  prickly  shrub  :  a  com- 
mon name  for  the  wild  rose. — adj.  Bri'- 
ERY.  [M.E.  brere — A.S.  brer,  Ir.  briar, 
thorn.] 

BRIG,  brig,  n.  a  two-masted,  square-rigged 
vessel.     [Shortened  from  Briqaktine.] 

BRIGADE,  brig-ad',  n.  a  body  of  troops 
consisting  of  two  or  more  regiments  of 
infantry  or  cavalry,  and  commanded  by 
a  general-officer,  two  or  more  of  which 
form  a  division.— I'.f.  to  form  into  brig- 
ades. [Fr.  brigade — It.  brigata — LowL. 
briga,  strife.] 

BRIGADIER,  brig-a-der',  BRIGADIER- 
GENERAL,  brig-a-der'-jen'er-al,  n.  a  gen- 
eral officer  of  the  lowest  grade,  who  has 
command  of  a  brigade. 

BRIGAND,  brig'and,  n.  a  robber  or  free- 
booter. [Fr. — It.  brigante — briga,  strife.] 

BRIGANDAGE,  brig'and-aj,  n.  freeboot- 
ing :  plundering. 

BRIGANDINE,  brig'an-din,  n.  a  coat  of 
mail.  [Fr.  ;  so  called  because  worn  by 
hrigaiids.^ 

BRIGANTINE,  brig'an-tin,  11.  a  small,  light 
vessel  or  brig.  [From  BRIGAND,  because 
such  a  vessel  was  used  by  pirates.] 

BRIGHT,  brit,  adj.,  shining :  full  of  light : 
clear  :  beautifiJ  :  clever  :  illustrious. — 
adv.  Bright'lt. — n.  Bright'ness.  [A.S. 
beorht,  briht :  cog.  with  Goth,  bairhts, 
clear,  Gr.  phlego,  L.  flagro,  to  flame, 
flamina=1iag-ma.  Sans,  bhraj,  to  shine.] 

BRIGHTEN,  brit'n,  v.t.  to  make  bright  or 
brighter :  to  make  cheerful  or  joyful :  to 
make  illustrious. — v.i.  to  grow  bright  or 
brighter  :  to  clear  up. 

BRILL,  bril,  n.  a  fish  of  the  same  kind  as 
the  turbot,  spotted  with  white.  [Corn. 
brilli.  mackerel=6riWj-ei,  dim.  of  brith, 
speckled,  cognate  with  Gael,  breae, 
speckled,  a  trout.    See  Brock.] 

BRILLIANT,  bril'yant,  adj.  sparkhng  : 
glittering  :  splendid. — n.  a  diamond  of 
the  finest  cut. — adv.  Brill'IANTLY.— ns. 
Brill'iancy,  Brill'iantness.  [Fr.  bril- 
lant,  pr.p  .  of  briller,  to  shine,  which, 
like  Ger.  brille,  an  eyeglass,  is  from  Low 
L.  bei-yllus,  a  beryl.] 

BRIM,  brim,  n.  the  margin  or  brink  of  a 
river  or  lake :  the  upper  edge  of  a  vessel. 


— v.t.  to  fill  to  the  brim.— r.i.  to  be  full 
to  the  brim  -.^pr.p.  brimm'ing  ;  pa.p. 
brimmed.  [A.S.  brim,  surge,  surf,  the 
margin  of  the  sea  where  it  sounds ; 
conn,  with  O.  Ger.  brcemen,  to  hum, 
L.  freinere,  to  roar.] 

BRIMFUL,  brim'fool,  adj.  full  to  the  brim. 

BRIMMER,  bruh'er,  n.  a  bowl  full  to  the 
brim  or  top. 

BRBISTONE,  brim'ston,  n.  sulphur.  [Lit. 
bunting  stone  ;  from  A.S.  bryne,  a  burn- 
ing—bj/raaii,  to  burn,  and  Stone  ;  cf. 
Ger.  benvitein.^ 

BRINDED,  brin'ded,  BRiN'DLED,ad/.marked 
with  spots  or  streaks.     [See. Brand.] 

BRINE,  brin,  n.  salt-water  :  the  sea.  [A.S. 
bryne,  a  burning ;  appUed  to  salt  liquor, 
from  its  burning,  biting  quality.] 

BRING,  bring,  v.t.  to  fetch:  to  carry  :  to 
procure :  to  draw  or  lead.— pa.^  and 
pa.p.  brought  (brawt)..— Bring  about,  to 
bring  to  pass,  effect. — Bring  down,  to 
humble. — Bring  forth,  to  give  birth 
to,  produce. — Bring  to,  to  check  the 
coui-se  of,  as  a  ship,  by  trimming  the  sails 
so  as  to  counteract  each  other.  [A.S. 
bringan,  to  carry,  to  bring ;  allied  perh. 
to  Bear.] 

BRINK,  bringk,  n.  the  edge  or  border  of  a 
steep  place  or  of  a  river.  [Dan.  brink, 
declivity  ;  Ice.  bringr,  hillock.] 

BRINY,  brin'i,  adj.  pertaining  to  brine  or 
to  the  sea  :  salt. 

BRIONY,  bri'o-ni,  n.  same  as  Bryony. 

BRISK,  brisk,  adj.  full  of  life  and  spirit : 
active  :  effervescing,  as  Uquors. — adv. 
Brisk'ly.— ?i.  Brisk'ness.  [W.  brysg, 
nimble,  brys,  haste.  Other  forms  are 
Frisk,  Fresh.] 

BRISKET,  brisk'et,  n.  the  breast  of  an  ani- 
mal :  the  part  of  the  breast  next  to  the 
ribs.     [Fr.  brechet,  brichet — W.  brysced.] 

BRISTLE,  bris'l,  n.  a  short,  stiff  hair,  as  of 
swine. — v.i.  to  stand  erect,  as  bristles. 
[A.S.  byrst ;  Scot,  birse  ;  cog.  with  Ger. 
borste.  Ice.  burst.'] 

BRISTLY,  bris'li,  adj.  set  with  bristles: 
rough. — n.  Brist'LINESS. 

BRISTOL  MILK,  bris'tol-mUk,  a  mixed 
beverage  of  which  sherry  is  the  chief  in- 
gredient. "Plenty  of  ijrave  wine,  and 
above  all  Bristol  milk." — Pepys.  ' '  A  rich 
beverage  made  of  the  best  Spanish  wine, 
and  celebrated  over  the  whole  kingdom 
as  Bristol  jnilk." — Macaiday. 

BRITANNIA-METAL,  brit-an'i-a-met'l,  n. 
a  metallic  alloy  largely  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  spoons,  etc. 

BRITANNIC,  brit-an'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
Britannia  or  Great  Britain  :  British. 

BRITISH,  brit'ish,  adj.  pertaining  to  Great 
Britain  or  its  people. 

BRITON,  brit'on,  n.  a  native  of  Britain. 

BRITTLE,  brit'l,  adj.,  apt  to  break:  easily 
broken. — n.  Britt'leness.  [A.S.  breotan, 
to  break.] 

BROACH,  broch,  v.t.  to  pierce  as  a  cask, 
to  tap :  to  open  up  or  begin  :  to  utter. 
[Fr.  broeher,  to  pierce,  broche,  an  iron 
pin — Lat.  brocchus,  a  projecting  tooth.] 

BROACH-TURNER,  broch'-tur-nur,  n.  a 
menial  whose  occupation  it  is  to  turn  a 
broach  :  a  turnspit. 

Dishwasher  and  broach-turner,  loou  I  to  me 
Thou  smellest  all  of  kitchea  as  before. 

— Tennyson. 

BROAD,  brawd,  adj.  wide  :  large,  free  or 

open :  coarse,  indelicate. — adi'.  Broad'ly. 

— n.    Broad' NESS.      [A.S.    brad,    Goth. 

braids.] 
BROADBRIM,  brawd'brim,  n.  a  hat  with 

a  broad   brim,  such  as  those  worn   bj' 

Quakers  :  (colloq.)  a  Quaker. 
BROADCAST,  brawd'kast,   adj.   scattered 

or  sown  abroad  by  the  hani  :  dispersed 

widely. — adv.  by  tWowing  at  large  from 

the  hand. 


BROAD  CHURCH,  brawd  church,  ji.  a 
party  in  the  Church  of  England  holding 
broad  or  liberal  views  of  Christian  doo- 
trine. 

BROADCLOTH,  brawd'kloth,  n.  a  fine  kind 
of  woollen  fulled  cloth,  wider  than  twenty- 
nine  inches. 

BROADEN,  brawd'n,  v.t.  to  make  broad  or 
broader. — v.i.  to  grow  broad  or  extend  in 
breadth. 

BROAD-GAUGE,  brawd'-gaj,  n.  a  distance 
of  six  or  seven  feet  between  the  raUsof  a. 
railway,  as  distinguished  from  the  pres- 
ent standard  gauge  of  4  ft.  8i  in. 

BROADSIDE,  brawd'sid,  n.  the  side  of  a 
ship  :  all  the  guns  on  one  side  of  a  ship 
of  war,  or  their  simultaneous  discharge  •. 
a  sheet  of  paper  printed  on  one  side. 

BROADSWORD,  brawd'sord,  n.  a  cutting 
sword  with  a  broad  blade. 

BROBDINGNAGLVN,  brob-ding-na'ji-an, 
n.  an  inhabitant  of  the  fabulous  region 
of  Brobdingnag  in  "  GuUiver's  TraveLs," 
the  people  of  which  were  of  great 
stature,  hence  a  gigantic  person. — a(^}. 
gigantic. 

BROCADE,  brok-ad',  n.  a  silk  stuff  on  which 
figures  are  wrought.  [It.  broccato,  Fr. 
brocart,  from  It.  broccare,  Fr.  broeher, 
to  prick  ;  from  root  of  Broach.] 

BROCADED,  brok-ad'ed,  adj.  woven  or 
worked  in  the  manner  of  brocade : 
dressed  in  brocade. 

BROCCOLI,  brok'o-li,  n.  a  kind  of  cabbag« 
resembUng  cauliflower.  [It.  pi.  of  broooo- 
lo,  a  sprout,  dim.  of  brocco,  a  skewer, 
a  shoot — root  of  Broach.] 

BROCHURE,  bro-shoor',  n.  a  pamphlet 
[Lit.  a  small  book  stitched,  Fr. — broeher, 
to  stitch — broche,  a  needle.  See  Broach.] 

BROCK,  brok,  n.  a  badger,  an  animal  witb 
a  black  and  white  streaked  face.  [From 
the  Celtic,  as  in  Gael,  broc,  a  badger 
which  is  from  Gael,  breae,  speckled.] 

BROG,  brog,  n.  a  pointed  steel  instrument 
used  by  joiners  for  piercing  holes  iu 
wood.  [Gael,  brog,  apointed  instrument, 
as  an  awl  ;  W.  j)rocio,  to  stab.] 

BROGUE,  brog,  n.  a  stout  coarse  shoe  :  a 
dialect  or  manner  of  pronunciation,  esp. 
the  Irish.     [Ir.  and  Gael,  brog,  a  shoe.] 

BROIDER,  broid'er,  BROIDERY,  broid'- 
er-i.    Same  as  Embroider,  Ejibroidery. 

BROIL,  broil,  n.  a  noisy  quarrel :  a  con- 
fused disturbance.  [Fr.  brouiller,  to 
break  out,  to  rebel,  prob.  from  the  Celt- 
ic] 

BROIL,  broil,  v.t.  to  cook  over  hot  coals. 
— v.i.  to  be  greatly  heated.     [Etj'.  dub.l 

BROKE,  broK,  pa.t.  and  old  pa.p.  of 
Break. 

BROKEN,  hro'kn,  p.ady.  rent  asunder  :  in- 
firm :  humbled.     [From  Break.] 

BROKEN-HEARTED,  bro'kn-hart'ed,  adj. 
crushed  with  grief  :  greatly  depressed  in 
spirit. 

BROKER,  brok'er,  n.  one  employed  to  buy 
and  sell  for  others,  especially  stocks  and 
securities.  [M.E.  broeour — A.S.  brucan, 
Ger.  brauehen,  to  use,  to  profit.] 

BROKERAGE,  brok'er-aj.  ji.  the  business 
of  a  broker :  the  commission  charged  by 
a  broker. 

BROMIDE,  brom'id,  n.  a  combination  of 
bromine  with  a  base. 

BROMINE,  brom'in.  n.  an  elementary  body 
closely  allied  to  iodine,  so  called  from  its 
disagreeable  smell.  [Gr.  bromos,  a  die-, 
agreeable  odor.] 

BRONCHI.^,  brongk'i-a,  n.pl.  a  name 
given  to  the  ramifications  of  the  windr 
pipe  which  carry  air  into  the  lungs. — 
adj.  Bronch'ial.  [Gr.  bronchos,  the 
windpipe.] 

BRONCHITIS,  brongk-I'tis,  n.  inflaramar 
tion  of  the  bronchia. 

BRONZE,   bronz,  n.   a  mixture  of  copi)er 


BRONZIFY 


46 


BUDDHISM 


and  tin  used  in  various  ways  since  the 
most  aniient  times :  anything  cast  in 
bronze  :  the  color  of  bronze  :  impudence. 
— v.t.  to  give  the  appearance  of  bronze 
to  :  to  harden.  [Fr. — It.  bronzo ;  conn, 
with  bruno,  brown,  and  root  bren,  to 
burn.] 

BRONZIFY,  bronz'i-fl,  v.t.  to  represent  in 
a  bronzo  figure  or  statue :  to  cast  in 
bronze.  "St.  Michael  descending  upon 
the  Fiend  has  been  caught  and  bronzified 
just  as  he  lighted  on  the  castle  of  St. 
Angelo." — Tliackeray. 

BROOCH,  broch,  )(.  an  ornamental  pin  for 
fasteningany  article  of  dress.  [Fr.  broche, 
a  spit.    See  'Broach.] 

BROOD,  brood,  v.i.  to  sit  upon  or  cover  in 
order  to  breed  or  hatch  :  to  cover,  as  with 
wings  :  to  think  anxiously  for  a  long 
time. — v.t.  to  mature  or  cherish  with 
care. — 7i.  something  bred  :  offspring  :  the 
number  hatched  at  once.  [A.S.  brid,  a 
young  one,  esp.  a  young  bird,  from  root 
of  Breed.] 

BROOD-MAJIE,  brood'- mar,  n.  a  mare  kept 
for  breeding. 

BROOK,  brook,  n.  a  small  stream.  [A.S. 
brOe.  water  breaking  forth.] 

BROOK,  brook,  v.t.  to  bear  or  endure.  [A. 
S.  britcan,  to  use,  enjoy  ;  Gter.  brauehen, 
L.  fnior,  fi~iic-tus.] 

BRO0KLET,_broolc'let.  n.  a  little  brook. 

BROOM,  broom,  n.  a  wild  evergreen  shrub  : 
a  besom  made  of  its  twigs.     [A.S.  bro7n.] 

BR005I,  broom,  v.t.  to  sweep,  or  clear 
away,  as  with  a  broom.  "  The  poor  old 
workpeople  brooming  away  the  fallen 
leaves." — Tliackeray. 

BROOM-CORN,  broom'-corn,  n.  a  variety 
of  maize  from  the  tufts  of  which  brooms 
are  made.  Scientific  name,  Sorghum  vul- 
gare.  It  is  a  native  of  India,  and  is  now 
much  cultivated  both  in  Europe  and 
America. 

3R00MSTICK,  broom'stik,  n.  the  staff  or 
handle  of  a  broom. 

BROTH,  broth,  n.  a  kind  of  soup.  [A.S. 
broth — breoivan,  to  brew  ;  cf.  Fr.  brouet, 
O.  Ger.  prot,  and  Gael,  brod.] 

BROTHEL,  broth'el,  n.  a  house  of  Ul-fame. 
[Fr.  bordel — O.  Fr.  borde,  a  hut,  from 
the  boards  of  which  it  was  made.] 

BROTHER,  hruth'er,  n.  a  male  born  of  the 
same  parents  :  any  one  closely  united 
with  or  resembling  another :  a  fellow- 
creature  ;  also,  in  certain  religious,  bene- 
ficial, and  seci-et  societies,  a  fellow  mem- 
ber. (Amer.)  [A.S.  brodhor :  cog.  with 
Gfer.  bruder.  Gael,  brathair,  Fr.  frere, 
L.  f rater,  Sans,  bhratri ;  from  root 
bhar.  to  bear,  and  hence  brother  orig. 
meant  one  who  supports  the  familj'  after 
the  father's  death.]^ 

BROTHER-GERMAN,  bru«?i'er-jer'man,  w. 
a  brother  having  the  same  father  and 
mother,  in  contradistinction  to  one  by 
the  same  mother  only. 

BROTHERHOOD,  brui/j'er-hood,  n.  the 
state  of  being  a  brother  :  an  association 
of  men  for  any  purpose. 

BROTHER-IN-LAW,  bru<ft'er-in-law,  n. 
the  brother  of  a  husband  or  vrife  :  a  sis- 
ter's husband. 

BROTHER-LIKE,  bru^A'er-lik.  BROTHER- 
LY, bruf/i'er-U,  adj.  Uke  a  brother  :  kind  : 
affectictiate. 

BROUGHAM,  broo'am  or  broom,  n.  a  one- 
horse  close  carriage,  either  two  or  four 
wheeled,  named  after  Lord  Brougham. 

BROUGHT,  brawt,  pa.t.  and  pia.p.  of 
Bring. 

BROW,  brow,  n.  the  ridge  over  the  eyes  : 
the  forehead  :  the  edge  of  a  hiU.  [Al.S. 
brii ;  Ice.  brun,  Scot,  brae,  a  slope  ;  conn, 
with  Gr.  ophrys.] 

BROWBEAT,  brow'bet,  v.t.  to  bear  down 
with  stern  looks  or  speech  :  to  bully. 


BROWN,  brown,  adj.  of  a  dark  or  dusky 
color  inclining  to  red  or  yellow.—  n.  a 
dark  reddish  color. — v.t.  to  "make  brown 
or  give  a  brown  color  to. — adj.  Bro^vn'- 
ISH.— n.  Beovtn'ness.  [A.S.  bnmr— A.S. 
byrnan,  to  burn.] 

BRO^VNIE,  brown'i,  n.  in  Scotland,  a  kind 
of  good-natured  domestic  spirit. 

BROWN-STUDY,  brown'-stud'i,  n.  gloomy 
reverie :  absent-mindedness. 

BROWSE,  browz,  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  feed  on 
the  shoots  or  leaves  of  plants.  [O.  Fr. 
brouster  (Fr.  hrouter) — broust,  a  sprout ; 
also  Celt.     See  Brush.] 

BRUIN,  broo'in,  n.  a  bear,  so  called  from 
its  bro^ni  color.  [Dut.  bruin,  Ger. 
braiin,  brown.] 

BRUISE,  bi-6oz,  v.t.,  to  break  or  crush: 
to  leduce  to  small  fragments. — n.  a 
wound  made  by  anything  heavy  and 
blunt.  [O.  Fr.  bruiser,  from  O.  Ger. 
brcsten,  to  burst.] 

BRUISER,  brooz'er,  n.  one  that  bruises  :  a 
boxer. 

BRUIT,  broot,  n.  something  noised  abroad  : 
a  rumor  or  report. — v.t,  to  noise  abroad: 
to  report.  [Fr.  bruit — Fr.  bruire ;  cf. 
Low  L.  bnigitus,  Gr.  brueho,  to  roar  ; 
prob.  imitative.] 

BRUMOUS,  bi'66'mus,  adj.  pertaining  or 
relating  to  winter ;  hence,  foggy  :  misty: 
dull  and  sunless  ;  as,  a  brumous  climate. 
[L.  bruma,  the  winter  season.] 

BRUNETTE,  broon-et',  n,  a  girl  with  a 
brou-n  or  dark  complexion.  [Fr.  dim.  of 
briin,  brown.] 

BRUNT,  brunt,  n.  the  heat  or  shock  of  an 
onset  or  contest :  the  force  of  a  blow. 
[Ice.  bruni ;  Ger.  brunst,  heat.  See 
Burn.] 

BRUSH,  brush,  m.  an  instrument  for  re- 
moving dust,  usually  made  of  bristles, 
twigs,  or  feathers  :  a  kind  of  hair-pencil 
used  by  painters  :  brushwood :  a  skirmish 
or  encounter  :  the  tail  of  a  fox. — v.t.  to 
remove  dust,  etc.,  from  by  sweeping:  to 
touch  lightly  in  passing :  (with  off)  re- 
move.— v.i.  to  move  over  hghtly.  JTr. 
brosse,  a  brush,  brushwood — O.  Ger. 
brusta  (Ger.  burste),  ace.  to  Brachet, 
orig.  heather,  broom.    See  Browse.] 

BRUSHMAN,  brush'man,  n.  a  painter. 
How  difficult  in  artists  to  allow 
To  brother  brushnien  even  a  grain  of  merit ! 

Dr.  Wolcot. 

BRUSH^VOOD,  brush'wood,  n.  rough,  close 
bushes :  a  thicket. 

BRUSQUE,  broosk,  adj.  blunt,  abrupt  in 
manner,  rude. — n.  Brusque'ness.  [Fr. 
brusque,  rude.     See  Brisk.] 

BRUSQUERIE,broosk-re,same  as  Brusque- 
NESS.  "  Dorothea  looked  straight  before 
her,  and  spoke  witli  cold  brusquerie." — 
George  Eliot.     [Fr.] 

BRUSSELS-SPROUTS,  brus'elz-sprowts, 
n.pl.  a  variety  of  the  common  cabbage 
with  sprouts  like  miniature  cabbages. 
[From  Brussels,  whence  tlie  seeds  were 
imported.] 

BRUTAL,  broot' al,  adj.  like  a  brute  :  un- 
feeling :  inhuman. — adv.  Brut'ally. — 
n.  BRUTAL'irr. 

BRUTALIZE,  bro5t'al-iz,  BRUTIFY, 
bro6t'i-fI,  v.t.  to  make  like  a  brute,  to 
degrade. 

BRUTE,  broot,  adj.  belonging  to  the  lower 
animals  :  irrational  :  stupid  :  rude. — n. 
one  of  the  lower  animals.  [Fr.  brut — 
L.  bnitus,  dull,  irrational.] 

BRUTISH,  broot'ish,  adj.  brutal :  (B.)  un- 
wise.— adv.    Brut'ishlt. — n.    Brut'ish- 

JTESS. 

BRYONY,  bri'o-ni,  n.  a  wild  climbing 
plant.  [L.  bryonia,  Gr.  brybne,  perhaps 
from  bryo,  to  burst  forth  with,  to  grow 
rapidlv.] 

BUBBLE,    bub'l,    n.  a    bladder   of    water 


blown  out  with  air  :  anj-thing  empty  :  a 
cheating  scheme. — i-.?'.  to  rise  in  bubbles. 
[Dim.  of  the  imitative  word  blob ;  cf. 
Dut.  bobbel,  L.  bulla,  a  bubble.] 

BUBBLE  AND  SQUEAK,  bub'l  andskwek, 
n.  a  dish  consisting  of  fried  beef  and  cab- 
bage :  probably  so  called  from  the  sounds 
made  during  frving.  Sometimes  also 
used  contemptuously  for  something  spe- 
cious, deceptive,  worthless.  "Rank  and 
title  !  bubble  and  squeak  !  No  I  not  half 
so  good  as  bubble  and  squeak ;  English 
beef  and  good  cabbage.  But  foreign 
rank  and  title ;  foreign  cabbage  and 
beef !  foreign  bubble  and  foreign  squeak." 
— Lord  Lytton. 

BUCCANEER,  BUCANIER,  buk-an-er',  n. 
the  buccaneers  were  pirates  in  the  West 
Indies  during  the  seventeenth  century, 
who  plundered  the  Spaniards  chiefly. 
[Fr.  boucaner,  to  smoke  meat — Carib 
boucan,  a  woodea  gridiron.  Tlie  French 
settlers  in  the  West  Indies  cooked  their 
meat  on  a  boucan  after  the  manner  of 
the  natives,  and  were  hence  called  bou- 

CCtTiiGVS  1 

BUCCINATORY,  buk'sin-a-to-ri,  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  buccinator  or  trimipet- 
er's  muscle.  "The  buccinatory  ni\isc\es 
along  his  cheeks." — Sterne. 

BUCK,  buk,  n.  the  male  of  the  deer,  goat, 
hare,  and  rabbit  :  a  dashing  young  fel- 
low. [A.S.  buc,  bueca ;  Ger.  Bock,  a  he- 
goat.] 

BUCK,  buk,  I'.f.  to  soak  or  steep  in  lye,  a 
process  in  bleaching. — n.  Ij'e  in  which 
clotlies  are  bleached.  [From  the  Celt., 
as  in  Gael,  btiac,  cowdung,  used  in 
bleaching — bo,  a  cow;  Ger.  beuchen,  etc., 
from  the  same  source.] 

BUCKET,  buk'et,  n.  a  vessel  for  drawing 
or  holding  water,  etc.  [A.S.  bite,  a 
pitcher ;  probably  from  Gael,  bicaid,  a 
bucket.] 

BUCKLE,  buk'l,  n.  an  instrument  for  fast- 
ening shoes  and  other  articles  of  dress. — 
v.t.  to  fasten  with  a  buckle  :  to  prepare 
for  action  :  to  engage  in  close  fight. — v.i. 
to  bend  or  bulge  out :  to  engage  with 
zeal.  [Fr.  boucle,  the  boss  of  a  shield,  a 
ring — Low  L.  buecida,  dim.  of  bucca,  a 

BUCKLER,  buk'ler,  n.  a  shield  with  a 
buckle  or  central  boss.  [Fr.  bouclier — 
Low  L.  buccula.'] 

BUCKRAM,  buk'ram,  n.  coarse  cloth  stif 
fened  with  dressing. — adj.  made  of  buck- 
ram :  stiff :  precise.  [O.  Fr.  boqiieran — 
O.  Ger.  6oc,  a  goat ;  such  stuff  being  made 
orig.  of  goat's  hair.] 

BUCKSKIN,  buk'skin,  n.  a  kind  of  leather  : 
— pi.  breeches  made  of  bucksldn. — adj. 
made  of  the  skin  of  a  buck. 

BUCKWHEAT,  buk'hwet,  n.  a  kind  of 
grain  ha^^ng  three-cornered  seeds  Uke 
though  much  smaller  than  the  kernels  of 
beech-nnts.  From  buckwheat  flour  a  nu- 
tritious griddle  cake  is  made,  excellent  as 
a  winter  diet,  in  the  United  States.  [A. 
S.  bdc,  beech,  and  Wheat  ;  Ger.  buch- 
leeizen — buche,  beech,  weizeii.  com.] 

BUCOLIC,  -AL,  bu-kol'ik,  -al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  tending  of  cattle  :  pas- 
toral.— n.  a  pastoral  poem.  [L.  bucolictts 
— Gr.  boukolikos — boukolos,  a  herdsman, 
from  bcms,  an  ox,  and  perh.  the  root  of 
L.  colo,  to  tend.] 

BUD,  bud,  n.  the  first  shoot  of  a  tree  or 
plant. — v.i.  to  put  forth  buds  :  to  begin 
to  grow. — v.t.  to  graft,  as  a  plant,  by  in 
serting  a  bud  under  the  bark  of  another 
tree  : — 2^>'-P-  budd'ing  ;  jM.p.  budd'ed. 
[From  a  Low  Ger.  root,  as  in  Dut.  bot,  a 
bud.     See  BUTTON.] 

BUDDHISM,  bood'izm,  n.  the  reformed  re- 
ligion of  the  greater  part  of  Central  an\l 
E.  Asia,  so  called  from  the  title  of  it> 


BUDDHIST 


BUOYANCY 


founder,  "  the  Buddha,"  "  the  wise."  It 
has  well-nigh  supplanted  the  cruel  codes 
and  rites  of  Brahminism. 

BUDDHIST,  bood'ist,  n.  a  believer  in 
Buddhism. 

BUDGE,  buj,  v.i.  to  move  off  or  stir.  [Fr. 
bouger — It.  bnlicare,  to  boil,  to  bubble — 
L.  bullire.] 

BUDGE,  buj,  V.  lamb-skin  fur,  formerly 
used  as  an  edg^ing  for  scholastic  gowns. 
— adj.  lined  with  budge :  scholastic. 
[Doublet  of  Bag.  See  also  Budget  and 
Bulge.] 

BUDGET,  buj'et,  n.  a  sack  with  its  con- 
tents :  annual  statement  of  the  finances 
of  the  British  nation  made  by  the  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer.  [Fr.  bougette, 
dim.  of  bouge,  a  pouch — L.  bulga,  a  word 
of  Gallic  origin — root  of  Bag.] 

BUFF,  buf,  n.  a  leather  made  from  the 
skin  of  the  buffalo  :  the  color  of  buff,  a 
light  yellow  : — pi.  a  regiment  so  named 
from  their  buff-colored  facings.  [Fr. 
biiffle,  a  buffalo.] 

BUFFALO,  buf'a-lo,  n.  a  large  kind  of  ox, 
generally  wild. — Buffalo  robe,  the  skin 
of  the  buffalo  dressed  for  use.  [Sp.  brtf- 
alo — L.  bubalus,  Gr.  boubalos,  the  wild 
ox — bous,  an  ox.] 

BUFFER,  buf'er,  n.  a  cushion  to  deaden 
the  "  buff  "  or  concussion,  as  in  railway 
carriages. 

BUFFET,  bufet,  n.  a  blow  with  the  fist,  a 
slap. — v.t.  to  strike  with  the  hand  or  fist : 
to  contend  against.  [O.  Fr.  bufet — bufe, 
a  blow,  esp.  on  the  cheek ;  conn,  with 
PuFP,  Buffoon.] 

BUFFET,   bufet,  n.  a  kind  of  sideboard. 


[Fi-.  buffet :  orig.  unknown.] 
BUFFC'"-  -  ■ 


BUFFOON,  buf-oon',  n.  one  who  amuses  by 
jests,  grimaces,  etc.  :  a  clown.  [Fr.  bouf- 
fon — It.  buff  are,  to  jest,  (J.it.)  to  puff  ont 
the  cheeks.] 

BUFFOONERY,  buf-6on'er-i,  n.  the  prac- 
tices of  a  buffoon  :  ludicrous  or  wilgar 
jesting. 

BUG,  bug,  n.  an  object  of  terror  ;  applied 
loosely  to  certain  insects,  esp.  to  one 
tliat  infests  houses  and  beds :  a  beetle. 


[W.  bwg,  a  hobgoblin.] 
BUG 


BUGBEAE,  bug'bar,  n.,  an  object  of  ter- 
ror, generally  imaginary. — adj.  causing 
fright. 

BUGiGY,  bug'i,  n.  a  single-seated,  four- 
wheeled  vehicle,  with  or  without  a  top, 
drawn  by  one  or  two  horses. 

BUGLE,  bu'gl,  BUGLE-HORN,  bu'gl-horn, 
n.  a  hunting-horn,  orig.  a  buffalo-Iiorn  : 
a  keyed  horn  of  rich  tone.  [O.  Fr. — L. 
buculus,  dim  of  bos,  an  ox.] 

BUHL,  bul,  n.  unburnished  gold,  brass,  or 
mother-of-pearl  worked  into  patterns  for 
inlaying  :  furniture  ornamented  with 
sucli.  [From  Boule,  the  name  of  an 
Italian  wood-carver  who  introduced  it 
into  Fraace  in  the  time  of  Louis  XIV.] 

BUILD,  bild,  v.t.  to  erect,  as  a  house  :  to 
form  or  construct. — v.i.  to  depend  (on) : 
-  -pa.p.  built  or  build'ed. — n.  construc- 
tion :  make.  [O.  Swed.  bylja,  to  build  ; 
l3an.  bol :  A.S.  bold,  a  house.] 

BUILDER,  bild'er,  n.  one  who  builds. 

BUILDING,  bild'ing,  n.  the  art  of  erecting 
houses,  etc.  :  anything  built :  a  house. 

BUILT,  bilt,  i:).adj.  formed  or  shaped. 

BULB,  bulb,  11.  an  onion-like  root. — v.i.  to 
form  bulbs :  to  bulge  out  or  swell. — adjs. 
Bulbed,  Bul'bous. 

BULBUL,  bool'bool,  n.  the  Persian  night- 
ingale. 

BULGE,  bulj,  n.  the  bilge  or  widest  part 
of  a  cask. — v.i.  to  swell  out.  [A.S.  belgan, 
to  swell ;  Gael,  bolg,  to  swell.  See  Bilge, 
Belly,  Bag,  etc.] 

BULK,  bulk,  n.  magnitude  or  size  ;  the 
greater  part :  {of  a  ship)  the  whole  cargo 
m  the  hold.    [A  form  of  Bulge.] 


BULKHEAD,  bulk'hed,  j?.  a  partition  sep- 
arating one  part  of  a  ship  between  deckl 
from  anotlier.     [Bulk=ha.\k,  a  beam.] 

BULKY,  bulk'i,  adj.  having  bulk :  of  great 
size. — n.  Bdlk'iness. 

BULL,  bool,  n.  the  male  of  the  ox  kind  : 
a  sign  of  the  zodiac.  —  adj.  denoting 
largeness  of  size — used  in  composition, 
as  bull  -  trout.  [From  an  A.S.  word, 
found  only  in  dim.  bnlluca,  a  little  bull — 
A.S.  bellan,  to  bellow.] 

BULL,  bool,  11.  an  edict  of  the  pope  which 
has  his  seal  affixed.  [L.  bulla,  a  knob,  any- 
thing rounded  by  art ;  later,  a  leaden 
seal.] 

BULL,  bool,  n.  a  ludicrous  blunder  in 
speech.  [Perh.  in  sarcastic  allusion  to 
the  pope's  bulls.] 

BULL-BAITING,  bool'-bat'ing,  n.  the  sport 
of  baiting  or  exciting  bulls  with  dogs. 
[See  Bait.] 

BULLDOG,  bool'dog,  n.  a  kind  of  dog  of 
great  courage,  formerly  used  for  baiting 
bulls  :  a  cant  name  for  a  pistol.  "  '  1 
have  always  a  brace  of  bulldogs  about 
me.'  ...  So  saying,  he  exhibited  a  very 
handsome,  highly  finished,  and  richly 
mounted  pair  of  pistols." — Sir  W.  Scott. 
Also  a  bailiff.  "  I  sent  for  a  couple  of 
bidldogs  and  arrested  him." — Farqtiliar. 

BULLDOZE,  bool'doz,  v.t.  1,  to  administer  a 
dozen  strokes  of  a  bull  whip  or  cowhide 
to,  a  mode -of  summary  punishment  in 
some  parts  of  the  United  States,  where 
the  action  of  the  law  was  considered  too 
slack  or  dilatory ;  2,  to  intimidate  at 
elections,  as  negroes  by  the  whites,  to 
influence  their  votes  :  hence,  to  exercise 
political  inflvience  on  in  any  way.  [Recent 
American  political  slang.] 

BULLDOZER,  bool'doz-er,  n.  one  who  bull- 
dozes. 

BULLET,  bool'et,  n.  a  ball  of  lead  for  load- 
ing small  arms.  [Fr.  boulet,  dim.  of  botde, 
a  ball — L.  biUla.    See  Bull,  an  edict.] 

BULLETIN,  bool'e-tin,  n.  an  official  report 
of  public  news  ;  also  applied  to  a  sum- 
mary of  the  news,  advertised  outside  of 
the  business  offices  of  metropoUtan  daily 
newspapers.  (Amer.)  [Fr. — It.  bidletino, 
.  dim.  ot  bulla,  a  seal,  because  issued  with 
the  seal  or  stamp  of  authority.  See  BCLL, 
an  edict.] 

BULLET-PROOF,  bool'et-proof,  adj.  proof 
against  bullets. 

BULLFIGHT,  bool'fit,  n.  bull-baiting,  a 
popular  amusement  in  Spain. 

BULLFINCH,  bool'flnsh,  n.  a  species  of 
finch  a  little  larger  than  the  common 
linnet.  [Ace.  to  Wedgwood,  prob.  acorr. 
of  bud-finch,  from  its  destroying  the  buds 
of  fruit-trees.] 

BULLION,  bool  yun,  n.  gold  and  silver  re- 
garded simply  by  weight  as  merchandise. 


Bi 


'Ety.  dub.] 

FLLOCK,  bool'ok,  n.  an  ox  or  castrated 


bull.  [A.S.  btdluca,  a  calf  or  young  bull. 
See  Bull.] 

BULL'S-EYE,  boolz'-I,  n.  the  centre  of  a 
target,  ot  a  different  color  from  the  rest, 
and  usually  round ;  also  the  centre  of 
a  railroad  signal  lamp  or  semaphore. 
(Amer.) 

BULLTROUT,  bool'trowt,  n.  a  large  kind 
of  trout,  nearly  allied  to  the  salmon. 

BULLY,  bool'i,  n.,  a  blustering,  noisy,  over- 
bearing fellow. — v.i.  to  bluster. — v.t.  to 
threaten  in  a  noisy  way  -.—pr.p.  bull'y- 
ing;  pa.pi.  buU'ied.  [Dut.  bidderen,  to 
bluster ;  Low  Ger.  brdlerbrook,  a  noisy 
blustering  fellow.] 

BULRUSH,  bool'rush,  n.  a  large  strong 
rush,  which  grows  on  wet  land  or  in 
water. 

BULWARK,  bool'wark,  )i.  a  fortification 
or  rampart :  any  means  of  defence  or 
security.     [Froni  a  Teut.  root,  seen  in 


Ger.  bollwerk — root  ot  Bou:,  trunk  of 
a  tree,  and  Ger.  werfc,  work.] 

BUM,  bum,  I'.i.  to  hum  or  make  a  mur- 
muring sound,  as  a  bee  -.—pr.p.  bumm'- 
ing  ;  pa.p.  bummed'.  [Bum  =  boom, 
from  tiie  sound.] 

BUMBAILIFF,  bum'bal'if,  n.  an  under- 
bailiif. 

BUMBLE-BEE,  bum'bl-be,  n.  a  large  kind 
of  bee  that  makes  a  bummitig  or  hum 
ming  noise :  the  humble-bee.  [M.  E. 
I'Uinble,  freq.  of  Bum,  and  Bee.] 

BUMBOAT,  bum'bot,  n.  boat  for  carrying 
provisions  to  a  ship.  [Dut.  buvi-boot, 
for  bunboot,  a  boat  with  a  bnn,  or  recep- 
tacle for  keeping  fish  aUve.] 

BUMP,  bump,  v.i.  to  make  a  neavy  or  loud 
noise. — v.t.  to  .strike  with  a  dull  sound  : 
to  strike  against. — n.  a  dull,  heavy  blow  : 
a  thump  :  a  liunp  caused  by  a  blow  :  the 
noise  of  the  bittern.  [W.  putnpio,  to 
thump,  ptmnpi,  a  round  mass,  a  bump; 
from  the  sound.] 

BUMPER,  bump'er,  n.  a  cup  or  glass  filled 
till  the  liquor  swells  over  the  Drim  :  the 
buffer  of  a  railroad  car.  [A  corr.  of  bom- 
bard, bumbard,  a  large  drinking- vessel.] 

BUMPKIN,  bump'kin,  n.  an  awkward, 
clumsy  rustic  :  a  clown.  [Dut.  boom,  a 
log,  and  dim.  -KIN.] 

BUN,  bun,  n.  a  kind  of  sweet  cake :  the 
familiar  name  for  the  squirrel.  (Amer.) 
[O.  Fr.  bugne,  a  kind  of  fritters,  a  form 
of  bigne,  a  swelling,  and  found  also  in 
beignet,  a  fritter ;  cf.  Scot,  bannock ; 
conn,  with  BUNION  and  BuNCH,  the  orig. 
meaning  being  a  su'clling.] 

BUNCH,  bunsh,  ii.  a  number  of  things  tied 
together  or  growing  together  :  a  cluster: 
something  in  the  form  of  a  tuft  or  knot. — 
v.i.  to  swell  out  in  a  bunch.  [O.  Sw.  and 
Dan.  bunke,  Ice.  bunki,  a  heap — O.  Sw. 
bunga,  to  strike,  to  swell  out.] 

BUNCHY,  bvmsh'i,  adj.  growing  in  bunches 
or  like  a  bunch. 

BUNCOMBE,  bung'kum,  n.  pret<;nded  en- 
thusiasm :  fictitious  sympathj'.     (Amer.) 

BUNDLE,  bun'dl,  n.  a  number  of  tilings 
loosely  bound  together. — v.t.  to  bind  or 
tie  into  bundles.  [A.S.  byndel — from 
the  root  of  Bind.] 

BUNG,  bung,  n.  the  stopper  of  the  hole  in  a 
barrel:  a  large  cork. — v.t.  to  stop  up  with 
a  bung.     [Ety.  dub.] 

BUNGALOW,  bung'ga-16,  n.  a  country- 
house  in  India.  [Pers.,  "  belonging  to 
Bengal."] 

BUNGLE,  buDg'l,  n.  anything  clumsily 
done :  a  gross  blunder. — v.i.  to  act  in  a 
clumsy,  awkward  manner. — r.f.  to  make 
or  mend  clumsily  :  to  manage  awkwardly. 
— 11.  Bungl'er.  [Perh.  freq.  of  bang :  cf. 
O.  Sw.  bunga,  to  strike,  bangla,  to  work 
ineffectually.] 

BUNION,  bun'jim,  n.  a  lump  or  inflamed 
swelling  on  "the  ball  of  the  great  toe. 
[From  root  of  BuN.] 

BUNK,  bungk,  ?;.  a  wooden  case  used  in 
country  taverns  and  in  offices,  which 
serves  for  a  seat  during  the  day,  and  for 
a  bed  at  night :  a  sailor's  sleeping  berth  : 
a  berth  or  rude  bed  in  a  lumber  camp,  on 
construction  trains  ^with  boarding  cars, 

BUNTING,  bunt'ing,  n.  a  thin  woollen 
stuff  of  which  ships'  colors  are  made :  a 
kind  of  bird.     [Ety.  dub.] 

BUOY,  bwoi,  n.  a  floating  cask  or  light 
piece  of  wood  fastened  by  a  rope  or  chain 
to  indicate  shoals,  the  position  of  a  ship's 
anchor,  etc.— r.<.  to  fix  buoys  or  marks  : 
to  keep  afloat,  bear  up.  or  sustain.  [Dut. 
boei,  Duoy,  fetter,  through  Romance 
forms  (Norman,  bote),  from  O.  L.  boia,  a 
collar  of  leather — L.  bos,  ox.] 

BUOYANCY,  bwoi'an-si,  n.  capacity  for 
floating  lightly  on  water  or  in  the  air; 


BUOYANT 


48 


BUTLER 


specific  lightness :  {fig.}  lightness  of 
spirit,  cheerfulness. 

BUOYANT,  bwoi'ant,  adj.  light :  cheerful. 

BUR,  BURR,  bur,  n.  the  prickly  seed-case 
or  head  of  certain  plants,  which  sticks 
to  clothes :  the  rough  sound  of  r  pro- 
nounced in  the  throat.  [Prob.  E.,  but 
with  cognates  in  many  lang.,  as  Swed. 
borre,  a  searurchin,  L.  burrce,  trash — 
from  a  root  signifying  rough.] 

BURBOT,  bur'bot,  n.  a  fresh-water  fish, 
like  the  eel,  having  a  longish  heard  on  its 
lower  jaw.  [Fr.  barbate — L.  barba,  a 
beard.] 

BURDEN,  bur'dn,  n.  a  load  :  weight :  car- 
go :  that  which  is  grievous,  oppressive, 
or  difficult  to  bear. — v.t.  to  load  :  to  op- 
press: to  encumber.  jA.S.  byrthen — 
beran,  to  bear.] 

BURDEN,  bur'dn,  n.  part  of  a  song  re- 
peated at  the  end  of  every  stanza,  refrain. 
[Fr.  bourdon,  a  hiunming  tone  in  music 
— Low  L.  burdo,  a  drone  or  non-working 
bee.] 

fcURDENOUS,  bur'dn-us,  adj.  burdensome. 

BURDENSOME,  bur'dn-sum,  adj.  heavy: 
oppressive. 

BURDOCK,  bur'dok,  n.  a  dock  with  a  bur 
or  prickly  head. 

BUREAU,  biir'6,  n.  a  writing-table  or  chest 
of  drawers,  orig.  covered  with  dark  cloth : 
a  room  or  office  where  such  a  table  is  used  ; 
a  department  for  the  transacting  of  public 
business  : — pi.  Bueeaux,  bQr'o,  BUREAUS, 
biir'oz.  [O.  Fr.  buret,  coarse  russet  cloth 
— L.  burnis,  dark  red  ;  cf.  Gr.  pyrrhos, 
flame-colored— 4>^r  =  Fire.] 

SUREAUCRACY,  bur-o'kras-i,  n.  govern- 
ment by  officials  appointed  by  the  ruler, 
as  opposed  to  self-government  or  gov- 
ernment by  parliamentary  majority. 
[Bureau  and  Gr.  krato,  to  govern.] 

BUREAUCRATIC,  bur-6-krat'ik,  adj.  re- 
lating to,  or  having  the  nature  of  a 
bureaucracy. 

BURGAGE,  burg'aj,  n.  a  system  of  tenure 
in  boroughs,  cities,  and  towns,  by  which 
the  citizens  hold  their  lands  or  tene- 
ments, in  Great  Britain  and  Holland. 

BURGAMOT,  bur'ga-mot,  n.  same  as 
Bergamot. 

BURGEON,  bur'jun,  v.i.  same  as  Bode- 

GEON. 

BURGESS,  bur'jes,  BURGHER,  burg'er,  n. 
an  inhabitant  of  a  borough  :  a  citizen  or 
freeman :  a  magistrate  of  certain  towns. 

BURGH,  bur'o  or  burg.  n. — adj.  Bue'ghal. 

BURGIjAR,  burg'lar,  n.  one  who  breaks 
into  a  house  by  night  to  steal.  [Fr, 
bourg,  town  (— Ger.  burg,  E.  BOROUGH), 
O.  Fr.  leres — ii.  latro,  a  robber.] 

BURGLARIZE,  burg'lar-ize,  v.t.  to  steal 
from  a  residence,  church,  etc.,  in  the 
night  time.     (Amer.) 

BURGLARY,  burg'lar-i,  n.  breaking  into  a 
house  by  night  to  rob. — adj.  Burglae'- 
lous. — adv.  Burglar'iously. 

BURGOMASTER,  burg'o-mast'er,  n.  the 
chief  magistrate  of  a  German  or  a  Dutch 
burgh,  answering  to  the  English  term 
mayor.  [Dut.  bur gemeester— burg,  and 
meester,  a  master.] 

BURGUNDY,  bur'gun-di,  n.  a  French  vnne, 
so  called  from  Burgundy,  the  district 
where  it  is  made. 

BURIAL,  ber'i-al,  n.  the  act  of  placing  a 
dead  body  in  a  grave  :  interment.  [A.S. 
birgels,  a  tomb.    See  BuRT.l 

BURIN,  bur'in,  n.  a  kind  of  chisel  used  by 
engravers.     [Fr.;  from  root  of  Bore.] 

BURKE,  burk,  v.t.  to  murder,  esp.  by  sti- 
fling :  hence,  (fig.)  to  put  an  end  to  quiet- 
ly. [From  Burke,  an  Irishman  of  Lon- 
don, who  committed  the  crime  in  order 
to  sell  the  bodies  of  his  \ictinis  for  dis- 
section.] 

BURLAP,    berlap,   n.   a  coarse,    heavy, 


textile  fabric  of  jute,  flax,  manUla,  or 
hemp  used  for  bags  or  wrappers.  A 
superior  quality  is  sometimes  manufac- 
tui-ed  and  made  into  curtains. 

BURLESQUE,  bur-lesk',  n.  (lit.)  a  jesting 
or  ridiculing :  a  ludicrous  representa- 
tion.— adj.  jocular  :  comical. — v.t.  to 
turn  into  burlesque :  to  ridicule.  [Fr. 
— It.  burlesco  ;  prob.  from  Low  L.  burra, 
a  flock  of  wool,  a  trifle.] 

BURLY,  bur'li,  adj.  bulky  and  vigorous : 
boisterous. — n.  Bur'ltness.  [Prob.  Celt., 
as  in  Gael,  borr,  a  knob,  borrail=burly, 
swaggering.] 

BURN,  burn,  v.t.  to  consume  or  injure  by 
Are. — v.i.  to  be  on  fire  :  to  feel  excess  of 
heat :  to  be  inflamed  with  passion : — 
pa.p.  burned'  or  burnt. — n.  a  hurt  or 
mark  caused  by  flre. — To  burn  one's 
FINGERS,  to  suffer  from  interfering  in 
other's  affairs,  from  embarking  in  specu- 
lations, etc,  [A.S.  bi/rnan ;  Ger.  bre7i- 
nen,  to  burn  ;  akin  to  L.  ferveo,  to  glow.] 

BURNER,  burn'er,  «.  the  part  of  a  lamp  or 
gas-iet  from  which  the  flame  arises. 

BURPflNG-GLASS,  burn'ing-glas,  n.  a 
glass  so  formed  as  to  concentrate  the 
sun's  rays. 

BURNISH,  burn'ish,  v.t.  to  polish ;  to 
make  bright  by  rubbing. — n.  polish  : 
lustre.  [Fr.  brunir,  to  make  brown — 
root  of  Brown.] 

BURNISHER,  burn'ish-er,  n.  an  instru- 
ment employed  in  burnishing. 

BURNT-OFFERING,  burnt'-ofer-ing,  n. 
something  offered  and  burned  upon  an 
altar  as  a  sacrifice. 

BURR,  bur,  n.  same  as  BUR. 

BURROW,  bur'o,  n.  a  hole  in  the  ground 
dug  by  certain  animals  for  shelter  or  de- 
fence. — v.i.  to  make  holes  underground 
as  rabbits  :  to  dwell  in  a  concealed  place. 
[A  doublet  of  BOROUGH — A.S.  beorgan, 
to  protect]. 

BURROWER,  bm-'o-er,  n.  one  who  bur- 
rows :  specifically,  an  animal,  such  as  the 
rabbit,  which  excavates  and  inhabits 
burrows  or  holes  in  the  earth  :  a  bm-row- 
ing  animal. 

BURSAR,  burs'ar,  n.  one  who  keeps  the 
jpwrse, -a  treasurer  :  in  Scotland,  a  student 
maintained  at  a  university  by  funds  de 
rived  from  endowment.  [Low  L.  bursa- 
rius — bursa,  a  purse — Gr.  byrsc,  skin  or 
leather.] 

BURSARY,  burs'ar-i,  n.  in  Scotland,  the 
allowance  paid  to  a  bursar. 

BURST,  burst,  v.t.  to  break  into  pieces:  to 
break  open  suddenly  or  by  violence. — v.i. 
to  fly  open  or  break  in  pieces  :  to  break 
forth  or  &viB,y.—pa.t.  B.nA  pa.p.  burst. — 
n.  a  sudden  outbreak.  [A.S.  berstan  ;  Ger, 
bersten,  Gael,  brisd,  to  break.] 

BURTHEN,  bur'f7m,  11.  and  v.t.  same  as 
Burden. 

BURY,  ber'i,  v.t.  to  hide  in  the  ground  :  to 
place  in  the  grave,  as  a  dead  body :  to 
hide  or  blot  out  of  remembrance : — pr.p. 
bur'ying;  pa.p.  bur'ied.  [A.S.  byrgan, 
to  bury ;  Ger.  bergen,  to  hide.] 

BURYING  -  GROimo,  ber'i-ing-grownd, 
BURYING -PLACE,  ber'i-ing-plas,  n. 
ground  set  apart  for  burying  the  dead: 
a  graveyard. 

BUSH,  boosh,  n.  a  shrub  thick  with 
branches :  anything  of  bushy  tuft-like 
shape :  any  wild  uncultivated  country, 
esp.  at  the  Cape  or  in  Australia. — In  the 
United  States,  DJ  the  bush  means  in  a 
new  country  before  it  has  been  cleared 
up.  A  SUGAR  BUSH,  a  cluster  of  sugar 
maple  trees.  [M.E.  busk,  busch ;  from  a 
Teut.  root  found  in  Ger.  busch.  Low  L. 
boseus,  Fr.  bois.] 

BUSH,  boosh,  n.  the  metal  box  or  lining 
of  any  cylinder  in  which  an  axle  works. 
[Dut.  bus, — L.  buxus,  the  box-tree.] 


BUSHEL,  boosh'el,  n.  in  U.  S.,  a  dry  meas 
ure  containing  32  dry  quarts  or  31 50-4  ou- 
in.;  in  Great  Britain,  8  imperial  gallons 
or  2318-2  cu.  in.  [O.  Fr.  boissel,  from  the 
root  of  Box.] 

BUSHMAN,  boosh'man,  n.  a  settler  in  the 
uncleared  land  of  British  America  or  the 
British  colonies,  a  woodsman,  similar  to 
a  backwoodsman  in  the  United  States, 
one  of  a  savage  race  in  South  Africa. 

BUSH-RANGER,  boosh'-ranj-er,  n.  in  Aus 
traha,  a  lawless  fellow,  often  an  escaiKsc 
criminal,  who  takes  to  the  bush  and  livet 
by  robbery. 

BUSHY,  boosii'i,  adj.  full  of  bushes  :  thick 
and  spreading. — n.  Bush'iness. 

BUSILY,  biz'i-U,  adv.  in  a  busy  manner. 

BUSINESS,  biz'nes,  n.  employment :  en- 
gagement :  trade,  profession,  or  occupa- 
tion :  one's  concerns  or  affairs  :  a  matter 
or  aSair. 

BUSK,  busk,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  prepare :  to 
dress  one's  self.  [Ice.  btia,  to  prepare, 
and  -sfc,  contr.  of  sik,  the  recip.  pron.= 
self.] 

BUSK,  busk,  n.  the  piece  of  bone,  wood,  or 
steel  in  the  front  of  a  woman's  stays. 
[A  form  of  Bust.] 

BUSKIN,  busk'in,  n.  a  kind  of  half-boot 
with  high  heels  worn  in  ancient  times  by 
actors  of  tragedy  :  hence,  the  tragic  dra- 
ma as  distinguished  from  comedy. — adj. 
Busk'ined,  dressed  in  buskins,  noting 
tragedy,  tragic.     [Ety.  dub.] 

BUS?  bus,  n.  a  rude  or  playful  kiss. — v.t. 
to  kiss,  esp.  in  a  rude  or  playful  manner. 
[M.  E.  bass,  prob.  from  O.  Ger.  bussen,  to 
kiss,  but  modified  by  Fi\  baiser,  to  kiss> 
from  L.  basium,  a  kiss.] 

BUST,  bust,  n.  the  human  body  from  the 
head  to  the  waist :  a  sculpture  represent- 
ing the  upper  part  of  the  body.  [Fr.  buste 
— Low.  L.  tnistum.] 

BUSTARD,  bus'tard,  n.  a  genus  of  lai-ge 
heavy  birds,  akin  to  the  ostrich  family, 
and  of  which  the  Great  Bustard  is  the 
largest  of  Eiu-opean  land-birds.  [Fr.  bis- 
tard,  corr.  from  L.  avis  tarda,  slow  bird, 
from  the  slowness  of  its  flight.] 

BUSTLE,  bus'l,  I'.i.,  to  busy  ones  self:  to 
be  active. — n.  hurried  activity  :  stir :  tu- 
mult ;  also  a  part  of  ladies'  attire,  now 
no  longer  fashionable.  (Amer.)  [M.  E. 
buskle,  prob.  from  A.S.  bysig,  busy.] 

BUSY,  biz'i,  adj.  fully  employed  :  active 
diligent:  meddling. — i\t.  to  make  busy 
to    occupy : —  pr.p.    busying    (biz'i-ing) 
pa.p.    busied    (biz'id).  —  adv.     Bus'ily, 
Ta.S.  bysig.] 

BUSYBODY,  biz'i-bod-i,  n.  one  busy  about 
others'  affairs,  a  meddling  person. 

BUT,  but,  prep,  or  conj.  without :  except : 
besides  :  only  :  yet :  still.  [A.S.  butan, 
biutan,  without-— fce,  by,  and  utan,  out— = 
near  and  yet  outside.] 

BUT,  but,  n.  same  as  Butt. 

BUTCH,  hooch,  v.t.  to  butcher.    (Rare.) 
Take  thy  hw^e  offal  and  white  liver  hence, 
Or  in  a  twinkling  oi  this  true  blue  steel 
I  shall  be  hutching  thee  from  nape  to  rump. 
—Sir  H.  Taylor. 

BUTCHER,  booch'er,  n.  one  whose  busine.ss 
is  to  slaughter  animals  for  food  :  one  who 
dehghts  in  bloody  deeds. — v.t.  to  slaugh- 
ter animals  for  food  :  to  put  to  a  bloody 
death,  to  kill  cruelly.  [FY.  boiicher,  orig. 
one  wlio  kills  he-goats-— to?/ e,  a  he-goat  ; 
allied  to  E.  buck.] 

BUTCHER-MEAT,  hooch  er-met,  n.  the 
flesh  of  animals  slaughtered  by  butchers, 
as  distingiiished  from  fish,  fowls,  and 
game. 

BUTCHERY,  booch'er-i,  n.  great  or  cruel 
slaughter;  a  slaughter-house  or  shambles. 

BUTLER,  but'ler,  n.  a  servant  who  has 
charge  of  the  liquors,  plate,  etc. — n. 
But'lership.  [Norm.  Fr.  tnituiller,  Fr, 
bouteiller — bouteille,  a  bottle.] 


BUTT 


49 


CADUCOUS 


aD'Tl,  but,  v.i.  and  v.t.,  to  strike  with  the 
nead,  as  a  goat,  etc. — Ji.  the  thick  and 
Heavy  end  :  a  push  with  the  head  of  an 
animal  :  a  mark  to  be  shot  at :  one  who 
is  made  the  object  of  ridicule.  [O.  Fr. 
boter,  to  pusli,  strike,  from  O.  Ger.  bozen, 
to  strike  (see  Beat).] 
S0TT,  but,  n.  a  large  cask :  a  wine-butt  = 
126  gallons,  a  beer  and  sherry  butt  =.  108 
gallons.  [Fr.  hotte,  a  vessel  of  leather. 
See  Boot,  of  which  it  is  a  doublet.  Cf. 
A.S.  bytte,  a  bottle.] 

rjTTE,  but',  n.  in  the  far  West,  a  detached 
Jiill  or  ridge  rising  abruptly,  but  not 
■high  enough  to  be  called  a  mountain. 
.OJTT-END,  but'-end,  n.  the  striking  or 
heavy  end :  the  stump.  [See  Butt,  to 
strike.] 

iSUlTER,  but'er,  n.  an  oily  substance  ob- 
tained from  cream  by  churning. — v.t.  to 
spread  over  with  butter.  [A.S.  buter ; 
Ger.  butter ;  both  from  L.  butnrum — Gr. 
boutyron — boiis,  ox,  tyros,  cheese.] 

"SUTTERCUP,  but'er-kup,  n.  a  plant  of  the 
crow-foot  genus,  with  a  e?tp-Uke  flower 
of  a  golden  yellow,  Mke  butter. 

BUTTERFLY,  but'er-fll,  n.  the  name  of 
an  extensive  group  of  beautiful  winged 
insects,  so  called  perh.  from  the  butter- 
hke  color  of  one  of  the  species. 

BUTTERIira,  but'er-en,  n.  an  artificial  fat- 
ty compound,  sold  as  a  substitute  for  but- 
ter, and  upon  the  manufacture  and  sale 
of  which  an  internal  revenue  tax  is  now 
imposed  in  the  United  States. 

BUTTERMILK,  but'er-milk,  n.  the  milk 
that  remains  after  the  butter  has  been 
separated  from  the  cream  by  churning. 

BUTTER-WEIGHT,  but'er-wat,  n.  more 
than  full  weight :  a  larger  or  more  liberal 
allowance  than  is  usual  or  stipulated  for  : 
from  an  old  local  custom  of  allowing  18 
lo  23  oz.  to  the  pound  of  butter.     Sivift. 

ISUTTERY,  but'er-i,  n.  a  storeroom  in  a 
house  for  provisions,  esp.  liquors.  [Fr. 
bouteillerie,  ht.  "  place  for  bottles."  See 
Butler,  Bottle.] 

eUTTHORN,  but'thorn,  n.  a  kind  of  star- 
fish, Asterias  aurantiaca.  [The  first 
part  of  the  word  is  prob.  the  but  of 
halibut,  the  second  part  from  its  spiny 
surface.] 

BUTTOCK,  but'ok,  n.  the  rump  or  pro- 
tuberant part  of  the  body  behind.  [Dim. 
of  Butt,  end.] 

BUTTON,  but'n,  n.  a  knob  of  metal,  bone, 
etc.,  used  to  fasten  the  dress  by  means  of 
a  buttonhole :  the  knob  at  the  end  of  a 
foU. — v.t.  to  fasten  by  means  of  buttons. 
[Fr.  bouton,  any  small  projection,  from 
bender,  to  push;  cf.  W.  botwm,  a  button.] 

BUTTRESS,  but'res,  n.  a  projecting  sup- 
port built  on  to  the  outside  of  a  wall : 
any  support  or  prop. — v.t.  to  prop  or  sup- 
port, as  by  a  buttress.  [Prob.  from  O. 
Fr.  Irretesche,  a  battlement.] 

BUXOM,  buks'um,  adj.  yielding,  elastic : 
gay,  li.vely,  jolly.  [M.E.  buhsum,  plia^ 
ble,  obedient — ^A.S.  bugan,  to  bow,  jdeld, 
and  affix  smne.} 

BtJY,  bl,  v.t.  to  purchase  for  money :  to 
bribe :^jr.p.  buy'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
bought  (bawt).  [A.S.  bycgan;  Goth. 
bugjan.'\ 

BUYABLE,  bfarbl,  adj.  capable  of  being 
bought  or  of  being  obtained  for  money. 
•'The  spiritual  fire  which  is  in  that  man 
.  .  .  .  is  not  buyable  nor  salable." — 
Carlyle. 

BUYER,  brer,  n.  one  who  buys :  a  pur- 
chaser. 

BUZZ,  buz,  v.i.  to  make  a  humming  noise 
like  bees. — v.t.  to  whisper  or  spread  se- 
cretly :  familiar  slang  for,  to  address  a 
young  lady  in  coquetry  (Amer.). — n.  the 
noise  of  bees  and  flies :  a  whispered  re- 
port.    [From  the  sound.] 

D 


BUZZARD,  buz'ard,  n.  a  bird  of  prey  of 
the  falcon  family :  a  blockhead.  [ Fr. 
busard — L.  buteo,  a  kind  of  falcon.] 

BY,  bl,  prep,  at  the  side  of:  near  to; 
through,  denoting  the  agent,  cause, 
means,  etc. — adv.  near  :  passing  near : 
in  presence  of :  aside,  away. — By  and 
BY,  soon,  presently. — By  the  bye,  by 
the  way,  in  passing.  [A.S.  bi,  big;  Ger. 
bei,  L.  ambi,  Gr.  amphi.  Sans.  abhi.'\ 

BY-FORM,  bl'-form,  n.  a  form  of  a  word 
sUghtly  varying  from  it.     [Prep.  By.] 

BYGONE,  bl'gon,  BY-PAST,  bl'-past,  adj. 
past. — n.  a  past  event. 

BYLAW,  bi'law,  n.  the  law  of  a  city, 
town,  or  private  corporation  :  a  supple- 
mentary law  or  regulation.  [From  Ice. 
byar-log,  Dan.  by-lov,  town  or  municipal 
law ;  Scot,  bir-law ;  from  Ice.  bua,  to 
dwell.  See  Bower.  By,  town,  is  a  suf- 
fix in  many  place-hames.  The  form  by 
in  bylaw,  esp.  in  its  secondary  meaning, 
is  generally  contused  with  the  prepj^ 

BYNAME,  bi'nam,  n.  a  nickname.  [Prep. 
By.] 

BYPATH,  bfpath,  n.  a  side  path.  [Prep. 
By.] 

BYPLAY,  bl'pla,  n.  a  scene  carried  on, 
subordinate  to,  and  apart  from,  the  main 
part  of  the  play.     [Prep.  By.] 

BY-PRODUCT,  bi'-prod-ukt,  n.  a  second- 
ary or  additional  product :  something 
produced,  as  in  the  course  of  a  manu- 
facture, in  addition  to  the  principal  prod- 
uct or  material ;  as,  wood-tar  is  obtained 
as  a  by-product  in  the  destructive  distilla- 
tion of  wood  for  the  manufacture  of 
wood-vinegar  or  wood-spirit. 

BYROAD,  bi'rod,  n.  a  retired  sideroad. 

BYSTANDER,  bi'stand'er,  n.  one  who 
stands  by  or  near  one :  hence,  a  looker- 
on. 

BYWAY,  bl'wa,  n.  a  private  and  obscure 
way. 

BYWORD,  bl'wurd,  n.  a  common  saying  : 
a  proverb.  

BYZANT,  biz-ant,  BYZANTINE,  biz'an- 
tln,  n.  a  gold  coin  of  the  Greek  empire, 
struck  at  Byzantium  or  Constantinople, 
valued  at  75  dollars. 


c 


CAB,  kab,  n.  short  for  Cabriolet.  . 

CAB,  kab,  n.  a  Hebrew  dry  measure  =■ 
nearly  3  pints  [Heb.  kab — kabab,  to 
hollow.] 

CABAL,  kar-bal',  n.  a  small  party  vmited 
for  some  secret  design  :  the  plot  itself. — 
v.i.  to  form  a  party  for  a  secret  purpose  : 
to  plot : — pr.p.  caball'ing ;  pa.p.  ca- 
balled'.— n.  Caball'er,  a  plotter  or  in- 
triguer.   [Fr.  cabale ;  from  Cabala.] 

CABALA,  kab'a-la,  n.  a  secret  science  of 
the  Jewish  Rabbis  for  the  interpretation 
of  the  hidden  sense  of  Scripture. — n.  Cab'- 
alist,  one  versed  in  the  cabala.  [ChaL 
kabbel,  to  receive.] 

CABBAGE,  kab'aj,  n.  a  well-known  kitch- 
en vegetable.  [Fi-.  cabus,  headed  {choux 
cabus,  a  cabbage) ;  from  L.  caput,  the 
head.] 

CABIN,  kab'in,  n.  a  hut  or  cottage  :  a  small 
room,  especially  in  a  ship. — v.t.  to  shut 
up  in  a  cabin.  [W.  cab,  caban,  a  rude 
little  hut.] 

CABINET,  kab'in-et,  n.  a  small  room  or 
closet :  a  case  of  drawers  for  articles  of 
value :  a  private  room  foi;  consultation 
— hence  THE  Cabdtet,  the  advisers  of  the 
President. 

CABINET,  kab'in-et,  adj.  confidential :  se- 
cret :  private.  In  accordance  with  this 
sense  the  term  cabinet  council  was  long 


in  general  use  before  it  became  specifi- 
cally appUed  in  poUtics. 

Those  are  cabinet  councils, 
And  not  to  be  communicated. — Massinger. 
Others  still  gape  t'  anticipate 
The  cabinet  designs  of  FaXe.—Hudibrtu.} 

CABINET-MAKER,  kaVin-et-mak-er,  n.  a 
maker  of  cabinets  and  other  fine  fm-ni- 
ture. 

CABLE,  ka'bl,  n.  a  strong  rope  or  chain 
which  ties  anything,  especially  a  ship  to 
her  anchor :  a  nautical  measure  of  100 
fathoms.  [Fr. — Low  h.caplum,  a  halter 
— capio,  to  hold.] 

CABOOSE,  ka-boos',  n.  the  kitchen  or 
cooking-stove  of  a  ship.  [Dut.  kombuis, 
a  cook's  room.] 

CABRIOLET,  kab-ri-o-la',  n.  a  covered  car- 
riage with  two  or  four  wheels  drawn  by 
one  horse.  [Fr.  cabriole,  formerly  cap- 
riole, the  leap  of  a  kid  ;  the  springing 
motion  being  implied  in  the  name  of 
the  carriage — L.  capra,  a  she-goat.] 

CACAO,  ka-ka'o,  n.  the  chocolate-tree, 
from  the  seeds  of  which  chocolate  is 
made.    [Mex.  kakahuatl.] 

CACAO-BUTTER,  ka-ka'o-but-er,  n.  the 
oil  expressed  from  the  seeds  of  the  choco- 
late-tree (Tlieobroma Cacao).  [See  Cacao.] 

CACHINNATION,  kak-m-a'shun,  n.,  loud 
laughter.  [L.  cachinno,  to  laugh  loudly 
— from  the  sound.] 

CACKLE,  kak'l,  n.  the  sound  made  by  a 
hen  or  goose. — v.i.  to  make  such  a  sound. 
[E. ;  cog.  with  Dut.  kakelen — from  the 
sound.] 

CACODOXY,  kak'o-dok-si,  n.  a  false  or 
wrong  opinion  or  opinions ;  erroneous 
doctrine,  esp.  in  matters  of  religion  : 
heresy.  [Gr.  kakos,  bad,  and  doxa,  doc- 
trine.] 

CACOGASTRIC,  kak'o-gas-trik,  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  disordered  stomach  or  dys- 
pepsia :  dyspeptic.  "  The  woes  that 
chequer  this  imperfect  cacogastric  state 
of  existence." — Carlyle.  [Gr.  kakos,  bad, 
and  gaster,  the  stomach.] 

CACOPHONY,  ka-kof'6-ni,  n.  a  bad,  dis- 
agreeable sound;  discord  of  sounds. — 
adj.  Cacoph'onous.  [Gr.  kakos,  bad, 
phone,  sound.] 

CACTUS,  kak'tus,  n.  an  American  plant, 
generally  with  prickles  instead  of  leaves, 
fGr.] 

CAD,  kad,  n.  a  low  fellow.  [Short  for 
Cadet.] 

CADASTRE,  ka-das'ter,  n.  the  head  survey 
of  the  lands  of  a  country  :  an  ordnance 
survey. — adj.  Cadas'tral.  [Fr. — LowL. 
capitastrum,  register  for  a  poll-tax — L, 
caput,  the  head.] 

CADAVEROUS,  ka-dav'er-us,  adj.  looking 
like  a  dead  body:  sickly-looking.  [L, 
cadaver,  a  dead  bod3' — cado,  to  fall  dead.] 

CADDY,  kad'i,  n.  a  small  box  for  holding 
tea.  [Malay  kati,  the  weight  of  the 
small  packets  in  which  tea  is  made  up.] 

CADE,  kad,  n.  a  barrel  or  cask.    [L.  cadus, 

CADENCE,  ka'dens,  n.  (lit.)  a  falling:  the 
fall  of  the  voice  at  the  end  of  a  sentence : 
tone,  sound,  modulation.  [Fr. — L.  cado, 
to  fall.] 

CADET,  ka-det',  n.  the  younger  or  youngest 
son  :  iu  the  army,  one  who  serves  as  % 
private  in  order  to  become  an  officer : 
a  student  in  a  military  school. — n.  Cadet' 
SHIP.  [Fr.  cadet,  fonnerlj'  capdet — Low 
L.  capilettum,  dim.  of  caput,  the  head. 
See  Captain.] 

CAJ)I,  ka'di,  7i.  a  judge  in  Mohammedan 
countries.     [Ar.  kadhi,  a  judge.] 

CADRE,  kaKlr,  n.  a  list  of  the  commissioned 
and  non-commissioned  officers  of  a  regi- 
ment forming  the  staff  :  the  skeleton  of 
a  regiment :    the  staff.      [Fr.,  from  L. 

■  quadrum,  a  square.] 

CADUCOUS,  kardu'kus,  adj.,  falling  ea.rly. 


C^SARISM 


50 


CALX 


as  leaves  or  flowers.    [L.  caducus — oado, 

to  fall.] 
CiESAIlISJI,   se'zer-izm,  7i.  a    system    of 

government  resembling  that  of  a  Caesar 

or  emperor :  despotic  sway  exercised  by 

one  who  has  been  put  in  power  by  the 

popular  will :  imperialism. 
CiESURA,  CESURA,  se-zu'ra,  n.  a  syllable 

cut  off  at  the  end  of  a  word  after  the 

completion  of  a  foot :  a  pause  in  a  verse. 

—adj.  C^sifRAL.     [L. — ccedo,  coesum,  to 

cut  off.j 
CAFFEINE,    kafe-in   cr   kaf-e'in,  n.    the 

active  principle  of  cofifee  and  tea.    [Fr. 


'ersian  or  Turkish 


cafeine'.    See'CoFFEE.l 

CAFTAN,  kaftan,  n.  aB 
vest. 

CAGE,  kaj,  n.  a  place  of  oonflnement :  a 
box  made  of  wire  and  wood  for  holding 
birds  or  smrll  animals.  [Fr. — L.  cavea, 
a  hollow  place.] 

CAIRN,  karn,  n.,  a  heap  of  stones,  esp.  one 
raised  over  a  grave.     [Celt,  karn.] 

CAITIFF,  ka'tif,  n.  a  mean,  despicable 
fellow. — adj.  mean,  base.  [O.  Fr.  caitif 
(Fr.  clietif) — L.  captivits,  a  captive — 
ccwio,  to  take.] 

CAJOLE,  ka-jol ,  v.t.  to  coax  :  to  cheat  by 
flattery. — ns.  Cajoier,  ka-jol'er,  Ca- 
jolery, ka-jol'er-i.  [Fr.  cajoler,  O.  Fr. 
cageoler,  to  chatter  like  a  bird  in  a 
Cage.] 

(CAKE,  kak,  n.  a  piece  of  dough  that  is 
baked  or  cooked :  a  smaU  loaf  of  fine 
bread:  any  flattened  mass  baked  hard. 
— v.t.  to  form  into  a  cake  or  hard  mass, 
—v.i.  to  become  baked  or  hardened. 
[Sw,  kaka,  Grer.  kuchen — kochen;  all 
borrowed  from  L.  coquo,  to  cook.] 

CALABASH,  kal'a-bash,  n.  a  vessel  made 
of  a  dried  gourd-zhaM :  the  gourd.  [Sp. 
calabaza,  the  gourd — ^Ar.  qar  aybas, 
dried  gourd.] 

CALAillTOUS,  kal-am'i-tus,  adj.  making 
^^Tetched  :  disastrous. 

CALAMITY,  kal-am'i-ti,  n.  a  great  misfor- 
tune :  aflliction,  [Fr.  calamite — L.  calam- 
itas.    Ety.  dub.] 

CALA5IUS,  kal'a-mus,  n.  an  Indian  sweet- 
scented  grass. 

CALASH,  ka-lash',  n.  a  light  low-wheeled 
carriage  with  a  folding  top :  a  hood  worn 
by  ladies  to  protect  their  bonnets.  [Fr. 
caliche — (ier.  kalesche ;  of  Slav,  origin, 
as  Bohem,  kolesa,  Russ.  kolo,  a  wheel.] 

CALCAREOUS,  kal-ka're-us,  adj.  like  or 
containiug  chalk  or  lune. — n.  Calca're- 
ousNESS.    [L.  calcarius,  from  calx.] 

CALCINE,  kal-sin'  or  kal'sjn,  v.t.  to  re- 
duce to  a  calx  or  chalky  powder  by  the 
action  of  heat, — v.i.  to  become  a  calx  or 
powder  by  heat. — n.  Calcination,  kal- 
Bin-a'shun. 

GALCIUM,  kal'si-um,  n.  an  elementary 
substance  present  in  limestone  and  chalk, 
[L.  calx,  cnalkj 

>JALC0GRAPHY;  kal-kog'ra-a,  n.  a  style 
of  engraving  like  chalk-drawing. — adj. 
Calcogeaph'ical.  [L.  calx,  and  Gr. 
graphs,  writing — grapho,  to  write.] 

CALCULATE,  kal'kti-lat,  v.t.  to  count  or 
reckon :  to  adjust. — v.i.  to  make  a  calcu- 
lation :  to  estimate. — acfj.  Cal'culable. 
[L.  calculo,  to  reckon  by  help  of  little 
stones — calculus,  dim.  of  calx,  a  little 
stonej 

CALCULATION,  kal-ku-la'shun,  n.  the  art 
or  process  of  calculating :  estimate. 

CALCULATIVE,  kal'ku-lat-iv,  a(y.  relating 
to  calculation. 

CALCULATOR,  kal'ku-lat-or,  n.  one  who 

CALCULUS,  kal'ku-lus,  n.  one  of  the 
higher  branches  of  mathematics :  a 
stone-like  concretion  which  forms  in 
certain  parts  of  the  body.— pi.  Calculi, 
kal'ku-li 


CALDRON,  kawl'dron,  n.  a  large  kettle 
for  boiling  or  heating  Uquids.  [L.  cal- 
darium — calidus,  hot — caleo,  to  grow 
hot.j 

CALEDONIAN,  kal-e-do'ni-an,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Caledonia  or  Scotland. 

CALENDAR,  kal'en-dar,  n.  a  register  of 
the  months :  an  almanac  :  a  list  of  crimi- 
nal causes  for  trial.  [L.  calendaris,  re- 
lating to  the  calends — calendce.] 

CALENDER,  kal'en-der,  n.  (a  corruption  of 
Cylinder)  a  press  consisting  of  two  rollers 
for  smoothing  and  dressing  cloth :  a  per- 
son who  calenders,  properly  a  calendrer. 
— v.t.  to  dress  in  a  calender.  [Gr.  kylin- 
dros — kylindo,  to  roll.] 

CALENDS  kal'endz,  n.  among  the  Romans, 
the  first  day  of  each  month.     [L.  calendce 
— caJo,      .  kaleo,  to  call,  because  the  be 
ginning  of  the  month  was  proclaimed.] 

CALENTURE,  kal'en-tur,  n.  a  kind  of 
fever  or  delirium  occurring  on  board  ship 
in  hot  climates.  [Fr.  and  Sp. — L.  caleo, 
to  be  hot.] 

CALF,  kaf,  n.  the  young  of  the  cow  and  of 
some  other  animals :  a  stupid,  cowardly 
person. — pi.  Calves,  kavz.  [A.S.  cealf  ; 
Ger.  kalb,  Goth,  kalbo.] 

CALF,  kaf,  n.  the  thick  fleshy  part  of  the 
leg  behind  :  also  calf-skin  leather  ;  as,  a 
book  bound  in  calf.  [Ice.  kalfl;  perh.  the 
same  word  as  the  preceding,  the  root 
idea  being  to  be  fat,  thick.] 

CALF-LOVE,  kaf'-luv,  n.  a  youthful,  ro- 
mantic passion  or  affection,  as  opposed 
to  a  serious,  lasting  attachment  or  love. 
"  It's  a  girl's  fancy,  just,  a  kind  o"  calf- 
love :  let  it  go  by." — Mrs.  Oaskell. 

CALIBRE,  CALIBER,  kal'i-ber,  n.  the  size 
of  the  bore  of  a  gun  :  diameter :  intel- 
lectual capacity.  [Fr.  calibre,  the  bore 
of  a  gun  ;  It.  calibro.] 

CALICO,  kal'i-ko,  n.  cotton  cloth  first 
brought  from  Calicut  in  the  East  In- 
dies. 

CALIF,  CALIPH,  kalif  or  kal'if,  n.  the 
name  assumed  by  the  successors  of  Mo- 
hammed. [Pr. — Ar,  khalifah,  a  suc- 
cessor.! 

CALIFATE,  CALIPHATE,  kal'if-at,  n.  the 
office,  rank,  or  government  of  a  caUf. 

CALIGINOSITY,  ka-hj'i-nos'i-ti,  n.  dim- 
ness, obscurity,  hidden  meaning.  "  I  dare 
not  ask  the  oracles  ;  I  prefer  a  cheerful 
caliginosity,  as  Sir  Thomas  Browne  might 
say." — George  Eliot. 

CALIGRAPHY,  CALLIGRAPHY,  ka-lig'- 
ra-fi,  «.,  beautiful  haxiA-ioriting.  [Gr.  kcu- 
los,  beautiful  (akin  to  E.  hale),  graphe, 
writing.] 

CALIPERS,  kal'i-perz,  CALIPER -COM- 
PASSES, kal'i-per-kiim'pas-ez,  n.  com- 
passes with  bent  legs  for  measuring  the 
diameter  of  bodies.  [Corr.  of  Cauber.] 

CALISTHENICS,  CALLISTHENICS,  kal- 
is-then'iks,  n.  exercises  for  the  purpose 
of  promoting  gracefulness,  as  well  as 
strength  of  body. — arf/.CALlSTHEN'ic.  [Gr. 
kalos,  beautiful,  sthenos,  strength.] 

CALIX.    See  Calyx. 

CALK,  kawk,  v.t.  to  stuff  (as  if  pressed 
loith  the  foot)  oakum  into  the  seams  of  a 
ship  to  make  it  water-tight :  to  roughen 
a  horse's  shoe  to  keep  it  from  slipping. — 
n.  Calk'er.  [O.  Fr.  cauquer — L.  calcare, 
to  tread  under  foot — ealx,  the  heel.] 

CALL,  kawl,  v.i.  to  cry  aloud  :  to  make 
a  short  visit. — v.t.  to  name  :  to  summon: 
to  appoint  or  proclaim. — n.  a  summons 
or  invitation  :  an  impulse :  a  demand  : 
a  short  visit :  a  shrill  whistle  :  the  cry 
of  a  bird.  [A.S.  ceallian  :  Ice.  kalla,  Gr. 
ger-,  in  geryein,  to  proclaim.] 

CALLING,  kawl'ing,  n.  that  to  which  a 
person  is  called  (by  a  divine  voice,  as  it 
were)  to  devote  his  attention ;  trade  : 
profession  :  occupation 


CALLOSITY,  kal-os'i-ti,  n.  a  hard  sweiling 
on  the  skin.  [L.  callositas — callus,  hare 
skin.] 

CALLOUS,  kal'us,  adj.,  hardened  :  unfeel- 
ing or  insensible. — adv.  CAli  OUSLY— 
n.  Call'ousness. 

CALLOW,  kal'o,  adj  not  covered  witk 
feathers  :  unfledged.  [A.S.  calu  :  Dut 
kaat,  L.  calvus,  bald.] 

CALM,  kam,  adj.  still  or  quiet :  serene 
tranquil. — n,  absence  of  wind :  repose  , 
serenity. — v.t.  to  make  calm:  to  quiet 
—  adv.  Calm'ly. — n.  Calm'ness.  [Fr, 
calme  :  from  Low  L.  cauma. — Gr.  kauma, 
noonday  heat — kaio,  to  burn.] 

CALOMEL,  kal'o-mel,  n.  a  preparation  of 
mercury  much  used  as  a  medioine  :  the 
white  subhmate  got  by  the  application 
of  heat  to  a  mixture  of  mercury  and 
corrosive  sublimate,  which  is  black.  [Gr. 
kalos,  fair,  melas,  black.] 

CALORESCENCE,  kal-o-res'ens,  n.  mphys 
ics,  the  transmutation  of  heat  rays  into 
others  of  higher  refrangibility ;  a  pe- 
culiar transmutation  of  tlie  in^^sible  cal- 
orific rays,  observable  beyond  the  red 
rays  of  the  spectrum  of  solar  and  elec- 
tric light,  into  \isible  luminous  rays,  by 
passing  them  through  a  solution  of  io- 
dine in  bisulphide  of  carbon,  which  in- 
tercepts the  luminous  rays  and  transK 
mits  the  calorific.  The  latter,  whec 
brought  to  a  focus,  produce  a  heat  strong 
enough  to  ignite  combustible  substances, 
and  to  heat  up  metals  to  incandescence ; 
the  less  refrangible  calorific  rays  being 
converted  into  rays  of  higher  refrangi- 
biUty,  whereby  they  become  luminous, 
[L.  calor,  heat.] 

CALORIC,  ka-lor'ik,  n.,  heat:  the  supposed 
principle  or  cause  of  heat.  [L.  calor- 
heat— -ca/eo,  to  be  hot.] 

CALORIFIC,  kal-or-if  ik,|a£f/.,  causing  heat: 
heating. — n.  Calorifica'tion,  [L.  calor 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

CALOTTE,  ka-lot',  n.  a  skull-cap :  esp.  a 
skull-cap  worn  bv  ecclesiastics.     [Fr.  j 

CALOTYPE,  kal'o-tip,  n.  a  kind  of  photog- 
raphy. [Gr.  kalos,  beautiful,  typos,  an 
image.] 

CALOTYPIST,    kal'o-tip-ist,    n.  one    who 
takes  photographs  by  the  calotype  pro- 
cess :  in   the  extract  used    loosely   and 
equivalent  to  photographer. 
I  imprint  her  fast 
On  the  void  at  last. 
As  the  sun  does  whom  he  ivUl 
By  the  calofypisVs  skill. — Brovmfng, 

CALTROP,  kal'trop,  n.  a  plant  with  prickly 
fruit :  an  instrument  armed  with  fou' 
spikes,  formerly  strewn  in  the  way  of  at 
enemy's  ca-^-alry.     [A.S.  coltrcepe.] 

CALUMET,  kal'Q-met,  n.  a  kind  of  pipe, 
smoked  by  the  American  Indians,  re- 
garded as  a  symbol  of  peace.  [Fr.— L, 
calamus,  a  reed.] 

CALUMNIATE,  ka-lum'ni-at,  v.t.  to  accuse 
falsely :  to  slander. — v.i.  to  spread  e\Tl 
reports.  —  ns.    Calum'niation,    Caldm'- 

NIATOR. 

CALUMNIOUS,   ka-lum'ni-us,  adj.  of  the 

nature    of   calumny  :   slanderous. — adv 

Calum'niously. 
CALUMNY,  kal'um-ni,  n.  false  accusation  ■ 

slander.     [L.   calumnia — calvere,   to  de 

ceive.] 
CALVE,  kav,  v.i.  to  bring  forth  a  calf 
CALVINISM,  kal'vin-izm,  n.  the  doctrines 

of  Calvin,  an  eminent  reUgious  reformer 

of  16tli  century. 
CALVINIST,  kal'vin-ist,  n.  one  who  holds 

the  doctrines  of  Calvin. 
CALVINISTIC,  kal-vin-ist'ik,  CALVDOSl 

ICAL,  kal-vin-ist'i-kal,  adj.  pertaining  tc 

Calvin  or  Calvinism. 
CALX,  kalks,  «.,  chalk  or   lime:  the  sub' 

stance  of  a  metal  or  mineral  which  r€ 

mains  after  being  subjected  to  violect 


CALYX 


51 


OANONICITY 


heat.— ^/.  Calxes,  kalk'sez,  or  Oalcbb, 
kal'sez.  [L.  calx,  a  stone,  limestone, 
lime  ;  allied  to  Gael,  carraig,  a  rock.] 

GA.LYX,  CAUX,  kal'iks  or  ka'liks,  n.  the 
outer  covering  or  cup  of  a  flower. — pi. 
Cal'yxes,  Cal'yces,  or  Cal'ices.  [L.; 
Gr.  kali/x — kali/pto,  to  cover.] 

'JAMBRIC,  kam'brik,  n.  a  kind  of  fine  white 
linen,  originally  manufactured  at  Cam- 
brail  in  Flanders. 

,^AME,  kam — did  come — past  tense  of 
Come. 

JAMEL,  kam'el,  n.  an  animal  of  Asia  and 
Africa  with  one  or  two  humps  on  its 
back,  used  as  a  beast  of  burden  and  for 
riding.  [O.  Fr.  eamel — L.  camelus — Gr. 
fcojfteZos— Heb.  gamal.] 

JAMELLIA,  ka-mel'ya,  n.  a  species  of 
evergreen  shrubs,  natives  of  China  and 
Japan.  [Named  from  Camellus,  a 
Jesuit,  said  to  have  brought  it  from  the 
East.] 

JAMELOPARD,  kam-el'o-pard  or  kam'el- 
o-pard,  11.  the  giraffe.  [L.  cameloparda- 
lis;  from  Gr.  kamelos,  the  camel,  and 
pardalis,  the  panther.] 

CAMELOT,  kam'lot,  n.  see  Camlet. 

CAMEO,  kam'e-o,  n.  a  gem  or  precious 
stone,  carved  in  relief.  [It.  cammeo ; 
Fr.  camie — Low  L.  cammceus,  traced  by 
Littre  to  Gr.  kamnein,  to  work.] 

CAMF.RA,  kam'er-a,  CAMERA  OBSCURA, 
kam'er-a  ob-skti'ra,  n.  an  instrument  for 
throwing  the  images  of  external  objects 
on  a  white  surface  placed  within  a  dark 
chamber  or  box:  used  in  photography. 


3AMF' 


CAMERATED,  kam'er-at-ed,  adj.  divided 
into  chavibers:  arched  or  vaulted. 

CABIESTRES,  ka-mes'trez,  n.  in  logic,  a 
mnemonic  word  designating  a  syllogism 
of  the  second  figure,  having  a  universal 
affirmative  major  premiss,  a  universal 
negative  minor,  and  a  universal  negative 
conclusion. 

CAMLET,  kamlet,  n.  a  cloth  originally 
made  of  camels'  hair,  but  now  chiefly  of 
wool  and  goats'  hair.  [Fr. — Low  L. 
camelofum'=-L.  camelus.] 

•:;AMOBnLE,  chamomile,  kam'S-mn,  n. 
a  plant,  or  its  dried  flowers,  used  in  medi- 
cine. [Gr.  chamaimelon,  the  earth-apple, 
from  the  apple-like  smell  of  its  blossoms 
— chamai,  on  the  gi-ound,  melon,  an 
apple.] 

CAMP,  kamp,  n.  the  ground  on  which  an 
army  pitch  their  tents  :  the  tents  of  an 
army. — v.i.  to  encamp  or  pitch  tents. 
[Fr.  camp,  a  camp — L.  campus,  a  plain.] 

CJAMPAIGN,  kam-pan',  n.  a  large  open 
field  or  plain ;  the  time  during  which  an 
army  keeps  the  field. — v.i.  to  serve  in  a 
campaign.  [Fr.  campagiie  ;  from  L.  cam- 
pania — campus,  a  field.] 

CAMPAIGN,  Kam-pan'.  v.t.  to  employ  m 
campaigns.  "An  old  soldier  .  .  .  who 
had  been  campaigned,  and  worn  out  to 
death  in  the  service." — Sterne. 

CAMPAIGNER,  kam-pan'er,  n.  one  who 
has  sen'ed  several  cam^Migns. 

CAMPANIFORM,  kam-pan'i-form,  CAM- 
PANULATE,  kam-pan'u-lat,  adj.,  in  the 
form  of  a  bell,  applied  to  flowers.  [It. 
campana,  a  bell,  and  Form.] 

-jAMP  ANILE,  kam-pan-e'la,  n.  Italian 
name  for  a  church -tower  from  which 
bells  are  hung.  [It. — campana,  a  beU, 
also  a  kind  of  balance  invented  in  Cam- 
pania.] 

CAMPANOLOGY,  kam-pan-ol'o-ji,  n.  a  dis- 
course on,  or  the  science  of,  bells  or  bell- 
ringing.  [It.  campana,  a  bell,  and  Gr. 
logos,  a  discourse.] 

CAMPESTRAL,  kam-pes'tral.  adj.  growing 
in  or  pertaining  to  fields.  [L.  campestris, 
from  campus.] 

tJAMP-FOLLOWER,  kamp-fol'6-er,  n.  any 


one  who  follows  m  the  tram  of  an  army, 
but  takes  no  part  in  battle. 

CAMPHOR  (in  B.,  Camphibe),  kam'for,  n. 
the  white,  solid  juice  of  the  laurel-tree 
of  India,  China,  and  Japan,  having  a 
bitterish  taste  and  a  pleasant  smell. 
[Pr.  camphre— Low  L.  camphora — Malay 
kapur.  chalk.] 

CAMPHORATED,  kam'for-at-ed,  ad;',  im- 
pregnated with  camphor. 

CAMPHORIC,  kam-for'ik,  adj.  pertaining 
to  camphor. 

CAMP-STOOL,  kamp'-stool,  n.  a  seat  or 
stool  with  cross  legs,  so  made  as  to  told 
up  when  not  used. 

CAN,  kan,  v.i.  to  be  able :  to  have  sufficient 
power  -.—pa.t.  COULD.  [A.S.  cunnan,  to 
know  (how  to  do  a  thing),  to  be  able, 
pres.  ind.  can  ;  Goth,  kunnan,  Ger.  kim- 
nen,  to  be  able.    See  Enow.] 

CAN,  kan,  n.  a  vessel  for  holding  liquor. 
[A.S.  canne;  cf.  L.  eanna,  a  reed,  Gr. 
kanne,  a  reed.] 

CAJSTAL,  kan-al ,  n.  an  artificial  water- 
course for  navigation :  a  duct  in  the 
body  for  any  of  its  fluids.  [L,  canalis, 
a  water-pipe ;  akin  to  Sans,  khan,  to 
dig.] 

CANARD,  ka-nar'  or  ka-nard',  n.  an  ex- 
travagant or  lying  story.    [Fr.] 

CANARY,  ka-na'ri,  n.  a  wine  from  the 
Canary  Islands :  a  bird  orig.  from  the 
Canary  laiands. 

CANCEL,  Kan'sel,  v.t.  to  erase  or  blot  out 
by  crossing  tuith  lines:  to  annul  or  sup- 
pvess:—pr.p.  can'celling;  pa.p.  can'ceUed, 
[Fr.  canceller — ^L.  cancello,  from  cancelli, 
railings,  lattice-work,  dim.  of  cancer.] 

CANCELIuVTED,  kan'sel-at-ed,  adj.  crossed 
by  bars  or  lines. 

CANCER,  kan'ser,  n.  an  eating,  spreading 
tumor  or  canker,  supposed  to  resemble  a 
crab  :  a  sign  of  the  zodiac.  [L.  cancer ; 
cog.  with  Gr.  karkinos,  Sans,  karkata,  a 

CANCEROUS,  kan'ser-us,  adj.  of  or  like  a 
cancer. 

CANDELABRUM,  kan-de-la'brum,  n.  a 
branched  and  ornamented  candlestick. — 
pi.  Cakdei,a'bra.    [L.] 

CANDID,  kan'did,  a^j.  fi-ank,  ingenuous  ; 
free  from  prejudice :  fair,  impartial. — 
adv.  Can'didly. — n.  Can'didness.  [Fr. 
candide — L.  candidus,  white — eandeo,  to 
shinej 

CANDIDATE,  kan'di-dSt,  n.  one  who  offers 
himself  for  any  office  or  honor,  so  called 
because,  at  Rome,  the  applicant  used  to 
dress  in  white. — ns.  Can'didature, 
Can'didateship.  [L.  candidatus,  from 
candidus.] 

CANDLE,  kan'dl,  n.  wax,  tallow,  or  other 
like  substance  surrounding  a  wick :  a 
light.  [A.S.  candel — L.  candela,  from 
eandeo.  to  glow.] 

CANDLE-COAL,  n.  the  same  as  Cannel- 
COAL. 

CANDLEMAS,  kan'dl-mas,  n.  a  festival  of 
the  R.  Catholic  Church  in  honor  of  the 
purification  of  the  "Virgin  Mary,  on  the  2d 
of  February,  and  so  called  from  the  mun- 
ber  of  candles  used.    [Candle  and  Mass.] 

C^IJ^DLESTICK,  kan'dl-stik,  m.  an  instru- 
ment for  holding  a  candle,  orig.  a  stick 
or  piice  of  wood. 

CANDLEWOOD,  kan'dl-wood,  n.  the  wood 
of  a  West  Indian  resinous  tree,  Amyris 
balsamifera.    Called  also  Rhodeswood. 

CANDOR,  kan'dur,  n.  freedom  from  preju- 
dice or  disguise  :  sincerity  :  openness.  [L. 
candor,  whiteness,  from  eandeo,  to  be 
shining  white.] 

CANDY,  kan'di,  n.  a  sweetmeat  made  of 
sugar  :  anything  preserved  in  sugar. — 
v.t.  to  preserve  or  dress  with  sugar :  to 
congeal  or  crystallize  as  sugar. — v.i.  to 
become    congealed: —i>r.p.    can'dying; 


pa.p.    can'died.      [Fr.   candi,    from  Ar, 
qand,  sugar.] 

CANE,  kan,  «.,  a  reed,  as  the  bamboo,  etc. ; 
a  walking-stick. — v.t.  to  beat  with  a  cane. 
[Fr.  canne — L.  cantia—Gr.  fcanne,  a  reed.] 

CANINE,  ka-nin',  adj.  like  or  pertaining  to 
the  dog.    [L.  caninus,  from  canis,  a  dog.l 

CANISTER,  kan'is-ter,  n.  a  box  or  case, 
usually  of  tin:  a  case  containing  shot, 
which  bursts  on  being  discharged.  [L, 
canistrum,  a  wicker-basket,  Gr.  kanas- 
tron — kanne,  a  reed.] 

CANKER,  kang-'ker,  n.  small  sores  in  the 
mouth  :  a  disease  in  trees,  or  in  horses' 
feet:  anything  that  corrupts  or  con- 
sumes.— v.t.  to  eat  into,  corrupt,  or  de- 
stroy :  to  infect  or  pollute. — v.i.  to  grow 
corrupt :  to  decay.  [Same  as  L.  cancer, 
orig.  pronounced  canker.] 

CAIJKEROUS,  kang'ker-us,  adj.  corroding 
like  a  canker. 

CANKERr-WORM,  kang'ker-wurm,  n.  a 
worm  that  cankers  or  eats  into  plants. 

CANNABIN,  kan'na^bin,  n.  a  poisonous  re- 
sin extracted  from  hemp,  by  exhausting 
the  bruised  plant  {Cannabis  indica)  with 
alcohol.  To  this  resin  are  due  the  nar- 
cotic effects  of  hashish  or  bhang.  [See 
Bhang.] 

CANNEL-COAL,  kan'el-kol,  CANDLE- 
COAL,  kan'dl-kol,  n.  a  very  hard,  black 
coal  that  burns  without  smoke,  like  a 
candle.     [Prov.  cannel,  candle.] 

CANNIBAL,  kan'i-bal,  n.  one  who  eats  hu- 
man flesh  ;  also  an  animal  that  eats  the 
flesh  of  members  of  its  own  or  kindred 
species.  "They  (worms)  are  cannibals, 
for  the  two  halves  of  a  dead  worm  placed 
in  two  of  the  pots  were  dragged  into 
the  burrows  and  gnawed." — Dancin. — 
adj.  relating  to  cannibalism.  [Span,  a 
corr.  of  Caribals  (English  Caribs),  the 
native  name  of  the  W.  India  islanders, 
who  ate  human  flesh :  prob.  changed 
into  a  word  expressive  of  their  char- 
acter, from  L.  canis,  a  dog.] 

CANNIBALISM,  kan'i-bal-izm,  n.  the  prac- 
tice of  eating  iiuman  flesh. 

CANNON,  kan'un,  n.  a  great  gun  used  in 
war:   a   particular   stroke   in   billiards. 

err.   canon,  from  L.  canyia,  a  reed.    See 
ANTE.] 

C-'VNNONADE,  kan-un-ad',  n.  an  attack 
with  cannon. — v.t.  to  attack  or  batter 
with  cannon. 

CANNONEER,  CANNONIER,  kan-un-er', 
7).  one  who  manages  cannon. 

CANNOT,  kan'ot,  v.i.  to  be  unable.  [Cak 
and  Not.] 

CANOE,  ka-noo',  n.  a  boat  made  of  the 
hollowed  trunk  of  a  tree,  or  of  bark  or 
skins.  [Sp.  cajioa,  which  like  Fr.  caiioi 
is  from  Carib  canuoa.] 

CANOEIST,  CANOIST,  ka-noo'ist,  n.  one 
who  practices  the  paddUng  of  a  canoe  ; 
one  skilled  in  the  management  of  a 
canoe. 

CANON,  kan-yun',  n.  a  deep  gorge  or 
ravine  between  high  and  steep  banks, 
worn  by  water-courses.  [Sp.,  a  hollow, 
from  root  of  Cannon.] 

CANON,  kan'un,  n.  a  law  or  rule,  esp.  in 
ecclesiastical  matters :  the  genuine 
books  of  Scripture,  called  the  sacred 
canon:  a  dignitary  of  the  Church  of 
England  :  a  list  of  saints  canonized  :  a 
large  kind  of  tj'pe.  [A.S.,  Fr.,  from  L. 
eaiion—Qr.  kanon,  a  straight  rod — 
kanne.  a  reed.] 

CANONIC,  ka-non'ik,  CANONICAL,  ka- 
non'ik-al,  adj.  according  to  or  included 
in  the  canon :  regular  :  ecclesiastical. — 
adv.  Canon'ically. 

CANONICALS,  ka-non'ik-alz,  n.  the  offi- 
cial dress  of  the  clergy,  regulated  by  the 
church  canons. 

CANONICITY,  kan-un-is'i-ti,  n.  the  state 


CANONIST 


52 


CAPUCHIN 


of  belonging  to  the  canon  or    genuine 

books    of  the    Scripture. 
CANONIST,  Kan'un-ist,  n.  one  versed  in 

the  canon  law. — adj.  Canonist'ic. 
CANONIZE.  kaa'un-Tz,  v.t.  to  enrol  in  the 

canon   or  list  of   siiints. — n.  CanonizV- 

TION. 

CANONKY,  kan'un-ri,  n.  the  benefice  of  a 
canon. 

CANOPY,  kan'o-pi,  n.  a  covering  over  a 
throne  or  bed:  a  covering  of  state 
stretched  over  the  head. — v.t.  to  cover 
with  a  canopy  :—i)r.p.  can'op3ang  ;  pa.p. 
can'opied.  [Fr.  canapi,  O.  Fr.  conopee — 
L.  conopeum — Gr.  konopeion,  a  mosqiiito 
curtain — konops,  a  mosquito.] 

CANOROUS,  kan-o'rus,  adj.,  musical  : 
melodious.  [L.  canonis.  from  canor, 
melody — cano,  1  sing.] 

CANSTICK,  kan'stik,  n.  a  candlestick. 
Shak. 

CANT,  kant,  v.i.  to  talk  in  an  affectedly 
solemn  or  hypocritical  way. — n.  a  hypo- 
critical or  affected  style  of  speech  :  the 
language  pecuUar  to  a  sect :  odd  or  pe- 
cuhar  talk  of  any  kind.  [Lit.  to  sing  or 
whine ;  L.  canto,  freq.  of  cano,  to  sing.] 

C/ANT,  kant,  n.  (orig.)  an  edge  or  comer: 
an  inclination  from  the  level :  a  toss  or 
jerk. — v.t.  to  turn  on  the  edge  or  comer: 
to  tut  or  toss  suddenly.  [Dut.  kant ; 
Ger.  kante,  a  corner.] 

CANTABANK,  kan'ta-bangk,  n.  a  singer 
on  a  stage  or  platform;  hence,  a  com- 
mon ballad  singer :  in  contempt.  (Rare.) 
[L.  eantare,  freq.  of  cano,  to  sing,  and  It. 
banco,  a  bench.  Comp.  Motintebank.] 
He  was  no  tavern  cantabank  that  made  it. 
But  a  Squire  minstrel  of  your  Highness'  court. 

—Sir  H.  Taylor. 

CANTANKEROUS,  kan-tang^er-us,  adj. 
cross-grained  :   perverse  in   temper. — n, 

CAUriit'KEROIISNESS. 

PANT  AT  A,  kan-ta'ta,  n.  a  poem  set  to 
music,  interspersed  with  recitative.  [It. 
— L.  eantare,  freq.  of  cano,  to  sing.] 

CANTEEN,  kan-ten',  n.  a  tin  vessel  used 
by  soldiers  for  holding  liquors:  a  bar- 
rack-tavern. [Fr.  cantine — It.  cantina, 
a  small  cellar,  dim.  of  canto,  a  corner.] 

CANTER,  kan'ter,  n.  an  easy  gallop. — v.i. 
to  move  at  an  easy  gallop. — v.t.  to  make 
to  canter.  [Orig.  Canterbunj-gallop,  fronx 
the  easy  pace  at  which  the  pilgrims  rode 
to  the  shrine  at  Canterbury.] 

CANTHARIDES,  kan-thai-'i-dez,  n.pl 
Spanish  flies,  used  for  bUstering.  [L, 
cantharis,  beetle,  pi.  cantharides.] 

CANTICLE,  kan'ti-kl,  n.  a  song : — in  pi. 
the  Song  of  Solomon.  [L.  eanticulum, 
dim.  of  canticum.] 

CANTILEVER,  kan'ti-lev-er,  n.  {arch.)  a 
wooden  or  iron  block  projecting  from  a 
wall  to  bear  mouldings,  balconies,  and 
the  hke.  The  principle  has  been  applied 
in  the  construction  of  bridges  to  support 
enormous  weights. 

CANTO,  kan'to,  n.  division  of  a  song  or 
poem  :  the  treble  or  leading  melody. 

CANTON,  kan'tun,  n.  a  small  division  of 
territory  :  also,  its  inhabitants  :  a  divis- 
ion of  a'shield  or  painting. — v.t.  to  divide 
into  cantons  :  to  allot  quarters  to  troops. 
[Fr.,  a  corner,  a  division.] 

CANTONAL,  kan'tun-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  divided  into  cantons. — n.  Can'ton- 
MENT  (also  pron.  Cantoon'ment),  the 
quarters  of  troops  in  a  town. 

CANVAS,  kan'vas,  w.  a  coarse  cloth  made 
of  hemp,  used  for  sails,  tents,  etc.,  and 
for  painting  on  :  the  sails  of  a  ship.  [Fr. 
eanevas — L.  and  Gr.  cannatds='F,.  Hemp.] 

CANVASS,  kan'vas,  v.t.  to  sift,  examine  : 
to  discuss  :  to  solicit  votes. — n.  close  ex- 
amination :  a  seeking  or  solicitation. — n. 
Can'vasser       put.  to  sift  through  can- 

WW.] 


CANY,  kan'i,  adj.  full  of  or  made  of  canes. 

CANYON.    Same  as  CaSon. 

CANZONET,  kan-zo-net'.  n.  a  little  or  short 
song.  [It.  canzonetta,  dim.  of  canzone, 
a  song  ;  from  L.  canto — cano,  to  sing.] 

CAOUTCHOUC,  koo'chook,  n.  the  highly 
elastic  juice  or  gum  of  a  plant  which 
grows  in  S.  America  and  Asia :  India- 
rubber.     [S.  American.] 

CAP,  kap,  n.  a  covering  for  the  head :  a 
cover :  the  top. — v.t.  to  put  on  a  cap :  to 
cover  the  end  or  top  -.—^yr.p.  capp'ing ; 
pa.p.  capped'.  [Low  L.  cappa,  a  cape  or 
cope.] 

CAPABLE,  kap'a-bl,  adj.  having  ability, 
power,  or  skill  to  do :  qualified  for. — n. 
Capabil'ity.  [Fr. — ^L.  capio,  to  hold, 
take  01'  seize.] 

CAPACIOUS,  kap-a'shus,  adj.  including 
much  :  roomy :  wide :  extensive. — adv. 
Capa'ciously. — n.  Capa'ciousness.  [L. 
capax,  capacis — capio,  to  hold.] 

CAPACITATE,  kap-as'i-tat,  v.t.,  to  make 
capable :  to  qualify. 

CAPACITY,  kap-as'i-ti,  n.  power  of  hold- 
ing or  grasping  a  thing :  room  :  power 
of  mind  :  character. 

CAPARISON,  karpar'is-un,  n.  the  covering 
of  a  horse  :  a  rich  cloth  laid  over  a  war- 
horse. — v.t.  to  cover  with  a  cloth,  as  a 
horse  :  to  dress  very  richly.  [Fr.  cap- 
aragon — Sp.  eaparazon,  augmentative  of 
capa,  a  cape,  cover — Low  L.  cappa.'] 

CAPE,  kap,  n.  a  covering  for  the  shoulders 
attached  to  a  coat  or  cloak :  a  cloak. 
[O.  Fr.  cajie — Low  L.  cappa.] 

CAPE,  kap,  n.  a  head  or  point  of  land  run- 
ning into  the  sea :  a  head-latnd.  [Fr.  cap 
— L.  caput,  the  head.] 

CAPER,  ka'per,  n.  the  flower-bud  of  the 
caper-bush,  used  for  pickling.  [Fr.  cApre 
— L.  and  Gr.  capparis ;  from  Pers.  ka- 
bar,  capers.] 

CAPER,  ka'per,  v.i.  to  leap  or  skip  like  a 
goat:  to  dance  in  a  frolicsome  manner. 
— n.  a  leap :  a  spring.  [It.  cajyriolare — 
capriolo.  a  kid — L.  caper,  a  goat.] 

CAPER- SPURGE,  ka'per-spurj,  n.  see 
Spurob. 

CAPILLARITY,  kap-il-ar'it-i,  n.  name 
given  to  certain  effects  produced  by 
liquids  in  contact  with  capillary  tubes. 

CAPILLARY,  kap'il-a-ri  or  ka-pil'a-ri,  adj. 
as  fine  or  minute  as  a  hair:  having  a 
very  small  bore,  as  a  tube. — n,  a  tube 
with  a  bore  as  fine  as  a  hair : — in  pi.  the 
minute  vessels  that  unite  the  veins  and 
arteries  in  animals.  [L.  eapillaris  — 
capillus,  hair,  aldn  to  caput,  the  head, 
akin  to  E.  Head.] 

CAPITAL,  kap'it-al,  adj.  relating  to  the 
head :  involving  the  loss  of  the  head : 
chief :  principal :  important. — adv.  Cap*- 
ITALLY.  [Fr. — L.  capitalis — caput,  the 
head.] 

CAPITAL,  kap'it-al,  n.  the  head  or  top 
part  of  a  column  or  pillar  :  the  chief  or 
most  important  thing :  the  chief  city  of 
a  country :  a  large  letter  :  the  stock  or 
money  for  carrying  on  any  business. 

CAPITAL,  kap'i-tal,  v.t.  to  furnish  or 
crown  with  a  capital,  as  a  pUlar  or 
column.  "  The  white  column  capitalled 
with  gilding." — Charlotte  Bronte. 

CAPITALISM,  kap'it-ail-izm,  n,  the  state 
of  having  capital  or  property :  possession 
of  capital.  "The  sense  of  capitalism 
sobered  and  dignified  Paul  de  Florae." 
— Thackeray. 

CAPITALIST,  kap'it-al-ist,  n.  one  who  has 
capital  or  money. 

CAPITALIZE,  kap'it-al-Tz,  v.t.  to  convert 
into  capital  or  money. 

CAPITATION,  kap-it-a'shun,  n.  a  number- 
ing of  every  head  or  individual :  a  tax  on 
every  head.  [¥r. — Low  L.  capitatio — 
cc^ut,  the  head.1 


CAPITOL,  kap'it-ol,  n.  the  temple  of  Jupi^ 
ter  at  Rome,  built  on  the  to}}  of  a  hill ; 
in  the  U.S.  the  house  where  Congress 
meets.  [L.  CapitoHum — caput,  the  head.] 

CAPITULAR,  kap-it'ul-ar,  CAPITULARY, 
kap-it'ul-ar-i,  7i.  a  statute  passed  in  a 
chapter  or  ecclesiastical  court :  a  mem 
ber  of  a  chapter. — adj.  relating  to  a 
chapter  in  a  cathedral  :  belonging  to  a 
chapter. — adv.  Capit'ulably.  [See  Chap- 
ter.] 

CAPITULATE,  kap-it'ul-at,  v.i.  to  yield  oi' 
surrender  on  certain  conditions  or  heads 
— 71.  Capitula'tion. 

CAPON,  ka'pn,  n.  a  young  cock  cut  op 
castrated.  [A.S.  cap^m — L.  capo— Gr. 
kapon — kopto,  to  cut.    See  Chop.] 

CAPOTE,  ka^pot',  n.  a  kind  of  cloak.    [Fr 
dim.  of  cape,  a  cloak.] 

CAPRICE,  ka-pres',  n.  a  change  of  humor 
or  opinion  without  reason  :  a  freak.  [Fr. 
caprice — It.  capricdo ;  perh,  from  L, 
eapra,  a  she-goat.  ] 

CAPRICIOUS,  ka-prish'us,  adj.  fidl  of  ca- 
price :  chanp-eable. — adv.  Capm'ciously. 
— n.  C/PE'CiOtJSNESS 

CAPRICORN,  kap'ri-korn,  n.  one  of  the 
signs  of  tiie  zodiac,  like  a  horned  goat.-. 
[L.  aapriccmus — caper,  a  goat,  comu,  a 
horn.T 

CAPRIOLE,  kap'ri-ol,  n.,  a  caper;  a  leap 
without  advancing.  [O.  Fr.  capriole. — It 
capriola — L.  caper,  eapra,  a  goat.] 

CAPSICUM,  kap'si-kum,  n.  a  tropicai 
plant,  from  which  cayenne  pepper  is 
made.  [From  L.  capsa,  a  case,  its  ber- 
ries being  contained  in  pods  or  capsules 
— capio,  to  hold.] 

CAPSIZE,  kap-slz','w.t  to  upset.  [Ety.  dub,] 

CAPSTAN,  kap'stan,  ti.  an  upright  machine 
turned  by  spokes  so  as  to  wind  upon  it  a 
cable  which  draws  something,  generally 
the  anchor,  on  board  ship.  [Fr.  cabestan , 
ety.  dub.] 

CAPSULAR,  kap'sul-ar,  CAPSULARY 
kap'sul-ar-i,  adj.  hollow  like  a  capsule  : 
pertaining  to  a  capsule. 

CAPSULE,  kap'siil,  n.  the  seed-vessel  of  a 
plant :  a  small  dish.  [Fr. — L.  capsxda, 
dim.  of  capsa,  a  case — cajno,  to  hold.] 

CAPTAIN,  kap'tin  or  kap'tan,  n.  a  head  or 
chief  ofiicer  :  the  commander  of  a  troop 
of  horse,  a  company  of  infantry,  or  a 
ship :  the  overseer  of  a  mine,  [O.  Fr. 
capitain — L.  caput,  the  head.] 

CAPTAINCY,  kap'tin-si  or  kap'tan-si,  n, 
the  rank  or  commission  of  a  captain. 

CAPTION,  kap'shun,  n.  the  act  of  taking; 
an  arrest.     [L.  captio — capio,  to  take.] 

CAPTIOUS,  kap'shus,  adj.  ready  to  catch 
at  faults  or  take  offence  :  critical :  peev- 
ish.— adv.  Cap'tiously. — n.  Cap'tious- 
ness.  [Fr. — L.  captiosus — capto,io  snatch 
at.] 

CAPTIVATE,  kap'tiv-at,  v.t.  (lit.)  to  taJx 
or  r.iake  captive :  to  charm :  to  engage 
the  affections.     [See  Captive.] 

CAPTIVATING,  kap'tiv-at-ing,  adj.  hav- 
ing  power  to  engage  the  affections. 

CAPTIVE,  kap'tiv,  n.  one  taken :  »  pris- 
oner of  war :  one  kept  in  bondage.—  adj., 
taken  or  kept  a  prisoner  in  war :  charmed 
or  subdued  by  any  thing. — n.  Captit'ity. 
[L.  captimis — capio,  captus.] 

CAPTIVE,  kap'tiv,  v.t.  to  take  captive :  to 
captw'e. 

CAPTOR,  kap'tor,  n.  one  who  takes  a  pris» 
oner  or  a  prize. 

CAPTURE,  kap'tQr,  7i.  the  act  of  taking : 
the  thing  taken  :  an  arrest. — v.t.  to  take 
as  a  prize  :  to  take  by  force.  [Fr.  cap- 
ture— L.  captura — capio,  to  take.] 

CAPUCHIN,  kap-u-shen',  ??.  a  Franciscan 
monk,  so  called  from  the  hood  he  wears 
a   hooded    pigeon.      [Fr.    capucin  —  It. 
cappucino.  a  small  cowl — Low  L.  cappa 
See  Cap,  Cape.] 


CAR 


53 


CARNATE 


CAE  (old  form  Caer),  kSr,  n.  a  light  vehi- 
cle raoved  on  wheels :  a  railway  carriage, 
(poetic)  a  chariot.  [Fr.  char,  O.  Fr.  car: 
char — L.  carrus ;  from  Celt,  car,  allied 
to  Lat.  eurrus.'] 
:'AIiABINE,  kar'a-hln,  CAEBINE,  kar'bln, 
n.  a  short  light  musket.  [Fr.  carabine, 
O.  Ft.  calabrin,  a  carabineei- — calabre,  a 
machine  for  casting  stones —  Low  L. 
chadabula — Gr.  katabole,  overthrown — 
kataballo — kata,  down,  and  ballo,  to 
throw.  The  name  was  transferred  to 
the  musket  after  the  invention  of  gun- 
powder.] 
JARABINEER,  kar-a-bin-er',  CARBI- 
NEER, kar-bin-er',  n.  a  soldier  armed  with 
a  carabine. 

fJ-ARACK,  kar'ak,  n.  a  large  ship  of  bur- 
den. [Fr.  caraque,  Sp.  carraca  ;  perh, 
from  Low  L.  carica,  a  load — root  of  Car.] 
JARACOLE,  kar'a-kol,  n.  the  halt-turn 
which  a  horseman  makes  :  a  winding 
stair. — v.i.  to  turn  half  round,  as  cavalry 
in  wheeling.  [Fr.  caracole — Sp.  caracol, 
the  spiral  shell  of  a  snail — Ar.  karkara, 
to  turn.] 

CARAFE,  ka-raf, «.  a  water-bottle  for  the 
table.     [Fr. — Sp.  garrafa — Ar.] 

CARAT,  kar'at,  n.  a  weight  of  4  grains : 
l-34th  part  of  pure  gold,  [Fr. — Ar.  qirat 
— Gr.  keration,  a  seed  or  beam  used  as  a 
weight.] 

CARAVAN,  kar'a-van,  n.  a  company  of 
travelers  associated  together  for  security 
in  crossing  the  deserts  in  the  East :  a 
large  close  carriage.  [Fr,  caravane — 
Pers.  kdrwdn.] 

OARAVANSARY,  kar-a-van'sa-ri,  CARA- 
VANSERA,  kar-a-van'se-ra,  n.  a  kind  of 
unfurnished  inn  where  caravans  stop. 
[Pers.  kdnv&nsardi — kdrivdn,  cai-avan, 
sardi,  inn.] 

!?AEAVEL,  kar'av-el,  w.  a  kind  of  light 
sailing  vessel.  [Fr. — It.  caravella — L. 
carabus — Gr.  karabos,  a  barque.] 

vARAWAY,  kar'a-wa,  n.  a  plant  with 
aromatic  seeds,  used  as  a  toriic  and  con- 
diment. [Sp.  alcaravea — Ar.  karviya — 
Gr.  karon.'] 

CARBIDE,  karTDid,  n.  a  carbon-metallic 
compound. — Old  word,  Cakbueet,  n. 

CARBOLIC  ACID,  kar-bol'ik  as'id,  n,  an 
acid  produced  from  cooMar,  used  as  a 
disinfectant.     [L.  earbo,  coal.] 

CARBON,  kar'hon,  n.  an  elementary  sub- 
stance, widely  diffused,  of  which  pure 
charcoal  is  an  example.  [Fr.  carbone — 
L.  earbo,  coal.] 

CARBONACEOUS,  kar-bon-a'she-us,  CAR- 
BONIC, kar-bon'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
composed  of  carbon. 

CARBONARI,  kar-bon-ar"!,  n.  members  of 
a  secret  society  in  Italy  at  the  beginning 
of  this  century.  [It.  "  charcoal-burn- 
ers."] 

CARBONATE,  karTion-at,  n.  a  salt  formed 
by  the  union  of  carbonic  acid  with  a 
base. 

CARBONIC,  kar-bon'ik,  adj.  relating  to 
carbon.  Caebonic  ACID  is  an  acid  formed 
of  carbon  and  oxygen,  generally  gaseous, 
and  evolved  by  respiration  and  combus- 
tion. 

CARBONIFEROUS,  kar-bon-ifer-us,  adj., 
producing  carbon  or  coal.  [L.  earbo, 
and/ero,  to  produce.] 

OARBONIZE,  kiir'bon-iz,  v.t.,  to  mofce  into 
carbon. — n.  Carboniza'tion. 

CARBUNCLE,  kai-'bung-kl,  n.  a  fiery  red 
precious  stone  :  an  inflamed  ulcer.  [L. 
earbnnculus,  dim.  of  earbo,  a  coal.] 

CARBUNCULAR,  kar-bung'ku-lar,  adj. 
belonging'  to  or  resembling-  a  carbuncle  : 
red  :  inflamed. 

CARBURET,  kar'bu-ret,  v.t.  to  combine 
with  carbon  or  a  compound  of  it :  specif- 
ically, to  saturate,  as  tinflammable  vapor. 


by  passing  it  through  or  over  a  liquid 
hydrocarbon,  for  the  purpose  of  inten- 
sifying the  illuminating  power.  E.  H. 
KnigJit. 

CARBURETOR,  kar'bu-ret-er,  n.  an  ap- 
paratus of  various  forms  hy  wliich  cosfl- 
gas,  hydrogen,  or  air  is  passed  through 
or  over  a  liquid  hydrocarbon,  to  confer 
or  intensify  illuminating  power.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

CAKBURIZE,  kar'bu-riz,  v.t.  same  as  Cab- 

BUEET. 

CARCANET,  kar'ka-net,  n.  a  collar  of 
jewels.     [Fr. — Bret,  kerchen,  the  neck.] 

CARCASS,  CARCASE,  kar'kas,  n.  a  dead 
body  or  corpse  :  the  framework  of  any- 
thing :  a  kind  of  bombshell.  [Fr.  car- 
casse,  a  skeleton — It.  careasso,  a  quiver, 
hull,  hulk — Low  L.  tareasius — ^Pers.  tar- 
kash,  a  quiver.] 

CARD,  kard,  n.  a  piece  of  pasteboard 
marked  with  figures  for  playing  a  game, 
or  with  a  person's  address  upon  it :  a 
note.  [Fr.  carte — L.  charta,  Gr.  chartes, 
paper.     Carte  is  a  doublet.] 

CARD,  kard,  n.  an  instrument  for  comb- 
mg  wool  or  flax. — v.t.  to  comb  wool,  etc, 
[Fr.  carde — L.  cardnus,  a  thistle.] 

CARDER,  kard'er,  n.  one  of  an  associa^ 
tion  of  Irish  rebels,  so  termed  because 
they  punished  their  victims  by  driving  a, 
wool  or  flax  card  into  their  backs  and 
then  dragging  it  down  along  the  spine. 
Miss  Edgeworth. 

This  shall  a  Carder,  that  a  White-boy  be; 
Ferocious  leaders  of  atrocious  bands. — Hood. 

CARDIAC,  kar-di-ak,  CARDIACAL,  kar- 
di'ak-al,  adj.,  belonguig  to  the  heart : 
cordial :  reviving.  [L. — Gr.  kardiakos — 
kardia,  the  heart.] 

CARDINAL,  kar'din-al,  adj.  denoting  that 
on  which  a  thing  hinges  or  depends : 
principal. — n.  a  dignitary  in  the  R.  C. 
Church  next  to  the  pope.  [L.  eardinalis 
— cardo,  cardinis,  a  hinge.] 

CABDINALATE,  kiir'din-al-at,  CARDIN- 
ALSHIP,  kar'din-al-ship,  n.  the  office  or 
dignity  of  a  cardinal. 

CARDOiPHAGI,  kar-dof'a-ji,  n.pl.  eaters  of 
thistles  ;  hence,  donkeys.  "  Kick  and 
abuse  him,  you  who  have  never  brayed  ; 
but  bear  with  him  all  honest  fellow  car- 
dophagi ;  long-eared  messmates,  recog- 
nize a  brotherjdonkey !" — Thackeray.  [Gr, 
kardos,  a  thistle,  and  phago,  to  eat.] 

CARE,  kar,  n.,anxiety,  heedfulness:  charge, 
oversight :  the  object  of  anxiety. — v.i. 
to  be  anxious :  to  be  incUned  :  to  have 
regard.  [A.S.  caru :  Goth,  kara,  sor- 
row, Ice.  kosra,  to  lament,  Celt,  car, 
care  :  allied  to  L.  cams,  dear.] 

CAREEN,  ka-ren',  v.t.  to  lay  a  snip  on  her 
side  to  repair  her  bottom  and  keel.  [Fr. 
carener — carine — L.  carina,  the  bottom 
of  a  ship,  the  keel.] 

CAREENAGE,  ka^ren'aj,  n.  a  place  where 
ships  are  careened :  the  cost  of  careen- 
ing. 

CAREER,  ka-rer',  n.  a  racecourse :  a  race : 
course  of  action  ;  also,  onset.  Milton. — 
v.i.  to  move  or  run  rapidly.  [Fr.  carriire 
— O.  Fr.  car,  a  car.    See  Cab.] 

CAREFUL,  kar'fool,  adj.,  full  of  care: 
heedful :  in  B.,  anxious :  in  Dan.  iii.  16, 
at  a  loss,  pvizzled. — adv.  Cabe'fijllt. — 

n.  CARE'FtTLNESS. 

CAEELESS,  kar'les,  adj.,  without  care: 
heedless  :  xmconcerned. — adv.  Care'- 
LESSLY. — n.  Care'lessness. 

CARESS,  ka-res',  v.t.  to  treat  with  affec- 
tion :  to  fondle :  to  embrace. — n.  any  act 
or  expression  of  affection.  [Fr.  caresser 
— It.  carezza,  an  endearment — ^Low  L. 
caritia — L.  cams,  dear.] 

CARET,  ka'ret,  n.  a  mark.  A,  used  in  writ- 
ing when  a  word  is  left  out.  [L.  caret, 
there  is  wanting.] 


CARGO,  kar'go,  n.  what  a  ship  carries': 
its  load.     [Sp.  from  Celtic  root  of  Cab.]' 

CARICATURE,  kar-i-ka-tur",  n.  a  hkeness 
of  anything  so  exaggerated  or  distorted 
as  to  appear  ridiculous. — v.t.  to  turn  into 
ridicule  by  overdoing  a  likeness.  |;it. 
caricatura — carricare,  to  load,  from  root 
of  Car.] 

CARICATURIST,  kar-i-ka-tur'ist,  n.,  one 
who  caricatures. 

CARIES,  ka'ri-ez,  n.,  rottenness  or  decay 
of  a  bone.     [L.] 

CARINA,  ka-rl'na,  n.  in  bat.  same  as  Keel: 
in  zool.  a  prominent  median  ridge  or  keel 
in  the  sternum  of  all  existing  birds  ex- 
cept the  Cursores.  [L.,  the  keel  of  a 
boat.    See  Cakinate.]' 

CARINARIA,  kar-i-na'ri-a,  n.  a  genus  of 
gasteropodous  molluscs,  of  the  order 
called  Heteropoda  or  Nucleobranchiata, 
whose  shells  are  known  to  collectors  un- 
der the  name  of  Venus'  slipper  and  glass 
nautilus.  The  gills  are  protected  by  a 
small  and  very  delicate  shell  of  glassy 
translucence.  The  creature  itself  is 
about  3  inches  in  length,  and  is  of 
oceanic  habits.  It  is  so  transparent 
that  the  vital  functions  may  be  watched 
by  the  aid  of  a  microscope.  [L.  carina, 
a  keel,  froni  the  shape.] 

CARINAT^,  kar-i-na'te,  n.pl.  Huxley's 
second  order  of  the  class  Aves,  the  other 
two  being  Saururas  and  Ratitaa.  The 
Carinatas  include  all  the  li\nng  flying 
birds,  that  is,  all  existing  birds  except 
the  Cursores,  and  are  characterized  by 
the  fact  that  the  sternum  is  furnished 
with  a  prominent  median  ridge  or  keel, 
whence  the  name.  [From  L.  carina,  a 
keel.] 

CARINATE,  kar'i-nat,  CARINATED,  kar"- 
i-nat-ed,  adj.  shaped  like  a  keel :  keeled  : 
speeiflcally,  (a)  in  bot.  having  a  longi- 
tudinal ridge  like  a  keel:  applied  to  a 
calyx,  corolla,  or  leaf ;  (6)  in  zool.  ap- 
pUed  to  those  birds  whose  sternum  is 
keeled,  a  character  of  all  existing  birds 
except  the  cursorial.  [L.  carinatus,  from ' 
carina,  a  keel.] 

CAJRIOLE,  kar'i-6l,  n.  a  light  one-horse 
carriage,  used  in  Norway.  [Fr.  carriole 
—root  of  Car.] 

CARIOUS,  ka'ri-us,  adj.  affected  with 
caries. 

CARKING,  kark'ing,  adj.  distressing,  caus- 
ing anxiety.  [A.S.  cearc,  care ;  allied 
to  Caee.] 

CARMELITE,  kai'mel-It,  ?i.  a  monk  of  the 
order  of  Mount  Carmel,  in  Syria,  in  the 
12th  century :  a  kind  of  pear. 

CARMINE,  kar'min,  n.  a  crimson  color. 
[Fi'.  or  Sp.  carmin — Sp.  carmesin,  crim- 
son —  carmes,  cochineal — ^Ar.  qirmizi, 
crimson.    Same  root  as  Crimson.] 

CARNAGE,  kar'naj,  n.  slaughter.  [Fr. 
carnage,  from  L.  caro,  carnis,  flesh.] 

CARNAGE,  kar'naj,  v.t.  to  stre%v  or  coyer 
with  carnage  or  slaughtered  bodies. 
"That  carnaged  plsdu."—Sonthey. 

CARNAL,  kar'nal,  adj.,  fleshly:  sensual: 
unspiritual.— adr.  C'ab'nally.  [L.  car- 
nalis — caro,  carnis,  flesh.] 

CARNALIST,  kar'nal-ist,  n.  a  sensualist : 
a  worldling. 

CARNALITY,  kar-nal'i-ti,  n.  state  of  bemg 
carnal. 

CARNARIE,  CARNARY,  kar'na-ri,  n  a 
bone  -  house  attached  to  a  church  or 
burial  -  place :  charnel  -  house.  [L.  caro, 
camis.  flesh.] 

CARNATE,  kar'nat,  adj.  invested  with  or 
embodied  in  flesh  :  same  as  the  modern 
Incarnate,  which  word,  however,  is  used 
in  the  extract  as  if  the  in-  were  priva- 
tive. "  I  fear  nothing  .  .  .  that  devil 
carnate  or  incarnate  can  fairly  do  against 
a  virtue  so  established." — Richard»v», 


CARNATION 

CARNATION,  kar-na'shun,  n.  flesh-color  : 
a   flesh -colored    flower.      [L.  earnatio, 
fleshiness.] 
CARNELIAN,   kar-ne'li-an,  n.  a  corr.  ol 
CoKSELUN,  owing  to  a  supposed  ety. 
from  carneus,  fleshy.] 
CARNIVAL,  kar'ni-val.  n.  a  feast  observed 
by  Roman  Catholics  just  before  the  fast 
of  Lent :  riotous  feasting  or  merriment, 
[Fr.  carnaval  — It.  camovale  —  'Low  L. 
carnelevamen,  solace  of  the  flesh— caro, 
carnis,  flesh,  and  Zeua?ne«,  solace— fet-are, 
to  lighten.] 
CARNIVORA,  kar-niv'6-ra,  n.pl.  order  of 

flesh-eating  animals.  ,.     ^    , 

CARNIVOROUS,  kar-niv'6-rus,  adj.,  flesh- 
eating.  [L.  caro,  cai-nis,  flesh,  voro,  to 
eat.]  ,  . 

CAROL,  kar'ol,  n.  a  song  of  joy  or  praise, 
—v.i.  to  sing  a  carol :  to  sing  or  warble. 
—v.t.  to  praise  or  celebrate  in  song  :— 
pr.p.  car'oUing ;  pa.p.  car'olled.   [O.  Fr. 
Carole ;  It.  carola,   orig.  a  rmg-dance  ; 
ety.   dub.,   either  dim.  of  L.  chonis,  a 
choral    dance,  or  from    Bret,  koroll,   a 
dance,  "W.  carol,  a  song— root  car,  cir- 
cular motion.]  . 
CAROTID,  ka-rot'id,  adj.  relatmg  to  the 
two    great    arteries  of  the  neck.     [Gr. 
kardtfdes—karos,  sleep,  deep  sleep  being 
caused  by  compression  of  them.] 
CAROUSE,  kar-owz'al,  n.  a  carotise :  a 
feast.                                   ,  .  , .      .     X 
CAROUSE,  kar-owzT,  n.  a  drinking-bout  : 
a  noisy  revel.— I'.i.  to  hold  a  drinking- 
bout  :  to  drink  freely  and  noisily.     [O. 
Fr.  caroKS,  Fr.  carrousse — Ger.  gar  aus, 
quite  out  I— that  is,  empty  the  glass.] 
CARP,  karp,  v.i.  to  catch  at  small  faults 
or  errors.— ady.  Carp'dJGLY.  [Ice.  karpa, 
to  boast,  modified  in  meaning  through 
likeness  to  L.  eariM,  to  pluck,  deridej 
CARP,  karp,  n.  a  fresh-water  fish.     [In  aU 

Teut.  lang.,  also  Fr.  and  It.] 
CARPENTER,  kar'pent-er,  n.  a  worker  in 
timber  as  used  in  building  houses,  ships, 
etc. —71.  Caepentry,  kar'pent-ri,  the 
trade  or  work  of  a  carpenter.  [Fr.  char- 
pentier,  O.  Fr.  carpentier—Lovf  L.  car- 
pentarius — carpentum,  a  car,  from  root 
of  Cas.] 
CARPENTER,  kar'pent-er,  v.i.  to  do  car- 
penter's work:  to  practice  carpentry. 
'•Mr.  Grim  wig  plants,  fishes,  and  carpent- 
ers with  great  ardor."— Dic&ens. 

•'  He  varnished,  he  carpentered,  he  gluei" 
— Miss  Austin. 

CARPER,  karp'er,  n.  one  who  carps  or 

csivils. 
CARPET,  kar'pet,  n.  the  woven  or  felted 
covering  of    floors,   stairs,   etc. — v.t.   to 
cover   with    a    carpet  :  —pr.p.    and    n. 
car'peting;  pa.p.   car'peted.    [Fr.    car- 
pette—ljoyf  L.  carpeta,  a  coarse  fabric 
made  from  rags  puUed  to  pieces— L.  car- 
pere,  to  pluck.] 
CARRIAGE,  kar'ij,  n.,  act  or  cost  of  carry- 
ing :  a  vehicle  for  carrying  :   behavior  : 
(B.)  baggage. 
CARRIAGE-COMPANY,  kar'ij-kum-pa-m, 
n.  people  who  keep  their  caiTiages :  those 
wealtliy  people  who  pay  visits,  etc.,  in 
their  own  carriages.    "  There  is  no  phrase 
more  elegant  and  to  my  taste  than  that 
in  which  people  are  described  as  '  seeing 
a   great    deal  of   carriage-company.'"— 
Tliackeray. 
5ARRIAGED,  kar'ijd,  adj\  behaved  :  man- 
nered.  [See  Careiage.]  "  A  fine  lady  .  .  . 
very    well    carriaged   and    mighty  dis- 
creet."—-PefJJ/s. 
CARRION,  kar'i-un,  n.  the  dead  and  putrid 
body  or  flesh  of  any  animal. — adj.  relat- 
ing to,  or  feeding  on,  putrid  flesh.     [Fr. 
carogne — Low  L.  earonia — ^L.  caro,  car- 
nis, flesh.] 
GABRONADE,  kar-un-ad'.  n.  a  short  can- 


54 


non  of  large  bore,  first  made  at  Carron 
in  Scotland. 
CARROT,  kar'ut,  n.  an  eatable  root  of  a 
reddish  or  yellowisli  color.     [Fr.  carotte 
— L.  carota'.] 
CARROTY,  kar'ut-i,  adj.,  carrot-colored. 
CARRY,  kar'i,  v.t.  to  convey  or  bear :  to 
lead  or  transport :  to  eflect :  to  beliave 
or  demean. — v.i.  to  convey  or  propel  as 
a  gun  -.—pr.p.  carr'ying ;  iM.p.  cai-r'ied. 
[O.  Fr.  carter,  from  root  of  CAR.] 
CART,  kart,  n.  a  vehicle  with  two  wheels 
for  conve3ang  heavy  loads. — v.t.  to  con- 
vey   in    a   cart.     [Celt,    cart,    dim.    of 
Cab.] 
CARTAGE,  kart'aj,  n.  the  act  or  cost  of 

carting. 
CARTE,  kart,  n.  a  bill  of  fare  :  a  term  m 
fencing.     [Fr.— L.  eharta,  Gr,  chartes, 
paper.    See  Card.] 
CARTE -BLANCHE,  -blansh,  n.  a  u-hite 
or  blank  card,  with  a  signature  at  the 
foot,  which  may  be  filled  up  at  the  pleas- 
ure of  the  receiver :  unconditional  terms. 
[Fr.  carte,  and  blanche,  white.] 
CARTE-DE-VISITE,  -viz-it',  Ji.  a  photo- 
graphic portrait  pasted  on  a  small  card. 
CARTEL,  kar'tel,  n.  a  paper  of  agreement 
for  exchange  of  prisoners.     [Fr.  cartel- 
It.   cartello,  dim.  from  root  of  Carte.] 
CARTER,  kart'er,  n.  one  who  drives  a  cart. 
CARTESIAN,  kar-te'zhi-an,  adj.  relating 
to  the  French  philosopher  Des  Cartes,  or 
his  philosopliy. 
CARTILAGE,  kar'ti-laj,  n.  a  tough,  elastic 
substance,  softer  than  bone :  gristle.  [Fr. 
— L.  cartilago,  ety.  of  which  is  doubtful.] 
CARTILAGINOUS,     kar-ti-laj'in-us,     adj. 
pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  cartilage  : 
gristlv. 
CARTOON,   kar-toon',    n.    a    preparatory 
drawing  on  strong  paper,  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  frescoes,  tapestry,   etc.  :  any 
large  sketch  or  design  on  paper.     [Fr. 
carton    (It.    cartone),    augmentative    of 
Oarte  T 
CARTOUCHE,    kar-t55sh',   n,    a  case   for 
holding  cartridges:    a  case    containing 
bullets  to  be  discharged  from  a  mortar : 
{arch.)  an  ornament  resembling  a  scroll 
of  paper  with  the  ends  rolled  up.     [Fr. 
—It.  cartoceio—h.  eharta,  paper.] 
CARTRIDGE,    kar'trij,    n.    a  paper  case 
containing  the  charge  for  a  gun.     [Cor- 
ruption of  Cartouche.] 
CARrULARY,  kar'tu-lar-i,   «,  a  register- 
book  of  a  monastery,  etc. :  one  who  kept 
the  records.  [Low  L.  cartularium — char- 
tula,  a  document— c/iarfa,  paper.] 
CARVE,  karv,  v.t.,  to  cut  into  forms,  de- 
vices, etc.:  to  make  or  shape  by  cutting  : 
to  cut  up  (meat)  into  slices    or  pieces  : 
to  apportion  or  distribute.— r. J.  to  exer- 
cise the  trade  of  a  sculptor.     [A.S.  ceor- 
fan,  to  cut,  to  hew  ;  Dut.  kerven,  Ger, 
kerben,  to  notch-    See  Grave.] 
CARVER,  kajVer,  n.  one  who  carves :  a 

CARYATES,  kar-i-at'ez,  CARYATIDES, 
kar-i-at'i-dez,  n.pl.  (arch.)  figures  of  wo- 
men used  instead  of  columns  for  sup- 
porters. [L.  Caryates,  Gr.  Kanjatides, 
the  women  of  Caryoe,  a  town  in  Arcadia.] 

CASCADE,  kas-kad',  n.  a  waterfall.  [Fr. 
cascade— It.  cascata,  from  cascare,  L. 
cado,  casus,  to  fall.] 

CASE,  kas,  n.  a  covering  box  or  sheath. 
[Fr.  caisse,  O.  Fr.  casse—L.  capsa,  from 
cajiio,  to  receive.] 

CASE,  kas,  v.t.  to  put  in  a  case  or  box. 

CASE,  kas,  n.  that  which  falls  or  happens: 
event:  particular  state  or  condition: 
subject  of  question  or  inquiry:  state- 
ment of  facts  :  (gram.)  the  inflection  of 
nouns,  etc.  [Fr.  cas— L.  casus,  from 
cado,  to  fall.] 

CASEIN,  CASEINE,  ka'se-in,  n.  an  orgamc 


CASTING 

substance,  contained  in  milk  and  cheese, 
[Fr. — L.  caseus,  cheese.] 
CASEMATE,    kas'mat,    n.    a   bomb-proof 
chamber    or   battery    in  which    cannon 
mav  be  placed  to  be  fired  through  em- 
brasures.    [Fr.;  ety.  duo.] 
CASEMENT,  kas'ment,  n.  the  case  or  frame 
of  a  window :  a  window  that  opens  on 
hinges  :  a  hollow  moulding. 
CASH,  kash,  n.   coin  or    money  :    ready 
money. — v.t.  to  turn   into  or  exchange 
for  money:  to  pay  money  for.  [A  doublet 
of  Case,  a  box— O.  Fr.  casse,  a  box  or 
till.] 
CASHIER,  kash-ei-',  n.  a  cas7(-keeper  :  one 
who  has  charge  of  the  receiving  and  pay- 
ing of  money. 
CASHIER,  kash-er*,  v.t.  to  dismiss  from  a 
post  in  disgrace :  to  discard  or  put  away. 
[Ger.  cossireji— Ft.  casser— L.  cassare— 
cassus,  void,  empty.] 
CASHMERE,  kash'mer,  n.  a  rich  kmd  of  ' 

shawl,  first  made  at  Cashmere,  in  India. 

CASINO,    kas-e'no,    n.  a  room  for  public 

dancing.     [It. ;  from  L.  casa,  a  cottage.] 

CASK,  kaski,  n.  a  hollow  round  vessel  for 

holding  liquor,   made   of    staves   bound 

with  hoops.  [Fi-.  casgite,  Sp.  casco,  skull, 

helmet,  cask.] 

CASKET,  kask'et,  n.,  a  little  cask  or  case  -. 

a  small  case  for  holding  jewels,  etc. 
CASQUE,  CASK,  kask,  n.  a  cover  for  the 

head  :  a  helmet.     [A  doublet  of  Cask.] 
CASSIA,  kash'ya,   n.  a  species  of  lam-el- 
tree  whose  bark  is  cut  off  on  account  of 
its  aromatic  qualities :  wild  cinnamon  ; 
the  senna-tree.     [L.  cassia- Gr.  kasia; 
from  a  Heb.  root,  to  cut.] 
CASSIMERE,  kas-i-mer'  (also  spelled  Ker- 
SEYMERE),  n.  a  twilled  cloth  of  the  finest 
wools.    [Corr.  of  Cashmere.] 
CASSOCK,  kas'ok,  n.  a  vestment  worn  by 
clergymen  under  the  gown  or  surpUce. 
[Fr.  cosagMe- It.  casacca—li.  casa,  a  cot 
tage,  a  covering.]  . 

CASSOWARY,  kas'6-war-i,  n.  an  ostrich- 
like  bird,  found  in  the  E.  Indies.  [Malay 
kassuwaris.'\ 
CAST,  kast,  v.t.,  to  throiv  or  fling :  to  throw 
down  :  to  throw  together  or  reckon  :  to 
mould  or  shape.— ^.i.  to  warp  -.—pa-t. 
and  pa.p.  cast.— «.  act  of  casting  :  a 
throw :  the  thing  thrown  :  the  distance 
thrown:  a  motion,  turn,  or  squint,  as 
of  the  eye  :  a  chance :  a  mould  :  the 
form  received  from  a  mould  :  manner  : 
the  assignment  of  the  various  parts  of 
a  play  to  the  several  actors  :  the  com- 
pany of  actors  to  whom  such  have  been 
assigned.  [Scan. ;  as  Ice.  kasta,  to  tiirow.] 
CASTAWAY,  kast'a-wa, «.,  one  cast  away, 

an  outcast. 
CASTE,  kast,  7i.  one  of  the  classes  into 
which  societv  in  India  is  divided  :  any 
class  of  societv  wliich  keeps  itself  apart 
from  the  rest.  [A  name  given  by  the 
Port,  to  the  classes  of  people  in  India, 
Port,  casta,  breed,  race— L.  castus,  pure, 
unmixed.] 
CASTELLAN,  kas'tel-an,  w.  governor  or 

captain  of  a  castle. 
CASTELLAR,  kas-tel'er,  adj.  belonging  or 
pertaiuingto  a  castle.  "  Ancient  castellar 
dungeons. '■— IFa/poie. 
CASTELLATED,  kas'tel-at-ed,  adj.  having 
turrets  and  battlements  like  a  casHe. 
[L.  eastellatus.]  „     ,     , 

CASTER,  kast'er,  n.  a  small  wheel  on  the 

legs  of  furniture.— in  pi.  small  cruets. 

CASTIGATE,  kas'tig-at,  v.t.,  to  chastise  .-to 

correct:   to    punish    with    stripes.      [L. 

castigo,  castigatus,  from  castus,  pure.] 

CASTIGATION,  kas-tig-a'shun,  n.  act  of 

castigating  :  chastisement :  punishment. 

CASTIGATOR,    kas'tig-at-or,  n.  one  who 

castigates. 
CASTING,  kast'ing,  n.  act  of  castmg  or 


CAST-IRON 


55 


CAUL 


moulding  :  that  which  is  cast ;  a  mould  ; 
also  same  as  Worm-cast.  "  I  resolved  . ,  . 
to  weigh  all  the  castings  thrown  up  with- 
in a  given  time  in  a  measured  space,  in- 
stead of  ascertaining  the  rate  at  which 
objects  left  on  the  surface  were  buried 
bv  worms." — Darwin. 
? AST-IRON.    See  under  Iron. 
ASTLB,  kas'l,  m.  a,  fortified  house  or  fort- 
fess  :  the  residence  of  a  prince  or  aoble- 
m;iii.     [A.S.  castel — L,  castelliim,  dim.  of 
castrum,   a   fortified    pla^e :   from    root 
ifcod.  as  E.  s/iade.]    Formerly  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  kind  of  helmet.    Some  com- 
mentators   have     unnecessarily     given 
casque  or    helmet  as  the  equivalent  of 
castle  in  the  following  passage : — 
which  of  your  hands  hath  not  defended  Rome, 
And  reared  aloft  the  bloody  battle-ax, 
Writmg  destruction  on  the  enemy's  castlef—Shak. 

CASTOR,   kas'tor,  n.  the  beaver  :   a  hat 
made  of  its  fur.     [L.,  Gr.  kastdr;  of. 
Sans,  kasturi,  musk.] 
3ASTOR-OIL1,  kas'tor-oil,  n.  a  medicinal 
oil  obtained  from  a  tropical  plant,  the 
Ricinus  communis.     [Ety.  dub.J 
jASTRATE,  kas'trat,  v.t.  to  deprive  of  the 
power  of  generation,  to  geld  :  to  take 
from    or    render    imperfect.  —  n.    Cas- 
rRA'TioN.    |Tj.  castrare.'] 
OASTRATE,  kas'trat,  n.  one  who  has  been 
castrated,    gelded,    or   emasculated :    a 
eunuch. 
JASUAL,  kazh'ii-al,  adj.  accidental :  un- 
foreseen :     occasional.      [L.    casualis — 
casus.    See  Case.] 
"ARTTAT.TSM,   kazh'u-al-izm,  n.  the    doc- 
trine  that  all  things  exist  or  that    all 
events  happen  by  chance,  that  is,  with 
an  efficient,  intelligent  cause,  and  with- 
out design. 
'  ASTTAT.TRT,  kazh'u-al-ist,  n.  one  who  be- 
lieves in  the  doctrine  of  casualism, 
CASUALTY,  kazh'u-al-ti,  n.,   that   which 

falls  out :  an  accident  :  a  misfortune. 
OASUIST,  kazh'u-ist,  n.  one  who  studies 

and  resolves  cfltse.s  of  conscience. 
CASUISTIC,  kazh-u-ist'ik,  CASUISTICAL, 
kazh-u-ist'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to  cases  of 
conscience. 
CASUISTRY,  kazh'u-ist-ri,  71.  the  science 

or  doctrine  of  coses  of  conscience. 
OAT,  kat,  n.  a  common  domestic  animal, 
fin  Teut.,  Celt.,  Slav.,  Ar.,  Turk.,  and 
Late  L.] 
CATACLYSM,    kafa-klizm,   n.  a    flood  of 
water;    a  deluge,      [Gr.   kataklijsmos— 
kata.   downward,    klyzein,    to    wash    or 
dash. ; 
OATACLYSMIST,   kat'a-kliz-tnist,  n.    one 
who  believes  that  many  important  geo- 
logical phenomena  are  due  to  cataclysms. 
v!ATACOMB,    kat'a-kom,    n.  a  hollow  or 
cave  underground  used  as  a  burial-place. 
[It.  cataeoinba.  Low  L.  cataoumba — Gr. 
kata,  downward,  and  kymbe.  a  hollow, 
akin  to  W,  cwm,  a  hollow.] 
CATAFALQUE,  kat-a-falk',    n.   a  tempo- 
rary structu>-e  of  carpentry  representing 
a  tomb  or  cenotaph  :    a  tomb  of  state. 
[Fr. — It.  catafalco — Sp.  catar,  to  see,  and 
falco.  from  the  Ger.  root  of  Balcony. 
Scaffold  is  a  doublet  through  Fr.  echo- 
faud.] 
L^ATALEPSY,    kat'a-lep-sl,    n.    a    disease 
that  seizes  suddenly. — adj.  Catalep'tic. 
[{Jr.,  from  kata,  down,    lambano,    lexh 
somai,  to  seize.] 
DATALOGUE,  kat'a-log,  n.  a  list  of  nameSj 
books,  etc. — v.t.  to  put  in  a  catalogue  : — 
pr.p.    cat'aloguing ;    pa.p.  cat'alogued. 
TFr.— Late  Lat.— Gr..  from  kata,  down, 
logos,  a  counting.] 
CATAMARAN,  kat-a-ma-ran',  n.  a  raft  of 
three  trees,  used  by  the  natives  of  India 
and  Brazil.     [Tamiil  "  tied  logs."] 
CATAPHRACT.  kat'a-frakt,  n.  a  cavalrv 


soldier,   horse  and  man    being  both  in 
complete     armor.      [Gr.    kataphraktos, 
covered — kata,    quite,     phrasso,    to    in- 
close.] 
CATAPULT,    katVpult,    n.    anciently    a 
machine    for   throwing    stones,  arrows, 
etc. ;   an  instrument   used   by  boys   for 
throwing  small  stones.     [L.  catapulta — 
Gr.    katapeltes — kata,    down,   pallo,  to 
throw.] 
CATAPULTIER,  kat'a-pul-ter,  n.  one  who 
manages  or   discharges  missiles  from  a 
catapult.     C.  Reade. 
CATARACT,  kat'a-rakt,  n.  a  great  water- 
fall :  a  disease  of  the  eye  which  comes  on 
as  if  a  veU  fell  before  the  eyes.  [Gr.  kata. 
down,  arasso,  to  dash,  to  rush.] 
CATARRH,  kat-ar',  n.  a  discharge  of  fluid 
from  a  mucous  membrane,  especially  of 
the  nose,  caused  by  cold  in  the  head :  the 
cold    itself.— adj.    Catarrh'al.     [L.   ea- 
tarrhus,    Gr.    katarrhoos — kata,    down, 
rhed,  to  flow.] 
CATASTROPHE,  kat-as'tro-fe,  n.,  an  over- 
turning :  a  final  event :  an  unfortunate 
conclusion :     a    calamity,      [Gr.     kata, 
down,  strepho,  to  turn.] 
CATASTROPHISM,  kat-as'tro-flzm.  n,  the 
theory  or  doctrine  that  geological  changes 
are  due  to  catE^strophes  or  sudden,  violent 
physical  causes,  rather  than  to  continu- 
ous and  uniform  processes. 
CATCAL,  CATCALL,  kafkawljW.a  squeak- 
ing instrument  used  in  theatres  to  con- 
demn plays. 
CATCH,  kach,  v.t.,  to  fake  hold  of:  to  seize 
after  pursuit :  to  trap  or  insnare  :  to  take 
a  disease   by   infection. — v.i.  to  be  con- 
tagious:— pa.  f.  aadiM.p.  caught  (kawt). 
— n.    seizure :    anything   that    seizes  or 
holds :  that  which  is  caught :  a  sudden 
advantage  taken :  a  song  the  parts   of 
which  are  caught  up  by  different  voices. 
[A  doublet  of  Chase,  from  O.  Fr.  cachier 
— L.  captiare  for  captare,  inten.  of  capere, 
to  take.     See  CHASE.] 
CATCHPENNY,  kach'pen-i,  n.  any  worth- 
less thing,   esp.  a  publication,  intended 
merely  to  gain  money. 
CATCHPOLL,  kach'pol,  n.  a  constable. 
CATCHUP,    kach'up,    CATSUP,    kat'sup, 
KETCHUP,    kech'up,    n.    a   liquor    ex- 
tracted from  mushrooms,  etc.,  used  as  a 
sauce.     [Prob.  of  E.  Indian  origin.] 
CATCHWORD,  kach'wurd,  n.  among  ac- 
tors,   the   last    word    of  the   preceding 
speaker :  the  first  word  of  a  page  given 
at  the  bottom  of  the  preceding  V^SS:__ 
CATECHETIC,  kat-e-ket'ik,  CATECHETI- 
CAL, kat-e-ket'ik-al,  adj.,  relating  to  a 
catechism. — adv.  CATECHEl'lCAiLY, 
CATECHISE,  kat'e-Mz,  v.t.  to  instruct  by 
question  and  answer :   to   question  :  to 
examine.— w.  Cat'echisbr.     [Gr.    kate- 
chizo,  kateeheo,  to  din  into  the  ears — 
kata,  down,  eched,  to  sound.] 
CATECHISM,   kat'e-kizm,  n.  a  book  con- 
taining  a  summary  of  principles  in  the 
form  of  questions  and  answei-s. 
CATECHIST,  kat'e-kist,  n.  one  who  cate- 
chises. 
CATECHUMEN,  kat-e-kii'men,  n.  one  who 
is  being  taught  the  rudiments  of  Chris- 
tianity.      [Gr.     katechoumenos,      being 
taught,  p.  of  kateeheo,  to  teach.] 
CATEGORICAL,  kat-e-gor'ik-al.  adj.  posi- 
tive :  absolute :  without  exception. 
CATEGORY,    kat'e-gor-i,  n..  what  may  be 
affirmed  of  a   class  :    a   class  or  order. 
[Gr.   kategoria  —  kata,    down,  against, 
agoreuo,  to  harangue,  declare.] 
CATER,  ka'ter,  v.i.  to  provide  food,  enter- 
tainment, etc.— Ji.   Ca'terer.      [Lit.  to 
act  as  a  cater,  the  word  being  orig.  a 
substantive,  and  spelled  catour — O.  Fr. 
acat  (Fr  aehaty  a  puroha-se— T,cw  Tv  ao 


captare,  to   buy — L,   ad,    to,    captare. 
intensive  of  capere,  to  take.] 

CATERPILLAR,  kat'er-pil-ar,  n.  a  grut 
that  lives  upon  the  leaves  of  plants. 
[O.  Fr.  chattepcleuse,  a  hairv  cat — ehatte, 
a  she-cat,  peleuse  =  Lat.  pllosus,  hairy.] 

CATERWAUL,  kat'er-wawl,  v.i,  to  make  a 
noise  Uke  cats. 

GATES,  katz,  n.pl.  dainty  food.,  [O.  E, 
acates — root  of  Cater,] 

CATGUT,  kat'gut,  n.  a  kmd  of  cord  made 
from  the  intestines  of  animals,  and  used 
as  strings  for  musical  instruments. 

CATHARTIC,  kath-art'ik,CATHARTICAL., 
kath-art'ik-al,  adj.  having  the  power  o' 
cleansing  the  stomach  and  bowels :  purga 
tive.  [Gr.  kathartikos,  fit  for  cleansing, 
from  katharos,  clean.] 

CATHARTIC,  kath-art'ik,  n.  a  purgative 
medicine. 

CATHEDRAL,  kath-e'drai,  n.  the  principal  • 
church  of  a  diocese,  in  which  is  the  seat 
or  throne  of  a  bishop. — adj.  belonging  to 
a  cathedral.  [L.  catiiedra — Gr.  kathedra^ 
a  seat.] 

CATHOLIC,    kath'ol-ik,    adj.,    tiniversal . 

general,  embracing  the  whole  body  o.' 
hristians :  liberal,  the  opp.  of  exclusive  ; 
the  name  claimed  by  its  adherents  fo- 
the  Church  of  Rome  as  the  representa 
tive  of  the  church  founded  by  Christ 
and  his  apostles  :  relating  to  the  Romac 
Catholics. — n.  an  adherent  of  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church.  [Gr.  katholikos 
universal — kata,  throughout,  holos,  the 
whole.] 

CATHOLICISM,  ka-thol'i-sizm,  CATHOL 
ICITY,  kath-ol-is'it-i,  n.,  universality. 
liberality  or  breadth  of  vievf  :  the  tenets 
of  the  R.  CathoUc  Church. 

CATHOOD,  kat'hood,  n.  the  state  of  being 
a  cat.  "Decidedly  my  kitten  should 
never  attain  to  cathood." — Southey. 

CATKIN,  kat'kin,  n.  a  loose  cluster  of 
flowers  like  a  cat's  tail  grooving  on  cer- 
tain trees,  as  hazels,  etc.  [Cat,  and  dim- 
suffix  -kin.'l 

CAT-O-NINE-TAILS,  kat'-o-nln'-taL!,  n.  a 
whip  with  nine  lashes. 

CATOPTRIC,  kat-op'trik,  adj.  relating  to 
catoptrics,  or  vision  by  reflection.  [Gr., 
from  katoptron,  a  mirror — kata,  against, 
optomai.  to  see.] 

CATOPTRICS,  kat-op'triks,  n.sing.  the  part 
of  optics  which  treats  of  reflected  light. 

CAT'S-PAW,  kats'-paw,  n.  the  dupe  or  too) 
of  another  :  (naM^.)  alight  breeze.  [Fron: 
the  fable  of  the  monkey  who  used  the 
paws  of  the  cat  to  draw  the  roasting 
chestnuts  out  of  the  fire.] 

CAT-THYME,  kat'-tlm,  n.,  Teucriuyn 
Marum,  a  plant  belonging  to  the  Labi 
atffl,  one  of  the  germanders,  formerh 
used  in  medicine. 

CATTLE,  kat'l,  n.pl.  beasts  of  pasture,  esp 
oxen,  buUs,  and  cows  ;  sometimes  also 
horses,  sheep,  etc.  [O,  Fr.  catel,  chatei 
—Low  L.  captdle,  orig.  capital,  property 
in  general,  then  esp,  animals— L.  capi- 
talis,  c\\\et— caput,  the  head,  beasts  in 
early  times  forming  the  chief  part  o^ 
property.] 

CAUCUS,  kaw'kus,  n.  a  party  combmation 
or  meeting  for  influencing  elections,  esp. 
in  Amer.  [Etv.  dub.  ;  perh.  a  corr.  01 
ealkers'  club,  tlie  nickname  of  a  Bostor 
clique  about  1706.] 

CAUDAL,  kaw'dal,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
tail :  having  a  tail  or  something  like  one 
[L.  eanda.] 

CAUDLE,  kaw'dl,  n.,  a  warn  dnnk  given 
to  the  sick.  [O.  Fr.  chaudel—Fr.  chaud 
— L.  calidus,  hot.] 

CAUGHT,  kawt,  pa.  f.  tind  pa.p.  of  Catch. 

CAUL,  kawl,  n.  a  net  or  covering  for  the 
head  :  the  membrane  covering'  the  head 
of  some  infants  at  their  birth.     [O.  Fr, 


CAULDRON 


66 


CENSORIOUS 


eole,    a   little   cap— Celt,  ealla,  a  reU, 

hoodO 

CAULDRON.    See  Caidhon. 

CAULIFLOWER,  kawTi-flow-er^  n.  a  vari- 
ety of  cabbage,  the  eatable  part  of  which 
is  the  flower.  [L,  caiiKs,  cabbage,  and 
Floweb.    SeeC50LE-1 

SAULBL    See  Caik, 

■JAULKER,  kawk'er,  n.  a  dram :  a  glas.s  or 
other  small  quantity  of  spirits.  (Slang.) 
[Perhaps  so  called  irom  being  regarded 
PS  keeping  all  tight,  keeping  out  the  wet.l 
•'Take  a  caulker  f  .  .  .  No?  Tak'  a 
drap  o'  kindness  yet  for  auld  iangsyne." 
—Kingsley. 

UAUSAL,  Kawz'ol,  cu^'.  relating  to  a  cavse 
or  causes. 

CAUSALITY;  kaw»-al'it-i,  n.  the  working 
of  a  cause  :  (pkren.)  the  faculty  of  trac- 
ing effects  to  their  causes. 

CAUSATION,  kawz-a'shun,  n.,  Uve  act  of 
causing  ■  the  bringing  about  of  an  ef- 
fect.—IjAW  OF  UNIVERfiAL  CAUSATION  Is 
the  law  or  doctrine  that  every  event 
or  phenomenon  is  the  result  or  sequel 
of  some  previous  event  or  phenomenon 
without  which  it  could  not  have  taken 
place,  and  which  being  present  it  is  sure 

CAU8ATI0NISM,  kawz-a'shun-izm,  n. 
same  as  Law  of  Universal  Cattsaticm, 
[See  under  CAUSATION.] 

OAUSATIONIST,  kaw2i-a'shun-ist  n.  one 
who  believes  in  causationism  or  in  the 
operation  of  the  law  of  causation. 

CAUSATIVE,  kaw/a-tiv,  adj:  producing 
an  effect :  causing. — adv.  Caus'attvelt, 

CAUSE,  kawz,  n.  that  by  or  through  which 
anything  is  done  ;  inducement :  a  legal 
action.— r.i.  to  produce  :  to  make  to  ex- 
ist :  to  bring  about.  [Fr.  cause — I* 
causa.] 

■"AUSELESS,  kawz'les,  adj.,  having  no 
cause  or  occasion. — adv.  Cause'LESSLY. — 
n.  Cause'lessness. 

■iAUSEUSE,  ko-zez,  n.  a  smaU  sofa  or  set- 
tee for  seating  two  persons.  [Tr.,  from 
causer,  to  converse.] 

DAUSEWAY,  kawz'wa,  CAUSEY,  kawz'e. 
n.  a'path  way  raised  andpavedwith  stone. 
[O.  Fr.  eaucie,  Fr.  chaussie — L.  calciata 
—calx,  chalk,  because  built  with  mortar.] 

UAUSTICi  kaws'tik,  adj. ,  burning :  severe, 
cutting. — n,  a  substance  that  bums  or 
wastes  away  the  flesh,  [L. — Gr.  kaus- 
tikos — kaio,  katisd,  to  burn.] 

CAUSTICITY,  kaws-tis'i-ti  n,  quaUty  of 
being  caustic. 

CAUTERIZATION,  kaw-ter-Iz-a'shun. 
CAUTERISM,  kaw'ter-ism,  CAUTERY, 
kaw'ter-i,  n.  a  burning  with  caustics  or  a 
hot  iron. 

CAUTERIZE,  kaw'ter-Iz.  v.t.  to  bum  with 
a  caustic  or  a  hot  iron.  [Fr.  cautiriser 
— Gr.  kauter,  a  hot  iron— kaio,  to  burn.] 

DAUTION,  kaw'shun,  n,  heedfiilness  :  se- 
curity :  warning. — v.t.  to  warn  to  take 
care.    [Fr. — L.  eautio—caveo,  to  beware,  ] 

CAUTIONARY,  kaw'shun-ar-i,  adj.  con- 
taining caution  :  given  as  a  pledge. 

CAXJTIOUS,  kaw'shus,  adj.  possessing  or 
nsing  caution  :  watchful :  prudent. — adv. 
Catj'tiously. — n.  Cau'tiousness, 

i/AVALCADE,  kaVal-kad,  n.  a  train  of 
persons  on /iorse&acfc.  (TV. — It.  cavallo — 
L.  caballus,  Gr.  kaballes,  ahorse,  a  nag.] 

ilAV ALTER,  kav-al-er",  n.  a  knight :  a  par- 
tisan of  Charles  L — adj.  like  a  cavaRer ; 
gay  :  warlike  :  haugnty.  —  adv.  Cava- 
UER'ly.    [Fr.— It.  cavallo.     See  Cavai^ 

CADE.] 
CAVALRY,    kav'al-n,    n.,   ftorse-soldiers. 

[Fr.  cavalerie — It.l 
CAVE,  kav,  n.  a  holiow  place  in  the  earth  : 

a  den.      [Fr. — ^L.   cavea — cavus.  hollow. 

Cage  is  a  doublet.] 
OAVEAT,  ka've-at,  n,  (lit.)  let  him  take 


care:  a  notice  ot  warning:  a  notice  to 

stop  proceedings  in  a  court.    [L. — cawo. 
to  take  care.] 

CAVENDISH,  kav'en-dish,  iu  tobacco 
moistened.and  pressed  into  quadrangular 
cakes. 

CAVERN,  kav'em,  n.  a  deep  holloio  place 
in  the  earth,  [L.  cavema — cavus,  hol- 
low.] 

"AVERNOUS,  kav'er-nus,     adj..    hoVUra 
full  of  caverns. 

CAVTAEE,  CAVIAR,  kav-i-ar',  n.  an  ar- 
ticle of  food  made  from  the  salted  roes  of 
the  sturgeon,  etc,  \Ft.  caviar-— \t.  caviali 
--Turk.  Tiavi&r.^ 

CAVIL,  kav'il,  v.t.  to  make  empty,  trifling 
objections :  to  use  false  arg:uments  :— 
pr.p.  cav'iUing  ;  pa.p.  cavilled. — n.  a 
frivolous  objection. — n.  Cav'ill.ee.  [O. 
Fr,  caviller — L.  eavillor,  to  practice  jest- 
xas—HMvilla,  jesting.] 

CAVITY,  kav'it-i,  n..  a  holUrw  place:  hoi 
lowness :    an   opening.      [L.    cavitas— 
camis,  hollow.] 

CAVO-RIUEVO,  ka'vd-r§-le-a'va,  «.  in 
sculp,  a  kind  of  relief  in  which  the  high- 
est surface  is  only  level  with  the  plane 
of  the  original  stone.  Sculpture  of  this 
kind  is  much  employed  in  the  decoratioc 
of  the  walls  of  Egyptian  temples,     [It.] 

CAW,  kaw,  v.i.  to  cry  as  a  crow.~7i,  the 
cry  of  a  crow. — n.  Caw'ing.  [From  the 
sound.    See  Chough.] 

CAZIQUE,  ka-zek*,  n.  a  chief  in  certam 
parts  of  America  at  the  time  of  its  dis- 
covery.   [Span,  cacique,  orig.  Haytian,] 

CEASE,  ses,  v.i.,  to  give  over :  to  stop  ;  to 
be  at  an  end. — v.t.  to  put  an  end  to 
[Fr.  cesser — L.  cesso,  to  give  over — cedo. 
to  yield,  give  up.] 

CEASELESS,  sesles,  adj.,  icithout ceasing  ; 
incessant.— od'tf.  Cease'lessly. 

CEDAR,  se'dar,  n.  a  large  evergreen  tree 
remarkable  for  the  durability  and  frag- 
rance of  its  wood. — adj.  made  of  cedar. 
Also  Cedakn,    [L.— Gr,  kedros,] 

CEDE,  sed,  v.t.  to  yield  or  give  up  to  an- 
other.— v.i,  to  give  way.  [L.  cedo.  ces- 
siim,  to  go  away  from,] 

CEIBA,  sa-e'ba  or  tha-elja,  n.  the  silk- 
cotton  tree  {Bombax  Ceiba).   [Sp.] 

CEEL,  sel,  v.t.  to  overlay  the  inner  roof  of 
a  room,     [See  Cehing.] 

CEILING,  sel'ing,  re.  the  mner  roof  of  a 
room.     [M.  E,  syle  or  cyll,  a  canopy — Fr, 

.  del,  heaven,  a  canopy,  a  ceilmg — L. 
caelum,  tlie  vault  of  heaven.  Cf.  Gr. 
fcot7os  —  E.  Hoiiow.] 

CELADON,  sel'ardon,  n.  a  soft,  pale,  sea- 
green  color,  so  called  from  the  name  of 
the  hero  of  the  romance  "Astr6e,"  pop- 
ular in  France  in  the  Louis  XIV,  epoch. 
"Porcelain  beautiful  with  celadon," — 
Longfelloiv. 

CELANDINE,  selan-dln,  n.,  swalloruywort, 
a  plant  of  the  poppy  family,  so  named 
because  it  was  supposed  to  flower  when 
the  ^callows  appeared,  and  to  perish 
when  they  departed.  [O.  Fr.  cdidoine — 
Gr.  chelidonion — cheliaon,  a  swallow.] 

CELEBRATE,  sel'e-brat,  v.t.  to  make  fa- 
mous :  to  distinguish  by  solemn  cere- 
monies. [L,  celebro,  -atum  —  celeber, 
frequenteol] 

CELEBRATION,  sel-e-bra'shun,  n.,  act  of 
celebrating. 

CELEBRITY,  sel-eb'ri-ti,  re.  the  condition 
of  being  celebrated :  fame,  [L.  celebritas 
— celeberA 

CELERITY,  sel-er'it-i,  re.  quickness :  rapid- 
ity of  motion.  [Tr. — ^L.  celeritas — celer, 
quick — cello,  Gr.  kello,  to  drive,  urge  on.] 

CELERY,  sel'er-i,  re.  a  kitchen  vegetable. 
[Fr.  celeri — L.  and  Gr.  sellnon,  parsley,] 

CELESTIAL,  sel-est'yal,  adj.,  heavenly: 
dwelling  in  heaven  :  in  the  visible  heav- 
ens,— n.  an  tohabitant  of  heaven— adt 


CEI,EeTIALLY,      |L,    COUesllS -" CCl4t»«E. 
heaven  -,  Gr.  koilos,E.  Hollow.] 

CELIBACY,  sel'i-bas-i  or  se-Ub'as-i,  n.  u 
single  life :  an  uumamed  state.  |X* 
cojlehs,  single.] 

CELIBATE,  sen-bat,  adj.,  pertaining  ton 
single  life. — n.  one  unmarried. 

CELL,  sel,  n.  a  small  room  :  a  cave  .  & 
small  shut  cavity.  [L.  cella,  conn  witb 
eelare,  to  cover.] 

CELLARET,  sel-ar-et',  re.  an  omamentat 
case  for  holding  bottles,  [A  diminutive 
of  Cellae.] 

CELLAR,  serar,  n.  a  cell  under  grounc! 
where  stores  are  kept,  [L  cellarium— 
ceUa.l 

CELLARAGE,  sel'ar-aj,  n.  space  for  cellars: 
cellars  :  charge  for  storing  in  cellars. 

CELLULAR,  seT'u-lar,  adj.,  consisting  of  ce 
containing  cells.  [From  L  cellula,  a  lit- 
tle cell.] 

CELLULOID,  sel'lu-loid,  n.  an  artificial 
substance,  chiefly  composed  of  cellulose 
or  vegetable  fibrme,  and  much  used  as  a 
substitute  for  ivory,  bone,  coral,  etc.,  iii 
the  manufacture  of  piano-keys,  buttons, 
billiard-balls,  sliirt  cuffs,  etc.  The  cellu- 
lose i.«  first  reduced  by  acids  to  pyroxy- 
line,  camphor  is  then  added,  and  the 
mixture  is  subjected  to  immense  hydrau- 
lic pressure.  The  compound  may  then 
be  moulded  by  heat  and  pressure  to  any 
desired  shape,  and  it  becomes  hard,  elas- 
tic, and  capable  of  taking  on  a  fine  finish. 
[From  cellulose,  and  Gr.  eidos,  resem- 
blance.] 

CELT,  selt,  re.  a  cutting  instrument  ot 
stone  or  metal  found  in  ancient  barrows. 
[Founded  on  Celte  (translated  "  with  i 
chisel"),  perh.  a  misreading  for  certc 
("  surely  ),  in  the  Vulgate,  Job  six  24, ^ 

CELT,  selt,  n.  one  of  the  Celts,  an  Aryat 
race,  now  represented  by  the  Welsh; 
Irish,  and  Scottish  Highlanders. — adj, 
Celt'ic.  [L.  Celtae ;  Gr.  Keltoi  or  Keltai.] 

CEMENT,  se-ment',  re.  anything  that  make? 
two  bodies  stick  together :  mortar  :  » 
bond  of  union.  [L.  ccementa,  chips  of 
stone  used  to  fill  up  in  building  a  wall, 
ccedimenta — ccedo,  to  cut  off.] 

CEMENT,  se-ment',  v.t.  to  unite  with  ce- 
ment :  to  join  fli-mly, 

CEMENTATION,  sem-ent-a'shun,  re.,  the 
act  of  cementing  :  the  process  by  which 
iron  is  turned  into  steel,  glass  into  por- 
celain, etc. — done  by  surrounding  tneia 
with  a  cement  or  powder  and  exposing 
them  to  heat. 

CEMETERY,  sem'e-ter-i,  n.  a  burying- 
ground,  [Low  L.  coemeterium—Gr.  koime- 
tenon — koimad,  to  lull  to  sleep.] 

CENOBITE,  sen'5-bTt  or  se'no-blt,  re.  one 
of  a  religious  order  living  in  a  community, 
in  opposition  to  an  Anchorite  :  a  monk. 
—  adjs.  Cenobit'ic,  Cenobit'ical.  [L, 
ccenobila — Gr.  koinobios,  fi'om  koinos, 
common,  and  bios,  life,] 

fTENOTAPH,  sen'6-taf,  re.  (lit.)  an  empty 
tomb :  a  monument  to  one  who  is  buried 
elsewhere.  [Fr. — L. — Gr.  kenotaphion 
— kenos,  empty,  and  taphos,  a  tomb.] 

CENSER,  senser,  »i.  a  pan  in  which  in- 
cense  is  burned.  [Fr.  encensoir — Low  L 
incensorinm.l 

CENSOR,  sen'sor,  n,  in  ancient  Rome,  acL 
officer  who  kept  account  of  the  property 
of  the  citizens,  imposed  taxes,  ano 
watched  over  then*  morals ;  in  modert 
times,  an  officer  who  examines  books  o< 
newspapers  before  they  are  printed,  and 
whose  permission  is  necessaiy  for  theiif 

Jiublication  :  one  who  ceresttres  or  blames, 
L. — censeo,  to  weigh,  to  estimate.] 
NSORIAL,  sen-6ori-al,   adj.  belonging 
to  a  censor,  or  to  the  correction  of  publj': 
morals. 
CENSORIOUS,  sen-s6'ri-us,  adj.  expressiic^ 


CENSOESHIP 


57 


CHALICE 


censure :     fault-finding,  y-  adv.    Censo'- 

RIOUSLY.— «.  CeNSO'EIOUSNESS. 

CENSORSHIP,  sen'sor-ship,  n.  office  of 
censor  :  time  dui-ing  which  he  holds  of- 
fice.— Censorship  of  the  press,  a  regu- 
lation of  certain  governments,  by  which 
books  and  newspapers  must  be  examined 
by  officers,  whose  approval  is  necessary 
to  their  publication. 

CENSURABLE,  sen'shur-a.-bl,  adj.  deserv- 
ing of  censure:  blamable. — adv.  Cen'- 
SUEABLT. — n.  Cen'surableness. 

CENSURE,  sen'shur,  n.  an  unfavorable 
ntdginent :  blame  :  repi'oof.  —  v.t.  to 
"blame  :  to  condemn  as  wron^.  [L.  cen- 
sura,  an  opinion,  a  severe  judgment — 
eenseo,  to  estimate  or  judge.] 

CENSUS,  sen'sus,  n.  an  official  enumera- 
tion of  the  inhabitants  of  a  country.  [L. 
censvs,  a  register.] 

CENT,  sent,  n.,  a  hundred :  an  American 
coiu^the  hundredth  part  of  a  dollar. — 
Per  Cent,  hy  the  hundred.  [L.  centum, 
a  hundred.] 

GENT  AGE,  sent'aj,  n.  rate  hy  the  hundred, 

CENTAL,  sen'tal,  n.  a  weight  of  100  lbs. 
proposed  for  general  adoption,  legalized 
in  1878  in  Eng.,  out  not  in  U.  S. 
ENTAL,  sen'tal,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  con- 
sisting of  a  hundred  :  reckoning  or  pro- 
ceeding by  the  hundred.  [L.  centum,  a 
hundred.] 

CENTAUR,  sen'tawr.  n.  a  fabulous  mon- 
ster, half-mau  half-horse.  [L. — Gr.  ken- 
tauros ;  ety.  dub.] 

CENTENARY,  sen'ten-ar-i,  n.  a  hundred  : 
a  century  or  hundred  years. — adj.  per- 
taining to  a  hundred. — n.  Centena'rian, 
one  a  hundred  years  old.  [L. — centeni, 
a  hundred  each — centum.] 

CENTENNIAL,  sen-ten'i-al,  adj.  happen- 
ing once  in  a  hundred  years.  [Coined 
from  L.  centum,  and  annus,  a  year.] 

CENTESIMAL,  sen-tes'i-mal,  adj.,  hun- 
dredth.—adv.  Centes'imally.  [L.  cen- 
tesimus — centum.'] 

CENTIGRADE,  sen'ti-grad,  adj.  having  a 
hundred  degrees :  divided  into  a  hundred 
degrees,  as  the  centigrade  thermometer, 
in  which  freezing-point  is  zero  and  boU- 
ing-point  is  100°.  [L.  centum,  and  gradus, 
a  step,  a  degree.] 

JENTIPED,  sen'ti-ped,  CENTIPEDE,  sen'- 
ti-ped,  n.  an  insect  with  a  hundred  or  a 
great  many  feet.  [L.  centum,  and  pes, 
pedis,  a  foot.] 

CENTNER,  sent'ner,  n,  a  common  name 
on  the  Continent  for  a  hundredweight. 
•KNTRAL,  sgn'tral,  CENTRIC,  sen'trik, 
CENTRICAL,  sen'trik-al,  adjs.,  relating 
to,  placed  in,  or  containing  the  centre. — 
adi'S.  Cf.n'trat.t.v,  Cen'TRICALLT. 
ENTRALIZE,  sen'tral-iz,  v.t.  to  draw  to  a 
centre. — n.  Centeauza'tion. 

CENTRE,  CENTER,  sen'ter,  n.  the  middle 
point  of  anj'thing :  the  middle. — v.t.  to 
place  on  or  collect  to  a  centre. — v.i.  to 
be  placed  in  the  middle  i^pr.p.  cen'tring, 
cen'tering  ;  pa.p.  cen'tred,  cen'tered.  [Fr. 
— L.  centrum — Gr.  kentron,  a  sharp  point 
—-kented,  to  prick.] 

CENTRIFUGAL,  sen-trif'u-gal,  adj.  tend- 
ing to  flee  from  the  centre.  [L.  centrum, 
and  fugio,  to  flee  from.] 

CENTRIFUGENCE,  sen-trif'ii-jens,  n.  the 
tendency  to  fly  off  from  the  centre  :  cen- 
trifugal force  or  tendency.    Emerson. 

CENTRIPETAL,  sen-trip'et-al,  adj.,  tend- 
ing toward  the  centre.  [L.  centrum,  and 
neto  to  seek  1 

CENTUPLE,  sen'tu-pl,  adj.,  hundred-fold. 

[L.  centuplex — centum,  and  pHco,  to  fold.] 

CENTURION,   sen-tu'ri-on,  n.   among  the 

Romans,  the  commander  of  a  hundred 

men.     [L.  centurio.] 

CENTURY,  sen'tu-ri,  n.,  a  hundred,  or 
something  consisting  of   a   hundred  in 


number :  a  hundred  years.    [L.  centuria 

— centum.] 

CEPHALIC,  se-fal'ik,  adj.  belonging  to 
the  head.  [Gr.  kephalikos — kephale,  the 
head.] 

CEPHALOTRIPSY,  sef'a-16-trip-si,  n,  in 
obstretrics,  the  act  or  practice  of  operat- 
ing with  the  cephalotribe  :  the  operation 
of  crushing  the  head  of  the  foetus  in  the 
womb  to  faciUtate  delivery.     Dunglison. 

CERACEOUS,  se-ra'shus,  adj.,  of  or  like 
va.v. 

CERAMIC,  se-ram'ik,  adj.,  pertaining  to 
pottery.  [Gr.  keramos,  potter's  earth, 
and  suffix  -ic] 

CERASTES,  se-ras'tez,  n.  a  genus  of  poi- 
sonous African  serpents,  having  a  horny 
scale  over  each  eye.  [L. — Gr.  kerastes, 
horned — keras,  horn.] 

CERE,  ser,  v.t.  to  cover  with  wax. — ns. 
Cere'cloth,  Cere'ment,  a  cloth  dipped 
in  melted  wax  in  which  to  wrap  a  dead 
body.  [L.  cera ;  cog.  with  Gr.  keros, 
Gael,  ceir,  beeswax.] 

CEREAL,  se're-al,  adj.  relating  to  corn  or 
edible  grain. — Cereals,  se're-alz,  n.pl. 
the  grains  used  as  food,  such  as  wheat, 
barley,  etc.  [L.  cerealis — Ceres,  the  god- 
dess of  corn  or  produce.] 

CEREBELLUM,  ser-e-bel'um,  n.  the  hinder 
and  lower  part  of  the  brain.  [L.,  dim.  of 
cerebrum.] 

CEREBRAL,  ser'e-bral,  adj.,  pertaining  to 
the  cerebrum. — n.  Ceeebra'tion,  action 
of  the  brain ,  conscious  or  unconscious. 

CEREBRALISM,  ser'e-bral-izm,  n.  in  psy- 
chol.  the  theory  or  doctrine  that  all  men- 
tal operations  arise  from  the  activity  of 
the  cerebrum  or  brain. 

CEREBRALIST,  ser'e-bral-ist,  n.  one  who 
holds  the  doctrine  or  theory  of  cere- 
bralism. 

CEREBRUM,  ser'e-brum,  n.  the  front  and 
larger  part  of  the  brain.  [L.  cerebrum, 
the  brain,  of  which  cere  =  Gr.  kara,  the 
head,  M.  E.  hemes,  brains,  Scot,  hams.] 

CEREMONIAli,  ser-e-mo'ni-al,  adj.  relat- 
ing to  ceremony. — n.  outward  form:  a  sys- 
tem of  ceremonies. — adj.  Ceremo'niallt. 

CEREMONIOUS,  ser-e-mo'ni-us,  adj., full 
of  ceremony :  particular  in  observing 
forms  :  precise. — adv.  Ceremo'niouslt. 
—n.  Ceremo'niousness. 

CEREMONY,  sei-'e-mo-ni,  n.  a  sacred  rite : 
the  outward  form,  religious  or  otherwise. 
[Fr.— L.  ccerimonia,  from  root,  kar,  to 
make,  do.] 

CERTAJCN,  ser'tan  or  ser'tin,  adj.  sure  : 
fixed  :  regular :  some  :  one. — adv.  Cer'- 
T4TNT.V.  —  ns.  Ckr'tainty,  Cer'tttode. 
[Fr.  certain — L.  certus,  old  part,  of  cemo, 
to  decide.] 

CERTIFICATE,  ser-tlfi-kat,  n.  a  written 
declaration  of  some  fact :  a  testimonial 
of  character. — v.t.  to  give  a  certificate. — 
n.  Certipica'tion.  [Fr.  certificat  —  L. 
eertus,  and/ocio.] 

CERTIFY,  ser'ti-fi,  v.t.,  to  make  known  as 
certain ;  to  inform  :  to  declare  in  writ- 
ing ■.—pr.p.  cer'tifying ;  pa.p.  cer'trfied. 
[Fr.  eertifiet — L.  eertus,  and  facio,  to 
naake.] 

CERULEAN,  se-ro6'le-an,  adj.,  sky-blue ; 
dark-blue  :  sea-green.  [L.  coeruleus  = 
coeluleus — coelum,  the  sky.] 

CERUSE,  se'roos,  n.  white-lead,  the  na- 
tive carbonate  of  lead.  [Fr.— L.  cerussa, 
conn,  with  cera,  wax.] 

CERVICAL,  ser'vi-kal,  adj.  belonging  to 
the  neck.     [Fr.— L.  cervix,  cervicis,  the 

CERVINE,  ser'vin,  adj.  relating  to  deer. 

[L.  cervus,  a  stag  ;  alan  to  E.  hart.] 
CESAREAN,  se-za're-an,  adj.  the  Cesarean 

operation  is  taking  a  child  out  of    the 

body  of  its  mother  02/  cutting.     [L.  ccedo, 

census,  to  cut.] 


CESS,  ses,  n.  a  tax. — v.t.  to  impose  a  tax 
[Shortened  from  ASSESS.] 

CESSATION,  ses-a'shun,  n.  a  ceasing  or 
stopping :  a  rest :  a  pause.  [Fr. — L.;  sec 
Cease.] 

CESSION,  sesh'un,  n.  a  yielding  up.  [Fr 
— L.:  see  Cede.] 

CESSPOOL,  ses'pool,  n.,  a  pool  orhoUow  in 
which  filthy  water  collects.  [Ace.  to 
Skeat,  from  Celt,  soss-pool,  a  pool  into 
which  foul  messes  flow.  Cf.  Scot,  soss, 
a  mixed  dirty  mess.] 

CESTUS,  ses'tus,  n.  the  girdle  of  Venus, 
which  had  power  to  awaken  love  :  an 
ancient  boxing-o^love  loaded  with  lead  or 
iron.     [L. — Gr.  kestos,  a  girdle.] 

CESURA.    See  Cjesura. 

CETACEOUS,  set-a'shus,  adj.  belonging  to 
fishes  of  the  tchale-kind.  [L.  cete—Gr. 
ketos,  any  sea-monster.] 

CHACE.    See  Chase. 

CHAFE,  chaf,  v.t.,  to  make  hot  by  rubbing: 
to  fret  or  wear  by  rubbing- :  to  cause  to 
fret  or  rage. — v.i.  to  fret  or  rage. — n. 
heat  caused  by  rubbing:  rage :  passion, 
[Fi".  chauffer — L.  calefacere — caleo,  to  be 
hot,  and /aoere,  to  make.] 

CHAFER,  chafer,  n.  a  kind  of  beetle.  [A.S, 
ceafor.] 

CHAPF,  chaf,  n.  tbe  case  or  covering  of 
grain  :  emptj',  worthless  raatt6T.—<idjs. 
Chaef't,  Chaff'less.  [A.S.  ceaf;  Ger. 
kaff.] 

CHAFF,  chaf,  v.t.  to  banter. — ?i.  Chaff' 
ING.     [A  corr.  of  chafe.] 

CHAFFER,  chafer,  v.t.,  to  buy.— v.i,  to 
bargain :  to  haggle  about  the  price, 
[M.E.  chajjfare,  a  bargain,  from  A.S. 
ceap,  price,  faru,  way — a  business  pro- 
ceedina.'l 

CHAFFINCH,  chaf'insh,  n.  a  little  song 
bird  of  the  finch  family.  [Said  to  delight 
in  chaff.    See  Finch.] 

CHAGRIN,  sha-gren',  n.  that  which  tcears 
or   gnaics   the  mind :  vexation :    ill-hu 
mor. — v.t.  to  vex  or  annoy.  [Fr.  chagrin, 
shagreen,  rough  skin  used  for  rasping  or 
polishing  wood.] 

CHAIN,  chan,  n.  a  series  of  links  or  rings 
passing  through  one  anotlier  :  a  number 
of  things  coming  after  each  other  :  any- 
thing that  binds  :  a  measure  of  100  links, 
66  feet  long. — v.t.  to  bind  with  or  as  with 
a  chain.     [Fr.  chaine — L.  caietia.] 

CHAIR,  char,  n.  something  to  sit  doton 
upon :  a  movable  seat  for  one,  with  a 
back  to  it :  the  seat  or  office  of  <me  in 
authority. — v.t.  to  carry  one  publicly  in 
triumph.  [Fr.  chaire — L.  cathedra— Gr. 
kathedra — kathezomai,  to  sit  down.] 

CHAISE,  shaz,  n.  a  light  two-wheeled  car- 
riage, for  two  persons,  drawn  by  one 
horse.  [Fr.,  a  Parisian  pronunciation  of 
chaire.    See  Chair.] 

CHALCEDONY,  kal-sed'o-ni  or  kal'-,  n.  a 
variety  of  quartz  of  a  milk-and-water 
color. — adj.  Chalcedon'ic.  [From  Clial- 
cedon,  in  Asia  Minor.] 

CHALCIDID^,  kal-sid'i-de,  n.pJ.  a  faiuily 
of  Uzards,  with  long,  snake-like  bodies, 
but  having  minute  fore  and  hind  limbs 
present ;  the  scales  are  rectangular,  and 
arranged  in  transverse  bands  which  do 
not  overlap.  All  the  members  of  the 
group  are  American.  H.  A.  Ificholson. 
[Gr.  chalkcis,  a  kind  of  lizard,  and  eidos, 
resemblancej 

CHALCOPYRITE,  kal-ko-pirlt,  n.  yellow 
or  copper  pyrites.  [Gr.  kalkos,  copper, 
and  pyrites,  from  pyr,  fire.     See  under 

T^YRITKS  "1 

CHALDAIC,  kal-da'ik,  CHALDEE,  kal'de, 

adj.  relating  to  Chaldea, 
CEL4.LDR0N,  ch:vwrdrun,  n.  acoal-measu: > 

holding  36  bushels.     [Fr.  chaudron.    S-  . 

Caldron.] 
CHALICE,   chal'is,   n.  a  cup   or    bowl  ■ 


CHALK 


communion-cup.  —  adj.  Chal'iced.  [Ft. 
coZice— L.  calix,  calieis ;  Gr.  kylix,  a  cup. 
Caltx  is  a  different  word,  but  from  the 
same  I'oot.] 
-TfAT.K,  chawk,  n.  the  weU-known  white 
substance,  a  carbonate  of  hme.—v.t.  to 
rub  or  manure  with  challi.  —  acp. 
Chalk't.— K.  CHAUi'lNESS.  [A.S.  cealo, 
like  Fr.  cha^uc,  O.  Fr.  cJiaidx,  is  from  L. 
caZ.r,  limestone.] 

iHALLEKGE,  chal'enj,  V.f.  to  caU  on  one 
to  settle  a  matter  by  fighting  or  any  kind 
of  contest :  to  claim  as  one  s  own :  to 
accuse :  to  object  to.— n.  a  summons  to 
a  contest  of  any  kind :  exception  toa 
juror :  the  demand  of  a  sentry.  [O.  ir. 
ehalenge,  a  dispute,  a  claim— L.  calumma, 
a.  false  accusation— «aZui,  caluere,  to  de- 

OHALyBRAN,  ka-lib'e-an,  adj.  forged  oy 
the  Chalybes  of  Pontus,  noted  for  their 
preparation  of  steel:  weU-tempered. 
fSee  Chalybeate.]  . 

CHALYBEATE,  ka-lib'e-at,  adj.  contam- 
ing  iron.—n.  a  water  or  other  liquor  con- 
taining iron.  [Gr.  chalyps,  chalybos, 
steel,  so  called  from  the  Chalybes,  a  na^ 

^    tion  in  Pontus  famous  for  steel.] 

ii^HAMBER,  chiim'ber,  n.  an  apartment; 
the  place  where  an  assembly  meets :  an 
assembly  or  body  of  men  met  for  some 
purpose,  as  a  chamber  of  commerce :  a 
hall  of  justice  :  the  back  end  of  the  bore 
of  a  gun. — adj.  Cham'beeed. — n.  Cham"- 
BERING,  in  B.,  lewd  behavior.  [Fr.  cham- 
bre—L.  camera— Gr.  kamara,  a  vault,  a 
room  ;  akin  to  Celt,  cam,  crooked.] 

CHAMBERLAIN,  cham'ber-lan  or-hn,  n. 
an  overseer  of  the  private  apartments  of 
a  monarch  or  nobleman  :  treasurer  of  a 
corporation.— n.  Cham'beiil.vd«ship.  [O. 
Fr.  chambrelenc  ;  O.  Ger.  chamerling— 
L.  camera,  a  chamber,  and  affix  ling  or 
7ejte=E.  ling  in  hireling.] 

JHAMBERLnST,  cham'ber-lin,  n.  a  servant 
in  an  inn,  in  olden  times,  who  united  in 
himself  the  offices  of  chambermaid, 
waiter,  and  boots.     [A  form  of  Chamber- 

IiAlN.] 

CHAJIELEON,  ka-mel'yun,  n.  a  small  hz- 
ard  famous  for  changing  its  color.  _  [L. 
chamceleon—Gr.  chamaileon—chamat  {= 
L.  hwni),  on  the  ground,  leon,  a  lion==a 
dwarf-lion.] 
CHAMOIS,    sham'waw  or  sharmoi ,  n.  a 
kind  of  goat :  a  soft  kind  of  leather  orig- 
inally made  from  its  skin.      [Fr.— Ger, 
gemse,  a  chamois.] 
CHAMOMILE.    See  Camomile. 
CHAMP,  champ,  v.i.  to  make  a  snapping 
noise  with  the  jaws  in  chewing.— r.<.  to 
bite  or  chew.     [Older  form  cham,  from 
Scand.,   as  in  Ice.    kiapta,    to  chatter, 
frjautr,  the  jaw.] 
CHAMPAGNE,  sham-pan',  n.  a  hght 
sparkUng   wine    from    Champagne,    in 
France.  ,.    , 

CHAMPAIGN,  sham-pan',  adj.,  level,  open. 

n.  an  open,  level  country.    [A  doublet 

of  Campaign,  from  O.  Fr.  champaigns— 
L.  Campania,  a  plain.] 
3HAMPAIN.  sham-pan',  adj.  champaign. 
<:KA3IPI0N,  cham'pi-un,  n.  one  who  fights 
in  single  combat  for  himself  or  for  an- 
other :  a  successful  combatant :  a  hero. 
—n.  Cham'pionship.     [Fr.— Low  L.  cam- 
pio — Low  L.  cavqyus,  a  combat — L.  ca7n- 
pus,  a  plain,  a  place  for  g-ames  ;  whence 
also  are  borrowed  A.S.  camp,  a  fight, 
oempa,  a  warrior,  Ger.  kdmpfen,  to  fight.] 
CHANCE,  Chans,  n.  that  which  falls  out 
or  happens  :  an  unexpected  event :  risk : 
opportunity :    possibility    of    something 
happening. — v.t.  to  risk. — v.i.  to  happen. 
— adj.  happening  by  chance.     [Fr. — Low 
L.  cadentia — L.  cado,  to  fall.] 
:3HANCEL     chan'sel  n   the  part  of  a 


58 

church  where  the  altar  is  placed,  for- 
merly inclosed  with  lattices  or  rails.  [O. 
Fr.— L.  cancelli,  lattices.] 

CHANCELLOR,  chan'sel-or,  n.  the  presi- 
dent of  a  court  of  chancery  or  other 
court.— n.  Chan'cellorship.  [Fr.  chan- 
celier— how  L.  cancellarins,  ong.  an  offi- 
cer that  had  charge  of  records,  and  stood 
near  the  cancelli  (L.),  the  crossbars  that 
surrounded  the  judgment-seat.] 

CHANCE-MEDLEY,  chans'-med^i,  n.  the 
killing  of  a  person  by  chance  or  in  self- 
defence.  [Chance,  a  corruption  of  Fr. 
chaude,  hot,  viilee,  fray,  light.] 

CHANCERY,  chan'ser-i,  n.  the  highest 
English  court  next  to  the  parliament: 
in  the  United  States  a  lower  court  of 
equity.  Also  a  pugilistic  term  for  the 
position  of  an  opponent's  head  when  it 
IS  under  one's  arm,  so  that  it  may  be 
held  and  pommelled  severely,  the  victim 
meanwhile  being  unable  to  retaUate  ef- 
fectively ;  hence,  sometimes  figuratively 
used  of  an  awkward  fix  or  predicament. 
[Fr.  chancellerie.] 

CHANDELIER,  shan-de-ler*,  n.  a  frame 
with  branches  for  holding  Ughts.  [Fr.— 
Low  L.  candelaria,  a  candlestick— L 
eandela,  a  candle.] 

CHANDLER,  chand'ler',  n.  orig.  a  candle 
maker  and  dealer:  a  dealer  generally. 
[Fr.  chandelier.'] 


rr.  c/iu/iuciici.j 

CHANDLERY,  chand'ler-i,  n.  goods  sold 
by  a  chandler. 

CHANGE,  chanj,  v.t.  to  alter  or  make  dif- 
ferent :  to  put  or  give  one  tiling  or  per- 
son for  another ;  to  make  to  pass  from 
one  state  to  another.— r.i.  to  suffer 
change. — n.  alteration  or  variation  of 
any  kind :  a  shift :  variety  :  small  coin : 
also  used  as  a  short  term  for  the  Ex- 
change.—To  PUT  THE  CHANGE  ON,  to  trick  : 
to  mislead :  to  deceive  :  to  humbug.  "I 
have  mt  the  change  upon  her  that  she 
may  be  otherwise  employed."— Cort- 
greve.  "You  cannot .p?(<  the  change  on 
me  so  easy  as  you  think,  for  I  have  lived 
among  the  quick-stirring  spirits  of  the 
age  too  long  to  swallow  chaff  for  grain. 
—Sir  W.  Scott.  [Fr.  changer— laX^  L. 
camhiare—'L.  cambire,  to  barter.]       _ 

CHANGEABLE,  chanj'a-bl,  adj.  subject 
or  prone  to  change :  fickle  :  inconstant. — 
adv.    Change' ABLY.  —  n.    Change'able- 

CHANGEFUL,  chanj'fool,  adj.,  full  of 
change ;  changeable.— «dr.  Change  ful- 
ly.— n.  Change'fulness. 

CHANGELESS,  chanjles,  adj.,  without 
change  :  constant.  ,  ., ,  ^  , 

CHANGELING,  chanj'Ung,  n.  a  child  taken 
or  left  m  place  of  another  ;  one  apt  to 
change.  ... 

CHANNEL,  chan'el,  n.  the  bed  of  a  stream 
of  water :  the  deeper  part  of  a  strait, 
bay,  or  harbor :  a  strait  or  narrow  sea  : 
means  of  passing  or  conveying,  [O.  Fr. 
Chanel  or  canel — L.  canalis.} 

CHANT,  chant,  v.t,  losing:  to  celebrate 
in  song :  to  recite  in  a  singing  manner. 

)i.,  song:    melody:  a  kind  of  sacred 

music,  in  which  prose  is  simg,  [Fr. 
chanter  (It.  cantare)—lj.  canto— cano,  to 

sing.]  I      i:      t 

CHANTER,  chanf  er, «.,  one  trho  chants : 

a  chief  singer :  the  tenor  or  treble  pipe  of 

a  bagpipe. 
CHANTICLEER,  chant'i-kl§r,  n.  a  cock. 

[}1.  E.  chaunte-cleer,  from   Chant   and 

Clear.]  ,        ,   ,       , 

CHANTRY,  chant'ri,  n.  an  endowed  chapel 
in  which  masses  are  chanted  for  the 
souls  of  the  donors  or  others.  [0.  Fr. 
chanterie — chanter,  to  sing.] 
CHAOS,  ka'os,  n.  a  confused,  shapeless 
mass :  disorder :  the  state  of  matter  be- 
fore it  was  reduced  to  order  by  the  Crea- 


CHARACTER 

tor.   [L.  and  Gr.  c^aos— root  ha,  to  gaps 
s. .  1  also  in  Gr.  chaino,  chao,  to  gape, 
CO  vawn.] 
CHAOTIC,  ka-ot'ik,  adj.,  like  chaos:  con< 

fused  or  disordered. 
CHAP,  chap  or  chop,  v.t.,  to  eiit :  to  cleave, 
spht,  or  crack.— ^•.^■.  to  crack  or  open  in 
slits:— pr .p.  chapp'ing;  jxi.p.  chapped' 
chapt.  [E.;  Dut.  happen,  Dan.  kappe,  U 
cut.  See  Chip.] 
CHAP,  chap,  CHOP,  chop,  n.  a  cleft,  crack 

or  chink.  ,  ,  .    , 

CHAPBOOK,  chap'book,  n.  a  small  kind  o\ 
book  or  tract,  at  one  time  carried  about 
for  sale  by  chapmen. 
CHAPEL,  chap'el,  n.  place  of  worship  in- 
ferior or  subordinate  to  a  regular  church, 
or  attached  to  a  palace  or  a  private  dwell- 
ing :  a  dissenters'  place  of  worship.  [Fr. 
chapelle,  O.  Fr.  capele—Lovf  L.  capella, 
dim.  of  capa,  a  cloak  or  cope :  such  & 
small  cope  was  kept  in  the  palaces  o< 
kings  on  which  to  administer  oaths  ;  the 
name  was  transferred  to  the  sanctuary 
where  the  capella  was  kept,  and  hence  to 
any  sanctuary  containing  reUcs.  Littre.'] 
CHAPELRY,  chap'el-ri,  ti.  the  jurisdictioc 

ot  a, chapel. 
CHAPERON,  shap'e-rou,  n.  a  kind  of  hood 
or  cap:  one  who  attends  a  lady  in  public 
places  as  a  protector. — v.t.  to  attend  a 
lady  to  pubhc  places.  [Fr.,  a  large  hooc 
or  head-dress,  and  hence  a  person  who 
affords  protection  hke  a  hooi— chape,  a 
hooded  cloak— Low  L.  cappa.  See  Cape.j 
CHAP-FALLEN,  chap-fawln.     Same  as 

Chop-fallen. 
CHAPITER,    chap'i-ter,    n.    the    head  or 
capital  of  a  column.     [Fr.  chapitel—Lo\v 
L.  capitellmn,  dim.  of  L.  caput,  the  head.j 
CHAPLAIN,  chap'lan  or  chaplin,  n.  a 
clergyman  attached  to  a  ship  of  war,  a 
regiment,  a  public  institution,  or  family 
-^ns.  Chap'laincy,  Chap'lainship.    [Ft 
cfeopetoire— Low  L.  capellanus— capella 
See  Chapel.] 
CHAPLET,  chap'let,  n.  a  garland  or  wreath 
for  the  head :  a  rosary.     [Fr.  chajielet. 
dim.  of  O.   Fr.   dtapel,  a  hat— Low  L, 
capa,  a  cape.] 
CHAPLET,  chaplet,  i\t.  to  crown  or  adorn 
with  a  chaplet.    "  His  forehead  chapleted 
green  with  wreathy  hop."— Brojnitwgr. 
CHAPMAN,  chap'man,  n.  one  who  buys  or 
sells:   a  dealer.     [A.S.  ceap-man—ceap, 
trade,  and  man.    See  Cheap.] 
CHAPS,  chaps,  n.pl.  the  jaws.     [N.  E.  ana 
Scot.  cAa/^s— Scand.,  as  Ice.  kjaptr,  the 
jaw.     See  JoWL.] 
CHAPT.  chapt,  pa.p.  of  Chap. 
CHAPTER,  chap'ter,  n.,  a  head  or  division 
of  a  book:  a  corporation  of  clergymen 
belonging  to  a  cathedral  or  collegiate 
church  :  an  organized  branch   of  some 
society  or  fraternity.     [Fr.  chapitre—L. 
camtuhim,  dim.  of  caput,  the  head.] 
CHAPTER,  chap'ter,  v.t.  to  divide  or  ar- 
range into  chapters,  as  a  literary  compo- 
sition. 
CHAR,  char,  n.  work  done  by  the  day :  a 
turn  of  work :  a  job.— v.t.  to  work  by  the 
day.    [A.S.  cierr,  a  turn,  space  of  time— 
cyrran,  to  turn.] 
CHAR,  char,  7i.  a  red-bellied  fish  of  the 
salmon   kind,  found  in  mountain  lakef 
and  rivers.  [Ir.  and  GaeL  cear,  red  blood 
colored.] 
CHAR,  char,  v.t.  to  roast  or  burn  until  re 
duced  to  carbon  or  coal  :—pr.p.  charr'ing 
pa.}),  charred'.  [Ety.  dub. ;  ace.  to  Skeat, 
because  wood  is  turned  to   coal,   from 
Chae,  a  turn  of  work.] 
CHARACTER,  kar'ak-ter,  n.  a  letter,  sign, 
or  figure  :  the  pecuUar  quaUties  of  a  per- 
son  or  thing  :  a  description  of  the  quah- 
ties  of  a  person  or  thing  :  a  person  with 
his  pecuhar  qualities,    [Fr.  earactere— 


CHARACTERIZE 


59 


CHEESECAKE 


L,  character — Gr.  charaJcter,  from  chajn' 
asso,  to  cut,  eng^-ave.] 

:;HAIIACTERIZE,  kar'ak-ter-Iz,  v.t.  to  give 
a  character  to  :  to  describe  by  peculiar 
qualities :  to  distinguisli  or  designate. — 
li,  Characteriza'tion.  [Gr.  eharakter- 
I'zo.l 

CHARACTERISTIC,  kar-ak-ter-is'tik, 
CHARACTERISTICS  L,  kar-ak-ter-is'tik- 
al,  adj.  marking  or  constituting  the  pe- 
culiar nature. — Chakacteris'tic,  n.  that 
wliich  marks  or  constitutes  tlie  charac- 
ter.— adv.  Characteris'tically.    [Gr.] 

3HARADE,  shar-ad',  or  -ad,  n.  a  species  of 
riddle,  the  subject  of  which  is  a  word 
proposed  for  solution  from  an  enigmat- 
ical description  of  its  several  syllables 
and  of  the  whole ;  the  charade  is  often 
acted.    [Ft.;  ety.  dub.] 

CHARCOAL,  char'kol,  n.,  coal  made  by 
charring  or  burning  wood  under  turf. 

CHARGE,  chiirj,  v.t.  to  lay  on  or  load: 
to  impose  or  intrust :  to  fall  upon  or  at- 
tack :  to  put  to  the  account  of :  to  im- 
pute to  :  to  command  :  to  exhort. — v.i. 
to  make  an  onset. — n.  that  which  is  laid 
on :  cost  or  price  :  the  load  of  powder, 
etc.,  for  a  gun  :  attack  or  onset :  care, 
custody :  the  object  of  care  :  command  : 
exhortation:  accusation.  [Fi: charger — 
Low  L.  carricare,  to  load — L.  carrus,  a 
wagon.    See  Car,  Cargo.] 

•::SARGEABLE,  charj'a-bl,  adj.  liable  to 
be  charged :  imputable  :  blamable  :  in 
B., burdensome. — n.  Charge' abueness. — 
adv.  Charge' ABLY. 

CHARGER,  charj'er,  n.  a  dish  capable  of 
holding  a  heavy  charge  or  quantity  :  a 
tiorse  used  in  charging,  a  wai'-horse. 

,  riARILY,  CHARINESS,    See  Chary. 
HARIOT,    char'i-ot,    n.    a   four-wheeled 
pleasure  or  state  carriage  :  a  car  used  in 
ancient  warfare.     [Fr.,  dim,  of  char,  a 
car,  from  root  of  Car.] 

^HARIOT,  char'i-ot,  v.t.  to  convey  Ih  a 
chariot. 

CHARIOTEER,  char-i-ot-er',  n.  one  who 
drives  a  chariot. 

CHARITABLE,  char'i-ta-bl,  adj.,  full  of 
charity:  of  or  relating  to  charity:  lib- 
eral to  the  poor. — adv.  Char'itably. — n, 
Char'itableness. 

CHARITY,  char'i-ti,  n.  in  New  Test.,  uni- 
versal love :  the  disposition  to  tliink 
favorably  of  others,  and  do  them  good  : 
almsgiving.  [Fr.  eharite — L.  caritas, 
from  cants,  dear.] 

CHARLATAN,  shar'la-tan,  n.  a  mere  talk- 
ing pretender  :  a  quack.  [Fr. — It.  ciar- 
latano — ciarlare,  to  chatter,  an  imitative 
word.] 

CHARLATAlsRY,  shar'la-tan-ri,  11.  the 
profession  of  a  charlatan :  undue  or 
emptj'  pretension :  deception. 

.;HARLOCK,  chiir'lok,  n.  a  plant  of  the 
mustard  family,  with  yellow  flowers,  that 
grows  as  a  weed  in  cornfields.  [A.8.  cer- 
tice — cer,  unknown,  lie  =  leek,  a  plant.] 

CHARM,  charm,  n.  a  spell  :  something 
thought  to  possess  hidden  power  or  in- 
fluence :  that  which  can  please  irresisti- 
bly.— v.t.  to  influence  by  a  charm  :  to 
subdue  by  secret  influence  :  to  enchant : 
to  delight :  to  allure.— adv.  Charm'ingly. 
fpr.  charme — L.  carmen,  a  song.] 
HARMER,  charm'er,  n.,  one  who  enchants 
or  delights. 

JHARNEL,  char'nel,  adj.  containing  Jlesh 
or  carcasses.  [Fr.  chamel — L.  carnalis — 
caro,  camis,  flesh.] 

CHARNEL-HOUSE,  char'nel-hows,  n.  a 
place  where  the  bones  of  the  dead  are  de- 
posited. 

CHART,  chart,  n.  a  map  of  a  part  of  the 
sea,  with  its  coasts,  shoals,  etc.,  for  the 
use  of  sailors.  [L.  charta,  a  paper.  See 
Card.] 


CHARTER,  chai-t'er,  n.  a  formal  written 
paper,  conferring  or  confirming  titles, 
rights,  or  privileges  :  a  patent :  grant : 
inmiunity. — v.t.  to  establish  by  charter  : 
to  let  or  hire,  as  a  ship,  on  contract.  [Fr. 
chartre—h.  chartarium,  archives — cliar- 
ta.] 

CHARTER-PARTY,  chart'er-par-ti,  n.  a 
mutual  charter  or  contract  for  the  hire 
of  a  vessel.  [Fr.  chartre-partie,  (lit.)  a 
divided  charter,  as  the  practice  was  to 
divide  it  in  two  and  give  a  half  to  each 
person.] 

CHARTISM,  chart'izm,  w.  the  principles 
of  a  party  who  sprung  up  in  Gt.  Britain 
in  1838,  and  who  advocated  the  people's 
charter — viz.  universal  suffrage,  etc. 

CHARTIST,  chart'ist,  n.  one  who  supports 
chartism. 

CHARWOMAN,  char-woom'an,  n.  a  woman 
who  chars  or  does  odd  work  by  the  day. 

CHARY,  char'i,  adj.  sparing :  cautious. — 
adv.  Char'ily. — n.  Char'iness.  [A.S. 
eearig — cearu,  care.] 

CHASE,  chas,  v.t.  to  pursue  :  to  hunt :  to 
drive  away. — n.  pursuit :  a  hunting :  that 
which  is  hunted :  ground  abounding  in 
game,  [Fr.  chasser — Low  L.  caciare — L< 
capto — capio,  to  take.] 

CHASE,  chas,  v.t.  to  incase:  to  emboss, 
[See  Enchase.] 

CHASE,  chas,  n.  a  case  or  frame  for  hold- 
ing types :  a  groove.  [Fr.  ch&sse,  a  shrine, 
a  setting — L.  capsa,  a  chest.    See  Case.] 

CHASER,  chas'er,  71.,  one  who  chases  :  an 
enchaser. 

CHASM,  kazm,  n.  a  yawning  or  gaping 
hollow :  a  gap  or  opening :  a  void  space. 
[Gr.  chasma,  from  chaino,  to  gape  ;  con- 
nected with  Chaos.] 

CHASTE,  chast,  adj.  modest :  refined  :  vir- 
tuous :  pui'e  in  taste  and  style. — adv. 
Chaste'ly.  [Fr.  chaste — L.  castus,  pure.] 

CHASTEN,  chas'n,  v.t.  to  free  from  faults 
by  punishing  :  hence,  to  punish :  to  cor- 
rect. [Fr.  chdtier,  O.  Fr.  chastiei — L. 
castigare — castus,  pure.] 

CHASTENESS,  chast'nes,  CHASTITY, 
chas'ti-ti,  n.,  purity  of  body,  conduct, 
or  language. 

GHASTKE,  chas-tiz',  v.t.  to  inflict  punish- 
ment upon  for  the  purpose  of  correction: 
to  reduce  to  order  or  to  obedience. — ii. 
Chastisement,  chas'tiz-ment. 

CHASUBLE,  chaz'u-bl,  n.  the  uppermost 
garment  worn  by  a  R.  C.  priest  at  mass. 
[Fr.— Low  L.  casubula,  L.  casula,  a  man- 
tle, dim.  of  casa,  a  hut.] 

CHAT,  chat,  v.i.  to  talk  idly  or  familiarly; 
~pr.p.  chatt'ing;  pa.p).  chatt'ed.  —  m. 
familiar,  idle  talk.    [Short  for  Chatter.] 

CHATEAU,  sha-to',  n.  a  nobleman's  castle : 
a  country-seat.  [Fi-.,  O.  Fr.  chdtel,  cas- 
tel — L.  castellum,  dim.  of  castrum,  a  fort.] 

CHATTEL,  chatl,  n.  any  kind  of  property 
which  is  not  freehold.  [Doublet  of  Cat- 
tle.]^ 

CHATTER,  chafer,  v.i.  to  talk  idly  or  rap- 
idly :  to  sound  as  the  teeth  when  one 
shivers.     [From  the  sound.] 

CHATTINESS,  chat'i-nes,  n.  the  quality  or 
state  of  being  chatty :  talkativeness. 

CHATTY,  chat'i,  adj.,  given  to  chat :  talka- 
tive. 

CHAUVINIST,  sho'vin-ist,  n.  a  person  im- 
bued with  chauvinisme,  which  means  an 
absurdly  exaggerated  patriotism  or  ex- 
cessive mUitary  enthusiasm. 

CHAUVINISTIC,  sho-vin-ist'ik,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  characterized  by  chauvin- 
isme :  fanatically  devoted  to  any  cause. 

CHEAP,  chep,  adj.  low  in  price  :  of  small 
value. — adv.  Cheap'ly. — n.  Cheap'ness. 
[Orig.  Good  cheap,  i.e.,  a,  good  bargain; 
A.S.  ceap,  price,  a  bargain  ;  A.S.  eeapan. 
Ice.  kaupa.  Ger.  kaufen,  to  buy  ;   Scot. 


coup — all  borrowed    from    L.    caupo,   a 
huckster.] 

CHEAPEN,  chep'n,  v.t.  to  m.ake  cheap : 
to  beat  down  in  price. 

CHEAT,  chet,  v.t.  to  deceive  and  defraud 
— n.  a  fraud  :  one  who  cheats.  [A  corr 
of  Escheat,  the  seizure  of  such  propert; 
being  looked  upon  as  robbery.] 

CHECK,  chek,  v.t.  to  bring  to  a  stand  :  tc 
restrain  or  hinder  :  to  rebuke. — n.  a  tern: 
in  chess  when  one  party  obliges  the  othei 
either  to  move  or  guard  his  king :  any- 
thing that  checks  :  a  sudden  stop  :  in  jB.  , 
a  rebuke.  [Fr.  echec  =  Pers.  shah,  king 
— (mind  your)  king  !] — v.t.  to  compare 
with  a  counterpart  or  authority  in  order 
to  ascertain  correctness. — n.  a  mark  put 
against  items  in  a  list :  a  token  :  an  order 
for  money  (usually  written  Cheque)  ■. 
any  counter-register  used  as  security :  a 
checkered  cloth.  [From  the  practice  of 
the  Court  of  Exchequer,  where  accounts 
were  settled  by  means  of  counters  on  a 
checkered  cloth.] 

CHECK-BOOK,  chek'-book,  n.  a  bank-book 
containing  blank  checks,  for  the  use  of 
persons  having  accounts  with  the  bank. 

CHECKER,  CHEQUER,  chek'er,  v.t.  to 
form  into  little  squares  like  a  chessboard 
or  checker,  by  lines  or  stripes  of  different 
colors :  to  variegate  or  diversify. — n.  a 
chessboard.  [Fr.  echiquier,  O.  Fr.  es 
chequier,  a  chessboai'd — ec/iec] 

CHECKERS,  check'erz,  n.pl.  a  game  played 
by  two  persons  on  a  checkered  board ; 
also  called  Draughts. 

CHECKMATE,  chek'mat,  n.  in  chess,  a 
check  given  to  the  adversary's  king  when 
in  a  position  in  which  it  can  neither  be 
protected  nor  moved  out  of  check,  so  that 
the  game  is  finished  :  a  complete  check  ; 
defeat:  overthrow. — v.t.  in  chess,  to  make 
a  movement  which  ends  the  game :  to 
defeat.  \Fr.  echecetmat;(i%r.  schachmatt 
— Pers.  sh&li  m&t,  the  king  is  dead.] 

CHEEK,  chek,  n.  the  side  of  the  faceoelow 
the  eye.     [A.S.  ceace,  the  cheek,  jaw.] 

CHEEP,  chep,  v.i.  to  chirp,  as  a  young 
bird.     [From  the  sound,  hke  Cherp.] 

CHEEPER,  chep'er,  n.  one  who  or  that 
which  cheeps,  as  a  young  chicken  :  spe- 
cifically, among  sportsmen,  the  yoimg 
of  the  grouse  and  some  other  game  birds, 

CHEER,  cher,  11.  that  which  makes  the 
countenance  glad  :  joy  :  a  shout :  kind 
treatment :  entertainment :  fare. — v.t. 
to  make  the  countenarice  glad  :  to  com- 
fort :  to  encom-age :  to  applaud.  [O.  Fr. 
chiere,  the  countenance — Low  L.  cara, 
the  face — Gr.  kara,  the  head,  face.] 

CHEERFUL,  cher'fool,  adj.,  j'ull  o)  dieer 
or  good  spirits  :  joyful :  lively. — adv, 
Cheer'fully. — n.  Cheer'fulness. 

CHEERLESS,  cher'les,  adj.,  inthont  cheer 
or    comfort :  •  gloomy. — n.   Cheer'less- 

NESS. 

CHEERY,  cher'i,  adj.,  cheerful :  promot 
ing  cheerfulness. — adv.  Cheer'ily. — Ji. 
Cheer'iness. 

CHEESE,  chez,  n.  the  curd  of  milk  pressed 
into  a  hard  mass :  also  the  inflated  ap 
pearance  of  a  gown  or  petticoat  result- 
ing from  whirling  round  and  making  a 
low  curtsey ;  hence,  a  low  curtsey. 
"  Wliat  more  reasonable  thing  could  she 
do  than  amuse  herself  with  malring 
cheeses  9  that  is,  whirling  round  .  .  .  un- 
til  the  petticoat  is  inflated  hke  a  baUoon 
and  then  sinking  into  a  curtsey." — Dt 
Quincey.  "  Slie  and  her  sister  both  made 
these  cheeses  in  compliment  to  the  new 
comer,  and  with  much  stately  agility. 
— Tliackeray.  [A.S.  cese,  cyse,  curdled 
milk ;  Ger.  kiise ;  both  from  L.  caseus 
cf.  Gael.  caise.'\ 

CHEESECAKE,  chez'kak,  n.  a  cake  made 
of  soft  curds,  sugar,  and  butter. 


CHEESEMONGER 


60 


CHIROGRAPHS 


CHEESEMONGER,    chez'mung'ger,  n.    a 

dealer  in  cheese, 
OELEESY,  chez'i,  w^'.  having  the  nature  of 

cheese. 
CHEETAH,  che'tah,  n.  an  eastern  animal 

like  the  leopard,  used  in  hunting.  [Hind. 

olittO.] 
■HEMIC,  kem'ik,  CHEMICAL,  kem'i-kal, 

adj. ,  belonging  to  chemistry. — adv.  Chesi'- 

ICALLY, 

JHEMICALS,  kem'ik-alz,  n.pl.  substances 
used  for  producing  chemical  eifects. 

CHEMICO-ELECTEIC,  kem'i-ko-e-lek'trik, 
adj.  pertaining  or  relating  to  electricity 
resulting  from  chemical  action  :  galvan- 
ism :  also,  pertaining  to  chemical  action 
rcsultina:  from  electricity. 

CHEMISE,  she-mez',  n.  a  lady's  shift.  [Fr. 
Eternise — Low  L.  camisia,  a  nightgown — 
Ar.  qamis^  a  shirt.] 

CHEMISETTE,  shem-e-zet',  w.   an  under- 
rment  worn  by  ladies  over  the  cft«TOJse. 
pFr.,  dim.  of  chemise.] 

SMIST,  kem'ist,  n.  one  skilled  in  chem- 
istry. 

CHEMISTRY,  kem'is-tri  formerly  Chym- 
ISTRY,  n.  the  science  which  treats  of  the 
properties  of  substances  both  elemen- 
tary and  compound,  and  of  the  laws  of 
their  combination  and  action  one  upon 
another.  [From  the  ancient  Axchemt, 
which  see.] 

CHEMOSMOSIS,  kera-os-mo'sis,  n.  chemi- 
cal action  acting  through  an  intervening 
membrane,  as  parchment,  paper,  etc, 
[From  chem^  in  chemistry,  and  osmosis.] 

CHEMOSMOTIC,  kem-os-mot'ik,  adj.  per- 
taining or  relating  to  chemosmosis. 

CHEQUE.CHEQUER.  See  CHECK,CHECE3ai, 

CHERISH,  cher'ish,  v.t.  to  protect  and 
treat  with  affection.  [Fr.  cherir,  cheris- 
sant — cTier,  dear — L.  cams.'] 

3HER00T,  she-root',  n.  a  kind  of  cigar. 
rEty.  unknown.] 

JHERRY,  cher'i,  n.  a  small  bright-red 
stone-fruit :  the  tree  that  bears  it. — adj. 
like  a  cherry  in  color :  ruddy.  [Fr.  cerise — 
Gr.  kerasos,  a  cherry-tree,  said  to  be  so 
named  from  Cerasus,  a  town  in  Pontus, 
from  which  the  chei-ry  was  brought  by 
Lucullus.] 

CHERT,  chert,  n.  a  kind  of  quartz  or  flint : 
hornstone.     [Ety.  dub.] 

OHERTY,  chert'i,  adj.,  like  or  containing 
chert. 

CHERUB,  cher'ub,  n.  a  celestial  spirit :  a 
beautifiil  child. — pi.  Chek'ubs,  Cher'- 
ubui,  Cher'ubims.     [Heb.  kerub.] 

CHERUBIC,  che-roob'ik,  CHERUBICAL, 
che-roob'i-kal,  adj.  pertaining  to  cherubs : 
angelic. 

CHESS,  ches,  n.  a  game  played  by  two  per- 
sons on  aboard  like  that  used  in  checkers. 
[Corr.  of  Checks,  the  pi.  of  Check.] 

'CHEST,  chest,  n.  a  large  strong  box  :  the 
part  of  the  body  between  the  neck  and 
the  abdomen.  [A.S.  cyste,  Scot,  kist — L. 
dsta — Gr.  kiste.]    

CHESTNUT,  CHESNUT,  ches'nut,  n.  a  nut 
or  fruit  inclosed  in  a  prickly  case :  the 
tree  that  bears  it. — adj.  of  a  chestnut 
color,  reddish-brown.  [M.E.  chesten-nut 
— O.  Fr.  chastaigne — L.  castanea  —  Gr. 
kastanon,  from  Castana,  in  Pontus,  where 

/    the  tree  abounded.] 

■  li'HEVAL-DE-FRISE,  she-val'-de-frez,  n.  a 
piece  of  timber  armed  with  spikes,  used  to 
defend  a  passage  or  to  stop  cavalry. — pi. 
CHEVAtrx-DE-FRiSE,  she-vo'-de-frez.  [Fr. 
eheval,  horse,  de,  of,  Frise,  Frieslana ;  a 
jocular  name.] 

CHEVALIER,  shev-a-ler*,  n.  a  cavalier :  a 
knight :  a  gallant  man.  [Fr. — cheval — L. 
caballus,  a  horse.] 

CHEW,  choo,  v.t.  to  cut  and  bruise  with 
the  teeth.  [A.S.  ceowan  ;  Ger,  kauen: 
conn,  with  Jaw  and  Chaps.] 


CHIARO-OSCURO,  ki-fir'6-os-k6o'r6.    See 

Clare-obscuee. 

CHIBOUK,  CHIBOUQUE,  chi-book',  n.  a 
Turkish  pipe  for  smoking.     [Turk.] 

CHICANE,  shi-kan',  v.i.  to  use  sliifts  and 
tricks,  to  deceive. — n.  Chica'nert,  trick- 
ery or  artifice,  esp.  in  legal  proceedings. 
[Fr.  chicane,  sharp  practice  at  law, 
thi'ough  a  form  zicanum,  from  Low  Gr. 
tzykanion,  a  game  at  maU — Pers.  tchau- 
gan.'] 

CHICCORY.    SeeCmcORY. 

CHICK,  chik,  CHICKEN,  chik'en,  n.  the 
young  of  fowls,  especially  of  the  hen  :  a 
child.  [A.S.  cicen,  a  dim.  of  cocc,  a  cock.] 

CHICKEN-HEARTED,  chik'en-hart'ed, 
ad),  as  timid  ns  a  chicken  :  cowardly. 

CHICKEN-POX,  chik'en-poks,  n.  milcl  skm- 
disease,  generally  attacking  children 
only. 

CHICKLING,  chilvOing,  ?i.  a  little  chicken. 

CHICKWEED,  chik^wed,  ?i.  a  low  creeping 
iceed  that  birds  are  fond  of. 

CHICORY,  CHICCORY,  chik-o-ri,  n.,  sjic- 
copy,  a  carrot-like  plant,  the  root  of  which 
when  ground  is  used  to  adulterate  coffee, 
[Fr.  chicoree — ^L.  ciehorium,  succory — 
Gr.  kichorion.] 

CHIDE,  chid,  v.t.  to  scold,  rebuke,  reprove 
by  words  •.—pr.p.  chid'ing ;  pa.t.  chid, 
(obs.)  chode ;  pa.p.  chid,  chidaen.  [A.S. 
cidan.] 

CHIEF,  chef,  adj.,  head:  principal,  high- 
est, first. — n.  a  head  or  principal  person  : 
a  leader :  the  principal  part  or  top  of 
anything.  [Fr.  chef — L.  caput,  the  head  ; 
Gr.  kephale,  Sans,  kapala.] 

CHIEFLY,  chefli,  adv.  m  the  first  place : 
principally  :  for  the  most  part. 

CHIEFTAIN,  cheftan  or  'tin,  n.  the  head 
of  a  clan  :  a  leader  or  commander. — ns. 
Chief'taincy,  Chief'tainship.  [From 
Chief,  like  Captain,  which  see.] 

CHIFFONIER,  shif-on-er',  n.  an  ornamen- 
tal cupboard.  [Fr.,  a  place  for  rags — 
chiffon,  a  rag.] 

CHIGNON,  she-nong",  n.  an  artificial  ar- 
rangement of  hair  at  the  back  of  the 
head.  [Fr.,  meaning  first  the  nape  of 
the  neck,  the  joints  of  which  are  like 
the  Unks  of  a  chain — chainon,  the  link  of 
a  chain — chaine,  a  chain.] 

CHILBLAIN,  chU'blan,  n.  a  blain  or  sore 
on  hands  or  feet  caused  by  a  chill  or  cold. 
[Chui,  and  Blain.] 

CHILD,  child,  n.  (pi.  Cheldeen),  an  intapt 
or  very  young  person :  one  intimately 
related  to  one  older :  a  disciple  -.—pil.  off- 
spring :  descendants  :  inhabitants.  [A.S. 
eild,  from  the  root  gan-,  to  produce, 
which  yields  Ger.  kind,  a  child.] 

CHILDBED,  chiWhed,  n.  the  state  of  a 
woman  brought  to  bed  with  child. 

CHILDE,  child,  n.  a  title  formerly  given  to 
the  eldest  son  of  a  noble,  tiU  admission 
tqknighthood.     [Same  word  as  Chuj).] 

CHILDERMAS-DAY,  chil'der-mas-da,  n. 
an  anniversary  in  the  Church  of  England, 
called  also  Innocents'  Day,  held  Decem- 
ber 28th,  to  commemorate  the  slaying  of 
the  children  by  Herod.  [Child,  Mass, 
and  Day.] 

CHILDHOOD,  chndTiood,  n.,  state  of  bemg 
a  child. 

CHILDISH,  child'ish,  adj.,  of  or  like  a 
child  :  siUy  :  trifling. — adv.  Child'ishly, 
— n.  Child'ishness. 

CHILDKIND,  chlld'kind,  n.  children  gen- 
erally. "  All  mankind,  womankind,  and 
childkind." — Carlyle.  [Child  and  kind, 
on  type  of  mat'k-ind,  tcomankind.] 

CHILDLESS,  childles,  adj.,  tvithout  chil- 
dren.     

CHILDLIKE,  chlld'llk,  adj.,  like  a  child: 
becomina:  a  child  :  docUe  :  innocent. 

CHILIAD,"  kil'i-ad,  n.  the  number  1000: 
1000  of  any  thing.     [Qr.—chilioi,  1000.] 


CHILL,  chil,  »!.,  coldness:  a  cold  that 
causes  shivering :  anything  that  damps 
or  disheartens. — adj.  shivering  with  cold: 
shghtly  cold :  opp.  of  cordial. — v.t.  te 
make  chUl  or  cold  :  to  -blast  with  cold  . 
to  discovirage. — n.  Chtll'ness.  [A.S 
eyle,  coldness,  celan,  to  dull.  See  Oold 
Cool.] 

CHILLY,  chil'i,  adj.  somewhat  chill  ~n. 
CmLL'rNESS. 

CHIME,  chim,  n.  the  harmonious  soan«l 
•  of  bells  or  other  musical  instruments ; 
agreement  of  sound  or  of  relation  :- 
2)1.  a  set  of  bells. — v.i.  to  so-ind  in  har 
mony:  to  jingle:  to  accord  or  agree. — 
v.t.  to  strike,  or  cause  to  sound  in  har- 
mony. [M.  E.  chimbe.  O.  Fr.  cymbaJe — 
L.  eymbalum,  a  cjTnbal — Gr.  kymbalon.J 

CHIMERA,  Id-me'ra,  n.  a  fabulous,  fire- 
spouting  monster,  with  a  lion's  head,  a 
serpent's  tail,  and  a  goat's  body :  any 
idle  or  wild  fancy.  [L.  chimvera — Gr. 
chimaira,  a  she-goat.] 

CHBDSRICAL,  ki-merVkal.  adj.  of  the 
nature  of  a  chimera :  wild  :  fanciful.— 
adv.  Chimer'ically. 

CHIMNEY,  chim'ni,  n.  a  passage  for  the 
escape  of  smoke  or  heated  air.  [Fr 
cheminee — L.  camimis — Gr.  kaminoe,  a 
furnace,  prob.  from  kaio,  to  burn.] 

CHIMNEY-PIECE,  chun'ni-pes,  n.  a  piece 
or  shelf  over  the  chimney  or  fireplace. 

CHIMNEY-SHAFT,  chim'ni-shaft,  ?i.  the 
shaft  or  stalk  of  a  chimney  which  rises 
above  the  building. 

CHIMPANZEE,  chim-pan'ze,  n.  a  species 
of  monkey  found  in  Africa.  [Prob.  na- 
tive name'  of  the  animal.] 

CHIN,  chin,  n.  the  jutting  part  of  the  face 
below  the  mouth.  [A.S.  cinn ;  Ger.  hh\n 
Gr.  genys.] 

CHINA,  chin'a,  n.  a  fine  kind  of  earthen 
ware,  originally  made  in  China :  porce^ 
lain. 

CHINCOUGH,  chm'kof,  n.  a  disease  at- 
tended  with  violent  Jits  of  coughing . 
whooping-cough.  [E. ;  Scot,  kink-host, 
Dut.  kinkhoe.ste.    See  Chink,  the  sound.] 

CHINE,  chin,  n.  the  spine  or  backbone, 
from  its  thorn-like  form :  a  piece  of  the 
backbone  of  a  beast  and  adjoining  parts 
for  cooking.  [Fr.  echine — O.  Ger.  deina, 
a  pin,  thorn  ;  prob.  conn,  with  L.  spina. 
a  thorn,  the  spine.] 

CHINESE,  chl-nez',  ady.  of  or  belonging  to 
China. 

CHINK,  chingk,  n.  a  7'ent  or  cleft ;  a  nar- 
row opening. — v.i.  to  spUt  or  crack.  [A, 
S.  cinu,  a  cleft,  cinan,  to  spUt.] 

CHINK,  chingk,  n.  the  clink,  as  of  coins 
— v.i.  to  give  a  sharp  sound,  as  coin. 
[Prom  the  sound.] 

CHINKERS,  chingk'erz,  Ji.^''-  coin:  money. 
(Slang.) 

Are  men  like  us  to  be  entrapped  and  sold 
And  see  no  money  do^vn,  Sir  Hurly-Buriy  ?  .  . 
So  let  us  see  your  chinkers. — Sir  H.  Taifor. 

CHINTZ,  chints,  n.  cotton  cloth,  printed 
in  five  or  sis  different  colors.  [Hind. 
chint,  spotted  cotton  cloth.] 

CHIP,  chip,  v.t.  to  chop  or  cut  into  smaL* 
pieces :  to  diminish  by  cutting  away  a 
little  at  a  time  : — pr.p.  chipp'ing ;  pa.p 
chipped'. — n.  a  small  piece  of  wood  or 
other  substance  chopped  off.  [Dim.  of 
Chop.] 

CHIROGRAPHER,  kl-rog'ra-fer,  CHIROG 
RAPHIST,  kl-rog-'ra-fist,  n.  one  who  pro- 
fesses the  art  of  writing. 

CHIROGRAPHOSOPHIC,  k-Tro-graf  o-aof . 
ik,  n.  an  expert  in  chirography  :  a  judge 
of  handwriting.  Eingsley.  (Rare.)  [Gr 
cheir,  the  hand,  grapho,  to  write,  and 
sophos,  wise.'J 

CHIROGRAPHY,  kl-rog'ra-fi,  n.  the  art  o' 
writing    or    penmanship. — adj.    C^aBO- 


CHIROLOGIST 


61 


CHRONICLE 


obaph'ic.  [Gr.  cheir,  the  hand,  graphs, 
writing.] 

JHIEOLOGIST,  ia-rol'o-jist,  n.  one  who 
convei-ses  by  signs  with  the  hands. 

JfllROLOGY,  ki-rol'o-ji,  n.  the  art  of  dis- 
aoiirsing  with  tlie  hands  or  by  signs  as 
the  deaf  and  dumb  do.  [Gr.  cheir,  the 
hand,  logos,  a  discourse.] 
HIROPODIST,  ki-rop'o-dist,  n.  a  hand 
and  foot  doctor:  one  who  removes  corns, 
bunions,  warts,  etc.  [Gr.  c/ietr,  the 
hand,  and  pouts,  podos,  the  foot.] 
yHIROTONY,  Id-rot'o-ni,  n.  imposition  of 
hands  m  ordaining  priests.  [Gr.  cheir, 
the  hand,  and  teino,  to  hold  out.] 

JBSKP,  cherp,  CHIRRUP,  chir'up,  n.  the 
sharp,  shrUl  sound  of  certain  birds  and 
insects. — v.i.  to  make  such  a  sound. 
[From  the  sound.] 

'OHIRURGEON,  M-rur'jun,  n.  old  form  of 
Surgeon.— ?i.  Chirxjb'gery,  now  Sur- 
gery.— adj.  Chirur'gical,  now  Surgi- 
cal. [Fr.  chirurgien — Gr.  cheirourgos — 
cheir,  the  hand,  ergon,  a  work.] 

CHISEL,  chiz'el,  n.  a  tool  to  cut  or  hollow 
out  wood,  stone,  etc. — v.t.  to  cut,  carve, 
etc.  with  a  chisel : — pr.p.  chis'eUing ; 
pa.p.  chis'elled.  [O.  Fr.  cisel — Low  L. 
cisellus — L.  sidlioula,  dim.  of  aicilis,  a 
sickle,  from  seco,  to  cut.] 

CHIT,  chit,  n.  a  baby  :  a  lively  or  pert 
young  child.  [A.S.  cith,  a  young  tender 
shootj 

OHITCHAT,  chit'chat,  n.  chatting  or  idle 
talk  :  prattle.    [A  reduplication  of  Chat.] 

CHIVALRESQTJE,  shiv^al-resk,  adj.  per- 
taining to  chivalry  :  chivalrous.  "Some 
warrior  in  a  chivalresque  romance." — Miss 
Blimey.     [Fr.  eltevatereaque.] 

OHIVALRIC,  shiVal-rik,  CHIVALE0U8, 
shiv'al-rus,  ad/.,  pertaining  to  chivalry: 
bold :  gallant. — adv.  CHrVALttousLY. 

CHIVALRY,  shiv'al-ri,  n.  the  usages  and 
qualifications  of  chevaliers  or  knights : 
the  system  of  knighthood  ;  lieroic  ad- 
ventures. [Fr.  chevalerie — cheval — L.  ca- 
ballus,  a  horse.    See  Cavaley.] 

iJHLORAL,  klo'ral,  n.  a  strongly  narcotic 
substance  obtained  by  the  action  of  chlo- 
rine on  alcohol.  I  Word  formed  by  com- 
bining chlor-  la  chlorine,  and  al-  in  alco- 
hol.~\ 

CHLORALISM,  klo'ral-izm,  n.  in  wed.  a 
morbid  state  of  the  system  arising  from 
the  incautious  or  habitual  use  of  chloral. 

CHLORIC,  klo'rik,  adj.,  of  or  from  chlorine. 

CHLORIDE,  klo'rid,n.  a  compound  of  c7iZo- 
rine  with  some  other  substauce,  as  pot- 
ash, soda,  etc. 

CHLORINE,  klo'rin,  n.  a  pale-green  gas, 
with  a  disagreeable,  siiffocating  odor. 
[Gr.  chloros,  pale-green.] 

CHLORITE,  klo'rit,  n.  a  soft  mineral  of  a 
greenish  color,  with  a  soapy  feeling  when 
handled. 

CHLOROFORM,  klo'ro-form,  n.  a  colorless 
volatile  liquid,  much  used  to  induce  in- 
sensibility. [Orig.  a  compound  of  chlo- 
rine and  fortnie  acid ;  Gr.  chloros,  and 
formic  aaiA,  so  called  because  orig.  made 
from  ants,  Jj.  formica,  an  ant.] 

<3HL0R0SIS,  klor-6'sis,  n.  a  medical  name 
for  grceed-sickness.  [Gr.  chloros,  pale- 
'Teen.l    * 

SOCOLATE,  chok'o-lat,  n.  a  kind  of  paste 
made  of  the  pounded  seeds  of  the  Cacao 
theobroma  :  a  beverage  made  by  dissolv- 
ing this  paste  in  hot  water.  [Sp.  choco- 
late ;  from  Mexican  kakahuatl.  See 
Cacao,  Cocoa.] 

CHCEROGRYL,  ke'ro-gi-il,  n.  a  name  of 
the  Hyrax  syriaeus  or  rock-rabbit.  [Gr. 
choiros,  a  hog,  and  gryllos,  a  pig.] 

CHCEROPOTAMUS,  ker-6-pot'a-mus,  n.  a 
genus  of  fossil  ungulate  quadrupeds  of 
the  group  Suidae,  remains  of  which  have 
been  found  in  the  gypsum  beds  of  Mont- 


[Gr.  choiros,  a  hog. 


martre,  near  Paris, 
and  potamos,  a  river  ^ 

CHOICE,  chois,  n.  act  or  power  of  choos- 

/"    ing  :  the  thing  chosen  :  preference  :  the 

preferable  or  best  part. — adj.  worthy  of 

being  chosen  :  select.  [Fr.  choix — choisir; 

from  root  of  CHOOSE.] 

CHOIR,  kwTr,  n.  a  chorus  or  band  of  sing- 
ers, especially  those  belonging  to  a 
church  :  the  part  of  a  church  appropri- 
ated to  the  singers  :  the  part  of  a  cathe- 
dral separated  from  the  nave  by  a  rail  or 
screen.  [Fr.  chceur — L.  chorus  —  Gr. 
ehoros.1 

CHOKE,  chok,  v.t.  to  throttle  :  to  suffo- 
cate :  to  stop  or  obstruct. — v.i.  to  be 
choked  or  suffocated.  [Ety.  dub.,  prob. 
from  the  sound.] 

CHOKE-DAMP,  chok'-damp,  n.  carbonic 
acid  gas,  so  called  by  miners  from  its 
often  causing  suffocation. 

CHOKEY,  chok'i,  adj.  1,  same  as  Choky  ; 
3,  inclined  to  choke :  having  a  choking 
sensation  in  the  throat.  (CoUoq.)  "  The 
allusion  to  his  mother  made  Tom  feel 
rather  chokey." — T.  Hughes. 

CHOLER,  kol'er,  n.  the  bile :  anger  or 
irascibility,  once  supposed  to  arise  from 
excess  of  bile.  [O.  Fr.  cholere — L.,  Gr. 
cholera — Gr.  choU,  bile.    Cf.  E.  Gall.] 

CHOLERA,  kol'er-a,  n.  a  disease  charac- 
terized by  bilious  vomiting  and  purging. 
[Gr.  cholera — chole,  bUe.] 

CHOLERAIC,  kol-er-a'ik,  ad;.,  o/«;ie  Jia*- 
iire  of  cholera. 

CHOLERIC,  kol'er-ik,  adj.  lull  of  choler  or 
anger  :  petulant. 

CHOOSE,  chooz,  v.t.  to  take  one  thing  in 
preference  to  another  :  to  select. — v.i.  to 
will  or  determine  : — pa.t.  chose ;  pa.p. 
chos'en,  [A.S.  ceosan ;  cog.  with  Dut. 
kiesen,  Qoth.  kiasan,  to  choose,  and  akin 
to  L.  gustare,  to  taste.] 

CHOP,  chop,  v.t.  to  cut  with  a  sudden 
blow :  to  cut  into  small  pieces. — v.i.  to 
shift  suddenly,  as  tlie  wind:  —  pr.p. 
chopp'ing ;  pa.p.  chopped'.  [Fi-om  a 
Low-Ger.  root  found  in  Dut.  kappen, 
also  in  Ger.  kappen,  to  cut ;  cf.  Gr. 
kopto,  from  a  root  skap,  to  cut.] 

CHOP,  chop,  n.  a  piece  chopped  off,  esp.  of 
meat. 

CHOP,  chop,  v.t.  to  exchange  or  barter: 
to  put  one  thing  in  place  of  another  : — 
pr.p.  chopp'ing ;  pa.p.  chopped'.  [M.E. 
copen — O.  Dut.  koopen,  to  buy.  Same 
root  as  Cheap.] 

CHOP,  chop,  n.  the  chap  or  jaw,  generally 
usedinpZ.     [See  Chaps.] 

CHOP-FALLEN,  chop'-fawin,  adj.  (lit.) 
having  the  chop  or  lower  jaw  fallen 
down  :  cast-down :  dejected. 

CHOPPER,  chop'er,  n..  one  who  or  that 
which  c/iops. 

CHOPSTICKS,  chop'stLks,  n.  two  small 
sticks  of  wood,  ivory,  etc.,  used  by  the 
Chinese  instead  of  a  fork  and  knife. 

CHORAL,  ko'ral,  adj.  belonging  to  a  cho- 
rus or  choir. — Choral  Service,  a  church 
service  of  song  :  said  to  be  partly  choral 
when  only  canticles,  hymns,  etc.,  are 
chanted  or  sung,  and  wholly  choral 
when,  in  addition  to  these,  the  versicles, 
responses,  etc.,  are  chanted  or  sung. 

CHORD,  kord,  n.  the  string  of  a  musical 
instrument :  a  combination  of  tones  in 
harmony  :  ( geom.)  a  straight  line  join- 
ing the  extremities  of  an  arc.  [L.  chorda 
— Gr.  chords,  an  intestine.] 

CHORISTER,  kor'ist-er,  n.  a  member  of 
a  choir. 

CHORUS,  ko'rus,  n.  a  band  of  singers  and 
dancers,  esp.  in  the  Greek  plays  :  a  com- 
pany of  singers  :  that  which  is  sung  bv 
a  chorus :  the  part  of  a  song  in  which 
the  company  join  the  singer.  [L.  chorus 
-^r.  choros,  orig.  a  dance  in  a  ring.] 


CHOSE,  choz,  pa.t.  and  obs.  pa.p.  of 
Choose. 

CHOSEN,  choi^n,  past  participle  of  Choosk. 

CHOUGH,  chuf,  n.  a  kind  of  jackdaw 
which  frequents  rocky  places  and  the 
sea-coast.  [A.S.  ceo ;  from  the  cry  of 
the  bird — Caw.] 

CHOUSE,  chows,  v.t.  to  defraud,  cheat,  or 
impose  upon. — n.  one  easily  cheated  :  a 
trick.  [Turk,  chiaus,  a  messenger  or 
envoy.  A  chiaus  sent  to  England  in 
1609  committed  gross  frauds  upon  the 
Turkish  merchants  resident  in  Britain  ; 
hence  chouse,  to  act  as  this  chiaus  did, 
to  defraud.] 

CHRISM,  krizm,  n.  consecrated  or  holy 
oO  :  unction.  [O.  Fr.  ehresme,  Fr.  chrome 
— Gr.  chrisma,  fi'om  chrio,  chriso,  to 
anoint.] 

CHRISMAL,  kriz'mal,  adj.,  pertaining  to 
chrism. 

CHRIST,  krist,  n.  the  Anointed,  the  Mes- 
siah. [A.S.  crist — Gr.  Christos — chrio, 
chriso,  to  anoint.] 

CHRISTDOM,  kris'dum,  n.  the  rule  or  ser- 
vice of  Christ,  whose  service  is  perfect 
freedom.    (Rare.) 
They  know  the  griet  of  men  without  its  wisdom ; 

They  sink  in  man's  despair  without  its  calm; 
Are  slaves,  without  the  liberty  ia  Christdom. 

— E.  B.  Broiiming. 

CHRISTEN,  kris'n,  v.t.  to  baptize  in  the 
name  of  Christ :  to  give  a  name  to. 
[A.S.  cristnian,  to  make  a  Christian.] 

CHRISTENDOM,  ki-is'n-dum,  n.  that  part 
of  the  world  in  which  Christianity  is  the 
received  religion :  the  whole  ioAy  of 
Christians.  [A.S.  Cristendom — cristen, 
a  Christian,  dom,  rule,  sway.] 

CHRISTIAN,  krist'yan,  n.  a  foUower  of 
Christ. — adj.  relating  to  Christ  or  his 
religion. — Christian  name,  the  name 
given  when  christened,  as  distinguished 
from  the  surname. — adjs.  Christ'iaN' 
LEKE,  Christ'ianly.  [A.S.  cristeiv—l,, 
Christianus — Gr.  Christos.  ] 

CHRISTIANIZE,  krist'yan-iz,  v.t.  to  make 
Christian  :  to  convert  to  Christianity. 

CHRISTIANITY,  kris-ti-an'i-ti,  n.  the  relig- 
ion  of  Christ. 

CHRISTMAS,  kris'mas,  n.  an  annual  festi- 
val ,  orig.  a  mass,  in  memory  of  the  birth 
of  Christ,  held  on  the  25th  of  December, 
[Christ  and  Mass.] 

CHRISTMAS-BOX,  kris'mas-boks, n.abox 
containing  Christmas  presents  :  a  Christ- 
mas gift. 

CHRISTOLOGY,  kris-tol'o-ji,  n.  that 
branch  of  theology  which  treats  of  the 
nature  and  person  of  Christ.  [Gr.  Chris- 
tos, and  logos,  a  discourse.] 

CHROMATIC,  kro-mat'ik.  adj.  relating  to 
colors :  colored  :  (music)  proceeding  by 
semitones. — n.sing.  Chromat'ics,  the  sci- 
ence of  colors.  [Gr.  chrbmatilxs — chroma, 
color.]  

CHROME,  krom,  CHROMIUM,  kro'nii-um, 
n.  a  metal  remarkable  for  the  beautifui 
colors  of  its  compounds. — adj.  CHROM'ia. 
[Gr.  chroma,  color.] 

CHROMOPHOTOGRAPHY,  kro'mo-fo- 
tog'ra-fl,  n.  the  art  or  process  of  pro- 
ducing colored  photographic  pictures. 
[See  Chromattpe.] 

CHROMOTYPOGRAPHY,  kro'mo-ti-pog  - 
ra-fl,  M.  typography  in  colors  :  the  art  of 
printing  with  tvpe  in  various  colors. 

CHROMOXYLOGRAPHY,  kro'mo-zT-log'- 
ra-fi,  n.  the  art  or  process  of  producing 
wood  engravings  in  various  colors. 

CHRONIC,  kron'ik,  CHRONICAL,  kron'ik- 
al,  adj.  lasting  a  long  time  :  of  a  disease, 
deep-seated  or  long-continued,  as  opp.  to 
acute.  [L.  chronicus,  Gr.  chronikos — 
ehronos.  time.] 

CHRONICLE,  kron'i-kl,  n.  a  record  of 
events  in  the  order  of  time :  a  history. — 


CHKONOLOGY 

v.t.  to  record  in  history. — n.  Chkok'ICLEE, 
a  historian. 

CHRONOLOGY,  kron-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
of  dates.— adjs.  Cheonolog'ic,  Ohron- 
olog'ical.  —  adv.  Chronolog'icaixy.— 
ns.  Chronol'OGEK,  Chronol'ogist.  [Gr. 
chronos,  time,  logos,  a  discourse.] 

:;HRONOMETER,  kron-om'e-ter,  n.  an  in- 
strument for  measuring  thne :  a  watch. 
—adjs.  Chkonomet'ric,  Chronomet'ri- 
CAI,     [Gr.  chronos,  and  vietron,  a  meas- 

HRYSALIS,  kris'a-lis,  n.  the  form,  often 
gold-colored,  assumed  by  some  insects 
before  they  become  winged  i—pl.  Chrys- 
AiZiDES  (i-dez).— odj.  Chrts'aud.  [Gr. 
chrysallis—chrt/sos,  gold.] 

OHRYSANILrNE,  kris-an'i-Un,  n.  a  beau- 
tiful yellow  coloring  matter  (CjjHijNj) 
obtained  as  a  secondary  product  in  the 
preparation  of  rosaniline,  and  considered 
a  splendid  dye  for  silk  and  wool.  Called 
also  Anilike  Yellow.  [Gr.  chrysos.  gold, 
and  E.  aniline.] 

CHRYSANTHEMUM,  kris-an'the-mum,  n. 
{lit.)  gold'flmcer :  a  genus  of  composite 
plants  to  which  belong  the  corn  marigold 
and  ox-eye  daisy.  [Gr.  chrysos,  gold, 
anthemon,  flower.] 

CHRYSOLITE,  kris'o-lit,  n.  a  stone  of  a 
yello^vish  color.  [Gr.  chrysos,  and  liihos, 
a  stone.] 

OHRYSOPHTLL,  kris'o-iil,  n.  the  bright 
golden  yellow  coloring  matter  of  plants ; 
xanthophylL  [Gr.  c/tr^/sos,  gold,  and 
phyllon,  a  leaf.] 

CHRYSOPRASE.  kris'o-praz,  n.  a  variety 
of  chalcedony:  (B.)  a  yellowish-green 
stone,  nature  unknown.  [Gr.  chrysos, 
and  prason,  a  leek.] 

CHTHONOPHAGIA,  thon-5-fa'ji-a, 
CHTHONOPHAGY,  tho-nofVji,  n.  du-t- 
eating :  cachexia  Africana._  [Gr.  chthon, 
chthonos,  earth,  and  phago,  to  eat.  See 
Dirt-eating.] 

CHUB,  chub,  n.  a  small  fat  river-fish. 
[Ety.  dub.,  but  same  root  as  Chubby.] 

CHUBBY,  chub'i,  adj.  short^nd  thick: 
plump. — n.  Chubb'iness. 

CHUCK,  chuk,  n.  the  call  of  a  hen  :  a 
word  of  endearment. — v.i.  to  call  as  a 
hen.      [From    the    sound— a  variety  of 

CHUCK,  chuk,   v.t.  to  strike  gently,   to 

toss.— n.  a  slight  blow,     [Fr.  choquer,  to 

jolt ;  aUied  to  E.  Shake.] 
CHUCKLE,  chuk'l,  v.t.  to  call,  as  a  hen 

does  her  chickens :  to  caress. 
CHUCKLE,  chuk'l,  I'.i.  to  laugh  in  a  quiet, 

suppressed  manner,   indicating    derision 

or  enjoyment.     [See  Choke] 
OHUM,  chum,  n.  a  chamber-fellow.  [Perh. 

a  mutilation  of  Comrade,  or  Chamber- 

CHURCH,  cliurch,  n.  a  house  set  apart  for 
Christian  worship :  the  whole  body  of 
Christians  :  the  clergy  :  any  particular 
sect  or  denomination  of  Christians. — v.t. 
to  perform  with  any  one  the  giving  of 
thanks  in  church.  [A.S.  circe;  Scot. 
kirk ;  Ger.  kirche  ;  all  from  Gr.  kyria- 
kon,  belonging  to  the  'Loid—Kyrios,  the 
Lord.] 

CHURCHMAN,  church'man,  n.  a  clergy- 
man or  ecclesiastic :  a  member  of  the 
Church  of  England. 

GHURCHWAEDEN,  church-wawr'den,  n. 
«jn  olBcer  who  represents  the  interests  of 
a  parish  or  church  :  a  long  clay-pipe, 
[Church  and  Warden.] 

CHURCHYARD,  churctfyard,  n.  the  yard 
round  the  church,  where  the  dead  are 
bm-ied. 

CHURL,  churl,  n.  an  ill-bred,  surly  fellow. 
[A.S.  cexyrl.  a  countryman  ;  Ice.  karl,  Ger. 
kerl,  a  man  ;  Scot,  carl.] 
CHURLISH,  churrish,  adij.  rude :  surly  : 


62 


ill-bred.—adw.  CHUKL'isHLY.—n.  Churl- 
ishness. 

CHURN,  churn,  v.t.  to  shake  violently,  as 
cream  when  making  butter.— n.  a  vessel 
in  which  cream  is  churned.  [Ice.  kima, 
a  churn,  Dut.  and  Ger.  kernen,  to  churn  ; 
akin  to  KERN-el ;  as  it  to  extract  the  es- 
sence or  best  part.] 

CHUSE,  chooz,  v.t.  a  form  of  Choose. 

CHYLE,  ka,  n.  a  white  fluid  drawn  from 
the  food  while  in  the  intestines. — adjs. 
Chyla'ceous,  Chyl'ous.  [Fr.— Gr.  chy- 
los,  juice — cheo,  to  pour.] 

CHYLIFACTIVE,  kll-i-fak'tiv,  adj.  having 
the  power  to  make  chyle.— n.  Chyufac'- 
TION,  or  Chyofica'tion.  [L.  chylus,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

CHYME,  kim,  n.  the  pulp  to  which  the 
food  is  reduced  in  the  stomach.— aci; 
Chym'ous.    [Gr.  chymos,  from  cheo.] 

CHYMIFICATION,  kim-i-fi-ka'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  being  formed  into  chyme.  [L. 
chymus,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

CHYMIST,CHYMISTRY,  now  Chemist, 
Chemu  str y 

CICADA,  si-ka'da,  CICALA,  si-ka'la,  n.  an 
insect  remarkable  for  the  sovmd  it  pro- 
ducGS 

CICATRICE,  sik'a-tris  [Fr.],  CICATRIX, 
si-ka'triks  [L.l,  n,  the  scar  over  a  wound 
after  it  is  healed. 

CICATRIZE,  siVartriz,  v.t.  to  help  the  for- 
mation of  a  skin  or  cicatrix  on  a  wound 
or  ulcer  by  medicines.— ^.i.  to  heal.  [Fr. 
cicatriser.] 

CICERONE,  sis-e-ro'ne,  n.  one  who  shows 
strangers  the  curiosities  of  a  place :  a 
guide.     [It.— L.  Cicero,  the  Roman  ora^ 

CICERONIAN,  sis-e-ro'ni-an,  adj.  relating 

to  or  Uke  Cicero. 
CIDER,  si'der,  n.  a  drink  made  from  apple- 
juice. — n.  Ci'derkin,   an    inferior  cider. 
[Ft.  cidre — L.  sicera — Gr.  sikera,  strong 
drink— Heb.  shakar,  to  be  intoxicated.] 
CIEL,  sel.     See  Ceil. 

CIELING,  sel'ing,  n.  same  as  Ceiung,  used 
by  Milton  with  allusion  to  its  derivation. 
CIGAR,  si-gar",  n.  a  small  roll  of  tobacco  for 
smoking.     [Sp.  cigarro,  a  kind  of  tobacco 
in  Cuba.] 
CIGARETTE,  sig-ar-et',  n.  a  little  cigar :  a 
little  finely-cut  tobacco  rolled  in  paper 
for  smoking. 
CILIA,  sil'i-a,  n.pl.  hair-like  appendages  on 
the  edge  of  a  vegetable  body,  or  on  an 
animal  organ  or  animalcule. — adjs.  Cil'- 
LiKY,  Cil'Iated,  having  cilia.   [L.  ctlium, 
pi.  cilia,  eyelids,  eyelashes.] 
CIMBRIC,   sim'brik,  adj.   relating  to  the 
Cimbri,  a  tribe  originally  from  the  north 
of  Germany. 
CIMETER,  sim'e-ter.    See  ScnnTAR. 
CIMMERIAN,  skn-e'ri-an,  adj.  relatmg  to 
the  Cimmerii,  a  tribe  fabled  to  have  hved 
in  perpetual  darkness :  extremely  dark, 
CINCHONA,  sm-ko'na,  n.  the  bark  of  a 
tree    that  grows   in  Peru,  from   which 
Quinine  is  extracted,  a  valuable  medi- 
cine for  ague  :  also  called  Peruvian  bark. 
[Said  to  be  so  named  from  the  Countess 
del  Cinchon,  butprob.  from  kinakina,  the 
native  word  for  bark.] 
CINCTURE,  smgk'tiir,  n.  a  girdle  or  belt : 
a  moulding  round  a  column.— adj.  Cora- 
TURED,  having  a  cincture.    [L.  cinctura — 
ciiir/o,  cinctus,  to  gird.] 
CINDER,  sin'der,  n.  the  refuse  of  burned 
coals:  anything  charred  by  fire.     [A.S. 
sinder,  scoriae,  slag.    The  c  mstead  of  s 
is  owing  to  Fr.  cendre,  a  wholly  uncon- 
nected word,  which  comes  from  L.  emw, 
cineris,  ashes.] 
CINDERY,  sin'der-i,  adj.,  like  or  composed 

of  cinders.  .  . 

CINERARY,  sin'er-ar-i,  ad],  pertauiing  to 
ashes. 


CIRCUMFLEX 

CINERATION,  sin-er-a'tion,  n.  the  act  oi 

reducing  to  ashes.     [L.  cinis,  eineris.] 
CINNABAR,  sin'a-bar.  n,  sulphuret  of  mer- 
cury, called  vermiUon  when  used  as  a 
pigment.     [L.  cinnabaris,  Gr.  kinnabari._ 
a  dye,  known  as  dragon's   blood,  from 
Pers.X 
CINNAMON,  sin'a-mon,  m,  the  spicy  bark 
of  a  laurel  in  Ceylon,     [L  cinnamomuni 
— Heb.  kinnamon.] 
CINQUE,  singk,  n.  the  number  five.    [Fr.l 
CINQUE-FOIL,  singk'-f oil,  n.  the  fiveJolad- 
ed  clover,    [Fr.  cinque,  and  feuille,  L.  fo- 
lium, Qt. phyllon,  a  leaf.] 
CIPHER,  si'fer,  n.  (arith.)  the  character  0  : 
any  of  the  nine  flgiu-es :  anj^thiag  of  Ut- 
tle  value  :  an  interweaving  of  the  initials 
of  a  name  :  a  secret  kind  of  writing.— 
v.i.  to  work  at  aritlmietic.    JO.  Fr.  dfre, 
Fr.  chiffre—Ai.  sifr,  empty.] 
CIRCASSIAN,  ser-kash'yan,  ad/,  belonging 
to  Circassia,  a  country  on  the  north  of 
Moimt  Caucasus. 
CIRCEAN,  ser-se'an,  adj.  relating  to  the 
fabled    Circe,  who    by    magic    potions 
changed  her  guests  into  animals:   poi 
sonous,  delusive,  fatal. 
CIRCLE,  serkl,  n.  a  plane  flgui-e  bounded 
by  a  Une  every  point  of  which  is  equally 
distant  from  a  point  m  the  middle  called 
the  centre  :  the  line  which   bounds  the 
fiffure :  a  ring  :  a  series  ending  where  it 
began  :  a  company  surrounding  the  prin- 
cipal person. — v.t.  to  move  round  :  to  en- 
compass.— v.i.  to  move  in  a  circle.    [A.S 
circul,  from  L.  cireulus,  dim.  of  cvrcus. 
Gr.  kirkos  or  krikos,  a  circle ;  alhed  tc 
A.S.  hring,  a  ring— root  kar,  to  move  in 
a  circle.] 
CIRCLET,  serklet,  n.  a  little  circle. 
CIRCUIT,   ser'kdt,  n.   the  act  of  mcmng 
round  :  that  which  encircles  :   a  rounc 
made  in  the  exercise  of  a  caUing,  esp 
the  round  made  by  the  judges  for  hold 
ing  the  courts  of  law.    [Fr.- L.  circuiiiu 
— circueo,  to  go  round — circum,  round. 
CO,  itiun,  to  go.] 
CIRCUITOUS,     ser-ku'it-us,     adj.     rounc 

about.— ad».  Cntcu'iTOUSLY. 
CIRCULAR,  ser'ku-lar,  adj.  round  :  ending 
in  itself  :  addressed  to  a  circle  of  persons. 
— Circular  notes  are  a  kind  of  bank^ 
note  issued  for  the  convenience  of  trav- 
elers.— n.  a  note  sent  round  to  a  circle 
or  number  of  persons. — adv.  Cir'CULARLY. 
—n.  Circulajr'ity. 
CIRCULATE,  serldi-lat,  v.t.  to  make  to  go 
round  as  in  a  circle :  to  spread. — v.i.  tc 
move  round  :  to  be  spread  about.     [L 
circido,  circulatus.] 
CIRCULATION,  ser-ku-la'shun.  n.  the  act 
of  moving  in  a  cirde,  or  of  going  and 
returning :  the  money  in  use  at  any  time 
in  a  country. 
CIRCULATORY,  ser'kQ-la-tor-i,  adj.  circu- 
lar: circulating. 
CIRCUMAMBIENT,ser-kum-amb'i-ent,a(^: 
going  round  about :  surrounding.  [L.  «>- 
cum,  about,  ambio,  to  go  round— amW 
Gr.  amphi.  around,  and  eo,  to  go.] 
CIRCUMAJilBULATE,   ser-kum-am'bul-at 
v.i.  to  walk  round    about.— n.  CiRCUM- 
ameula'tion.    [L.  ambulo,  ambulatus,  to 
walk.] 
CIRCUMCISE,  ser'kum-slz,  v.t.  to  cut  ofl 
the  fore-skin  according  to  the  Jewist 
law.    [L.  circumcido,  circumcisus—ccedo, 
to  cut.]  .  , ,  ^, 

CmCUMCLSION,  ser-kum-sizh  un,  n    the 

act  of  circumcising. 
CIRCUMFERENCE,     ser-kum'fer-ens,     n. 
the  boundary-line  of    any  round  body ; 
the    line    surrounding    anything. — adj. 
Circumi'eren'tial.    [L.  fero,  to  carry.] 
CIRCUMFLECT,  ser'kum-flekt,  t>.«.  to 

mark  with  a  circumflex. 
CIRCUMFLEX,  ser'kum-fleks,  n.  an  accent 


CIRCUMFLUENT 


63 


CLAM-SHELL 


f 


(A)  denoting'  a  rising  and  falling  of  the 
voice  on  a  vowel  or  syllable.  [L.  flecto, 
fiescns,  to  bend.] 

CiRCUMFLUENT,  ser-kum'floo-ent,  adj., 
flowing  round  about.  fL.  fluens,fluentis, 
flowingj 

CIRCUMFUSE,  ser-kum-fuz',  v.t.  to  iMur 
around. — n.  Cmo u Mi'u'siON.  [L.  fundo, 
fusus,  to  pour.] 

i?iRCUMJACENT,  ser-kum-ja'sent,  adj., 
ii/ing  round :  bordering  on  every  side. 
VL.jacens,  lyiag—jaeeo,  to  lie.] 

CIRCUMLOCUTION,  ser-k-um-Io-k-ii'shun, 
n.,  round-about  sijeaking :  a  manner  of 
expression  in  which  more  words  are  used 
than  are  necessai"y. — adj.  Circumloc'u- 
TORY.     [L.  loqitor,  locutus,  to  speak.] 

CIRCUMNAVIGATE,  Ber-kum-naVi-gat, 
i:t.  to  sail  round. — n.  CrRCUMNAViGA'- 
TioN,    [See  Navigate.] 

CIRCUMNAVIGATOR,  ser-kiun-nav'i-gat- 
or,  n.,  one  who  sails  round. 

CIRCUMNUTATE,  ser-kum-nu'tat,  v.t.  to 
nod  or  turn  round  :  specifically,  in  bot. 
to  move  round  in  a  more  or  less  circular 
or  elliptical  path  :  said  of  the  stem  and 
other  organs  of  a  plant.  "  It  will  be 
shown  that  apparently  every  growing 
part  of  every  plant  is  continually  eircum- 
nutating,  though  often  on  a  small  scale." 
— Darwin.  [L.  circum,  round,  and  nuto, 
freq.  from  nuo,  to  nod.    See  ClECTOOTO- 

TATION.] 

?IRCUMNUTATION,  serTium-nu-ta'shon, 
n.  a  nodding  or  incUniug  round  about : 
specifically,  in  hot.  the  continuous  mo- 
tion of  every  part  or  organ  of  every 
plant,  in  which  it  describes  irregular  el- 
liptical or  oval  figiires ;  as,  for  instance, 
the  apex  of  a  stem,  after  pointing  in  .one 
direction  commonly  moves  back  to  the 
opposi'. !  side,  not,  however,  returning 
along  the  same  line.  While  describing 
such  figures,  the  apex  often  travels  in  a 
zigzag  line,  or  makes  small  subordinate 
loops  or  triangles.  "  On  the  whole,  we 
may  at  present  conclude  that  increased 
growth  first  on  one  side,  and  then  on  the 
other,  is  a  secondary  effect,  and  that  the 
increased  turgescence  of  the  cells,  to- 
gether with  the  extensibility  of  their 
walls  is  the  primary  cause  of  the  move- 
ment of  ciretimnutation." — Darwin. 

JXRGUMSCRIBB,  ser-kum-skrib',  v.t.  to 
draw  a  line  round  :  to  inclose  within  cer- 
tain limits.     [L.  scribo,  to  write.] 

CIRCUMSCRIPTION,  ser-kum-skrip'shun, 
n.  limitation  :  the  line  that  limits. 

CIRCUMSPECT,  serTn-im-spekt,  adj.,  look- 
ing round  on  all  sides  watchfully :  cau- 
tious: prtident. — adv.  Cib'ctimspectlt. — 
n.  Cie'cumspectness.  [L.  specio,  spectum, 
to  look.] 

CIRCUMSPECTION,  ser-kum-spek'shun,  n. 

■.vatchfulness  :  caution. 

CIRCUMSTANCE,  ser'kum-stans,  n.  some- 
thing attendant  upon  another  thing: 
an  accident  or  event  i—pl.  the  state  of 
one's  affairs.  [L.  stans,  stantis,  standing 
— sto,  to  standC) 

CIRCUMSTANTIAL,  sep-kum-stan'shal, 
adj.  consisting  of  details  :  minute. — adv. 

CIRCIIMSTAN'TIALLY.    —  CiRCDMSTANTIAL 

Evidence,  evidence  not  positive  or  di- 
rect, but  wliich  is  gathered  indirectly 
from  the  circumstances  of  a  case. 

JJCRCUMSTANTIALS,  ser-kum-staa'shals> 
n.pl.  incidentals. 

CIRCUMSTANTIATE,  ser-kum-stan'shi-at, 
v.t.  to  prove  by  circumstances :  to  describe 

CIRC  U  MVA  L  L  AT  I O  N,  ser-kum-vai-a'- 
shun,  n.  a  s^irrounding  with  a  waU :  a 
wall  or  fortification  surrounding  a  town 
or  fort.  [L.  vallum,  an  earthen  rampart 
or  wall.] 

CIRCUMVENT,  ser-kum-vent'.  v.t.  to  come 


round  or  outwit  a  person  :  to  deceive  or 

cheat. — n.  Circumven'tion.     [L.  venio, 

to  come.] 
CIRCUMVENTIVE,  ser-kum-vent'iv,  adj. 

deceiving  bv  artifices. 
CIRCUMVOLUTION,  ser-kum-vol-u'shun, 

n.  a  turning  or  rolling  round  :  anytliing 

winding  or  sinuous.     [L.  volvo,  volutum, 

to  roll.] 
CIRCUS,  ser'kus,  n.  a  circular  building  for 

the  exhibition  of  games  :  a  place  for  the 

exhibition  of  feats  of  horsemanship.     [L, 

circus ;  cog.  with  Gr.  kirkos,  A.S.  hring, 

a  ring.] 
CIRQUE-COUCHANT,  sirk-koo'shant,  adj. 

Ij-ing  coiled  up.    (Rare.)    [Fr.  cirque,  a 

circus,  and  couchant,  lying.] 

He  found  a  palpitating  snake, 
Briglit,  and  cirque'couchani  In  a  duslty  bralte 

— Keats. 

CIRROUS,  sir'us,  adj.,  having  a  curl  or 
tendril. 

CIRRUS,  sir'us,  n.  the  highest  form  of 
cloud  consisting  of  curhng  fibres  :  (bot.) 
a  tendril :  (zool.)  any  curled  filament, 
FL.,  curled  hair.] 

CISALPINE,  sis-alp'in  or  -alp'in,  adj.,  on 
this  side  (to  the  Romans)  of  tlie  Alps, 
that  is,  on  the  south  side.  [L.  cis,  on 
this  side,  and  Alpine.] 

CIST,  sist,  n.  a  tomb  consisting  of  a  stone 
chest  covered  with  stone  slabs,  [See 
Chest,  Cyst.] 

CISTERN,  sis'tern,  m.  any  receptacle  for 
holding  water  or  other  liquid :  a  reser- 
voir,    [L.  cistema,  from  cista,  a  chest.] 

CIT;  sit,  n.  shortened  from  citizen,  and 
used  as  a  term  of  contempt,  [See  ClTl- 
zenJ 

CITADEL,  sit'a-del,  n.  a  fortress  in  or  near 
a  city.  [It.  cittadella,  dim.  of  eittd,  a 
city.    See  City.] 

CITATION,  sl-ta'shun,  n.  an  official  sum' 
mons  to  appear :  the  act  of  quoting :  the 
passage  or  name  quoted. 

CITE,  sit,  v.t.  to  call  or  summon:  to  sum- 
mon to  answer  in  court  :  to  quote ;  to 
name.  [L.  cito,  to  call,  intensive  of  cieo, 
do,  to  make  to  go,  to  rouse.] 

CITHERN,  sith'ern,  CITTERN,  sit'ern,  n. 
a  musical  instrument  like  the  guitar. 
[A.S.  cytere — L.  cithara — Gr.  kithara.  A 
doublet  of  Guitar.] 

CITIZEN,  sit'i-zen,  n.  an  inhabitant  of  a 
city :  a  member  of  a  state :  a  townsman  : 
a  freeman. — n.  Cit'izenship,  the  rights 
of  a  citizen.  [M.E.  eiteseiiv~-0.  Fr.  cite- 
ain.    See  City.] 

CITIZENRY,  sit'i-zen-n,  n.  the  inhabitants 
of  a  city,  as  opposed  to  counti-y  people, 
or  to  the  military,  etc. :  townspeople, 
"No  Spanish  soldiery  nor  citizenry, 
showed  the  least  disposition  to  join 
him." — Carlyle. 

CITRON,  sit'run,  n.  the  fruit  of  the  citron- 
tree,  resembling  a  lemon  ;  also,  same  as 
Citron- WATEE.  "Drinking  citron  with 
his  Grace." — Miscellanies  by  Swift,  Pope, 
and  Arbuthnot.  [Fr. — L.  citrus-  -Gr.  kit- 
ron,  a  citron.] 

CITY,  sit'i,  n.  a  large  town :  a  town  with 
a  corporation.  [Fr.  cite,  a  city — ^L.  civi- 
tas,  the  state — civ^is,  a  citizen  ;  akin  to  L. 
quies,  quiet,  E.  HrvE  and  Home,] 

GIVES,  slvz,  n.  a  plant  of  the  leek  and 
onion  genus  growing  in  tufts.  [Fr.  cive 
— L.  ccepa,  an  onion.] 

CIVET,  siVet,  n.  a  perfume  obtained  from 
the  civet  or  civet-cat,  a  small  carnivor- 
ous animal  of  N.  Africa.  [Fr.  civette — 
Ar.  zabad.] 

CIVIC,  siv'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  dty  or  a 
citizen.     [L.  eivicus — ciinsT] 

CrVTL,  siv*!!,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  com- 
munity :  having  the  refinement  of  city- 
bred  people :  polite  :  commercial,  not 
military :  lay,  not  ecclesitistical. — CrviL 


ENGINEER,  one  who  plans  railways,  docks 
etc,  as  opp,  to  a  military  engineer,  or  to 
a  mechanical  engineer,  who  makes  ma- 
chines, etc. — Civil  ust,  now  embraces 
only  the  expenses  of  the  sovereign'.s 
household.— Crtl  service,  the  paid  ser- 
vice of  the  State,  in  so  far  as  it  is  not 
military  or  naval.— Civil-suited,  suited 
or  attired  like  a  civilian  or  citizen,  ae 
opp.  to  the  gay  dresses  of  courtiers,  etc. 
--Civil  war,  a  war  between  citizens  ol 
the  same  state. — adv.  Cit'illy.  [L.  dv- 
His — civis."] 

CIVILIAN,  ,siv-il'yan,  n,  a  professor  or 
student  of  civil  law  (not  canon  law) :  one 
engaged  in  civil  as  distinguished  from 
military  and  other  pursuits. 

Civility,  siv-il'i-ti,  n.  good-breeding  :  po- 
11  lp  n  p  s^ 

CIVILIZATION,  siv-il-i-za'shun,n.  the  state 
of  being  civilized. 

CIVILIZE,  si\''il-iz,  v.t.  to  reclaim  from  bar- 
barism :  to  instruct  in  arts  and  i-efine- 
ments, 

CLACK,  klak,  v.i.  to  make  a  sudden  sharp 
noise  as  by  striking. — n.  a  sharp  sudden 
sound  frequently  repeated,  [From  the 
sound.] 

CLAD,  kla,A,  pa.t.  andpa.p.  of  Clothe. 

CLAIM,  klam,  v.t.  to  call  for :  to  demana 
as  a  right. — n.  a  demand  for  something 
supposed  due  :  right  or  ground  for  de- 
manding :  the  thing  claimed.  [O.  Fr. 
claimer — L.  clamo,  to  call  out,  from  calo. 
cog.  with  Gr.  kaleo,  to  call.] 

CLAIMABLE,  klam'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
claimed. 

CLAIMANT,  klam'ant,  n.  one  who  makes 
a  claim. 

CLAIRVOYANCE,  klar-voi'ans,  n.  the  al- 
leged power  of  seeing  things  not  present 
to  the  senses.  [Fr. — claii — L.  clarus 
clear,  and  Fr.  voir — L.  video,  to  see.] 

CLAIRVOYANT,  klar-voi'ant,  n.  one  wbc 
professes  clairvoyance. 

CLAM,  klam,  v.t.  to  clog  with  sticky  mat 
ter  '.—pr.p.  clamm'ing ;  pa.p.  clammed', 
[A.S.  clam,  clay ;  a  variety  of  lam 
Loam.] 

CLAM,  klam,  n.  a  common  shell-fish. — As 
happy  as  a  clam,  a  common  expression 
in  those  parts  of  the  U.  S.  coast  where 
clams  are  found. 

CLAM,  klam,  n.  the  state  or  quality  of 
having  or  convej'ing  a  cold,  moist,  ^'is- 
cous  feeling:  clamminess.  "Corruption, 
and  the  clam  of  death." — Carlyle. 

CLAMANT,  klam'ant,  adj.,  calling  alo^id 
or  earnestly. 

CLAM-BAKE,  klam'-bak,  n.  an  out-door 
feast,  customary  on  exceptionally  joy- 
ful occasions  in  the  New  England  States, 
at  which  huge  quantities  of  clams  are 
baked  in  improvised  ovens  of  stone  and 
weeds. 

CLAMBER,  klam'ber,  v.i.  to  climb  with 
difiiciilty,  grasping  with  the  hands  and 
feet.  [From  root  of  Clump  ;  cf,  Ger. 
klammern — kle//imen,  to  squeeze  or  hold 
tightly.] 

CLAMMY,  klam'i,  adj.  sticky :  moist  and 
adhesive. — n.  Clamm'iness. 

CLAMOR,  klam'or,  n.  a  loud  continuous 
outcry  :  uproar. — v.i.  to  cry  aloud  in  de- 
mand :  to  make  a  loud  continuous  out- 
cry.— v.i.  3  salute  with  clamor.  [L 
clamor.'] 

CLAMOROUS,  Idam'or-us,  ac(}.  noisy: 
boisterous.  —  adv.  Clam'OEOUSLY.  —  n_ 
Clam'orousness. 

CLAMP,  klamp,  n.  a  piece  of  timber,  iron. 
etc.,  used  to  fasten  tilings  together  or  to 
strengthen  any  framework. — v.t.  to  bind 
with  clamps.  '  [From  a  root,  seen  in  A.S, 
clom,  a  bond,  Dut.  klamp,  a  clamp,  and 
akin  to  E.  Clip,  Climb.] 

CLAM-SHEi  L,  klam'-shel,  n.  the  lips  or 


CLAN 


64 


mouth  :  the  patent  lock  on  a  mail  bag. 
(Amer.)  „     ,.         , 

CLAN,  klan.  n.  a  tribe  or  collection  ot 
families  subject  to  a  single  chieftain, 
bearing  the  same  surname,  and  supposed 
to  have  a  common  ancestor  :  a  clique, 
sect,  or  body  of  persons.  [Gael,  dann, 
Ir.  dann  or  dand,  offspring,  tribe.] 

CLANDESTINE,  klan-des'tin,  adj.,  con- 
cealed or  hidden :  private  :  unlawful : 
s\y.— adv.  Clandes'tinely.  [L.  dandes- 
Hnus—dam,  secretly,  from  root  kal,  seen 
eJso  in  celo,  to  conceal.] 

OLANG-,  klang,  v.i.  to  produce  a  sharp, 
ringing  sound.— r.f.  to  cause  to  clang.— «. 
a  sharp,  ringing  sound,  like  that  made 
by  metallic  substances  struck  together. 
[L.  dango;  Ger.  klang:  formed  from  the 
sound.] 

CLANGOR,  klang'gur,  11.  a  dang  ;  a  sharp, 
shrill,  harsh  sound.     [L.  clangor.'] 

CLANK,  klangk,  n.  a  sharp  sound,  less 
prolonged  than  a  clang,  such  as  is  made 
by  a  chain.— v.i.  or  v.i.  to  make  or  cause 

CLANNISH,  klan'ish,  adj.  closely  united 
like  the  members  of  a  dan.— adv.  Claiw'- 

ISHLY.— 71.  CLANN'ISHNESS. 

CLANSHIP,   klan'ship,   n.   association   of 

families  under  a  chieftain. 
CLANSMAN,  klanz'man,  n.  a  member  of  a 

dan. 
CLAP,  klap,  n.  the  noise  made  by  the  sud- 
den striking  together  of  two  things,  as 
the  hands  :  a  sudden  act  or  motion :  a 
burst  of  sound.— r.f.  to  strike  together  so 
as  to  make  a  noise  :  to  thrust  or  drive 
together  suddenly  :  to  applaud  with  the 
hands. — v.i.  to  strike  the  hands  together  : 
to  strike  together  with  noise  -.—pr.p. 
clapp'ing :  pa.p.  clapped'.  [Ice.  klappa, 
to  pat ;  Dut.  and  Ger.  Happen :  formed 
from  the  somid.] 
CLAPBOARD,  klap'b6rd,J^.  a  narrow,  thin, 
planed  board  used  for  siding  on  houses, 
and  so  placed  as  to  overlap  the  one  below 
it.  (Amer.) 
CLAPPER,  klap'er,  n..  one  ^cho  daps:  that 

which  daps,  as  the  tongue  of  a  bell. 
CLAP-STICK,  klap'stik,  n.  a  k^nd  of 
wooden  rattle  or  clapper  used  m  raismg 
an  alarm  or  the  like.  "He  was  not  dis- 
turbed ...  by  the  watchman's  rappers 
or  dap-sticks."— Southey. 
CLAP-TRAP,  klap'-trap,  n.  a  trick  to  gam 

applause.  .    ,     , 

CL-\  RE-OBSCURE,  klar'-ob-skur', 
CHIARO-OSCURO,  Id-ar'o-os-koo'ro,  n. 
dear-ohscure  :  light  and  shade  in  paint- 
ino-.  [Fr.  dair — L.  clarus,  clear,  and  Fr. 
oi^scur — L.  obseurus,  obscure  ;  It.  chiaro, 
clear,  o'scuro,  obscure.] 
CLARET,  klar'et,  n.  orig.  applied  to  wines 
of  a  light  or  dear  red  color,  but  now 
used,  generally,  for  the  dark-red  wines 
of  Bordeaux.'  [Fr.  dairet — dair  —  L. 
clarus,  clear.] 
CLAMFIER,    klar'i-fi-er,    n.    that  which 

clarifies  or  purifies. 
CLARIFY,   klar'i-fi,   v.t.  to  make  clear.— 
v.i.  to  become  clear  -.—pr-p.  clar'ifying  ; 
pa.p.  clar'ified.— n.  Clabitica'tion.     [L. 
clarus,  clear,  and /acjo,  to  make.] 
CLARION,  klar'i-on,  n.  a  kind  of  trumpet 
whose    note    is  clear  and    shrill.      [Fr. 
dairon — dair,  clear.] 
CLARIONET,  klarVon-et, CLARINET, 
klar'i-net,  71.  a  wind  insti-ument  of  music, 
sounded  by  means  of  a  reed  fixed  to  the 
mouthpiece.      [Fr.    elarinette,    dim.     of 
dairon.] 
CLASH,  klash,  n.  a  loud  noise,  such  as  is 
caused  by  the  striking  together  of  weap- 
ons :  opposition  :  contradiction. — v.i.  to 
dash  noisily  together  :   to  meet  in  op- 
position :  to  act  in  a  contrary  direction. 


—v.t.  to  strike  noisily  against.  [Formed 
from  the  sound,  like  6er.  and  Sw.  klatsch.'] 

CLASP,  klasp,  n.  a  hook  for  fastening  :  an 
embrace.— r.f.  to  fasteu  with  a  clasp  :  to 
inclose  and  hold  in  the  hand  or  arms :  to 
embrace  ;  to  twine  round.  [M.E.  elapse, 
from  the  root  of  A.S.  clyppan,  to  embrace. 
See  Clip.]  ,  .  .     , 

CLASPER,  klasp'er,  n.,  that  which  dasps: 
the  tendril  of  a  plant. 

CLASP-KNIFE,  klasp'-mf,  77.  a  knife,  the 
blade  of  which  is  clasped  by,  or  folds  into, 
the'handle. 

CLASS,  klas,  n.  a  rank  or  order  of  persons 
or  things :  a  number  of  students  or  schol- 
ars who  are  taught  together  :  a  scientific 
division  or  arrangement.— r.f.  to  form 
into  a  class  or  classes  ;  to  arrange  me- 
thodically. [Fr.  cZosse- L.  dassis,  orig. 
a  rank  or  order  of  the  Roman  people  when 
called  together,  from  a  root,  kal-,  seen 
in  L.  cata7-e,  clamare,  to  call,  Gr.  kaleo, 

CLASSIC,  klas'ik,  CLASSICAL,  klas'ik-al, 
adj.  of  the  highest  class  or  rank,  esp.  in 
literature  :  originally  and  chiefly  used  of 
the  best  Greek  and  Roman  writers :  (as 
opp.  to  romantic)  like  in  style  to  the  au- 
thors of  Greece  and  Rome  :  chaste :  re- 
flned.— Class'ics,  n.pl.  Greek,  Roman, 
and  modern  writers  of  the  first  rank, 
or  their  works. — adv.  Class'ically. 
CLASSICALITY.  klas-ik-al'i-ti,  CLASSIC- 
ALNESS,  klas'ik-al-nes,  77.  the  quality 
of  being  classical. 
CLASSIFICATION,    klas-i-fi-ka'shun,     n. 

act  of  forming  into  classes. 
CLASSIFY,  klas'i-fl,  v.t.  to  make  or  form 
into  classes :  to  arrange  -.—pr.p.  classify- 
ing ;  pa.p.  class'ified.      [L.   classis,  and 
faeio,  to  make.] 
CLASSMAN,  klas'man,  77.  one  who  has 
gained  honors  ot  a  certain  class  at  the 
Oxford  examinations  :  opp.  to  passman. 
CLASTIC,  klas'tik,  adj.  relating  to  what 
may  be  taken  to  pieces ;  as,  clastic  anat- 
omy, the  art  of  putting  together  or  tak- 
ing apart  the  pieces  of  a  manikin.     [Gr. 
klastos,  broken.] 
CLATTER,  klat'er,  77.  a  repeated  confused 
rattling  noise:    a  repetition  of  abrupt, 
sharp    sounds. — v.i.   to    make    rattling 
sounds :    to  rattle  with  the  tong-ue  :  to 
talk  fast  and  idly.— r.f.  to  strike  so  as 
to  produce  a  rattling.     [Ace.  to  Skeat, 
clattei-^clacker,  a  freq.  of  Clack.] 
CLAUSE,  klawz,  77.  a  sentence  or  part  of  a 
sentence  :  an  article  or   part   of   a  con- 
tract, wiU,  etc.     [Fr.  clause— Ij.  clausus 
— claudo,  to  shut,  inclose.] 
CLAVE,  klav  — did  cleave— pasi  tense  of 

Cleave.  ,,     , 

CLAVICLE,  klav'i-kl,   77.  the  collar-bone, 
so  called  from   its  resemblance  to  a  Ro- 
man key.      [Fr.   davioide—L.   clavimda, 
dim.  of  clavis,  a  key.] 
CLAVICULAR,  kla-vik'u-lar,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  olaWcle. 
CLAW,  klaw,  77.  the  hooked  nail  of  a  beast 
or  bird  :    the  whole  foot  of  an  animal 
with  hooked  nails  :  anything  Uke  a  claw. 
—v.t.  to  scratch  or  tear  as  with  the  claws 
or  nails:   to  tickle.     [A.S.  c/a7nt ;  cog. 
with  Ger.    klaue :  akin    to    Cleave,   to 
stick  or  hold  on.] 
CLAY,  kla,  77.  a  tenacious  ductile  earth  : 
earth  in   general.— ^-.f.   to   purify   with 
clay,  as  sugar.      [A.S.   da^;  cog.  with 
Dan.  kloeg.  Dut.  klai,  Ger.  klei:   conn, 
with  Clag,  Clog,  Clew,  L.  gluten,  Gr. 
glia,  glue  ;  and  Glue.] 
CLAYBANK,  kla'bangk,  adj.  denoting  the 
color  most  common  to  a  bank  of  clay. 
(Amer.) 
CLAYEY,  kla'i,  adj.  consistmg  of  or  hke 

clay. 
CLAYMORE,  klamor,  7i.    a    large  sword 


CLERGY 

formerly  used  by  the  Scottish  Highland 
ers.     [Gael.  daidlieamh-mor—0&^\.  and 
Ir.  daidheamh,  sword,  and  mor,  great: 
cf.  L.  gladius,  a  sword.] 
CLEAN,    klen,   adj.    free  from  stain  or 
whatever  defiles  :  pure  :  guiltless  :   neat, 
—adv.  quite:  entirely:  cleverly. — v.t.  to 
make  clean,  or  free  from  dirt. — 77.  Clean'- 
NESS.  [A.S.  dcene;  W.,  Gael,  glan,  shine, 
poUsh  ;  Ger.  klein.  small.] 
CLEANLY,    klen'U,  adj.  clean    in   habits 
or  person  :  pure  :  neat. — adv.  in  a  clean- 
ly manner.— 77.  Clean'uness. 
CLEANSE,  klenz,  7'.*.  to    make  cZea77,   or 

pure. 
CLEAR,  kler,  adj.  pure,  bright,  undimmed  ; 
free  from  obstruction  or  difficulty  :  plain, 
distinct  :  without  blemish,  defect,  draw- 
back, or  diminution  :  conspicuous. — adv. 
in  a  clear  manner  :  plainly  :  wholly  - 
quite. — v.t.  to  make  clear :  to  free  from 
obscurity,  obstruction,  or  guOt :  to  free, 
acquit,  or  vindicate :  to  leap,  or  pass  by 
or  over  :  to  make  profit. — v.i.  to  become 
clear  :  to  grow  free,  bright,  or  transpar- 
ent. —  77.  Cleae'ness.  [Fr.  dair  —  L. 
clarus,  clear,  loud.] 
CLEARANCE,  kler'ans,  77.,  act  of  clearing : 
a  certificate  that  a  ship  has  been  cleared 
at  the  custom-house — that  is,  has  satis- 
fied all  demands  and  procured  permission 
to  sail. 
CLEARING,  kler'ing,  ri.  a  tract  of   land 

cleared  of  wood,  etc.,  for  cultivation. 
CLEARING,  kler'ing,  77.  a  method  by 
which  banks  and  railway  companies 
clear  or  arrange  certain  affairs  which 
mutually  concern  them.  —  Clkarinq- 
house,  a  place  where  such  clearing  busi- 
ness is  done. 
CLEARLY,  kler'U,  adv.,  in  a cLear  m.anner  : 

distinctly.  , 

CLEAVAGE,  kleVaj,  77.  act  or  manner  of 

cleaving  or  spUtting. 

CLEAVE,  klev,  v.t.  to  divide,  to  split:  to 

separate  with  violence.  —  v.i.  to    part 

asunder:    to   crack  : -pr.iJ.    cleav'ing ; 

pa.t.  clove    or    cleft ;  pa.p.    clov'en    or 

cleft.     [A.S.    deofan ;   cog.    with    Ger. 

klieben.] 

CLEAVE,  klev,  v.i.  to  stick  or  adhere  :^  to 

unite  -.-^r.p.  cleav'ing  ;  pa.t.  cleaved'  or 

clave  ;  pa.p.  cleaved'.    [A.S.  clifian  ;  cog. 

with  Ger.  kleben,  Dut.  /eleven.  See  Clay.] 

CLEAVER,  kl'ev'er,  77.  the  person  or  thing 

that  cleaves:  a  butchers  chopper. 
CLEF,  kief,  17.  a  character  in  music  which 
determines  the  key  or  position  on  the 
scale  of  the  notes  that  foUow  it.  [Fr., 
from  L.  davis,  the  root  of  which  is  seen 
also  in  L.  claudere,  to  shut,  Gr.  kleis,  a 
key.]  _ 

CLEFT,  kleft,  in  B.,  CLIFT,  n.  an  opening 
made  by  cleamng  or  splitting  :    a  crack, 
fissure,  or  chink. 
CLEMATIS,     klem'atis,     r..     a    creeping 
plant,    called    also    virgin's   boirer   and 
traveller'' s  joy.     [Low  L.— Gr.  klematis— 
klema,  a  twig.] 
CLEMENCY,  klem'en-si,  77.  the  quahty  of 
being  clement :   mildness :   readiness   to 
forg-ive. 
CLEMENT,   klem'ent.   adj.  mild  :  gentle  : 
kind  :  merciful.— a*'.  Clem'ENTLY.    [Fr. 
— L.  Clemens.] 
CLENCH,  klensh.    Same  as  Clinch. 
CLEPSYDRA,   klep'si-dra,    n.   an   instru- 
raent  used  by  the  Greeks    and  Romans 
for  measuring  time  by  the  trickling  of 
water,  as  if  by  stealth,  through  a  very 
small  orifice.     [L.— Gr.  klejisydra—klep- 
to,  klepso,  to  steal,  hydor,  water.] 
CLERGY,  kler'ji,  77,.  the  body  of  ministers 
of  religion  :  persons  connected  with  the 
clerical  profession  or  the  reUgious  orders. 
"I  found  the  clergy  in  general  persons 
of  moderate  minds  and  decorous  man- 


CLERGYMAN 


65 


CLOSURE 


ners ;  I  include  the  seculars  and  regulars 
of  both  sexes." — Burke.  [Fr.  clerge — Low 
L.  clericia ;  from  Late  X.  clericus,  Gr. 
klerikos,  from  Gr.  kleros,  a  lot,  then  the 
clergy  ;  because  the  Lord  was  the  lot  or 
inheritance  of  the  Levites  (Deut.  xviii. 
2),  or  because  the  church  was  the  inherit- 
ance of  the  Lord  (1  Peter  v.  3),  the  name 
being  thence  applied  to  the  clergy.] 

CLERGYMAN,  kler'ji-man,  n.  one  of  the 
clergn,  a  man  regularly  ordained  to  preax;h 
the  gospel,  and  administer  its  ordinances. 

CLERGYWOMAN,  kler'ji-woom'an,  n.  a 
woman  connected  with  the  clergy  or 
belonging  to  a  clergyman's  family. 
"From  the  clergywomen  of  Windham 
down  to  the  charwomen  the  question 
was  discussed." — Mrs.  OUphant. 

CLERIC,  kler'ik,  CLERICAL,  kler'ik-al, 
adj.  belonging  to  the  clergy :  pertaining 
to  a  clerk  or  writer. 

CLERK,  klerk,  n.  (orig.)  a  clergyman  or 
priest :  a  scholar  :  one  who  reads  the  re- 
sponses in  the  English  Church  service  : 
in  common  use,  one  employed  as  a  writer 
or  assistant  in  an  office. — n.  Clerk'ship. 
[A.S.  clerc,  a  priest — Late  L.  elericus. 
See  ClerqyJ 

CLERUCHIAL,  kle-roo'ki-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  kind  of  colonial  land  settlement 
(called  a  klerouehia)  in  ancient  Greece, 
by  which  a  number  of  citizens  obtained 
an  allotment  of  land  in  a  foreign  country 
while  still  retaining  all  the  privileges  of 
citizens  in  their  own  state,  where  they 
might  continue  to  reside.  [Gr.  klerouehia 
— kleros,  a  lot,  and  echo,  to  have.] 

CLEVER,  klev'er,  adj.  able  or  dexterous : 
ingenious  :  skillfully  done  ;  also,  good- 
natured,  obliging  (Amer.). — adv.  Clev'- 
ERLY. — 11.  Clev'erness.     [Ety.  dub.] 

CLEW,  kloo,  n.  a  ball  of  thread,  or  the 
thread  in  it :  a  thread  that  guides 
through  a  labyrinth  :  anything  that 
solves  a  mystery  :  the  corner  of  a  sail. 
— v.t.  to  truss  or  tie  up  sails  to  the  yards. 
[A.S.  cliwe ;  prob.  akin  to  L.  glomus,  a 
ball  of  thread,  and  globus,  a  sphere,  from 
root  of  Cleave,  to  adhere.     See  Globe.] 

CLICK,  klik,  n.  a  short,  sharp  clack  or 
sound :  anything  that  makes  such  a 
sound,  as  a  small  piece  of  iron  falling 
into  a  notched  wheel. — iKi.  to  make  a 
light,  sharp  sound.     [Dim.  of  Clack.] 

CLIENT,  kll'ent,  n.  one  who  employs  a 
lawyer  :  a  dependent. — n.  Cli'entsHIP. 
[Fr. — L.  cliens,  for  cluens,  one  who  hears 
or  listens  (to  advice),  from  clueo,  to  hear.] 

CLIFF,  klif,  n.  a  high  steep  rock  :  the  steep 
side  of  a  mountain.  [Perh.  akin  to 
Climb.] 

CLIFT.     Same  as  Cleft. 

CLIFTY,  klif'ti,  adj.  applied  to  a  river  on 
the  banks  of  which  limestone  cliffs 
abound.     (Amer.) 

CLIMACTERIC,  klim-ak'ter-ik  or  klim-ak- 
ter'ik,  n.  a  critical  period  in  human  life, 
in  which  some  great  bodily  change  is 
supposed  to  take  place,  esp.  the  grand 
climacteric  or  sixty-third  year. — adjs. 
Climac'teric,  Climacter'ic,  Climacter'- 
ICAL.     [Gr.  klimakter — fc?i»ia«,  a  ladder.] 

CLIMATE,  kll'mat,  n.  the  condition  of  a 
country  or  place  with  regard  to  temper- 
ature, moisture,  etc.  [Fr. — L.  clima, 
climatis — Gr.  Mima,  khmatos,  .slope — 
klino,  to  make  to  slope,  akin  to  E.  Lean.] 

CLIMATIC,  kli-mat'ik,  CLIMATICAL,  kli- 
mat'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to,  or  limited  by 
a  climate. 

CLIMATIZE,   kli'ma-tlz,   v.t.  or    v.i.    See 

ACPI  TMATTI'K 

CLIMATOLOGY,  kll-ma-tol'o-ji,  n.,  the 
mence  of  climates,  or  an  investigation  of 
the  causes  on  which  the  climate  of  a 
place  depends.  [Gr.  Mima,  and  logos, 
discourse.] 

E 


CLIMAX,  kli'maks,  n.  in  Rhetoric,  the 
arranging  of  the  particulars  of  a  portion 
of  discourse  so  as  to  rise  in  strength  to 
the  last.  [Gr.  klimax,  a  ladder  or  stair- 
case— from  klino,  to  slope.] 

CLIMB,  kllm,  v.i.  or  v.t.  to  ascend  or 
mount  up  by  clutching  with  the  hands 
and  feet ;  to  ascend  with  difficultv. 
[A.S.  climban ;  Ger.  klimmen ;  conn, 
with  Clamber  and  Cleave,  to  stick.] 

CLIME,  klim,  n.  a  country,  region,  tract. 
[A  variety  of  CLIMATE.] 

CLINCH,  klinsh,  v.t.  to  fasten  or  rivet  a 
nail  :  to  grasp  tightly  :  to  settle  or  con- 
firm. [Causal  form  of  Mink,  to  strike 
smartly  ;  Dut.  and  Ger.  Minken,  to  rivet 
a  bolt] 

CLINCHER,  klinsh'er,  n.  one  that  clinches  ; 
a  decisive  argument. 

CLING,  kling,  v.i.  to  adhere  or  stick  close 
by  winding  round  :  to  adhere  in  interest 
or  affection  -.—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  clung. 
[A.S.  clingan,  to  shrivel  up,  to  draw 
together.] 

CLINIC,  klin'ik,  CLINICAL,  klin'ik-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  a,  bed:  (med.)  applied 
to  instruction  given  in  hospitals  at  the 
bedside  of  the  patient.  [Gr.  klinikos — 
Mine,  a  bed,  from  Mind,  to  recline.] 

CLINK,  klingk,  n.  a  ringing  sound  made 
by  the  striking  together  of  sounding 
bodies. — v.t.  to  cause  to  make  a  ringing 
sound. — v.i.  to  ring  or  jingle.  [A  form 
of  Click  and  Clank.] 

CLINKER,  klink'er,  n.  the  cinder  or  slag 
formed  in  furnaces :  brick  burned  so 
hard  that,  when  struck,  it  makes  a 
sharp  and  ringing  sound. 

CLIP,  klip,  v.t.  to  cut  by  making  the 
blades  of  shears  meet :  to  cut  off :  for- 
merly, to  debase  the  coin  by  cutting  off 
the  edges  :  to  give  a  blow  to  (Amer.) : — • 
pr.p.  clipp'ing;  pa.p.  clipped'.  [From 
the  root  of  Ice.  klippa,  to  cut,  and  allied 
to  A.S.  clyppan,  to  embrace,  to  draw 
closely.] 

CLIP,  klip,  n.  the  thing  clipped  off,  as  the 
wool  that  has  been  shorn  off  sheep :  also 
a  blow. 

CLIPPBR,  kUp'er,  n.,  one  that  dips  :  a 
sharp-built,  fast-sailing  vessel. 

CLIPPING,  klip'ing:,  n.  the  act  of  cutting, 
esp.  debasing  coin  by  cutting  off  the 
edges  :  the  thing  clipped  off. 

CLIQUE,  klek,  n.  a  group  of  persons  in 
union  for  a  purpose  :  a  party  or  faction  : 
a  gang : — used  generally  in  a  bad  sense. 
[Fr.,  prob.  from  root  of  click,  and  io=a 
noisy  conclave.] 

CLOAK,  CLOKE,  klok,  n.  a  ioose  outer 
garment :  a  covering  :  that  which  con- 
ceals :  a  disguise,  pretext. — I'.t.  to  clothe 
with  a  cloak  :  to  cover  :  to  conceal.  [Old 
Fr.  cloque — Low  L.  cloca,  a  bell,  also  a 
horseman's  cape,  because  bell-shaped, 
from  root  of  CLOCK.] 

CLOCK,  klok,  n.  a  machine  for  measuring 
time,  and  which  marks  the  time  by  the 
position  of  its  "hands"  upon  the  dial- 
plate,  or  by  the  striking  of  a  hammer  on 
a  bell.  [Word  widely  diffused,  as  A.S. 
clucga,  Glael.  clog,  Ger.  glocke,  Fr.  cloche. 
and  all^a  bell  ;  the  root  is  doubtful.] 

CLOCKMUTCH,  klok'mutch,  n.  a  woman's 
cap  composed  of  three  pieces — a  straight 
centre  one  from  the  forehead  to  the  neck, 
vdth  two  side-pieces.  [D.  klapmuts,  a 
night-cap.     Amer.] 

CLOCKWORK,  klorwurk,  «.  the  works  or 
machinery  of  a  clock:  machinery  like 
that  of  a  clock. 

CLOD,  klod,  n.  a  thick  round  mass  or 
lump,  that  cleaves  or  sticks  together,  es- 
pecially of  earth  or  turf :  the  ground  :  a 
stupid  fellow  :  a  bait  used  in  fishing  for 
eels,  and  consisting  of  a  bunch  of  lob- 
worms strung  on  to  stout  worsted  [see 


Clod-fishing]  :  —  pr.p.  clodd'ing  ;  pa.p, 
clodd'ed.     [A  later  form  of  Clot.] 
CLOD  -  FISHING,    klod'-fish-ing.      n.      a 
method  of  catching  eels  by  means  of  a 
clod    or    bait    of    lobworms   slrimg   on 
worsted.     The  fisher  allows  this  bait  to 
sink  to  the  bottom  of  the  stream,  and 
when  he  feels  an  eel  tugging  he  raises 
the  bait  without  a  jerk  from  the  water,  ' 
and  if  successful  he  will  find  the  eel  hasi 
its  teeth  so  entangled  in  the  worsted  asf 
to  be  unable  to  let  go. 
CLODHOPPER,  klod'hop-er,  7i.  a  country- 
man :    a  peasant :    a   dolt.     [Clod   and 
Hopper.] 
CLODHOPPING,  klod'hop-ing.  adj  like  a 
clodhopper  :    loutish  :     boorish  :     heavy 
treading,  as  one  accustomed  to  walking 
on  ploughed  land.     "What  a  mercy  you 
are  shod  with  velvet,  Jane  !   a  clodhop- 
ping  messenger  would  never  do  at  tms 
juncture." — Charlotte  Bronte. 
CLODPATE,  klod'pat,  CLODPOLL,  klod'- 
pol,  n.  one  with  a  head  like  a  clod,  a  stu- 
pid fellow.    [Clod  and  Pate,  Poll.] 
CLOG,  klog,  v.t.  to  accumulate  in  a  mass 
and  cause  a  stoppage :  to  obstruct :  to 
encumber  :  —  pr.p.      clogg  ing  ;      pa.p. 
clogged'. — n.    anything    hindering    mo- 
tion :    an    obstruction :    a    shoe  with    a 
wooden    sole.     [Akin   to   Scot,   clag,  to 
cover  with   mud,   claggy,   sticky ;   from 
root  of  Clay.] 
CLOISTER,  klois'ter,  n.  a  covered  arcade 
forming  part  of  a  monastic  or  collegiate 
establishment :   a  place  of  rehgious  re- 
tirement, a  monastery  or  nunnery. — v.t. 
to  confine  in  a  cloister  :  to  confine  within 
walls.     [O.  Fr.  cloistre,  Fr.  eloitre  (A.S. 
clauster) — L.    elaustrum  —  claudo,    clau- 
sum,  to  close,  to  shut.] 
CLOISTERAL,    klois'ter-al,    CLOISTRAL, 
klois'tral,  old  form  CLAUSTRAL,  klaws'- 
tral,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  confined  to  a 
cloister ;  secluded. 
CLOISTERED,  klois'terd,  adj.  dwelling  it 
cloisters  :    solitary  :    retired    from    the 
world. 
CLOMB,  klom,  old  past  tense  of  Climb. 
CLOSE,  klos,  adj.,  shut  up:  with  no  open- 
ing :     confined,    unventilated :    narrow : 
near,  in  time  or  place  :  compact :  ci-owded:  • 
hidden  :  reserved  :  crafty. — adv.  in  a  close 
manner  :  nearlj' :  densely.— H.  an  inclosed 
place :  a  small  inclosed  field  :  a  narrow 

Sassage  of  a  street. — adv.  Close'ly. — n. 
lose'ness.      [Fr.    clos,    shut^ja.p.    of 
clore,  from  L.  claudere,  clausus,  to  shut.] 

CLOSE,  kloz,  v.t.  to  make  close :  to  draw 
together  and  unite  :  to  finish. — v.i.  to 
grow  togethev :  to  come  to  an  end. — n. 
the  manner  or  time  of  closing :  a  pause 
or  stop  :  the  end. 

CLOSET,  kloz'et,  n.  a  small  private  room : 
a  recess  off  a  room. — v.i.  to  shut  up  in, 
or  take  into  a  closet :  to  conceal  -.—pr.p. 
clos'eting  ;  pa.p.  clos'eted.  [O.  Fr.  closet, 
dim.  of  clos.    See  Close.] 

CLOSE-TIME,  klos'-tim,  n.  a  certain  sear 
son  of  the  year  during  which  it  is  unlaw- 
ful for  any  person  to  catch  or  kill  winged 
game  and  certain  kinds  of  fish.  "He 
had  shot  .  .  .  some  young  wild-ducks,  as 
though  close-time  was  then  unknown, 
the  broods  of  grouse  were  vet  too  young 
for  the  sportsman."  —  Sir  W.  Scott 
"  They  came  on  a  wicked  old  gentleman 
breaking  the  laws  of  his  country,  and 
catching  perch  in  close-time  out  of  a 
punt."— K.  Kingsley. 

CLOSURE,  kloz'ur,  n.  the  act  of  closing: 
that  which  closes  :  specifically,  the  bring 
ing  or  putting  an  end  to  a  debate  so  a& 
to  proceed  immediately  to  vote  on  a  ques- 
tion or  measure  in  a  deliberati\e  assem- 
bly, as  a  parUment,  by  the  decision  of  a 
competent  authority,  as  the  president,  or 


CLOT 


66 


COfe-HOUSE 


bv  a  majority  of  votes  of  the  members 
themselves.  [Called  also  CLOXxniE,  of 
which  French  word  it  is  a  translation.] 

CLOT,  klot,  n.  a  mass  of  soft  or  fluid  mat- 
ter concreted,  as  blood. — v.i.  to  form 
into  clots :  to  coagulate  : — jyr.p.  clott'ing- ; 
pa.p.  clott'ed.  [M.E.  clot,  a  clod  of  eai-th  ; 
cog.  with  Ice.  klot,  a  ball,  Dan.  klode,  a 
globe  ;  from  root  of  Clew.     See  Clea^t:, 

,   to  stick,  adhere.] 

CLOTH,  kloth,  pi.  CLOTHS,  n.  woven  ma- 
terial from  wliich  gai-ments  or  coverings 
are  made  :  the  clerical  profession,  from 
their  wearing  black  cloth.  [A.S.  clath, 
cloth,  clathas,  clothes,  garments ;  Grer. 
Jcleid,  Ice.  klcedr,  a  garment.] 

CLOTHE,  klof/i,  v.t.  to  cover  with  clothes: 
to  provide  with  clothes  :  (ftg.)  to  invest, 
as  with  a  garment  ■.—pr.p.  cloth'ing ; 
pa.t.  andjja.p.  clothed' or  clad. 

CLOTHES,  kloths  (colloq.  kloz),  n.pl.  gar- 
ments or  articles  of  dress. 

CLOTHIER,  klof/i'i-er,  n.  one  who  makes 
or  sells  cloths  or  clothes. 

CLOTHING,  kloth'ing,  n.,  clothes,  g-ar- 
ments. 

CLOUD,  klowd,  n.  a  mass  of  watery  vapor 
floating  in  the  air  :  (Jig.)  a  great  volume 
of  dust  or  smoke. — i\t.  to  overspread 
with  clouds  :  to  darken :  to  stain  with 
dark  spots  or  streaks. — i\i.  to  become 
clouded  or  darkened.  [A.S.  clnil,  a  hill, 
then,  a  cloud,  the  root  idea  being  amass 
or  ball.  Clod  and  Clot  are  from  the 
same  root.] 

CLOUDLESS,  klowd'les,  adj.  unclouded,  in 
any  sense. — adv.  Cloud'lessly. 

CLOUDLET,  klowd'let,  n.  alittle  cloud. 

CLOUDY,  klowd'i,  adj.  darkened  with,  or 
consisting  of  clouds :  obscure  :  gloomy  : 
stained  with  dark  spots. — adv.  Cloud'- 
ILT.— W..  CLOUD'INESS. 

CLOUGH,  kluf,  H.  a  cleft  in  a  rock,  or  the 
side  of  a  hill.  [A  doublet  of  Cleft  ; 
Scot,  cleugh.] 

CLOUT,  klowt,  n.  a  small  piece  of  cloth  : 
a  piece  of  cloth  sewed  on  clumsily  ;  a  rag-. 
— v.t.  to  mend  with  a  patch :  to  mend 
clumsily.  [A.S.  clut,  from  W.  clivt,  a 
patch.] 

CLOVE,  klov,  ^a.f.  of  Cleave,  to  split. 

CLOVE,  klov,  n.  a  pungent,  aromatic 
spice,  the  unexpanded  flower-bud  (so 
called  from  its  resemblance  to  a  jiail)  of 
the  clove-tree,  a  native  of  the  Moluccas. 
[Sp.  clavo — L.  elavus,  a  nail.] 

CLOVEN,  klov'n,  pa.p.  of  Cleave,  to 
divide,  or  adj.  divided  :  parted. — adjs. 
Cloven-footed,  Cloven-hoofed,  having 
the  foot  parted  or  divided. 

CLOVE-PINK,  kloV-pingk,  ?;.  the  clove 
gillyflower  or  carnation  piink,  which  has 
an  odor  like  that  of  cloves. 

CLOVER,  klov'er,  n.  a  species  of  grass  in 
which  the  leaf  is  divided  into  tliree  lobes. 
[A.S.  cloefer,  perh.  from  cleofan,  to 
cleave.] 

CLOWN,  klown,  n.  a  rustic  or  country- 
fellow  :  one  with  the  rough  manners  of 
a  country-man :  a  fool  or  buffoon.  [Ety. 
dub.] 

CLOWNISH,  klown'ish,  adj.  of  or  like  a 
clown  :  coarse  and  awkward  :  rustic. — 
adv.  CLOWN'ISHLT. — n.  CLOWN'iSEtNESS. 

CLOY,  kloi,  v.t.  to  fill  to  loathing  :  to  glut 
or  satiate  ■.^)r.p.  cXoying;  pa.p.  cloyed'. 
[O.  Fr.  cloyer,  Fr.  clouer,  to  drive  a  nail 
into,  to  spike  or  stop,  as  a  gun,  from  L. 
elavus,  a  naO.] 

CLUB,  klub,  n.  an  association  of  persons 
for  the  promotion  of  a  common  object, 
as  literature,  pohtics,  pleasure,  etc.— v.i. 
to  Join  together  for  some  common  end  : 
to  share  in  a  common  expense  : — 2^>'-P- 
clubb'ing ;  pa.p.  clubbed'.  [From  root 
of  Clump,  a  club  being  a  clump  of  peo- 
ple.] 


CLL'B,  klub,  Ji.  a  heavy  tapering  stick, 
knobby  or  massy  at  one  end,  used  to 
strike  with  :  a  cudgel :  one  of  the  four 
suits  of  cai-ds  (called  in  Sp.  bastos,  cud- 
gels or  clubs).  [Ice.  and  8w.  kliibba ; 
same  root  as  Clump.] 

CLUB-FOOT,  klub'-foot,  n.  a  short,  de- 
formed foot,  like  a  club. — adj.  Club'- 
foot'ed. 

CLUB-LAW,  klub'-law,  n.  government  by 
violence. 

CLUB-MOSS,  klub'-mos,  n.  a  moss  with 
scaly  leaves  and  stems  Uke  a  club. 

CLUCK,  kluck,  n.  the  caU  of  a  hen  to  her 
chickens. — v.i.  to  make  the  sound  of  a 
hen  when  calling  on  her  chickens.  [From 
the  sound,  like  Dut.  klokken,  Ger.  gluck- 
en,  to  cluck.] 

CLUE.     See  Clevc. 

CLUMP,  klump,  n.  a  thick,  short,  shape- 
less piece  of  anything  :  a  cluster  of  trees 
or  slirubs.  [Prob.  E.,  but  cog.  with  Ger. 
and  Dan.  klump,  a  Imup  ;  from  root  of 
O.  Ger.  klimpfen,  to  press  together,  conn, 
with  Clamp,  Club.] 

CLUMSY,  klum'zi,  adj.  shapeless :  ill- 
made  :  awkward  :  ungainly. — adv.  Clum'- 
SILY. — n.  Clum'siness.  [M.E.  clunisen, 
to  be  stiff  or  benumbed  ;  akin  to  Clam.] 

CLUNG,  klung — did  cling — pa.t.  and^jo.p. 
of  Cling. 

CLUSTER,  klus'ter,  n.  a  number  of  things 
of  the  same  kind  growing  or  joined  to- 
gether :  a  bunch :  a  mass. — v.i.  to  grow 
or  gather  into  clusters. — v.t.  to  collect 
into  clusters.  [A.S.  cluster;  Ice.  klastr, 
from  the  root  klib,  seen  in  A.S.  clifian, 
to  adhere.] 

CLUTCH,  kluch,  v.t.  to  seize  or  grasp. — n. 
a  grasp  or  grip  :  seizure  :^jZ.  Clutch'es, 
the  hands  or  paws :  cruelty  :  rapacity. 
[M.E.  cloche,  cloke,  claw,  g-rasp ;  Scot. 
cleik ;  from  root  of  A.S.  gelceccan,  to 
catch,  whence  Latch.] 

CLUTTER,  klut'er,  a  form  of  Clatter. 

CLYFAKING,  Idi'fak-ing,  n.  pocket-pick- 
ing.    H.  Kingsleii.     (English  slang.) 

CLYSTER,  klis'ter,  n.  ahquid  injected  into 
the  intestines  to  wash  them  out.  [Gr. — 
klyzo,  to  wash  out.] 

COACH,  koch,  ?!.alarge,  close,  four-wheeled 
carriage. — v.t.  to  cai-ry  in  a  coach:  in 
American  sports,  to  train  before  or  direct 
during  a  contest.  [Fr.  coche — L.  concha, 
a  shell,  a  boat,  a  carriage — Gr.  kogke,  a 
shell ;  or  from  Hung,  kotschi.] 

COADJUST,  ko-ad-just',  v.t.  to  adjust  mu- 
tually or  reciprocally :  to  fit  to  each  other. 
Owen. 

COADJUTOR,  ko-ad-joot'or,  n.  a  fellow- 
helper  or  assistant :  an  associate:— /e»i. 
COADJUT'EIX.— )3.    COADJUT'ORSmP.        [L. 

CO,  with,  adjutor,  a  helper — ad,  to,  juvo, 
to  help.] 

COAGULABLE,  ko-ag'u-la-bl,  adj.  capable 
of  being  coagulated. 

COAGULANT,  ko-ag'u-lant,  n.  a  substance 
which  causes  coagidation,  as  rennet. 

COAGULATE,  ko-ag'u-lat,  v.t.  to  make  to 
curdle  or  congeal. — v.i.  to  curdle  or  con- 
geal.—)!. Coagula'tion. — adj.  Coag'ula- 
TIVE.  [L.  coagulo — co,  together,  ago,  to 
drive.] 

COAGULUM,  ko-ag'u-lum,  n.  what  is  co- 
agulated.    [L.] 

COAL,  kol,  n.  a  solid,  black,  combustible 
substance  used  for  fuel,  dug  out  of  the 
earth. — v.i.  to  take  in  coal.  [A.S.  col, 
cog.  with  Ice.  kol,  Ger.  kohle;  conn,  with 
Sw.  ki/lla,  to  kindle.] 

COALESCE,  ko-al-es',  v.i.  to  grow  together 
or  unite  into  one  body  :  to  associate. — 
adj.  COALESC'ENT,  Uniting.  [L.  coalesco — 
CO,  together,  and  alesco,  to  grow  up,  from 
alo.  to  nourish.] 

COALESCENCE,  ko-al-es'ens,  n.  act  of 
coalescing:  union. 


COALFIELD,  kol'feld,  n.  a  field  or  district 
containing  coal  strata. 

COALITION,  ko-al-ish'un,  n.  act  of  coalesc- 
ing, or  uniting  into  one  body :  a  union 
or  combination  of  persons,  states,  etc., 
into  one  :  aUiance. 

COALITIONIST,  ko-al-ish'un-ist,  7i.  one  of 
a  coalition. 

COALIZED,  ko-al-Tzd',  p.  and  adj.  joined 
by  a  coalition:  allied.  "Rash  coalized 
kings."— Carlyle.    (Rare.) 

COAL-OIL,  kol'oil,  n.  same  as  Petroleum. 

COAL-SCUTTLE,  kol-skut'tl,  n.  a  bucket 
used  for  carrj-ing  coal,  and  so  shaped  as 
to  let  the  coal  slide  out  of  it  into  the 
stove  without  scattering. — Coal-scuttle 
bonnet,  a  woman's  bonnet  shaped  like 
a  coal-scuttle,  and  usually  projecting-  far 
before  the  face.  "  Miss  Snevelhci  .... 
glancing  from  the  depths  of  her  coal- 
scuttle bonnet-." — Dickens. 

COALY,  kol'i,  adj.  of  or  like  coal. 

COARSE,  kors,  adj.  rough  :  rude  :  uncivil : 
gross. — adv.  Coaese'ly. — n.  Coarse'- 
NESS.  [Orig.  -written  COURSE  ;  from  being 
used  in  the  phrase,  "  in  course,"  it  came 
to  mean  ordinary,  commonplace.^ 

COAST,  kost,  n.,  side  or  border  of  land 
next  the  sea :  the  sea-shore :  hmit  or 
border  of  a  country. — v.i.  to  sail  along  or 
near  a  coast. — v.t.  to  sail  by  or  neai-  to. 
[Fr.  cute  for  coste — L.  casta,  a  rib,  side.] 

COASTAL,  kost'al,  adj.  of  or  pertaining 
to  a  coast  or  shore. 

COASTER,  kost'er,  n.  a  vessel  that  sails 
along  the  coast. 

COASTGUARD,  kost'gard,  n.  a  body  of 
men  organized  to  act  as  a  guard  along 
the  coast,  orig.  intended  to  prevent  smug- 
ghng. 

COASTWISE,  kost'-sviz,  adv.  along  the 
coast.    [Coast  and  Wise.] 

COAT,  kot,  u.  a  kind  of  outer  gaiinent : 
the  hair  or  wool  of  a  beast :  vesture  or 
habit :  any  covering :  a  membrane  or 
layer :  the  ground  on  which  ensigns 
armorial  are  portrayed,  usually  called 
o  coat  of  arms  :  an  exaction  le\-ied  by 
Charles  I.  on  the  pretext  of  providing 
clotliing  for  the  army  :  more  usually 
called  Coat-money  [see  Conduct,  last 
meaning]. — v.t.  to  cover  with  a  coat  or 
layer.  [Fr.  cotte — Low  L.  cottus,  cotta,  a 
tunic  ;  from  root  of  Grer.  kotze,  a  matted 
covering  :  akin  to  E.  cot,  a  hut.] 

COATEE,  kot-e',  n.  a  little  coat:  a  coat 
■with  short  flaps. 

COATING,  kot'ing,  n.  a  covering :  cloth 
for  coats. 

COAX,  koks,  v.t.  to  persuade  by  fondUng 
or  flattery  :  to  humor  or  soothe. — adv. 
Coax'ingly.  [M.E.  cokes,  a  simpleton: 
prob.  from  W.  coeg,  empty,  fooUsh.  See 
Cog.] 

COB,  kob,  n.  a  head  of  maize  :  a  thick 
strong  pony.  [W.  cob ;  cf.  Dut.  kop,  Ger. 
kop)f.  the  top,  head.] 

COBALT,  ko'bawlt,  ?!.  a  brittle,  reddish- 
gray  metal,  usually  found  combined  -with 
arsenic  and  other  minerals.  [Ger.  kobalt, 
from  kobold,  a  demon,  a  nickname  given 
by  the  German  miners,  because  they  sup- 
posed it  to  be  a  mischievous  and  hurtful 
metal  ;  from  Low  L.  gobelinus  —  Gr 
kobalos,  a  gobhn.] 

COBBLE,  kob'l,  v.t.  to  patch  up  or  mend 
coarsely,  as  shoes.  [O.  Fr.  cobler,  to 
join  together,  to  tie  together ;  from  L. 
copido.  to  join.] 

COBBLER,  kob'ler,  n.  one  who  cobbles  or 
mends  shoes. 

COB-HOUSE,  kob'-hous,  ?i.  in  England  a 
house  built  of  cob,  that  is  of  a  compost 
of  puddled  clay  and  straw,  or  of  straw, 
lime,  and  earth.  "A  narrow  street  ol 
cob-houses  whitewashed  and  thatched," — 
H.  Kingsley. 


COBLE 


6; 


COGNIZANCE 


COBLE,  kob'l,  n.  a  small  flshing-boat.  [W. 
keubal,  a  hollow  trunk,  a  boat.] 

COBRA  DA  CAPELLO,  ko'bra  da  ka-pel'o, 
n.  a  poisonous  snake,  native  of  the  East 
Indies,  which  dilates  the  back  and  sides 
ot  the  neck  so  as  to  resemble  a  hood. 
[Port.  =  snake  of  the  hood.] 

COB- WALL,  kob'-wawl,  n.  a  wall  built  up 
solid  of  cob.    [See  Cob-house  above.] 

COBWEB,  kob'web,  n.  the  spider's  u-eb  or 
net :  any  snare  or  device  intended  to 
entrap.  [A.S.  attorcoppa,  a  spider,  lit. 
poison-head  or  tuft,  from  A.S.  ator, 
poison,  and  coppa  ==  W.  cop,  a  head, 
tuft.] 

COCAGNE,  kok-an',  n.  the  land  of  cookery 
or  good  living :  an  imaginary  country  of 
luxury  and  delight.  [Fr.  cocagne ;  from 
L.  coquo,  to  cook.] 

COCCIFEROUS,  kok-sif'er-us,  adj.,  berry- 
bearing.  [L.  coccus  ( — Gr.  kokkos),  a 
berry,  andfero,  to  bear.] 

COCKINBAL,  koch'i-nel,  n.  a  scarlet  dye- 
stuff  consisting  of  the  dried  bodies  of  cer- 
tain insects  gathered  from  the  cactus 
plant  in  Mexico,  the  W.  Indies,  etc.  [Sp. 
eochinilla,  dim.  of  L.  coccinus — Gr.  kok- 
kos, a  berry,  as  the  cochineal  was  for- 
merly supposed  to  be  the  berry  or  seed 
of  the  plant.] 

COCHLEARY,  kok'le-ar-i,  COCHLEATE, 
kok'le-at,  COCHLEATED,  kok'le-at-ed, 
adj.,  tvnsted  like  a  snail-shell:  spiral. 
[L.  cochlea,  snail  -  shell,  screw  —  Gr. 
kochlos,  a  shell-fish  with  a  spiral  shell.] 

COCK,  kok,  n.  the  male  of  birds,  particular- 
ly of  the  domestic  fowl :  a  weathercock  : 
a  strutting  chief  or  leader  :  anytliing  set 
erect :  a  tap  for  liquor  :  a  familiar  form 
of  address  or  appellation,  preceded  usual- 
ly by  old,  and  used  much  in  the  same  way 
as  chap,  fellow,  boy,  etc.  ' '  He  has  drawn 
blood  of  him  yet ;  well  done,  old  cock ! " 
—Massinger.  "He  was  an  honest  oZd 
cock,  and  loved  his  pipe  and  a  tankard  of 
liider,  as  well  as  the  best  of  us." — Graves. 
^That  cock  won't  fight,  that  plan  wiU 
not  do,  that  story  wiU  not  tell  (Eng.  col- 
loquial). "  I  tried  to  see  the  arms  on  the 
carriage,  but  there  were  none  ;  so  that 
cock  wouldn't  fight." — Kingsley. — i:t.  to 
set  erect  or  upright :  to  set  up,  as  the 
hat. — v.i.  to  strut  :  to  hold  up  the  head. 
[A.S.  coc,  an  imitative  word.] 

COCK,  kok,  n.  a  small  pile  of  liay.  [Swed. 
koka,  a  lump  of  earth  ;  Dut.  kogel,  Ger. 
kugel,  a  ball.] 

COCK,  kok,  n.  part  of  the  lock  of  a  gun. 
[Ital.  cocca.,  a  notch,  coccare,  to  put  the 
string  of  a  bow  into  the  notch  of  the  ar- 
row ;  this  expression  was  transfen'ed  to 
firearms — hence,  to  put  a  gun  on  cocfc.] 

COCKADE,  kok-ad',  n.  a  knot  of  ribbons  or 
something  similar  worn  on  the  hat  as  a 
badge.  [Fr.  cocarde — coq,  perh.  from  its 
likeness  to  the  comb  of  the  cock.] 

COCKATOO,  kok-a-too',  n.  a  kind  of  par- 
rot with  a  crest.  [Malay  kakatua, 
formed  from  its  cry.] 

COCKATRICE,  kok'a-trls,  n.  a  lizard  or 
serpent  imagined  to  be  produced  from  a 
cock's  egg.  [The  word  has  notliiug  to 
do  with  cocA;  .■  the  O.  Fr.  cocatrice  meant 
a  crocodile — Low  L.  cocatrix,  a  corr.  of 
Low  L.  cocodrillus,  a  crocodile.  See 
Crocodile.] 

COCKBOAT,  kok'bot,  n.  a  small  boat.  [O. 
Fr.  coqiie.  Fr.  coche,  a  small  boat — L. 
concha,  a  shell ;  the  word  boat  is  super- 
fluous.] 

COCK-BREAD,  kok'-bred,  n.  a  kind  of 
stimulating  food  given  to  game-cocks. 
' '  You  feed  us  with  cock-bread,  and  arm 
us  with  steel  spurs  that  we  may  mangle 
and  kill  each  other  for  your  sport." — 
Southey. 
COCKCHAFER,  kok'chaf-er,  n.  the  May- 


bug,  an  insect  of  a   pitchy-black  color, 
most  destructive  to  vegetation. 

COCKER,  kok'er,  v.t.  (obs.)  to  jiamper,  to 
indulge.     [Ety.  dub.] 

COCKLE,  kok'l,  n.  a  troublesome  weed 
among  wheat,  with  a  purple  flower.  [A. 
S.  coccel — Gael,  cogal,  from  cog,  a  husk, 
a  bowl.] 

COCKLE,  kok'l,  n.  a  shell-fish,  having  two 
wrinkled  shells,  of  a  heart-shape.  [W. 
cocs,  cockles,  and  Gael,  cuach,  a  drmk- 
ing-bowl,  dim.  cogan,  a  small  bowl ; 
compare  Fr.  coquille—Gr.  kongchylion, 
kongche,  a  cockle.] 

COCKLOFT,  kok'loft,  7i.  the  room  in  a 
house  next  the  roof.  [The  loft  where 
the  cocks  roost.] 

COCKNEY,  kok'ne,  n.  byname  for  a  native 
of  the  city  of  London. — pi.  Cock'nbys. 
[Ety.  dub.] 

COCKNEYDOM,  kok'ne-dum,  n.  the  region 
or  home  of  Cockneys. 

COCKNEYISM,  kok'ne-izm,  n.  the  dialect 
or  manners  of  a  Cockney. 

COCKPIT,  kok'pit,  w.  a  pit  or  inclosed 
space  where  game-cocfcs  fought :  a  room 
in  a  ship-of-war  for  the  wounded  during 
an  action. 

COCKROACH,  kok'roch,  ?i.  the  common 
black  beetle. 

COCKSCOMB,  koks'kom,  n.  the  comb  or 
crest  on  a  cock's  head  :  the  name  of  three 
plants. 

COCKSWAIN,  or  COXSWAIN,  kok'swan 
{colloq.  kok'sn),  71.  a  seaman  who  steers 
a  boat,  and  under  the  superior  oflScer 
takes  charge  of  it.  [CocA-,  a  boat,  and 
swain.l 

COCOA,  ko'ko,  n.  a  beverage  made  from 
the  ground  beans  of  the  cacao  or  choco- 
late tree.     [A  corr.  of  cacao.} 

COCOA,  ko'ko,  71.  a  palm-tree  growing  in 
tropical  countries,  and  producing  the 
cocoa-nut.  [Port,  and  Sp.  coco,  a  bug- 
bear ;  applied  to  the  nut  from  the  three 
marks  at  the  end  of  it,  which  form  a 
grotesque  face.] 

COCOA-NUT,  or  COCO-NUT,  ko'ko-nut, 
n.  the  well-known  fruit  of  the  cocoa- 
palm. 

COCOON,  ko-koon',  n.  the  egg-shaped  shell 
or  covering  wliich  the  larvae  of  silkworms 
and  some  other  insects  spin.  [Fr.  cocon, 
from  coqtie,  a  shell — L.  concha,  a  shell.] 

COCOONERY,  ko-koon'er-i,  re.  a  place  for 
keeping  silkworms  when  feeding  and 
spinning  cocoons. 

COCTION,  kok'shun,  71.  the  act  of  boiling. 
[L.  coctio — coquo,  to  boil,  to  cook.] 

COD,  kod,  CODFISH,  kod'fish,  71.  a  species 
of  fish  much  used  as  food,  found  in  the 
northern  seas. — Cod-liver  Oil,  a  medici- 
nal oil  extracted  from  the  fresh  liver  of 
the  common  cod.     ['Etj'.  dub.] 

COD,  kod,  71.  a  husk,  shell,  or  pod,  contain- 
ing seeds.  [A.S.  codd,  a  small  bag  ;  Ice. 
koddi,  a  cushion.] 

CODDLE,  kod'l,  v.t.  to  pamper  :  to  fondle  : 
to  parboil.     [Ety.  dub.] 

CODE,  kod,  71.  a  collection  or  digest  of 
laws.  [Fr.  code — L.  codex  or  caudex, 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  a  tablet  for  writing, 
a  set  of  tablets,  a  book.] 

CODICIL,  kod'i-sU,  11.  a  short  writing  or 
note  added  as  a  supplement  to  a  will.  — 
adj.  Codicill'ary.  [L.  codicillus,  dim. 
of  codex.} 

CODIFY,  kod'i-fi,  v.t.  to  putmto  the  form 
of  a  code  :^pr.p.  cod'if  jdng ;  pa.p.  cod'- 
ified. — n.  Codifica'tion.  [L.  codex,  a 
code,  and /acto,  to  make.] 

CODLING,  kod'ling,  n.  a  young  cod-fish. 

CODLING,  kod'Ung,  CODLIN,  kod'Un,  m.  a 
hard  kind  of  apple.    [Dim.  of  cod,  a  pod.] 

COEFFICIENT,  ko-ef-fish'ent,  n.  that 
whicli  acts  together  with  another  thing  : 
{math.)  the  number  of  known  quantity 


adj. 


prefixed  as  a  multiplier  to  a  variable  or 
unknown  quantity. — n.  Coeffi'ciency, 
—adi:  C'OEFFi'ciENTLY.  [L.  CO,  together, 
and  Efficiext.] 

CCENOGAMY,  se-nog'a-mi,  71.  the  state  of 
having  husbands  or  wives  in  common : 
a  community  of  husbands  cr  wives,  such 
as  exists  among  certain  primitive  tribes. 
[Gr.  koinos,  common,  and  ga7nos,  mar- 
riage.] 

COERCE,  ko-ers',  v.t.  to  restrain  by  force : 
to  compel.  [L.  coerceo — co,  together, 
arceo,  to  shut  in,  conn,  with  area,  a 
clicst  1 

COERCIBLE,  ko-ers'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
restrained  or  compelled. — adv.   Coekc'- 

IBLY. 

COERCION,  ko-er'shun,  n.  the  act  or  proc- 
ess of  coercing :  restraint. 

COERCIVE,  ko-ers'iv,  adj.  having  power 
to    coerce  :    compelling. — adv.    Coekc- 

IVELY. 

COEVAL,  ko-e'val,  adj.,  of  the  same  age. 
— n.  one  of  the  same  age.  [L.  co,  to- 
gether, and  wvnm,  age,  Gr.  aio7i.] 

CO-EXTENSIVE,   ko-eks-ten'siv, 
equally  extensive. 

COFFEE,  kof'e,  i!.  a  drink  made  from  the 
seeds  of  the  coffee-tree,  a  native  of  Ara- 
bia.    [Turk,  kahveh — Ar.  qaJuceh.] 

COFFER,  kof'er,  n.  a  chest  for  holding 
money  or  treasure.  [O.  Fr.  cofre  or 
cofin,  a  chest — L.  cophinus,  a  basket — Gr. 
A.■op7^^'?lOS.] 

COFFERDAM,  kof'er-dam,  77.  a  water-tight 
barrier  oi-  box  of  timber,  placed  in  the 
bed  of  a  river,  etc.,  to  exclude  the  water 
during  the  progress  of  some  work.  [Cof- 
fee and  Dam.] 

COFFIN,  kof'in,  71.  the  coffer  or  chest  in 
which  a  dead  body  is  inclosed. — v.t.  to 
place  witliin  a  coflSn.  [The  earlier  form 
of  Coffer.] 

COG,  kog,  v.t.  to  cheat  or  deceive  :  to  cog 
dice  is  to  load  them  so  that  they  may 
fall  in  a  given  way.  [W.  coegio,  to  mak» 
void,  to  trick — coeg,  empty.] 

COG,  kog,  71.  a  catch  or  tooth  on  a  wheel. 
— v.t.  to  fix  teeth  in  the  rim  of  a  wheel : 
— pr.2}.  cogg'ing  ;  pa.p.  cogged',  [Ace.  to 
Skeat  from  Gael,  and  Ir.  cog,  a  mill -cog.] 

COGENCY,  ko'jen-si,  ^^.  power  of  con%-inc- 
ing. 

COGENT,  ko'jent,  adj.,  driTmig  or  pressing 
on  the  mind  :  powerful :  convincing.— 
adv.  Co'oENTLY.  [L.  cogo — eo,  together, 
and  ago,  to  drive.] 

COGITATE,  koj'i-tat,  v.i.  to  agitate  or  turn 
a  thing  over  in  one's  mind  :  to  meditate 
to  ponder.     [L.  cogifo,  to  think  deeply— 
CO,  together,  and  agito.  to  put  a  thing  in 
motion.] 

COGITATION,  koj-i-ta'shun,  7i.  deep 
tliought :  meditation. 

COGITATIVE,  koj'i-ta-tiv,  adj.  having  the 
power  of  cogitating-  or  thinking:  given 
to  cogitating'. 

COGNAC.  COGNIAC,  kon'yak,  n.  the  best 
kind  of  Frencli  brandy,  so  called  because 
much  of  it  is  made  nearthe  town  Cognac. 

COGNATE,  kog'nat,  adj.,  born  of  the  .some 
family:  related  to:  of  the  same  kind. 
[L.  cognatus — co.  together,  and  gnascor, 
gnatus,  to  be  born.] 

COGNITION,  kog-nish'im,  Ji.  certain  knou-l- 
edge.  [L.,  from  cognosce,  cogtiitum — ci/, 
together,  and  nosco,  gnosco,  to  know.] 

COGNIZABLE,  kog'niz-abl  or  kon'-,  adj. 
that  may  be  knou'n  or  understood  :  thai. 
may  be  judicially  investigated.     [O.  Fr, 
cogiioissiihli-.] 

COGNIZANCE,  kog'ni-zans  or  kon'-,  n., 
knon-lcdyc  or  notice,  judicial  or  private  : 
observation  :  jurisdiction  :  that  by  which 
one  is  known,  a  badge.  [O.  Fr. — L.  cog' 
nosco.] 


COGNIZANT 


68 


COLLUQUY 


COGNIZAJNT,  kog'ni-zant  or  kon'-,  adj., 
hai'itig  cognizance  or  knowledge  of. 

COGNOMEN,  kog-iio'men,  h.  a  surname  : 
the  last  of  the  three  names  of  an  indi- 
\'idual  among  the  Romans,  indicating  the 
house  or  family  to  which  he  belonged. 
[L. — CO,  together,  nonien.  gnomen,a.  name 
— nosco,  gnosco,  to  know.] 

COHABIT,  ko-hab'it,  v.i.  to  dwell  together 
as  husband  and  wife. — n.  Cohabita'tion. 
[L.  cohdbito — co,  together,  and  habito,  to 
dwell.] 

COHERE,  ko-her',  v.i.  to  stick  together  :  to 
remain  in  contact :  to  follow  in  proper 
connection.  [L.  eohcereo — eo,  together, 
and  licereo,  to  stick.] 

COHERENCE,  ko-her'ens,  COHERENCY, 
ko-her'en-si,  n.  a  sticking  together :  a  con- 
sistent connection  between  several  parts. 

COHERENT,  ko-her'ent,  adj.,  sticking  to- 
gether: connected  :  consistent. — adv.  Co- 

HEE'ENTLY. 

COHESION,  ko-he'zhun,  n.  the  act  of  stick- 
ing together :  a  form  of  attraction  by 
which  particles  of  bodies  of  the  same 
nature  stick  together :  logical  connec- 
tion.    [L.  cohtesus,  pa.p.  of  cohwreo.] 

COHESIVE,  ko-he'siv,  adj.  having  the 
power  of  eoliering :  tending  to  unite  into 
a  mass. — adv.    Cohe'sively. — n.  Cohe'- 

SIVENESS. 

COHORT,  ko'hort,  n.  among  the  Romans, 
a  body  of  soldiers  about  600  in  number, 
forming  about  a  tenth  part  of  a  legion  : 
any  band  of  armed  men.  [Fr. — L.  cohors, 
an  inclosed  place,  a  multitude  inclosed, 
a  company  of  soldiers.  [See  Couet, 
Gakden,  \'aed.] 

COIF,  koif,  n.  a  cap  or  covering  for  the 
head.  [Fr.  coiffe — Low  L.  cojia.  a  cap, 
from  O.  Ger.  chttpj)ha,  a  cap,  another 
from  of  O.  Ger.  chuph,  a  cup  (Ger.  kopf, 
the  head)  :  so  that  coif  is  a  doublet  of 
Cup.] 

CXDIFFURE,  koif'ur,  ?!.  a  head-dress.    [Fr.J 

COIGN,  koin,  n.  a  corner  or  external  angle: 
a  corner-stone  :  a  wedge.   [See  CoiN.] 

COIL,  koil,  v.t.  to  gather  together,  or  wind 
in  rings  as  a  rope,  a  serpent. — n.  one  of 
the  rings  into  which  a  rope  is  gathered. 
[O.  Fr.  eoillir,  Fi-.  cueillir — L.  coUigere — 
col,  together,  legere,  to  gather.] 

COIN,  koin,  n.  a  piece  of  metal  legally 
stamped  and  current  as  money. — v.t.  to 
convert  a  piece  of  metal  into  money  :  to 
form,  as  a  medal,  by  stamping  :  to  make, 
invent,  fabricate.  [Fr.  coin,  coin,  also 
the  die  to  stamp  monej' — L.  cuneus,  a 
wedge.     Coign  is  a  doublet.] 

COINAGE,  koin'aj,  n.  the  act  or  art  of 
coining :  the  pieces  of  metal  coined  :  in- 
vention, fabrication. 

COINCIDE,  ko-in-sid',  v.i.  to  fall  in  imth, 
or  agree,  in  opinion  :  to  correspond  :  to 
be  identical.  [L.  co.  together,  ineidere — 
in,  in,  cado,  to  fail.] 

COINCIDENCE,  ko-in'si-dens,  COESTCI- 
DENCY,  ko  in'si-den-si,  ?i.  act  or  condi- 
tion of  coinciding :  the  occurrence  of  an 
event  at  the  same  time  as  another  event. 
— adj.  Coin'cident. — adv.  Coin'cidently. 

COINLESS,  koin'les,  adj.  having  no  coin  or 
money :  moneyless  :  penniless.  "  Coin- 
less  bards." — Win.  Combe. 

COIR,  koir,  n.  cocoa-nut  fibre  for  ropes  or 
matting. 

OOKE,  kok.  n.  coal  charred  and  deprived 
of  its  volatile  matters,  for  use  in  fur- 
naces.    [Perh.  conn,  with  Cake.] 

COLANDER,  kul'and-er,  CULLENDER, 
kul'end-er,  n.  a,  strainer:  a  vessel  having 
small  holes  in  the  bottom.  [L.  colans, 
colantis,  pr.p.  of  colare,  to  strain — colum, 
a  strainer.] 

COLD,  kold,  adj.  the  opposite  of  hot :  shiv- 
ering :  without  passion  or  zeal :  spirit- 
less ;   unfriendly :  indifferent :   reserved. 


— n.  absence  of  heat :  the  feehng  or  sen- 
sation caused  by  the  absence  of  heat :  a 
disease  caused  "by  cold  :  catarrh  :  chiU- 
ness.  —  adv.  Co'ld'ly.  —  n.  Cold'ness. 
[A.S.  ceald  :  Scot,  cauld,  Ger.  kalt ;  cog. 
also  with  E.  cool.  Ice.  kala,  to  freeze,  L. 
gelidus — gelu,  frost.] 

COLDISH,  kold'ish,  adj.,  someichat  cold: 
cool. 

COLE,  kol,  n.  a  general  name  for  all  sorts 
of  cabbage.  [A.S.  cawel :  Ger.  kohl, 
Scot,  kail ;  all  from  L.  colis,  caidis,  a 
stem,  especially  of  cabbage ;  cf.  Gr.  kau- 
los.  ] 

COLEOPTERA,  kol-e-op'ter-a,  n.jyl.  an 
order  of  insects  having  two  pair  of  wings, 
the  outer  pair  being  hard  or  horny,  serv- 
ing as  wing-cases  for  the  true  wings,  as 
the  beetle.  [Gr.  koleos,  a  sheath,  and 
pteron,  pi.  jjtera,  a  wing.] 

COLEOPTEROUS,  kol-e-op'ter-us,  adj., 
sheath-tringed. 

COLEWORT,  kol'wurt,  n.  a  species  of  cole 
or  cabbage.     [A.S.  tvyrt,  a  plant.] 

COLIBRI,  ko-le'bre.  n.  a  name  given  to 
various  species  of  humming-birds.  [Said 
to  be  the  Carib  name.] 

COLIC,  kol'ik,  n.  a  disorder  of  the  colon : 
acute  pain  in  the  stomach  or  bowels. 

COLISEUM.    See  Colosseum. 

COLLABORATE,  kol-lab'o-rat,  v.i.  to  work 
jointlv  or  together. 

COLLABORATOR,  kol-ab'6-ra-tor,  n.  an 
associate  or  assistant  in  labor,  particu- 
larly literary  or  scientific.  [Coined  from 
L.  col.  with,  and  laboro,  laboratum,  to 
labor.  ] 

COLLAPSE,  kol-aps',  n.  a  falUng  away  or 
breaking  down  :  any  sudden  or  complete 
breakdown  or  prostration. — v.i.  to  fall 
or  break  down  :  to  go  to  ruin.  [L.  col- 
lapsus — col,  together,  and  labor,  lapsus, 
to  slide  or  fall.] 

COLLAR,  kol'ar,  n.  something  worn  round 
the  neck:  the  part  of  a  garment  at  the 
neck:  a  ring:  a  band. — i:t.  to  seize  by 
the  collar  :  to  put  on  a  collar.  [Fr.  collier 
— L.  collare — collum,  the  neck  ;  akin  to 
A.S.  heals,  Ger.  hals,  the  neck.] 

COLLAR-BONE,  kol'ar-bon,  n.  a  bone  of 
the  neck  between  the  breastbone  and  the 
shoulder-blade  ;  also  called  the  clavicle. 

COLLATE,  kol-iit',  v.t.  (lit.)  to  bring  or  lay 
together  for  comparison  :  to  examine  and 
compare,  as  books,  and  esp.  old  manu- 
scripts :  to  place  in  or  confer  a  benefice  : 
to  place  in  order,  as  the  sheets  of  a  book 
for  binding.  [L.  collatus,  pa.p.  of  confero 
— con,  together,  and  fero,to  bring.] 

COLLATERAL,  kol-at'er-al,  adj..  side  by 
side  :  running  parallel  or  together  :  not 
direct :  descended  from  the  same  ances- 
tor, but  not  directly,  as  the  chOdren  of 
brothers. — n.  a  collateral  relation. — adv. 
Cot.t.at'eeat.ty.  [L.  col.  and  latus,  la- 
?em-,  aside.] 

COLLATION,  kol-a'shun,  ?i.,  ae<  of  collat- 
ing :  a  bringing  together,  for  examina- 
tion and  comparison  :  presentation  to  a 
benefice  :  a  repast  between  meals. 

COLLATOR,  kol-a'tor,  ?^. ,  one  irho  collates 
or  compares  :  one  who  bestows  or  pre- 
sents. 

COLLEAGUE,  kol'eg,  n.  a  partner,  asso- 
ciate, or  coadjutor.  [Fi\  collegue — L. 
collega — col,  together,  and  lego,  to  send 
on  an  embass3'.] 

COLLEAGUE,  kol-eg',  v.i.  to  join  or  unite 
with  in  the  same  office  : — pr.p.  coUeagu- 
ing  (kol-eg'ing) ;  pa.p.  coUeagued  (kol- 
egd'). 

COLLECT,  kol-ekt',  v.t.  to  assemble  or 
bring  together  :  to  infer  :  to  compile. — 
v.i.  to  run  together  :  to  accumulate.  [L. 
cMigo,  collectus,  from  col,  together,  and 
lego.  Gr.  lego,  to  gather,  to  choose.] 

COLLECT,  kol'ekt,  n.  a  short  and  compre- 


hensive prayer  in  the  service  of  the  K 
Catholic  and  Anglican  Churches.  [Orig;: 
of  the  name  dub.] 

COLLECTED,  kol-ekt'ed,  adj..  gathered 
togethtr :  having  one's  senses  gathereo 
together:  cool:  firm. — ao,-.  CoiXECT'- 
EDIA'. — n.  Collectedness. 

COLLECTION,  kol-ek'shun.  /<.,  act  of  col 
lecting :  that  which  is  collected  :  an  as^ 
semblage  :  a  heap  or  mass :  a  book  o) 
selections. 

COLLECTIVE,  kol-ekt'iv,  adj.  considered 
as  forming  one  mass  or  sum  :  congre- 
g-pted :  {gram.)  expressing  a  number  or 
multitude. — Collective  note,  in  diplom- 
acy, a  note  or  official  communication 
signed  by  the  representatives  of  several 
governments. — adv.  Collect'ITELY. — n. 
CoLLECT'H'XNESS. 

COLLECTIVITY,  kol-lek-tiVi-ti,  »i.  same 
as  Collectiteness.    John  Morley. 

COLLECTOR,  kol-ekt'or,  n.,  one  who  coU 
lects  or  gathers.  —  ns.  Collec'torate, 
Collec'torship. 

COLLEGE,  kol'ej,  n.  (orig.)  any  collection 
or  communitj'  of  men  with  certain  pri\n- 
leges  or  a  common  pursuit,  as  a  college 
of  heralds  oi  the  college  of  cardinals  :  a 
seminary  of  learning :  a  hterary,  pohti- 
cal.  or  "religious  institution  :  the  edifice 
appropriated  to  a  college.  —  Collegian, 
kol-e'ji-an,  n.  a  member  or  inhabitant  of 
a  college :  in  England,  an  inmate  of  a 
debtor's  prison.  "It  became  a  not  un- 
usual circumstance  for  letters  to  be  put 
under  liis  door  at  night  inclosing  half-a- 
crown  .  .  .  for  the  Father  of  the 
Marshalsea.  '  with  the  compliments  of  a 
collegian  taking  leave.'" — Dickens.  [Fr. 
college — L.  collegium,  from  co?.  and  lego.] 

COLLEGIATE,  kol-e'ji-at.  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  resembling  a  college  :  containing  a 
college,  as  a  town  :  instituted  Uke  r 
college. 

COLLET,  kol'et.  n.  the  collar  of  a  ring  or 
the  part  which  contains  the  stone.     [Fr. 

L.   C0//j(  7)1.1 

COLLIDE,  kol-Id',  v.i.  to  strike  or  dash 
together.  [L.  collido.  collisus — col,  to- 
gether, Ifcio,  to  strike.] 

COLLIE,  COLLY",  kol'i.  n.  a  shepherd's 
dog.     [Ety.  dub.,  prob.  Celt.] 

COLLIER,  kol'yer,  n.  one  who  works  in  a 
cort/-mine  :  a  ship  that  carries  coal. 

COLLIERY,  kol'yer-i,  n.  a,  coal-mine. 

COLLISION,  kol-izh'un,  n.  a  striking  to- 
gether :  state  of  being  struck  together  ; 
conflict :  opposition. 

COLLOCATE,  kol'6-kat,  v.t.  to  place  to- 
gether :  to  place,  set,  or  station.  [L.  col- 
loco,  collocatus,  from  col,  together,  and 
loco,  to  place.] 

COLLOCATION,  kol-6-ka'shun,  n.,  act  of 
collocating:  disposition  in  place  :  c^rrange- 
ment.     [L.  colloeatio.] 

COLLOCUTORY'.  kol-lok'u-to-ri,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  having  the  form  of  a  collo- 
quy or  conversation:  colloquial.  "We 
proceed  to  give  our  imitation,  which  is 
of  the  Amoebean  or  collocutory  kind." 
— Antijacobin. 

COLLODION,  kol-6'di-on,  n.  a  gluey  solu- 
tion of  gun  cotton  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
used  in  surgery  and  photography.  [Gr. 
kollodes,  tvomkolhi,  glue,  and  eidos,  form, 
appearance.] 

COLLOP,  kol'up.  n.  a  slice  of  meat.  [From 
clop  or  colj},  the  sound  of  a  soft  lump 
thrown  on  a  flat  surface  ;  Dut.  klop,  It. 
colpo.  a  blow.] 

COLLOQUIAL,  kol-o'kwi-al,  adj.  pertain 
ing  to  or  used  in  common  conversation. 

— <ldv.  COLLO'QtTALLY. 

COLLOQUIALISM,  kol-6'kwi-al-izm,  n.  a 
form  of  expression,  used  in  familiar  talk 

COLLOQITY,  kol'o-kAvi,  n.  a  speaking  to- 
gether :  mutual  discourse  :  conversation. 


COLLUDE 


69 


COMFORTATIVE 


fL.  colloquium,  from  col,  together,  and 
loquor,  to  speak.] 

COLLUDE,  kol-ud',  v.i.  to  play  into  each 
other's  hand  :  to  act  in  concert,  especially 
in  a  fraud.  [L.  collude,  collusus,  from 
col,  and  liido,  to  play.] 

COLLUSION,  kol-u^zhun,  n.,act  of  collud- 
ing :  a  secret  agreement  to  deceive.  [L. 
collusio.] 

COLLUSIVE,  kol-u'ziv,  adj.  fraudulently 
concerted  :    deceitful. — adv.  CoLH?siVE- 

LY. — n.  COLLU'SIVENESS. 

COLOCOLA,  kol-o-ko'la,  n.  a  ferocious 
tiger-cat  of  Central  America  (Felis  or 
Leopardus  ferox).  It  equals  or  surpasses 
the  ocelots  in  size,  and  is  a  terrible  ene- 
my to  the  animals  among  which  it  lives, 
especially  the  monkeys. 

COLOCY^rTH,kol'o-sinth,  n.  the  dried  and 
powdered  pulp  of  a  kind  of  cucumber, 
much  used  as  a  purgative.  [Gr.  kolokyn- 
this.] 

COLON,  ko'lon,  n.  the  mark  ( ; )  used  to  in- 
dicate a  distinct  member  or  clause  of  a 
sentence.      [Gr.  kolon,  a  limb,  member.] 

COLON,  ko'lon,  n.  the  lower  division  cf  the 
intestinal  canal  or  large  intestine.  [Gr. 
kolo7i.  conn,  with  hollos,  hollow.] 

COLONEL,  kur'nel,  n.  an  officer  who  has 
command  of  a  regiment. — n.  Colonelcy, 
kur'ne!-si,  his  ofBce  or  rank.  [Fr.  (Sp. 
and  O.  E.  coronet) ;  a  corr.  of  It.  colonello, 
the  leader  of  a  coloniia,  or  column — L. 
columna.] 

COLONIAL,  kol-o'ni-aj.  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  colon//. 

OLONIST,  kol'on-ist,  n.  an  inhabitant  of 
a  colon//. 

(JLONIZATION,  kol-on-i-za'shun,  n.  act 
or  practice  of  colonizing :  state  of  being 
colonized. 

COLONIZE,  koron-Iz.  v.t.  to  plant  or  es- 
tablish a  coZojjj/ in  :  to  form  into  acolonv. 

COLONNADE,  kol-on-ad',  n.  a  range  of 
columns  placed  at  regular  intervals.  [Fr. 
— L.  columna.'] 

COLONY,  kol'on-i,  7i.  a  body  of  persons 
who  form  a  fixed  settlement  in  another 
country :  the  settlement  so  formed.  [L. 
colonia — colonus,  a  husbandman — colo, 
to  tillj 

COLOPHON,  kd'o-fon,  n.  in  early  printing, 
the  inscription  at  the  end  of  a  book  con- 
taining the  name  or  date,  etc.  [L.  colo- 
phon— Gr.  kolophon,  the  top,  the  finish.] 

COLOPHONY,  kol-ofo-ni,  n.  the  dark- 
colored  resin  got  from  the  distillation  of 
oil  of  turpentine.  [Gr.,  from  Colophon, 
a  citj'  of  Asia  Minor.] 

COLORIFIC,  kul-ur-ifik,  adj.  containing 
or  producing  colors.  [L.  color,  and  facto, 
to  make.] 

COLOR,  kul'ur,  n.  a  property  of  light 
which  causes  bodies  to  have  different  ap- 
pearances to  the  eye  :  the  hue  or  appear- 
ance which  bodies  present  to  the  eye : 
appearance  of  blood  in  the  face :  tint : 
paint  :  false  show  :  kind  :^pl.  a  flag, 
ensign,  or  standard  :  paints. — v.t.  to  put 
color  on  :  to  stain  :  to  paint  :  to  set  in  a 
fair  light :  to  exaggerate. — v.i.  to  show 
color  :  to  blush.  [Fr. — L.  color  ;  akin  to 
celo.  to  cover,  conceal.] 

COLORABLE,  kul'ur-a-bl,  adj.  having  a 
fair  appearance  :  designed  to  conceal. — 

adv.  COL'OEABLY. 

COLOR-BLINDNESS,   kul'ur-bllnd'nes,  n. 

a  defect  of  the  eyesight  by  which  one  is 

aiiahle  to  distinguish  between  colors. 
'.'OLORING,  kul'ur-ing,  n.  any  substance 
ised  togivecotor;  manner  of  applying 

colors  :  specious  appearance. 
COLORIST,  kul'ur-ist,  n..  one  who  colors 

or  paints  :  one  who  excels  in  coloring. 
COLORLESS,     kul'ur-les,     adj.,     without 
•olor :  transparent. 

OLOR-SERGEANT,     kul'ur-sar'jent,    n. 


the  sergeant  who  guards  the  colors  of  a 
regiment. 

COLOSSAL,  kol-os'al,  adj.; like  a  colossus: 
gigantic. 

COLOSSEUM,  kol-os-e'um,  COLISEUM, 
kol-i-se'um,  n.  Vespasian's  amphitlieatre 
at  Rome,  whicli  was  the  largest  in  the 
world.     [L.  ;  from  adj.  of  Gr.  kolossos.] 

COLOSSUS,  kol-os'us,  n.  a  gigantic  statue, 
particularly  that  of  Apollo  which  stood 
at  the  entrance  of  the  harbor  of  Rhodes. 
[L. — Gr.  kolossos.] 

COLPORTAGE,  kol'port-aj,  Ji.  the  distri- 
bution of  books,  etc.,  by  colporteurs. 

COLPORTEUR,  kol'port-"ar,  COLPORTER, 
kol'p6rt-er,  ?i.  a  pedler,  particularly  one 
who  travels  for  the  sale  of  tracts  and 
religious  books.  [Fr.  colporteur,  from 
col — L.  collum,  the  neck,  and  porter — L. 
portare,  to  carry.] 

COLT,  kolt,  n.  a  young  horse  :  a  foolish 
yoiiug  fellow :  (B.)  a  young  camel  or  ass. 
[A.S.  colt:  Sw,  kulit,  a  young  boar,  a 
stout  boy.] 

COLTER,  COULTER,  kol'ter,  n.  the  fore- 
iron  of  a  plough,  that  cuts  through  the 
ground.  [A.S.  culter;  from  L.  culter,  a, 
knife  ;  Sans,  krit,  to  cut.] 

COLTISH,  kolt'ish,  adj.,  like  a  colt :  frisky : 
wanton. 

COLT'S-FOOT,  koltz'-foot,  n.  a  plant  with 
large  soft  leaves  once  used  in  medicine. 

COLUMBAKY,  kol'um-ba-ri,  n.  a  pigeon- 
house  or  dovecot.  [L.  colunibariuvi — 
columba,  a  dove.] 

COLUMBIAN,  ko-lum'bi-an,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Columbia,  a  name  of  Ainerica. 
[Columbia,  America,  fi-om  Columbus,  its 
discoverer.] 

COLUMBINE,  kol'um-bin,  adj.,  of  or  like 
a  dove :  dove-colored. — n.  a  genus  of 
plants :  a  kind  of  violet  or  dove  color : 
the  heroine  in  a  pantomime.  [Fr. — L. 
columba,  a  dove.] 

COLUMN,  kol'uin,  n.  a  long,  round  body, 
used  to  support  or  adorn  a  building:  any 
upright  body  or  mass  Uke  a  column :  a 
body  of  troops  drawn  up  in  deep  files  : 
a  perpendicular  row  of  lines  in  a  book. 
[L.  columen,  columna,  akin  to  cel-sus, 
high,  collis,  a  hill,  and  Gr.  kolone.  a  hill.] 

COLUMNAL,  kol-um'nal,  adj.  same  as  COL- 
miNAE. 

Crag  overhanging-,  nor  cotumncU  rock 
Cast  its  dark  outline  tliere. — Southey. 

COLUMNAR,  kol-um'nar,  adj.  formed  in 
columns :  having  the  form  of  a  colmnn. 

COLURE,  kol'ur,  n.  (astron.)  one  of  two 
great  circles  supposed  to  intersect  each 
other  at  right  angles  in  the  poles  of  the 
equator,  so  called  because  a  part  is  al- 
ways beneath  the  horizon.  [Gr.  kolou- 
ros,  dock-tailed  —  kolos,  docked,  oura, 
tail.] 

COLZA,  kol'za,  n.  a  kind  of  cabbage  from 
the  seeds  of  which  is  obtained  an  oil 
used  in  lamps.  [_Dut.  koolzaad,  the 
"seed  of  cabbage."] 

COMA,  ko'ma,  n.,  deep  sleep :  stupor.  [Gr. 
— koimao,  to  hush  to  sleep.] 

COMATOSE,  ko'ma-tos  or  kom'-,  COMA- 
TOUS,  ko'ma-tus,  adj.,  affected  ivith 
coma :  in  a  state  of  stupor  from  drowsi- 
ness :  drowsy. 

COMB,  kom,  n.  a  toothed  instrument  for 
separating  and  cleaning  hair,  wool,  flax, 
etc.;  the  crest  of  a  cock:  the  top  or 
crest  of  a  wave  or  of  a  hill :  a  cell  for 
honey. — v.t.  to  separate,  arrange,  or 
clean  by  means  of  a  comb.  [A.S.  camb  ; 
Ice.  kambr,  comb,  crest.] 

COMB,  COMBE,  kom,  n.  a  hollow  among 
lulls :  a  narrow  valley.  [W.  cwm,  a 
hollow.] 

COMB,   kom,   n.  a    dry    measure   of  four 


bushels.     [Ety.  dub.l 
COMBAT,  kom'bat  or  kum'bat,  v.i.  to 


con- 


tend   or    sti-uggle    with. — v.t.    to    beat 

against :    to    act   in    opposition    to :   to 

contest. — n.  a  struggle  :  a  battle  or  fight. 

[Fr.  combattre,  to  fight— com,  with,  and 

oafire,  to  beat.    See  Beat. ^ 
COMBATANT,  kom'bat-ant.'  adj.  disposed 

or  incUned  to  combat. — n.  one  who  fights 

or  combats. 
COMBATIVE,  kom'bat-iv,  adj.  inclined  tc 

quarrel  or  fight. — ».  Com'bativeness. 
COMBER,  kom'er,  n.,  one  irho  combs  wool, 

COMBINATION,  kom-bi-na'shun,  n.  the 
act  Of  combining :  union :  a  number  of 
persons  united  for  a  purpose. 

COMBINE,  kom-bln',  v.i.  to  join  tivo  to- 
getlier  :  to  unite  intimately. — v.i.  to  come 
into  close  union  :  {chem/)  to  unite  and 
form  a  new  compound.  [L.  combinare, 
to  join — com,  together,  and  bini,  two  and 
two.] 

COMBUSTIBLE,  kom-bust'i-bl,  adj.  that 
may  take  fire  and  burn :  liable  to  take 
fire  and  burn. — n.  anything  that  «-ill 
take  fire  and  burn.  [L.  eomburo,  com- 
bust us,  to  consume — com,  intensive,  and 
buro,  uro,  to  burn.] 

COMBUSTIBLENESS,  kom-bust'i-bl-nes, 
COMBUSTIBILITY,  kom-bust-i-bU'i-ti,  n. 
capabiUty  of  being  burned. 

COMBUSTION,  kom4inst'jan,n.abuming.- 
the  action  of  fire  on  combustible  sub- 
stances. 

COME,  kum,  v.i.  to  move  toward  this 
place  (the  opp.  of  go) :  to  draw  near :  tc> 
arrive  at  a  certain  state  or  condition :  to 
issue :  to  happen : — -jjr.jj.  com'ing  ;  pa.t 
came  ;  pa.j).  come.  [A.S.  euman  ;  Q«r 
konvmen,  to  come.] ' 

COMEDIAN,  kom-e  di-an,  n.  one  who  act* 
or  writes  comedies:  an  actor. 

COMEDIETTA,  kom-e'di-et'ta,  n.  a  dr». 
matic  composition  of  the  comedy  class, 
but  not  so  much  elaborated  as  a  regular 
comedy,  and  generally  consisting  of  one 
or  at  most  two  acts. 

COMEDY,  kom'e-di,  n.  a  dramatic  piece  of 
a  pleasant  or  humorous  character,  orig. 
accomp.  with  dancing  and  singing.  [L. 
comoedia — Gr.  kbmodia,  a  ludicrous  spec- 
tacle, from  komos,  a  revel,  and  ode,  a 
song.] 

COMELY,  kumli,  adj.  pleasing  :  graceful  : 
handsome. — adv.  in  a  comely  manner. — 
n.  Come'liness.  [A.S.  cymlic — cyme,  suit- 
able "rom  Come),  and  lie,  like.] 

COMESTIBLES,  kom-est'i-blz,  n.  eatables. 
[Fr. — L.  comedo,  I  eat  up.] 

COMET,  kom'et,  n.  a  heavenly  body  with 
an  eccentric  orbit  and  a  luminous  tail.-- 
adj.  Com'etary.  [Gr.  kometes.  long- 
haired— kome,  the  hair.] 

COMFIT,  kum'fit,  COMFITURE,  kum'flt- 
Qr,  n.  a  sweetmeat.  [A  doublet  of  CoN- 
FECT ;  from  Fr.  conft,  confiture— h.  con- 
licio,  to  make  up.) 

COMFORT,  kum'furt,  v.t.  to  reUeve  from 
pain  or  distress  :  to  cheer,  revive.-  n, 
Com'forter.  [O.  Fr.  conforter — L.  con 
and  forti.s.  strong.] 

COMFORT,  kum'furt.  n.  relief  :  encom-age- 
ment :  ease  :  quiet  enjo3'TOent :  freedom 
from  annoyance  :  whatever  gives  ease, 
enjoyment,  etc. 

COMF'ORTABLE,  kum'furt-a-bl,  adj.  im 
parting  or  enjoj-ing  comfort. — adv.  Com' 
FORTABLY.  ~ 

COMFORTATIVE.  kum'furt-at-iv,  a4j. 
tending  to  promote  comfort :  capable 
of  making  comfortable.  "  Comfortativ* 
and  wholesome,  too." — Udall. 

COMFORTATni;,  kum'furt-at-iv,  n.  that 
which  gives  or  ministers  to  comfort, 
'•  The  two  hundred  crowns  in  gold  .  ,  , 
as  a  cordial  and  comfortative  I  carry  nex* 
my  heart." — Jarvis. 


COMFORTLESS 


70 


COMMUNE 


COMFORTLESS,  kum'furt-les,  adj.  without 

coiufort. 
COMIC,  kom'ik.  COJIICAL.  kom'ik-al.  adj. 

relating-  to  comedy :  raising  mirth  :  droll. 

— adv.    Coii'iCAiXY.  —  ns.   CoincAi'mr, 

COM'ICAUTESS. 

CO  MIT  I  A,  ko-mish'i-a,  n.  amon?  the 
Romans,  the  assemblies  of  the  people  for 
electing  magistrates,  passing  laws,  etc. 
TL. — com,  together,  eo,  Hum,  to  go.] 

COMITY,  kom'i-ti,  n.,  courtcousness :  civ- 
ility. [L.  comitas,  -atis — comis,  courte- 
ous.] 

COMMA,  kom'a,  n.  in  punctuation,  the 
point  ( , )  -which  marks  the  smallest 
ai\asion  of  a  sentence.  [L.  comma — Gr. 
komma,  a  section  of  a  sentence,  from 
kopto,  to  cut  off.] 

'COMMAND,  kom-and',  v.t.  to  order :  to 
bid:  to  exercise  supreme  authority  over: 
to  have  ^^-ithin  sight,  influence,  or  con- 
trol.— v.t.  to  have  chief  authority :  to 
govern. — n.  an  order  :  authority  :  mes- 
sage: the  ability  to  overlook  or  influence: 
the  thing  commanded.  [Fi-.  commander 
— L.  commendare,  to  commit  to  one's 
charge,  to  order — com,  and  mandare,  to 
intrust.     A  doublet  of  Cohmend.] 

COMMANDANT,  kom-and-anf,  n.  an 
officer  who  has  the  command  of  a  place 
or  of  a  bodv  of  troofs. 

COMMANDER,  kom-and'er,  n.,  one  who 
commands:  an  officer  in  the  na-ry  next 
in  rank  under  a  captain. — n.  Command'- 

ERSHIP. 

C03IMANDING,  kom-and'ing,  adj.  fitted 
to  impress  or  control. — adv.  Command'- 

tSGLT. 

COMMANDMENT,  kom-and'ment,  n.  a 
command  :  a  precept :  one  of  the  ten 
moral  laws. 

COMMEMORATE,  kora-em'o-rat,  v.t.  to 
call  to  remembrance  by  a  solemn  or  pub- 
lic act. — n.  Comiiemora'tion.  [L.  com- 
memoratus,  pa. p.  of  commemorare,  to 
remember — com,  intensive,  and  memor, 
mindful.]       

COMilEMORATlVE,  kom-em'o-ra-tiv,  adj. 
Tending  or  ser\-ing  to  commemorate. 

COMMENCE,  kom-ens',  v.i.  to  begin :  to 
originate  :  to  take  rise. — v.t.  to  begin  : 
to  originate  :  to  enter  upon.  [Fr.  com.- 
mencer — L.  eo»i,  and  initiare,  to  begin — 
in,  into,  and  eo.  to  go.] 

COMMENCE51ENT,  kom-ens'ment,  n.  the 
beginning:  the  thing begim. 

COMMEND,  kom-end',  v.t.  to  give  into  the 
charge  of :  to  recommend  as  worthy  :  to 
praise.  [L.  commendare,  to  intrust.  See 
CoirMA>T).] 

COJIMENDABLE,  kom-end'a-bl,  adj.  wor- 
thy of  being  commended  or  praised. — 
adv.  Commend' ABLY. — n.  Commend' able- 

NESS. 

COMMENDATION,  kom-en-da'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  commendinc/  :  praise  :  declaration 

COMMENDATORY,  kom-end'arto-ri,  adj., 
commending :  containing  praise  or  com- 
mendation :  presenting  to  favorable  no- 
tice or  reception.]^ 

COMMENSURABLE,  kom-en'su-ra-bl,  adj., 
having  a  common  measure. — adv.  CoM- 
men'surably.  —  ns.  Commenscrabil'ity, 
Commen'surablekess.  [L.  com,  with, 
and  mensura,  a  measure — metior,  viensus, 
to  measure.] 

COMMENSURATE,  kom-en'su-rat,  adj.,  of 
tke  same  measure  iHth  :  equal  in  measure 
or   extent :    in    proportion    with. — adv. 

COMMEN'srRATELY. — llS.  COMMEN'SURATE- 
NESS,  COMMENSCKA'-nON. 

COMMENT,  kom'ent.  n.  a  note  conveying 
an  illustration  or  explanation  :  a  remark, 
observation,  criticism. — v.i.  (or  kom-ent') 
to  make  critical  or  explanatory  notes. — 
ns.  Com'mextator,  Com'mentor.    [Fr.— 


L.  commentor,  to  reflect  upon — com,  and 
the  root  ment-,  L.  7nens.  the  Mind.] 

COMMENTARY,  kom'ent-a-ri,  ?i.  a  coHi- 
ment.  or  a  book  or  body  of  comments. 

COMMERCE,  kom'ers,  ?"(.  interchange  of 
merchandise  on  a  large  scale  betiveen 
nations  or  individuals :  extended  trade 
or  traffic  :  intercourse:  fellowship.  [Fr. 
commerce  —  L.  commercium—com,  with, 
and  merx,  7nercis,  goods,  merchandise.] 

COMMERCIAL,  kom-ei-'shal,  adj.  pertain- 
ing   to    commerce  :    mercantile.  —  adv. 

COMMER'CIAIXT. 

COMMERCIALISM,  kom-mer'shal-izm,  n. 
the  doctrines,  tenets,  or  practices  of 
commerce  or  of  commercial  men.  "  The 
buy-cheap-and-sell-dear  commercialisyn 
in  which  he  had  been  brought  up." 
— Kingsley. 

COilMERCING,  kom-mers'ing,  pr.p.  of 
Commerce,  v.i.  to  hold  intercourse 
with. 

COMMENATION,  kom-in-a'shun,  n.  a 
threat :  a  recital  of  God's  threatenings 
made  on  Ash-Wednesday  in  the  Episco- 
pal Church.  [L. — com,  intensive,  and 
minor,  to  threaten.     See  Menace.] 

COMMINATORY,  kom-in'a-tor-i,  adj., 
threatening  or  denouncing  punishment. 

COMMINGLE,  kom-ing'gl,  v.t.  to  mingle 
or  mix  u-ith.  [L.  com,  together,  and 
Mingle.] 

COMMINTTTE,  kom'in-tit,  v.t.  to  reduce  to 
mimite  or  sraaW particles. — n,  Comminii'- 
TION.  [L.  comminuo,  -vtum,  to  break 
into  pieces — com,  and  minuo,  to  make 
small — root  minns,  less.] 

COMMISERATE,  kom-iz'er-at,  v.t.  to  feel 
for  the  iniseries  of  another :  to  pity.  [L. 
com,  with,  and  miseror,  to  deplore,  from 
mi,^er,  wretched.] 

COiBIISERATION,  kom-iz-er-a'shun,  n. 
concern    for    the  sufferings   of  others  : 


C(?Jliil 


'M3IISSARTATi,  kom-is-a'ri-al,  a^'.  per- 
taining to  a  commissary. 

COMMISSARIAT,  kom-is-a'ri-at.  n.  the  de- 
partment which  is  charged  with  the  fur- 
nishing of  provisions,  as  for  an  army : 
the  body  of  officers  in  that  department  : 
the  office  of  a  commissarv. 

COMMISSARY,  kom'is-ar-i,  n.  one  to 
whom  any  charge  is  committed :  ao  of- 
ficer who  has  the  charge  of  furnishing 
pro^^sions,  etc.  to  an  army. — n.  Comm'is- 
saryship.  [Low  L.  com7nissariits — L. 
committo,  commissiis.l 

COMMISSION,  kom-ish'un,  9i.,  act  of  com- 
mitting :  that  which  is  committed  :  a 
writing  conferring  certain  powers :  au- 
thority :  charge  or  fee  to  an  agent,  etc. 
for  transacting  business  :  one  or  more 
persons  appointed  to  perform  certain 
duties. — v.t.  to  give  a  commission  to  :  to 
appoint. 

COMMISSIONER,  kom-ish'un-er,  n.  one 
who  holds  a  commission  to  perform  some 
business. 

COMMIT,  kom-it',  v.t.  to  give  in  charge  or 
trust  :  to  do  :  to  endanger :  to  pledge  : — 
pr.p.  counmtt'iag;  pa.p.  committ'ed.  [L. 
committo — com,  with,  and  mitto,  to  send.] 

COMinTMENT,  kom-it'ment,  n.,  act  of 
committing:  an  order  for  sending  to 
prison  :   imprisonment. 

COMMITTAL,  kom-it'al.  ?i.  commitment: 
a  pledge,  actual  or  implied. 

COMMITTEE,  kom-it'e,  n.  one  or  more 
persons  to  whom  some  special  business 
is  com mitted  by  a  court  or  assembly  or 
other  body  of  "men. 

COMMIX,  kom-iks',  v.t.  to  mix  together. — 
v.i.  to  mix.    [L.  com,  together,  and  Mrx.] 

COMMIXTURE,  kom-iks''tiir,  ?!.,  act  of 
mixing  together :  the  state  of  being 
mixed :  the  mass  formed  by  mixing. 

COMMODE,  kom-od',  n.  a  small  sideboard : 


a  head-dress  formerlj*  worn  by  ladies. 
[Fr. — L.  commodus,  convenient.] 

COMMODE,  kom-mcd'.  adj.  accommodat- 
ing :  obliging.  "Am  I  not  very  commode 
to  vou." — Cibbcr.  [Fr.  commode,  com- 
modious, accommodating-,  kind.] 

COMMODELY,  kom-mod'h.  adv.  conven- 
iently. "  It  will  fall  in  very  commodely 
between  mv  parties." — H.  M'aljJole. 

COilMODIOUS,  kom-6'di-us,  adj.  suitable 
or  convenient :  comfortable. — adv.  COM- 
mo'diouslt. — n.  Commo'diousness.  [L. 
commodus  (lit.,  ha\nng  the  same  meas- 
ure, fitting)  —  com,  with,  modus,  meas- 
ure.] 

COMMODITY,  kom-od'it-i,  7!.  a  conven- 
ience, or  that  which  affords  it  :  an 
article  of  traffic.  [L.  commoditas,  from 
commodus.] 

COMMODORE,  kom'o-dor,  n.  the  com- 
mander of  a  squadron  or  detachment 
of  ships :  the  leading  ship  of  a  fleet  of 
merchantmen.  [Corr.  of  Sp.  comendador 
— L.  commendo,  in  late  L.  to  command.] 

C05D10N,  kom'un,  adj.  belonging  equally 
to  more  than  one :  public  :  general : 
usual :  frequent :  easy  to  be  had  :  of 
little  value  :  vulgar. — n.  a  tract  of  open 
land,  used  in  common  by  the  inhabitants 
of  a  town,  parish,  etc. — Common  Pleas, 
one  of  the  high  courts  of  justice  in 
Eng. :  in  some  of  the  United  States  a 
county  court. — Book  of  Common  Pra-ter, 
the  liturgy  of  the  Episcopal  Church. — 
adv.  Comm''only.— n.  Comm'onness.  [Fr. 
commun — L.  communis — com,  together, 
and  munis,  serving,  obliging.] 

COMMONAGE,  kom'un-aj,  n.  right  of 
pasturing  on  a  common  :  the  right  of 
using  anything  in  commott. 

COMMONALTY,  kom'un-al-ti,  n.  the  body 
of  common  people  below  the  rank  of 
nobility. 

COMIMONER,  kom'un-er,  n.  a  member  of 
the  House  of  Commons  :  a  student  of 
the  second  rank  in  the  university  of 
Oxford. 

C03IM0NPLACE,  kom'un-plas,  n.  a  com- 
mon topic  or  subject  :  a  memorandum  : 
a  note. — adj.  common  :  hackneyed. — n. 
CoMM'oxPLACE-BOOK,  a  notc  Or  memo- 
randum book.  [Common,  and  Place,  a 
translation  of  L.  locus,  a  place,  a  topic 
of  discourse.] 

COMMONS,  kom'unz,  n.pl.  the  lower  House 
of  Parliament  or  House  of  Commons  : 
common  land  :  food  at  a  common  table. 

COMMON-SENSE,  kom'un-sens,  adj. 
marked  bv  sound,  plain  good  sense. 

COMJIONV\-EAL,  kom'un-wel,  COIVBION- 
WEALTH,  kom'un-welth.  n.  {lit.)  the 
common  or  pubUc  jce//-being  or  good: 
the  government  in  a  free  state  :  the  pub- 
lic or  whole  body  of  the  people  :  a  form 
of  government  in  which  the  power  rests 
-with  the  people,  (liisf.)  that  in  England 
after  the  overthrow  of  Charles  I.  [See 
Wealth.] 

COMMORANT,  kom'mo-rant,  n.  a  resident. 
"All  my  time  that  I  was  a  covimorant 
in  Cambridge." — Bp.  Hacket. 

COMMOTE,  kom-mot',  v.t.  to  commove  : 
to  disturb  :  to  stir  up.  Haicthome.  [See 
Commotion.] 

COMMOTION,  kom-6'shun.  n.  a  inoleiit 
motion  or  moinng :  excited  or  timiultuous 
action,  physical  or  mental :  agitation  : 
tumult.  [L.  commotio — com,  intensive, 
and  moveo,  motus,  to  move.] 

COMMUNAL,  kom-un'al,  adj.  of  a  com- 
mune. 

COMMUNE,  kom'un,  n.  in  France,  a  terri- 
torial division  governed  by  a  mayor. 
The  Commune  at  Paris  in  1871  was  a"  re- 
volt against  the  national  government, 
the  principle  of  the  revolt  being  that 
each  city  or  district  should  be  ruled  inde 


COMMUNE 


71 


COMPLEX 


pendently  by  its  own  commune  or  local 
government.  [Fr.  commune  —  root  of 
CommonJ 

COMMUNE,  kom-un',  v.i.  to  converse  or 
talk  together :  to  have  intercourse.  |Tr. 
communier — L.  communieo,  from  com- 
munis.     See  COMMON.] 

COMMUNICABLE,  kom-un'i-ka-bl,  adj. 
that  may  be  communicated. — adv.  COM- 
mun'icablt. 

COMMUNICANT,  kom-un'i-kant,  n.  one 
who  partakes  of  The  Communion. 

COMMUNICATE,  kom-un'i-kat,  v.t.  to  give 
a  share  of,  impart :  to  reveal :  to  bestow. 
— v.i.  to  have  something  in  common  with 
another :  to  have  the  means  of  passing 
from  one  to  another  :  to  have  intercourse  : 
to  partake  of  The  Communion.  [L.  com- 
munieo, communicatus,  from  communis.'\ 

COMMUNICATION,  kom-un-i-ka'shun,  w. 
act  of  communicating :  that  which  is 
communicated  :  intercourse :  correspond- 
ence. 

COMMUNICATIVE,  kom-un'i-ka-tiv,  adj. 
inclined  to  communicate  or  give  informa- 
tion :    unreserved. — n.   Commun'icattve- 

NESS.       . 

COMJIUNICATORY,kom-un'i-ka-tor-i,ady. 
imparting  knowledge. 

COMMUNION,  kom-un'yun,  n.  act  of  com- 
muning :  mutual  intercourse  :  fellow- 
ship :  common  possession :  interchange 
of  transactions :  vinion  in  religious  ser- 
vice ;  the  body  of  people  who  so  unite. — 
The  Communion,  the  celebration  of  the 
Lord's  Supper :  the  act  of  recei\'ing  Holy 
Eucharist  in  R.  C.  Church. 

COMMUNISM,  kom'u-nizm,  n.  a  theoi-y  or 
condition  of  things,  according  to  which 
private  property  shoald  he  abolished, 
and  .all  things  held  in  common. 

COMMUNIST,  kom'u-nist,  n.  one  who  holds 
the  principles  of  communism. 

COMMUNITY,  kom-un'i-ti,  n.,  common 
possession  or  enjoyment :  people  Jiaving 
common  rights,  etc.  ;  the  public  or  peo- 
ple in  geieeral. 

COMMUTABLE,  kom-ut'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may   be    commuted   or   exchanged. — n. 

COJIMUTABIL'ITT. 

COMMUTATION,  kom-u-ta'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  commuting  :  change  or  exchange 
of  one  thing  for  another  :  the  change  of 
a  penalty  or  rate  from  a  greater  to  a 
less.  

COMMUTATIVE,  kom-ut'a-tiv,  adj  relat- 
ing to  exchange :  interchangeable. — adv. 

COMMCr'ATIVELY. 

COMMUTE,  kom-ut',  v.i.  to  exchange:  to 
exchange  a  punishment  for  one  less 
severe.  [L.  commuto,  from  co?i!,  with, 
and  jJiMto,  to  cliange.] 

COMMUTUAL,  kom-ut'u-al,  adj.  mutual. 

COMPACT,  kom-pakt',  adj.,  fastened  or 
packed  together :  firm :  close  :  brief :  in 
Milton,  composed  or  made  of. — i\t.  to 
press  closely  together  :  to  consolidate. — 
advs.  Compact'lt,  Compact'edlt. — n. 
Compact'edness.  [Fr. — L.  compactus, 
pa.p.  of  eom.pingo — com,  together,  and 
pango,  to  fasten,  fix  :  akin  to  E.  Fang.] 

COMPACT,  kom'pakt,  to.  a  mutual  bar- 
gain or  agreement :  a  league,  treaty,  or 
union.  [L.  eompactum — compaciscor, 
from  com,  with,  and  paciscor,  to  make  a 
bargain  ;  from  root  pango.] 

COMPACTNESS,  kom-pakt'nes,  n,  state  of 
being  compact :  closeness. 

COMPANION,  kom-pan'yun,  n.  one  who 
keeps  company  or  frequently  associates 
with  another  :  an  associate  or  partner. — 
n.  Compan'ionship.  [Fr.  compagnon, 
from  Low  L.  companium,  a  mess — L. 
com,  with,  and  panis,  bread.] 

COMPANIONABLE,  kom  -  pan'yim  -  a  -  bl, 
adj.,  fit  to  be  a,  companion :  agreeable. — 
adv.  Compan'ionably. 


C0MPANI0NLE8S,  kom-pan'yun-les,  adj., 

without  a  companion. 

COMPANY,  kum'pa-ni,  n.  an  assembly  of 
persons  :  a  number  of  persons  associated 
together  for  trade,  etc.:  a  society:  a 
subdivision  of  a  regiment  :  the  crew  of  a 
ship  :  state  of  being  a  companion :  fel- 
lowship :  society. — v.i.  to  associate  wirh. 
[Fr.  compagnie.    See  Companion.] 

COMPARABLE,  kom'par-a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  compared :  being  of  equal  re- 
gard.—adr.  Com'pabably. 

COMPARATIVE,  kom-par'a-tiv,  adj,  esti- 
mated by  comparing  with  something 
else  :  not  positive  or  absolute  :  (gram. ) 
expressing  more. — adv.  Compae'atively. 

COMPARE,  kom-par',  v.t.  to  set  things  to- 
gether, to  ascertain  how  far  they  agree 
or  disagree  :  to  liken  or  represent  as 
similar  :  (gram.)  to  inflect  an  adjective. 
— v.i.  to  hold  comparison.  [Fr. — L.  com- 
paro,  to  match,  from  com,  together, 
and  jMvo,  to  make  or  esteem  equnl— par, 
equal.] 

COMPARE,  kom-par*,  n.  comparison. 

COMPARISON,  kom-par'i-sun,  n.  the  act 
of  com,paring :  comparative  estimate  :  a 
simile,  or  figure  by  which  two  things  are 
compared  :  (gram,.)  the  inflection  of  an 
adjective. 

COMPARTMENT,  kom-part'ment,  n.  a 
separate  part  or  division  of  any  inclosed 
space  :  a  subdivision  of  a  carriage.  [Fr., 
from  compartir,  to  divide — Lat.  com,  and 
partire,  to  part.] 

COMPASS,  kum'pas,  n.  a  circuit  or  circle  : 
space  :  limit  :  range :  an  instrument 
consisting  of  a  magnetized  needle,  used 
to  steer  ships  bj',  etc. — To  fetch  a  Com- 
pass, to  make  a  circuit,  to  go  round  : — 
pi.  Com'passbs,  an  instrument  consisting 
of  two  movable  legs,  for  describing  cir- 
cles, etc.  [Fr.  compas,  a  circle — Low  L. 
compassus — L.  coHi,  together,  anApass- 
us,  a  step,  a  way,  a  route  ;  the  mariner's 
compass  goes  round  in  a  circle.] 

COMPASS,  kum'pas,  v.t.  to  pass  or  go 
round :  to  surround  or  inclose :  to  be- 
siege :  to  bring  about  or  obtain  :  to  con- 
trive or  plot. 

COMPASSION,  kom-pash'un,  n.  fellow- 
feeling,  or  sorrow  for  the  sufferings  of 
another:  pity.  [Fr. — L.  compjossio — com, 
with,  and  patior,  passus,  to  suffer.] 

COMPASSIONATE,  kom-pash'un-at,  adj. 
inclined  to  pity  or  to  have  mercy  upon  : 
merciful. — v.t.  to  have  compassion  for  : 
to  have  pity  or  mercy  upon. — adv.  CoJI- 

PASS'lONATELY. — ?( .    CbMPASS'lONATEN"ESS. 

COMPATIBILITY,  kom-pat-i-bil'it-i,  to.  the 
being  compatible :  suitability. 

COMPATIBLE,  kom-pat'i-bl,  adj.,  that  can 
bear  with :  that  suits  or  agrees  with. — 
adv.  Compat'ibly.  [Fr. — L.  com,  with, 
patior,  to  bear.] 

COMPATRIOT,  kom-pa'tri-ot,  adj.,  of  the 
same  fatherland  or  country. — )i.  one  of 
the  same  country.  [Fr. — L.  com,  with, 
and  Patriot.] 

COMPEER,  kom-per',  n.,  one  who  is  equal 
to  another :  a  companion  :  an  associate. 
[L.  comjxii — com,  with,  and  Peer,  from 
jyar,  equal.] 

COMPEL,  kom-pel',  v.t.  to  drive  or  urge 
on  forcibly :  to  oblige  •.—pr.p.  compell'- 
ing;  pa.p.  compelled'.— ad/.  Compell'- 
able.  [L.  com,  intensive,  and  pello, 
pulsum,  to  drive.] 

COMPENDIOUS,  koni-pen'di-us,  adj.  short: 
comprehensive. — adv.  Compen'diously. 

COMPENDIUM,  kom-pen'di-um,  to.  a 
shortening  or  abridgment  :  a  book  or 
treatise  containing  the  substan.ce  of  a 
larger  one.  [L.  compendium,  what  is 
weighed  together,  or  saved  (opposed  to 
dispendium)—com,  together,  and  pendo, 
to  weigh.] 


COMPENSATE,  kom-pen'sat,  or  kom'pen- 
sat,  v.t.  to  reward  suitably  for  ser\'ice 
rendered :  to  make  amends  for  loss  sus- 
tained :  to  recompense :  to  counterbal- 
ance. [L.  com,  intensive,  and  penso,  to 
weigh,  freq.  of  pendo,  to  weigh.] 

COMPENSATION,  koni-pen-sa'shun,  to.  act 
of  compensating  :  reward  for  service  : 
amends  for  loss  sustained. 

COMPENSATORY,  kom-pen'sa-tor-i,  adj 
serving  for  compensation :  making 
amends. 

COMPESCE,  kom-pes  ,v.t.  to  hold  in  check  : 
to  restrain  :  to  curb.  Carlyle.  [L.  eo?)i- 
pesco,  to  fasten  together,  to  confine.] 

COMPETE,  kom-pet',  v.i.  to  seek  or  strive 
with  others  for  something  :  to  contend 
for  a  prize.  [L.  competo — com,  together, 
and  peto,  to  seek.] 

COMPETENCE,  kom'pe-tens,  COMPE- 
TENCY, kom'pe-ten-si,  ?!.  fitness :  suffi- 
ciencv  :  legal  power  or  capacity. 

COMPETENT,  kom'pe-tent,  adj.,  suitable: 
sufficient :  fit :  belonging. — adv.  COM'PE- 
TENTLY.  [Fi\ — L.  competo,  to  strive  after 
together,  to  agree — com,  with,  and  peto, 
to  seek.] 

COMPETITION,  kom-pe-tish'un,  n.  the  act 
of  completing:  common  strife  for  the 
same  object. 

COMPETITIVE,  kom-pet'i-tiv,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  producing  competition. 

COMPETITOR,  kom-pet'i-tor,  «.  one  who 
completes  :  a  rival  or  opponent. 

COMPILATION,  kom-pil-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  compiling,  or  the  thing  compiled  :  a 
literary  work  composed  by  gathering  the 
materials  from  various  authors. 

COMPILE,  kom-pil',  v.t.  to  write  or  com- 
pose by  collecting  the  materials  from 
other  books  :  to  draw  up  or  collect. — to. 
Compil'er.  [Fr.  —  L.  compilo — com,  to- 
gether, waApilo,  to  plunder.] 

COMPLACENCE,  kom-pla'sens,  COMPLA- 
CENCY, kom-pla'sen-si,  w.  pleasm-e  :  sat- 
isfaction :  civility. 

COMPLACENT,  kom-pla'sent,  adj.  showing 
satisfaction  :  pleased  :  gratified.  —  adv. 
Costpla'cently.  [L.  complacens — com, 
intensive,  and  placeo,  to  please.] 

COMPLAIN,  kom-plan',  v.i.  to  express 
gi-ief,  pain,  censure  :  to  murmur  or  ex- 
press a  sense  of  injur  j' :  to  accuse.  [Fr. 
complaindre — Low  L.  complangere — com, 
intensive,  and  plango,  to  bewail  :  (Jit.)  to 
beat  (the  breast),  Gr.  plesso,  to  strike.] 

COMPLAINANT,  kom-plan'ant,  to.  one  whc 
complains :  (laiv)  one  who  raises  a  suit, 
a  plaintiff. 

COMPLAINT,  kom-plant',  to.,  a  complain- 
ing :  an  expression  of  grief :  a  repre« 
sentation  of  pains  or  injuries  :  a  finding 
fault  :  the  thing  complained  of. 

COMPLAISANCE,  kom'plii-zans  or  kom- 
pla-zans',  n,  care  or  desire  to  please  :  an 
obliging  civility.     [Fr.] 

COMPLAISANT,' kom'pla^zant  or  kom-pla- 
zant',  adj.  desirous  of  pleasing  :  obliging. 
— adv.  Com'plaisantly  or  Complaisant'- 
LY.     [Fr. — complaire — L.  complaceo.'] 

COMPLEMENT,  kom'ple-ment,  to.  that 
which  completes  or  fills  up  :  full  num- 
ber or  quantity.  [L.  eomplementum— 
com,  and  jj/eo.] 

COMPLEMENTAL,  kom-ple-ment'al,  COM 
PLEMENTARY,  kora-ple-ment'ar-i,  adj., 
filling  up :  supplviug  a  deficiency. 

COMPLETE,  kom-plet',  v.t.  to  fill  up, 
finish,  or  perfect :  to  accomplish.  [L. 
compleo,  completum,  to  fill  up — com,  m- 
tensive,  andp/t'O,  to  fill.] 

COMPLETE,  kom-plet',  adj.,  filled  uv: 
free  from  deficiency  :  perfect :  finished. 
— adv.  Complete'ly. — n.  Complete'ness. 

COMPLETION,  kom-ple'shun,  n.  the  act 
or  state  of  bein^-  complete :  fulfillment. 

COMPLEX,  konvpleks,  adj.   composed  of 


COMPLEXION 


CONCENT 


more  than  one,  or  of  many  parts  not 
simple  :  intricate  :  difficult. — adv.  Com'- 
PLEXLY. — «.  Com'plexness.  [L.  Complex 
— com,  together,  and  root  of  plico,  to 
fold.    See  Complicate.] 

COMPLEXION,  kom-plekshun,  n.  color  or 
look  of  the  skin,  esp.  of  the  face :  gen- 
eral appearance,  temperament,  or  text- 
ure. [Fr. — L.  complexio,  a  combination, 
physical  structure  of  body — complector, 
cumple.i-us,  to  embrace— pZeofere,  to  plait.] 

COMPLEXIONAI  kom-plek'shun-al,  adj. 
depending  on  or  pertaining  to  com- 
plexion. 

COMPLEXIONEJU,  kom-plek'shund,  adj. 
having  a  compleooion,  or  a  certain  tem- 
perament or  state. 

COMPLEXITY,  kom-plek'si-ti,  n.  state  of 
being  complex. 

COlScIPLIANCE,  kom-pli'ans,  n.  a  yielding : 
agreement. 

COMPLIANT,  kom-pU'ant,  adj.  yielding: 
civil. — adv.  Compli'antly. 

COMPLICACY,  kom'pli-ka-si,  n.  state  of 
being  complicated. 

COMPLICATE,  kom'pli-kat,  v.t.  to  twist 
or  plait  together  :  to  render  complex  : 
to  entangle.  [L.  com,  together,  and 
plico,  plicatum,  to  fold.     See  Complex.] 

COMPLICATION,  kom-pli-ka'shun,  n.  an 
intricate  blending  or  entanglement. 

COMPLICITY,  kom-plis'i-ti.  n.  state  or 
condition  of  being  an  accomplice. 

COMPLIMENT,  kom'pli-ment,  7i.  an  ex- 
pression of  regard  :  delicate  flattery. 
[Fr.  compliment,  from  root  of  Comply. 
Complement  is  etymologically  the  same 
word,  but  direct  from  the  Lat.] 

COMPLIMENT,  kom'pli-ment,  v.t.  to  pay  a 
compliment  to  :  to  express  respect  for : 
to  praise  :  to  flatter. 

COMPLIMENT  ARY,kom-p]i-ment'ar-i,adj. 
conveying  civility  or  praise. 

COMPLOT,  kom-plot',  v.t  to  plot  together, 
to  couspii-e  : — vr.p.  complott'ing  ;  pa.p. 
complott'ed. 

COMPLY,  kom-pll',  v.i.  to  yield  to  the 
wishes  of  another  :  to  a.gree:^pr.p.  com- 
ply'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa. p.  complied'.  [O. 
Fr.  complir.  It.  complire,  to  fulfill,  to  suit, 
to  offer  courtesies — L.  complere,  to  ful- 
fill or  complete.] 

COMPONENT,  kom-po'nent,  ad),  making 
up  or  composing :  forming  one  of  the 
elements  of  a  compound. — n.  one  of  the 
elements  of  a  compound.  [L.  com,  to- 
gether, and  pono,  to  place.] 

COMPORT,  kora-port',  r.  i.  to  agree,  accord, 
suit. — v.t.  to  bear  one's  self,  to  behave. 
[L.  com.  together,  and^o?'to,  to  carry.] 

COIVIPORTMENT,  kom-port'ment,  n.  de- 
portment, behavior. 

CCIvIPOSE,  kom-poz',  v.t.  to  form  by  put- 
ting two  or  more  parts  or  things  togeth- 
er :  to  place  in  order  :  to  set  at  rest  :  to 
soothe  :  to  place  types  in  order  for  print- 
ing :  to  originate  or  become  the  author 
of,  as  a  book.  [Fr.  composer,  from  L. 
cum,  and  Fr.  poser,  which  is  from  L. 
pausare,  to  cease,  to  rest.] 

COMPOSED,  kom-pozd',  adj.  settled,  quiet, 
calm. — adv.   Compos'edly. — n.   Compos'- 

EDNESS. 

COMPOSER,  kom-poz'er,  n.  one  who  com- 
poses or  adjusts  a  thing  :  a  writer,  an 
author,  esp.  of  a  piece  of  music. 

COMPOSITE,  kom'poz-it.  adj.,  composed 
of  two  or  more  distinct  parts  :  (arch.)  a 
blending  of  the  Ionic  and  the  Corinthian 
orders.  [L.  comjMsitus,  pa.p.  of  compo- 
nere,  to  put  together.] 

COMPOSITION,  kom-p6-zish'un,  n.  the  act 
of  putting  together  :  the  thing  composed, 
as  a  work  in  literature,  music,  or  paint- 
ing :  a  coming  together  or  agreement  : 
an  agreement  whereby  pajnuent  of  part 
of  a  debt  is  taken  for  the  whole. 


COMPOSITOR,  kom-poz'i-tor,  n.  one  who 
puts  together  or  sets  up  types  for  print- 
ing. 

COMPOSITOUS,  kom-poz'i-tus,  adj.  in  bat. 
belonging  to  the  order  Compositae  :  com- 
posite.    Darivin. 

COMPOST,  kom'post,  n.  a  mixture  for 
manure  :  a  kind  of  plaster :  in  Milton, 
composition,  agreement. 

COMPOSURE,  kom-po'zhur,  n.  calmness, 
self-possession,  tranquillity. 

COMPOUND,  kom-pownd',  v.t.  to  mix  or 
combine  :  to  settle  or  adjust  by  agree- 
ment.— v.i.  to  agree,  or  come  to  terms: 
to  bargain  in  the  lump.  [L.  compono. 
See  Composite.] 

COMPOUND,  kom'pownd,  adj.  mixed  or 
composed  of  a  number  of  parts :  not 
simple. — n.  a  mass  made  up  of  a  niynber 
of  parts. 

COMPREHEND,  kom-pre-hend',  v.t.  to 
seize  or  take  up  with  the  mind,  to 
understand  :  to  comprise  or  include.  [L. 
com,  with,  and  prehendo,  fi-om  prce,  be- 
fore, and  an  old  word  hendo  =  Gr.  chan- 
dano,  to  hold,  comprise  ;  akin  to  E.  Get.] 

COMPREHENSIBLE,  kom-pre-hen'si-bl, 
adj.  capable  of  being  understood. — adv. 
COMPREHEN'SIBLY  .  — MS.  Comprehensibil'- 
ITY,  Comprehen'sibleness. 

COMPREHENSION,  kom-pre-hen'shun,  n. 
the  act  or  quality  of  comp7-ehending : 
power  of  the  mind  to  understand  :  (logic) 
the  intension  of  a  term  or  the  sum  of  the 
qualities  implied  in  the  term. 

COMPREHENSIVE,  kom-pre-hen'siv,  adj. 
having  the  quality  or  power  of  compre- 
hending  much  :    extensive  :    full. — adv. 

COMPREHEN'SrVELY. — 71.  COMPREHEN'SIVE- 

NESS. 

COMPRESS,  kom-pres',  v.t.  to  press  to- 
gether :  to  force  into  a  narrower  space  : 
to  condense.  [L.  co??i,  together,  and 
pressare,  to    press-^premo,   pressus,  to 

Dl'GSS  1 

COMPrIeSS,  kom'pres,  n.  folds  of  linen, 
used  in  surgery  to  make  due  pressure  on 
any  part. 

COMPRESSIBILITY,  kom-pres'i-bil-i-ti,  n. 
the  property  that  bodies  have  of  being 
reduced  in  bulk  by  pressure. 

COMPRESSIBLE,  kom-pres'i-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  cmnpressed. 

COMPRESSION,  kom-presh'un,  n.  act  of 
compressing  :  state  of  being  compressed. 

COMPRESSIVE,  kom-pres'iv,  adj.  able  to 
compress. 

COMPRISAL,  kom-priz'al,  n.  the  act  of 
comprising. 

COMPRISE,  kom-priz',  v.t.  to  contain,  in- 
clude. [Fr.  compris,  pa.p.  of  com,prendre 
— L.  comprehendere.    See  Comprehend.] 

COMPROMISE,  kom'pro-miz,  n.  a  settle- 
ment of  differences  by  inutual  promise  or 
concession. — v.t.  to  settle  by  mutual 
agreement  and  concession  :  to  pledge  :  to 
involve  or  bring  into  question.  [Fr.  com- 
promis — L.  com,  together,  a,ni  prcnnitto, 
to  promise.] 

COMPTROLL,  COMPTROLLER.  See  under 
Control. 

COMPULSION,  kom-pul'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  compelling :  force  :  necessity:  violence. 
[See  Compel.] 

COMPULSE,  kom-puls',  v.t.  to  compel  :  to 
constrain:  to  oblige.  "  Some  are  beaten 
and  compulsed." — Latimer.  "She  rends 
her  woes,  shivers  them  in  compulsed  ab- 
horrence."— Charlotte  Bronte. 

COMPULSIVE,  kom-pul'siv,  COMPUL- 
SORY, kom-pul'sor-i,  adj.  having  povper 
to  compel :  forcing.  —  advs.  COMFCL'- 
SrVELY.  Compul'sorily. 

COMPUNCTION,  kom-pungk'shun,  n.  un- 
easiness of  conscience  :  remorse.  [O.Fr. 
—  L.  compunctio  —  com,  intensive,  and 
pungo,  punctus,  to  prick.] 


COMPUNCTIOUS,  kom-pungk'shus,  adq. 
feeling  or  causing  compunction :  repent- 
ant :  remorseful. 

COMPUTABLE,  kom-put'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  computed  or  calculated. 

COMPUTATION,  kom-put-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  conqniting  :  the  sum  or  quantity  com- 
puted  :  estimate. 

COMPUTE,  kom-put',  v.t.  to  calculate  :  to 
number.  [L.  computo,  from  com,  to- 
getlier,  smuputo,  to  reckon.] 

COMRADE,  kom'rad,  n.  a  companion.  [Sp. 
camarada,  a  room-ft.jll,  a  chamber-mate 
— L.  camera,  a  chamber.] 

COMRADERY,  kom'rad-ri,  n.  the  state  or 
feeling  of  being  a  comrade  :  companion- 
ship :  fellowship. 

COMTISM,  kongt'izm,  n.  the  philosophical 
system  founded  by  Auguste  Comte  :  posi- 
tivism. [See  Positive  Philosophy,  under 
Positive.] 

COMTIST,  kongt'ist,  n.  a  disciple  of  Comte: 
a  positivist.     [Also  used  as  an  adjective.] 

CON,  kon,  a  conti-actioa  of  L.  contra, 
against,  as  in  Pro  attd  Con,  for  and 
against. 

CON,  kon,  v.t.  to  study  carefulljj :  to  com- 
mit to  memory  : — pr.p.  conn'ing  ;  pa.p. 
conned'.  [A. 8.  cunnian,  to  test,  to  try 
to  know — from  cunnati,  to  know.] 

CONCATENATE,  kon-kat'e-nat.  v.t.  to 
chain  or  link  together:  to  connect  in  a 
series.  [L.  co»i,  together,  and  catena,  a 
chain.] 

CONCATENATION,  kon-kat-e-na'shun,  n. 
a  series  of  links  united  :  a  series  of  things 
depending-  on  each  other. 

CONCAVE,  kon'kav,  adj.  curved,  vaulted, 
or  arched,  applied  to  the  inner  side  of 
any  curved  line  or  rounded  bod}',  and  op- 
posed to  convex,  which  is  applied  to  the 
outside. — n.  a  hollow:  an  arch  or  vault. 
[L.  concavus,  from  con,  intensive,  and 
cavus,  hollow.     See  Cave.] 

CONCAVITY,  kon-kaVi-ti,  n.  the  inner 
surface  of  a  concave  or  hollow  body. 

CONCEAL,  kon-sel',  v.t.  to  hide  completely 
or  carefully:  to  keep  secret :  to  disguise  : 
to  keep  from  telling.  [L.  concelo,  from 
con,  intens.,  and  celo,  to  hide;  akin  to 
A.S.  helan,  to  hide.] 

CONCEALABLE,  kon-sel'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  concealed. 

CONCEALMENT,  kon-sel'ment,  n.  act  of 
concealing :  secrecy  :  disgTiise  :  hiding- 
place. 

CONCEDE,  kon-sed',  v.t.  to  cede  or  give 
up  :  to  quit  :  to  surrender  •  to  admit :  to 
grant. — v.i.  to  admit  or  grant.  [L.  con- 
cedo,  from  co?i,  sig.  completeness,  and 
cedo,  to  go,  to  yield.] 

CONCEDENCE,  kon-sed'ens,  n.  the  act  of 
conceding  :  concession.  "  A  mutual  con- 
cedenee." — Richardson. 

CONCEIT,  kon-set',  n.  over-estimate  of 
one's  self  :  too  favorable  opinion  of  one's 
own  good  qualities :  a  pleasant,  fantas- 
tical, or  affected  notion. — Out  of  con- 
ceit with,  no  longer  fond  of.  [Tliroi  gh 
a  Fr.  form  conceit,  frorn  L.  conceptvs, 
pa.p.  of  concipio.] 

CONCEITED,    kon-set'ed,  adj.    having   ■ 
high  opinion  of   one's  self ;    egotistical. 
— adv.     Conceit'edly. — n.     Conceit'ed- 

NESS. 

CONCEIVABLE,  kon-sev'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  conceived,  understood,  or  be- 
lieved.—  adv.  Conceiv'ably.  —  n.  CON- 
ceiv'ableness. 

CONCEIVE,  kon-sev',  v.t.  to  receive  into, 
and  form  in  the  womb  :  to  form  in  the 
mind  :  to  imagine  or  think :  to  under- 
stand. —  v.i.  to  become  pregnant  :  to 
think.  [O.  Fr.  concever — L.  concipio, 
cniiceptum.,  from  con,  and  capio,  to  take.] 

CONCENT,  kon-sent',  n.  a  singing  to- 
gether :    concert :    harmony.     [L.     con- 


CONCENTRATE 


CONDIMENT 


rentus — con,  together,  and  cano,  cantum, 

to  sing.] 

CONCENTRATE,  kon-sen'trat,);.*.  to  bring 
into  a  closer  ucion,  or  a  narrower  com- 
pass :  to  condense.  [A  lengthened  form 
of  Concentre.] 

CONCENTRATION,  kon-sen-tra'shim,  n. 
act  of  concentrating :  condensation. 

CONCENTRATIVE,  kon-sen'tra-tiv,  adj. 
tending  to  concentrate. 

CONCENTRE,  kon-sent'er,  v.i.  to  tend  to 
or  meet  in  a  common  centre.  —  v.t.  to 
bring  or  direct  to  a  common  centre  or 
point : — pr.p.  concent'ring  ;  pa.p.  con- 
cent'red  or  concent'ered.  [Fr.  concentrer 
— L.  con,  with,  and  centrum,  the  Centre.] 

CONCENTRIC,  kon-sen'trik,  CONCEN- 
TRICAL,  kon-sen'trik-al,  adj.  having  a 
common  centre. 

CONCEPT,  kon'sept,  n.  a  thing  conceived, 
a  notion. 

CONCEPTION,  kon-sep'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
conceiving :  the  thing  conceived :  the 
formation  in  the  mind  of  an  image  or 
idea :  a  notion. 

CONCEPTUALISM,  kon-sep'tu-al-izm,  n. 
the  doctrine  in  philosophy  that  general 
properties  can  be  conceived  in  the  mind 
apart  from  anj'  concrete  embodiment. 

CONCERN,  kon-sern',  v.t.  to  relate  or  be- 
long to :  to  affect  or  interest :  to  make 
uneasy. — n.  that  which  concerns  or  be- 
longs to  one :  interest  :  I'egard  :  anxiety  : 
a  business  or  those  connected  with  it. — 
11.  Concern'ment.  [Fr.  —  L.  concemo, 
from  con,  together,  and  cemo,  to  sift,  to 
see.] 

CONCERNED,  kon-sernd',  adj.  having  con- 
nection with  :  interested  :  anxious ;  also 
confused  with  drink  :  slightly  intoxicated. 
•  ■  Not  that  I  know  his  Reverence  was  ever 
concern'd  to  my  knowledge." — Swift.  "  A 
little  as  you  see  concerned  with  liquor." 
— Sir  H.  Taylor. — adv.  Concernedly. — 
n.  Concern' EDNESS. 

CONCERNING,  kon-sern'ing,  prep,  regard- 
ing :  pertaining  to.     [Pr.p.  of  Concern.] 

CONCERNMENT,  kon-sern'ment,  n.  that 
which  concerns  one. 

CONCERT,  kon-sert',  v.t.  to  frame  or  de- 
vise together :  to  arrange,  adjust.  [Fr. 
coneerter — co?i,  together,  certare,  to  con- 
tend, vie  with  :  ace.  to  Skeat,  from  L. 
eonsertus,  joined  together.] 

CONCERT,  kon'sert,  n.  union  or  agreement 
in  any  undertaking  :  harmony :  musical 
harmony  :  a  musical  entertainment.  [Fr.] 

CONCERTINA,  kon-ser-te'na,  n.  a  musical 
instrument,  on  the  principle  of  the  ac- 

.    cordion. 

CONCERTO,  kon-ser'to,  Ji.  a  piece  of  music 
for  a  concert.     [It.] 

CONCESSIBLE,  kon-ses'i-bl,  adj.  capable 
of  being  conceded  or  granted.  "One  of 
the  most  concessible  postulations  in  nat- 
ure."— Sterne. 

CONCESSION,  kon-sesh'un,  n.  act  of  cok- 
cpding :  the  thing  conceded  :  a  grant. 

CONCESSIVE,  kon-ses'iv,  adj.  implying 
C'lncesnion. 

CONCESSORY,  kon-ses'or-i,  adj.  yielding. 

CONCH,  kongk,  n.  a  marine  shell.  [L. 
concha — Gr.  kongche  ;  Sans,  cankha,  a 
shell  :  conn,  with  Cockle.] 

CONCHIFEROUS,  kong  -  kit'er  -  us,  adj., 
having  a  shell.  [L.  concha,  and  fero,  to 
hpar.] 

CONCHOIDAL,  kong-koid'al,  adj.,  shell- 
like, applied  to  theliracture  of  a  mineral. 
'  ur.  kongche,  and  eidos,  form.] 

CONCHOLOGIST,  kong-kol'o-jist,  n.  one 
versed  in  conchology. 

CONCHOLOGY,  kong-kol'o-ji,  n.  the 
science  of  shells  and  of  the  animals  in- 
habiting them.  [Gr.  kongche,  and  logos, 
a  discourse.] 

CONCILIATE.  kon-Bil'i-at,  v.t.  to  gain  or 


win  over  :  to  gain  the  love  or  good-will 
of  such  as  have  been  indifferent  or  hostile. 
[L.  concilio,  coneiliatiis,  to  bring  together 
— concilium.    See  Council.] 

CONCILIATION,  kon-sil-i-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
conciliating. — n.  Conclliator,  kon-sil'i- 
a-tor.  —  adj.  Conciliatory,  kon-sil'i-a- 
tor-i. 

CONCISE,  kon-sis',  adj.,  cut  short :  brief.— 
adv.  Concise'ly. — n.  Concise'ness.  [Fr. 
— L.  concido,  concisus,  from  con,  and 
icedo,  to  cut.] 

CONCISION,  kon-sizh'un,  n.  (B.)  cu-cum- 
cision  :  a  faction. 

CONCLAVE,  kon'klav,  n.  the  room  in 
which  cardinals  meet  to  elect  a  pope  : 
the  body  of  cardinals  :  any  close  assem- 
bly. [L.  conclave,  from  con,  together, 
and  clavis,  a  key.] 

CONCLUDE,  kon-klood',  v.t.  to  close  :  to 
end. — v.i.  to  end  :  to  infer  :  to  form  a 
final  judgment.  [L.  concludo,  conclusus 
— con,  together,  and  claudo.  to  shut.] 

CONCLUSION,  kon-kloo'zhun,  n.  act  of 
concluding  :  the  end,  close,  or  last  part  : 
inference  :  judgment.     [L.  conclusio.] 

CONCLUSIViE,  kon-kloos'iv,  adj.  final: 
convincing. —  adv.     Conclus'ively.  — n. 

CONCLUS'rVENESS. 

CONCOCT,  kon-kokt',  v.t.  (lit.)  to  cook  or 
boil ,  together :  to  digest :  to  prepare  or 
mature.  [L.  concoquo,  concoctus — con, 
together,  and  coquo,  to  cook,  to  boil.] 

CONCOCTION,  kon-kok'shun,  n.  act  of 
concocting:   ripening-:  preparation. 

CONCOCTIVE,  kon-kokt'iv,  adj.  having 
the  power  of  digesting  or  ripening.  Mil- 
ton. 

CONCOMITANCE,  kon-kom'i-tans,  CON- 
COMITANCY,  kon-kom'i-tan-si,  n.  state 
of  being  concomitant. 

CONCOMITANT,  kon-kom'i-tant,  adj.,  ac- 
companying or  going  along  with  :  con- 
joined with. — n.  he  or  that  which  accom- 
panies.— adv.  Concom'itantly.  [L.  con, 
with,  and  comitans,  pr.p.  of  comitor,  to 
accompany — comes,  a  companion.] 

CONCORD,  kong'kord  or  kon'-,  n.  state  of 
being  of  the  same  heart  or  mind  :  union  : 
harmony.  [Fr.  Concorde — L.  concordia 
— concors,  of  the  same  heart,  from  con, 
together,  and  cor,  cordis,  the  heart.] 

CONCORDANCE,  kon-kord'ans,  n.  agree- 
inent  :  an  index  or  dictionary  of  the  lead- 
ing words  or  passages  of  the  Bible,  or  of 
any  author. 

CONCORDANT,  kon-kord'ant,  adj.  harmo- 
nious :  united. — adv.  Concord'antly. 
[L.  concordans,  pr.p.  of  concordo — con- 
cors, agreeing.] 

CONCORDAT,  kon-kord'at,  n.  an  agree- 
ment or  compact,  especially  between  a 
temporal  sovereign  and  the  pope.  [Fr. — 
It.  concordato — L.  concordo,  to  agree.] 

CONCOURSE,  kong'kors,  n.  an  assembly 
of  persons  running  or  drawn  together. 
[Fr. — L.  concursus.} 

CONCRESCENCE,  kon-kres'ens,  n.  a  grow- 
ing together. 

CONCRETE,  ^kong'kret,  or  kon'-,  adj. 
formed  into  one  mass  :  the  opposite  of 
abstract,  and  denoting  a  particular 
tiling.  —  n.  a  mass  formed  by  parts 
growing  or  sticking  together  :  a  mixt- 
ure of  lime,  sand,  pebbles,  etc.,  used  in 
building.  —  adv.  Concrete'ly.  —  jj.  Con- 
crete'ness.  [L.  concretus — con,  together, 
cresco,  cretum,  to  grow.] 

CONCRETE,  kon-kret',  v.i.  to  unite  into  a 
solid  mass. 

CONCRETIANISM,  kon-ln-e'shan-izm,  n. 
the  belief  that  the  soul  was  generated 
at  the  same  time  as,  and  grows  along 
with,  the  body.  [L.  con,  together,  and 
cresco,  cretum,  to  grow.] 

CONCRETION,  kon-kre'shun,  n.  a  mass 
concreted  :     a  lump  or    growth    which 


forms  in  certain  parts  of  the  body,  as 

calculi,  etc. 

CONCRETIVE,  kon-kret'iv,  adj.,  causing 
or  having  power  to  concrete. 

CONCUBINAGE,  kon-ku'bin-aj,  n.  state  ot 
living  together  as  man  and  wife  without 
being  married. 

CONCUBINE,  kong;ku-bm,  n.  a  woman 
who  cohabits  or  lives  with  a  man  with- 
out being  married.  [Fr. — L.  concubina— 
con,  together,  cubo,  to  lie  down.] 

CONCUPISCENCE,  kon-ku'pis-ens,  n.,  ex- 
cessive or  irregular  desire  for  unlawful 
pleasure :  lust.  —  adj.  Concu'piscent. 
[Fr.  —  L.  concupiscentia  —  concupisco  — 
con,  intensive,  cupio,  to  desire.] 

CONCUR,  kon-kur',  v.i.  to  run  together: 
to  meet  in  one  point :  to  act  together : 
to  agree  :  to  assent  to  -.—pr.p.  concurr'- 
ing ;  pa.}},  concurred'.  [L.  concurro, 
from  cow,  together,  and  curro,  cursum, 
to  run.]^ 

CONCURRENCE,  kon-kur'ens,  n.  union  : 
joint  action  :  assent. 

CONCURRENT,  kon-kur'ent,  adj.  coming, 
acting,  or  existing  together  :  united  : 
acconi  pany ing.  — adv.  Concurr'ently. 

CONCUSSION,  kon-kush'un,  n.  state  of 
being  shaken :  a  violent  shock  caused 
by  the  sudden  contact  of  two  bodies  : 
any  undue  pressure  or  force  exerted 
upon  any  one.  [L.  concussio — conditio 
— C071,  intensive,  and  quatio,  to  shake.] 

CONCUSSrVE,  kon-kus'iv,  adj.  having  the 
power  or  quality  of  shaking  or  com- 
pelling. 

CONCUTIENT,  kon-ku'shi-ent,  adj.  coming 
suddenly  into  collision  :  meeting  togeth- 
er with  violence.  "  Meet  in  combat  like 
two  concutient  cannon-balls." — Thack-^ 
eray.     [See  Concussion.] 

CONDEMN,  kon-dem',  v.t.  to  pronounce 
guilty  :  to  censure  or  blame  :  to  sentence 
to  punishment  :  to  pronounce  unfit  for 
use.  [L.  condemno,  from  con,  intensive, 
and  damno,  to  damn.     See  Damn.] 

CONDEMNABLE,  kon-dem'na-bl,  adj. 
blamable. 

CONDEMNATION,  kon-dem-na'shun,  n. 
state  of  being  condemned  :  blame  :  pun- 
ishment. 

CONDEMNATORY,  kon-dem'na-tor-i,  adj., 
containing  or  implj'ing  condemnation. 

CONDENSABLE,  kon-dens'a-bl,  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  compressed. 

CONDENSATION,  kon-den-sa'shun,  n.  act 
of  condensing. 

CONDENSE,  kon-dens',  v.t.  to  compress, 
or  reduce  by  pressure  into  smaller  com- 
pass.— v.i.  to  grow  dense.  [L.  condense 
— con,  intensive,  denso,  to  make  dense. 
See  Dense.] 

CONDENSE,  kon-dens',  adj.,  dense:  com 
pact :  close  in  texture.  Milton.  [See 
Condense.] 

CONDENSER,  kon-dens'er,  n.  an  apparatus 
for  reducing-  vapors  to  a  Uquid  form  :  an 
appliance  for  collecting  or  condensing 
(^Ipf  tricitv 

CONDESCEND,  kon-de-send',  v.i.  to  de- 
scend willing!}'  from  a  superior  position  : 
to  act  kindly  to  inferiors :  to  deign  :  to 
lower  one's  self.  [L.  con,  intensive,  and 
descendo,  to  descend.] 

CONDESCENDING,  kon-de-send'ing,  adj. 
yielding  to  inferiors  :  courteous  :  oblig- 
ing.— adv.  Condescend'ingly. 

CONDESCENSION,  kon-de-sen'shun,  n. 
kindness  to  inferiors  :  courtesy. 

CONDIGN,  kon-din',  adj.  well"  merited : 
adequate  (generally  said  of  punishment). 
— adv.  Condign'ly. — n.  Condign'Ness. 
[L.  condignus  —  con,  wholly,  dignus, 
worthy.] 

CONDIMENT,  kon'di-ment,  n.  that  which 
is  put  along  with  something  else  to  pre- 
serve  or    pickle    it :    seasoning  •    sauce. 


CONDITION 


74 


CONFORMER 


fL.  eondimentum—condio,  to  preserve,  to 
pickle.  1 

CONDITION,  kon-dish'vm,  7i.  state  in  which 
things  exist :  a  particular  manner  of  be- 
ing :  quality :  rank  :  temper :  a  term  of 
a  contract :  proposal :  arrangement. — 
v.i.  to  make  terms. — v.t.  to  agree  upon. 
PL.  conditio — condere,  to  put  together.] 

CONDITIONAL,  kon-dish'un-al,  aflj.  de- 
pending on  stipulations  or  conditions: 
not  absolute. — adv.  Condi'tionaixy. 

CONDITIONED,  kon-dish'und,  adj.  having 
a  certain  condition,  state,  or  quality ; 
subject  to  limitations — the  opp.  of  abso- 
lute. 

CONDOLE,  kon-d5l',  v.i.  to  ffrieve  with 
another  :  to  sympathize  in  sorrow.  [L. 
con,  with,  and  doieo,  to  grieve.] 

CONDOLEMENT,  kon-dSl'ment,  CONDOL- 
ENCE, kon-dol'ens,  n.  expression  of  grief 
for  another's  sorrow. 

CONDONATION,  kon-don-ca'shun,  n.,  for- 
gii'enens.     [L.  condonatio.'] 

CONDONE,  kon-don',  v.t.  to  forgive.  [L. 
con,  dono,  to  give.    See  Donation.] 

CONDOR,  kon'dor,  n.  a  large  vulture  found 
among  the  Andes  of  S.  America.  [Sp. 
condor,  from  Peruvian  euntur.'] 

CONDOTTIEEE,  kon-dot'i-a'ra,  n.  pi.  CON- 
DOTTIERI,  kon-dot'i-a're,  one  of  the 
leaders  of  certain  bands  of  Italian  mili- 
tary adventurers  who,  during  the  four- 
teenth century,  were  ready  to  serve  any 
party,  and  often  practiced  warfare  on 
their  own  account,  purely  for  the  sake 
of  plunder :  a  mercenary  soldier ;  also,  a 
brigand.    Hallam.     [It.] 

CONDUCE,  kon-diis',  v.i.  to  lead  or  tend 
to  some  end ;  to  contribute.  [L.  con,  to- 
gether, and  duco.  ducti^s,  to  lead.]    

CONDUCIBLE,  kon-dOs'i-bl,  CONDUCIVE, 
kon-dus'iv,  adj.,  leading  or  tending :  hav- 
ing power  to  promote. — advs.  Conduc'- 
IBLT,  CONDUC'rVELT. —  ns.  CONDUC'lBLE- 
NESS,  CONDUC'rVENESS. 

CONDUCT,  kon-dukt',  v.t.  to  lead  or  guide 
to  direct :  to  manage  :  to  behave :  {elec- 
tricity) to  carry  or  transmit.     [See  CoN- 

DUCE.J 

CONDUCT,  kon'dukt,  n.  act  or  method  of 
leading  or  managing :  guidance :  manage- 
ment :  behavior  :  the  leading  of  an 
army  :  also  a  tax  levied  by  Charles  I.  of 
EJngland  for  the  purpose  of  paying  the 
travelling  expenses  of  his  soldiers.  "  He 
who  takes  up  amies  for  cote  and  conduct 
and  his  four  nobles  of  Danegelt." — Milton. 
[Called  also  Conduct-monet.   See  Coat.] 

CONDUCTIBLE,  kon-dukt'i-bl,  adj.  capable 
of  being  conducted  or  transmitted. — n. 
CONDUCTIBIL'ITY. 

CONDUCTION,  kon-duk'shun,  n.  act  or 
property  of  conducting  or  transmitting  : 
transmission  by  a  conductor,  as  heat. 

CONDUCTIVE,  kon-dukt'iv,  adj.  having 
the  quality  or  power  of  conducting  or 
transmitting. 

CONDUCTIVITY,    kon-duk-tiv'i-ti,    n.    a 

Eower  that  bodies  have  of  transmitting 
eat  and  electricity. 

CONDUCTOR,  kon-dukt'or,  n.  the  person 
or  thing  that  conducts :  a  leader :  a  man- 
ager: that  which  has  the  property  of 
transmitting  electricity,  heat,  etc.— /em. 
Conduct'ress. 

'X)NDU1T,  kon'dit  or  kun'-,  n.  a  channel  or 
pipe  to  lead  or  convey  water,  etc.  [Fr. 
conduit — L.  conductus — conduce,  to 
lead.] 

CONE,  k5n,  n.  a  solid  pointed  figure  with 
a  circular  base,  as  a  sugar-loaf :  fruit 
shaped  like  a  cone,  as  that  of  the  pine, 
fir,  etc.     [Fr.  cone — ^L.  conus—Qr.  kbnx)s, 

■  a  peak,  a  peg ;  from  a  root  ha,  to  sharpen  ; 
allied  to  E.  hone.] 

CONEY.    See  CoNY. 

CONFAB,  kon-fab',  v.i,  to  confabulate  :  to 


chat,     '  Mrs.  Thrale  and  1  were  dressing, 
and  as  usual  confabbing." — Miss  Biirney. 

CONFABULATE,  kon-fab'u-lat,  v.i.  to  talk 
familiarly  together :  to  chat. — n.  CON- 
FABULA  TION.  [L.  con,  together,  and/ab- 
ulor,  fabulatus,  to  talk— fabula,  the  thin^ 
spoken  about— /ari,  akin  to  Gr.  phad,  and 
pliemi.  to  speak.] 

CONFECT,  kon'fekt,  CONFECTION,  kon 
fek'shnn,  n.  fruit,  etc.,  prepared  with 
sugar :  a  sweetmeat :  a  comfit :  also  the 
art  of  confecting  or  compounding  differ- 
ent substances  into  one  preparation  ;  as 
the  confection  of  sweetmeats.  [L.  confi 
cio,  confcctus,  to  make  up  together — con, 
together,  facio,  to  make.] 

CONFECTIONARY,  kon-fek'shon-a-ri,  n.  a 
room  in  which  confections  are  kept, 
"  The  keys  of  the  stores,  of  the  confec- 
tionary, of  the  wine  vaults." — Richard 
son. 

CONFECTIONER,  kon-fek'shun-er,  (B.) 
Confec'tionaet,  k.  one  who  makes  or 
sells  confections. 

CONFECTIONERY,  kon-fek'shun-er-i,  n 
sweetmeats  in  general :  a  place  for  Eoak- 
Ing  or  selling  sweetmeats. 

CONFEDERACY,  kon-fed'er-arsi,  n.  a 
league  or  mutual  engagement :  persons 
or  states  united  by  a  league. 

CONFEDERATE,  kon-fed'er-at,  adj., 
leagued  together:  allied. — n.  one  united 
in  a  league :  an  ally :  an  accompUce. — 
v.i.  and  r.^  to  league  together  or  join  in 
a  league.  [L.  eonfcederattis,  pa.p.  of  con- 
fcedero — con,  together,  fcedus,  fcederis,  a 
league.]^ 

CONFEDERATION,  kon-fed-er-a'shun,  n 
a  league  :  alliance,  especially  of  princes 
states,  etc. 

CONFER,  kon-fer',  v.t.  to  give  or  bestow, 
— v.i.  to  talk  or  consult  together  -.—pr.p. 
conferr'ing  ;  pa.p.  conferred'.  [Fr. — L. 
confer o — con,  together,  and  jero,  to 
bring.] 

CONFERENCE,  kon'fer-ens,  n.  an  ap- 
pointed meeting  tor  instruction  or  dis- 
cussion. 

CONFESS,  kon-fes',  v.t.  to  acJcnowledge 
fully,  especially  something  wrong :  to 
own  or  admit :  to  make  known,  as  sins 
to  a  priest :  to  hear  a  confession,  as  a 
priest. — v.i.  to  make  confession. — adv. 
Confess'edlt.  [Fr.  confesser — L.  con- 
Jiteor,  confessus — con,  sig.  completeness 
and  fateor—fari,  to  speak,  akin  to  Gr. 
phemi,  to  speak.] 

CONFESSION,  kon-fesh'un,  n.  acknowl- 
edgment of  a  crime  or  fault :  avowal ;  a 
statement  of  one's  religious  belief:  ac- 
knowledgment of  sin  to  a  priest. 

CONTF^ESSfONAL,  kon-fesh'un-al,  n.  the 
seat  or  inclosed  recess  where  a  priest 
hears  confessions. 

CONFESSOR,  kon-fes'or,  n.  one  who  pro- 
fesses the  Christian  faith  :  in  the  R.  C. 
Church,  a  priest  who  hears  confessions 
and  grants  absolution. 

CONFIDANT,  kon'fi-dant  or  kon-fl-dant', 
n.  one  confided  in  or  intrusted  with  se- 
crets :  a  bosom-friend.  — fern.  Con'fi- 
DANTE.    [O.  Fr.,  Fr.  eonjident.] 

CONFIDE,  kon-fid',  v.i.  to  trust  wholly  or 
have  faith  in:  to  rely. — v.t.  to  intrast, 
or  commit  to  the  charge  of.  [L.  confido 
— co)i,  sig.  completeness,  and  Jido,  to 
tnistj 

CONFIDENCE,  kon'fl-dens,  n.  firm  trust  or 
belief  :  self-reliance :  firmness  :  boldness. 

CONFIDENT,  kon'fi-dent,  adj.  trusting 
firmly :  having  fuU  belief :  positive  : 
bold.^dt'.  Con'fidently. 

CONFIDENTIAL,  kon-fi-den'shal,  adj. 
(given)  in  confidence :  admitted  to  con- 
fidence -jrivate. — adv.  Contiden'tiaixy. 

CONFIGURATION,  kon-flg-u-ra'shun,  n. 
external  figure  or  shape ;  relative  posi- 


^•c  ir  aspect,  as  of  planets.  [L.  oon 
figurutio — con,  together,  and  figuro,  to 
form.    See  Figure.] 

CONFINABLE.  kon-fln'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  confined. 

CONFINE,  kon-fin',  v.t.  to  Umit,  inclose, 
imprison.  [Fr.  confiner,  to  border  on,  to 
confine  ;  also,  in  Milton,  to  have  the  same 
boundary  width  :  to  border  on — ^L  con. ; 
finis,  having  a  common  boundary,  bor-' 
dering  upon — con,  with,  Unis,  the  end  or 
boundary.] 

CONFINE,  kon'fin,  n.  border,  boundary,  or 
limit — generally  used  in  plural. 

CONFINEMENT,  kon-fin'ment.  n.  state  of 
being  shut  up :  restraint  from  going 
abroad  by  sickness,  and  esp.  of  women 
in  childbirth  :  seclusion. 

CONFIRM,  kon-ferm',  v.t.  to  strengthen  • 
to  fix  or  establish  :  to  assure  :  to  admit 
to  full  communion  in  the  Episcopal 
Church. — adj.  Confiem'able.  [Fr. — L. 
confirmo — con,  intensive,  and  root  of 
Firm.] 

CONFIRMATION,  kon-fer-mft'shun,  n.  a 
making  firm  or  sure  :  convincing  proof , 
the  right  by  which  persons  are  admitted 
to  full  communion  in  the  Episcopa! 
Church. 

CONFIRMATIVE,  kon-f erm'a-tiv,  a4j 
tending  to  confirm. 

CONFIRMATORY,  kon  ferm'a-tor4.  adj 
giving  additional  strength  to. 

CONFISCATE,  kon-fis'kat  or  kon'-,  v.t.  to 
appropriate  to  the  state,  as  a  penalty 
[L.  confisco — con,  and  fiscus,  a  basket,  the 
public  treasury.] 

CONFISCATE,  kon-fis'kat  or  kon'fis-kat 
adj.  forfeited  to  the  public  treasury. — adj. 

COKFIS'CABLE.-- m.  CONTISCA'TION.' 

CONFISCATOR,  kon'fls-k&-tor,  n.  one  whc 

confiscates. 

CONFISCATORY,  kon-fis'ka-tor-i,  a^j.  con 
.signing  to  confiscation. 

CONFLAGRANT,  kon-flS'grant,  adj.,  burn- 
ing together.  [L.  con,  together,  and 
Flagrant.] 

CONFLAGRATE,  kon-fla'grat,  v.t.  to  burr 
up :  to  consume  with  fire.  "  Conflagrat- 
ing the  poor  man  himself  into  ashes  and 
caput  morttium." — Carlyle. 

CONFLAGRATION,  kon-fla-gra'shun,  n.  a 
great  burning  or  fire.  [L.  conflagratio — 
con,  intensive,  and  flagro,  to  burn.  See 
Flagrant.] 

CONFLICT,  kon-flikt',  v.i.  to  be  in  op- 
position :  to  fight :  to  contest.  [L.  con- 
jligo,  conflictv^,  from  con,  together,  and 
fligo,  to  dash.] 

CONFLICT,  kon'flikt,  n.  violent  collision  : 
a  struggle  or  contest :  agony. 

CONFLUENCE,  kon'floo-ens,  n.  a  flowing 
together :  the  place  of '  meeting,  aa  of 
rivers  :  a  concourse. 

CONFLUENT,  kon'floo-ent,  adj.,  flou-ing 
together:  uniting.  [L.  confluens,  pr.p, 
of  confluo,  confluxus,  from  con,  together, 
and  fluo,  to  flow.] 

CONFLUX,  kon'fluks,  n.  a  flowing  to 
gether. 

CONFORM,  kon-form',  v.t.  to  make  like  or 
of  the  same  form  tcith:  to  adapt.-— r.i 
to  be  of  the  same  form :  to  comply  with 
to  obey.    [L.  conformo—eon,  with,  and 
formo — forma,  form.] 

CONFORM,  kon-form',  adj.  made  like  ic 
form :  assuming  the  same  shape  ;  sim*- 
lar.  Milton.  [Late  L.  conformii — ^L.  cmi. 
and  forma,  form.] 

CONFORMABLE,  kon-form'a-bl,  adj.  cor 
responding  inform:  suitable :  compliant, 
— adv.  Conform' ABLY. 

CONFORMATION,  kon-f or-mS'shun,  n.  th« 
manner  in  which  a  body  is  formed  ■ 
shape  or  structure. 

CONFORMER,  kon-form'er,  CONFORM- 
IST, kon-form'ist,  n.  one  who  conforms 


CONFORMITY 


r5 


CONNOTE 


especially  with  the  %vorship  c'  ^he  Es- 
■*         tablished  Church  in  England. 

CONFORMITY,  kon-form'i-ti,  n.  likeness  : 
compliance  with  :  consistency. 

CONFOUND,  kon-fownd',  v.t.  to  mingle  so 
as  to  make  the  parts  indistingaiishable  : 
to  throw  into  disorder  :  to  perplex :  to 
astonish.  [Fr.  confondre — L.  confundo, 
confusus — con,  together,  and  funclo,  to 
pour.]  

KiONFEATERNTTY,  koQ-frarter'ni-ti,  n. 
same  as  FRATERNITY.  [L.  con,  inten- 
sive, and  Fraternttt.] 

CONFRONT,  kon-frunt',t;.f.  to  stand /ro>if 
to  front:  to  face:  to  oppose:  to  compare. 
[Fr.  confrontcr  —  Low  L.  confrontare, 
from  L.  con,  together,  and  frons,  the 
front.     See  Front.] 

CONFUCIAN,  kon-fu'shyan,  aclj.  of  or  be- 
longing to  Confucius,  the  Chinese  phi- 
losopher. 

CONFUSE,  kon-fuz',  v.t.  to  pour  or  mis 
together  so  that  things  cannot  be  dis- 
tinguished :  to  throw  into  disorder :  to 
perplex.     [A  doublet  of  ConfotjND.] 

"ONFUSEDLY,  kon-fuz'ed-li,  adv.  in  a 
confused  manner. 

^rONFUSION,  kon-fu'zhun,  n.  disorder  r 
shame  :  overthrow. 

CONFUTE,  kon-fut',  v.t.  to  prove  to  be 
false ;  to  repress  :  to  disprove.  —  adj. 
CoNTUT'aBLE.  —  71.  Confdta'tion.  [L. 
confuto,  to  cool  boiling  water  by  pour- 
ing in  cold — con,  intensive,  and  futis,  a 
water-vessel,  from  fiindo,  to  pour.  See 
Futile.] 

CONGjfc,  kon'je  (formerly  written  Congie), 
n.  leave  of  absence  :  farewell :  parting 
ceremony. — v.i.  to  take  leave  :  to  bow  or 
courtesy.  [Fr.  (Prov.  comjat),  from  L. 
commeatus,  a  going  back  and  forth,  leave 
of  absence — com,  intensive,  and  meo,  to 

OONGEAL,  kou-jel',  v.t.  to  cmisc  to  freeze: 
to  change  from  fluid  to  solid  by  cold :  to 
fix,  as  by  cold. — v.i.  to  pass  from  fluid  to 
solid  as  by  cold. — adj.  Congeal'able. 
[L.  congelo,  from  con,  and  gclu,  frost.] 

CONGEALMENT,  kon-jel'ment,  CON- 
GELATION, kon-jel-a'shun,  n.  act  or 
process  of  congealing. 

CONGENER,  kon'je-ner  or  kon-ie'ner,  n. 
a  person  or  thing  of  the  same  kind  or 
nature.  [L. — con,  with,  and  genus,  gen- 
eris, Gr.  genos,  kind.] 

CONGENIAL,  kon-je'ni-al,  adj.  of  the 
same  genius,  spirit,  or  tastes :  kindred, 
sympathetic :  suitable. — adv.  Conge'ni- 
a't.t.v.— )),-  Congenial'itt.  [L. — co», with, 
genialis.  genial.    See  Gent  at,.] 

CONGENITAL,  kon-jen'i-tal,  adj.,  begotten 
or  born  with,  said  of  diseases  or  deformi- 
ties dating  from  birth.  [L.  congenitus, 
from  con,  together,  gigno,  genitus,  to 
beget.] 

i^ONGER,  kong'ger,   n.    a   large    sea-eel. 


PL.;  Gr.  gonggros.] 
CON( ■ 


CONGERIES,  kon-je'ri-ez,  n.  a  collection 
of  particles  or  small  bodies  in  one  mass. 
[L. — con,  together,  gero,  gestus,  to  bring.] 

CONGESTED,  kon-jest'ed,  adj.  affected 
^^•ith  an  unnatural  accumulation  of 
blood. 

CONGESTION,  kon-jest'yun,  n.  an  accu- 
mulation of  blood  In  any  part  of  the  body : 
fullness.     [L.  eongestio.J 

rONGESTIvE,  kon-jest'iv,  adj.  indicating 
or  tending  to  congestion. 

CONGLOBATE,  kon-gl5b'at,  adj.  formed 
together  into  a  globe  or  ball. — v.t.  to  form 
into  a  globe  or  ball. — n.  Congloba'tion. 
[L.  con,  together,  and  globo,  globatus — 
globus,  a  ball,  globe.    See  Globe.] 

CONGLOBULATE,  kon-glob'u-lfit,  v.i.  to 
gather  i7itr>  a  globule  or  small  globe.  [L. 
TJn.  and  globulus,  dim  of  globus.] 

©ONGLOMERATE,     kon-glom'er-at,     adj. 


gathered  into  a  cleiv  or  mass.— v.f.  to 
gather  into  a  ball.— ?i.  a  rock  composed 
of  pebbles  cemented  together.  [L.  coji- 
glomeratus,  pa.  p.  of  conglome^o  —  con, 
together,  and  glomus,  glomeris,  a  clew, 
akin  to  globus.] 

CONGLOMERATION,  kon-glom-er-a-shun, 
n.  state  of  being  conglomerated. 

CONGLUTINANT,  kon-gloo'tin-ant,  adj. 
serving  to  glue  or  unite  :  heaUng. 

CONGLUTINATE,  kon-gloo'tin-at,  v.t.  to 
glue  together :  to  heal  by  uniting. — v.i.  to 
unite  or  grow  together.  [L.  conglutino, 
conglutinatus — con,  together,  and  gluten, 
glue.     See  Glue.] 

CONGLUTINATION,  kon-gloo-tin-a'shun, 
71.  a  joining  by  means  of  some  sticky  sub- 
stance :  healing. 

CONGLUTINATIVE,  kon-gloS'tin-S-tiv, 
adj.  having  power  to  conglutinate. 

CONGOU,  kong'goo,  7i.  a  kind  of  black  tea. 
[Chinese.] 

CONGRATULATE,  kon-grat'u-lat,  v.t.  to 
7cish  much  joy  to  on  any  fortunate  event. 
[L.  congratidor,  eongratulatus — con,  in- 
tensive, and  gratulor — gratus,  pleasing.] 

CONOR ATUL A.TION,  kon-grat-u-la'shun, 
71.  expression  of  sympathy  or  joy  on  ac- 
count of  good  fortune. — adj.  Congrat'u- 
LATORY. 

CONGREDIENT,  kon-gre'di-ent,  ?i.  a  com- 
ponent part :  an  element  which,  along 
with  others,  forms  a  compound.    Sterne. 

CONGREGATE,  kong'gre-gat,  v.t.  to  gather 
together:  to  assemble. — v.i.  to  flock  to- 
gether. [L.  congrego — C07i,  together,  and 
grex,  gregis,  a  flock.] 

CONGREGATION,  kong-gre-ga'shun,  7i.  an 
assembly. 

CONGREGATIONAL.kong-gi-e-ga'shun-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  a  congregation. 

CONGREGATIONALISM,  kong  -  gre  -  ga'. 
shun-al-izm,  7i.  a  form  of  church  govern- 
ment in  which  each  congregation  is  inde- 
pendent in  the  management  of  its  own 
affairs :  also  called  Independency. 

CONGREGATIONALIST,  kong  -  gre  -  ga'- 
shun-al-ist,  «.  an  adherent  of  Congrega- 
tionalism. 

CONGRESS,  kong'gres,  n.  a  meeting  to- 
gether or  assembly,  as  of  ambassadors, 
etc.,  for  political  purposes  :  the  federal 
legislature  of  the  United  States. — adj. 
Congress'IONAL.  [L.  con,  together,  and 
gradior,  gressus,  to  step,  to  go.] 

CONGRUENCE,  kong'groo-ens,  CONGRU- 
ENCY,  kong-groo'en-si,  »;.,  agreement: 
suitableness. 

CONGRUENT,  kong'groo-ent,  adj.,  agree- 
ing: suitable.  [L.  congruo,  to  run  or 
meet  together,  to  agree.] 

CONGRUITY,  kong-groo'i-ti,  n.  agreemen*. 
between  things  :  consistency. 

CONGRUOUS,  kong'groo-us,  adj.  suitable : 
fit :  consistent. — adv.  Cons'ruously. — n, 
Cong'ruousness. 

CONIC,  kon'ik,  CONICAL,  kon'ik-al,  adj. 
having  the  form  of  or  pertaining  to  a 
cone. — adv.  Con'ically-. 

CONICS,  kon'iks,  «.  the  part  of  geometry 
which  treats  of  the  cone  and  its  sections. 

CONIFEROUS,  kon-tfer-us,  ad,/.,  cone- 
bearing,  as  the  fir,  etc.  [Cone,  and  L. 
fero,  to  can-j'.] 

CONIFORM,  ton'i-form,  adj.  in  the  form 
of  a  cone. 

CONJECTURE,  kon-jekt'ur,  n.  an  opinion 
formed  on  slight  or  defective  evidence : 
an  opinion  without  proof :  a  guess :  an 
idea. — adj.  Conject'ural.  —  adr.  CoN- 
.IECt'urally.  [L.  conjicio,  coniectum,  to 
throw  together — C07i,  together,  Jacio,  to 
throw.] 

CONJECTURE,  kon-jekt'ur,  v.t.  to  make 
conjectures  regarding:  to  infer  on  slight 
evidence :  to  guess. 

CONJOIN,  kon-join',  v.t  to  join  together. 


|T..   conJoindre—L.  con,  together,  an^ 
jungo,  junctus,  to  join.    See  Join.] 

CONJOINT,  kon-joint',  adj.  joined  to- 
gether :  united. — adv.  Conjoint'ly. 

CONJUGAL,  kon'joo-gal,  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  7narriage-tie  or  to  marriage. — adv 
Con'jugally.  —  n.  Conjugal'ity.  [L, 
conjugalis — conjux,  one  imited  to  an- 
other,  a  husband  or  wife — con,  and  jugu7n 
a  yoke.] 

CONJUGATE,  kon'joo-gat,  v.t.  {gram.)  tc 
give  the  various  inflections  or  parts  of  a 
verb. — n.  a  word  agreeing  in  derivation 
with  another  word.  [L.  conjugo — con. 
together,  and  jugum,  that  which  joins,  a 
yokej 

CONJUGATION,  kon-joo-ga'shun,  n.  a 
Joiiiing  together :  the  inflection  of  the 
verb :  a  class  of  verbs  inflected  in  the 
same  manner. 

CONJUNCTION,  kon-junk'shun,  n.,  coi- 
nection,  union :  (gram.)  a  word  that  con' 
nects  sentences,  clauses,  and  words.  [L 
conmnctio—con,  and  Jtingo.] 

CONJUNCTIVE,  kon-junk'tiv,  adj.  closely 
united  :  serving  to  unite  :  {gram.)  intro- 
duced by  a  conjunction.— odi".  Conjuxc'- 

ITVELY. 

CONJUCTURE,  kon-junk'tur,  n.  combinar 
tion  of  circumstances  :  important  occa- 
sion, crisis. 

CONJURATION,  kon-joo-ra'shun.  n.  act 
of  summoning  by  a  sacred  name  or  sol- 
emnly :  enchantment. 

CONJURE,  kon-joor',  v.t.  to  call  on  or 
summon  by  a  sacred  name  or  in  a  solemn 
manner  :  to  implore  earnestly. — ?;.  Con- 
JUR'er.  [Orig.  v.i.  to  U7iite  under  oath, 
Fr. — L.  con,  together,  and  juro,  to 
swear.] 

CONJURE,  kun'jer,  v.t.  to  compel  (a  spirit) 
by  incantations  :  to  enchant :  to  raise 
up  or  frame  needlessly. — v.i.  to  practice 
magical  arts  : — pr.p.  conjuring  (kun'jer- 
ing) ;  pa.p.  conjured  (kun'jerd).  [Same 
word  as  the  preceding.] 

CONJURER,  kun'jer-er,  n.  one  who  prac- 
tices magic :  an  enchanter. 

CONJUROR,  kon-j66r'or,  n.  one  bound  by 
oath  u-ith  others. 

CONJURY,  kon'ju-ri,  n.  the  acts  or  art  of 
a  conjurer  :  magic  :  legerdemain.  Mot- 
ley. 

CONNATE,  kon'at  or  kon-at',  adj.,  bom 
ivith  one's  self.  [L.  con,  with,  and  nas- 
cor,  natus.  to  be  born.] 

CONNATURAL,  kon-at'u-ral,  adj.  of  the 
same  nature  mfh  another. 

CONNECT,  kon-ekt',  v.t.  to  tie  or  fasten 
together:  to  establish  a  relation  between. 
[L.  con,  together,  and  necto,  to  tie.] 

CONNECTEDLY,  kon-ekt'ed-li,  adv.  in  a 
connected  manner. 

CONNECTION,  kon-ek'shun,  n.  act  of  con- 
necting :  that  which  connects  :  a  body  or 
society  held  together  by  a  bond  :  coher- 
ence :  intercourse. 

CONNECTIVE,  kon-ek-t'iv,  adj.  binding 
together. — n.a  word  that  connects  sen- 
tences or  words. — adv.  Connect'Itelt. 

CONNEXION,  kon-ek'shun,  n.  same  as 
Connection. 

CONNH'ANCE,  kon-Iv'ans,  n.  voluntary 
oversight  of  a  fault. 

CONNIVE,  kon-i\'',  v.i.  to  u-inle  at  a  fault 
to  fail  by  intention  to  see  a  fault.  [Fi-.— 
L.  conntvco,  to  wink.] 

CONNOISSEUR,  kon-is-sar*,  n.  one  who 
knotcs  ivell  about  a  subject :  a  critical 
judge.  [Fr.,  from  connoitre  —  L.  cog- 
nosco,  to  know — co,  intensive,  and  7iosco. 
old  form  gnosco,  to  acquire  knowledge." 

CONNOISSEURSHIP,  kon-is-ar'ship,  n.  the 
skill  of  a  connoisseur. 

CONNOTE,  kon-6t',  v.t.  to  note  or  implj 
along  irith  an  object  something  inher- 
ent  therein  :    to  include. — k.   Oonnota' 


CONIN'UBIAL 


76 


CONSTANT 


TiON.— ad/.  CoiTNOT'A'nvB.  [L.  con,  with, 
and  Note.] 

CONNUBIAL,  kon-u'bi-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  marriage  or  to  the  married  state :  nup- 
tial. [L.  con,  and  nuho,  to  marry.  See 
Nuptial.] 

CONOID,  kon'oid,  n.  anything  like  a  cone 
inform. — adjs.Coa'om;  Conoid' al.  [Gr. 
konos,  eidos,  form.] 

CONQUER,  kong'ker,  v.t.  to  gain  by  force  : 
to  overcome  or  vanquish. — v.i.  to  be 
■\'ictor.  [Ft.  conqiierir — L.  conquiro,  to 
seek  after  earnestly — con,  intensive,  and 
qucero.  to  seek.] 

CONQUERABLE,  kong'ker-a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  conquered. 

CONQUEROR,  kong'ker-or,  n.  one  who 
conquers. 

CONQUEST,  kong'kwest,  n.  the  act  of 
conquering ;  that  which  is  conquered  or 
acquired  by  physical  or  moral  force.  [O. 
Fr.  conqueste,  Fr.  conquete — L.  conquiro, 
conqiiisitwn.} 

CONSANGUINEOUS,  kon-sang-gwin'e-us, 
idj.  related  by  blood :  of  the  same  family 
or  descent.  [L.  consanguineus — con,  with, 
and  sanguis,  blood.] 

CONSANGUINITY,  kon-sang-gwin'i-ti,  n. 
relationship  by  blood :  opposed  to  affinity 
or  relationship  by  marriage. 

CONSCIENCE,  kon'shens,  n.  the  know!' 
tdge  of  our  own  acts  and  feelings  as  right 
or  wrong :  sense  of  dutj* :  the  faculty  or 
principle  by  which  we  distinguish  right 
from  w-rong.  [L.  conscientia,  from  con- 
scio,  to  know  with  one's  self — coh,  with, 
and  scio,  to  know.] 

CONSCIENTIOUS,  kon-shi-en'shus,  adj. 
regulated  by  a  regard  to  conscience : 
faithful :  just. — adv.  Conscien'tiously. 
— n.  Conscien'tiousness. 

CONSCIONABLE,  kon'shun-a-bl,  adj.  gov- 
erned or  regulated  by  conscience. — adv. 
Con'scionably. 

CONSCIOUS,  kon'shus,  adj.  having  the 
feeling  or  knowledge  :  aware. — adv.  Con'- 

jCIOCSLY. 

CONSCIOUSNESS,  kon'shus-nes,  n.  the 
knowledge  which  the  mind  has  of  its 
own  acts  and  feelings. 

CONSCRIPT,  kon'skript,  adj.,tcritten  doicn, 
enrolled,  registered. — ?;.  one  whose  name 
has  been  enrolled  and  who  is  liable  to 
serve  as  a  soldier  or  sailor.  [L.  con- 
scribo,  conscriptum,  to  write  together  in 
a  list,  to  enlist.] 

CONSCRIPTION,  kon-skrip'shun,  n.  an 
enrolment  of  individuals  held  hable  for 
naval  or  military  service. — adj.  CoN- 
scrip'tional. 

CONSECRATE,  kon'se-krat,  v.t.  to  set 
apart  for  a  holy  use :  to  render  holy  or 
venerable. — n.  Con'seceater  or  Con'- 
SKCRATOR.  [L.  conseero,  to  make  wholly 
sacred — con,  and  sacro,  to  set  apart  as 
sacred — sacer,  sacred.] 

CONSECRATION,  kon-"se-kra'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  devoting  to  a  sacred  use. 

CONSECUTION,  kon-se-ku'shun,  n.  a  train 
of  consequences  or  deductions :  a  series 
of  things  that  follow  one  another. 

CONSECUTIVE,  kon-sek'u-tiv,  adj.,  fol- 
hyiving  in  regular  order  :  succeeding. — 
adv.  Consec'utively. — n.  Conseo'utive- 
>"ESS.  [Fr.  consecutif—L.  con,  and  sequor, 
secutus,  to  follow.] 

CONSENSUS,  kon-sen'sus,  n.  unanimity : 
agreement. 

CONSENT,  kon-sent',  v.i.  to  feel  or  think 
along  with  another :  to  be  of  the  same 
mind  :  to  agree  :  to  give  assent  :  to  yield. 
— M.  agreement  :  accordance  with  the 
actions  or  opinions  of  another  :  concur- 
rence, pi;,  consentio,  to  agree — con,  with, 
and  sentio,  to  feel,  to  think.] 

CONSENTANEOUS,  kon-sen-ta'ne-us,  adj., 
a^eeable    or    accordant    to :   consistent 


with.  —  adv.  Consenta'neously.  —  ns. 
Consenta'neousness,  Consentane'ity. 

CONSENTIENT,  kon-sen'shi-ent,  adj., 
agreeing  in  mind  or  in  opinion. 

CONSEQUENCE,  kon'se-kwens,  n.  that 
which /oZ/oji's  or  comes  after  :  effect :  in- 
fluence :  importance.  [L.  consemietitia 
— con,  with,  and  sequor,  to  follow/] 

CONSEQUENT,  koa'se-kwent,  adj.,  follow- 
ing as  a  natural  effect  or  deduction. — ri. 
that  which  follows  :  the  natural  effect  of 
a  cause. — Consequent  Points,  in  mag- 
netism, intermediate  poles,  caused  when 
either  from  some  peculiarity  in  the 
structure  of  a  bar,  or  from  some  irregu- 
larity in  the  magnetizing  process,  a  re- 
versal of  the  direction  of  magnetization 
occurs  in  some  part  or  parts  of  the 
length,  whereby  the  magnet  will  have 
not  only  a  pole  at  each  end,  but  also  a 
pole  at  each  point  where  the  reversal 
occurs. — adv.  Con'sequently. 

CONSEQUENTIAL,  kon-se-kwen'shal,  7i. 
an  inference:  a  deduction:  a  conclusion. 
"  Observations  out  of  the  Lord  Claren- 
don's History,  and  some  consequentials." 
— Roger  North. 

CONSEQUENT!  AT.,  kon-se-kwen'shal,  adj. 
folloioing  as  a  result :  pretending  to  im- 
portance :  pompous. — adv.  Consequen'- 
ttat.t.y. 

CONSERVANT,  kon-serv'ant,  adj.  having 
the  power  of  conserving. 

CONSERVATION,  kon-ser-va'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  conserving :  the  keeping  entire. 

CONSERVATISM,  kon-serv'a-tizm,  n.  the 
opinions  and  principles  of  a  Conserva- 
tive :  aversion  to  change. 

CONSERVATH^,  kon-serv'a-tiv,  adj., 
tending,  or  liaving  power  to  conserve. 
— n.  (jMlitics)  one  who  desires  to  pre- 
serve the  institutions  of  his  country  until 
they  can  be  changed  with  certainty  for 
the  better  :  one  averse  to  change. 

CONSERVATOR,  koa'ser-va-tor  or  kon- 
ser-va'tor,  n.  one  who  presei'ves  from 
injury  or  violation. 

CONSERVATORY,  kon-serv'a-tor-i,  n.  a 
place  in  which  things  are  put  for  pres- 
ervation :  a  greenhouse  or  place  in  which 
exotic  plants  are  kept. 

CONSERVE,  kon-serv',  v.t.  to  keep  entire: 
to  retain :  to  preserve  :  to  preserve  in 
sugar  :  to  pickle. — n.  Conserv'er.  [L. 
co?i,  together,  and  servo,  to  keep.] 

CONSERVE,  kon'serv,  n.  something  pre- 
served, as  fruits  in  sugar. — adj.  Conserv'- 

ABLE. 

CONSIDER,  kon-sid'er,  v.t.  to  look  at 
closely  or  carefully  :  to  think  or  delib- 
erate on :  to  take  into  account :  to  at- 
tend to:  to  reward. — v.i.  to  think  seri- 
ously or  carefully  :  to  deUberate.  [Fr. — 
L.  co7isidero,f>voh.  a  word  borrowed  from 
augury,  meaning  to  mark  out  the  bound- 
aries of  a  templum  (see  Contemplate)  by 
the  stars — sidus,  sideris,  a  star.] 

CONSIDERABLE,  kon-sid'er-a-bl,  adj. 
worthy  of  being  considered :  important : 
more  than  a  Uttle. — adv.  Consed'erably. 

— n.   CONSm'ERABLENESS. 

CONSIDERATE,  kon-sid'er-at,  adj. 
thoughtful :     serious  :     prudent.  —  adv. 

CONSm'ERATELY. — Jl.    CONSID'ERATENESS. 

CONSIDERATION,  kon-sid-er-a'shun,  n. 
dehberation :  importance :  motive  or 
reason  :  compensation :  the  reason  or 
basis  of  a  compact. 

CONSIGN,  kon-sin',  v.t.  to  give  to  another 
formally  or  under  sign  or  seal:  to  ti-ans- 
fer :  to  intrust.— M.  Consign'er.  [Fr. 
consigner — L.  consigno — con,  with,  and 
signum,  a  sign  or  seal.    See  Sign.] 

CONSIGNEE,  kon-si-ne',  n.  one  to  whom 
anything  is  consigned  or  intrusted.  [Fr. 
consigne,  pa. p.  of  consigner,  to  consign.] 

CONSIGNMENT,   kon-sTn'ment,  n.  act  of 


consigning :   the    thing    consigned ;   the 
writing  bj'  which  anything  is  made  over, 

CONSIST,  kon-sist',  v.i.  to  be  composed; 
to  co-exist,  i.e.  to  agree.  [Fr. — L.  con- 
sisto — coii,  sig.  completeness,  and  sisto — 
sto,  to  stand.] 

CONSISTENCE,  kon-sist'ens,  CONSIST- 
ENCY, kon-sist'en-si,  n.  a  degree  of  dens.- 
ity  :  substance  :  agreement. 

CONSISTENT,  kon-sist'ent,  adj.  fixed  :  not 
fluid  :  agreeing  together  :  uniform. — adv. 
Consist' ENTLY. 

CONSISTORY,  kon-sist'or-i,  n.  an  assembly 
or  councU  :  a  spiritual  or  ecclesiastical 
court. — adj.  Consisto'rial.  [See  Con- 
sist.] 

CONS0CL4TION,  kon-s6-shi-a'shun,  n., 
companionship  ii'ith :  association  :  alli- 
ance. [L.  consociatio — con,  with,  sodas, 
a  companion.] 

CONSOLABLE,  kon-sol'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  comforted. 

CONSOLATION,  kon-solra'shun,  n.,  solace: 
alleviation  of  misery.  —  adj.  Consola- 
tory, kon-sol'a-tor-i. 

CONSOLE,  kon-sol',  v.t.  to  give  solace  or 
comfort :  to  cheer  in  distress. — n.  Con- 
sol'er.  [L.  con,  intensive,  and  solor,  to 
comfort.     See  Solace.] 

CONSOLIDATE,  kon-sol'i-diit,  v.t.  to  make 
solid :  to  form  into  a  compact  mass  :  to 
unite  into  one. — v.i.  to  grow  solid  or  firm : 
to  unite.  [L.  consolido,  consolidatus — 
con,  intensive,  and  solidus,  soUd.] 

CONSOLIDATION,  kon-sol-i-da'shun,  n. 
act  of  making  or  of  becoming  solid. 

CONSOLS,  kon'solz,  n.pl.  (short  for  Con- 
solidated Annuities)  that  part  of  the 
British  national  debt  which  consists  of 
the  3  per  cent  annuities  consolidated 
into  one  fund. 

CONSONANCE,  kon'son-ans,  n.  a  state  of 
agreement :  agreement  or  unison  of 
sounds. 

CONSONANT,  kon'son-ant,  adj.  consist 
ent :  suitable. — n.  an  articulation  which 
can  be  sounded  onlj-  with  a  vowel :  a  let- 
ter representing  such  a  sound. — adj. 
Consonant' AL.  —  adv.  Con'sonantly. 
[L.  consonans,  pr.p.  of  consono,  to  sound 
viiih,  to  harmonize — con,  with,  and  sono, 
to  sound.] 

CONSORT,  kon'sort,  n.  one  that  shares  the 
same  lot  icith  another :  a  partner  :  a 
companion  :  a  wife  or  husband  :  an  ac- 
companying ship.  [L.  consors,  from 
con,  with,  and  sors,  sortis,  a  lot.] 

CONSORT,  kon-sort',  v.i.  to  associate  or 
keep  company. 

CONSPICUOUS,  kon-spik'u-us,  adj.,  clear 
ly  seen :  visible  to  the  eye  or  mind ; 
prominent.  —  adv.  Conspic'uously.  — n. 
Conspic'uousness.  [L.  conspicuits — con- 
spicio — con,  intensive,  and  speeio,  to 
look.] 

CONSPIRACY,  kon-spir'a-si,  n.  a  banding 
together  for  an  evil  purpose :  a  plot : 
concurrence. 

CONSPIRATOR,  kon-spir'a-tor,  n.  a  plotter 
(along  with  others). 

CONSPIRE,  kon-spir',  v.i.  to  plot  or  scheme 
together :  to  agjee  :  to  concur  to  one  end. 
[L.  conspiro — con,  together,  and  spiro,  to 
breathe.] 

CONSTABLE,  kun'sta-bl,  n.  formerly  a 
state-officer  of  the  highest  rank  :  a  peace- 
officer  :  apohceman.— ?i.  Con'stableship. 
[O.  Fr.  eonestable,  Fr.  eonnetable,  L.  come* 
stabuli,  count  of  the  stabidum,  stable.] 

CONSTABULARY,  kon-stab'u-lar-i,  adj. 
pertaining  to  constables  or  peace-officers, 
— )).  the  hod  J'  of  constables. 

CONSTANCY,  kon'stan-si,  n.  fixedness,  un- 
changeableness. 

CONSTANT,  kon'stant,  adj.  fixed,  un- 
changeable :  continual :  faithful. — n.  that 
which  remains  unchanged.    [L.  constans, 


CONSTANTLY 


CONTENTION 


from  consto,  to  stand  firm — con,  inten- 
sive, sto,  to  stand.] 

CONSTANTLY,  kon'stant-li,  adv.  firmly  : 
continually. 

CONSTATE,  kon'stat,  v.t.  to  verify:  to 
prove  :  to  establish.  (Recent  and  rare.) 
[Fr.  constater,  to  verify ;  L.  constare, 
coHstatum,  to  be  established  or  evident 
— C071.  together,  and  stare,  to  stand.] 

CONSTELLATION,  kon-stel-a-shun,  n.  a 
group  of  stars  :  an  assemblage  of  beauties 
or  excellencies  :  {astrol.)  a  particular  dis- 
position of  the  planets.  [L.  constellatio 
— con,  together,  Stella,  a  star.] 

CONSTERNATION,  kon-ster-na'shun,  n. 
terror  which  throws  into  confusion  :  as- 
tonishment :  horror.  [L.  consternatio — 
eonsterno,  consternatus,  from  con,  sig. 
completeness,  and  stemo,  to  strew,  to 
throw  down.] 

CONSTIPATE,  kon'stip-at,  v.t.  to  press 
closely  together :  to  stop  up :  to  make 
costive.  [L.  con,  together,  and  stipo, 
stipatus,  to  pack.] 

CONSTIPATION,  kon-stip-a'shun,  n.  cos- 
tiveness. 

CONSTITUENCY,  kon-stit'u-en-si,  n.  the 
whole  body  of  voters  for  a  member  of 
Congress. 

CONSTITUENT,  kon-stit'u-ent,  adj.,  con- 
stituting or  forming  :  essential :  elemen- 
tal.— n.  an  essential  or  elemental  part : 
one  of  those  who  elect  a  representative, 
esp.  in  Congress. 

CONSTITUTE,  kon'stit-ut,  v.t.  to  set  up  : 
to  establish  :  to  form  or  compose  :  to  ap- 
point. [L.  constituo,  eonstitutus,  from 
con,  together,  and  statuo,  to  make  to 
stand,  to  place — sto,  to  stand.] 

CONSTITUTION,  kon-stit-u'shun,  n.  the 
natural  condition  of  bod ;  or  mind  :  a 
system  of  laws  and  customs  :  the  estab- 
lished form  of  government  :  in  U.  S.  the 
highest,  fundamental  law. 

CONSTITUTIONAL,  kon  -  stit  -  u'shun  -  al, 
adj.  inherent  in  the  natural  frame  :  nat- 
ural :  agreeable  to  the  constitution  or 
frame  of  government :  legal :  a  Consti- 
TDTiONAi.  Government  is  one  where  the 
ruler  is  subject  to  fixed  laws.  See  Abso- 
lute.— n.  a  walk  for  the  sake  of  one's 
health. — adv.  Constitu'tionallt. 

CONSTITUTIONALIST,  kon-stit-u'shun- 
al-ist,  CONSTITUTIONIST,  kon-sti-tu'- 
shun-ist,  n.  one  who  favors  a  constitu- 
tional government. 

CONSTITUTIVE,  kon'stit-ut-iv,  adj.,  that 
constitutes  or  establishes  :  having  power 
to  enact,  etc. 

CONSTRAIN,  kon-stran',  v.t.  to  urge  with 
irresistible  power  :  to  force. — adj.  CON- 
strainable,  kon-stran'a-bl. — adv.  Con- 
strainedly, kon-stran'ed-li.  [O.  Fi-. 
constraindre — L.  constringo,  constrictus 
— con,  together,  stringo,  to  press.  See 
Strain.] 

CONSTRAINT,  kon-strant',  n.  irresistible 
force  :  compulsion  :  confinement. 

CONSTRICT,  kon-strikt',  v.t.  to  bind  or 
press  together :  to  contract :  to  cramp. 
[L.  constringo,  co7ist7'ictus.] 

CONSTRICTION,  kon-strik'shun,  n.  a.press- 
ing  toe/ether. 

CONSTRICTOR,  kon-strikt'or,ji.  that  which 
draws  together  :  a  serpent  which  crushes 
its  prev  in  its  folds. 

CONSTRINGE,  kon-strinj',  v.t.  to  draw  to- 
gether: to  contract.     [L.  constritigo.] 

CONSTRINGENT,  kon-strinj 'ent,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  quality  of  contracting. 

CONSTRUCT,  kon-strukt',  v.t.  to  build  up  : 
to  compile  :  to  put  together  the  parts  of 
a  thing  :  to  make  :  to  compose.  [L. 
construo,  constructus,  to  pile  together.] 

CONSTRUCTION,  kon-struk'shun,  n.  any- 
thing piled  together,  building  :  manner 
of  forming  :  {gratn,'^  the  arrangement  of 


words  in  a  sentence :  interpretation : 
meaning. 

CONSTRUCTIVE,  kon-strukt'iv,  adj.  not 
direct  or  expressed,  but  inferred. — adv. 
Construct'ively. 

CONSTRUCTIVENESS,  kon-strukt'iv-nes, 
n.  the  faculty  of  constructing. 

CONSTRUE,  kon'stroo,  r.f.  to  set  in  order: 
to  exhibit  the  order  or  arrangement  in 
another  language  :  to  translate  :  to  ex- 
plain. [L.  construo,  constructus,  to  pile 
together.] 

CONSUBSTANTIAL,  kon  -  sub  -  stan'shal, 
adj.  of  the  same  substance,  nature,  or  es- 
sence.—)i.  Consubstantlal'ity.  [L.  con, 
with,  and  Substantial.] 

CONSUBSTANTIALIST,  kon  -  sub  -  stan'- 
shal-ist,  n.  one  who  believes  in  consub- 
stan  tiation. 

CONSUBSTANTIATE,  kon-sub-stan'shi-at, 
r'.t.  to  unite  in  one  common  substance  or 
nature. 

CONSUBSTANTIATION,kon-sub-stan-shi- 
a'shun,  n.  state  of  being  of  the  same  sub- 
stance :  (Jtheol.)  the  Lutheran  doctrine  of 
the  actual,  substantial  presence  of  the 
body  and  blood  of  Christ  toith  the  bread 
and  wine  used  at  the  Lord's  Supper.  [See 
Transubstantlation.  ] 

CONSUETUDE,  kon'swe-tud,  n.  custom.— 
adj.  Con'suetudinary,  also  n.  a  ritual  of 
customary  devotions.  [L.  consuetudo, 
custom.] 

CONSUL,  kon'sul,  n.  among  the  Romans, 
one  of  the  two  chief  magistrates  of  the 
state  :  one  commissioned  to  reside  in  a 
foreign  country  as  an  agent  for,  or  repre- 
sentative of,  a  government.     [L.] 

CONSULAR,  kon'sul-ar,  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  consul. 

CONSULATE,  kon'sul-at,  n.  the  o^ce, 
residence,  or  jurisdiction  of  a  consul. 

CONSULSHIP,  kon'sul-ship,  n.  the  office, 
or  term  of  office,  of  a  consul. 

CONSULT,  kon-sult',  v.t.  to  ask  advice  of: 
to  apply  to  for  instruction  :  to  decide  or 
act  in  favor  of. — v.i.  to  consider  in  com- 
pany :  to  take  counsel.  [L.  consulto, 
inten.  of  consulo,  to  consult.] 

CONSULTATION,  kon-sult-a'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  consulting :  a  meeting  for  the  pur- 
pose of  consulting. 

CONSUMABLE,  kon-sum'a-bl,  adj.  that 
can  be  consumed. 

CONSUME,  kon-sum',  v.t.  to  destroy  by 
wasting,  fire,  etc.:  to  devour:  to  waste 
or  spend  :  to  exhaust. — v.i.  to  waste 
away. — n.  Consum'er.  [L.  consumo,  to 
destroy  —  con,  sig.  completeness,  and 
sumo,  sumptus,  to  take.] 

CONSUMMATE,  kon-sum'at  or  kon'-,  v.t. 
to  raise  to  the  summit  or  highest  point : 
to  perfect  or  finish.  [L.  consummo,  to 
perfect — con,  with,  and  summits,  liighest, 
perfect.] 

CONSUMMATE,  kon-sum'at,  adj.  in  the 
highest  degree :  perfect. — adv.  Consumm'- 
atelv. 

CONSUMMATION,  kon-sum-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  completing  :  perfection  :  close. 

CONSUMPTION,  kon-sum'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  using  up  :  a  disease  in  the  lungs, 
which  gradually  wastes  away  the  frame 
=Phthisis.    [See  Consume.] 

CONSUMPTIVE,  kon-sum'tiv,  adj.  having 
the  quality  of  wasting  away:  inclined  to 
the  disease  consumption.  —  adv.  CON- 
SUMP'tively. 

CONSUMPTIVENESS,  kon-sum'tiv-nes,  n. 
a  tendency  to  consumption. 

CONTABESCENCE,  kon-tab-es'sens,  n.  in 
bot.  a  peculiar  condition  of  the  anthers 
of  certain  plants,  in  which  they  are 
shrivelled  up  or  become  brown  and 
tough,  and  contain  no  good  pollen,  thus 
resembling  the  anthers  of  the  most 
sterile  hybrids.    Darwin. 


CONTACT,  kon'takt,  n.  a  close  touching : 
close  union  :  meeting.  [L.  eontingo, 
contactum,  to  touch — coji,  sig.  complete- 
ness, and  tango,  to  touch — root  tag-] 

CONTAGION,  kon-ta'jun,  n.  transmission 
of  a  disease  by  contact. 

CONTAGIOUS,  kon-ta'jus,  adj.  that  may 
be  communicated  by  contact. — adv.  CON- 
ta'qiously. — n.  Conta'giousness. 

CONTAGIUM,  kon-ta'ji-um,  n.  in  med 
that  which  carries  the  infectious  element 
in  diseases  from  one  person  to  another. 
"  Supposing  the  contagium  of  every  com- 
municable disease  to  consist  of  minute 
organized  particles  susceptible  of  under- 
going almost  unlimited  multiplication 
when  introduced  into  a  suitable  medium, 
etc."' — Academy.    [See  Contagion.] 

CONTAIN,  kon-tan',  v.t.  to  hold  together  : 
to  comprise,  to  include  :  to  restrain. — 
adj.  Contain' ABLE,that  may  be  contained. 
[Fr.  contenir — L.  contineo — con,  together, 
and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

CONTAMINATE,  kon-tam'i-nat,  v.t.  to  de- 
file by  touching  or  mixing  with  :  to  pol- 
lute :  to  corrupt :  to  infect.  [L.  con- 
tamino  —  contamen  =  contagmen.  See 
Contact.] 

CONTAMINATION,  kon-tam-i-na'shun,  n. 
pollution. 

CONTEMN,  kon-tem',  v.t.  to  despise:  to 
neglect. — n.  Contem'ner.  [L.  contentno, 
contemptus,  to  value  little — con,  inten- 
sive, and  temuo,  to  slight.] 

CONTEMPLANT,  kon-tem'plant,odj.  given 
to  contemplation  :  meditative.  "  Con- 
templant  spirits." — Coleridge. 

CONTEMPLATE,  kon-tem'plat,  v.t.  to  con- 
sider or  look  at  attentively :  to  meditate 
on  or  study  :  to  intend.  —  v.i.  to  think 
seriously  :  to  meditate.  [L.  contemplor, 
contemplatus,  to  mark  out  carefully  a 
templum  or  place  for  auguries — con,  sig. 
completeness,  and  templum.  See  Con- 
sider and  Temple.] 

CONTEMPLATION,  kon-tem-pla'shun,  n. 
continued  study  of  a  particular  sub- 
ject. 

CONTEMPLATIVE,  kon-tem'pla-tiv,  adj. 
given  to  contemplation. — adv.  Contem'- 
platively'. 

CONTEMPORANEOUS,  kon-tem-po-ra'ne- 
us,  adj.  hving,  happening,  or  being  at  the 
same  time. — adv.  Contempora'neously. 
— n.  Contempora'neousness.  [L.  con,  to- 
gether, and  temporaneus — tempnis,  time.] 

CONTEMPORARY,  kon-tem'po-rar-i,  adj. 
contemporaneous. — n.  one  who  Uves  at 
the  same  time. 

CONTEMPT,  kou-tempt',  n.  scorn:  dis- 
grace :  (lauf)  disobedience  of  the  rules 
of  a  court.     [See  CONTEMN.] 

CONTEMPTIBLE,  kon-tempt'i-bl,  adj.  des- 
picable.—  adv.  Contempt'ibly. —  n.  CON- 
tempt'ibleness. 

CONTEMPTUOUS,  kon-tempt'u-us,  adj., 
full  of  contempt :  haughty  :  scornful. — 
adv.  Contempt'uously. —  n.  Contempt'- 
uousness. 

CONTEND,  kon-tend',  v.i.  to  strive:  to 
struggle  in  emulation  or  in  opposition  : 
to  dispute  or  debate.  [L.  contendo,  con- 
tentum  —  con,  and  tendo,  to  stretch, 
strain.] 

CONTENT,  kon'tent  or  kon-tent',  n.  that 
which  is  contained :  the  capacity,  meas- 
lu-ement,  or  extent  of  anything: — pi. 
the  things  contained  :  the  list  of  subjects 
treated  of  in  a  book.     [See  Contain.] 

CONTENT,  kon-tent',  adj.  having  the 
desires  limited  by  present  enjoyment : 
satisfied. — r.t.  to  make  content :  to  satisfy 
the  mind  :  to  make  quiet :  to  please. 

CONTENTED,  kon-tent'ed.  adj.,  content.— 
adv.  Content'edly. — ms.Content'edness, 
Content'ment. 

CONTENTION,  koB-ten'shun,  «.  a  violent 


CONTENTIOUS 


78 


CONTROVERTIBLE 


straining  after  any  object :  strife :  debate. 
[See  Contend.] 
CONTENTIOUS,  kon-ten'shus,  adj.  quarrel- 
some.—arff.    CONTEN'TIOUSLT.— 71.   CoN- 

TEN'TIOrSNESS. 

CONTERllINAL,kon-ter'min-al,  CONTEE- 
MINOUS,  kon-ter'min-us,  adj.  having-  a 
common  terminus  or  boundary.  [L.  co»i- 
terminus,  neighboring  —  con,  together, 
and  terminus,  a  boundarj'.] 

CONTERMINANT,  kon-ter'min-ant,  adj. 
coming  to  an  end  at  the  same  time  :  con- 
terminate.     Lamb. 

CONTEST,  kon-test',  v.t.  to  call  in  question 
or  make  the  subject  of  dispute  :  to  strive 
for. — adj.  Contest' ABLE.  [L.  contestor, 
to  call  to  witness — con,  and  testor,  to  be 
a  witness — testis,  a  witness.] 

CONTEST,  kon'test,  n.  a  struggle  for  su- 
periority :  strife  :  debate. 

CONTEXT,  kon'tekst,  n.  something  woven 
together  or  connected  :  the  parts  of  a 
discourse  or  treatise  which  precede  and 
follow  a  special  passage.  [L.  contexo — 
con.  together,  texo,  textus,  to  weave.] 

CONTEXTURE,  kon-tekst'iir,  n.  the  inter- 
iceaving  of  parts  into  a  whole  :  system. 

OONTICENT,  kon'ti-sent,  adj.  silent: 
hushed  :  quiet :  said  of  a  number  of  per- 
sona or  the  like.  "  Tlie  servants  have 
left  the  room,  the  guests  sit  conticent." — 
Thackeray,  pj.  eontieens,  conticentis, 
ppr.  of  conticeo — con,  together,  and  taceo, 
to  be  silent.] 

CONTIGUTTY,  kon-tig-u'i-ti,  n.  the  state 
of  being  in  close  contact. 

CONTIGUOUS,  kon-tis'u-us,adj.,  touching: 
adjoining  :  near. — adi:  CONTIG'UOUSLY. — 
n.  CoNTiG'uorsNESS.  [L.  contiguus,  from 
contingo,  contigi,  to  touch  on  all  sides — 
con,  signifying  completeness,  tango,  to 
touch.] 

CONTINENCE,  kon'ti-nens,  CONTINEN- 
CY.  kon'ti-nen-si,  n.  the  restraint  im- 
posed by  a  person  upon  his  desires  and 
passions":  chastity.  [See  Continent,  adj.} 

CONTINENT,  kon'ti-nent,  n.  a  large  extent 
of  land  not  broken  up  by  seas  :  the  main- 
land of  Europe :  one  of  the  great  di- 
visions of  the  land  surface  of  the  globe. ^ 
adj.  Continent' AL.  [L.  continens  =  con- 
tinuiis,  holding  together,  uninterrupted.] 

CONTINENT,  kon'ti-nent,  adj.,  holding  in 
or  restraining  the  indulgence  of  pleasure, 
especially  of  sexual  enjoyment :  temper- 
ate :  virtuous. — adv.  Con'tinent-^t.  [L. 
continens,  moderate — contineo — con,  to- 
gether, and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

CONTINGENCE,  kon-tin'jens,  CONTIN- 
GENCY, kon-tin'jen-si,  n.  the  quahty  of 
being  contingent:  what  happens  by 
chance  :  an  accident. 

CONTINGENT,  kon-tin'jent,  adj.  depend- 
ent on  something  else :  liable  but  not 
certain  to  happen  :  accidental. — n.  an 
event  which  is  Uable  but  not  certain  to 
occur  :  a  share  or  proportion,  especially 
of  soldiers. — adv.  Contin'gentlt.  [L. 
contingo,  to  touch,  to  happen.] 

CONTINUAL,  koa-tin'u-al,  adj.  without 
inteiTuption  :  unceasing. — adv.  Contin'- 
UAi.T.Y.    [See  CoNnrruE.] 

CONTINUANCE,  kon-tin'u-ans,  n.  dura- 
tion :  uninterrupted  succession  :  stay. 

CONTINUATION,  kon-tin'u-a'shun,  n.  con- 
stant succession :  extension. 
CONTINUATIVE,     kon-tin'u-a-tiv,     adj., 
continuing. 

CX3NTINUAT0R,  kon-tin'u-a-tor,  n.  one 
who  continues  or  keeps  up  a  series  or 
succGSSion 
CONTINUE,'  kon-tin'u,  v.t.  to  draw  out  or 
prolong :  to  extend  or  increase  in  any 
way  :  to  unite  without  break  :  to  persist 
in. — V.  i.  to  remain  in  the  same  place  or 
state :  to  last  or  endure  :  to  persevere. 
[Fr.  continuer — L.  eontinuus,  joined,  con- 


nected, from  contineo — con,  together, 
and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

CONTINUED,  kon-tin'ud,  adj.  uninter- 
rupted :  unceasing :  extended.  —  adv. 
Contin'uedly. 

CONTINUITY,  kon-tin-u'i-ti,  n.  state  of 
being  continuous :  uninterrupted  con- 
nection. 

CONTINUOUS,  kon-tin'u-us,  a<Hj.,  joined 
together :   without    interruption.  —  adv. 

CONTm'UOUSLT. 

CONTLINE,  kont'lin,  n.  the  space  between 
the  strands  on  the  outside  of  a  rope. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

CONTO,  kon'to,  ?!.  a  Portuguese  money  of 
account  in  which  large  sums  are  calcu- 
lated :  value  1,000,000  reis,  or  $1,100  gold 
standard. 

CONTORT,  kon-tort',  v.t.  to  twist  or  turn 
violently:  to  writhe.  [L.  coh,  intensive, 
and  torqueo,  tortus,  to  twist.] 

CONTORTION,  kon-tor'shun,  n.  a  violent 
twisting. 

CONTOUR,  kon-toor',  n.  the  outline  :  the 
line  which  bounds  the  figure  of  any  ob- 
ject. [Fr.  contour,  from  co)i,  and  tour, 
a  turning — L.  tomus,  Gr.  tornos,  a  turn- 
ing-lathe.] 

COSTTRABAND,  kon'tra-band,  adj., 
against  or  contrary  to  ban  or  law :  pro- 
hibited.— n.  illegal "traflBc  :  prohibition: 
prohibited  goods. — n.  Con'trabandist,  a 
smuggler.  [It.  contrabbando — L.  contra, 
against,  and  Low  L.  bandum,  a  procla- 
mation.    See  Ban.] 

CONTRACT,  kon-trakt',  v.t.  to  draw  to- 
gether: to  lessen:  to  shorten:  to  acquire: 
to  incur :  to  bargain  for :  to  betroth. — 
v.i.  to  shrink:  to  become  less.  [L.  con- 
traho,  contractus,  from  con,  together, 
and  traho,  to  draw.] 

CONTRACT,  kon'trakt,  ?i.  an  agreement 
on  fixed  terms  :  a  bond  :  a  betrothment : 
the  writing  containing  an  agreement. 
[O.  Fr.  contract,  an  agreement — L.  con- 
traetus.  a  compact.] 

CONTRACTED,  kou-trakt'ed,  adj.,  drawn 
together :  narrow  :  mean. — adv.  CoN- 
tract'edly. — n.  Contract'edness. 

CONTRACTIBLE,  kon-trakt'i-bl,  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  contracted. — ns.  ConteaCTI- 
bil'ity,  Contract'iblen'ess. 

CONTRACTILE,  kon-trakt'il,  adj.  tending 
or  having  power  to  contract. — n.  CoN- 
tractil'ity. 

CONTRACTION,  kon-trak'shun,  n.  act  of 
contracting :  a  word  shortened  by  reject- 
ing a  part  of  it. 

CONTRACTOR,  kon-trakt'or,  n.  one  of  the 
parties  to  a  bargain  or  agreement :  one 
who  engages  to  execute  work  or  furnish 
supplies  at  a  fixed  rate. 

CONTRA-DANCE.  kon'tra-dans  (corruptly 
Country-dance),  n.  a  dance  in  which  the 
pai'tners  are  arranged  in  opposite  lines. 
[Fr.  contre-danse ;  from  L.  contra, 
against,  opposite,  and  Dance.] 

CONTRADICT,  kon-tra-dikt',  v.t.  to  speak 
in  opposition  to :  to  oppose  by  words : 
to  assert  the  contrary :  to  deny.  [L. 
contradico.contradictus — contra, against, 
and  dico,  to  speak.] 

CONTRADICTION,  kon-tra-dik'shun,  n. 
act  of  contradicting:  a  speaking  against : 
denial :  inconsistency. 

CONTRADICTIVE.  kon-tra-dikt'iv.  CON- 
TRADICTORY, kon-tra-dikt'or-i.  adj. 
affirming  the  contrary  :  opposite  :  incon- 
sistent.— adv.  Contr-Idict'orily. 

CONTRADISTINCTION,  kon-tra-dis-tink'- 
shun.  n.,  distinction  by  contrast. 

CONTRADIS'nNCTIVE^  kon-tra-dis-tinkt'- 
iv,  adj.,  distinguishing  by  opposite  quali- 
ties. 

CONTRADISTINGUISH,  kon-tra-dis-ting'- 
gwish,  v.t.  to  distinguish  or  mark  the 


difference  by  opposite  quaUties.     [L.  con 
tra,  against,  opposite,  and  DISTINGUISH.] 

CONTRALTO,  kon-tral'to,  n.  {music)  coun- 
ter-alto ;  same  as  alto  or  counter-tenor. 
[See  AxTO  and  Counter.] 

CONTRARIETT,  kon-tra-rl'e-ti,  n.  opposi- 
tion :  inconsistencv. 

CONTRARIWISE,  ton'tra-ri-wiz,  adv.  on 
the  contrary  way  or  side  :  on  the  other 
hand.    [Contrary  and  Ways.] 

CONTRARY,  kon'tra-ri,  adj.,  opposite  :  in- 
consistent :  contradictory. — n.  a  thing 
that  is  contrary  or  of  opposite  qualities. 
— n.  Con'trariness. — adv.  Con'trakily. 
[L.  contrarius — contra,  against.] 

CONTRAST,  kon-trast',  v.i.to  stand  against 
or  in  opposition  to. — v.t.  to  set  in  opposi- 
tion, in  order  to  show  superiority  or  give 
effect.  [Fr.  contr aster — L.  contra,  oppo- 
site to,  stare,  to  stand.] 

CONTRAST,  kon'trast,  n.,  opposition  or 
unlikeness  in  things  compared  :  exhibi- 
tion of  differences. 

CONTRA VALLATION,  kon  -  tra  -  val  -  a'- 
shun,  n.  a /o;-?«|^ca?iO(i  built  by  besiegers, 
which  is  tlius  opposed  to  that  of  the 
besieged.  [L.  contra,  opposite  to,  and 
vallo,  vallatus,  to  fortify  —  vallum,  a 
wall.] 

CONTRAVENE,  kon-tra-ven',  v.t.  to  come 
against :  to  oppose  :  to  hinder.  [L.  con- 
tra, against,  venio,  to  come.] 

CONTRAVENTION,  kon-tra-ven'shun,  n. 
act  ot  contravening  :  opposition  :  obstruc- 
tion. 

CONTRiacTARY,  kon-trib'u-tar-i,  adj, 
pa       n  a,  share. 

CONTltlBLTE,  kon-trib'ut,  v.t.  to  give 
along  irith  others  :  to  give  for  a  common 
purpose  :  to  pay  a  share. — v.i.  to  give  or 
bear  a  part. — n.  Contrib'utor.  [L.  con, 
along  with,  tribuo,  tributus.  to  give.] 

CONTRIBUTION,  kon-trib-u'shun,  n.  s 
collection  :  a  16%"^'. 

C0NTRIBUTI\T;,  "  kon  -  trib'u  -  tiv,  CON. 
TRIBUTORY,  kou-trib'u-tor-i,  adj.  giv- 
ing  a  share  :  helping. 

CONTRITE,  kon'trit,  adj.  broken-hearted 
for  sin  :  penitent. — adv.  Con'tritely. 
[L.  contritus — contero — con,  sig.  com- 
pleteness, and  tero,  to  bruise.] 

CONTRITION,  kon-trish'un,  n.  deep  sor- 
row for  sin  :  remorse. 

CONTRIVANCE,  kon-trIv'ans,n.  act  of  con- 
triving: the  thing  contrived  :  invention  : 
artifice. 

CONTRIVE,  kon-trlv',  v.t.  to  jind  out  or 
plan  :  to  invent. — )i.  Contriv'eb.  [Fr, 
controuver — eon,  and  trouver,  to  find. 
See  Trover.] 

CONTROL,  kon-trol',  n.  (formerly  CO JIP- 
TROLL),  restraint :  authority:  com- 
mand.— i:t.  to  check  :  to  restrain  :  to 
govern  : — pr.p.  controU'ing  ;  jM.p.  con- 
trolled'. [Fr.  controle,  from  contre-role. 
a  duplicate  register,  for  checking  the 
original.     See  ROLL.] 

CONTROLLABLE,  kon-trol'a-bl,  adj.  capa- 
ble of,  or  subject  to  control. 

CONTROLLER,  COMPTROLLER,  kon- 
trol'er,  n.  one  who  controls  or  checks  the 
accounts  of  others  by  keeping  a  counter- 
roll  or  register. — n.  CONTROLL'EKSHIP. 

CONTROLMENT,  kon-trol'ment.  n.  act  or 
power  of  controlling:  state  of  being 
cootrolled  :  control. 

CONTROVERSIAL,  kon-tro-ver'shal,  adj. 
relating  to  controversy. — adv.    CONTRO- 

VER'SLUjLY. 

CONTROVERSLAXIST,  kon-tro-ver'sbal- 
ist,  n.  one  given  to  controversy. 

CONTROVEIRSY,  kon'tro-ver-si.  «.  a  dis- 
putation, discussion,  or  debate  :  contest, 

CONTROVERT,  kon'tro-vert,  v.t.  to  op 
pose  :  to  argue  against :  to  refute.  [L 
contra,  against,  and  verto.  to  turn.] 

CONTROVERTIBLE,  kon-tro-vert'i-bl,  adj 


CONTUMACIOUS 


79 


COOKERY 


that  may  be  controverted. — adv.  Con- 
trovert'ibly. 

CONTUMACIOUS,  kon-tu-ma'shus,  adj. 
opposing:  lawful  authority  with  con- 
tempt :  obstinate  :  stubborn. — adv.  CoN- 
tuma'ciously. — ?i.  Contuma'ciousness. 

CONTUMACITY,  lion-tu-mas'i-ti,  n.  same 
as  Contumacy.    Car  It/Is. 

CONTUMACY,  kon'tu-ma-si,  n.  obstinate 
disobedience  or  resistance  :  stubbornness. 
[L.  contumacia — contumax,  contumacis, 
insolent,  from  con,  and  root  tem-  in  temno, 
to  despise,  or  ace.  to  Littre  trovatumeo, 
to  swell.] 

CONTUMELIOUS,  kon-tu-me'li-us,  adj. 
haughtily  reproachful:  insolent. — adv. 
Contume'uously.  —  n.    Coktume'lious- 

NESS. 

CONTUMELY,  kon'tu-mel-i,  n.  rudeness  : 
insolence  :  reproach.  [L.  conttunelia, 
which  is  from  the  same  source  as  con- 
tiimacj/.    See  Contumacy.] 

CONTUSE,  kon-tuz',  v.t.  to  beat  exceed- 
ingly or  bnnse  to  pieces :  to  crush.  [L. 
contundo,  contusus — con  and  tundo,  to 
beat,  to  bruise.] 

CONTUSION,  kon-tu'zhun,  n.  act  of  bruis- 
ing :  state  of  being:  bruised  :  a  bruise. 

OONTUSIVE,  kon-tu'ziv,  adj.  apt  to  cause 
contusion:  bruising-.  "Shield  from  con- 
tusive  rocks  her  tender  limbs." — Antijac- 
obin. 

CONUNDRUM,  kon-un'drum,  n.  a  sort  of 
riddle  containing  some  odd  or  fanciful 
resemblance  between  things  quite  unlike. 
[Ety.  unknown.] 

CONVALESCE,  kon-val-es',  v.i.  to  regain 
health.  [L.  con,  and  valesco — valeo,  to  be 
strong.] 

CONVALESCENCE,  kon-val-es'ens,  n. 
gradual  recovery  of  health  and  strength. 

CONVALESCENT,  kon-val-es'ent,  adj. 
gradually  recovering  health. — n.  one  re- 
covering health. 

CONVECTION,  kon-vek'shun,  n.  the  proc- 
ess of  transmission  of  heat  or  electricity 
through  liquids  or  gases  by  means  of  cur- 
rents. [L.  convectio — con,  and  velio,  I 
carry.] 

CONVENE,  kon-ven',  v.i.  to  come  together: 
to  assemble. — v.t.  to  call  together.  [Fr. 
— L.  convenio,  from  con,  together,  and 
venio.  to  come.] 

CONVENER,  kon-ven'er,  n.  one  who  con- 
venes a  meeting  :  the  chairman  of  a  com- 
mittee. 

CONVENIENCE,  kon-ven'yens,  CONVEN- 
lENCY,  kon-ven'yen-si,  n.  suitableness  : 
accommodation. 

CONVENIENT,  kon-ven'yent,  adj.  suit- 
able :  handy  :  commodious. — adv.  CoN- 
VEN'lENTLY.  [L.  Conveniens,  convenientis, 
orig.  pr.p.  of  convenio,  to  come  together.] 

CONVENT,  kon'vent,  n.  an  association  of 
persons  secluded  from  the  world  and  de- 
voted to  a  religious  life  :  the  house  in 
which  they  live,  a  monastery  or  nunnery. 
[L.  conventus  —  convenio,  to  come  to- 
gether.] 

CONVENTICLE,  kon-vent'i-kl,  n.  appUed  in 
contempt  to  a  meeting  for  worship  of 
dissenters  frona  the  Established  Church 
in  England.  [L.  conventicidum,  a  secret 
meeting  of  monks,  dim.  of  conventits.] 

CONVENTION,  kon-ven'shun,  n.  an  as- 
sembly, esp.  of  representatives  for  some 
special  object :  ternporary  treaty  :  an 
agreement.  [Fr.  —  L.  conventio.  See 
ConveneJ 

CONVENTIONAL,  kon-ven'shun-al,  adj. 
formed  by  convention  :  growing  out  of 
tacit  agreement  or  custom :  customary. 
— adv.  Conven'tionally. 

CONVENTIONALISM,   kon-ven'shun-al- 
izm,  n.  that  which  is  established  by  tacit 
agreement,  as  a  mode  of  speech,  etc. 
ONVENTIONALITY.kon-ven-shun-al'i-ti, 


n.  state  of  being  conventional  :  that 
which  is  established  by  use  or  custom. 

CONVENTUAL,  kon-vent'u-al,  adj.  belong- 
ing to  a  convent. — n.  a  monk  or  nun.  [L. 
convent  ualis.] 

CONVERGE,  kon-verj',  v.i.  to  tend  to  one 
point.  [L.  con,  together,  and  vergo,  to 
bend,  to  incline.] 

CONVERGENCE,  kon-verj'ens,  CONVER- 
GENCY,  kon-verj'ens-i,  n.  act  or  quality 
of  tending  to  one  point. 

CONVERGENT,  kon-verj'ent,  adj.  tending 
to  one  point. 

CONVERSABLE,  kon-vers'a-bl,  adj.  dis- 
posed to  converse  :  sociable. — adv.  CON- 
vers'ably.     [See  Conteese.] 

CONVERSANT,  kon'vers-ant,  adj.  ac- 
quainted by  study  :  familiar :  (B.)  walk- 
ing or  associating  with. 

CONVERSATION,  kon-ver-sa'shun,  n.  in- 
tercourse :  talk  :  familiar  discourse  :  (B.) 
behavior  or  deportment. —  adj.  Conyeb- 
sa'tional. 

CONVERSATIONALIST,  kon-ver-sa'shun- 
al-ist,  n.  one  who  excels  in  conversation. 

CONVERSAZIONE,  kon-ver-sat-se-6'ne,  n. 
a  meeting  for  conversation,  particulai-ly 
on  literary  subjects  -.^pl.  Conveesazio'ni 
(-ne.)     [It.] 

CONVERSE,  kon-vers',  v.i.  to  have  inter- 
course: to  talk  familiarly.  [Fr. — L.  con- 
versor,  to  live  with — con,  intensive,  and 
verso,  to  turn  much — verto,  to  turn.] 

CONVERSE,  kon'vers,  n.  famiUar  inter- 
course :  conversation. 

CONVERSE,  kon'vers,  n.  a  proposition 
converted  or  turned  about — i.e.  one  in 
which  the  subject  and  predicate  have 
changed  places. — adj.  reversed  in  order 
or  relation. — adv.  Con'versely. 

CONVERSION,  kon-ver'shun,  n.  change 
from  one  thing,  state,  or  religion,  to  an- 
other :  change  from  a  wicked  to  a  holy 
life  :  appropriation  to  a  special  purpose  : 
(logic)  act  of  interchanging-  the  terms  of 
a  proposition. 

CONVERT,  kon-vert',  v.t.  to  turn  round: 
to  change  or  turn  from  one  thing,  con- 
dition, or  religion  to  another  :  to  change 
from  a  bad  to  a  good  life  :  to  apply  to  a 
particular  purpose.  [L.  converto,  C07i- 
versiis — con,  and  verto,  to  turn.] 

CONVERT,  kon'vert,  n.,  one  converted: 
one  who  has  become  religious,  or  who 
has  changed  his  religion. 

CONVERTER,  kon-vert'er,  n.  an  iron  re- 
tort of  a  somewhat  globular  shape  with 
a  large  neck,  used  in  the  Bessemer  proc- 
ess of  steel-making,  molten  iron  being 
exposed  in  it  to  a  blast  of  air,  the  oxygen 
of  which  burns  out  the  carbon  and  some 
other  ingredients  of  the  iron  ;  the  requis- 
ite amount  of  carbon  being-  then  intro- 
duced by  the  addition  of  molten  spie- 
geleisen  or  other  variety  of  iron  rich  in 
carbon,  and  the  result  being  a  variety  of 
steel.  The  converter  is  supported  on 
trunnions,  so  that  it  may  swing  freely. 
It  has  a  lining  consisting  in  most  oases 
of  finely  ground  hard  sandstone  mixed 
with  fire-clay  powder,  and  made  into  a 
paste  with  water.      Also  written  CON- 

VERTOR. 

CONVERTIBLE,  kon-vert'i-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  converted :  that  may  be  changed 
one  for  the  other.— adu.  Convert'ibly.— 
n.  Convertibil'ity. 

CONVEX,  kon'veks,  adj.  rising  into  a 
round  form  on  the  outside,  the  reverse  of 
concave. — adv.  Con'vexly.  [L.  convexus 
— conveho — con,  together,  and  veho,  to 
carry.] 

CONVEXED,  kon-vekst',  adj.  made  convex. 
— adv.  Convex'edly. 

CONVEXITY,  kon-veks'i-ti,  n.  roundness 
of  form  on  the  outside. 

CONVEY,   kon-va',   v.t.   (lit.)  to  bring  or 


send  on  the  way  :  to  carry  :  to  transmit : 
to  impart.— ad/.  Conyeyable,  kon-va'a. 
bl.— ?j.  Convey'er.  [O.  Fr.  conveier— 
Low  L.  conriare,  to  conduct— L.  con, 
along  with,  and  i^ia,  a  way.] 

CONVEYANCE,  kon-va'ans,  n.  the  instru- 
ment or  means  of  conveying ;  {law)  the 
act  of  transferring  property  :  the  writ- 
ing which  transfers  it. 

CONVEYANCER,  kon-va'ans-er,  n.  one 
whose  business  is  the  preparation  of  deeds 
for  the  transference  of  property. 

CONVEYANCING,  kon-va'ans-ing,  n.  the 
business  of  a  conveyancer. 

CONVICT,  kon-vikt',  v.t.  to  prove  guilty; 
to  pronounce  guilty.  [From  root  of 
Convince.] 

CONVICT,  kon'vikt,  n.  one  convicted  or 
found  guilty  of  crime,  esp.  one  who  has 
been  condemned  to  penal  servitude. 

CONVICTION,  kon-vik'shun,  n.  act  of  con- 
vincing  or  of  convicting:  strong  belief: 
a  proving  guilt}'. 

CONVINCE,  kon-vins',  v.t.  to  subdue  the 
mind  by  evidence  :  to  satisfy  as  to  truth 
or  error  :  (B.)  to  con\ict :  to  refute.— 
adj.  CoNYiNC'iBLE.— adr.  Conyinc'ingly. 
[L.  con,  sig.  completeness,  and  vinco, 
victus,  to  conquer.] 

CONVTVE,  konMv,  n.  a  boon  companion. 
Frase7-'s  May.  [Fr.  convive,  L.  conviva, 
a  guest,  a  table  companion.] 

CONVIVIAL,  kon-viv'i-al,  adj.  feasting  in 
company  :  relating  to  a  feast  :  social : 
jovial.  —  adv.  Conviv'ially.  —  n.  Con- 
viviAii'iTY.  [L.  convii'iuni,  a  Uving  to- 
gether, a  feast — con,  together,  and  vivo, 
to  live.] 

CONVOCATION,  kon-vo-ka'shun,  n.  act  of 
convoking:  an  assembly. 

CONVOKE,  kon-vok',  v.t.  to  call  together. 
to  assemble.  [L.  coji,  together,  and 
voco,  vocatus,  to  call.] 

CONVOLUTE,  kon'vo-lut,  CONVOLUTED, 
kon'vo-lut-ed,  adj.,  rolled  together,  or 
one  part  on  another.     [See  Convolve.] 

CONVOLUTION,  kon-vo-lu'shun,  n.  a 
twisting  :  a  fold.      ' 

CONVOLVE,  kon-volv',  v.t.  to  roll  to- 
gether, or  one  part  on  another.  [L.  con, 
together,  and  volvo,  volutus,  to  roll.] 

CONVOLVULUS,  kon-eol'vu-lus,  n.  a 
genus  of  twining  or  trailing  plants, 
called  also  bindweed. 

CONVOY,  kon-voy',  v.t.  to  accompany  on 
the  way  for  protection.  [Fr.  convoyer, 
from  root  of  Convey.] 

CONVOY,  kon'voy,  n.  the  act  of  convoy- 
ing :  protection  :  that  which  convoys  or 
is  convoyed. 

CONVULSE,  kon-vuls',  v.t.  to  agitate 
■violently  :  to  affect  by  spasms.  [L.  com, 
intensive,  and  vello,  vulsus,  to  pluck,  to 
pull.] 

CONVULSIBLE,  kon-vuls'i-bl,  aUg.  capable 
of  being  convulsed  :  subject  to  convul- 
sion.    Emerson. 

CONVULSION,  kon-vul'shun,  n.  a  violent 
and  involuntary  contortion  of  the  mus- 
cles :  commotion. 

CONVULSIVE,  kon-vuls'iv,  adj.  attended 
with  convulsions:  spasmodic. — adv.  CON- 

YULS'rVELY. — n.  CONVTLS'rVENESS. 

CONY,  CONEY,  ko'ni  or  kun'i,  n.  a  rabbit 

[Prob.   orig.   E.  ;   cf.   Dut.  konijn,   Dan. 

kanin;  or,  through  O.  Fr.  connil,  from 

L.  eunieulus,  a  rcibbit.] 
COO,  koo,  v.i.  to  make  a  noise  as  a  dove : 

to  caress  fondlj'  •.—^rr.p.  coo'ing  ;  pa.p. 

cooed'.     [From  the  sound.] 
COOK,  kook,  v.t.  to  prepare  food. — n.  one 

whose  business  is  to  cook.      [A.S.  coc, 

a  cook  (Ger.   koch),  borrowed   from  L. 

coqno,  to  cook.] 
COOKERY,  kook  er-i,  n.  the  art  or  practice 

of  cooking ;  also  a  delicacy :   a  dainty. 


COOL 


80 


CORIANDER 


"  Cookeries  were  provided   in  order  to 
tempt  his  palate." — Roger  JVorth. 

CXJOL,  kool,  adj.  slightly  cold:  free  from 
excitement :  calm :  not  zealous  or  ar- 
dent :  indifferent  :  impudent  ;  also  used 
in  speaking  of  a  sum  of  money,  generally 
a  large  sura,  by  way  of  emphasizing  the 
amount.  (Colloq.)  "  I  would  pit  her  for 
a  cool  hundred." — Smollett.  '-A  cool  four 
thousand  ...  I  never  discovered  from 
whom  Joe  derived  the  conventional 
temperature  of  the  four  thousand 
pounds,  but  it  appeared  to  make  the 
sum  of  money  more  to  him,  and  he  held 
a  manifest  relish  in  insisting  on  its  being 
cool." — Dickens. — v.t.  to  make  cool  :  to 
allay  or  moderate,  as  heat,  excitement, 
passion,  etc. — To  cool  one's  coppers,  to 
allay  the  thirst  or  parched  sensation 
caused  by  excessive  drinking  of  intoxi- 
cating liquors.  "Something  to  cool  his 
coppers." — T.  Hughes.  (Slang.) — i\i.  to 
grow  cool.  —  n.  Cool.  —  adv.  Cool'ly. 
Fa.S.  col;  Ger.  kilhl;  see  Cold  and 
Chill.] 

COOLER,  kool'er,  n.  anything  that  cools. 

COOLIE,  kool'i,  n.  a  laborer:  in  Hindustan, 
a  porter  in  general:  an  Indian  or  Chinese 
laborer  in  other  countries.  [Hind.  kilH, 
a  laborer.] 

COOLNESS,  kool'nes,  n.  moderate  cold : 
indifference  :  want  of  zeal. 

COOM,  koom,  n.  matter  that  gathei-s  at 
the  naves  of  wheels :  soot  that  gathers 
at  the  mouth  of  an  oven  :  coaldust. 
[Conn,  with  Ger.  kahm,  mould  gathered 
on  liquids.] 

COOMB,  koom,  another  form  of  C0MB==4 
bushels. 

COOP,  koop,  n.  (lit.)  anything  hollow,  as  a 
cup — a  tub,  cask,  or  barrel :  a  box  or 
cage  for  fowls  or  small  animals. — i\t.  to 
confine  in  a  coop  :  to  shut  up  or  confine. 
[A.S.  cypa,  a  basket ;  akin  to  Cup.] 

COOPER,  koop'er,  7i.  one  who  makes  coops, 
tubs,  casks,  etc. 

COOPERAGE,  koop'er-aj,  n.  the  work,  or 
workshop  of  a  cooper :  the  sum  paid  for 
a  cooper's  work. 

CO-OPERAI^T,  ko-op'er-ant,  adj.  workiiig 
together. 

CO-OPERATE,  ko-op'er-at,  v.i.  to  work 
together. — n.  Co-OF-'eratob.  [L.  co,  to- 
gether, and  Operate." 

CO-OPERATION,  ko-op-er-a'shun,  ?i  joint 
operation :  the  association  of  a  number 
of  persons  for  the  cheaper  purchasing  of 
goods,  or  for  carrying  on  some  branch  of 
industry. — adj.  Co-oFerative. 

CO-ORDINATE,  ko-or'di-nat,  adj.  holding 
the  some  order  or  rank  :  not  subordinate. 
— adv.  Co-or'dinatelt.  [L.  co,  together, 
equal,  and  Ordinate.] 

CO-ORDINATION,  ko-or-di-na'shun,  n. 
state  of  being  co-ordinate. 

COOT,  koot,  n.  a  short-tailed  water-fowl. 
[Dut.  koet ;  W.  civtiai — cwt,  a  short  tail. 
See  Cut.] 

COPAL,  ko'pal,  n.  a  resinous  substance 
used  in  varnishes.  [Sp. — Mexican  copalli, 
a  general  name  of  resins.] 

COPARTNER,  ko-part'ner,  n.  a,  joint  part- 
ner.— ns.  COPART'NERSHIP,  COPART'NERT. 

[L.  CO,  together,  and  Partner.] 
COPE,  kop,  n.  a  covering,  a  caii  or  hood  : 

a    cloak  worn    by    a    priest  :   anything 

spread  overhead  :  a  coping. — t\t.  to  cover 

with  a  cope.     [From  root  of  Cap.] 
COPE,  kop,  v.i.  to  vie  with,  especially  on 

equal  terms  or  successfully :  to  match. 

[Dut.  koopen,  cog.  with  A.S.  ceapian,  to 

bargain.     See  Cheap.] 
COPECK,  ko'pek,  n.  a  Russian  copper  coin 

equal  to  f  of  a  cent. 
OOPESTONE,  kop'ston,  COPING-STONE, 

k5p'ing-ston,  n.  the  stone  which  copes 


or  tops  a  wall.    [Cope,  a  covering,  and 
Stone.] 
COPIER,  kop'i-er,  COPYIST,   kop'i-ist,  n. 
one  who  copies:  an  imitator:  a  plagiarist. 
COPING,  kop'ing.  n.  the  capping  or  cover- 
ing course  of  masonry  of  a  wall. 
COPIOUS,  ko'pi-us,  adj.,  plentiful:  over- 
flowing :  not  concise. — adv.  Co'piously. 
— n.  Co'piousness.    [O.  Fr.  copiexcv — L. 
copiosus — copia,    plenty — co,    intensive, 
and  ops,  opis,  power,  property,  wealth. 
See  Opulent.] 
COPPER,  kop'er,  w.  a  metal  of  a  reddish 
color,  named  from  the  island  of  Cypims : 
a  vessel  made  of  copper. — v.t.  to  cover 
with  copper.   [Low  L.  euper — L.  cuprum, 
a  contr.  of  miprium  ces,  "  Cyprian  brass," 
because  the  Romans  obtained  copper  in 
Cyprus.] 
COPPERAS,  kop'er-as,  n.  sulphate  of  iron 
or  green  vitriol.     [Fr.  couperose  (It.  cop- 
parosa) — L.  cupri  rosa,  rose  of  copper.] 
COPPERISH.  kop'er-ish,  COPPERY,  kop'- 
er-i,  CUPREOUS,  ku'pre-us,  adj.  contain- 
ing or  like  copper. 
COPPERPLATE,  kop'er-plat,  n.  a  pilate  of 
polished  copper,  on  which  sometliing  has 
been    engraved :    an    impression    taken 
from  the  plate. 
COPPICE,  kop'is,  COPSE,  kops,  n.  a  wood 
of    small    growth    for  cutting.     [O.  Fr. 
copeiz,  wood  newly  cut — coitper,  to  cut 
— Low  L.  copare,  to  cut.] 
COPRESENCE,  ko-prez'ens,  n.  the  state  or 
condition    of  being   present  along  with 
others  :  associated  presence.     ' '  The    co- 
presence  of  other  laws." — Emerson. 
COPTIC,   kop'tik,  adj.   pertaining  to    the 
Copts,   the  descendants  of  tlie    ancient' 
Egfvptians. 
COPULA,  kop'ii-la,  n.  that  which  couples  or 
joins  together :  a  bond  or  tie  :  (logic)  the 
word  joining  the  subject  and  predicate. — 
Copula  {gram.)  is  omitted,  with  few  ex- 
ceptions, in  modern  inaproved  text-books. 
[L.  CO,  together,  and  root  ap,  connected 
with  L.  aptus,  fastened,  and  Gr.  hapto, 
to  join.] 
COPULAR,  kop'u-ler,  adj.  in  logic,  at  or  re- 
lating to  a  copula. 
COPULATE,    kop'u-lat,    v.t.    and   v.i.   to 
couple  or  join  together:  to  come  together 
sexually. 
COPULATION,    kop-u-la'sbun,    n.   act  of 

copulating. 
COPULATIVE,  kop'u-lat-iv,  adj.,  uniting. 
— n.  (gram.)  a  conjunction  that   unites 
ideas  as  well  as  words. 
COPY,  kop'i,  n.  one  of  a  number,  esp.  of 
books  :    an  imitation  from  an  original 
pattern  :    that    which  is  imitated  :    an 
original  work  :  manuscript  for  printing. 
—  v.t.  to  wi'ite,  paint,  etc.,  after  an  origi- 
nal :   to  imitate  :   to  transcribe  -.—^pa.p. 
cop'ied.    [Fi-.  copie,  from  L.  copia,  plenty  ; 
in  Low  L.  a  transcript,  because  by  such 
the  original  was  midtiplied.'] 
COPYHOLD,  kop'i-hold,  n.   (Eng.   law)  a 
species  of  estate  or  right  of  holding  land, 
for  which  the  owner  can  only  show  the 
copy  of  the  rolls  originallj'  made  by  the 
steward  of  the  lord's  court. 
COPYIST.     See  Copier. 
COPYRIGHT,   kop'i-rit,   n.   the  exclusive 
right  of  an  author  or  his  heirs  to  publish 
for  a  term  of  years  copies  of  liis  work, 
whether  a  book,    painting,    engraving, 
etc. 
COQUET,  ko-ket',  v.i.  to  excite  admiration 
or  love,  from  vanity,  or  to  deceive. — v.t. 
to  trifle  with  in  love  : — pr.p.  coquett'ing  ; 
pa.p.  coquett'ed.     [Fr.  aoqueter — coquet, 
dim.  of  coq,  a  cock.] 
COQUETRY,  ko-ket'ri  or  koket-ri,  n.  act 
of    coquetting :    attempt  to   !ittract  ad- 
miration, etc.,  in  order  to  deceive  :  deceit 
in  love.     [Fr.  coquetterie.] 


COQUETTE,    ko-ket',   n.   a   vain,   trifling 

woman. 
COQUETTISH,  ko-ket'ish,  adj.  practicing 

coquetry  :  beifitting  a  coquette. — adv.  Co- 
.  QUETT'ISHLY. — n.  COQUETT'ISHNESS. 

COR,  kor,  n.  a  Hebrew  measure,  the  same 
as  the  homer. 

CORACLE,  kor'a-kl,  ii.  a  small  oval  row- 
boat  used  in  Wales,  made  of  skins  or 
oilcloth  stretched  on  wicker-work.  fW. 
corwgl  —  corwg,  anything  round;  Gael, 
curach,  a  wicker-boat.] 

CO-RADICATE,  ko-rad'i-kat,  adj.  in  pihilol. 
of  the  same  root  with.  Skeat.  [L.  prefix 
CO,  and  ratii.L,  radicis,  a  root.] 

CORAL,  koral,  n.  a  hard  substance  of  vari- 
ous colors,  growing  on  the  bottom  of  the 
sea,  composed  of  the  skeletons  of  zoo- 
phj'tes :  a  child's  toy  made  of  coral : 
also  the  unimpregnated  eggs  in  the  lob- 
ster, so  called  from  being  of  a  bright  red 
color.  [O.  Fr. — L.  corallium — Gr.  kor- 
allion.] 

CORALLIFEROUS,  kor-al-ifer-us.  adj., 
bearing  or  containing  coral.  [Coral, 
and  L.  fero,  to  bear.] 

CORALLINE,  kor'al-in,  adj.  of.  like,  or 
containing  coral. — n.  a  moss-like  coral : 
a  coral-like  substance. 

CORANACH,  koi-'a-nak,  n.  a  dirge  or  lam- 
entation for  the  dead,  formerly  common 
among  the  Irish  and  Scottish  Celts.  [Ir. , 
a  "dirge."] 

CORBAN,  korTjan,  n.  {lit.)  anything  de- 
voted to  God  :  a  vessel  to  receive  gifts  of 
charity :  alms.  [Heb.  korban,  an  offer- 
ing, sacrifice.] 

CORBEL,  kor'bel,  n.  {arch.)  an  ornament 
orig.  in  the  form  of  a  basket — any  orna- 
mented projection  supporting  a  .superin- 
cumbent weight.  [Fr.  corbeille,  from  L. 
corbicula,  dim.  of  corbis,  a  basket.] 

CORD,  kord,  n.  {orig.)  a  chord  :  a  small 
rope  or  thick  kind  of  string, — v.t.  to  bind 
with  a  cord.  [Fr.  corde — L.  chorda. 
See  Chord.] 

CORDAGE,  kord'aj,  n.  a  quantity  of  cords 
or  ropes. 

CORDELIER,  kor-de-ler',  n.  a  Franciscan 
friar,  so  named  from  the  knotted  cord 
worn  by  him  as  a  girdle.  [O.  Fi-.  cordel, 
dim.  of  corde.  a  rope.] 

CORDIAL,  kor'di-al,  adj.,  hearty:  with 
warmth  of  heart :  sincere  :  affectionate  : 
reviving  the  heart  or  spirits. — n.  any- 
thing which  revives  or  comforts  tfie 
heart :  a  medicine  or  drink  for  refresh- 
ing the  spirits. — adv.  Coe'dially. — h. 
Cordial'ity.  [Fr. — L.  cor,  cordis,  the 
heart.    See  Core.] 

CORDON,  kor' don,  n.  a  cord  or  ribbon  be- 
stowed as  a  badge  of  honor  :  {fort.)  a 
row  of  jutting  stones  :  a  line  of  military 
posts.     [Fr.] 

CORDOVAJSr,  kor'do-van,  CORDWAIN, 
kord'wan,  n.  goatskin  leather,  orig. 
from  Cordova  in  Spain. 

CORDUROY,  kor'du-roy,  n.  thick  cotton 
stuff,  corded  or  ribbed.  [Perh.  Fr.  corde 
du  roi,  king's  cord.] 

CORDWAINER,  kord'wan-er,  n.  a  worker 
in  cordovan  or  cordwain  :   a  shoemaker. 

CORE,  kor,  n.  the  heart :  the  inner  part 
of  anything,  especially  of  fruit.  [O.  Fr. 
cor — ^L.  cor.  cordis,  the  heart.] 

CORELATI'/E,  etc.    See  Correlative. 

CORELESS,  kor'les,  adj.  wanting  a  core  : 
without  pith  :  weak  :    debilitated. 

1  am  gone  in  years,  my  Lie^e,  am  very  old. 
Careless  and  sapless.— Sir  B.  Taylor. 

CORIACEOUS,  kor-i-a'shus,  adj.,  leathery: 
of  or  like  leather.  [L.  icrium  —  Gr, 
chorion,  skin,  leather.] 

CORIANDER,  kor-i-an'der,  n.  an  annual 
plant,  the  seeds  of  which  when  fresh 
have  a  bwg^-like  smell,  used  as  a  medi- 
cine, spice,  etc.     [Fr. — L.  coriandnim — 


CORINTHIAN 


81 


CORROSIVE 


Gr.  koriannon,  korion,  from  Tcoris,  a 
bug.] 

CORINTHIAN,  ko-rinth'i-an,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Corinth,  a  city  of  Greece  :  per- 
taining to  an  ornate  order  of  Greek  ar- 
chitecture. 

CORK,  kork,  n.  the  outer  bark  of  the 
cork-tree,  an  oak  found  in  the  south  of 
Europe,  etc. :  a  stopper  made  of  cork. — 
v.t.  to  stop  with  a  cork  :  to  stop  up. 
[Sp.  eorcho — L.  cortex,  bark,  rind.] 

OORMOPHYTE,  kor'mo-fit,  n.  in  bof.  a 
general  term  applied  to  all  vascular 
plants  and  to  the  higher  cellular  plants 
in  which  roots  and  leaves  are  distinguish- 
able. Called  also  Phtllophyte.  Ency. 
Brit.  [Gr.  kormos,  a  ti-unk,  and  phyton, 
a  plant.] 

CORMORANT,  kor'mo-rant,  n.  a  genus  of 
web-footed  seabirds,  of  great  voracity  :  a 
glutton.  [Fr.  cormoran  (It.  corvo  mar- 
ino),  from  L.  corvus  marinus,  the  sea- 
crow.— Brac/tef.] 

CORN,  korn,  n.  a  grain  or  kernel :  seeds 
that  grow  in  ears,  as  wlieat,  rye,  etc.; 
grain  of  all  kinds.  In  U.S.,  applied  to 
Indian  corn  or  maize,  only. — i:t.  to 
sprinkle  with  salt  in  grains. — n.  Corn'- 
FIELD,  a  field  in  which  corn  is  growing. 
[A.S.  com  ;  Goth,  kaurn  ;  akin  to  £. 
graHum.] 

CORN,  korn,  n.  {lit.)  horn :  a  hard  homy 
excrescence  on  the  toe  or  foot.  [Fr. 
come  —  Low  L.  coma — L.  comii,  horn, 
akin  to  E.  Horn.] 

CORNCRAKE.     Same  as  Crake. 

CORNEA,  kor'ne-a,  n.  the  transparent 
homy  membrane  which  forms  the  front 
part  of  the  eye. 

CORNEL,  kor'nel,  n.  the  conie^i'aji-cherry 
or  dogwood-tree,  so  named  from  the 
horny  or  hard  nature  of  its  wood.  [O. 
Fr.  comille.  Low  L.  comiola,  comolium 
— L.  comu,  a  horn.] 

CORNELIAN,  kor-neli-an,  n.  a  precious 
stone,  a  variety  of  chalcedony.  [Fr. 
comaline — L.  cornu,  a  horn,  the  stone 
being  so  called  from  the  Ukeness  of  its 
color  to  the  reddish  tint  of  the  finger- 
nail.] 

CORNER,  kor'ner,  n.  a  fcorw-like  projec- 
tion :  the  point  where  two  lines  meet :  a 
secret  or  confined  place :  in  speculation, 
a  clique  or  party  formed  for  the  purpose 
of  obtaining  possession  of  the  whole  or 
greater  part  of  a  particular  stock  or  other 
species  of  property,  and  thus  creating  a 
demand  for  it  at  high  prices.  [O.  Fr. 
corniere — L.  cornu.] 

CORNER,  kor'ner,  v.t.  to  place  at  a  disad- 
vantage :  to  checkmate :  also,  to  create 
a  scarcitj'  of,  as  of  a  particular  stock  or 
the  Uke,  after  having  obtained  command 
of  the  supply.     [See  above  noun.] 

CORNERED,   kor'herd,    adj.   having    cor- 

CORNER-STONE,  kor'ner-ston,  n.  the 
stone  which  unites  the  two  walls  of  a 
building  at  a  corner :  the  principal 
stone,  esp.  the  corner  of  the  foundation 
of  a  building  :  hence  (fig.)  something  of 
very  great  importance,  as  that  upon 
which  other  things  rest. 

CORNET,  kor'net,  n.  (lit.)  a  little  horn :  a 
horn-shaped  trumpet :  formerly  a  body 
of  cavalry  accompanied  by  a  cornet- 
player  :  formerly,  the  lowest  rank  of 
commissioned  officers  in  the  British  cav- 
alry, corresponding  to  the  present  sub- 
lieutenant.— n.  Cor'net-a-pis'ton,  a  kind 
of  cornet  with  valves  and  pistons.  [Fv. 
comet,  dim.  of  come,  a  horn,  trumpet. 
See  Corn,  (lit.)  horn.] 

CORNETCY,  kor'net-si,  ti.  the  commission 
or  rank  of  a  comet. 

CORNICE,  kor'nis,  n.  the  highest  moulded 
projection    of   a  wall  or    column,   etc. 

F 


[Fr. — It. — Low  L.  eoronix,  ccyrcmicis — Gr. 
koronis,  a  curved  Une,  a  flourish  ;  akin  to 
L.  corona.] 

CORNICULATE,  kor  -  nik'u  -  lat,  adj., 
homed :  shaped  like  a  horn.  [L.  comic- 
ulatus — corniculwn,  dim.  of  cornu.'] 

CORNIFICATION,  kor'nif-i-ka'shun,  n.  the 
growth  or  formation  of  horn.  Southey. 
[L.  cornu,  a  horn,  and /aeio,  to  make.] 

CORNIGEROUS,  kor-nij'er-us,  adj.,  bear- 
ing horns.    [L.  cornu,  and  gero,  to  bear.] 

CORN-LAWS,  korn-lawz,  n.  (in  England) 
laws  that  restricted  the  importation  of 
wheat,  etc.,  by  imposing  a  duty,  repealed 
in  1846. 

CORNOPEAN,  kor-no'pe-an,  n.  a  musical 
wind-instrument  of  the  horn  or  trumpet 
kind.     [From  L.  cornu,  a  horn.] 

CORNUCOPIA,  kor-nu-ko'pi-a,  n.  (lit.)  the 
horn  of  plenty :  according  to  the  fable, 
the  horn  of  the  goat  that  suckled  Jupi- 
ter, placed  among  the  stars  as  an  em- 
blem of  plenty.  [L.  cornu,  and  copia, 
plenty.] 

COROLLA,  ko-rol'a,  n.  the  inner  covering 
of  a  flower  composed  of  one  or  more 
leaves  called  petals.  [L.  corolla,  dim.  of 
corona,  a.  crown.] 

COROLLARY,  kor  ol-a-ri,  n.  an  inference 
or  deduction  from  recognized  facts.  [L. 
corollarium,  a  little  garland,  a  gratuity 
— corolla.] 

CORONAL,  kor'o-nal,  CORONARY,  kor'o- 
nar-i,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  croum,  or  to 
the  top  of  the  head. — CORONAL,  n.  a 
crown  or  garland  :  the  frontal  bone.  [L. 
corona,  a  crown.] 

CORONATION,  kor-o-na'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  crowning  a  sovereign.    [L.  coronatio.] 

CORONER,  kor'o  -  ner,  n.  an  officer,  in 
nic.:'j  States  elected,  whose  duty  is  to 
inquire  into  the  causes  of  accidental  or 
suspicious  deaths. 

CORONET,  kor'o-net,  n.  a  small  or  inferior 
crown  worn  by  the  nobility :  an  orna- 
mental head-dress.  —  adj.  Cor'oneted, 
having  or  wearing  a  coronet. 

CORONIS,  ko-ro'nis,  n.  the  curved  line  or 
flourish  at  the  end  of  a  book  or  chapter  ; 
hence,  the  end  generally.  (Rare.)  "  The 
coronis  of  this  matter  is  thus  :  some  bad 
ones  in  this  family  were  punish'd  strictly, 
aU  rebuked,  not  all  amended." — Bp. 
Hacket.  Also  in  G-reek  gram,  a  sign  of 
contraction  (')  placed  over  a  syllable. 
[Gr.  koronis/] 

CORPORAL,  kor'po-ral,  n.  among  infan- 
try, a  non-commissioned  or  sub-officer 
next  in  rank  to  a  sergeant :  in  the  navy, 
an  officer  under  a  master-at-arms. — n. 
Cor'poralship.  [Fr.  caporal — It.  eapo- 
rale  —  capo,  the  head  —  L.  caput,  the 
head.] 

CORPORAL,  kor'po-ral,  adj.  belonging  or 
i-elating  to  the  body :  having  a  body  : 
not  spiritual. — n.  the  cloth  used  in  Catho- 
lic churches  for  covering  the  elements  of 
the  Eucharist. — adv.  Cor'porally.  [L. 
corporalis — corpus,  corporis,  the  body.] 

CORPORATE,  kor'po-rat,  adj.  legally 
united  into  a  body  so  as  to  act  as  an  in- 
dividual :  belongring  to  a  corporation : 
united. — adv.  Cor'poratkly. — n.  Cor'- 
PORATENESS.  [L.  corporatus  —  corporo, 
to  shape  into  a  body,  from  corpus.] 

CORPORATION,  kor-po-ra'shun,  n.  a  body 
or  society  authorized  by  law  to  act  as  one 
individual. 

CORPOREAL,  kor-po're-al,  adj.  having  a 
body  or  substance  :  material. — adv.  COR- 
PO'REALLY. — n.  COKPOREAL'ITY.      [L.  cor- 

poreus.] 
CORPS,  kor,  71.  a  large  body  of  soldiers, 

consisting  of  two  divisions,  and  forming 

a  complete  army  by  itself  i^pl.  Corps, 

korz.     [Fr.,  from  L.  corpus.] 
CORPSE,  korps,  n.  the  dead  body  of  a  hu- 


man being.  [O.  Fr.  corps,  or  cars,  the 
body— Lat.  corpus;  akin  to  A.S.  hrif. 
See  MiDRiFP.] 

CORPULENCE,  kor'pu-lens,  CORPU- 
LENCY, kor'pil-len-si,  n.  fleshiness  of 
body :  excessive  fatness. 

CORPULENT,  kor'pu-lent,  adj.  having  a 
large  body :  fleshy  or  fat.— adf.  Cor'fu- 
LENTLY.  [Fr. — L.  eorpulentus — corpus,  a 
body.] 

CORPUSCLE,  kor'pus-1,  n.  a  minute  par- 
ticle :  a  physical  atom. — cdjs.  CORPUS'- 
CULAR,  CORPUS'CULOUS.  Prof.  Tyndall, 
[L.  corjnisculum,  a  Uttle  body,  dim.  of 
corpus,  a  body.] 

CORRECT,  kor-ekt',  v.t.  to  make  right:  to 
remove  faults  :  to  punish  :  to  counter- 
balance.— adj.  made  right  or  straight : 
free  from  faults  :  true.  —  adv.  CoR- 
BECT'LY. — n.  Cobrect'ness.  [L.  corrigo , 
eorrectus — cor,  intensive,  rego,  to  riilej 
set  right.] 

CORRECTION.kor-ek'shun,  »i.  amendment: 
punishment. 

CORRECTIONAL,  kor-ek-shun-al,  COR- 
RECTIVE, kor-ekt'iv,  adj.  tending,  or 
having  the  power,  to  correct. — CORRECT'- 
rvE,  n.  that  which  corrects. 

CORRECTOR,  kor-ekt'or,  n.  he  who,  or 
that  which,  corrects. 

CORRELATABLE,  ko-re-lat'a-bl,  ac^.  6a^ 
pable  of  being  correlated  :  assignable  to 
correlation. 

CORRELATE,  kor'e-lat,  v.i.  to  be  mutually 
related,  as  father  and  son. — n.  Correla- 
tion. [Coined  from  L.  cor,  with,  and 
Relate  I 

CORRELATIVE,  kor-el'a-tiv,  adj.,mutuany 
or  reciprocally  related. — n.  person  or 
thing  correspondingly  related  to  another 
person  or  thing.— odi'.  Correl'attvely, 
— n.  Correl'ativeness. 

CORRESPONDy  kor-e-spond',r.i.  to  answer, 
suit  :  to  hold  intercourse,  especially  byj 
sending  and  receiving  letters. — adv.  C0R-» 
respond'ingly.      [Coined    from  L.   cor, 
with,  and  Respond.] 

CORRESPOND ENCE,  kor-e-spond'ena, 
CORRESPONDENCY,  kor-e-spond'en-si, 
n.  suitableness:  friendly  intercourse:  com- 
munication by  means  of  letters  :  letters 
which  pass  between  correspondents. 

CORRESPONDENT,  kor-e-spond'ent,  adj. 
agreeing  with  :  suitable. — n.  one  with 
whom  intercourse  is  kept  up  by  \eV  ■jrs, 
— adv.  Correspond'ently. 

CORRIDOR,  kor'i-dor,  n.  a  passage-way  or 
open  gallery  running  along.  comnQuni- 
cating  with  separate  chambers.  [Fr. — 
It.  corridor e,  a  runner,  a  running— It.  cor- 
rere,  to  run — L.  curro.] 

CORRIGENDA,  kor-i-jen'da,  n.pl.  things 
to  be  corrected. 

CORRIGIBLE,  kor'i-ji-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
corrected,  reformed,  or  punished. 

CORROBORANT,  kor-ob'o-rant,  CORROB- 
ORATIVE, kor-ob'o-rat-iv,  axij.  tending 
to  confirm. — n.  that  which  corroborates. 

CORROBORATE,  kor-ob'o-rat,  v.t.  to  con- 
firm :  to  make  more  certain.  [L.  cor,  in- 
tensive, and  roboro.  roboratus,  to  make 
strong.     See  ROBUST.] 

CORROBORATION,  kor-ob-o-ra'shun,  n, 
confirmation. 

CORRODE,  kor-of",  v.t.  to  gnaw  or  eat 
away  by  degree.  ;  to  rust.  [L.  cor,  in* 
tensive,  rodo,  rosus,  to  gnaw.] 

CORRODENT,  kor-od'ent,  acfj.  having  the 
power  of  corroding. — Ji.  that  which  cor^ 
rodes. 

CORROSION,  kor-6'zhun,  n.  act  of  eating 
or  wasting  away. 

CORROSIVE,  kor-os'iv,  ady.  having  the 
quality  of  eating  away. — n.  that  which 
has  the  power  of  corroding. — adv.  OoR- 

ROS'IVELY. — 71.    CORROS'rVENKSS.      [L.  COT^ 

rosus.    See  Corrodb.] 


CORRUGATE 


COULD 


CORRUGATE,  kor'oo-gat,  r.t.  to  xcrinMe 
or  draw  into  folds. — n.  Coreuga'tion. 
jX.  cor,  intensive,  rugo,  rugaUis,  to 
wrinkle — ruga,  a  wrinkle.] 

CORRUPT,  kor-upt',  v.t.  to  make  putrid  : 
to  defile  :  to  debase  :  to  bribe. — v.i.  to 
rot :  to  lose  puritj'. — adj.  putrid  :  de- 
praved :  defiled  :  not  g-enuine  :  full  of 
errors. — adv.  Corrupt'ly. — ns.  Corrcpt'- 
XESS,  COREUPT'ER.  [L.  cor,  intensive, 
and  nunpo,  ruphis,  to  break.] 

CORRUPTIBLE,  kor-upt'i-bl,  adj.  liable  to 
be  corrupte<l. — adi:   Corrupt'iblt. — ns. 

CORRUPTIBIL'ITY,  CORRUPT'LBLENESS. 

CORRUPTION,  kor-up'shun,  n.  rottenness: 
putrid  matter  :  impurity  :  bribery. 

CORRUPTIVE,  kor-upt'iv,  adj.  having  the 
quality  of  corrupting. 

CORSAIR,  kor'sar,  n.  a  pirate:  a  pirate's 
vessel.  [Fr.  corsair c,  one  who  makes 
the  course  or  ranges — L.  curstis,  a  run- 
ning-— ctirro,  to  run.] 

CORSE,  kors,  n.  a  poetic  torm  of  Corpse. 

CORSELET,  CORSLET,  korslet,  n.  a  piece 
of  armor  for  covering  the  body.  [Fi-. 
corselet,  dim.  of  O.  Fr.  cars — L.  corpus, 
the  body.] 

CORSET,  kor'set,  n.  an  article  of  women's 
dress  laced  round  the  body :  stays.  [Dim. 
of  O.  Fr.  cors — L.  coi-jms.  the  body.] 

CORTEGE,  kor'tazh,  n.  a  train  of  attend- 
ants, orig.  appUed  only  to  the  court :  a 
procession.  [Fr. — It.  corteggio  —  corte, 
court.    See  Court.] 

CORTES,  kor'tes.  h.  the  pai-lianient  of  Spain 
and  Portugal.  [Sp.,p?.  of  corte,  a  court.] 

CORTEX,  kor'teks,  n.  the  bark  or  skin  of 
a  plant :  a  covering. — adj.  Cor'ticai,, 
pertaining  to  bark:  external.  [L.  eor- 
te.v,  corticis,  bark.     See  Coee.] 

CORTICATE,  kor'ti-kat,  CORTICATED, 
kor'ti-kat-ed,  adj.  furnished  with  bark ; 
resembling  bark. 

OORUXDUSI,  ko-run'dum,?i.  a  crystallized 
mineral  of  extreme  hardness,  consisting 
of  pure  alumina,  used  for  polishing  gems. 
[HinQ.   kurand.] 

CORUSCATE,  ko-rus'kat  or  kor'-,  v.L  to 
sparkle :  to  throw  off  flashes  of  light. — 
adj.  CoRUs'CAUT,  flashing.  [L.  corusco, 
coruscatus.  to  vibrate,  gUtter — coruscus.] 

CORUSCATION,  ko  -  rus  -  ka'shun,  n.  a 
glittering :  sudden  flash  of  light. 

CORVETTE,  kor-vet',  n.  a  small  ship  of 
war,  next  to  a  frigate.  [Fr. — Port,  cor- 
beta — L.  corbita,  a  slow -sailing  ship, 
from  corbis,  a  basket.] 

CORVINE,  kor'vTn,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
croiv.     [L.  corvinus — corvus,  a  crow.] 

GORYPHEUS,  kor-i-fe'us,  n.  the  chief  or 
leader,  esp.  the  leader  of  the  chorus  in 
the  Attic  drama.  [L. — Gr.  koryphaios — 
koryplie,  the  head.] 

DOSE,  koz,  n.  anything  snug,  comfort- 
able, or  cosey :  specifically,  a  snug  con- 
versation. Written  also  CozE.  "  They 
might  have  a  comfortable  coze." — Miss 
Aitsten. 

£X)SE,  koz,  r.i.  to  be  snug,  comfortable, 
or  cosey.  "The  sailors  cose  round  the 
fire  with  wife  and  child." — Kingsley. 

COSECANT,  ko-se'kant.  COSINE,  ko'sin, 
COTANGENT,  ko-tan'jent,  ns.  (math.) 
the  secant,  sine,  or  tangent  respectiv^ely 
of  the  complement  of  an  arc  or  angle  of 
90°. 

COSEISMAL,  ko-sls'mal,  n.  the  curve 
formed  by  the  points  at  which  the  wave- 
swell  of  an  earthquake  reaches  the  sur- 
face :  the  line  along  which  an  earth- 
quake is  simultaneously  felt.  Used  also 
adjectively,  as  a  cose'ismal  line.  "The 
coseismal  zone  of  maximum  disturbance." 
— ill.  Mallet.  [Prefix  co,  and  Gr.  seismos, 
an  earthquake.] 

COSMETIC,  koz-met'ik.  adj.  impro\nng 
beauty,  especially  that  of  the  complex- 


ion.— n.  a  preparation  used  for  beautify- 
ing the  complexion. — ffdr.COSMET'lCALLY. 
[Gr.   kostnetikos — kosmeo,  to  adorn — kos- 
mos.  order,  ornament.] 
COSMIC,  koz'mik,  COSMIC AL,  koz'mik-al, 
adj.  relating  to  the  world  or  to  the  uni- 
verse :  of  or  pertaining  to  cosmism  ;  as, 
the  cosmic  philosophy  :   (astron.)  rising 
or  setting  with  the  sun. — adv.  COS'MC- 
AIXY.     [Gr.  kosmikos — kosmos.] 
COSMISM,  koz'mizm,   n.  that    system    of 
philosophy  based  on  the  doctrine  of  evo- 
lution enunciated  by  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer 
and  his  school :  a  phase  of  positivism. 
COSMOCRAT,  koz'mo-krat,  ?i.  ruler  of  the 
universe  or  of  the  world  :  in  the  extract 
applied  to  the  devil.     [Gr.  kosmos,  the 
universe,  and  krateo,  to  riUe.] 
You  ^ill  not  thinfe,  sreat  CosmocratI 

That  I  spend  my  time  iu  fooling  ; 
Many  irons,  my  Sire,  have  we  in  the  fire. 
And  I  must  leave  none  of  them  cooling. 

— Southey. 

COSMOGONIST,  koz-mog'o-nist,  jj.  one 
who  speculates  on  the  origin  of  the  uni- 
verse. 

COSMOGONY,  koz-mogf'o-ni,  n.  the  science 
of  the  formation  of  the  universe.  [Gr. 
kosmogonia — kosmos,  and  gon,  root  of 
gignomai.  to  be  born.] 

COSMOGRAPHIC,  koz-mo-grafik,  COS- 
MOGRAPHICAL,  koz-mo-graf ik-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  cosmography. 

COSMOGRAPHY,  koz-mog'ra-fi,  n.  (lit.)  a 
description  of  the  irorld  :  the  science 
of  the  constitution  of  the  universe. — n. 
Cosmog'rapher.  [Gr.  kosmographia — 
kosmos,  and  grapho,  to  write.] 

COSMOLOGIST,  koz-mol'o-jist,  n.  one 
versed  in  cosmology. 

COSMOLOGY,  koz-mol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
of  the  universe  :  a  treatise  on  the  struct- 
ure and  parts  of  the  system  of  creation. 
— adj.  CosMOLOG'iCAi.  [Coined  from  Gr. 
kosmos,  and  logos,  discourse.] 

COSMOPOLITAN,  koz-mo-pol'i-tan,  COS- 
MOPOLITE, koz-mop'o-llt,  n.  (lit.)  a  citi- 
zen of  the  irorld :  one  who  can  make  a 
home  everywhere :  one  free  from  local 
or  national  prejudices. — n.  Cosmopol'i- 
TANISM.  [Gr.  kosmopdlites — kosmos,  and 
polites,  a  citizen — polis,  a  city.] 

OOSMORAMA,  koz-mo-ra'ma,  n.  a  vieic, 
or  a  series  of  views,  of  different  parts  of 
the  loorld. — adj.  Cosmoram'ic.  [Gr.  kos- 
mos, and  horama,  a  spectacle — horao,  to 
see.] 

COSMOS,  koz'mos,  n.  the  world  as  an 
orderly  or  systematic  whole,  opposed  to 
chaos.     [Gr.] 

COSMOTHEISM,  koz-mo-the'izm,  n.  same 
as  Pantheism.  [Gr.  kosmos,  the  universe, 
and  Theos,  God.] 

COSSACK,  kos'ak,  n.  one  of  a  warlike  tribe 
in  the  east  and  south  of  Russia.  [Russ. 
Kasake  (of  Tartar  origin),  a  light-armed 
soldier,  a  robber.] 

COST,  kost,  v.t.  to  bring  a  certain  price  : 
to  require  to  be  laid  out  or  suffered  : — 
jia.t.  and  pa.p.  cost. — n.  -what  is  laid  out, 
or  suffered  to  obtain  anything — pi.  ex- 
penses of  a  lawsuit.  [Fr.  coftter,  O.  Fr. 
couster — L.  constare,  to  stand  at — eon, 
and  stare,  to  stand.] 

COSTAL,  kost'al,  adj.  relating  to  the  ribs, 
or  to  the  side  of  the  body.  [L.  casta,  a 
rib.] 

COSTERMONGER,  kos'ter-mung-ger,  n.  a 
seller  of  costards  or  apples  and  other 
fruit :  an  itinerant  seller  of  fruit.  [Cos- 
ford,  a  variety  of  apple,  and  Monger.] 

COSTn^,  kos'tiv,  adj.  having  the  motion 
of  the  bowels  too  slow. — adv.  Cos'TTTELY. 
[Fr.  constipL    See  Constipate.] 

COSTm;NESS,  kos'tiv-nes,  n.  slowness  in 
the  action  of  the  bowels. 

COSTLY,  kost'li,  adj.  of  great  cost :  high- 
priced  :  valuable. — n.  Cost'liness. 


COSTUME,  kos-tiim',  n.  the  manner  of 
dressing  prevalent  at  a  particular 
period  or  place  :  dress.  [Fr. — It. — Low 
L.  costuma  —  L.  consuetudo,  custom. 
Doublet  of  Custom.] 

COT,  kot,  n.  a  small  dwelling,  a  cottage-, 
a  small  bed  :  a  sleeping-place  on  board 
ship :  an  inclosure  for  sheep  or  cattle. 
[A.S.   cote,  a  cot  or  den  ;  a  doublet  of 

COAT.]_ 

COTE,  kot,  n.  an  inclosure  for  sheep,  etc. 

[A  variety  of  CoT.] 
COTEMPORANEOUS.   ko-tem-po-ra'ne-us 
COTEMPORARY.  kO-tenVpo-i-ar-i.  Same 
as  Contemporaneous,  Contemporary. 
COTERIE,  ko'te-re,  n.  a  nimiber  of  persons 
who  meet  familiarly  for  social,  literajy, 
or  other  purposes.     [Fr. ;  orig.  a  number 
of  peasants  clubbed  together  to  obtain  a 
tenure  of  land  from  a  lord — Low  L.  cota, 
a  hut      SfeG  Cot  1 
COTILLON,  COTILLION,  ko-til'yun,  n.  a 
brisk  dance  bv  eight  persons.  [Fr. — cottc, 
a  petticoat— ILow  L.  cotta,  a  tunic.    See 
Coat.] 

OOTQUEAN,  kot'kwen,  tu  a  man  who 
busies  himself  with  women's  affairs. 
[Cot.  a  small  house,  and  quean.] 

COTTAGE,  kot'aj,  n.  a  cot :  formerly  ap- 
plied to  a  hut  or  hovel,  now  to  a  small 
neat  dwelling. 

COTTAGER,  kot'aj-er,  ji.  one  who  dwells 
in  a  cottage. 

COTTAR.  COTTER,  kot'er,  n.  same  as 
Cottager. 

COTTON,  kot'n.  n.  a  soft  substance  ike 
fine  wool,  got  from  the  pods  of  the  cot- 
ton-plant: cloth  made  of  cotton.  [Fi-. 
colon — Ar.  qutun.] 

COTYLE,  kot'i-le,  COTYLA,  kot'i-la,  n. 
in  anat.  the  ca\'ity  of  a  bone  whicli  re- 
ceives the  end  of  another  in  articulation  : 
in  zool.  one  of  the  suctorial  cups  or  disks 
of  the  arms  of  a  cuttle-fish,  by  means  of 
which  it  attaches  itself  to  any  object,  on 
the  principle  of  a  boy's  sucker.  [Gr. 
kotyle,  a  hollow,  cavitv.] 

COTYLEDON,  kot-i-le'd'on,  n.  a  cup-shaped 
leaf  or  lobe  in  certain  plants,  forming 
part  of  the  seed,  and  on  which  the  grow- 
ing germ  is  nourished.  [Gr.  kotyledon — 
koiyle.  a  cup.] 

COTYLEDONOUS,  kot-i-ie'don-us  or  -led'- 
on-us,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  having  coty- 
ledons or  seed-lobes. 

CX3TYLIGEROUS,  kot-i-Ujer-us,  adj.  fur- 
nished with  cotyles. 

COUCH,  kowch.  v.t.  to  lay  down  on  a  bed, 
etc.  :  to  arrange  in  language,  to  express  ■ 
to  depress  or  remove  a  cataract  in  the 
eye. — v.i.  to  he  dowTi  for  the  purpose  of 
sleep,  concealment,  etc.  :  to  bend  or  stoop 
in  reverence. — Couch  a  spear,  to  fix  it  in 
its  rest  at  the  side  of  the  armor.  [Fr. 
coudter,  to  lay  or  lie  down,  O.  Fr.  colcJier 
— L.  colloeare,  to  place — col,  and  locus,  a 
place.] 

COUCH,  kowch,  n.  any  place  for  rest  or 
sleep :  a  bed. 

COUCHANT,  kowch'ant,  adj.,  oouching  or 
lying  down  with  the  head  raised.  [Fr., 
pr.p.  of  coucher.] 

COUCHMATE,  kowch  mat,  h.  one  who  lies 
in  the  same  couch  or  bed  with  another  : 
a  bed-fellow  :  a  bed-mate  :  hence  a  hus- 
band or  wife.    Browning. 

COUGAR,  koo'gar, »(.  an  Ajnerican  aninial : 
same  as  the  puma.     [Brazihan,] 

COUGH,  kof,  71.  an  effort  of  the  lungs  to 
throw  off  injurious  matter,  accompanied 
by  a  harsh  sound,  proceeding  from  the 
throat. — v.i,  to  make  this  effort. — v.t.  to 
expel  from  the  throat  or  lungs  by  a  cough. 
[BVom  a  Low  Ger.  root  found  in  Dut. 
kugchen.  to  cough,  imitative  of  the 
sound.] 

COULD,  kood,  past  tense  of  Can.     [O.  E. 


COULTER 


83 


cousmRY 


ooude,  couth — A.S.  cuthe  for  cunihe,  was 
able  ;  I  is  inserted  from  the  influence  of 
would  and  should.] 

COULTER.     See  Coltee. 

COUNCIL,  kown'sil,  n.  an  assembly  called 
together  for  deliberation  or  advice.  [Fr. 
concile — L.  concilium — con,  together,  and 
root  eal,  to  c^lL] 

COUNCILLOR,   kown'sil-or,  n.  a  member 

'    of  a  c<iuiwil. 

.COUNSEL,  ko-mi'sel,  n.,  considtation:  de- 
liberation:  advice:  plan:  purpose:  one 
who  gives  counsel,  a,  barrister  or  advo- 
cate.— v.t.  to  give  advice  :  to  warn : — 
pr.p.  coun'sellin^  pa.p.  coum'selled.  [Fr. 
conseil — L.  consilium,  advice — eomsmere, 
to  consult.] 

COUNSELLOR,  kown'sel-or,  n.  one  who 
counsels  :  a,  bari-ister. — n,  Oouh'seixor- 

SHIP. 

COUNT,  kownt,  n.  ob  the  contrueat,  a  title 
of  nobility  equal  in  rank  to  an  English 
earl.-^«)i.  Cocnt'ess,  the  wifeofacoM??* 
or  earl.  £Fr.  comte,  from  L.  comes, 
ccmiitis,  a  companion  (of  a  prince)  — con, 
with,  and  eo,  itwai,  to  go.] 

COUNT,  kownt,  v.t.  to  number,  sum  up  : 
to  ascribe  :  esteem :  consider. — v.i.  to  add 
to  or  increase  a  number  by  being  counted 
to  it :  to  depend. — ai.  act  of  numbering- : 
the  number  counted  :  a  particular  charge 
in  an  indictmenL — adj.  Count'mibs.  JO. 
Fr.  cwiter,  Fi\  compter — ^L.  computare. 
See  Compute.] 

COUNTENANCE,  kown'ten-ans,  n.  the 
face  :  the  expression  of  the  face :  appear- 
ance.— v.t.  to  favor  or  approve.  [Fr. 
contenance — L.  continentia,  restraint,  in 
Late  L.  demeanor — L.  coniinere,  to  con- 
tain.   See  Contain.] 

COUNTER,  ko-mi'ter,  n.  he  who  or  that 
which  counts :  that  which  indicates  a 
number  :  a  piece  of  metal,  etc.,  used  in 
reckoning :  a  table  on  which  money  is 
counted  or  goods  laid. 

iDOUNTER.  kown'ter,  ndv.,  ■agmnst :  in 
opposition.  —  adj.  contrary  :  opposite. 
IL.  contra,  against.] 

COUNTERACT,  kown-ter-akf ,  v.i.  to  act 
counter  or  in  opposition  to :  to  hinder  or 
defeat. — n.  CoTTSTEiaAC'TlON. 

COUNTERACTIVE,  kown^te^-akt'iv,  adj. 
tending  to  countera^d. — n.  one  who  lor 
that  which  counteracts. — adiu,  Cousteb- 

ACT'rVELT. 

COUNTERBALANCE,  kown-ter-bal'aas, 
v.i.  to  baiaauie  by  w^eight  on  the  opposite 
side  :  to  act  against  with  equa!  weight, 
power,  or  influence. 

COUNTERBALANCE,  kowfl'ter-Jbal-^ans,  n. 
an  equal  weight,  power,  or  agency  woa-k- 
ing  in  opposition. 

COUNTERFEIT,  kown'tea--fl±,  v.t.  to  imi- 
tate :  to  copy  without  authority:  to 
forge.  [Fr.  eontrefait.  from  contrefaire, 
to  imitate — L.  contra,  against, /acere,  to 
do,  to  make.l 

COUNTERFEIT,  kown'tea'-flt,  n.  some- 
thing false  or  copied,  or  that  pretends  to 
be  true  and  original. — adj.  pretended : 
made  in  imitation  of :  forged  :  false. 

COUNTERFOIL,  kown'ter-foil,  n.  the  cor- 
responding part  of  a  tally  or  check. 
fCoujJTER  and  Foil]. 

COUNTERMAND,  kown-ter-mand',  v.t.  to 
give  a  command  in  oppoeiiion  to  one 
already  given:  to  revoke.  [Fr.  oontre- 
mcmder — L.  contra,  against,  and  mando, 
to  order.] 

OOUNTERMAND,  kown'ter-maiid,  n.  a 
revocation  of  a  former  order.  —  adj. 
Coxtstermand'able. 

COUNTERMARCH,  kown-ter-mSpci',  v.i. 
to  march  back  or  in  a  direction  contrary 
to  a  former  one. 

COUNTERMARCH,  kown'ter-march,  n.  a 
marching  backward  or  in  a  direction  dif- 


ferent from  a  former  one  :  (mil.)  an  evo- 
lution by  which  a  body  of  men  change 
front,  and  still  retain  the  same  men  in 
the  front  rank  :  change  of  measui'es. 

COUNTERPANE,  kown'ter-pan,  n.  a  cov- 
erlet for  a  bed,  stitched  or  woven  in 
squares.  [A  corr.  of  O.  Fr.  contre- 
poincte,  which  is  a  corr.  of  coultepointe 
— L.  culcita  puncta,  a  stitched  pillow  or 
cover.    See  Quilt.] 

COUNTERPART,  kown'ter-part,  n.  the 
part  that  answers  to  another  part :  that 
which  fits  into  or  completes  another, 
having  the  qualities  which  the  other 
lacks,  and  so  an  opposite. 

COUNTERPOINT,  kown'ter-point,  n.  the 
older  form  of  Couxteepawe. 

COUNTERPOINT,  kown'ter-polnt,  n. 
(tnnsic)  wi-itten  haa-mony  which  originally 
consisted  of  points  placed  opposite  to 
eaeli  other  :  the  setting  of  a  harmony  of 
one  or  more  parts  to  a  melody  :  the  art 
of  composition.  {Fr.  eontrepoint — contre, 
against,  and  point,  a  point.  See  Countee 
and  Poojt.] 

COUNTERPOISE,  kown-ter-poiz',  v.t.  to 
2}oise  or  weigh  against  or  on  the  opposite 
side :  to  act  in  opposition  to  with  equal 
effect.— )i.  Counterpoise,  an  equally 
heavy  weight  in  the  other  scale.  [Cotow- 
er  and  Poise.] 

COUNTERSCARP,kown'tej--skarp,«.(/orf.) 
the  side  of  the  ditch  nearest  to  tlie  besieg- 
ers and  opposite  to  tiie  scarp.  J^Oountee 
and  Scaep.] 

COUNTERSIGN,  kown'ter-an,  v.t  to  sign 
on  the  opposite  side  of  a  writing:  to  sign 
in  addition  to  the  signature  of  a  supei'ior, 
to  attest  the  authenticity  of  a  •writing. — 
n.  a  military  private  S'ign  or  word,  which 
must  be  given  in  order  to  pass  a  senti'y : 
acounter-signatui-e.  [CoCNTEEand  SiCEN.] 

COUNTER-SIGNATUEE,  kown'ter-sig'na- 
tiir,  n.  a  name  countersigned  to  a  writing. 

COUNTERS! AND,  kown'ter-stand,  n.  the 
act  of  resisting  or  making  a  stand  agamst: 
opposition  :  resistance.    Longfellow. 

OOUNTESr-TENOR,  kown'ter-ten'or,  n. 
nameapplied  toalto,  when  sung  byaiuale 
voice  (so  called,  because  a  contrast  to 
tenor). 

COUNTERVAIL,  kown-ter-ral',  v.t.  to  be 
of  avail  again^:  to  act  against  with 
equal  effect :  to  be  of  equal  value  to. 
[COUMTEE  and  Atail.] 

CX5UNTE8a    See  under  Oocwc. 

COUNTRY,  kun'tri,  to.  a  rural  region  as 
distinct  from  a  town  :  a  tract  of  land ; 
the  kmd  in  which  one  was  born,  or  in 
which  one  resides. — adj.  belonging  to  the 
country:  rustic:  rude.  [Fr.  contree — 
Low  L.  contrata,  coivtrada,  an  extension 
of  L.  oontra,  over  against.  It  was  a 
name  adapted  by  the  German  settlers  in 
Gaul  as  a  translation  of  Ger.  gegend, 
region  (from  qegen,  over  against).] 

COUNTRY-DANCE.    See  Con'TEA-bauce. 

COUNTRYMAN,  kun'tri-man,  n.  one  who 
lives  in  tJie  country :  a  farmer :  one  born 
in  the  same  country  with  another. 

COUNTY,  kown'ti,  n.  (orig.)  the  province 
ruled  by  a  count :  a  .division  of  a  State  in 
U.  S.  with  a  chief  city,  called  theoomity- 
seat :  a  shire  (Eng.). 

COUPLE,  kup'l,  n.  two  of  a  kind  joined 
together,  or  connected :  two  :  a  pair. — 
v.t.  to  join  together:  to  miite.  [Fr., 
from  L.  copula.    See  Copula.] 

COUPLET,  kup'let,  w.,  ttvo  Unes  of  verse 
that  rhvnje  with  each  other. 

COUPLlSlG,  kup'ling,  n.  that  which  con- 
nects. 

COUPON,  koo'pong,  «.  an  interest  warrant 
att-iched  to  transferable  bonds,  which  is 
cutoff  when  presented  for  pajTnent.  [Fr. 
— eonper.  to  cut  off.] 

COURAGE,  Inii-'aj,  7i.  the  quality  that  en- 


ables men  to  meet  dangers  without  fear: 
bravery :  spirit.  [Fr.  courage,  from  L. 
cor.  the  heart.] 

COURAGEOUS,  kur-a'jus,  adj.,  fuU  of 
courage :  brave. — adv.  Couea'gbodsly.— 
?!.  Couea'oeousness. 

COURIER,  koo'ri-er,  n.  a  runner :  a  messen- 
ger :  a  state  servant  or  messenger  :  a 
traveUing  attendant.  [Fr.,  from  eourir 
— L.  eurrer^,  to  run.] 

COURSE,  kors,  n.  the  act  of  running:  the 
road  or  track  on  which  one  runs :  the 
direction  pm-sued  :  a  voyiig*  :  a  i-ace  ; 
regular  pi'ogress  from  point  to  point  : 
method  of  procedure ;  conduct  :  a  part 
of  a  meal  served  at  one  time.  [Fr.  oours 
— L.  cursus,  from  curro,  cursum,  to  run.] 

COURSE,  kors,  v.t.  to  run,  chase,  or  hunt 
after. — v.i.  to  move  with  speed  as  in  a 
race  or  hunt. 

COURSER,  kors'er,  n.  a  runner:  a  swift 
horse :  one  who  courses  or  hunts. 

COURSING,  kors'ing,  n.,huntiag  with  grey- 
hounds, 

COURT,  kort,  n.  a  spaoe  indoeed  :  a  space 
surrounded  by  houses :  the  palace  of  a 
sovereign  :  the  body  of  persons  who  form 
his  suite  or  council :  attention  :  civility, 
as  to  pay  court :  (laiv)  the  hall  of  justice : 
the  judges  and  officials  who  preside  there: 
any  body  of  persons  assembled  to  decide 
causes,  whethei-  civil,  military,  or  eccle- 
siastical.— I'.i.  to  pay  attentions  to ;  to 
woo ;  to  solicit :  to  seek. — re.  Couet'taed, 
a  court  or  inelosui'e  neai"  a  house.  [Fr. 
cour,  O.  Fi'.  cort — Low  L.  curiis,  a  court- 
yard— L.  oors,  coJijors,  an  Lnclosure  ;  akin 
to  Gr.  chortos,  an  inclosed  place,  L.  Jior- 
tus,  a  gai"dea.    See  Yakd.] 

COURTEOUS,  kurt'yns,  adj.  of  court-like 
manners  :  polite  :  respectful :  obUging. 
— adv.    Couet'eously. — n.    Couet'eoxs- 

NESa. 

COURTESAN,  COURTEZAN,  kurt'e-zan, 
M.  a  fashionable  prostitute.  [Sp.  corte- 
sana — corte,  court.    See  Couet.J 

COURTESY,  kurt'e-si,  n.,  courtliness :  ele- 
gance of  manner:  an  act  of  civility  or 
respect. 

COURTESY,  kurt'si,  n.  the  gesture  of  salu- 
tation or  respect  performed  by  women 
by  slightly  depressing  the  body  and  bend- 
ing the  knees. — v.i.  to  make  a  coiurtesy  : 
— pr.p.  com-t'esying  ;  pa.p.  coart'esied, 
[O.  Fr.  oortoisie.    See  Court.] 

COURTIER,  kort'yer,  n.  one  who  frequents 
courts  or  palaces  :  one  who  courts  or  llat- 

COURTIERISM,  kort'i-er-izm,  n.  tlie  prac- 
tices and  behavior  of  a  courtier.  "The 
perlved-up  courtierism  and  paetentions 
nullity  of  majiy  here." — Carl^/le. 

COURTLEDGE,  kort'lej,  ju  same  as  Curti- 
lage. "  A  rambling  cour^ierfgie  of  barns 
and  walls." — Kinggley. 

COURTLY,  kort'li,  adj.  having  manners 
like  tliose  of  a  coiwi ;  elegant. — n.  Cotjrt'- 


LINESS. 

COURT-MARTIAL,  kort'-mfir'shal,  «l  a 
court  lield  by  officei-s  of  the  army  or 
navy  for  tlie  trial  of  offences  against 
military  or  naval   laws: — pi.  COUETS- 

MAE'TIAiL. 

COURT-PLASTEEL  kort'-plas'ter,  n.  stick- 
ing plaster  made  of  sillc,  orig.  applied  as 
patches  on  the  face  bv  ladies  at  court. 

COURTSHIP,  kort'sliip,  li.  the  act  of  woo- 
ing witli  intention  to  marry. 

COUSIN,  kuz'n,  n.  formerly,  a  kinsman 
generally :  now,  the  son  or  daughter  of 
an  uncle  or  aimt. — CousrN-OEEMAN,afirst- 
cousin.  [Fr. — L.  consobrinus — con,  sig. 
connection,  and  sobrinus  for  sororinus, 
applied  to  the  children  of  sisters — eoror, 
a  sister.] 

COUSINRY,  kuz'n-ri,  n.  cousins  collective- 
ly :  relatives  :  kindred.    "  Of  the  numer- 


COUSINSHIP 


84 


CRANK 


ous  and  now  mostly  forgettable  cottstnry 
we  specify  farther  only  the  Mashams  of 
Otes  in  'Essex.'— Carlyle. 

COUSINSHIP,  kuz'n-ship,  ?i.  the  state  of 
being  cousins  :  relationship:  cousinhood. 
George  Eliot. 

COVE,  kov,  11.  a  small  inlet  of  the  sea  :  a 
bay. — v.t.  to  overarch,  and  thus  form  a 
hollow.  [A.S.  cofa,  a  chamber ;  Ice. 
kofi,  a  shed ;  not  to  be  confused  with 
cave  or  alcove.] 

COVENANT,  ku-Ze-nant,  n.  a  mutual 
agi-eement :  the  writing  containing  the 
agreement. — r.i.  to  enter  into  an  agree- 
ment :  to  contract  or  bargain.  [O.  Fr. 
— L.  con,  together,  and  venio,  to  come.] 

COVENANTED,  kuv'en-ant-ed,  adj.  hold- 
ing a  position,  situation,  or  the  like 
under  a  covenant. — Covenanted  civil 
SERVICE,  that  branch  of  the  British  Indian 
civil  service  whose  members  enter  a 
special  department  after  being  sent  out 
from  Britain,  and  are  entitled  to  regular 
promotion  and  a  pension  after  serving  a 
specified  number  of  years-  and  who  can- 
not resign  without  permission, 

COVENANTER,  kuv-e-nant'er,  u.  one  who 
signed  or  adhered  to  the  Scottish  Na- 
tional Covenant  of  1638. 

COVER,  kuv'er,  v.t.  to  hide  :  to  clothe  :  to 
shelter  :  to  brood  or  sit  on  :  to  be  sufB- 
cient  for,  as  to  cover  expense. — Ji.  that 
which  covers  or  protects :  {hunting)  the 
retreat  of  a  fox  or  hare,  [Fr.  coui~rir 
(It.  coprire)  —  L.  cooperire  —  con,  and 
operio,  to  cover.] 

COVER,  kuv'er,  v.i.  to  lay  a  table  for  a 
meal :  to  prepare  a  banquet.  Shak.  "  To 
cover  courtly  for  a  king." — Greene. 

COVERING,  kuVer-ing,  n.  anytliiug  that 
cover.t. 

COVERLET,  kuv'er-let,  n.  a  bedcover.  [Fr. 
couvrelit,  from  couvre,  smdlit — L.  lectum, 
abed.] 

COVERT,  kuv'ert,  adj.,  covered:  con- 
cealed :  secret. — n.  a  place  that  covers 
or  affords  protection. 

COVERTLY,  kuVert-li,  adv.  in  a  covered 
or  concealed  mannei-. 

COVERTURE,  kuv'er  -  tur,  n.,  covering, 
shelter,  defence  :  (law)  the  condition  of  a 
married  woman. 

COVET,  kuVet,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  desire  or 
wish  for  eagerly :  to  wish  for  what  is  un- 
lawful.— adj.  Cov'etable.  [O.  Fr.  cov- 
eiter,  Fr.  convoiter ;  It.  cubitare  —  L. 
cupidus,  desirous — cupio,  to  desire.] 

COVETOUS,  kuVet-us,  adj.  inordinately 
desirous :  avaricious. — adv.  Cov'etouslt. 
— n.  Cov'etousness. 

COVEY,  kuv'i,  n.  a  brood  or  hatch  of  birds  : 
a  small  flock  of  birds — said  of  game.  [Fr. 
couvee — couvi,  pa.p.  of  couver.  to  hatch 
— L.  cicbo,  to  lie  down.] 

COW,  kow,  ?!.  the  female  of  the  bull.  [A.S. 
cu;  Ger.  kuh.  Sans,  go  :  from  its  cry.] 

COW,  kow,  v.t.  to  subdue,  keep  lender: 
to  dishearten.  [Ice.  kuga,  Dan.  kue,  to 
subdue,  to  keep  under.] 

COWARD,  kow'ard,  n.  one  who  turns  tail : 
one  without  courage.  [O.  Fr.  couard.  It. 
codardo — L.  cauda,  a  tad.] 

COWARD,  kow'ard,  COWARDLY,  kow'- 
ard-li,  adj.  afraid  of  danger :  timid : 
mean. — adv.  Covt'ardlt. — n.  Cow'ardu- 

NESS. 

•30WAEDICE,  kow'ard-is,  n.  want  of  cour- 
age :  timidity. 

COWER,  kow'er,  v.i.  to  sink  down,  gener- 
ally through  fear  :  to  crouch.  [Cf.  Ice. 
kura,  Dan.  kure,  to  lie  quiet.] 

OOWL,  kowl,  n.  a  cap  or  hood :  a  monk's 
hood :  a  cover  for  a  chimney.  [A.S. 
eujle ;  Ice.  cojl ;  akin  to  L.  eucullus, 
hood.] 

COWLED,  kowld,  adj.  wearing  a  cowl. 

COWPOX,   koVpoks,  n.  a  disease  which 


appears  in  pox  or  pimples  on  the  teats  of 
the  coiv,  the  matter  from  which  is  used 
for  Vaccination. 

COWRY,  kow'ri,  n.  a  small  shell  used  as 
money  in  the  E.  Indies  and  in  Africa. 
[Hind,  kauri.'] 

COWSLIP,  kow'slip,  n.  a  species  of  prim- 
rose which  appears  early  in  spring  in 
moist  places.  [A.S.  ku-slyppc,  a  word  of 
doubtful  meaning.] 

COWTREE,  kow'tre,  ii.  a  tree  that  pro- 
duces a  nourishing  fluid  resembhng  mUk. 

COXCOMB,  koks'kom,  n.  a  strip  of  red 
cloth  notched  like  a  cock's  comb,  which 
professional  fools  used  to  wear  :  a  fool : 
a  fop.     [Corr.  of  COCKSCOMB.] 

COXSWAIN.    See  Cockswain. 

COY,  koy,  adj.  modest :  basliful :  shy. — 
adv.  Coy'ly.  —  n.  Coy'ness.  [Fr.  coi ; 
from  L.  quietus,  quiet.] 

COYISH,  koy'ish,  adj.,  sometchat  coy. — 
adv.  Coy'ishly. — n.  Coy'ishness. 

COZ,  kuz,  n.  a  contraction  of  COUSIN. 

COZEN,  kuz'n,  v.t.  to  flatter :  to  cheat. — 
n.  Coz'ener.  [From  Fr.  cousiner,  to 
claim  kindred  for  one's  own  advantage, 
play  the  parasite — cousin,  a  cousin.] 

COZENAGE,  kuz'n-aj,  n.  the  practice  of 
cheating :  deceit. 

COZY,  ko'zi,  adj.  snug :  comfortable. — adv. 
Co'ziLY.  [Fr.  causer,  to  chat ;  prob.  fr. 
Ger.  kosen,  to  caress.] 

CRAB,  krab,  Ji.  a  common  shell-fish  having 
ten  legs,  the  front  pair  terminating  in 
claws  :  a  sign  in  the  zodiac.  [A.S.  crab- 
ba  ;  Ger.  krabbe.] 

CRAB,  krab,  n.  a  wild  bitter  apple.  [Perh. 
because  it  pinches,  like  a  crab.] 

CRABBED,  krab'ed.  adj.  ill-natured :  pee- 
vish :  harsh  :  rough :  diflBcult,  perplexing. 
— adv.  Crabb'edly. — n.  Crabb'edness. 

CRABSIDLE,  krab'sid-1,  v.i.  to  go  or  move 
side  foremost  like  a  crab.  "  Others  craf>- 
sidling  along."— Southey. 

CRACK,  krak,  n.  a  lie :  a  fib.  "Aeon- 
founded  crack." — Goldsmith.  (Old  slang.) 

CRACK,  krak,  v.i.  to  utter  a  sharp  sudden 
sound  :  to  spUt. — v.t.  to  produce  a  sudden 
noise  :  to  break  into  chinks  :  to  split  :  to 
break  partially  or  wholly. — n.  a  sudden 
sharp  splitting  sound :  a  chink :  a  flaw. 
[A.S.  cearcian,  to  crack ;  Dut.  krak, 
Gael.  c7iao ;  like  Creak,  Croak,  etc., 
from  the  sound.] 

CRACKER,  krak'er,  n.  the  person  or  thing 
which  cracks :  a  noisy  firework :  a  hard 
biscuit. 

CRACKLE,  krak'l,  v.i.  to  give  out  slight 
hut  frequent  cracks. — n.  Crack'ixng,  the 
rind  of  roasted  pork. 

CRACKLE,  krak'l,  n.  a  small  crack  :  spe- 
cifically applied  to  a  particular  kind  of 
chinaware,  or  to  the  mode  of  ornament- 
ing it.     [See  Cracklin.] 

CRACKLIN,  krak'Un,  n.  a  species  of  china- 
ware  which  is  ornamented  by  a  net- 
work of  small  cracks  in  all  directions. 
The  ware  recei.ves  the  minute  cracks  in 
the  kiln  with  the  effect  that  the  glaze  or 
enamel  which  is  afterwards  appUed  ap- 
pears to  be  cracked  all  over. 

CRACKNEL,  ki-ak'nel,  n.  a  hard,  brittle 
biscuit. 

CRADLE,  kra'dl,  n.  a  bed  or  crib  in  which 
children  ai-e  rocked :  (Jig.)  infancy:  a 
frame  in  which  anything  is  imbedded  : 
a  case  for  a  broken  limb  :  a  frame  under 
a  ship  for  launching  it :  an  implement 
for  reaping  grain  by  hand. — i\t.  to  lay  or 
rock  in  a  cradle.  [A.S.  cradol,  borrowed 
from  Gael,  creathall,  a  cradle,  a  grate  ; 
akin  to  L.  cratietila.  dim.  of  crates,  a 
crate,  and  to  E.   Hurdle.     See  Crate.] 

CRADLE-BABE,  kra'dl-bab,  n.  an  infant 
lying  in  a  cradle.  "  Mild  and  gentle  as 
the  cradle-babe." — Shak. 

CRADLE  -  CLOTHES,    kra'dl  -  kloiftz,    n. 


clothes  worn  by  a  child  in  the  cradle . 
swaddling-clothes. 

O  that  it  could  be  proved 
That  some  nierht-trippin?  fairy  had  exchanged 
Iq  cradle-clothes  our  children  Vhere  they  lay. 

CRADLE-WALK,  kra'dl- wawk,M.  a  walk  or 
avenue  arched  over  with  trees.  "The 
garden  is  iust  as  Sir  John  Germain 
brought  it  from  Holland ;  pyramidal 
yews,  treillages,  and  square  cradle-walks 
with  windows  clipped  in  them." — flf. 
'Waljiole. 

CRAFT,  kraft,  n.  cunning  :  dexterity  :  art : 
trade  :  small  ships.  [A.S.  craeft  ;  Ger. 
kraft,  power,  energy ;  from  root  of 
Cramp.] 

CRAFTSMAN,  krafts'man,  n.  one  engaged 
in  a  craft  or  trade. 

CRAFTY,  kraft'i,  adj.  having  craft  or 
skill :  cunning  :  deceitful. — adv.  Craft'- 
ILY. — n.  Craft'iness. 

CRAG,  krag,  n.  a  rough,  steep  rock  or 
point :  (geol.)  a  bed  of  gravel  mixed  with 
shells.  [Gael,  creag,  W.  craig,  a  rock, 
which  is  short  for  car-eg,  a  dim.  from 
root  car,  a  rock,  whence  also  earn  =  E. 
Cairn.] 

CRAGGED,  krag'ed,  CRAGGY,  krag'i,  adj., 
full  of  crags  or  broken  rocks :  rough ; 
rugged. — ns.  Cragg'edness,  Cragq'iness. 

CRAKE,  k-rak,  CORN'CRAKE,  n.  the 
landrail,  a  migratory  bird  which  lives 
much  among  grass,  corn,  etc.  [So 
named  from  its  cry.] 

CRAM,  kram,  v.t.  to  press  close  :  to  stuff; 
to  fill  to  superfluity. — v.i.  to  eat  greedily; 
— jjr.p.  cramm'ing  ;  pa.p.  crammed'. — n. 
Cramm'er,  one  who  prepares  students 
for  examination  by  cramming  them  with 
the  required  knowledge.  [A.S.  cram- 
mian ;  Ice.  kremja,  to  squeeze ;  Daiu 
kramme,  to  crumple,  crush.] 

CRAMP,  kramp,  n.  a  painful  spasmodic 
contraction  of  muscles :  restraint :  a 
piece  of  iron  bent  at  the  ends,  for  hold- 
ing together  wood,  stone,  etc. — v.t.  to 
affect  with  spasms :  to  confine  :  to 
hinder :  to  fasten  with  a  crampiron. 
[E. ;  Ger.  krampf,  conn,  with  Clamp.] 

CRAMPFISH,  kramp'flsh,  n.  the  torpedo, 
because  it  causes  spasms  when  touched. 

CRANBERRY,  kran'ber-i,  n.  a  red,  sour 
berry  growing  on  a  stalk  resembling  the 
neck  of  a  crane,  much  used  for  tarts,  etc. 

CRANCH,  kranch.     Same  as  Crunch. 

CRANE,  kran,  n.  a  large  wading  bird,  with 
long  legs,  neck,  and  bill :  a  bent  pipe  for 
drawing  liquor  out  of  a  cask,  a  machine 
for  raising  heavy  weights — both  named 
from  their  likeness  to  the  bird.  [A.S. 
cran;  Ger.  kranich,  W.  garan;  Gr. 
geranos,  L.  grus,  a  crane,  from  the 
sound  ;  cf.  Garrulous.] 

CRANIAL,  kra'ni-ai,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
cranium. 

CRANIOLOGIST,  kra-ni-ol'o-jist,  n.  one 
skilled  in  craniologv. 

CRANIOLOGY,  kra-ni-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  study 
of  skulls  :  phrenology. — adj.  Craniolog  - 
ICAL.  [Low  L.  cranium,  a  skull,  and  Gr. 
logos,  a  discourse.] 

CRANIUM,  kra'ni-um,  n.  the  skull :  the 
bones  inclosing  the  brain.  [Low  L.  cra- 
nium— Gr.  kranion,  from  kare,  the  head.] 

CRANK,  krangk,  n.  a  crook  or  bend  :  a 
bend  on  an  axis  for  communicating 
motion  :  a  twisting  or  conceit  in  speech 

tFrom  an  E.  root  krank,  seen  also  in 
)ut.  kronkelen.  krinkelen.  to  curl,  tvrist, 
bend  :  also  in  E.  Cringe,  Crinkle.] 
CRANK,  krangk,  CRANKLE,  krangk'l 
CRINKLE,  kringk'l,  v.t.  to  form  with 
short  turns  or  wrinkles. — v.i.  to  bend, 
turn,  wind,  or  wrinkle. 
CRANK,  krangk.  CRANKY,  krangk'l,  adj 
weak  :  (naut.)  Uable  to  be  upset.     [From 


CKANKLE 


85 


CREST 


the  notion  of  bending  ;  cf.  Ger.  krank, 

CRANKLE,  krangk'l,  CRINKLE,  kringk'l, 

n.  a  turn,  winding,  or  wrinkle. 
CRANKNESS,   krangk'nes,  n.   liability  to 

be  upset. 
CRANNOG,  kran'og,  n.  the  name  given  in 

Scotland  and  Ireland  to  a  fortified  island 

(partlj'  natural  and  partly  artificial)  in  a 

lake,  used  as  a  dwelling-place  and  place 

of  refuge  among  the  early  inhabitants. 
CRANNY,  kran'i,  n.  (lit.)  a  rent :  a  chink  : 

a  secret  place.     [Fr.  cran,  a  notch — L. 

arena,  a  notch.] 
CRAPE,  krap,  n.  a  thin  transparent  crisp 

or  crimpled  silk  stuff,  usually  black,  used 

inmourniag.     [Fr.  crSpe,  O.  Fr.  crespe — 

L.  crispus,  crisp.] 
CRAPULENCE,    krap'u-lens,    n.    sickness 

caused  by  intemperance. — ac^'.   Ceap'u- 

Lous,  Crap'ulent.  [Fr.  erapule—  L.  crap- 

ula,  intoxication.]. 
CRASH,    krash,    n.   a  noise  as  of  things 

breaking  or  being  crushed  by  falling. — v.i. 

to  make  a  noise  as  of  things  falling  and 

breaking.     [Formed  from  the  sound.  See 

Crush.] 
CRASIS,  kra'sis,  n.  (gram.)  the  iningling  or 

contraction  of  two  vowels  into  one  long 

vowel,  or  into  a  diphthong.     [Gr.  krasis 

— kerannUmi,  to  mix.] 
CRASS,  kras,   adj.,  gross:   thick:  coarse. 

[L.  crassus.] 
CRASSAMENT,  kras'a-ment,  n.  the  gross 

or  thick  part  of  a  fluid,  esp.  blood.     [L. 

orassamentiim — crassus.] 
CRASSITUDE,    kras'i-tud,    n.    grossness : 

coarseness. 
CRATCH,  krach,  n.  a  crib  to  hold  hay  for 

cattle,  a  manger.     [Fr.  criche,  a  manger; 

from   a  Teut.  root,  of  which  E.  Crib  is 

an  example.] 
CRATE,  krat,  n.,  mcker-icork:  a  case  made 

of  rods  wattled  together,  and  used  for 

packing  crockery  in.    [L.  crates,  a  hurdle. 

See  Cradle.] 
CRATER,  krat  er,  n.  the  boii'Z-shaped  mouth 

of  a  volcano.     [L.  crater — Gr.  krater,  a 

large  bowl  for  mixing  wine,  from  keran- 

numi,  to  mix.] 
CRAUNCH,  kranch,  a  form  of  Crxjnch. 
CRAVAT,  kra-vat',  n.  a  kind  of  neckcioth 

worn  by  men,  introduced  into  France  in 

1636  from    the   Cravates  or   Orci.tians. 

[Fr.  cravate,  a  corruption  of  Croat.} 
CRAVE,   krav,  v.t.   to  beg  earnestly  :  to 

beseech  :  to  demand  or  require  :  to  long 

for.     [A.S.  crafian,  to  crave.] 
CRAVEN,  krav'n,  n.  a  cowa  -d  :  a  spiritless 

fellow. — adj.  cowardb/  .  spiritless. — adv. 

Crav'enly.  —  n.    Cr    ^'enness.       [Orig. 

cravant,  or  cravand,  craving  quarter  or 

mercy  when  vanquished.] 
CRAVING,  krav'ing,  n.  a  strong  desire. 
CRAW,  kraw,  n.  the  crop,  throat,  or  first 

stomach  of  fowls.     [Dan.  kroe ;  Ger.  kro/- 

gen ;  Scot,  craig,  the  neck.] 
CRAWFISH.  See  Crayfish. 
CRAWL,  krawl,  v.i.  to  creep  or  move  on : 

to  mo' ;  feebly  or  slo%vly.     [Ice.  krafla, 

Dan.  kravle  ;  Ger.  krabbeln,  to  creep.] 
CRAYFISH,  kra'flsh,  CRAWFISH,  kraw'- 

fish,  n.  a  small  species  of  crab  or  lobster, 

found  in  fresh  water.      [A  corr.  of  Fr. 

eerevisse,  from   O.   Ger.   krebiz,  a  crab  ; 

not  a  compound  of  FiSH.] 
CRAYON,  kra'on,  n.  a  pencil  made  of  chalk 

or  pipe-clay,  variously  colored,  used  for 
drawing  :  a  drawing  done  with  crayons. 
[Fr.  crayon — craie,  chalk,  from  L.  creta, 
chalk.] 
CRAZE,  kraz,  v.t.  to  weaken  :  to  derange 
(applied  to  the  intellect).— acto.  Craz'- 
EDLT.  [Ice.  krasa,  to  crackle,  from  which 
also  is  derived  Fr.  ecrnser,  to  crush, 
shatter  ;  akin  to  Crash.] 


CRAZY,  kfrftz'i,  adj.  feeble:  crack-brained: 
insane. — adv.  Craz'ily. — n.  Craz'iness. 

CREAK,  krek,  v.i.  to  make  a  sharp,  crack- 
ing,  grating  sound,  as  of  a  hinge,  etc. 
[E.  ;  0.  Fr.  oriquer,  is  from  the  same  Teut. 
root ;  conn,  with  Crack.] 

CREAM,  krem,  n.  the  oily  substance  which 
forms  on  milk:  the  best  part  of  anything. 
— v.t.  to  take  off  the  cream.— u.  i.  to  gather 
or  form  cream.  [Fr.  crime — Low  L. 
crema ;  perh.  alUed  to  A.S.  ream,  Ger. 
raltm,  which  had  prob.  initial  /i.] 

CREAM-FACED,  krem' -fast,  adj.,  pale- 
faced  either  naturally  or  through  tear  : 
coward-looking. 

CREAMY,  krem'i,  adj. ,  fidl  of  or  like  cream: 
gathering  like  cream. — n.  Cream'iness. 

CREASE,  kres,  n.  a  mark  made  by  folding 
or  doubling  anytliing. — v.t.  to  make 
creases  in  anything.  [Bret,  kriz,  a 
wrinkle  ;    perh.  akin  to  L.  cri82ms.] 

CREASE,  CREESE,  kres,  n.  a  Malay  dag- 
ger.    [The  Malay  word.] 

CREASOTE.    See  Creosote. 

CREATE,  kre-at',  r.t.  to  bring  into  being 
or  form  out  of  nothing  :  to  beget :  to 
form  :  to  invest  with  a  new  form,  office, 
or  character  :  to  produce.  [L.  creo,  cre- 
atns ;  cog.  with  Gr.  kraino,  to  accom- 
plish, to  fulfill  ;  Sans,  kri,  to  make.] 

CREATIN,  kre'a-tin,  n.  a  crystallizable 
substance  found  in  the  flesh  or  muscu- 
lar tissue  of  animals.    [Gr.  kreas,  flesh.] 

CREATION,  kre-a'shun,  w.  the  act  of  creat- 
ing, esp.  the  universe  :  that  which  is  cre- 
ated, the  world,  the  universe.  [L.  crea- 
tio.] 

CREATIVE,  kre-a'tiv,  adj.  having  power 
to  create :  that  creates. — adv.  Crea'tive- 
LT. — n.  Crea'tiveness. 

CREATOR,  kre-fi'tor,  n.  he  who  creates  :  a 
maker-  -The  Creator,  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing, God. 

CREATURE,  'a-e'tur,  n.  whatever  has 
been  created,  animate  or  inanimate : 
esp.  every  animated  being,  an  animal, 
a  man  :  a  term  of  contempt  or  endear- 
ment :  a  dependent.  [O.  Fr.— L.  crea- 
tura.] 

CREDENCE,  kre'dens,  «.,  belief:  trust: 
the  small  table  beside  the  altar  on  which 
the  bread  and  wine  are  placed  before 
being  consecrated.  [Low  L.  credentia — 
credent-,  believing,  pr.p.  of  credo.'] 

CREDENT,  kre'dent,  adj.  easy  of  belief. 

CREDENTIAL,  kre-den'shal,  adj.  giving  a 
title  to  belief  or  credit. — n.  that  which 
entitles  to  credit  or  confidence. — pi.  esp. 
the  letters  by  which  one  claims  confi- 
dence or  authority  among  strangers. 

CREDIBLE,  kred'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
beUeved.— ?is.  Credibil'itt,  Cred'ible- 
NESS. — adv.  Cred'iblt. 

CREDIT,  kred'it,  n.,  belief:  esteem:  repu- 
tation :  honor :  good  character :  sale  on 
trust :  time  allowed  for  payment  :  the 
side  of  an  account  on  which  payments 
received  are  entered. — v.t.  to  believe:  to 
trust  :  to  sell  or  lend  to  on  trust  :  to 
enter  on  the  credit  side  of  an  account : 
to  set  to  the  credit  of.  [L.  creditus— 
credo.] 

CREDITABLE,  kred'it-a-bl,  adj.  trust- 
worthy :  bringing  credit  or  honor. — n. 
Cred'itableness. — adv.  Cred'itably. 

CREDITOR,  kred'it-or,  n.  {commerce)  one 

to  whom  a  debt  is  due. 
CREDULITY,  kre-du'U-ti,  n.,  credulous- 
ness:  disposition  to  believe  on  insufficient 
evidence. 
CREDULOUS,  kred'u-lus,  adj.,  easy  of  be- 
lief: apt  to  believe  without  sufficient 
evidence  :    unsuspecting. — adv.    Cred'u- 

LOUSLT. — n.  CRED'DLOUSNESS. 

CREED,  kred,  n,  a  summary  of  the  articles 
of  religious  belief.     [L.  a-edo,  I  believe, 


the  first  word  of  the  Apostles'  Creed ; 
akin  to  Sans,  graddha,  faith.] 
CREEK,  krek,  n.  a  small  inlet  or  bay  of 
the  sea  or  a  river  :  any  turn  or  winding. 
[A  modification  of  Crook  ;  A.S.  crecca ; 
cog.  with  Dut.  kreek ;  Ice.  kriki,  a  cor- 
ner— orig.  a  bend.] 
CREEKY,  ki-ek'i,  adj.  full  of  creeks :  wind- 
ing. 

CREEL,  krel,  n.  a  basket,  esp.  an  angler's 
basket.     [Gael.] 

CREEP,  krep,  v.i.  to  move  on  the  beUy, 
hke  a  snake  :  to  move  slowly :  to  grow 
along  the  ground  or  on  supports,  as  a 
vine  :  to  fawn  : — pr.^i.  creep'ing ;  jja.t. 
and  pa.2).  crept.  [A.S.  creopan ;  Dut. 
kruipen.] 

CREEPER,  krep'er,  n.  a  creeping  plant :  a 
genus  of  small  climbing  birds. 

CREESE.     See  CREASE. 

CREMATION,  krem-a'shun,  n.  act  of  burn- 
ing, esp.  of  the  dead.  [L.  crematio,  from 
cremo,  to  burn.] 

CREMONA,  krem-o'na,  n.  a  superior  kind 
of  violin  made  at  Cremona  in  Italy. 

CRENATE,  kre'nat,  CRENATED,  kre'nat- 
ed,  adj.  (hot.)  having  the  edge  notclied. 
[L.  crena,  a  notch.] 

CRENELATED,  kre  -  nel  -  at'ed,  aaj.  fur- 
nished with  notches  in  a  parapet  to  fire 
through  :  indented  :  battlemented.  [Low 
L.  crenellare,  to  indent — crenellus,  a  bat- 
tlement— L.  crena,  a  notch.] 

CREOLE,  kre'ol,  n.  strictly  applied  to  an 
inhabitant  of  S.  America  or  W.  Indies 
born  in  the  country  and  of  pure  Euro- 
pean blood  :  one  born  in  tropical  Amer- 
ica of  any  color,  but  of  a  race  not  native 
to  it.  [ITr.  Creole — Sp.  criollo,  contr.  of 
criadillo,  "a  little  nursling,"  dim.  of 
criado — criar,  lit.  to  create,  also  to  bring 
up,  to  nurse — L.  creare.] 

CREOSOTE,  kre'o-sot,  CREASOTE,  kre'a- 
sot,  n.  an  oily,  colorless  liquid  distilled 
from  woodtar,  and  having  the  quality  of 
preserving  jlesh  from  corruption.  [Gr, 
kreas,  kreos,  flesh,  and  soter,  a  preserver, 
from  8020,  to  save.] 

CREPITATE,  krep'i-tat,  v.i.  to  crackle,  as 
salt  when  suddenly  heated.  [L.  crepito, 
crepitatus,  frequentative  of  crepo,  to 
crack,  rattle.] 

CREPITATION,  krep-i-ta'shun,  n.  a  re- 
peated snapping  noise. 

CREPT,  krept,  p«.f,  a.\iA  pa.p.  of  CREEP. 

CREPUSCULAR,  kre  -  pus'ku  -  lar,  CRE- 
PUSCULOUS,  kre-pus'ku-lus,  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  twilight. 

CREPUSCULE,  kre-pus'kul,  CREPUSCLE, 
kre-pus'l,  n.,  twilight.  [L.  crepuscidum 
— ci'ejxr,  dusky,  obscure.] 

CRESCENDO,  kres-en'do,  adv.  with  an  in- 
creasing volume  of  sound,  a  musical 
term  whose  sign  is  <. 

CRESCENT,  kres'ent,  adj.,  incr easing. ^n, 
the  moon  as  she  increases  towards  half- 
moon  :  a  figure  like  the  crescent  moon, 
as  that  on  the  Turkish  standard  :  the 
standard  itself:  the  Turkish  power;  a 
range  of  buildings  in  curved  form.  [L. 
crescens,  crescentis,  pr.p.  of  ci-esco,  t' 
grow.] 

CRESS,  ki-es,  n.  the  name  of  several  spfe. 
cies  of  plants  like  the  watercress,  which 
grow  in  moist  places,  and  have  pungent 
leaves  used  as  a  salad.  [A.S.  ccerse,  cres 
see :  cog.  with  Dut.  kers,  Ger.  kresse  ] 

CRESSET,  kres'et,  n.  a  cruse,  jar,  or  open 
lamp  filled  with  combustible  material 
placed  on  a  beacon,  lighthouse,  etc.  [Fr. 
crenset.    See  Crock,  Cruse.] 

CREST,  krest,  n.  the  comb  or  tuft  on  the 
head  of  a  cock  and  other  birds  :  a  plume 
of  feathers  or  other  ornament  on  the  top 
of  a  helmet :  (her.)  a  figure  placed  over 
a  coat  of  arms. — v.t.  to  furnish  with,  or 


CREST-FALLEN 


86 


CROSS-EXAlimE 


serve  for,   a  crest 
crista.] 
CST-FA 


[O.  Fr.   ereste—h. 
krest'-fawln,    adj. 


de- 


IcroO — did    crow— past    tense    of 


CKEST-PALLEN, 
jected  :  heartless. 

CRESTLESS.  krest'les,  adj.  without  a  crest : 
not  of  hiffh  birth. 

CRETACEOUS,  kre-ta'shus,  adj.  composed 
of  or  like  dialk.  [L.  cretacetta,  from 
creta.  chalk.] 

CRETIX.  kre'tin,  iu  one  of  a  class  of  idiots 
found  in  deep  valleys,  esp.  among  the 
Alps,  and  generally  alHicted  with  goitre, 
[Etv.  dub.J 

CRETINISM,  ki-e'tin-izm,  n.  the  condition 
of  a  cretin. 

CREVASSE,  krev-as',  n.  a  cracfc  or  split, 
esp.  applied  to  a  cleft  in  a  glacier.  [Fr. 
crevasse — crever,  to  burst,  rive — L.  cre- 
pare.  to  creak,  crack.] 

CREVICE,  krev'is,  n.  a  crack  or  rent :  a 
narrow  opening.  [A  doublet  of  Crev- 
asse.] 

CREW,  kroo,  n.  a  company,  in  a  bad  or 
contemptuous  sense  :  a  ship's  company. 
[Ice.  kric,  a  multitude ;  Sw.  kry,  to 
swarm.] 

CREW,    kro 
Crow. 

CREWEL,  kroo'el.  n  a  kind  of  embroidery. 
rCf.  Clew.] 

CRIB,  krib,  n.  the  rack  or  manger  of  a 
stable  :  a  stall  for  oxen :  a  child's  bed  : 
a  small  cottage  :  {coUoq.)  a  literal  trans- 
lation of  the  classics,  which  schoolboj-s 
use  unfairly  in  preparing  their  lessons. 
— v.t.  to  put  away  in  a  crib,  confine, 
pilfer:^pc.j5.  cribb'ing;  x>a.p.  ciibbed'. 
JA.S.  crib  ;  Grer.  krippe.^ 

CRIBBAGE,  krib'aj,  rt.  a  game  at  cards  in 
which  the  dealer  makes  up  a  third  hand 
to  liimself  partly  by  cribbing  or  taking 
from  his  opponent. 

CRIBBLE,  kribl,  n.  a  coarse  screen  or 
gieve,  used  for  sand,  gravel,  or  grain : 
coarse  flour  or  meal. — v.t.  to  sift  or  rid- 
dle. [L.  cribellum,  dim.  of  eribruTn,  a 
sieve.] 

CRICK,  krik,  n.  a  spasm  or  cramp,  esp.  of 
the  neck.    [A  doublet  of  Creek.] 

CRICKET,  krik'et,  ».  a  genus  of  insects 
allied  to  grasshoppers,  which  make  a 
chirping  noise  with  their  wing-covers. 
[Fr.  criquet,  from  Teut.  root  of  Creak.] 

CRICKET,  krik'et,  n.  a  game  with  bat  and 
baU. — v.i.  to  play  at  cricket.  [A.S.  cricc, 
a  staff ;  the  game  was  at  first  played 
with  a  club  or  staff.] 

CRICKETER,  kriVet-er,  n.  oae.  who  plays 
at  cricket. 

CRIED,  la-Id,  2)o.f.  ani  pa.p.  of  Cry. 

CRIME,  krim,  n.  a  violation  of  law :  of- 
fence :  sin.     [Fr. — ^L.  crimen.} 

CRIMINAL,  krim'in-al,  adj.  relating  to 
crime:  guilty  of  crime  :  violating  laws. 
— '!.  one  guilty  of  crime. — adv.  Cheu'in- 

ALLT.         

CRDPNALTTY,    krim-in-al'i-ti,    n.  guilti- 
ness. 
CRIMINATE,  krim'in-at,  v.t.  to  accuse. — 

(rlj.  CEIM'rSATOEY. 
CRIillNATION,  krim-in-a'shnn,  n.  act  of 

criminating :  accusation. 
CRDIP,  krimp,  adj.  made  crisp  or  brittle. 

— v.t.  to  wrinkle  :   to  plait  :    to  make 

crisp  :    to  seize  or  decoy. — n.  one  who 

decoys  another  into  the  naval  or  militai-y 

service.     [A  dim.  of  cramp  ;  Dut.  krim- 

pen,  to  slirink.] 
CRDIPLE,  krimp'l,  r.t.  to  contract  or  draw 

together:   to  plait:   to  curl.      [Dim.  of 

CRnrp.] 
CRDISON,   krim'zn,   n.   a  deep  red  color, 

tinged  with  blue:  red  in  general. — adj. 

of  a  deep  red  color. — v.t.  to  dye  crimson. 

— T.i.  to  become  crimson  :  to  blush.     [O. 

E.  crimosyn — O.  Fr.  cramoisin  ;  from  Ar. 

kermez  (=Sans.   krimi,  L.    vei^mis,    E. 


icorm),  the  cochineal  insect,  from  which 
it  is  made.] 

CRINGE,  ki'inj,  r.t.  to  bend :  to  crouch 
with  servility :  to  submit  :  to  fawn  :  to 
fl.atter.  FA.S.  crincan,  cringan,  to  face  ; 
connected  with  Cra>'K,  weak.] 

C  R I N  G  E  L I N  G,  ki-inj  ling,  n.  one  who 
cringes. 

CRINITE,  kri'nit,  adj.,  haii-y :  (pot.)  re- 
sembling a  tuft  of  hail'.  [L.  crinitus, 
provided  with  hair — erinis,  Eair.] 

CRINKLE.  See  under  Chank  and 
Ceankle. 

CRINOLINE,  ki'in'o-lin,  n.  a  lady's  stiff 
petticoat,  originally  made  of  haircloth, 
but  afterwards  expanded  by  hoops,  etc. 
[Fr.  crin — L.  erinis,  hair,  and  lin — L. 
UHuin.  flax.] 

CRIPPLE,  ki-ip'l,  n.  a  lame  person. — adj. 
lame. — v.t.  to  make  lame  :  to  deprive  of 
the  power  of  exertion.  [From  root  of 
Creep.] 

CRISIS,  "krl'sis,  Ji.  point  or  time  for  de- 
ciding anjiihing — that  is,  when  it  must 
either  terminate  or  take  a  new  course : 
the  decisive  moment:— ;pf.  Crises,  kri'- 
sez.  [Gr.  krisis,  from  krino,  to  sepa- 
rate.] 

CRISP,  krisp,  adj.,  curled :  so  dry  as  to  be 
crumbled  easily:  brittle. — v.t.  to  curl  or 
twist :  to  make  wavy. — adv.  Crisp'LT. — 
7!.  Crisp'ness.    [L.  crispus.] 

CRISPY,  krisp'i,  adj.,  curled  (w  cnrly: 
brittle. 

CRITERION,  kri-te'ri-on,  n.  a  means  or 
standard  of  judging :  a  test  :_a  rule  •.—2)1. 
Ceite'ria.  [Gr.,  from  krites,  a,  juAge — 
kri)io.] 

CRITIC,  krit'ik,  n.  a  judge  in  literature,  the 
fine  arts,  etc.  :  a  fault-finder.  [Gr.  kriti- 
kos — krino.] 

CRITICAL,  krit'ik-al,  ad/,  relating  to  criti- 
cism :  skilled  in  judging  literary  and  other 
productions  :  discriminating ;  captious: 
decisive. — adv.  Chtt'ically. — ?i.  Crit'ic- 

AUVESS. 

CRITICISE,  krit'i-siz,  u.f.  to  pass  judgment 
on :  to  censure. 

CRITICISM,  ki-it'i-sizm,  n.  the  art  of  judg- 
ing, esp.  in  literature  or  the  fine  arts : 
a  critical  judgment  or  obser\-ation. 

CRrriQTJE,  ki-i-tek',  n.  a  criticism  or  crit- 
ical examination  of  any  production:  a 
review.     [Fr.] 

CROAK,  krok,  v.i.  to  utter  a  low  rough 
sound  as  a  frog  or  raven  :  to  grumble:  to 
forebode  eviL — n.  the  sound  of  a  frog  or 
raven. — n.  Cboak'er.  [Fi-om  the  sound. 
Cf.  Crake,  Crow,  and  L.  gracidus,  a 
jackdaw.] 

CROCHET,  kro'sha,  n.  fancv  knitting  made 
by  means  of  a  small  hoofc.  [Fr.  crochet. 
a"  little  crook,  a  hook — croc,  from  root 
of  Crook.] 

CROCK,  krok,  n.  a  narrow-necked  earthen 
vessel  or  pitcher:  a  cup.  [A.S.  eroc;  Ger. 
krug :  perh.  of  Celt,  origin,  as  in  W. 
crochan,  a  pot,  Gael,  krog,  apitcher;  akin 
to  Crag,  and  giving  the  notion  of  hard- 
ness. 

CROCKERY,  krok'er-i,  n.  earthenware : 
vessels  formed  of  baked  clav. 

CROCODILE,  krok'o-dil,  7i.  a  large  amphib- 
ious reptile  inhabiting  the  large  rivers 
of  Asia  and  Africa.  [Fi-. — ^L.  crocodihis 
— Gr.  krokodeilos,  a  lizard ;  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  a  lizard.] 

CROCUS,  krolnis,  n.  a  well-known  flower. 
[L.  ecoc«*— Gr.  krokos  ;  prob.  of  Eastern 
origin,  as  Heb.  karkom,  saffron.] 

CROFT,  kroft,  n.  a  smaU  piece  of  arable 
land  adjoining  a  dwelling :  a  kind  of 
small  farm.—!!.  Croft'er.  [A.S.  croft ; 
perh.  from  Gael,  ci'oif,  a  croft.] 

CROMLECH,  krom'lek,  n.  a  circle  of  stand- 
ing stones,  often  called  a  Druidical  circle. 


[W.   cromlech  —  crom,  curved,   circular, 
and  Uech,  a  stone.] 
CRONE,  kron,  n.  an  old  woman,  usually  in 
contem])t.     [Perh.  Celt.,  as  in  Ir.  crion, 
withered,  old.] 
CRONY,   kron'i,   n.   an  old   and  intimate 

companion.     [From  CEOt] 
CROOK,  krook,  n.  a  bend,  anything  bent : 
a  staff, bent  at  the  end,  as  a  shepherd's 
or  bishop's :  an  artifice  or  trick. — r.t.  to 
bend  or  form  into  a  hook  :  to  turn  from 
the  straight  Line  or  from  what  is  rig-ht. 
— v.i.  to  bend  or  be  bent.     [From  a  root 
common  to  Teut.  and  Celt.,  as  W.  cncg, 
a  hook,  Ice.  krokr,  Dut.  kroke,  a  fold  or 
wrinklej 
CROOKED,    krooVed,    adj.,   bent    like  a 
crook :  not  straight :  deviating  from  rec- 
titude, pervei-se. — adv.  Ceook'edly. — n. 
Ceook'edness. 
CROP,  krop,  n.  all  the  produce  of  a  field  of 
grain  :   anj-thing   gathered  or  cropped  : 
the  craw  of  a  bu'd. — v.t.  to  cut  off  the 
top  or  ends :  to  cut  short  or  close  :  to 
mow,  reap,  or  gathei'  -.^pr.p.  cropp'ing; 
pa.p.  cropped'. — Crop  out,  v.i.  to  appear 
above  the  surface :  to  come  to  light.  [A. 
S.  crop,  the  top  shoot  of  a  plant;  any 
protuberance,  as  the  crop  of  a  bird  ;  Dut. 
crop,  a  bird's  crop.] 
CROQUET,  kro'ka,  n.  a  game  in  which  two 
or   more  players    try  to    drive  wooden 
balls,  by  means  of  long-handled  mallets, 
through   a  series  of  arches  set  in    the 
ground.     [Ety.  unknown.] 
CROSIER,  kro'zher,  n.  a  staff  %vith  a  crook 
at  the  top  carried  before  bishops  on  sol- 
emn occasions.     [O.  Fr.  croce,  a  crosier 
— Fr.  croc,  a  crook,  hook,  from  root  of 
Crook.] 
CROSS,  kros,  n.  a  gibbet  on  which  male- 
factors   were   hung,  consisting    of  two 
pieces  of  timber,  one  placed  crosswise  on 
the  other,  either  thus  f  or  X  ;  the  instru- 
ment on  which  Christ  suffered,  and  thus 
the  symbol  of  the  Christian  religion  :  the 
sufferings     of    Christ  :     anything    that 
crosses  or  thwai'ts  :   adversity  or  afflic- 
tion in  general :  a  crossing  or  mixing  of 
breeds,  esp.  of  cattle. — v.t.  to  mark  with 
a  cross  :  to  lay  one  body  or  draw  one  line 
across   another  :   to  cancel  by  drawing 
cross  lines  :  to  pass  from  side  to  side  :  to 
obstruct :  to  thwart  :  to  interfere  with. 
— r.i'.  to  He  or  be  athwart :  to  move  or 
pass  from  place  to  place.     [O.  Fr.  crois. 
Ft.  croi.r — L.  entx,  orig.  an  npright  post 
to     which     latterly   a    cross-piece    was 
added  ;  conn.  Tvith'CROOK  by  Gael,  croc- 
an,  a  hook,  anch,  hung ;  Ir.  crochaim, 
to  hang,  croch,  a  gallows.] 
CROSS,  "kros,    adj.,   lying  across:  trans- 
verse :   oblique  :   opposite  :   adverse :  ill- 
tempered:  interchanged. — adv.  Cross'ly. 
— n.  Cross'ness. 
CROSSBILL,  kros'bil,  n.  a  genus  of  birds 
resembling  bullfinches,  linnets,  etc.,  with 
the  mandibles  of  the  bill  crossing  each 
other  near  the  points. 
CR06S-B0NT:S,  ki-os'-bonz,  ti.pl.  a  sj-mbol 
of  death,  consisting  of  two  human  thigh 
or  arm  bones,  placed  crosswise,  and  often 
found  on  old  monuments,  etc.,  generally 
in  conjunction  with  a  skull. 
CROSSBOW,    kros'bo,    n.    a    weapon    for 
shooting  arrows,  formed  of  a  bow  placed 
crossicise  on  a  stock. 
CROSSBUN,  kros'bun,  n.  abun  marked  with 
the    form    of  a  cross,  eaten   on   Good- 

Fridav. 

CHOSS^BUTTOCK,  kros'4>ut-ok,  ?!.  a  pe- 
culiar throw  practiced  by  -m^stlers , 
hence,  an  une^)ected  fling  down  or  re 
pulse.  "Many  cross-buttocks  did  I  sus 
tain." — Smollett. 
CROSS-EXAMINE,  kros-egz-am'in,  v.t.  to 
test  the  evidence  of  a  witness  by  subject 


CROSS-G^RAINED 


87 


CRY 


inp  liim  to  aa  examination  by  the  op- 
posite partj-. — n.  Cross-esamina'tion. 

CROSS-GRAINED,  kros'-grand,  adj.  hav- 
ing' the  grain  or  fibres  crossed  or  in- 
tertwined :  perverse  :  coatraiy  :  untract- 
able. 

CROSS-HATCHING,  kros-hach'ing,  n.  a 
term  in  eng^raving  applied  to  lines, 
whether  straight,  sloping,  or  curved, 
which  cross  each  otlier  regularly  to  in- 
crease or  modify  depth  of  shadow. 

CROSSING,  kros'ing,  n.  act  of  going  across: 
a  thwarting :  a  place  for  passing  from 
one  side  to  the  other. 

CROSSLET,  ki-os'let,  n.  a  Uitle  cross. 

CROSS-QUESTION,  kros'-kwest-yun,  v.t. 
to  cross-examine. 

CROSS-REFERENCE,  kros-refei^ens,  Ji.  a 
refei'ence  from  one  pai't  of  a  book  to  an- 
other where  something  incidentally  men- 
tioned is  treated  of,  or  where  there  is 
some  account  of  the  same  or  an  allied 
subject  as  that  which  is  under  notice  at 
tile  place  where  the  cross-reference  is. 

CROSSTREES,  kros'trez,  n.  pieces  of  tim- 
ber placed  across  the  upper  end  of  the 
lower-masts  and  top-masts  of  a  ship. 

CROSSWAY,  kros'wa,  n.  a  way  that  crosses 
another. 

CROSSWISE,  kros-wiz,  adv.  in  the  form  of 
a  cross  :  across. 

CROTCHET,  kroch'et,  n.  a  note  in  music, 

equal  to  half  a  minim,  T:  a  croohed  or 

perverse  fancy :  a  wliim  or  conceit. 
[Fr.  crochet,  dim.  of  croc,  a  liook.  See 
Crochet.] 

CROTCHETEER,  kroch-et-gr',  n.  one  who 
fixes  the  mind  too  exclusively  on  one 
subject  :  one  given  to  some  favorite 
theory  crotchet,  or  hobby.  "  Nolx>dy  of 
the  slightest  pretensions  to  influence  is 
safe  from  the  solicitous  canvassing  and 
silent  pressure  of  social  crotcheteers." — 
Fortnightly  Rev. 

CROTCHETINESS,  kroch'et-i-nes,  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  crotchety:  the 
cliaracter  of  a  crotcheteer.     Qrote. 

CROTCHETY,  kroch'et-i,  adj.  having 
crotchets  or  peculiarities  :  whimsical. 

CROTON,  kro'ton,  n.  a  geiuis  of  tropical 
plants,  producing  a  brownisli-j'ellow  oil, 
having  a  hot  biting  taste.  [Gr.  hroton, 
a  tick  or  mite,  which  the  seed  of  the 
plant  resembles.] 

CROUCH,  krowch,  v.i.  to  squat  or  lie  close 
to  the  ground  :  to  cringe  :  to  fawn.  [A 
form  of  Crook.] 

CROUP,  kroop,  n..  a  severe  disease  in  the 
throat  of  children,  accompanied  by  a 
hoarse  cough.  [A.S.  hropan,  to  cry  ; 
Scot,  roup,  croup,  hoarseness  ;  from  the 
sound.] 

CROUP,  ki'oop,  n.  the  rump  of  a  fowl :  the 
byittocks  of  a  liorse :  the  place  behind 
thp  saddle.  [Fr.  cn'oupe,  a  protuberance  ; 
allieil  to  Crop.] 

CROUPIER,  ln-3o'pi-er,  n.  one  who  sits  at 
the  croup  or  lower  end  of  the  table  as'as- 
si?tant-chairman  at  a  public  dinner:  a 
vice-president :  he  who  watches  the  cards 
and  collects  money  at  a  gaming-table. 

CROW.krS,  n.  a  large  bird,  generally  black, 
which  utters  a  croakinq  sound  :  the  cry 
of  a  cock  :  a  boast. — v.i.  to  croak,  to  cry 
as  a  cock,  in  joy  or  defiance  :  to  boast :  to 
swagger  '.—pa.t.  crew  (kro6)  or  crowed'; 
pa.p.  crowed'.  [A.S.  craice,  a  crow: 
from  the  sound.] 

CROWBAR,  kro'bar,  n.  a  large  iron  bar 
with  a  claw  like  the  beak  of  a  crow. 

CROWD,  krowd,  )i .  a  number  of  persons  or 
things  closely  iiressed  together,  without 
order:  the  rabble:  multitude. —  v.t.  to 
gather  into  a  lump  or  crowd  :  to  fill  by 
pressing    or    driving    together. — v.i.  to 


press  together  in  numbers  :  to  swarm. 
fA.S.  creodan,  to  crowd,  press.] 

CROWFOOT,  kro'foot,  w.  a  common  weed, 
the  flower  of  which  is  like  a  croiv'sfoot. 

CROWN,  krown,  n.  the  diadem  or  state- 
cap  of  royalty  :  regal  power  :  honoi- : 
reward  :  tlie  top  of  anything,  esp.  of  the 
head  :  completion  :  accomplishment :  a 
5s.  piece  stamped  with  a  croum. — v.t.  to 
cover  or  invest  with  a  crown  :  to  invest 
with  royal  dignity  :  to  adorn  :  to  dignify  : 
to  complete. —  adj.  Crown'less.  [Fr. 
couronne  —  L.  corona;  cog.  with  Gr. 
koronos,  cm-ved  ;  W.  crum,  Gael,  cruinn, 
round.] 

CROWN-GLASS,  krown'-glas,  n.  a  kind  of 
window-gftoss  formed  in  circular  plates  or 
discs. 

CROWN-HEAD,  krown'-hed,ra.  in  draughts 
the  row  of  squares  next  to  each  player. 
[See  Draughts.] 

CROW  N-P  R I N  C  E,  ki-o wn'-prius,  n.  the 
Xwince  who  succeeds  to  the  crown. 

CROW'S-FOOT,  kroz'-foot,  n.  wrinkles  pro- 
duced by  age,  spreading  out  in  the  shape 
of  a  crow's  foot  from  the  corners  of  the 
eyes :  (mil.)  a  caltrop.    • 

CRUCIAL,  ki'o6'shi-al,  adj.  testing,  search- 
ing.f  rom  the  practice  of  marlf  ing'  a  testing 
instance  with  a  cross  to  draw  attention 
to  it.  [Fr.  ci'ucial,  from  L.  crux,  crueis, 
a  cross.    See  Cross.] 

CRUCIBLE,  ki-oo'si-bl,  n.  an  earthen  pot, 
for  melting  ores,  metals,  etc.  [Low  L. 
crucibulum,  from  root  of  Crock  ;  erro- 
neously supposed  to  be  conn,  witli  L. 
crux.] 

CRUCIFEROUS,  kroo-sif'er-us,  adj.  (bot.) 
bearing  fovu-  petals  in  the  form  of  a  cross. 
[L.  crux,  and /ero,  to  bear.] 

CRUCIFIX,  kroo'si-flks,  n.  a  figure  or  pict- 
ure of  Christ ^.red  to  the  cross. 

CRUCIFIXION,  kroo-si-fik'shun,  n.  death 
on  the  cross,  esp.  tliat  of  Christ. 

CRUCIFORM,  kroo'si-form,  adj.  in  the 
foifii  of  a  cross. 

CRUCIFY,  kro6'si-fi,  v.t.  to  put  to  death 
by  fixing  the  hands  and  feet  to  a  cross : 
to  subdue  completely  :  to  mortify  >—pa.p. 
cruc'ified.  [Fr.  omcifier — L.  orucifigo, 
crucijixus — crux,  andfigo,  to  fix.] 

CRUDE,  kroSd,  adj.,  raw,  unprepared  :  not 
reduced  to  order  or  form :  unfinished : 
undigested  :  immature. — adv.  Cbude'LY. 
— n.  Crude'ness.  [L,  crudus,  raw.  See 
Raw.] 

CRUDITY,  krood'i-ti,  ?t.  rawness :  unripe- 
ness :  that  which  is  crude. 

CRUEL,  kr55'el,  adj.  disposed  to  inflict 
pain,  or  pleased  at  suffering :  void  of  pity, 
merciless,  savage. — adv.  Cru'EIjLT. — n. 
Ceu'elty.  [Fr.  cntel — L.  crudelis.  From 
root  of  Crude.] 

CRUET,  kro5'et,  n.  a  small  jar  or  phial  for 
sauces  and  condiments.  TAcc.  to  Skeat, 
prob.  formed  from  Dut.  kruik,  a  jar  =■ 
E.  Crock  ;  and  ace.  to  E.  MuUer,  dim.  of 
O.  Fr.  cruye  (mod.  Fr.  cruche,  cruohette, 
a  jar),  from  root  of  CROCK.] 

CRUISE,  kro6z,  v.i.  to  sail  to  and  (ro  :  to 
rove  on  the  sea. — n.  a  sailing  to  and  fro  : 
a  voyage  in  various  directions  in  search 
of  an  enemy,  or  for  the  protection  of 
vessels.— n.  Crots'er.  [Dut.  kruisen,  to 
cross — kruis,  a  cross — O.  Fr.  crois — L. 
critic] 

CRUISE,  kr5oz,  n.  a  small  bottle.  Same 
as  Cruse. 

CRUMB,  krum,  n.  a  small  bit  or  morsel  of 
bread :  the  soft  part  of  bread.  [A.S. 
cruma  :  Ger.  kruma  :  allied  to  Crimp.] 

CRtlMBCLOTH,  krum'kloth,  n.  a  cloth  laid 
under  a  table  to  receive  falling  crumbs, 
and  keep  the  carpet  clean. 

CRUMBLE,  krum'bl,  i\f.  to  break  into 
crumbs. — v.i.  to  fall  into  small  pieces:  to 


decay  :  to  perish.    [Orig.  dim.  of  Crumb 
Dut.  kruimelen  :  Ger.  ^umeln.} 

CRUMBY,  CRUMMY,  krum'i,  ady.,  in 
erumbs :  soft. 

CRUMP,  krunip,  adj.  crooked  :  wrinkled. 
[A.S.  crumb :  Ger.  krxinim ;  Scot,  crum- 
my, a  cow  with  a  crumpled  horn.  From 
the  root  of  Ckamp,  Crimp.] 

CRUMPET,  ki-um'pet,  n.  a  kind  of  crumbj' 
or  soft  cake  or  muflSn.  I 

CRUMPLE,  krump'l,  v.t.  to  mark  with  or 
draw  into  folds  or  wrinkles  :  to  crease. — 
v.i.  to  become  wrinkled  :  to  contract  or 
shrink.     [Freq.  of  Cramp.] 

CRUNCH,  krunch,  v.i.  to  crush  with  the 
teeth  :  to  chew  anything  hard,  and  so 
make  a  noise.  [From  the  sound  ;  cf .  Fr. 
grincer.^^ 

CRUPPER,    krup'er,  n.  a  strap  of  leather 
fastened  to  the  saddle  and  passing  imder 
the  horse's  tail  to  keep  the  saddle  in  its  ' 
place.    [Fr.  eroupiire — croupe,  the  Croup 
of  a  liorse.] 

CRURAL,  kr05'ral,  adj.  belonging  to  or 
shaped  like  a  leg.  [L.  eruralis,  from  cms, 
cruris,  the  leg.] 

CRUSADE,  kroo-sad',  n.  a  military  expedi- 
tion under  the  banner  of  the  cross  to 
recover  the  Holy  Land  from  the  Turks: 
any  daring  or  romantic  undertaking. 
[Fr.  croisade — Prov.  crozada — eroz,  a 
cross.    See  Cross.] 

CRUSADER,  ki'oo-sad'er,  n.  one  engaged 
in  a  crusade. 

CRUSE,  krooz,  n.  an  earthen  pot :  a  small 
cup  or  bottle.  [Fr. ;  Ice.  krus :  also  allied 
to  Crock.] 

CRUSH,  la'ush,  I'.t.  to  break  or  bruise  :  to 
squeeze  together  :  to  beat  down  or  over 
whelm:  to  subdue  :  to  ruin. — n.  a  \'iolent 
squeezing.  [O.  Fi\  cniisir,  from  a  Scan, 
root  seen  in  Sw.  krysta,  whose  oldest 
form  appears  in  Goth,  kriustan,  to  grind 
the  teeth,  formed  from  the  sound.  See 
Crash  and  Craze.] 

CRUST,  krust,  n.  the  hard  rind  or  outside 
coating  of  anything  :  the  outer  part  of 
bread  :  covering  of  a  pie,  etc.:  (geol.)  the 
solid  exterior  of  the  earth. — v.t.  to  cover 
with  a  crust  or  bard  case.— cl  to  gather 
into  a  hard  crust.  [O.  Fi". — L.  cr%ista  ; 
peril,  conn,  with  Gr.  kryos,  icy  cold.] 

CRUSTACEA,  krus-ta'shi-a,  n.pl.  a  class  of 
animals  whose  bodies  are  covered  with  a 
crust-like  shell  covering,  such  as  lobsters, 
shrimps,  and  crabs. 

CRUSTACEAN,  krus-ta'shi-an,  n.  one  of 
the  Crustacea. 

ORUSTACEOUS,  krus-ta'shi-us,  CRUSTA- 
CEAN, krus-ta'shi-an,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  Crustacea,  or  shellfish. 

CRUSTATED,  krus-tat'ed,  adj.  covered 
with  a  crust. 

CRUSTATION,  krus-ta'shun,  n.  an  adher- 
ent crust. 

CRUSTY,  krust'i,  adj.  of  the  natm-e  of  or 
hailing  a  crust :  having  a  hard  or  harsh 
exterior:  hard:  snappy:  sm-ly. — adv. 
Crust'ily. — n.  Crust'iness. 

CRUTCH,  kruch,  n.  a  staff  with  a  cross- 
piece  at  the  head  to  place  under  the  arm 
of  a  lame  person  :  any  support  like  a 
crutch.  [FVom  root  of  CROOK ;  perh. 
modified  by  L.  cru.v,  a  cross.] 

CRY,  kri,  v.i.  to  utter  a  shrill  loud  sound, 
esp.  one  expressive  of  pain  or  grief:  to 
lament :  to  weep  :  to  bawl..^t'.#.  to  utter 
loudly  :  to  proclaim  or  make  pubhc : — 
2}a.t.  and  pa.p.  cried'. — n.  any  loud  sound: 
particular  sound  uttered  by  an  animal  : 
bawling :  lamentation  :  weepino- :  prayer 
clamor:  — p?.  Cries. —«.  Cri'er.  JTr. 
crier  (It.  gridare)  —  L.  quiritare,  to 
scream — freq.  of  L.  queri,  to  lament.] 

CRY,  kri,  v.i.  to  be  in  the  act  of  giving 
birth  to  a  child  :  sometimes  followed  by 
out.    Shak. 


CRYENG-OUT 


CUNEIFORM 


CJEYTNGr-OUT,  kri'ing-out,  n.  the  confine- 
ment of  a  woman  :  labor.  "  Aunt  Nell, 
who,  by  the  way,  was  at  the  crying-out." 
— Richardson. 

CRYPT,  ki'ipt,  11.  an  underground  cell 
or  chapel,  esp.  one  used  for  burial.  [L. 
erypfa—Gr.  krypte — krypto,  to  conceal. 
Doublet  of  Grot.] 

CEYPTOGAMIA,  krip-to-ga'mi-a,  n.  the 
class  of  flowerless  plants,  or  those  which 
have  their  fructification  concealed.  [Gr. 
i:c!/p<os,concealed,  and  games,  marriage.] 

ORYPTOGAMIC,  lo-ip  -to-gam'ik,  CRYP- 
TOGAMOUS,  ki-ip-togVmus,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Cryptogamia. 

CRYPTONYM,  kiip'to-nim,  n.  a  private, 
secret,  or  hidden  name  :  a  name  which 
one  bears  in  some  society  or  brother- 
hood. J.  R.  Loivell.  [Gr.  hryptos,  con- 
cealed, and  onoma,  a  name.] 

CRYSTAL,  kris'tal,  7i.  a  superior  kind  of 
glass :  (ehem.)  a  piece  of  matter  which 
has  assumed  a  definite  geometrical  form, 
with  plane  faces.  [O.  Fr.  cristal — L.  crys- 
tallum,  from  Gr.  krystallos,  ice — kryos, 
icy  cold  ;  akin  to  CRUST.] 

CRYSTAL,  ki-is'tal,  CRYSTALLINE,  kris'- 
tal-In  or  -in,  adj.  consisting  of  or  like 
crystal  in  clearness,  etc. 

CRYSTALLIZATION,  kris-tal-iz-a'shun,  n. 
the  act  of  crvstallizing. 

CRYSTALLIZE,  kris'tal-iz,  v.t.  to  redtice  to 
the  form  of  a  crystal. — v.i.  to  assume  a 

— crystalline  form.  

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY,  kris-tal-og'ra-fl,  n. 
the  science  of  crystallization.  [Gr.  krys- 
tallos, and  graphs,  to  write.] 

CUB,  kub,  n.  the  j'oung  of  certain  animals, 
as  foxes,  etc.  :  a  whelp  :  a  young  boy  or 
girl  (in  contempt). — v.  to  bring  forth 
voung  : — pr.p.  cubb'ing  ;  pa.p.  cubbed'. 
[Prob.  Celt.,  as  Ir.  cuib,  a  whelp,  from 
cu,  a  dog.] 

CUBATURE,  kub'a-tur,  n.  the  act  of  find- 
ing the  solid  or  cubic  content  of  a  body  : 
the  result  thus  found. 

CUBE,  kub,  n.  a  soUd  body  having  six 
equal  square  faces,  a  sohd  square :  the 
third  power  of  a  number,  as — 2x2x2-=8. 
— v.t.  to  raise  to  the  third  power.  [Fr. 
cube — L.  cubus — Gr.  kybos,  a  die.] 

CUBIC,  kub'ik,  CUBICAL,  kub'ik-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  cube. — adv.  CrrB'iCAlXY. 

CUBICULUM,  kub-ik'u-lum,  n.  a  burial 
chamber  in  the  Catacombs  often  for  a 
single  family,  having  round  its  walls  the 
loculi  or  compartments  for  the  recep- 
tion of  dead  bodies.  The  name  was  also 
applied  to  a  chapel  attached  to  a  basiUca 
or  other  church.  [L.,  a  bed-chamber, 
from  cubo,  to  lie.] 

CUBIFORM,  kub'i-form,  adj.  in  the  form 
of  a  cube. 

CUBIT,  kub'it,  n.  a  measure  employed  by 
the  ancients,  equal  to  the  length  of  the 
arm  from  the  elbow  to  the  tip  of  the 
middle-finger,  varjang  from  18  to  23 
inches.  [L.  cubitus,  {lit.)  a  bend ;  akin 
to  L.  cubare,  to  lie  down  ;  also  to  Cup.] 

CUBOID,  kub'oid,  CUBOIDAL,  kub-oid'al, 
adj.  resembUng  a  cube  in  shape.  [Gr. 
kyboeides,  from  kybos,  a  die,  and,  euios, 
form.] 

CUCKOLD,  kuk'old,  n.  a  man  whose  wife 
has  proved  unfaithful. — v.t.  to  wrong  a 
husband  by  unchastity.  [O.  Fr.  coucuol 
(Mod.  Fr.  cocu) — comcom,  a  cuckoo — L. 
cuculus.'] 

CUCKOO,  koo'koo,  n.  a  bird  which  cries 
cuckoo,  remarkable  for  laying  its  eggs  in 
the  nests  of  other  birds.  [Fr.  coucou — 
L.  cuculus,  from  the  sound.  Cf.  CoCK, 
Cockatoo.] 

CUCUMBER,  ku'kum-ber,  n.  a  creeping 
plant,  with  large  oblong  fruit  used  as  a 
salad  and  pickle.  [L.  cucumis,  eucwnv- 
eris.^ 


CUD,  kud,  n.  the  food  brought  from  the 
first  stomach  of  a  ruminating  animal 
back  into  the  mouth  and  cliewed  again. 
[Like  Quid,  what  is  chewed,  from  A.S. 
ceowan,  to  chew.] 

CUDDLE,  kud'l,  tJ.i.  to  hug:  to  embrace: 
to  fondle. — v.i.  to  lie  close  and  snug  to- 
gether.— n.  a  close  embrace.  [Ace.  to 
Skeat,  a  freq.  of  M.E.  couth,  well  known, 
familiar.    See  Uncouth.] 

CUDDY,  kud'i,  n.  a  small  cabin  or  cook- 
room,  generally  in  the  forepart  of  a  boat 
or  lighter :  in  large  vessels  applied  to 
the  officers'  cabin  under  the  poopdeck. 
(Tr.  cahute;  Dut.  kajuit ;  Ger.  kajiXte.'] 

CUDGEL,  kud'jel,  n.  a  heavy  staff :  a  club. 
— v.t.  to  beat  with  a  cudgel  -.—pr-p. 
cud'gelling  ;  jja.j).  cud'geUed.  [W.  cogyl, 
a  club.] 

CUDWEED,  kud'wed,  n.  the  popular  name 
for  many  species  of  plants  covered  with 
a  cottony  down.  [Prob.  corrupted  from 
cotton-iceed.'] 

CUE,  ku,  n.  a  queue  or  tail-like  twist  of 
hair  formerly  worn  at  the  back  of  the 
head  :  a  rod  used  in  playing  billiards : 
the  last  words  6f  an  actor's  speech  serv- 
ing as  a  hint  to  the  next  speaker  :  any 
hint :  the  part  oue  has  to  play.  [Fr. 
queue — L.  Cauda,  a  taU.] 

CUE-BALL,  ku'-bawl,  adj.  corruption  of 
Skew-baij).  "  A  gentleman  on  a  cue-ball 
horse." — R.  D.  Blackmore.  (Provincial 
EngUsh.) 

CUFF,  kuf ,  n.  a  stroke  with  the  open  hand. 
— v.t.  to  strike  with  the  open  hand. 
[From  a  Scan,  root  seen  in  Sw.  kuffa,  to 
knock.] 

(TUFF,  kuf,  n.  the  end  of  the  sleeve  near 
the  wrist  :  a  covering  for  the  wrist. 
[Prob.  cog.  with  Coir.] 

CUIRASS,  Kwi-ras'  or  kwe'-,  j^  a  defensive 
covering  for  the  breast  orig.  made  of 
leather,  afterwards  of  iron  fastened  with 
straps  and  buckles,  etc.  [Fr.  cuiras.'ie — 
Low  L.  coratia — L.  corium,  skin,  leather  ; 
whence  Fr.  cwic] 

CUIRASSIER,  kwi-ras-er',  n.  a  soldier 
armed  with  a  cuirass. 

CULDEE,  Iml'de,  »i.  one  of  a^Celtic  frater- 
nity of  monks  who  formei'j.  lived  in 
Scotland,  Irelaml,  ajid  Wale: .  [Ir.  ceile 
de,  "servant  of  God."    See  Gillie.] 

CULINARY,  ku'Un-ar-i,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  kitchen  or  to  cookery :  used  in  the 
kitchen.  [L.  culinarius — culina,  a  kitch- 
en.] 

CULL,  kul,  T'.f.  to  select :  to  pick  out.  [Fr. 
cueillir,  to  gather — ^L.  colligo — col,  to- 
gether, and  lego,  to  gather.  A  doublet 
of  Collect.] 

CULLENDER.     See  Colaot)ER. 

CULLION,  kul'yun,  w.  a  wretch :  acoward- 
ly  fellow.  [Ft.  couillon,  a  dastard,  a 
poltroon  (It.  coglione) — L.  coleus,  aleather 
bag,  the  scrotum.] 

CULLY,  kul'i,  n.  (a  contr.  of  Cullion)  a 
mean  dupe. — v.t.  to  deceive  meanly. — 
pa.p.  cuU'ied. 

CULM,  kulm,  n.  the  stalk  or  stem  of  cereals 
or  of  grasses.  [L.  culmzis,  a  stalk  or  stem. 
Cog.  with  Haulm.] 

CULMIFEROUS,  kul-mifer-us,  adj.,  bear- 
ing stalks  or  stems.  [L.  culmus,  a  stalk, 
and  fero,  to  bear.] 

CULMINATE,  kul'min-at,  v.i.  to  come  to 
the  top  :  (astron.)  to  be  vertical  or  at  the 
highest  point  of  altitude :  to  reach  the 
highest  point.  [Coined,  as  if  from  a  Low 
L.  culmino,  from  L.  cidmen,  properly 
columen,  a  summit.    See  Column.] 

CULMINATION,  kul-min-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
culminating  :  the  top  or  liighest  point : 
(astron.)  transit  or  passage  of  a  body 
across  the  meridian  or  highest  point  for 
the  day. 

CULOTtiC,  koo-lot'ik,  adj.  having  breech- 


es ;  hence,  pertaining  to  the  respectable 
classes  of  society :  opposed  to  Sanscu- 
LOTTIC  (which  see).  "Young  Patriotism; 
Culottic  and  Sansculottic,  rushes  for- 
ward."— Carlyle. 

CULOTTISM,  koo-lot'izm,  n.  the  princi- 
ples, rule,  or  influence  of  the  more  re- 
spectable classes  of  society.  Carlyle.  [See 
Sansculottism.] 

CULPABILITY,  kul-pa-bil'i-ti,  CULPA^ 
BLENESS,  kul'pa-bl-nes,  n.  liabiUty  to 
blame. 

CULPABLE,  kul'parbl,  adj.  faulty,  crimi- 
nal.— adv.  Culpably.  [O.  Fr. — L.  eul- 
pabilis,  worthy  of  blame — culpa,  a' fault.] 

CULPRIT,  kul'prit,  n.  one  culpable  or  in 
fault :  a  criminal :  in  Eng.  law,  a  prisoner 
accused,  but  not  tried.  [For  culpate, 
from  old  law  L.  ctdpatus,  a  person  ac- 
cused.] 

CULT,  kult,  n.  a,  system  of  religious  be- 
lief, xcorship.  [L.  cultiis — colo,  cidtus, 
to  worship!] 

CTDLTIVATE,  kul'ti-vat,  v.t.  to  till  or  pro- 
duce by  tillage  :  to  prepare  for  crops :  to 
devote  attention  to :  to  ci%'Uize  or  refine. 
— n.  Cul'tivator.  [Low  L.  cultivo,  cul- 
tivatus — ^L.  colo,  cidtus,  to  till,  to  wor- 
ship.] 

CULTIVATION,  kul-ti-va'shun,  n.  the  art 
or  practice  of  cvdtivating  :  civilization : 
refinement. 

CULTURABLE,  kul'tur-a-bl,  n.  capable  of 
becoming  cultured  or  refined. 

CULTURE,  kul'tur,  n.,  cultivation:  the 
state  of  being  cultivated :  advancement 
or  refinement  the  result  of  cultivation. 
— v.t.  to  cultivate:  to  improve.  [L.  cut= 
tura.] 

CULTUS,  ladt'us,  n.  same  as  Cult.  Helps. 
Also  the  moral  or  jesthetic  state  or  con 
dition  of  a  certain  time  or  place.     [L.] 

CULVER,  kul'ver,  CULVERIN,  kid'ver-in, 
n.  an  ancient  cannon,  so  called  from  its 
long,  thin,  serpent-like  shape,  or  from  its 
being  ornamented  with  the  figures  of 
serpents.  [Fi-.  coulevrine,  from  eouleuvre 
— L.  coluber,  a  serpent.] 

(3ULVERT,  kul'vert,  n.  an  arched  water- 
course, etc.  [Prob.  from  Fr.  cmder,  to 
flow — L.  colore — colum,  a,  strainer.] 

CTUM^AN,  kfi-me'an,  adj,  of  or  pertaining 
to  Cumce,  an  ancient  city  on  the  coast  of 
Campania,  and  the  earliest  of  all  the 
Greek  settlements  in  Italy  ;  as,  the  cave 
of  the  Cumcean  sibyl. 

(DUMBER,  kum'ber,  v.t.  to  trouble  or  hin- 
der with  something  useless :  to  retard, 
perplex,  trouble.  [O.  Fr.  combrer,  to 
liinder — ^Low  L.  coinbrus,  a  heap ;  corr, 
of  L.  cumulus,  a  heap.] 

CUMBERSOME,  kum'ber-sum,  a^;".  trouble- 
some. 

CUMBRANCE,  kuniTsrans,  n.  encum- 
brance. 

CUMBROUS,  kum'brus,  a<^'.  hindering : 
obstructing :  heavy  :  giving  trouble. — 
adv.  Cum'brouslt. — n.  Cuitbrousness.] 

CrUMIN,  CUMMIN,  kum'in,  n.  a  plant,  the 
seeds  of  which  are  valuable  for  their  car- 
minative qualities.  [L.  cuminum, through 
the  Gr.  kyminon,  from  Heb.  kainmoii.] 

CUMULATE,  kHm'u-lat,  v.t.  to  heap  to- 
gether :  to  accumulate.  [L.  cumulo, 
-utum — cumulus,  a  heap.] 

CUMULATION,  kum'u-la-shun.  Same  as 
Accumulation. 

(CUMULATIVE,  kum'u-la-tiv,  adj.  increas- 
ing by  successive  additions. 

C7UMULUS,  ku'mu-lus,  n.  a  species  of 
cloud. 

CUNEAL,  ku'ne-al,  CUNEATE,  ku'ne-at, 
adj.  of  the  form  of  a  wedge.  [L.  cuneus, 
a  wedge.]  

CUNEIFORM,  ku-ne'i-form,  CUNIFORM, 
ku'ni-form,  adj.  wedge-shaped — specially 
appUed  to  the  old  Babylonian  and  Assy 


CUNNING 


89 


CUSTARD 


nan  writing,  of  which  the  characters 
have  a  tcedge-shape. 

CUNNING,  kun'ing-,  adj.,  knowing  :  skill- 
ful :  artful :  craftj'.  —  n.  knowledge  : 
skill  :  faculty  of  using  stratagem  to  ac- 
complish a  purpose. — adv.  Cunn'ingly. 
[A.S.  cunnan,  to  know.] 

CUP,  kup,  n.  a  vessel  used  to  contain  liq- 
uid :  a  drinking-vessel :  the  liquid  con- 
tained in  a  cup  :  that  which  we  must  re- 
ceive or  undergo  :  afflictions  :  blessings. 
— v.t.  to  extract  blood  from  the  body  by 
means  of  cupping-glasses  from  which 
the  air  has  been  exhausted:— ^r.j3.  cupp'- 
ing ;  pa.p.  cupped'.  [A.S.  euppe,  Fr. 
eoupe.  It.  coppa,  a  cup,  the  head  ;  all 
from  L.  cupa,  cuppa,  a  tub,  a  drinking- 
vessel.] 

CUPBOABD,  kup'bord  or  kub'urd,  n.  a 
place  for  keeping  victuals,  dishes,  etc. 
[Cup  and  Board,  a  table  or  shelf.] 

OUPID,  ku'pid.  n.  the  god  of  love.  [L. 
Cupido — ciipio,  to  desire.] 

CUPIDITY,  ku-pid'i-ti,  n.,  eager  desire  for : 
covetousness :  lust  after.  [L.  cupiditas 
— cupidus,  desii'ous.] 

CUPOLA,  ku'po-la,  n.  a  cup-shaped  vault 
on  the  summit  of  a  tower  :  a  dome.  [It. ; 
dim.  of  Low  L.  cupa,  a  cup — L.  cupa,  a 
tub.    See  Cup.] 

CUPREOUS.     See  under  COPPEEISH. 

CUE,  kur,  11.  a  wortliless,  degenerate  dog : 
a  churlish  fellow.— ady.  Cukr'ish.  [Dut. 
korre,  Dan.  kurre,  to  whir;  from  its 
growling.] 

CUEABLE,  kiirVbl,  adj.  that  may  be 
cured  :  capable  of  cui-ing.  "  A  curable 
vertue  against  all  diseases." — Sandys. — n. 

CXJKABILITY. 

CURAQIOA,  koo-ra-so'.w.  a  liqueur  so  named 
from  the  island  of  Curagoa  in  the  West 
Indies,  where  it  was  first  made. 

CURACY,  kur'a-si,  n.  the  office,  employ- 
ment, or  benefice  of  a  curate  :  also  the 
state,  condition,  or  office  of  a  guardian  ; 
guardianship.  "  By  way  of  curacy  and 
protectorship." — Roger  North. 

CURATE,  kiir'at,  n.  one  who  has  the  cure 
or  care  of  souls,  so  in  Pr.  Bk. :  an  inferior 
clergyman  in  the  Cliui-ch  of  England  wlio 
assists  a  rector  or  vicar  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duties.  [Low  L.  curatus,  from  L. 
cura,  care.]  • 

CURATIVE,  Icur'a-tiv,  adj.  tending  to  cure. 

CURATOR,  kur-a'tor,  n.  one  who  has  the 
care  of  anything  :  a  superintendent :  one 
appointed  by  law  as  guardian. 

CURB,  kurb,  v.t.  to  bend  to  one's  will :  to 
subdue :  to  restrain  or  check :  to  furnish 
with  or  guide  by  a  curb. — n.  that  which 
curbs  :  a  check  or  hindrance  :  a  chain  or 
strap  attached  to  the  bit  of  a  bridle  for 
restraining  the  horse.  [Fr.  courber,  from 
L.  curvus,  crooked,  bent.] 

CURBSTONE,  kurb'ston,  n.  a  stone  placed 
edgeways  against  earth  or  stone  work  to 
check  it. 

CURD,  kurd,  n.,  milk  thickened  or  coagu- 
lated :  the  cheese  part  of  milk,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  whey.  [Celt.,  as  in 
Gael;  gruth,  Ir.  cruth,  curd,  cridhaim,  I 
milk.] 

CURDLE,  kurd'l,  v.i.  to  turn  into  curd  :  to 
congeal:  to  thicken. —  v.t.  to  cause  to 
turn  into  curd,  or  to  congeal. 

CURDY,  kurd'i,  adj.  like  or  full  of  curd. 

CURE,  kur,  n.,  care  of  souls  or  spiritual 
charge  :  care  of  the  sick  :  act  of  lieahng  : 
that  which  lieals  :  a  remedj'. — v.t.  to  heal: 
to  preserve,  as  by  drying,  salting,  etc. : 
-^pr.^.  ciir'ing;jpa.p.'cui'ed'.  [O  Fr.  cure 
— L.  cura,  solicitude,  care ;  not  of  the 
same  origin  as  Care.] 

CURELESS,  kur'les,  adj.  that  cannot  be 
cured. 

CURFEW,  kur'fu,  n.  (lit.)  cove)--jire:  in 
feudal  times  the  ringing  of  a  bell  at  eight 


o'clock,  as  a  signal  to  cover  or  put  out 
all  fires  and  hghts.  [Fr.  eouvrefeu,  from 
cauvrir,  to  cover,  and  feu,  fire,  from  L. 
focus.l 

CURIOSITY,  ktir-i-os'i-ti,  ?i.,  state  or 
quaUty  of  being  curious:  inquisitiveness: 
that  which  is  curious  :  anything  rare  or 
unusual. 

CURIOUS,  kur'i-us,  adj.  anxious  to  learn  : 
inquisitive:  showing  great  care  or  nicety: 
skillfully  made  :  singular  :  rare. — adv. 
Cur'iously.  — ».  Cue'iodsness.  [Fr. 
curieux — L.  curiosus — cura.'\ 

CURL,  kurl,  v.t.  to  t\\-ist  into  ringlets :  to 
coil. — v.i.  to  shrink  into  ringlets  :  to  rise 
in  undulations  :  to  writhe  :  to  ripple  :  to 
play  at  the  game  of  curling. — n.  a  ringlet 
of  hair,  or  what  is  like  it :  a  wave,  bend- 
ing, or  twist.  [Orig.  cruU ;  Dut.  krullen, 
Dan.  fcrolle,  to  curl.] 

CURLEW,  kur'lu,  n.  one  of  the  wading- 
birds,  having  a  very  long  slender  bill 
and  legs,  and  a  short  tail.  [Fr.  corlieu  ; 
probably  from  its  cry.] 

CURLING,  kurl'ing,  n.  a  game  common  in 
Scotland,  consisting  in  hurling  heavy 
stones  along  a  sheet  of  ice,  like  playing 
at  bowls. 

CURLY,  kurl'i,  adj.,  having  curls:  full  of 
curls. — n.  Curl'iness. 

CURMUDGEON,  kur-muj'un,  n.  an  ava- 
ricious, Ul-natured  fellow  :  a  miser. — 
adj.  Curmud'geonly.  [O.  E.  cornniud- 
gin,  sig.  corn-hoarding,  from  corn  and 
miidge  or  mug,  or  mooch,  to.  hide  or 
hoard  ;  seen  in  muglard,  a  miser  ;  from 
O.  Fi\  mucer,  Fr.  musser,  to  conceal.] 

CURRANT,  kur'ant,  n.  a  small  kind  of 
raisin  or  dried  grape,  imported  from  the 
Levant :  the  fruit  of  several  garden 
shrubs.     [From  Corinth,  in  Greece.] 

CURRENCY,  kur'en-si,  ti.  circulation : 
tliat  which  circulates,  as  the  money  of  a 
country :  general  estimation. 

CURRENT,  kur'ent,  adj.,  running  or  floiv- 
ing :  passing  from  person  to  person  : 
generally  received  :  now  passing :  pres- 
ent.— n.  a  running  or  flowing :  a  stream : 
a  portion  of  water  or  air  moving  in  a  cer- 
tain direction  :  course. — adv.  Curr'ent- 
LY.  [L.  currens,  currentis — eurro,  cur- 
sus,  to  run.] 

CURRICLE,  kur'i-kl,  n.  a  two-wheeled 
open  cliaise,  drawn  by  two  horses 
abreast :  a  chariot.  [L.  curriculum, 
from  eurro.] 

CURRICLE,  kur'i-kl,  v.i.  to  drive  in  a  cur- 
ricle or  as  in  a  curricle.  "  Who  is  this 
that  comes  eurricling  through  the  level 
yellow  sunlight  ?  " — Carlyle. 

CURRICULUM,  kur-ik'u-lum,  n.  a  course, 
esp.  the  course  of  study  at  a  university. 

CURRIER,  kur'i-er,  n.  one  who  cumes  or 
dresses  tanned  leather. 

CURR"S ,  kur'i,  n.  a  kind  of  sauce  or  sea- 
soning much  used  in  India  and  elsewhere, 
and  compounded  of  pepper,  ginger,  and 
other  spices  :  a  stew  mixed  with  curry- 
powder.  [Pers.  khUrdi,  broth,  juicy 
meats,  from  khurdan,  to  eat.] 

CURRY,  kur'i,  v.t.  to  dress  leather:  to  rub 
down  and  dress  a  horse :  to  beat  :  to 
scratch  -.—pr.p.  curry'ing  ;  pa.p.  curr'ied. 
— To  CURRY  FAVOR  (corr.   of    CURRY  FA- 

vell,  to  rub  down  a  horse,  favell  being  a 
common  old  name  for  a  horse),  to  seek 
favor  by  flattery.  [Fr.  corroyer — corroi, 
O.  Fr.  conroi ;  from  a  Teut.  root  present 
in  Ice.  reidhi,  tackle,  Dan.  rede,  to  set  in 
order,  E.  ready.  See  Ready.] 
CURSE,  kurs,  v.t.  to  invoke  or  wish  evil 
upon  :  to  devote  to  perdition  :  to  vex  or' 
torment. — v.i.  to  utter  imprecations:  to 
swear. — n.  the  invocation  or  wishing  of 
evil  or  harm  upon  :  evil  invoked  on  an- 
other :  torment.— n.  Curs'er.   [A.S.  cur- 


sian—curs,  a  curse,  perh.  from  Sw.  and 
Dan.  kors,  a  cross,  which  is  derived  from 
O.  Fr.  erois.    See  Cross.] 
CURSED,  kurs'ed,  adj.  under  a  curse  :  de 
serving  a  curse :    blasted   by  a   curse ; 
hateful. 
CURSIVE,  kur'siv,  adj.,  running,  as  applied 
to  handwriting :  flowing.    [L.  eurro,  eur^ 
sus,  to  run.] 
CURSORY,  kur'sor-i,   adj.  hasty :    super- 
ficial :   careless. — adv.  Cur'soeily.     [L. 
eurro.] 
CURT,   kurt,  adj.,  short:  concise.  —  adv. 
Curt'ly.  —  n.    Curt'ness.      [L.    curt  us, 
shortened  ;  Sans,  krit,  to  cut,  separate.] 
CURTAIL,   kur-tal',  v.t.  to  cut  short :  to 
cut  oS  a  part :    to  abridge  i—pr.p.  cur- 
tail'ing  ;  pa.p.  curtailed'.     [Old  spelling 
eurtal,  O.   Fr.    courtault,  It.  cortaldo — 
L.  curtus.] 
CURTAIN,  kur'tin,  n.  drapery  hung  round 
and  inclosing-  a  bed,  etc.  :  the  part  of  a 
rampart  between  two  bastions  ;  also,  an 
ensign  or  flag.  Shak. — v.t.  to  inclose  or 
furnish  with  curtains.      [Fr.  courtine— 
Low  L.  cortina :  from  L.  cors,  cortis,  a 
place  inclosed,  a  court.] 
COURTILAGE,    kur'til-aj,    n.    in    lau;    a 
court-yard,  backside,  or  piece  of  gi-ound, 
lying  near  and  belonging  to  a  dwelling- 
house  :  the  limit  of  the  premises  witliin 
which  housebreaking  can  be  committed 
under  English  law.     [O.  Fr.  courtilage, 
from  coitrtil,  a  court-yard,  from  L.  cors, 
cortis,  a  court.] 
CURTSY,  kurt'si.    Same  as  COURTESY,  the 

gesture. 
CURULE,  ku'rool,  adj.  applied  to  a  chair 
in  which  the  higher  Roman  magistrates 
had  a  right  to  sit.     [L.  currus,  a  chariot 
— eurro,  to  run.] 
CURVATURE,  kur'va-tilr,  n.  a  curving  ot 
bending:  the  continual  bending  or  the 
amount  of  bending  from  a  straight  line, 
[L.  curvatiira.] 
CURVE,  kurv,  n.  anything  bent:  a  bent 
line  :    an  arch. — v.t.   to  bend  :  to  form 
into  a  curve.     [L.  curvus,  crooked.    See 
Circle.] 
CURVET,  kurv'et,  n.  a  certain  leap  of  a 
horse  in  which  he  gives  his  body  a  curve: 
a  leap  or  frolic. — v.i.  to  leap  in  curvets  : 
to  leap:  to  frisk:-^pr.p.  curv'eting;  pa.p, 
curv'eted. 
CURVILINEAR,    kur-vi-lin'i-ar,    CUR^^■ 
LINEAL,  kur-vi-lin'i-al,  adj.  bounded  by 
curved  lines.     [L.    curvus,  and  linea,  "a 
line.] 
CUSCUS-ORASS,  kus'kus-gras,  n.  a  pecul- 
iar Idnd  of  British  Indian  grass  {Andro- 
pogon  muricatus)  used  for  screens  and 
Ijlinds.     Called  also  Kttus. 
CUSHAT,    koosh'at,   n.   the   ringdove  or 
woodpigeon.     [Prov.    E.    cou-shot ;  from 
A.S.  cu'sceote.'] 
CUSHION,  koosh'un,  n.  a  case  filled  with 
some  soft,  elastic  stuff,  for  resting  on  :  a 
pillow. — v.t.  to  seat  on  or  fiu'uish  ^ith  a 
cusliion.     [Fr.  coussin.  It.  cuscino,  from 
L.  culcitinum,  dim.  of  culcita,  mattress. 
See  Counterpane  and  Quilt.] 
CUSHITE,  kush'rt,  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to 
a  brancli   of  the  Hamite  famUy  which 
spread  along  tracts  extending  from  the 
higher  Nile  to  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris, 
or  to  their  language.    Used  also  substan- 
tively.    [From  Cush  the  son  of  Ham.] 
CUSP.kusp,  n.  a,  point :  the  point  or  horn 
of  the  moon,  etc.     [L.  eiispis.  a  point. ]^ 
CUSPIDATE,   kus'pi-dat,    CUSPIDATED, 
kus'pi-dat-ed,  adj.  (bot.)  having  a  sharp 
end  or  point.     [L.  cuspidatus — cuspis.] 
CUSTARD,  kus'tard,   n.  a  composition  of 
milk,  eggs,  etc.,  sweetened  and  flavored. 
[Once  spoiled  custade,  a  corr.  of  crustade; 
a  pie  with  crust ;  from  O.  Fr.  croustade 
— L.  crustatus,  crusted.     See  Crust.1 


CUSTARD-APPLE 


90 


DACTYLOLOGY 


CrUSTAED-APPLE,  kus'tard-ap'l,  n.  the 
fruit  of  a  W.  Indian  tree,  having  an  eat- 
able pulp,  like  a  ettstard. 

CUSTODIAL,  kus-to'di-al,  adf.  pertaining 
to  custody. 

CUSTODIAN,  kus-to'(li-an,  n.  one  who  has 
custody  or  care,  esp.  of  some  public 
building-. 

CUSTODY,  kus'to-di,  n.  a  watcMig  or 
guarding :  care  :  security :  imprison- 
ment. [L.  custodia,  from  citstos,  custodis, 
a  watcher  or  keeper.] 

CUSTOM,  kus'tum,  n.  what  one  is  wont  to 
do  :  usage  :  frequent  repetition  of  the 
same  act :  a  frequenting  of  a  shop  to  buy 
goods  :  regular  trade  or  business  :  a  tax 
on  goods:^3^  duties  imposed  on  imports 
and  exports.  [O.  Fr.  custwne,  costume ; 
from  L.  consuetude — eonsuesco,  consuetus, 
to  accustom.] 

CUSTOMARY,  kns'tum-ar-i,  adj.  according 
to  use  and  wont  :  holding  or  held  by  cus- 
tom.— adv.   Cus'ToiiABiLY. — n.  Cus'toji- 

ARDTESS. 

CUSTOMER,  kns'tum-er,  n.  one  accustomed 
to  frequent  a  certain  place  of  business  :  a 
buyer. 

CUSTOM-HOUSE,  kus'tum-hows,  n.  the 
place  where  customs  or  duties  on  exports 
and  imports  are  collected. 

CUT,  kut,  v.t.  to  make  an  incision:  to  cleave 
or  pass  through :  to  divide  :  to  carve  or 
hew  :  to  wound  or  hurt:  to  afifect  deeply: 
to  castrate: — pr.j).  cutting  ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  cut. — n.  a  cleaving  or  dividing :  a 
stroke  or  blow:  an  incision  or  wound:  a 
piece  cut  oflf:  an  engraved  block,  or  the 
picture  from  it :  manner  of  cutting,  or 
fashion. — A  SHORT  cut,  a  short  or  near 
pa.9sage.  |fW.  cwtau,  to  shorten,  cwtt,  a 
little  piece  ;  Ir.  cutaieh,  to  curtail.] 
tUTANEOUS,  ku-ta'ne-us,  adj.  belonging 
to  the  skin. 

I  UT-AWAY,  kut'-a-wa,  n.  a  coat,  the  skirts 
of  which  are  rounded  or  cut  away  so 
that  they  do  not  hang  down  as  in  a  frock- 
coat.  "  A  green  cut-au-ay  with  brass 
buttons." — T.  Hughes.  Used  also  adject- 
ively.  "  A  brown  eut-au^y  coat." — Tliack- 
eray. 

CUTCHA,  kuch'a,  7i.  in  Hindustan,  a  weak 
kind  of  lime  used  in  inferior  buildings  ; 
hence,  used  adjectively  in  the  sense  of 
temporary :  makeshift :  inferior  :  in  con- 
tradistinction to  pucka,  which  implies 
stability  or  superiority. 

CUTENESS,  kut'nes,  n.  the  quality  of 
being  cute  :  sharpness  :  smartness  :acute- 
ness.  "Who  could  have  thougiit  so  in- 
nocent a  face  could  cover  so  much  eute- 
ness  ?" — Ooldsmith. 

CUTICLE,  ku'ti-kl,  n.  the  outermost  or 
thin  skin.  [L.  cutimla,  dim.  of  cutis,  the 
skin,  E.  Hide.] 

CUTLASS,  kut  las,  n.  a  broad  curving 
sword  with  one  edge.  [Fr.  coiitelas,  from 
L.  mdtellus,  dim.  of  culter,  a  ploughshare, 
a  knife.] 

CUTLER,  kutler,  n.  one  who  makes  or 
sells  knives.     [Fr.  eoutelier,  from  root  of 

CCTLASS.] 

CUTLERY,  kut'ler-i,  n.  the  business  of  a 
cutler  :  edg-ed  or  cutting  instruments  in 
general. 

CUTLET,  kutlet,  n.  a  slice  of  meat  cut  off 
for  cooking,  esp.  of  mutton  or  veal,  gen- 
erally the  rib  and  the  meat  belongring  to 
it.  [Fr.  cotelette,  dim.  of  cSte,  from  L. 
cosia,  a  rib.     See  Coast.] 

CUTTER,  kut'er,  n.  the  person  or  thing 
that  cuts :  a  small  swift  vessel  with  one 
mast  and  sharp  bows  that  cut  the  water. 

CUTTING,  kut'ing,  n.  a  dividing  or  lopping 
off  :  an  incision  :  a  piece  cut  off :  a  twig. 

CUTTLE,  kut'l,  CUTTLE-FISH,  kut'1-flsh, 
n.  a  kind  of  mollusc,  remarkable  for  its 


power  of  ejecting  a  black  inky  liquid. 
jA..S.  cudele:  origin  dub.] 

CUT-WATER,  kut'-waw'ter,  n.  the  fore- 
part of  a  ship's  prow. 

CYCLE,  si'kl,  n.  a  period  of  time  in  which 
events  happen  in  a  certain  order,  and 
which  constantly  repeats  itself :  an  imag- 
inary circle  or  orbit  in  the  heavens.  [Gr. 
kyklos,  a  circle  ;  akin  to  Circle.] 

CYCLIC,  si'khk,  CYCLICAL,  sPklik-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  or  containing  a  cycle. 

CYCLOID,  sfkloid,  n.  a  figure  like  a  circle : 
a  curve  made  by  a  point  in  a  eii-cle,  when 
the  circle  is  ix>lled  along  a  straight  line. 
— adj.  Cycloid' AL.  [Gr.  kyklos,  and  eidos, 
form.] 

CYCLONE,  sl'klon,  n.  a  circular  or  rotatory 
storm.  [Coined  from  Gr.  kyklona,  pr.p. 
otf  kykloo,  to  whirl  round — kyklos.] 

CYCLOPEDIA,  CYCLOPEDIA,  sl-kl5-pe'- 
di-a,  n.  the  circle  or  compass  of  human 
knowledge :  a  work  containing  informa- 
tion on  every  department,  or  on  a  partic- 
ular department  of  knowledge.  — adj. 
Ctcloped'ic.  [Gr.  kyklos,  a  circle,  and 
paideia,  learning.] 

CYCLOPEAN,  sl-klo-pe'an,  adj.  of  or  like 
the  Cyclopes,  a  fabled  race  of  giants  with 
one  circular  eye  in  the  middle  of  the  fore- 
head :  giant-Uke  :  vast.  [Gr.  kyklopeios 
— kyldops — kyklos,  a  circle,  andf  dps,  an 
eye.} 

CYDIPPE,  si-dip'pe,  n.  a  genus  of  coelen- 
terate  animals  belonging  to  the  order 
Ctenophora,  and  allied  to  the  genus 
Beroe.  One  member  of  the  genus  (C. 
aniens)  is  a  very  beautiful  object,  and  is 
common  in  the  seas  round  Britain.  The 
body  is  globular  in  shape  and  adoi-ned 
with  eight  bauds  of  cdia  ser%'ing  as  its 
means  of  locomotion  and  presenting  bril- 
liant rainbow  hues.  Fi-om  the  body  are 
pendent  two  long  filaments,  to  which  are 
attached  numerous  shorter  threads,  and 
these  appendages  can  be  protruded  and 
retracted  at  will. 

CYGNET,  sig'net,  n.  a  yowng  swan.  [Ace. 
to  Diez,  dim.  of  Fr.  cygne,  %vhose  old 
foiTU  cisne  (Sp.  cisne,  a  swan)  is  from 
Low  L.  cecinus,  and  is  not  connected  with 
L.  cygnus,  Gr.  kyknos,  a«wan.] 

CYLINDER,  sil'in-der,  n.'  a  solid  cii-cular 
or  ro?Zer-like  body,  whose  ends  are  equal 
parallel  circles.  [Gr.  kylindros,  from 
kylindo,  to  roll.] 

CYLINDRIC,  si-lin'drik,  CniilNDRICAL, 
si-lin'drifc-al,  ai^j.  having  the  form  or 
properties  of  a  cylinder. 

CYMBAL,  sim'bal,  n.  a  hoUmc  brass,  basin- 
like, musical  instrument,  beaten  together 
in  pairs.  [L.  cymbalum,  from  Gr.  kym- 
t-alon — kymbe,  the  hollow  of  a  vessel  ; 
akin  to  E.  Hump.] 

CYMBOCEPHALIC,  sim'bo-se-fal'ik,  adj. 
shaped  like  a  bowl  or  cup  :  round  :  said 
of  the  skull.  [Gr.  kyinbos,  a  cup  or  bowl, 
and  kephale,  the  skull.] 

CYNIC,  sin'ik,  CYNICAL,  sin'ik-al,  adj., 
dog-like  :  surly  :  snarling  :  austere  :  mis- 
anthropic.— adv.  Cyn'icallt.  [Gr.  kyni- 
kos,  dog-Uke,  from  kyon,  kynos,  a  dog  ; 
akin  to  L.  can-is,  E.  Hound.] 

CYNIC,  sin'ik,  n.  one  of  a  sect  of  ancient 
philosophers,  so  called  from  their  morose 
and  contemptuous  \'iews:  a  morose  man: 
a  snarler. 

CYNICISM,  sin'i-sizm,  «.,  surliness :  con- 
tempt for  human  nature  :  heartlessness, 
misanthropy. 

CYNOSURE,  sJn'o-sh66r  or  sT-,  n.  the  dog's 
tail,  a  consteUation  containing  the  north- 
star  :  hence,  anything  that  strongly  at- 
tracts attention.  [Gr.  kyon,  kynos,  a 
dog,  oura,  a  tail.] 

CYPHER-TUNNEL,  sl'fer-tun-nel,  n.  a 
mock  chijnney  :  a  chimnev  built  merely 
for    outward    show.       ""fhe    device    of 


cifpher-tunnels  or  mock  chimneys  merely 
f'      :aiformity  of  building." — Fuller. 

CYPRESS,  si'pies,  n.  an  evergreen  tree 
whose  branches  used  to  be  carried  at 
funerals :  hence,  a  symbol  of  death.  [Fr. 
cypres — L.  cupressus — Gr.  kyparissos^ 

CYST,  sist,  n.  (Jit.)  a  ehest :  a  bag  in  ani 
mal  bodies  containing  morbid  matter 
[From  root  of  Chest.] 

CYTODE,  sl'tod,  n.  in  physiol.  a  name 
given  by  Haeckel  to  a  kind  of  non- 
nucleated  cell  containing  protoplasm  to 
distinguish  it  froni  the  cell  proper  which 
has  a  nucleus.    Nineteenth  Ce^itim/. 

CZAR,  zar,  TSAR,  tsar,  n.  the  emperor  of 
Russia.— /(?»!.  C2ARINA,  z4-re'na,  the  em- 
press of  Russia.  [Euss.  tsore,  a  king  ; 
its  conn,  with  Ger.  kaiser,  L.  ccesar.  a 
king  or  emperor,  is  doubtful.] 

CZAREVITCH,  zar'e-vitch,  CESARE- 
VITCH,  se-zar'e-vitch,  n.  the  eldest  son 
of  the  czar.— fern.  Czarevna,  zai^eVna. 
his  consort.  [Russ.  tsare,  a  czar,  and 
vitz  (pronounced  viteh),  descended  from.] 

CZECH,  chech,  n.  the  name  applied  to  a 
member  of  the  most  westerly  branch  of 
the  great  Slavonic  family  of  races.  Thej' 
have  their  headquarters  in  Bohemia, 
where  thej'  arrived  in  the  second  half  of 
the  sixth  century.  Their  language  (also 
called  Czech)  is  closely  allied  to  the  Pol- 
ish.   Written  also  Csech,  Tsech. 


D 


DAB,  dab,  v.t.  to  strike  gently  with  some- 
thing soft  or  moist :  — pr.ji.  dabb'ing  . 
pa.}},  dabbed'. — n.  a  gentle  mow  :  a  small 
liunp  of  anything  soft  or  moist :  a  smal: 
flat  fish  like  a  flounder,  but  with  a  rough 
back.  [E.;  from  a  Teut.  root  present  in 
O.  Dut.  ddbben,  to  pinch,  Ger.  tapfx.  a 
pat.    E.  Tap  is  a  doublet.    See  also  Dub. ^ 

DAB,  dab,  n.  an  expert  person.  [Prob.  a 
corr.  of  Adept.] 

DABBER,  dab'er,  n.  one  who  or  that  which 
dabs :  specifically,  («)  in  printing,  a  ball 
formed  of  an  elastic  material  and  fitted 
with  a  handle,  formerly  used  for  inking  a 
form  of  type  :  (b)  in  engr.  a  silk-covered 
elastic  ball  used  for  spreading  etching 
gTound  upon  steel  or  copper  plates:  (c)  iu 
stereotyping,  a  hard  hair  brush  used  in 
the  papier-mache  process  for  dabbing 
the  back  of  the  damp  paper,  and  so  driv- 
ing it  into  the  interstices  of  the  type. 

DABBLE,  dab'l,  v.t.  to  teet  by  little  dabs 
or  strokes :  to  spatter. — v.i.  to  play  in 
water  with  hands  or  feet :  to  do  any- 
thing in  a  ti-ifling  way.     [Freq.  of  Dab.] 

DABBLER,  dab'ler,  n.  one  who  dabbles  or 
does  things  in  a  sui>erflcial,  trifling  way. 

DABCHICK,  dab'chik,  n.  a  small  water- 
fowl  that  dives  or  dabbles  in  the  water. 

DACE,  das,  DARE,  dar,  DART,  dart,  n.  a 
small  river  fish,  so  called  from  the  quick- 
ness of  its  motions.  [M.E  darce — O.  Fr. 
dars — Low  L.  dar-dus,  a  dart  or  javelin 
(Fr.  dard,  a  dart  or  a  dace).] 

DACIAN,  da'shi-an,  adj.  pertaining  or  be- 
longing to  the  Z>aci",  an  ancient  barbar- 
ous people,  whose  territory  extended 
over  parts  of  the  modern  Hungary, 
Roumania,  Transylvania,  and  neighbor- 
ing regions. 

DACTYL,  dak'tU,  w.  in  Latin  and  Greek 
poetry,  a  foot  of  thi"ee  syllables,  one  long 
followed  by  two  short,  so  called  from  its 
likeness  to' the  joints  of  a.  finger:  in  En- 
glish, a  foot  of  three  syllables,  with  the 
first  accented,  as  menily.  [L.  dactylus 
— Gr.  daJdylos,  a  finger.     See  DIGIT.] 

DACTYLIC,  dak-til'ik,  adj.  relating  to  or 
consisting  chiefly  of  dactyls. 

DACTYLOLOGY, 'dak-til-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  art 


DAD 

of  talking  with  the  fingers,  like  the  aeaf 
and  dumb.     [Gr.  da'ktylos,  and  logos,  dis- 
course— lego,  to  speak.] 
DAD,   dad,  DAI>DY,  dad'i,  n.,  father,  a 
word  used  by  cbSdren.     [W.   tad;  Gr. 
tata.  Sans,  tata.] 
DADO,   da'do,  n.  the  solid  block  ot  cube 
forming'  the  body  of  a  pedestal :  wains- 
coating'  round  the  lower  part  of  a  waU. 
[It. — L,  datus  {talus,  a  die,  being'  under- 
stood), given  or  thrown  forth — dare,  to 
give.    Doublet,  Die.] 
D..EMONIC,  de-mon'fk,  adj.  pertaining-  to 
or  proceeding  from  a  sapematiiral  be- 
ing or  from   supernatural  entliusiasm. 
"  He  may  evea  show  sudden  impulses 
which    have    a    false    air    of   dcemonic 
streng-th,  because  they  seemed  inexpUc- 
able."  —  Oeorge  Eliot.    [Gr.  daimon,  a 
divinity.] 
DAFFODIL,  daf o-dfl,  DAFFODILLY,  daf- 
o-dil-i,   n.   a   yellow  flower  of   the  lily 
tribe,   also  called    King's  spear.     [M.E. 
affodille — O.   Fr.  asphodile — Gr.  and  L. 
asphodehis ;  the  d  fe  prefixed  accident- 
ally.] 
DAGGER,   dagger,  n.  a  short  sword  for 
stabbing :  a  mark  of  reference  (  f  )•     [W. 
dagr,  Ir.  daigear,  Fr.  dagae.  It.  daga.] 
DAGGLE,  dag'l,  v.t.  and  v.i.   to  imf   or 
grow    wet    by   dragging    on    the    wet 
ground.     [Freq.    of    prov.    E.   dag,   to 
sprinkle    with    water,     from    a   Scand. 
root  seen  in  Sw.  dagg,  E.  Dew.] 
DAGUERREOTYPE,     da-ger'o-tip,    n.    a 
method  of  taking  sun-pictures  on  metal 
plates  :  a  picture  thus  produced.     [Fr., 
from  Daguerre,  the  inventor,  and  Type,] 
DAHLIA,  dal'i-a,  n.  a  garden  plant  with  a 
large  beautiful  flower.     [From  Dahl,  a 
Swedish  botanist.] 
DAILY,  da'li,  adj.  and  adv.  every  day. 
DAINTIFY,  dan'ti-fr,  v.t.  to  make  dainty  : 
to  weaken  by  over    refinement.     "  Sly 
father  charges  me  to  give  you  his  kindest 
love,  and  not  to  daintify  his  affection 
into    respects    or   compliments." — Miss 
Bitniey.     [E,   dainty,  and    L.  faoio,  to 
make.] 
DAINTY,  dan'ti,  adj.  pleasant  to  the  pal- 
ate :  delicate  :  fastidious. — n.  that  which 
is  dainty,  a  delicacy. — adv.  Daes'tily. — 
n.  Dain  TIJJESS.     [M.E.  deintee,  anything 
worthy  or  costly — O.  Fr.  daintie,  wor- 
tlainess — ^L.  dignitas.    See  Dignity.] 
DAIRA,  da'ir-a,  n.  the  private  estates  of 

the  Khedive  of  Egypt. 
DAIRY,  da'ri,  n.  the  place  where  milk  is 
kept,  and  butter  and  cheese  made :  an 
establisliment  for  the  supply  of   mUk. 
[M.E.    dey,    dairymaid  —  Ice.   deigja,  a 
dairymaid  ;  orig.  a  kneader  of  Dough,  in 
Ice.  deig;  or  from  a  root  sig.  to  milk. 
See  Dug.] 
DAIS,  da'is,  n.  a  raised  floor  ax,  the  upper 
end  of  the  dining-hall  where  the  high 
table  stood  :   a  raised  floor  with  a  seat 
and    canopy.      [O.   Fr.   dais  —  Low    L. 
discus,  a  table — ^L.  discus,  a  quoit — Gr. 
diskos.    See  Dish,  Disc.] 
DAISIED,  da'zid,  adj.  covered  ■with   dai- 

gies. 
DAISY,  da'zi,  n.  Qit.)  the  day's  eye,  a  com- 
mon spring  flower,  so  called  from  its  sun- 
like  appearance.     [A.S.  dages  ege,  day's 
eye,  the  sun.] 
DATiK,  dal,  DELL,  del,  n.  the  low  ground 
between  hills  :  the  valley  through  which 
a    river    flows. — n.    Dales'man.     [A.S. 
dal :  Scand.  dal,  Ger.  thai,  orig.  mean- 
ing "  cleft."    See  Deal,  Deul.] 
DALLIANCE,  dal'i-ans,  n.,  dallying,  toy- 
in"-,  or  trifling:  interchange  of  embraces: 
delay. 
DALLY,  dal'i,  v.i.  to  lose  time  by  idleness 
or   trijfling:    to    play: — pa.p.  daU'ied. 


91 


[A.S.  dol,  foolish  ;  Ger.  dahlen,  to  trifle  : 
perh.  conn,  with  Dwell.] 
DAM,  clam,  n.  an  embankment  to  restrain 
water.— iT.t    to  keep  back  water    by  a 
bank  or  other  obstniction:— -prjj.  daiuni'- 
ing  ;  jia.jx  dammed'.     [E.,  and  m  all  the 
Teut.  tongues.] 
DAM,  dam,  n.  a  mother,  applied  to  quadru- 
peds.    [A  form  of  Dajie.J 
DAMAGE,   dam'aj,   n..  hurt,  injury,  loss: 
the  value  of  what  is  lost:— p/.  compensa- 
tion for  loss  or  injury. — v.t.  to  harm,  in- 
jure.—D.i.  to  take  injurj'.   JO.  Fr.  dam- 
age (Fr.  dommage),  from    L.  damnum, 
loss,  injury.] 
DAMAGEABLE,  dam'aj-a-bl,  adj.  capable 

of  being  dainaged. 
DAMASK,  dam'ask,  n.  figured  stuff  ot-ig. 
of  sillc,  now  of  linen,  cotton,  or  wool. — 
v.t.  to  flower  or  variegate,  as  cloth. — adj. 
of  a   red  color,  like  that  of  a  damask 
i-ose.     [From  Damascus,  in  Syria,  where 
it  was  orig.  made.] 
DAME,  dam,  n.  the  mistress  ot  a  house  ;  a 
matron:   a  noble  lady.    [Fr.   dame—L. 
domina,  a  mistress,  fern,,  of  dominus,  a 
master.     Doublet,  Dam,  a  mother,  see 
Dominate.] 
DAMN,  dam,  v.t.  to  censnre  or  condemn  : 
to  sentence  to  eternal  punishment. — n. 
an  oath  :    a   curse.      [Fr.    damner — L. 
damnare,  to  condemn,  from    dammim, 
loss,  penalty.] 
DAMNABLE,  dam'na-bU  arf/.,  deserving  ov 
tending  to  damnation :  hateful :  perni- 
cious.— adv.  Dam'nably. — n.  Dam'nable- 
NESS.     [Late  L.  damnabilis.] 
DAMNATION,  dam-na'shun,  n.  (tlieol.)  the 
punishment  of    the    impenitent  in   the 
future  state  :   eternal  punishment.     [L. 
damnatio.] 
DAMNATORY,  dam'na-tor-i,  adj.  contain- 
ing sentence  of  condemnation.    [L.  dnm- 
jiaiorJMS.] 
DAMP,  damp,  n.,  vapor,  mist :  moist  air  : 
lowness  of  sphits:^}?.  dangerous  rapors 
in  mines,  etc. — v.t.  to  wet  slightly :  to 
chill:  to  discourage:  to  check:  to  make 
dull. — adj.  moist :  foggy. — adv.  Damp'ly. 
— n.  Dajip'ness.  [E.  ;  akin  to  Dnt.  damp, 
Ger.  dampf,  vapor.] 
DAMPER,  damp'er,  n.  that  which  checks 
or    moderates :    {Aiistralia)   a    kind    of 
hastily-baked  bread. 
DAMSEL,  dam'zel,  n.  a  litfle  dame  or  lady  : 
a  young  unman-ied  woman :  a  girl.     [Fr. 
demoiselle,  O.  Fr.  damoisel,  a  page — Low 
L.  domicellus.  dim.  of  dominus,  a  lord.] 
DAMSON,  dam'zn,  n.  a  small  black  plum, 
[Shortened  from  Damascene — Damascus. 
See  Damask.] 
DANCE,  dans,  v.i.  to  move  with  measured 
steps  to  music. — v.t.  to  make  to  dance  or 
jump. — n.  the  movement  of  one  or  more 
persons  with  measured  steps  to  music. 
[Fr.  danser,  from  O.  Ger.  dansmi,  to  draw 
along,  Ger.  tanzen.] 
DANCER,  dans'er,  »i.  one  who    practices 

dancing. 
DANCING,  dans'ing,  n.  the  act  or  art  of 

moving  in  the  dance. 
DANDELION,  dan-de-li'un,  n.  a  common 
plant  with  a  yellow  flower,  so  called  from 
the    jagged  tooth-like  edges  of  its  leaf. 
[Fr.  dent  de  lion,  tooth  of  the  lion.] 
DANDLE,   dan'dl,    v.t.  to   play   tvith:  to 
fondle  or  toss  in  the  arms,  as  a  baby. 
[E.  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  tdndeln — tand,  a  toy  ; 
allied  in  Scot,  dander,  to  go  about  idly, 
to  trifle.] 
DANDRIFF,  dand'rif,  DANDRUFF,  dand'- 
ruf,  n.  a  scaly  scurf  which  grows  on  the 
head,  esp.  under  the  hair  and  beard.  [W. 
ton.  surface,  skin,  and  drtvg,  bad.] 
DANDY,  dan'di,  n.  a  foppish,  silly  fellow : 
one  who  paj-s  much  attention  ito  dress. 


DARKEN 

[Perh.  from  Fr.  dandin,  a  ninny  ;  and 
prob.  from  root  of  Dak.dle.] 

DANE,  dan,  n.  a  native  of  Denmark. 

DANGER,  dan'jer,  n.  a  hazzard  or  risk  ■ 
insecurity.  [O.  Fr.  dmyier,  absolute 
power  (of  a  feudal  lord),  hence  power 
to  hurt— Low  L.  dom,inim»,  feudal  au- 
thority— L.  dow,intis,  a  lord.     See  Dun 

OEON.J 

DANGEROUS,  dan'jer-us,  adj.  full  of  dan 
ger  :   unsafe  :   insecure.— adi-,   Dan'oer 

OUSLY. 

DANGLE,  dang^gl,  v.i.  to  hang  loosely  or 
with  a  smnging  motiovt:  to  follow  anv 
one  about. — v.t.  to  make  to  dangle. 
[From  a  Scand.  root,  found  in  Ice.  dingla, 
to  swing  to  and  fro,  freq.  of  DiSG,  to 
throw,  push.] 

DANGLEMENT,  dang'gl-ment,  n.  the  act 
of  dangling.  "  The  very  suspension  and 
danghment  of  any  puddings  whatsoever 
right  over  his  ingle-nook."— £d.  Lytton. 

DANGLER,  dang'gler,  n.  one  who  dangles 
about  others,  especially  about  women. 

DANISH,  dan'ish,  adj.  belonging  to  Den- 
mark. 

DANITE,  dan'it,  n.  a  member  of  a  secret 
society  among  the  Mormons,  who,  it  is 
believed,  took  an  oath  to  support  the 
authority  and  execute  the  commands  of 
the  leaders  of  the  sect  at  all  hazards. 
Many  massacres  and  robberies  committed 
during  the  early  history  of  Utah  are  as- 
cribed to  the  Danites.  [From  Dan.  See 
Gen.  xIlx.  16.] 

DANK,  dangk,  ac^'.  moist,  wet.  [Perh. 
conn,  with  Dew.    See  also  Dagqle.] 

DANTESQUE,  dan-tesk',  adj  pertaining  or 
relating  to  Dante  Alighieri,  the  ItaUan 

Eoet  :  resembling  or  chai-acteristic  of 
•ante's  manner  or  style :  more  especially, 
characterized  by  sublimity  and  gloomi' 
ness,  hke  liis  pictures  of  the  Inferno. 

DAPPER,  dap'er,  adj  quick:  little  and 
active  :  neat  :  spruce.  [Dut.  dapper, 
brave  ;  Ger.  tapfer,  quick,  brave.] 

DAPPLE,  dap'l,  adj.  maiked  with  spots.— 
v.t.  to  variegate  with  spots.  [See  Dim- 
ple.] 

DARAPTI,  da-rap'tl,  n.  in  logic,  a  mne- 
monic word,  designating  a  syllogism  of 
the  third  figui'e,  comprising  a  universal 
aSu-mative  major  premise,  a  particular 
affii'mative  minor  premise,  and  a  particu- 
lar afiirmative  conclusion. 

DARDAN,  dar'dan,  DARDANIAN,  dar-da'- 
ni-an,  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Dar- 
dani  or  Trojans,  a  people  mentioned  in 
the  Eiad,  to  Dardania,  their  territory, 
or  to  Dardanus,  the  founder  of  tlie  race, 
and  ancestor  of  Priam  of  Troy :  Trojan. 
Also  used  substantively. 

DARE,  dar,  v.i.  to  be  bold  enough :  to  vent' 
ure.— ^.(.  durst. — v.t.  to  challenge :  to 
defy.  [A.S.  dear,  dtirran :  Goth,  daur- 
san :  akin  to  Gr.  tharreO,  Sans,  dhrish, 
to  be  bold.]  ' 

DARE,  dar.    Same  as  Dace. 

DARII,  da'ri-i,  n.  in  logic,  a  mnemonic 
word  to  express  a  syllogism  of  the  first 
figure,  comprising  a  universal  affirmative 
major  premise,  a  particular  affirmative 
minor  premise,  and  a  i)articular  affirma- 
tive conclusion. 

DARING,  dar'ing,  adj.,  hold :  courageous ; 
fearless. — n.  boldness. — adv.  Dar'inoly, 

DARING-GLASS,  dar'ing-glas,  n.  a  mirror 
used  for  daring  larks.    Bp.  Gauden. 

DARK,  dark,  adj.  without  light :  black  or 
somewhat  black :  gloomy  :  difficult  to 
understand  :  unenlightened :  secret. — n. 
absence  of  light :  obscurity :  a  state  of 
ignorance.  —  adv.  Dark'ly. — n.  Dark"- 
NESS.     [A.S.  deorc] 

DARKEN,  dark'n,  v.t.  to  make  darit ;  t, 
render  ignorant :  to  sully. — v.i.  to  grow 
dark  or  darker. 


DARKISH 


93 


DEBARK 


1I>ABKISH,  dark'ish,  adj.  somewhat  dark  : 

dusky. 

DAEKLING,  darkling',  adj.  being  in  the 
dark  (poet.). 

DARKSOME,  dark'sum,  adj.,  dark: 
gloomy  (jDoet.). 

OAELINGr,  dar'ling,  n.  a  little  dear :  one 
dearly  beloved  :  a  favorite.  [Deae,  and 
ling.\ 

rjARN,  darn,  v.t.  to  mend  a  hole  by  imi- 
tating the  texture  of  the  stuff. — n.  the 
place  darned.  [W.  darn,  a  piece,  a 
patch.] 

DARNEL,  dar'nel,  n.  a  weed  of  the  rye- 
grass genus.     [Ety.  dub.] 

DART,  dart,  n.  a  pointed  weapon  for 
throwing  with  the  hand  :  anything  that 
pierces. — v.t.  to  hurl  suddenly  :  to  send 
or  shoot  forth. — v.i.  to  start  or  shoot 
forth  rapidly. —odt;.  Dart'ingly.  [O. 
Fr.  dart ;  from  a  Low  Grer.  root.] 

DART.     See  Dace. 

DARTLE,  dar'tl,  v.t.  a  frequentative  form 
of  dart.  "  My  star  that  dartles  the  red 
and  the  blue.  — Browning. 

DARWEESH,  dar'wesh.n.  same  as  Deetis. 

DARWINISM,  dar'win-izm,  n.  the  theory 
of  the  origin  of  species  propounded  by  (5. 
Darwin. — adj.  DAR-wnsriAN. 

DASH,  dash,  v.t.  to  throw  violently :  to 
break  by  throwing  together:  to  throw 
water  suddenly :  to  bespatter :  to  de- 
stroy or  frustrate  :  to  mix  or  adulterate. 
— v.i.  to  strike  against:  to  break  against, 
as  water  :  to  rush  with  violence. — n.  a 
violent  striking:  a  rushing  or  violent 
onset :  a  blow :  a  mark  ( — )  at  a  break 
in  a  sentence  :  a  slight  admixture.  [Dan. 
dajike,  to  slap.] 

DASH-AND-DOT,  dash'-and-dot,  ac^.  con- 
sisting of  dashes  and  dots  :  as,  the  dash- 
and-dot  telegraphic  alphabet. 

OASHING,  dash'ing,  adj.  rushing :  reck- 
less :  hasty  and  rash  :  gallant. — adv. 
Dash'inglt. 

DASTARD,  das'tard,  n.  a  cowardly  fellow. 
— adj.  shrinking  from  danger :  coward- 
ly. —  adj.    and    adv.    Das'tardly.  —  ns. 

DaS'TAEDNESS,    DAS'TAEDLINW.bS.       [Fl-om 

a  Scand.  stem  dast^=E.  dazed,  and  Fr. 
suffix  -ard.    See  Daze.] 

DASTARDICE,  das'terd-Ts,  n.  cowardice : 
dastardliness.  "  Upbraided  with  ingrati- 
tude, dastardice." — Richardson. 

DATA,  da'ta,  n.pl.  facts  given  or  admitted 
from  which  other  facts  may  be  deduced. 
— sing.  Da'tum.  [L.  datum,  data,  given 
— do,  to  give.] 

DATE,  dat,  n.  the  time  when  a  letter  is 
given  or  written  :  the  time  of  any  event : 
a  stipulated  time. — v.t.  to  affix  the  date 
to. — v.i.  to  reckon  :  to  begin.  [Fr.  date 
— L.  datum.} 

DATE,  dat,  n.  the  fruit  of  the  date-palm, 
BO  called  from  its  fancied  resemblance  to 
the  Jinger.  [Fr.  daUe — L.  dactylus—Gr. 
daktylos,  a  finger.] 

DATISI,  da-ti'sl,  n.  in  logic,  a  mnemonic 
word  expressing  a  syllogism  of  the  third 
figure,  comprising  a  universal  affirmar 
tive  major  premise,  a  particular  afiirma- 
tive  minor  premise,  and  a  particular 
affirmative  conclusion. 

©ATTVE,  dat'iv,  adj.  that  is  given  or  ap- 
pointed.— n.  the  dative  ease,  the  obUque 
case  of  nouns,  etc.,  which  follows  verbs 
or  other  parts  of  speech  that  express 
giving  or  some  act  directed  to  the  object 
— ^generally  indicated  in  English  by  to  or 
for.     [L.  datimis.] 

Datum,  da'tum,  n.    See  Data. 

DAUB,  dawb,  v.t.  to  smear :  to  paint 
coarsely.  —  n.  a  coarse  painting.  — 
Dauber,  dawb'er,  n.  one  who  daubs :  a 
coarse  painter.  [O.  Fr.  dauber,  to 
plaster — L.  dealbare,  to  whitewash — de, 
down,  and  albiis,  white.] 


DAUGHTER,  daVter,  n.  a  female  child ; 
a  female  descendant. — n.  Daugh'tee-DJ- 
liAW,  a  son's  wife.  [A.S.  dohtor ;  Scot. 
dochter,  Ger.  tochter,  Gr.  thy  gat  er,  Sans. 
duhitri,  from  duh  or  dhiMh,  to  milk — as 
if  "  the  milkmaid."    See  DuG.] 

DAUGHTERLY,  daw'ter-li,  adj,  like  or 
becoming  a  daughter. — n.  Daugh'teru- 

NESS. 

DAUNT,  dant  or  dawnt,  v.t.  to  frighten  : 
to  discourage.  [O.  Fr.  danter,  Fr.  domp- 
ter — L.  domito—domo,  Gr.  damao,  to 
tame  :  conn,  with  Tame.] 

DAUNTLESS,  dant'les,  adj.  not  to  be 
daunted.  —  adv.  Dauut'lessly.  —  n. 
Daunt'lessness. 

DAUPHIN,  daw'fin,  n.  formerly  a  name 
given  to  the  eldest  son  of  the  king  of 
France. — fern.  DAtTPHINESS,  the  dauphin's 
wife.  [O.  Fr.  daulphin,  Fr.  dauphin — 
L.  delphinus,  a  dolphin.  Dauphin  was 
the  proper  name  of  the  lords  of  Viennois, 
who  had  taken  for  their  crest  three  dol- 
phins. When  Viennois  (Dauphine)  was 
ceded  to  the  crown  of  France,  the  name 
became  the  title  of  the  king's  eldest  son.] 

DAVIT,  dav'it,  n.  a  spar  projecting  from  a 
ship,  used  as  a  crane  for  hoisting  the 
anchor  clear  of  the  vessel: — pi.  pieces  of 
timber  or  iron,  projecting  over  a  ship's 
side  or  stern,  having  tackle  to  raise  a 
boat  by.     [Fr.  davier,  a  forceps.] 

DAW,  daw,  n.  a  bird  of  the  crow  kind  :  a 
jackdaw.     [From  its  cry.] 

DAWDLE,  daw'dl,  v.i.  to  waste  time  by 
trifling :  to  act  or  move  slowly.  —  n. 
Daw'dlee.  [Allied  to  Daot)LE  and 
Dandy.] 

DAWN,  davra,  v.i.  to  become  day:  to  begin 
to  grow  hght :  to  begin  to  appear. — n. 
daybreak:  beginning.  [A.S.  dagian,  day.] 

DAY,  da,  n.  the  time  of  light  :  the  time 
from  morning  tiU  night :  twenty-four 
hours,  the  time  the  earth  takes  to  make 
a  revolution  on  her  axis  ;  also  credit :  a 
distant  day  being  fixed  for  payment. 

Faith,  then,  I'll  pray  you,  Vause  he  is  my  neighbor. 
To  take  a  hunorea  pound,  and  give  him  day. 

— B.  Jonson. 
[A.  S.  doeg;  G&c.  tag,  from  an  unknown 
root,  not  conn,  with  L.  dies.} 

DAYBOOK,  da'book,  n.  a  book  in  which 
merchants,  etc.,  enter  the  transactions 
of  every  day. 

DAYBREAK,  daTirak,  n.  the  breaking  of 
day,  or  first  appearance  of  light. 

DAYDREAM,  da'drem,  n.  a  dreaming  or 
musing  while  awake. 

DAY-LILY,  da'-hl'i,  n.  a  lily  that  blooms 
during  the  day  or  for  a  day  only. 

DAYSHINE,  da'shin,  n.  dayUght. 

wherefore  waits  the  madman  there. 
Naked  in  open  dayshine  ? — Tennyson. 

DAYSMAN,  daz'map,  n.  one  who  appoints 
a  day  to  hear  a  cause  :  an  umpire. 

DAYSPRING,  da'spring,  n.  the  springing 
of  day  :  dawn. 

DAYSTAR,  da'star,  ?!.  the  star  which  ush- 
ers in  the  day :  the  morning-star. 

DAZE,  daz,  v.t.  (obs.)  to  render  dull  or 
stupid.  [Ice.  da^a,  to  be  breathless  or 
exnausted  ;  conn,  with  A.S.  dwces,  fool- 
ish.] 

DAZZLE,  dazl,  v.t.  to  daze  or  overpower 
with  any  strong  light. — adv.  Dazz'ling- 
LY.     [Freq.  of  Daze.] 

DEACON,  de'kn,  n.  in  Episcopal  and  Cath- 
oho  churches  the  order  of  clergy  under 
priests :  in  some  Presbyterian  churches, 
an  officer  under  the  elders  :  in  Congre- 
gational and  some  other  churches,  the 
principal  lay  official :  in  Scot,  the  master 
of  an  incorporated  company. — fern.  Dea'- 
CONESS. —  ns.  Dea'conship,  Dea'coney. 
[L.  diaconiis — Gr.  diakonos,  a  servant.] 

DEACON,  de'kon,  v.t.  to  read  out,  as  a 
line  of  apsalm  or  hjTnn,  before  singingit. 

DEAD,   ded,   adj.   deprived  of  Ufe  :   that 


never  had  life  :  deathlike  :  useless  :  duh 
cold  and  cheerless  :  without  vegetation  . 
perfect. — DEAD-DEOJK,corapletely  drunk; 
Dead-language,  one  no  longer  spoken ; 
Dead-letter,  a  letter  undehvered  and 
unclaimed  at  the  post-office  ;  Dead- 
lights, storm-shutters  for  a  cabin  w^n- 
dow  ;  Dead-lock,  a  position  of  matters 
when  they  have  become  so  compUcated 
that  they  are  at  a  complete  standstiU 
and  progress  is  impossible  :  Dead-march, 
a  piece  of  solemn  music  played  at  funeral 
processions,  especially  of  soldiers  ;  Dead- 
reckoning,  an  estimation  of  a  ship's 
place,  simply  by  the  log-book :  Dead- 
WEIGHT,  a  heavy  or  oppressive  burden. — 
adv.  Dead'ly.  —  n.  Dead'ness.  [A.S. 
dead ;  Goth,  dauths,  Ger.  todt,  from  root 
of  die.} 

DEAD,  died,  n.  the  time  of  greatest  still- 
ness : — n.pl.  those  who  are  dead. 

DEADEN,  ded'n,  v.t.  to  make  dead:  to  de- 
prive partly  of  vigor  or  sensation  :  to 
blunt :  to  lessen. 

DEAD-FILE,  ded'-ffl,  n.  a  file  whose  cuts 
are  so  close  and  fine  that  its  operations 
are  practically  noiseless. 

DEADLY,  ded'U,  adj.,  causing  death: 
fatal :  implacable. — n.  Dead'liness. 

DEAF,  def,  adj.,  dull  of  hearing:  unable 
to  hear  at  all :  not  willing  to  hear :  in- 
attentive.—  adv.  Deaf'ly.  —  n.  Deaf'- 
NESS.    [A.S.  deaf;  Dut.  doof,  Ger.  taubA 

DEAFEN,  def'n.  v.t.  to  make  deaf,  partly 
or  altogether  :  to  stun :  to  render  imper- 
vious to  sound. 

DEAF-lklUTE,  def -mut,  n.  one  who  is  both 
deaf  and  mute  or  dumb. 

DEAL,  del,  ?i.  a  portion  :  an  indefinite 
quantity;  a  large  quantity :  the  act  of 
dividing  cards :  one  of  the  divisions  or 
boards  into  which  a  piece  of  timber  is 
cut :  a  fir  or  pine  board.  Often  appUed 
in  U.  S.  to  large  and  important  business 
transactions,  especially  on  the  Stock  Ex- 
change. [A.S.  dcel ;  Ger.  theil,  a  part  or 
di\ision.] 

DEAL,  del,  v.t.  to  divide,  to  distribitte :  to 
throw  about. — v.i.  to  transact  business  : 
to  act :  to  distribute  cards  : — pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  dealt  (dele).  [A.S.  doelan — dod ; 
Ger.  theilen — theil.} 

DEALER,  del'er,  n.  one  who  deals:  a  trader, 

DEALING,  del'ing,  n.  manner  of  acting 
towards  others  :  intercourse  of  trade. 

DEAN,  den,  n.  a  dignitary  in  cathedral  ana 
collegiate  churches  who  presides  over 
the  other  clergy  ;  a  priest  who  presides 
at  local  synods  :  the  president  of  the 
faculty  in  a  college. — ws.  Dean'ship, 
Dean'ery,  the  offi_ce  of  a  dean  :  a  dean's 
house.  [O.Fr.  deien — L.  decanus,  a  chiej 
often — decern,  ten.] 

DEAR,  der,  adj.  high  in  price :  costly : 
scarce  :  highly  valued  :  beloved. — n.  one 
who  is  dear  or  beloved. — adv.  Deae'ly. — 
n.  Deae'ness.  [A.S.  deore ;  Ger.  theuer. 
O.  Ger.  tiuri,  precious.] 

DEARTH,  derth,  n.,  dearness,  high  price - 
scarcity  :  want :  famine  :  barrenness. 

DEATH,'deth,  n.  state  of  being  dead :  ex- 
tinction of  life  :  manner  of  dying  :  mor- 
tality.— ?!.  Death'-bed,  the  last  illness, 
[A.S.  decdh  ;  Ger.  tod.} 

DEATHINESS,  deth'i-nes,  n.  the  quahty  of 
producing  death :  an  atmosphere  of 
death.  (Rare.) 

Look  I  it  bums  clear  ;  but  with  the  air  around 
Its  dead  ingredients  mingle  deathinees.—Southey 

DEATHY,  deth'i,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  char- 
acteristic of  death.     (Rare.) 

The  cheeks  were  deathi  dark.— SowWiej/. 

DEBAR,  de-bar',  v.t.  to  bar  oidfrom:  to 
exclude  :  to  hinder  •.—pr.p.  debarr'ing  ; 
pa.p.  debarred'.     [L.  de,  from,  and  Bar.] 

DEBARK,  de-bark',  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  land /rom 
a  bark,  ship,  or  boat :  to  disembark.  [Fr, 


DEBARKATION 


93 


DECLAIM 


dibarquer  —  des  =  L.     dis,    away,    and 
Bakque,  a  ship.] 
DEBARKATION,      DEBARCATION,     de- 

bark-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of  debarking  or 
disembarking. 

DEBASE,  de-bas',  v.t.  to  lower :  to  make 
mean  or  of  less  value:  to  adulterate.  [L. 
de,  down,  and  Base,  low.] 

DEBASEMENT,  de-bas'ment,  n.  degrada- 
tion. 

DEBASING,  de-bas'ing',  adj.  tending  to 
loicer  or  degrade. — adv.  Debas'ingly. 

DEBATABLE,  de-bat'a-bl,  adj.  liable  to  be 
disputed. 

DEBATE,  de-bat',  n.  a  contention  in  words 
or  argument. — v.t.  to  contend  for  in 
argument. — v.i.  to  deliberate  :  to  join  in 
debate. — n.  Debat'ek.  [Fr.  de,  and  battre, 
to  beat.     See  Beat.] 

DEBAUCH,  de-bawch',  v.t.  to  lead  away 
from  duty  or  allegiance :  to  corrupt 
with  lewdness. — v.i.  to  indulge  in  revelry. 
— n.  a  fit  of  intemperance  or  debauchery. 
[Fr.  debauoher — des  =  L.  dis,  and  a  word 
oauche,  a  workshop,  of  unknown  origin.] 

DEBAUCHEE,  deb'o-she,  n.  one  given  up 
to  debauchery :  a  libertine. 

DEBAUCHERY,  de-bawch'er-i,  n.  corrup- 
tion of  fidelity  ■  seduction  from  duty : 
excessive  intemperance  :  habitual  lewd- 

DEBENTURE,  de-bent'ur,  n.  an  acknowl- 
edgment of  a  debt :  a  deed  of  mortgage 
given  by  a  railway  or  other  company  for 
borrowed  money  :  a  certificate  entitling 
an  exporter  of  imported  goods  to  a 
drawback  or  repayment  of  the  duty  paid 
on  their  importation.  [L.  debentur,  there 
are  due,  3d  person  pi.  passive  of  debeo,  to 
owe.] 

DEBILITATE,  de-bil'i-tat,  v.t.  to  maJce 
weak:  to  impair  the  strength  of.  [L. 
debilito,  debilitatus — debilis,  weak — de, 
not,  habilis,  able.    \See  Ability.] 

DEBILITY,  de-bil'i-ti,  n.,  weakness  and 
languor  :  a  weak  action  of  the  animal 
functions. 

DEBIT,  deb'it,  n.  a  debt  or  something  due : 
an  entry  on  the  debtor  side  of  an  ac- 
count.— v.t.  to  charge  with  debt :  to  en- 
ter on  the  debit  or  debtor  side  of  an  ac- 
count. [L.  debitum,  what  is  due,  from 
debeo,  to  owe.] 

DEBONAIR,  deb-o-nar',  adj.  of  good  air 
or  appearance  and  manners :  elegant : 
courteous.  [Fr.  de,  of,  ban,  good,  air, 
appearance,  manner.] 

DEBOUCH,  de-boosh',  v.i.  to  march  out 
from  a  narrow  pass  or  confined  place. 
[Fr.  d6boucher—de,  from,  bouche,  the 
mouth — L.  bucca,  the  cheek.] 

DEBOUCHURE,  da-boo-shoor',  n.  the 
mouth  of  a  river  or  strait. 

p  E  B  R I S,  de-bre',  n.,  bruised  or  broken 
pieces  of  anything,  esp.  of  rock  :  rub- 
bish :  ruins.  [Fr.,  from  briser,  akin  to 
BRxnsE.] 

DEBT,  det,  n.  what  one  owes  to  another : 
what  one  becomes  liable  to  do  or  suffer. 
[L.  debitum.'] 

DEBTOR,  det'ur,  n.  one  who  owes  a  debt : 
the  side  of  an  account  on  which  debts 
are  charged.     [L.  debitor.] 

DEBUT,  de-bu'(jt  sounded  as  in  Scot,  gude), 
n.  a  beginning  or  first  attempt :  a  first 
appearance  before  the  public,  as  of  an 
actor,  etc.  [Fr.  d&yut,  a  first  stroke — de, 
from,  but,  axra,  mark.] 

DECADE  or  DEC  AD,  dek'ad  or  dek'ad,  m. 
an  aggregate  of  ten :  specifically,  a  period 
of  ten  years.  [Fr.  decade — Gr.  dekas — 
deka,  ten.] 

DECADENCE,  de-ka'dens,  DECADENCY, 
de-ka'den-si,  n.,  state  of  decay.  [Fr. — 
Low  L.  decadetitia,  from  de,  down,  and 
Low  L.  cadentia — L.  eado,  to  fall.  See 
Cadence,  Decay.] 


DEXUAGKDN,  dek'a-gon,  n.  a  plane  figure  of 
ten  angles  and  sides.  [Gr.  deka,  and 
gonia,  an  angle :  akin  to  Knee.1 

DECAHEDRON,  dek-a-he'dron,  n.  a  solid 
figure  having  ten  bases  or  sides.  [Gr. 
deka,  and  hedra,  a  seat.] 

DECALCOMANIA,  de-kal'ko-ma'ni-a,  n. 
the  art  or  process  of  transferring  pictures 
to  marble,  porcelain,  glass,  wood,  and 
the  like.  It  consists  usually  in  simply 
giimming  a  colored  lithograph  or  wood- 
cut to  the  object  and  then  removing  the 
paper  by  aid  of  warm  water,  the  colored 
parts  remaining  fixed.  [Fr.  decalcoma- 
nie,  from  decalquer,  to  countertrace,  and 
Gr.  mania,  madness.] 

DECALOGUE,  deka-log,  v.  the  ten  com- 
mandments. [Gr.  deka,  len,  logos,  a  dis- 
course, a  proposition.] 

DECAMP,  de-kamp',  v.i.  {lit.)  to  go  from 
or  shift  a  camp  :  to  go  away,  esp.  secretly. 
[Fr.  decamper — Fr.  de=L.  dis,  away,  and 
camp.    See  Camp.] 

DECAMPMENT,  de-kamp'ment,  n.,  shift- 
ing a  camp:  a  marching  off.  [Fr.  dA- 
campementJ] 

DECANAL,  dek'an-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
deanery. 

DECANT,  de-kant',  v.t.  to  pour  off,  leaving 
sediment :  to  pour  from  one  vessel  into 
another.  [Fr.  decanter — de,  from,  and 
Cant,  a  side  or  corner.] 

DECANTER,  de-kant'er,  w.  a  vessel  for 
holding  decanted  liquor  :  an  ornamental 
bottle. 

DECAPITATE,  de-kap'i-tat.  v.t.  to  take 
the  head  from :  to  behead.  [Low  L.  de- 
capitare — L.  de,  from,  and  caput,  capitis, 
the  head.l^ 

DECAPITATION,  de-kap-1-ta'shun,  w.  the 
act  of  beheading. 

DECAPOD,  dek'a-pod,  n.  one  of  the  sheU- 
flsh  which  have  ten  feet  or  claws,  as  the 
crab.  [Gr.  deka,  ten,  and  pons,  podos,  a 
foot.] 

DECARBONIZE,  de-kSr'bon-iz,  v.t.  to  de- 
prive of  carbon.  [De,  from,  and  Cabbon.] 

DECARBURIZE,  de-kar'bur-Iz.    Same   as 

T^JfT*  A  RRONT7E 

DECASTYLE,  dek'a-stil,  n.  a  portico  with 
ten  styles  or  columns  in  front.  [Gr.  deka, 
ten,  stylos,  a  column.] 

DECASYLLABIC,  dek-a-sil-ab'ik,  adj.  hav- 
ing ten  syllables.  [Fr.  dicasyllabique — Gr. 
deka,  ten,  syllabe,  a  syllable.] 

DECAY,  de-ka',  v.i.  to  fall  away  from  a 
state  of  health  or  excellence :  to  waste 
away. — n.  a  falling-  into  a  worse  or  less 
perfect  state  :  a  passing  away.  [O.  PV. 
decaer — L.  de,  from,  cadere,  to  fall.] 

DECEASE,  de-ses',  v.i.  to  cease  to  live  ;  to 
die.— n.  death.  [O.  Fr.  deces—L.  decessus 
—de,  away,  eedo,  eessus,  to  go.] 

DECEIT,  de-set',  n.  act  of  deceiving :  any- 
thing- intended  to  mislead  another. 
[Through  Fr.  from  L.  deceptus.] 

DECEITFUL,  de-set'fool,  adj.  full  of  deceit: 
disposed  or  tending  to  deceive  :  insincere. 
— adv.  DECEIT'FUliY.  —  n.  Decett'eiil- 
NESS. 

DECEIVABLE,  de-sev'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 

be  deceived:  exposed  to  imposture. — n. 
Deceiv'ableness. — adv.  Decetv'ably. 

DECEIVE,  de-sev*,  v.t.  to  mislead  or  cause 
to  err  :  to  cheat :  to  disappoint. — n.  De- 
ceiv'er.  [Fr.  dAcevoir — L.  deoipere,  de- 
cepttis-^-de,  from,  capere,  to  take,  catch.] 

DECEMBER,  de-sem'ber,  n.  the  tenth  month 
among  the  Romans,  who  began  their  year 
with  March  :  with  us,  the  twelfth  month 
of  the  year.     [L.  decern,  ten.] 

DECEMBERLY,  de-sem'ber-li,  adj.  resem- 
bUng  December :  hence,  chilly,  gloomy, 
and  cheerless.  "The  many  bleak  and 
decemberly  nights  of  a  seven  years'  widow- 
hood."—Sf  erne. 

DECEMVIR,   de-sem'vir,    w.    one    of    ten 


magistrates  who  at  one  time  had  absolute 

Eower  in  Rome  i-^l.  Decem'VIRS  or  (L.) 
lECEMViRi,  de-sem'vi-rl.     [L.  decern,  ten, 

and  vir,  a  man.] 
DECEMVIRATE,  de-sem'vir-at,  n.  a  body 

of  ten  men  in  office :  the  term  of  oflSce  of 

decemvirs. 
DECENCY,    de'sen-si,    n.    becomingness ; 

modesty.     [L.  decentia.    See  Decent.] 
DECENNARY,   de-sen'ar-i,  n.  a  period  ot 

ten  years.     [L.  decern,  ten,  and  aimus,  a 

year.] 
DECENNIAL,   de-sen'i-al,   adj.   consisting 

of,  or  happening  every  ten  years. 
DECENT,  de'sent,  adj.,  becoming:  seemly: 

proper  :  modest :  moderate  :  tolerable. — 

adv.  De'cently.      [L.  decens,    decentis, 

pr.p.  of  decet,  it  is  becoming.] 
DECENTISH,   de'sent-ish,  adj.  somewhat 

decent :  of  a  fairly  good  kind  or  quality; 

passable.     (CoUoq.) 

You'll  take  our  potluck,  and  weVe  decentish  wine. 
— R.  H.  Barham. 

DECENTRALIZE,  de-sen'tral-Iz,  v.t.  to 
withdraw  from  the  centre.  [L.  de,  priv., 
and  Centralize.] 

DECEPTION,  de-sep'shun,  n.  act  of  deceiw- 
ing :  the  means  by  which  it  is  sought  to 
deceive.     [L.  deceptio.] 

DECEPTIVE,  de-sep'tiv,  adj  tending  to 
deceive.  —  adv.  Decep'tively.  —  n.  Dk- 
cep'ttveness. 

DECIDE,   de-sId',   v.t.  to   determine :    to 

end  :    to   settle.     [Fr.   decidei L.   de- 

cidere — de,  away,  ccedo,  to  cut.] 

DECIDED,  de-sid'ed,  adj.,  determined  ; 
clear,  unmistakable  :  resolute.  —  ado. 
Decid'edly. 

DECIDUOUS,  de-sid'u-us,  adj,  falling  off : 
that  fall  in  autvmin,  as  leaves  :  not  per« 
manent.  —  n.  Decid'uousness.  [L.  d» 
ciduus — decido,  from  de,  cado,  to  fall.] 

DECIMAL,  des'i-mal,  adj.  numbered  or 
proceeding  by  tens. — n.  a  fraction  hav- 
ing ten  or  some  power  of  ten  for  its 
denominator. — Decimal  system  is  the 
Fi-ench  system  of  weights  or  measures, 
the  principle  of  which  is  that  it  multi» 
pUes  and  divides  by  ten. — adv.  Dec'i- 
MALLY.  [Fr. — Low  L.  decimalis — decern, 
ten.] 

DECIMATE,  des'i-mat,  v.t.  to  take  the  tenth 
part  of  :  to  put  to  death  every  tenth 
man. — n.  Dec  imator.  [L.  decimo,  deei- 
mattis--decimus,  tenth. J 

DECIMATION,  des-i-ma'shun,  n.  a  mili- 
tary punishment,  by  which  every  tenth 
man  was  selected  by  lot,  and  put  to  death, 
or  otherwise  punished. 

DECIPHER,  de-si'fer,  v.t.  to  un-cipher  or 
read  secret  writing :  to  make  out  what 
is  unintelligible  or  obscure.  [L.  de,  neg- 
ative, and  Cipher.] 

DECIPHERABLE,  de-sl'fer-a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  deciphered. 

DECISION,  de-sizh'un,  n.  the  act  of  deck- 
ing :  determination  :  settlement. 

DECISIVE,  de-si'siv,  adj.  having  the  power 
of  deciding  :  final :  positive.— adu.  Deci'- 
sively.— ?!.  Deci'siveness. 

DECK,  dek,  v.t.  to  cover:  to  clothe:  to 
adorn  :  to  furnish  with  a  deck,  as  a  ves- 
sel.— n.  a  covering  :  the  floor  or  covering 
of  a  ship.  [Dut.  dekken,  to  cover  ;  Ger. 
deoken  ;  akin  to  L.  tego.    See  Thatch.] 

DECKER,  dek'er,  n.  the  person  or  thing 
that  decks :  a  vessel  which  has  a  deck  or 
decks,  used  chiefly  in  composition,  as  a 
three-decker,  a  ship  with  three  decks. 

DECK-HAND,  dek'-hand,  n.  a  person  en- 
gaged on  board  a  ship,  but  whose  duties 
are  confined  to  the  deck,  he  being  unfit 
for  the  work  of  a   seaman  properly  so 

DECLAIM,  de-klam',  v.i.  to  make  a  set  or 
rhetorical  speech  :  to  harangue. — ns.  De- 


DECLAMATION 


94 


DEFALCATE 


claim' A>T,  Declaim'er.  [Ft. — L.  declamo 
— de,  intensive,  clamo,  to  cry  out.] 

DECLAMATION,  dek-larm&'shun,  n.  act  of 
declaiming:  a  set  speech  in  public  :  dis- 
play in  speaking. 

DECLAMATORY,  de-klaniVtor-i,  adj.  re- 
lating to  declamation  :  appealing  to  the 
passions  :  noisy  and  rhetorical  merely. 

OECLARATION,  dek-la-ra'sliun,  n.  act  of 
declaring :  that  which  is  declared :  a 
written  affirmation. 

DECLARATIVE,  de-klarVtiv,  DECLAEA- 
TORY,  de-klar'a-tor-i,  adj.  explanatory.— 
advs.  Declab'ahtely,  Declajr'atobily. 

M;CLAEE,  de-klar',  v.t.  to  make  knowTi : 
to  show  plainly  to  others  by  words:  to 
assert.— r./.  to  mak«  a  statement.  jTr. 
declarer,  from  L.  declare,  dcdaratvs—de, 
sig.  completeness,  darns,  clear.] 

DECLENSION,  de-Hen'shun,  n.  a  falling 
off :  decay :  descent :  {gram.)  change  of 
termination  for  the  oblique  cases.  [See 
Decline.] 

DECLINABLE.  de-Tdln'a-bl,  adj.  having  in- 
flection for  the  oblique  cases. 

DECLINATION,  dek-lin-a'shun,  a.  act  of 
declining:  deviation:  decay:  {astr.)  the 
distance  from  the  celestial  equator. 

DECLINE,  de-klln',  v.i.  to  hend  or  turn 
away  from  (a  straight  line) :  to  deviate  : 
to  refuse :  to  bend  down :  to  fail  or  de- 
cay :  to  draw  to  an  end. — v.t.  to  bend 
down  :  to  turn  away  from :  to  refuse  :  to 
avoid :  (gram.)  to  give  the  changes  of  a 
word  in  the  oblique  cases. — n.  a  faHing 
off :  deviation :  decay :  a  gradual  sinking 
of  the  bodily  faculties,  consumption. 
[Fr.  decliner — L.  de,  down,  away  from, 
dino,  to  bend.    See  Leau.] 

DECLIVITY,  de-Hiv'i-ti,  n.  a  place  that 
declines  or  slopes  doiniirard,  opp.  of 
AccLTVlTT :  inclination  downward :  a 
gradual  descent.  [L.  dtclivitas  —  de, 
do-i^Tiward,  elimis,  sloping,  akin  to  clino.] 

DECOCT,  de-kokt',  v.t.  to  digest  by  heat. 
[L.  decoQuo,  deeoctus — de,  down,  eoquo, 
to  ^ook.] 

DECOCTION,  de-koVshun,  n.  an  extract 
of  anything  got  by  boiling. — adj.  Deooc'- 
TIVE. 

DECOLLATE,  de-kol'at,  v.t.  to  behead.  fL. 
decoUo — de,  from,  oollum,  the  neck.] 

DECOLLATION,  de-kol-a'Ann,  n.  the  act 
of  beheading. 

DECOLOR,  de-kul'nr,  DECOLORIZE,  de- 
kul'nr-iz,  v.t.  to  deprive  of  color.  \Ft. 
decolorer — L.  decotoro—de,  from,  co7or, 
color.] 

DECOLORANT,  de-tad'ur^nt,  n.  a  sub- 
stance that  bleaches  or  re7noves  color. 

DECOLORATION,  de-Jcul'nr-arshnn,  n.  the 
removal  or  absence  of  co?or. 

DECOMPOSABLE,  de-kora-poz'a-bl,  adj. 
that  may  be  decomposed. 

DECOMPOSE,  de-kom-p6z',  r.t.  to  separate 
the  parts  composing  anything:  to  resolve 
into  original  elements.  [L.  de,  sig.  separ 
ration,  and  Compose.] 

DECOMPOSITION,  de-kom-po-zish'un,  n. 
act  of  decomposing  ■:  decay  or  dissolution. 

DECOMPOUND,  de-kom-pownd*,  r.t.  to 
compound  again:  to  oompotind  things  al- 
ready compounded;  also,  to  divide  a  thing 
into"  its  constituent  parts. — adj.  com- 
pounded a  second  time.— arfj.  Deoom- 
POCtnd'able.  [L.  de,  intense,  and  OOH- 
TOtrrn).]^ 
DECONCENTRATE,  de-fcon-sen'trat,  r.i.  to 
spread  or  scatter  from  a  point  or  centre: 
to  break  up  or  dismise  from  conoentr*- 
tion,  as  bodies  of  troops.  London  Times. 
nPreBx  de,  priv.,  and  Concentrate.] 
DEOORATE,  dek'o-rat.  v.t.  to  ornament, 
to  beautify.  [L.  deeoro,  decorains — 
devas,  what  is  hecoming,  omaoaent,  from 
decet,  it  is  becoming.] 


DECORATION,  dek-o-ra'shun,  n.  ornament: 
anything  that  heightens  beauty. 

DECORATIVE,  dek'o-ra-tiv,  adj.  adorning" 
suited  to  adorn. 

DECORATOR,  dek'o-rSrtor,  n.  one  who 
decorates. 

DECOROUS,  de-ko'rus,  adj.  iecoming:  suit- 
able: proper:  decent adv.  Deoo'bocslt. 

[L.  deconi^] 

DECORTICATE,  de-koi-'ti-kat,  v,L  to  de- 
prive of  the  bark,  husk,  or  peel. — n,  De- 
CORTICa'tiox,  [L.  decortico,  deeorticatus 
—de,  from,  and  corte.r,  bark.] 

DECORUM,  de-ko'runi,  n.  that  which  is 
beooming  in  outward  appearance  :  pro- 
priety of  conduct :  decency.  [L,  neuter 
of  deoorrts,  becoming.] 

DECOY,  de-koy,  v.t.  to  allure,  entice :  to 
entrap  :  to  lure  into  a  trap  or  snare. — n. 
anything  intended  to  allure  into  a  snare. 
jL.  de,  down,  and  O.  Fr.  coy,  quiet ;  as 
if  to  quiet  down.    See  COY.] 

DECREASE,  de-kres',  v.L  to  grmo  or  be- 
come less. — v.t.  to  make  less:  to  lessen 
gradually. — «.  a  growing  less  :  Joss. — 
adv.  Decreas'ikgly.  [O.  Fr.  decrois,  a 
decrease,  from  L.  deereseo—de,  fi-om, 
and  cresco,  to  grow.] 

DECREE,  de-kre',  n.  an  order  by  one  in 
authority  :  an  established  law ;  a  prede- 
termined purpose. — v.t.  to  decide  or  de- 
termine by  sentence  in  law :  to  appoint. 
— v.i.  to  make  a  decree  : — pr.p.  aecree'- 
ing ;  pa.p.  decreed'.  [Fr. — ^L.  decretum — 
decerno.  to  decide.] 

DECRE]\IENT,  dek're-ment,  n.  the  quantity 
lost  by  decrease.  \Jj.  decrementum — de- 
creseo^ 

DECREPIT,  de-krep'it,  adj.  worn  out  by 
the  infirmities  of  old  age:  in  the  last 
stage  of  decay.  [L.  deerepitus,  noise- 
less, veiy  old — ae.  not,  crepitus,  a  noise.] 

DECREPITATE,  de-fcrep'i-tat,  r.t.  to 
crackle,  as  salts,  when  heated. — v.t.  to 
roast  so  as  to  cause  a  continual  crack- 
ling.— n,  De(^epita'tk)N.  [L.  de,  inten., 
erepito,  to  rattle  much,  freq,  of  crepo.'\ 

DECREPITUDE,  de-krep'i-tud,  n.  state  of 
being  decrepit  or  worn  out  with  age. 

DECRESCENT,  de-kres'ent,  adj.,  "beoonMug 
gradually  less.    [L.] 

DECRETA"L,  de-kre'tai,  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  decree. — n.  a  decree,  esp.  of  the  pope : 
a  book  containing  decrees :  a  collection  of 
the  pope's  decrees.  [L.  decret-alis — de- 
crehim.] 

DECRETIVE,  de-kre'tiv,  adj.  having  the 
force  of  a  decree. 

DECRETORY,  dek're-tor4,  axJj.  established 
by  a  decree :  determining :  jucBcial. 

DECRIAL,  de-krfal,  n.  a  tryitbg  down: 
clamorous  condemnation. 

DECRY,  de-kri",  v.i,  to  cry  down :  to  con- 
demn :  to  blame  i—pa.j).  decried'.  ]Tr, 
de{s)=L.  dis,  and  crier,  to  cry.  See  Get.] 

DECUMAN,  dek'u-man,  D'ECUMANE, 
dek'H-man,  adj.  tenth :  hence,  from  the 
ancient  notion  that  every  tentli  wave  was 
the  largest  in  a  series, large:  immense. 
"  Overwhelmed  and  quite  sunk  by  such 
decunume  biHowes."  —  Bp.  Gauden. 
Sometimes  substantively  used  for  the 
tenth  or  largest  wave.  "The  baiBed 
decMTOa?!-"  —  J.  R.  IxnrelL  fL.  _  deai- 
naniis,  dedmantis,  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  tenth,  from  deoem,  ten.] 

DECUMBENCE,  de-fcumT)ens,  DECOM- 
BENCY.  de-fcum'ben^  n,  theactorpost- 
•nre  of  lying  datni. 

DECUMBENT,  de-kum'bent,  adj.,  lying 
down :  rechning  on  the  ground. — adv. 
Vbcxh'vestly.  [L.  deeumheKs  —  de, 
down,  and  cnmbo,  for  cuba,  to  lie.] 

DECUPLE,  dek'fl-pl,  adj.,  tenfold.— n,  a 
number  ten  times  repeated.  —  v.t,  to 
make  tenfold.  [Fr.  decuple— L.  deoem, 
ten,  and  plieo,  to  fold.] 


DECURRENT,  de-kur'ent,  adj,  running  ok 
extending  doicnwai-d.  —  cidv.  Decter'- 
ENTLT.  [L.  decv.rrens—de,  down,  ciirro, 
cur  sum,  to  run.] 

DECUSSATE,  de-kus'at,r.^  to  cross  in  the 
form  of  an  X :  to  cross,  as  lines,  etc. — 
adj.  crossed :  arranged  in  pairs  which 
cross  each  other. — n,  Decussa'tion.  [L 
decusso,  decussattis — deeussis,  a.  coin  os 
ten  asses  (decent  asses)  marked  with  X, 
the  symbol  of  ten.     See  ACE.] 

DEDICATE,  ded'i-kat,  v.t.  to  set  apart  and 
consecrate  to  some  sacred  purpose :  to 
devote  wholly  or  chiefly :  to  inscribe  to 
any  one.  [L  dedieo,  dedUxttua—de,  down, 
dieo,  to  declare.] 

DEDICATION,  ded-i-ka'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
dedicating :  an  address  to  a  patron,  pre- 
fixed to  a  book. 

DEDICATORY,  ded'i-kartor-i,  adj.  serving 
as  a  dedication. 

DEDUCE,  de-diis',  v.t.  to  draw  from :  to 
infer  a  truth  or  opinion  from  what  pre- 
cedes or  from  premises.  [L.  de,  from, 
duco,  ductwn,  to  lead.] 

DEDUCIBLE,  de-dus'i-bl, adj:  that  maybe 
deduced  or  inferred. 

DEDUCT,  de-dukt',  v.t  to  talie  from :  to 
separate  :  to  subtract. 

DEDUCTION,  de-duk'shun,  n.  1,  the  act 
of  deducing :  that  which  is  deduced : 
reasoning  fi-om  a  general  to  a  particular 
proposition.  [From  Dedxxjk.]  2.  the  act 
of  deducting :  tliat  which  is  deducted  ■. 
abatement.     [From  DEDUCT.] 

DEDUCTIVE,  de-dnkt'iv,  adj.,  that  is,  or 
may  be  deduced  from  premises. — adv. 
Deduct'ivii,y. 

DEEID,  ded,  w.  scouething  done :  an  act : 
an  exploit :  a  legal  transaction  :  the  writ« 
ten  evidence  of  it.  [A..S.  deed — don,  ie 
do  ;  Ger.  tliat — thwi,  to  do.    See  Do.] 

DEEDILY,  dedl-li,  adv.  in  a  deedy  man^ 
ner :  actively  :  busily :  industriously^ 
"  Frank  Churchill  at  a  table  neai-  ber 
most  deedily  occupied  ahout  her  specta^ 
cles." — Miss  Ansten.    (Rare.) 

DEEDLESS,  ded'les,  adj.  not  having  per- 
formed deeds. 

DEEM,  dem,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  judge :  to  think: 
to  believe.  [A.S.  deman,  to  form  a  judg- 
ment— dom,  judgment.    See  Doom.] 

DEEP,  dep,  adj.  extending  far  down  or  far 
from  the  outside:  diflicuit  to  understand: 
secret;  ^-ise  and  penetrating:  cunning: 
very  still :  profound :  intense :  sunk  low : 
low  or  grave. — ?!.  that  which  is  deep  :  the 
sea;  anything  profound  or  incompre- 
hensible.— adv.  to  a  great  depth  :  pro- 
foundly.— adv.  Deep'lt. — n.  Deep'ness. 
tA.S.  'deofp;  Ger.  ti^ ;  akin  to  Dtp, 
)rvT:.] 

DEEPEN,  dep'n,  v.t.  to  mahe  deeper  in 
any  sense:  to  increase. — v.i.  to  become 
deeper. 

DEER,  der,  n.  a  quadruped  of  several  spe- 
cies, as  the  stag,  reindeer,  etc. ;  in  M. 
E.  anj'  Idnd  of  animaL  (A.S.  deor :  Ger. 
thier,  Gr.  ther,  L.  fera,  a  wild  beast.] 

DEER-STALKER,  der'-stawk'er,  n.  one 
■who  practices  deer-stalking. 

DEER-STALKING,  der'-stawk'ing,  n,  the 
hunting  of  deer  by  stalking,  or  stealing 
npon  them  unawares.  [See  Stalk,  to 
walk.] 

DEFACE,  de-fas',  v.L  to  destroy  or  mar  the 
face  or  external  appearance  of,  to  dis« 
figure :  to  obliterate.  [O.  Fr.  desfaoer— 
de8=''L.  dis,  away,  aiid  face,  from  L. 
faeies.l 

DEFACEMENT,  de-fas'ment,  n.  act  of  de- 
facing :  injury  to  form  or  appearance  : 
that  which  defaces. 

DEFALCAT3E,  de-fal'kat,  v.t.  to  deduct  a 
part  of,  used  chiefly  of  monej-,  etc.  :  to 
embezzle  money  held  on  trust.  [Low  L, 
difalco,  difalcatus,  to  cut  away — L.  dif 


DEFALCATION 


95 


DEIFY 


=dis-,  off,  and  falXyf aids,  a  sickle.  See 
Falchion.] 

DBFAIiCATION,  def-al-ka'shun,  n.  a  dim- 
inution :  a  deficit  of  funds  intrusted  to 
one's  care. 

DEFAIVIATION,  def-arina'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  defaming :  calumny:  slander. 

DEFAJ£ATORY,  de-fam'a-tor-i,  adj.  con- 
taining defamation  :  injurious  to  reputa^ 
tion  :  calumnious. 

DEFAME,  de-fam',  v.t.  to  take  away  or 
destroy  the  good  fame  or  reputation  of  : 
to  speak  evil  of.  [O.  Fr.  defamer — L. 
diffamctre  —  dis,  away,  detraction,  and 
fainu,  report.     See  Fajsie.] 

DEFAULT,  de-fawlt',  n.  a.  faidt,  failing,  or 
failure :  defect :  neglect  to  do  what  duty 
or  law  requires :  offence. — v.i.  to  fau 
thix)ugh  neglect  of  duty:  to  fail  to  ap- 
pear in  court  when  called  upon.  [O.  Fr. 
defavte,  and  default — (£e=L.  dis,  inten- 
sive, and /««<«.     See  Fault.] 

DEFAULTER,  de-fawlt'er,  n.  one  who  fails 
to  account  for  money  intrusted  to  his 
care. 

DEFEASANCE,  de-fez'ans,  n.  (late)  a  con- 
dition annexed  to  a  deed,  which,  being 
perfoi-med,  renders  the  deed  void.  [Norm. 
defaisance — Fr.  defaisant,  pr.p.  of  de- 
faire,  to  undo.] 

DEFEASIBLE,  de-fez'i-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  defeated  or  annulled. — n.  t^iFEAS'lBLE- 

NESS. 

DEFEAT,  de-fet',  v.t.  to  frustrate  :  to  oveiv 
come :  to  ruin. — n.  a  frustration  of  plans : 
overthrow,  as  of  an  anny  in  battle.  [Fr. 
difaite  —  clef  aire,  to  undo  —  de  =  L.  dis, 
asunder,  and  Fr.  faire,  L.  facere,  to  do.] 

DEFECATE,  def'e-kat,  v.t.  to  clear  from 
dregs  or  impurities  :  to  purify  from  ex- 
traneous matter.  [L.  defceco,  defcecatus, 
to  cle?  use — de,  from,  fcex,  fcecis,  dregs.] 

OEFECATION,  def-e-ka'shun,  ?i.  tlie  act  of 
clearing  away  impurities. 

DEFECT,  de-fekt',  n.  a  deficiency  :  a  want : 
imperfection :  blemish  :  fault.  [L.  deflcio, 
defectus,  to  fail  or  be  wanting — de,  neg., 
and  facio,  to  do.] 

OEFECTIBLE,  de-fekt'i-bl,  adj.  liable  to 
imperfection. 

DEFECTION,  de-fek'shun,  n.  a  falling 
away  frcyin  duty :  revolt. 

DEFECTIVE,  de-fekt'iv,  adj.  having  de- 
fect :  wanting  in  some  necessary  quality  : 
insufficient. — adv.  Depect'Iviilt. — n.  De- 

FECT'IVESTESS. 

DEFENCE,  de-fens',  n.  a  defending :  that 
which  defends  :  protection  :  vindication  : 
(taic)  a  defendant's  plea. —  Defenc'ed, 
pa.p.  (B.)  fortified. 

DEFENCELESS,  de-fensles,  udj.  without 
defence. — adv.  Defeuce'iJissly. — n.  Effi- 
fence'lessniess. 

DEFEND,  de-fend',  v.t.  (lit.)  to  fend  -or 
ward  off :  to  keep  off  anything  hurtful : 
to  guard  or  protect :  to  maintain  against 
attack  :  (tare)  to  resist  as  a  claim  :  to 
contest. — n.  Defend'er.  [L.  defendo, 
defensits,  to  ward  off — de,  off,  and  obs. 
fendo,  to  sti'ike.] 

DEFENDABLE,  de-fend'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  defended. 

DEFENDANT,  de-fend'atit,  n.  a  defender : 
(law)  a  person  accused  or  sued. 

DEFENSIBLE,  de-fens'i-bl,  axlj.  that  may 
be  defended. — n.  IteFENSiBiL'iTT. 

''^FENSIVE,  de-fens'iv,  adj.  serving  to  de- 
fend :  in  a  state  or  posture  of  defence. — 
n.  that  which  defends  :  posture  of  de- 
fence.— adt\  Defens'ivelt. 

DEFER,  de-fer',  v.t.  to  put  off  to  another 
time  :  to  delay : — pr.p.  deferr'ing  ;  pa.p. 
deferred'.  [L.'differa—dis,  asunder, /ero, 
to  bear,  carry.] 

DEFER,  de-fer'*,  v.i.  to  yield  to  the  wishes 
or  opinions  of  another,  or  to  authority. 
— v.t.  to  submit  to  or  lay  before  -.^pr.p. 


deferr'ing  ;  pa.p.  deferred'.  [L.  def ero- 
de, down,  and /ero,  to  bear.] 

DEFERENCE,  def'er-eus,  n.  a  deferring  or 
j'ielding  in  judgment  or  opinion  :  regard  : 
submission. 

DEFERENTIAL,  def-er-en'shal,  adj.  ex- 
pressing deference  or  respect. — adv,  Def- 
eren'tially. 

DEFIANCE,  de-fi'ans,  w.  the  act  of  defy- 
ing :  a  challenge  to  combat :  contempt 
of  opposition. 

DEFIANTNESS,  de-fi'ant-nes,  n.  the  state 
or  quahtj'  of  being  defiant :  defiance. 
"  He  answered,  not  raising  his  voice,  but 
speaking  with  quiet  dejiantness." — George 
Eliot. 

DEFICIENCY,  de-fish'en-si,  n.  defect. 

DEFICIENT,  de-fish'ent,  ad^j.  wanting. 

DEFICIT,  def'i-sit,  n.,  deficiency,  esp.  of 
revenue,  as  compared  with  expenditure. 
[L.,  it  is  wanting,  3d  per.  sing,  of  defido.] 

DEFILE,  de-fil',  v.i.  to  march  off  in  file  or 
line,  or  file  by  file. — h,  a  long  narrow 
pass  or  way,  in  which  troops  can  march 
only  in  file,  or  with  a  narrow  front.  [Fi'. 
defiler — L.  dis,  and  filuni,  a  thread.  See 
File.] 

DEFILE,  de-ffl',  v.t.  to  make  foul:  to  pol- 
lute or  coiTupt :  to  violate. — n.  Defil'er. 
[L.  die,  and  A.S.  fylan,  gefylan,  to  pol- 
lute.] 

DEFILEMENT,  de-fil'ment,  sa,  act  of  de- 
fding :  foulness, 

DEFINABLE,  de-fin'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
defined. 

DEFINE,  de-fln',  v.t.  to  fix  the  bounds  or 
limits  of :  to  detennine  with  precision : 
to  describe  accui-ately  :  to  fix  the  mean- 
ing of.  [Fr. — L.  definio,  definitiis,  to  set 
bounds  to — de,  a,nd  finis,  a  limit.] 

DEFINITE,  def'i-nit,  adj.,  defined:  having 
distinct  limits ;  fixed  :  exact :  clear, — 
adv.  DEF'iJsnTELY. — n.  Dep'initeness. 

DEFINITION,  def-i-nish'un,  «,  a  defining : 
a  description  of  a  tiling  by  its  proper- 
ties: an  explanation  of  tlie  exact  meaning 
of  a  word,  term,  or  phrase ;  also,  the 
quality  or  power  of  marking  or  sliowing 
distinctly  or  clearly  the  outlines  or  feat- 
ures of  any  object.  "  A  small  2i  inch  re- 
fractor . ' .  .  the  definition  of  which  is 
superb." — Nature. 

DEFINITIVE,  de-fin'i-tiv,  adj.,  defining  or 
limiting  :  positive  :  flnal,— -?!,  (gram.)  an 
adjective  used  to  iimit  the  extent  of  the 
signification,  of  a   noun. — adv.  Defdj'i- 

TIVELT. 

DEFLAGRATE,  def'la-grat,  v.i.  or  v.t.  to 
burn  doicn  :  to  bum  with  suddenness  and 
sparkling. — n.  Deflagra'tion.  \1L.  defla- 
gro — de,  down,  and  flagro,  to  burn.] 

DEFLAGRATOR,  del'la-gra-tor,  n.  a  gal- 
vanic instrument  for  producing  rapid 
combustion. 

DEFLECT,  de-flekt',  v.i.  or  v.t.  to  turn 
aside :  to  swerve  or  deviate  from  a  right 
line  or  proper  course.  [L.  de,  from,  and 
Hecto,  to  bend,  turn.] 

DEFLECTION,  de-flek'shun,  n.  a  turning 
aside :  deviation. 

DEFLORATE,  de-ilo'rat,  adj.,  past  the 
floicerimg  state,  as  an  anther  after  it  has 
shed  its  pollen. 

DEFLORATION,  def-lo.<ra'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  deflouring. 

DEFLOUR,  de-flowr',  v.t.  to  defiower  or 
deprive  of  flowers :  to  deprive  of  original 
grace  and  beauty :  to  ravish. — n.  De- 
flour'er.  [Fr.  d&flewrir — L.  deflora,  to 
strip  flowers  off — de,  priv.,  and  flos,  florid, 
a  flower.] 

DEFLOWER.    Same  as  Deflour. 

DEFLUXION,  de-fluk'shun,  n.  a  discharge 
of  fluid  matter  in  the  body.  [L.  defluxio 
— de,  down,  and  fluo.flua-um,  to  flow.] 

DEFOLIATION,  de-fo-li-a'shun,  n.  the 
falling  off  of  leaves:  the  time  of  shedding 


leaves.  [Low  L.  defolio,  defoliatum — de, 
off,  folium,  a  leaf.] 

DEFORCE,  de-fors',  v.t.  (law)  to  keep  out 
of  possession  by  force. — n.  Defoeck'- 
MENT.     [Fr.  de=L.  dis,  and  Force.] 

DEFORM,  de-form',  v.t.  to  alter  or  injure 
the  form  of :  to  disfigure.  [L.  deformis, 
ugly  —  de,  from,  and  forma,  form, 
beauty.] 

DEFORMATION,  def-oi^ma'shun,  n.  act  of 
deforming. 

DEFORMITY,  de-form'i-ti,  n.  state  of  being 
defonned :  want  of  proper  form  :  ugli- 
ness :  disfigurement :  anything  that  de- 
stroys beauty. 

DEFRAUD,  de-frawd',  v.t.  to  deprive  of 
by  frawd :  to  withhold  wrongfully :  to 
cheat  or  deceive.  [L.  defraudo — de, 
from,  and  fraus,  fraudis,  fraud.] 

DEFRAY,  de-fra',  v.t.  to  discharge  the  ex- 
penses of  anything:  to  pay:— ^r.jj.  de- 
fray'ing  ;  pa.p.  defrayed'. — ns.  Defray'- 
KENT,  Defray' AL.  [Fr.  defrayer  —  di. 
and  frais,  expense — Low  L.  fractum, 
breakage,  damage,  expense.] 

DEFT,  deft,  adj.  handy,  clever. —adv. 
Deft'ly.  —  n.  Deft'ness.  [A.S.  dceft, 
convenient,  fitting.] 

DEFUNCT,  de-funkt',  adj.  having  fimshed 
the  course  of  hfe,  dead. — n.  a,  dead  per- 
son. [L.  defungor,  defunctus,  to  finish — 
de,  a.ad  fungor,  to  pei-form.] 

DEFY,  de-Q',  v.t.  to  challenge  :  to  brave  ; 
— pr.p.  defy'ing  ;  pa.p.  defied'. — (i.  De- 
fi'er.  [Fr.  defler — ^Low  L.  diffidare,  to 
renounce  faith  or  all^iance — L.  dis, 
asunder,  and  fido,  to  trust— ^us,  faith.] 

DEGENERACY,  de-jen'er-a-si,  DEGEN- 
ERATION, de-jen-er-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
oi-  process  of  becoming  degenerate :  the 
sta-te  of  being  degenei'ate. 

DEGENERATE,  de-jen'er-at,  adj.  having 
departed /roTO  the  high  qualities  of  race 
or    kind:   become  base. — adv.    Degen'- 

ERATBLY. — 11.  DBGEN'ERATENESS.     [L.  de- 

generatiis,  from  degenero,  to  depai't  from 
its  kind — de,  from,  down,  genus,  gen- 
eris, kind.] 

DEGENERATE,  de-jen'er-at,  v.i.  to  fall 
from  a  nobler  state  :  to  be  or  to  grow 
worse. 

DEGENERATIVE,  de- jen'er- a- tiv,  adj., 
tending  or  causing  to  degenerate. 

DEGLUTITION,  deg-166-tish'un,  n.  the  act 
or  power  of  swaMowing.  [Fr.  —  L.  de, 
down,    and    glutio,  to    swallow.      See 

DEGRADATION,  deg-ra-da'shun,  n.  dis- 
grace. 

DEGRADE,  de-grad',  v.t  to  loieer  in 
grade  or  rank  :  to  deprive  of  oflBce  or 
dignity :  to  lower  in  character  or  value  ; 
to  disgrace.  [Fr.  degrader — L.  de,  down, 
and  gradus,  a  step.     See  Grade.] 

DEGREE,  de-gre',  n.  a  grade  or  step :  posi- 
tion :  rank  :  extent :  a  mark  of  distinc- 
tion conferred  by  iiniversities  :  the  360th 
pai-t  of  a  circle :  60  geographical  miles. 
J^Fr.  degre — L.  de,  and  gradus,  a  step.] 

DEHISCENCE,  de-his'ens,  n.  the  opening 
of  the  capsules  of  a  plant. 

DEHISCENT,  de-his'ent,  adj.,  gaping  or 
opening,  as  the  capsules  of  plants.  [L. 
dehisoens,  pr.p.  of  dehisco — de,  intensive, 
and  hisco,  to  gape.] 

DEHYDRATION,  de-lu-dra'shun,  7!.  in 
chem.  the  process  of  freeing  a  compound 
from  the  water  contained  in  it. 

DEICIDE,  de'i-sid,  n.  the  hilling  of  a  god: 
the  putting  to  death  of  Jesus  Christ. 
[From  a  supposed  L.  form  deicidium — 
deus,  and  ocedo,  to  cut,  to  kfll.] 

DEIFICATION,  de-i-fl-ka'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  deifying. 

DEIFORM,  de'i-form,  adj.  having  the/omt 
of  a  god. 

DEIFY,  de'i-fi,  v.t.  to  exalt  to  the  rank  of 


DEIGN 


96 


a  god  :   to  worship  as    a  deity  -.—pr.p. 

deSying  ;  pa.p.  deified'.     [Fr.  deifier—h. 

deiftcare — deus,  and  facere,  to  make.] 
DEIGN,  dan,   v.i.  to  condescend.— r.t.  to 

give :    to  allow.     [Fr.   daig7ier—L.  dig- 

rwr,  to  think  worthy— dig" its,  worthy^] 
DEISM,  de'izm,  n.  the  creed  of  a  deist.     \Vt. 

deisme.]  ,    ,.  .    ^i, 

DEIST,  de'ist,  n.  one  who  believes  in  tne 

existence  of  Ood  but  not  in  revealed  re- 
ligion.—adj.  Deist'ical.    [Ft.  deiste—L. 

dcHS  *'*o<i.l 
DEITY," de'i-ti,  n.  the  divinity  :  godhead  : 

a  god  or  goddess:  the  Supreme  Bemg. 

[Fr.— Low  L.  deitas—L.  deiis,  god  ;  Sans. 

devn — div,  to  shine.] 
DEJECT,   de-jekt',   v.t.   to  cast  doiim  the 

countenance  or  spirits  of.     [L.   dejino, 

dejectiis—de,  down,  and  jacio,  to  cast. J 
DEJECTED,  de-jekt'ed,   adj.,  cast  dmvn : 

dispirited.— ad«.   Deject'edly.  —  ?i.   De- 

ject'edness. 
DEJECTION,   de-jek'shun,  n.   lowness  of 

spirits.  /,      ^       i     * 

DELATION,  de-la'shun,  n.  (law)  act  of 
charging  with  a  crime.  [L.  defero.  de- 
latum,  to  bring  a  report  against,  to  in- 
form—de,  intensive,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 
DELAY,  de-la',  v.t.  to  put  off  to  another 
time  :  to  defer  :  to  hinder  or  retard.— r.t". 
to  pause,  linger,  or  put  oS  time.— n.  a 
putting  off  or  deferring:  a  hngermg : 
hinderance  :— pr.p.  delay'ing  ;  pa.p.  de- 
layed'. [Fr.  delai—L.  dilatio,  a  puttmg 
oft— differo,  dilatum—dis,  apart,  and/ero, 
to  carry.    See  Defer.]  ,,,       . 

DELAYABLE,  de-la'a-bl,  adj.  capable  ot 
delav,  or  of  being  delayed.  "  Law  thus 
divisible,  debatable,  and  delayable,  is  be- 
come a  greater  grievance  than  all  that  it 
was  intended  to  redress."- Henry  Brooke. 
DELEBLE.  del'e-bl,  adj.  that  can  be  blotted 
out.    [See  Delete.]  j.     ^  ,•  ,,, 

DELECTABLE,  de-lekt'a-bl,  adj.,  delight- 
ful ■    pleasing.— re.    Delect'ableness.— 
adv   Delect' ABLY.    [Fr.— L.  delectabilis 
—delecto.  to  deUght.    See  Delight.] 
DELECTATION,  de-lek-ta'shun,  n.  deUght. 
DELEGATE,   del'e-gat,   v.t.  to  send  as  a 
legate  or  representative  :   to  intrust  or 
commit  to.— n.  one  who  is  delegated  :  a 
deputy  or  representative. — adj. delegated, 
deputed.     [L.  de,  away,  and  lego,  legatus, 
to  send  as  ambassador.     See  Legate.] 
DELEGATION,  del-e-ga'shun,  n.  the  per- 
sons delegated. 
DELETE,  de-let',  v.t.  to  blot  out :  to  erase : 
to  destroy.—^.  Dele'tion.    [L.  deleo,  de- 
letum,  to  blot  out.]  . 

DELETERIOUS,  del-e-te'ri-us,  adj.  tending 
to  destroy  life  :   hurtful  or  destructive  : 
poisonous.— re.  Delete'riousness.     [Gr. 
deleterios,  hurtful— de/eo7reat,  to  hurt.] 
DELF,  delf ,  n.  a  kind  of  earthenware  made 

at  Delft,  in  Holland.  . 

DELIBERATE,  de-Ub'er-at,  v.t.  to  weigh 
icell  in  one's  mind.— r.i.  to  consider  the 
reasons  for  and  against :  to  reflect  upon  : 
to  discuss.  [L.  detibero,  deliberattim—de, 
intensive,  and  libro,  to  weigh— Ztbra,  a 

DELIBERATE,  de-lib'er-at,  adj.  well  con- 
sidered :  considering  carefully :  slow  in 
determining.— adt'.  Delib'ebately.— n. 
Deleb'erateness. 

DELIBERATION,  de-lib-er-a'shim,  n.  the 
act  of  deliberating :  mature  reflection  : 
calmness  :  coolness. 

DELIBERATIVE,  de-lib'er-a-tiv,  adj.  pro- 
ceeding or  acting  by  deliberation. — adv. 

DeLEB'ERATI  V  ELY. 

DELICACY,  del'i-ka-si,  n.  state  or  quality 
of  being  delicate:  anything  delicate  or 
daintv.     [Fr.  delicatesse—'L.  delicatiis.] 

DELICATE,  del'i-kat,  adj.  pleasing  to  the 
senses,  esp.  the  taste  :  dainty :  nicely 
discriminating  or  perceptiTe  •.  of  a  fine, 


slight  texture  or  constitution:  tender, 
frail :  requiring  nice  handling :  refined  in 
manners,  gentle,  polite,  considerate. — 
n.pl.  Del'icates,  (B.)  deUcacies.  —  adv. 
Del'icately,  in  a  delicate  manner :  (B.) 
luxuriously.— li.  Del'icateness,  state  of 
being  delicate  :  (B.)  dehcacy,  luxury.  [L. 
delieatus—delicice,  allurements,  luxury— 
delicio—de,  intensive,  and  lacio,  to  en- 
tice.] 
DELICIOUS,  de-lish'us,  adj.  full  of  delica- 
cies: highly  pleasing  to  the  senses: 
affording  exquisite  pleasure.— «.  Deli'- 
ciousNESS.  [L.  deliciosus—delida.'] 
DELICIOUSLY,  de-lish'us-U,  adv.  in  a  de- 

lieiom  manner :  {B.)  luxuriously. 
DELIGHT,  de-m',  v.t.  to  please  highly.— 
V.  i.  to  have  or  take  great  pleasure  :  to 
be  greatly  pleased.— Ji.  a  high  degree  of 
pleasure :    extreme     satisfaction :    that 
which  gives  great  pleasure.  [O.  E.  delite ; 
from  O.  Fr.  deliter—L.  dehetare,  inten- 
sive of  delicio.    See  Delicate.]^ 
DELIGHTFUL,      de-lit'fool,      DELIGHT- 
SOME, -sum,  adj.,  full  of  delight.— adv. 
Delight'fully.— re.  Delight'eulness. 
DELINEATE,  de-lin'e-at,  v.t.  to  mark  out 
with  lines :  to  represent  by  a  sketch  or 
picture  :   to  portray :  to  describe  accur- 
ately in  words.     [L.  ddineo,  delineatum 
—de,  down,  and  hnea,  a  line.    See  Line.] 
DELINEATION,  de-lin-e-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  delineating :  a  sketch,  representation, 
or  description. 
DELINEATOR,  de-lin'e-a-tor,  n.  one  who 

delineates. 
DELINQUENCY,  de-lingTrwen-si,  n.,  fail- 
ure in  or  omission  of  duty  :  a  fault :  a 
crime. 
DELINQUENT,  de-ling'kwent,  adj.,  leav- 
ing one's  duty :  faihng  in  duty.— Jt.  one 
who  fails  in  or  leaties  his  duty  :  a  trans- 
gressor :  a  criminal. — odti.  Delin'quent- 
LY.  [L.  ddinquens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  de- 
Unquo—de,    intensive,    and    linguo,    to 

1 PJIVP    I 

DELIQUESCE,  del-i-kwes',  v.i.  to  melt 
and  become  liquid  by  absorbing  moisture, 
as  certain  salts,  etc.  [L.  deliquesco,  to 
melt  away — de,  intensive,  and  liguesco, 
to  become  fluid — liqueo,  to  be  fluid.] 

DELIQUESCENT,  del-i-kwes'ent,  adj.,  be- 
coming liquid  in  the  atmosphere.— n. 
Deliquesc'ence. 

DELIRIANT,  de-lir'i-ant,  n.  in  med.  a  poi- 
son which  causes  more  or  less  continued 
delirium. 

DELIRIFACIENT,  de-lir'i-fa'shi-ent,  adj. 
tending  to  produce  delirium. — n.  in  med. 
a  substance  which  tends  to  produce  de- 
lirium. [L.  deliro,  to  rave,  and  fado, 
faciens,  to  make.] 

DELIRIOUS,  de-lir'i-us,  odj.  wandering  in 
mind  :  Ught-headed  :  insane.— adl'.  De- 
LIR'IOUSLY.— )i.  Delir'iousness.  [L.  de- 
lirus,  one  that  goes  out  of  the  furrow  in 
ploughing— de,  from,  and  lira,  a  furrow.] 

DELIRIUM,  de-lir'i-um,  n.  state  of  being 
delirious  :  strong  excitement :  wild  en- 
thusiasm.—DELIRIUM  Tremens,  a  name 
generally  applied  to  deUrium  produced 
by  excessive  drinking,  and  marked  by 
convulsive  or  trembling  symptoms.  [L. 
delirium  (see  Delirious),  and  tremens, 
pr.p.  of  tremo.  to  tremble.] 
DELITESCENCE,  del-i-tes'ens,  n.  state  of 

being  concealed :  retirement. 
DELITESCENT,  del-i-tes'ent,  adj.,  lying 
hid  or  concealed  (e.gr.  the  germs  of  an 
infectious  disease).  [L.  dehtescens,  pr.p. 
of  delitcseo — de,  from,  and  lateseo—lateo, 
to  lie  hid.]  „        .  . 

DELIVER,  de-liVer,  v.t.  to  liberate  or  set 
free  from  restraint  or  danger  :  to  rescue 
from  evil  or  fear :  to  give  up,  or  part 
with  :  to  communicate  :  to  pronounce  : 
to  give  forth,  as  a  blow,  etc.:  to  relieve  a 


DEMICIRCLE 

woman    in    childbirth.- re.    Deliv'eree. 
[Fr.  delivrer—'L.  de,  from,  and  liberare, 
to  set  free — liber,  free.] 
DELIVERANCE,   de-hv'er-ans,   n.   act  of 
delivering  or  freeing  :  state  of  being  de- 
Uvered  :  freedom.     Also,  decision  :  judg- 
ment authoritatively  pronounced  ;  as,  to 
give  a  deliverance  in  a  controversy. 
DELmiRY,  de-Uv'er-i,  n.  the  act  of  de- 
livering :  a  giving  up  :  the  act  or  man- 
ner of  speaking  in   public  :    the  act  of 
giving  birth. 
DELL.    See  Dale. 

DELTA,  del'ta,  n.  the  fourth  letter  of  the 
Greek    alphabet,    the    capital    form    of 
which  is  A  ;  a  tract  of  land  of  like  shape 
formed  at  the  mouth  of  a  river.     [Gr., 
from  Heb.  daleth,  a  door  (of  a  tent).] 
DELTOID,  del'toid,  adj.  of  the  form  of  the 
Greek  A  ;  triangular.     [Gr.   deltoeide»— 
delta,  and  eidos.  form.] 
DELUDE,  de-lud',   v.t.  to  p'.ay  or  impose 
upon :  to  deceive  :  to  cheat.     [L.  delude, 
to  play,  make  sport  of— de,  down,  fitdo, 
lusHS,  to  play.] 
DELUGE,   del'uj.    n.  a  great  overflow  of 
water  :  a  flood,  esp.  that  in  the  days  of 
Noah.— T'.f.  to  inundate  :  to  overwhelm 
as  vnth.  water.    [Fr.— L.  diluvium— diltto 
— di's,  away,  luo=lavo,  to  wash.] 
DELUSION,  de-lu'zhun,  n.  the  act  of  de- 
luding :  the  state   of  being   deluded :  a 
false  belief :  error. 
DELUSIVE,  de-lu'siv,  DELUSORY,  de-lu'- 
sor-i,   adj.,  apt    or  tending  to    delude: 
deceptive.— adv.  Delu'sively.— n.  Deld'. 

SrVENESS. 

DELVE,  delv,  v.t.  to  dig  vrith  a  spade.— n. 
Delv'er.     [A.S.    delfan,    to    dig ;  conn, 
with  Dale.  Dell.] 
DEMAGNETIZE,  de-mag'net-iz,  v.t.  to  de- 
prive of  magnetic  power.     [L.  de,  priv., 
and  >Iagnetize.] 
DEMAGOGUE,  dem'a-gog,  n.  a  lea^l^r  of 
the  people :  a  popular  and  factious  ora,- 
tor.    [Gr.  demagogos — demos,  the  people, 
agogos.  leading — ago,  to  lead.] 
DEMAIN,  de-man',  DEMESNE,  de-men',  n. 

forms  of  Domain. 
DEMAND,  de-mand',  v.t.  to  claim  :  to  ask 
earnestly  or  authoritatively  :  to  call  for : 
to  question.— n.  the  asking  for  what  is 
due  :  an  asking  for  with  authority :  a 
claim :  earnest  inquiry.  [Fr.  —  L.  de- 
mando,  to  give  in  charge — Low  L.  de- 
mando,  to  demand — de,  from,  and  mando, 
to  put  into  one's  charge.] 
DEMANDABLE,   de-manda-bl,   adj.    that 

may  be  demanded. 
DEMANDANT,  de-mand'ant,  n.  one  who  de- 
mands :  a  plaintiff. 
DEMARCATION,    DEMARKATION,    de- 
mark-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of  marking  off 
or  setting  bounds  to :  division  :  a  fixed 
limit.     [Fr.  demarquer,  to  mark  off — d^, 
off,  and  marquer,  to  mark.    See  Mark.] 
DEMEAN,  de-men',  v.t.  (with  self)  to  con- 
duct :  to  behave.     [Fr.  demener—de,  in- 
tensive,  and    mener,  to  lead  —  Low  L. 
minare,  to  drive    cattle,   L.   minor,  to 
tlireaten.] 
DEMEAN,  de-men',  v.t.  to  mnke  mean  :  to 

lower.    [L.  de,  and  Mean.] 
DEMEANOR,     de-men'ur,     n.     behavior: 

bearing. 
DEMENTED,  de-ment'ed,  adj.,  out  of  ongs 
mind  :  deprived  of  reason.     [L    demens, 
dementis,  out  of  one's  mind— de,  from^ 
and  mens,  the  mind.] 
DEMERIT,  de-mer'it,  n.  ill-desert :  fault : 

crime.  [L.  de,  want  of,  and  Merit.] 
DEMESNE.  See  Domain. 
DEMICIRCLE,  dem-i-ser"Kl,  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  or  indicating  angles, 
sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  the 
theodoUte.  It  consists  essentially  of  a 
graduated  scale  of  half  a  circle  and  a 


DEMIGOD 


97 


DENY 


movable  rule  pivoted  on  the  centre  so 
as  to  sweep  the  graduated  arc.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

DEMIGOD,  dem'i-g-od,  n.,  half  a  god:  one 
whose  nature  is  partly  divine.  [Fr.  demi, 
half,  and  GrOD.] 

DEMISE,  de-miz',  n.,  laying  down — hence, 
a  transferring  :  the  death  of  a  sovereign 
or  a  distinguished  person  :  a  transfer  of 
the  crown  or  of  an  estate  to  a  successor. 
— v.t.  to  send  down  to  a  successor  :  to 
bequeath  by  will.  [O.  Fr.  demise,  pa.  p. 
of  demettre,  to  lay  down — L.  dimittere,  to 
send  away — L.  dis,  aside,  and  mittere, 
missus,  to  send.] 

DEMI-SEMIQUAVER,  dem'i-sem'i-kwa-  A 
ver,  n.  (music)  a  note  equal  in  timt>  to  y 
the  half  of  a  semiquaver.  [Fr.  demi,  p 
half,  and  Semiquaver.] 

DEMISSION,  de-mish'un,  n.  a  lowering  or 
letting  down  :  degradation  :  humiliation. 
[L.  dejjiissio.] 

DEMOCRACY,  de-mok'ra-si,  n.  a  form  of 
government  in  which  the  supreme  power 
is  vested  in  the  people  collectively.  [Gr. 
demokratia  —  demos,  the  people,  and 
krateo,  to  rule — kratos,  strength  ;  akin 
to  E.  Hard.] 

DEMOCRAT,  dem'o-krat,  n.  one  who  ad- 
heres to  or  promotes  democracy. 

DEMOCRATIC,  dem  -  o  -  krat'ik,  DEMO- 
CRATICAL,  dem-o-krat'ik-al,  adj.  relat- 
ing  to  democracy. — adv.    Democbat'ic- 

ALLY. 

DEMOGRAPHY,  dem-og'ra-fi,  n.  that 
branch  of  anthropology  which  treats  of 
the  statistics  of  heaUh  and  disease,  of  the 
physical,  intellectual,  physiological,  and 
economical  aspects  of  births,  marriages, 
and  mortality.  [Gr.  demos,  people,  and 
graphs,  a  writing.] 

DEMOLISH,  de-mol'ish,  v.t.  to  reduce  to  a 
shapeless  heap:  to  destroy,  ruin.  [Fr. 
denwlh — L.  demolior,  to  throw  or  pull 
down — de,  down,  and  molior,  to  move,  to 
hurl — moles,  aheap.] 

DEMOLITION,  dem-o-lish'un,  n.  the  act  of 
pulling  down  :  ruin  :  destruction. 

DEMON,  de'raon,  w.  (myth.)  a  spirit  hold- 
ing a  place  between  man  and  the  gods : 
an  evil  spirit,  a  devil.  [L.  daemon — Gr. 
daimon,  a  spirit,  genius.] 

DEMONIAC,  de-mo'ni-ak,  DEMONIACAL, 
de-mo-ni'ak-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  like 
demons  or  evil  spirits :  influenced  by 
demons. — adv.  Demoni'acally. 

DEMONIAC,  de-mo-ni-ak,  n.  a  human  being 
possessed  by  a  demon  or  evil  spirit. 

DEMONOLATRY,  de-mon-ol'a-tri,  _n.  the 
worship  of  demons,  [Gr.  daimon,  and 
latreia^  worship.] 

DEMONOLOGIST,  de-mon-ol'o-jist,  n.  a 
writer  on  demonology. 

DEMONOLOGY,  de-mon-ol'o-ji,  n.  a  dis- 
course  on  demons  and  their  agency. — 
adjs.  Demonolog'ic,  Demonolog'ical. 
[Gr.  daimon,  logos,  a  discourse.] 

DEMONSTRABLE,  de-mon'stra-bl,  adj. 
that  may  be  demonstrated. — n.  Demon'- 
strableness. — adv.  Demon'strably. 

DEMONSTRATE,  de-mon'strat,  v.t.  to 
show  or  point  out  clearly  :  to  prove  with 
certainty.  [L.  demonstro — de,  intensive, 
and  monstro,  to  show.     See  Monster.] 

DEMONSTRATION,  dem-on-stril'shun.  n. 
a  pointing  out  :  proof  beyond  doubt :  ex- 
pression of  the  feelings  by  outward 
signs  :  show  :  a,  feigned  movement  of 
troops  in  war. 

©EMONSTRATIVE,  de-mon'stra-tiv,  adj. 
making  evident:  proving  with  certaintj': 
given  to  the  manifestation  of  one's  feel- 
ings.— adv.  Demon'stratively. — n.  De- 
mon'strativkness. 

DEMONSTRATOR,  dem'on-stra-tor,  n.  one 
who    proves    beyond    doubt :    one    who 

G 


teaches  :  (anat.)  one  who  teaches  anat- 
omv  from  the  dissected  parts. 

DEMORALIZATION,  de-mor-al-i-za'shun, 
n.  act  of  demoralizing:  corruption  or 
subversion  of  morals. 

DEMORALIZE,  de-mor'al-iz,  v.t.  to  bring 
down  or  corrupt  in  morals  :  to  lower  the 
morale — that  is,  to  deprive  of  spirit  and 
confidence.  [Fr.  demoraliser  —  L.  de, 
down,  and  Fi\  morale,  morals.  See 
Moral.] 

DEMOTIC,  de-mot'ik,  adj.  pertainmg  to 
the  people:  popular.  [Gr.  demos,  the 
people.] 

DEMULCENT,  de-mul'sent,  adj.,  soothing. 
[L.  demulcens — de,  and mwfceo,  to  stroke, 
to  soothe.] 

DEMUR,  de-mur',  v.i.  to  hesitate  from  un- 
certainty or  before  difficulty:  to  object: 
— pr.p.  demurr'ing  ;  pa.p.  demun-ed'. — 
n.  a  stop :  pause,  hesitation.  [Fr.  de- 
m.eurer — ^L.  demoror,  to  loiter,  linger — 
de,  intensive,  and  moror,  to  delay — mora, 
delayj 

DEM  U  R  E,  de-miir',  adj.  sober :  staid  • 
modest :  affectedly  modest :  making  a 
show  of  gravity. — adv.  Demtjre'ly. — n. 
Dejture'ness.  [O.  Fr.  de  (bons)  murs,  of 
good  manners,  Fr.  moeurs — L.  mores, 
manners.] 

DEMURRAGE,  de-mur'aj,  n.  an  allowance 
made  to  the  owner  of  a  trading  vessel 
for  undue  delay  or  detention  in  port. 

DEMURRER,  de-mur'er,  n.  one  who  de- 
murs :  (lato)  an  exception  by  one  party 
in  a  suit  to  the  sufficiency  in  point  of  law 
of  the  case  of  the  opposite  party. 

DEMY,  de-ml',  n.  a  sii.e  of  paper  32i  by 
17i  inches.  [Fi\  demi — L.  demidinm, 
half — dis,  through,  and  medius,  the  mid- 
dle.] 

DEMY,  de-mi',  n.  a  scholar  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford.     [Ety.  same  as  above.] 

DEN,  den,  n.  the  hollow  lair  of  a  wild 
beast :  a  cave  :  provin.,  a  narrow  valley. 
[A.S.  denn,  a  cave,  and  denu,  a  valley.] 

DENARY,  den'ar-i,  adj.  containing  ten. — 
n.  the  number  ten.  [L.  denarius — deni, 
ten  at  a  time — decern,  ten.] 

DENATIONALIZE,  de-nash'un-al-Iz,  v.t.  to 
deprive  of  national  rights.  [L.  de,  priv., 
and  Nationalize.] 

DENATURALIZE,  de-nat'u-ral-Iz,  v.t.  to 
make  unnatural :  to  deprive  of  acquired 
citizenship  in  a  foreign  country.  [L.  de, 
priv.,  and  NATURALIZE.] 

DENDROID,  den'droid,  adj.  having  the 
form  of  a  tree.  [Gr.  dendron,  a  tree,  and 
eidos,  form.] 

DENDROLOGY,  den-drol'o-ji,  n.  a  treatise 
on  trees :  the  natural  history  of  trees. 
[Gr.  dendron,  and  logos,  a  discourse.] 

DENIABLE,  de-nl'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
denied. 

DENIAL,  de-ni'al,  n.  act  of  denying  or 
saying  no :  contradiction  :  refusal :  re- 
jection. 

DENIZEN,  den'i-zn,  n.  an  inhabitant :  one 
admitted  to  the  rights  of  a  citizen. — v.t. 
to  make  a  denizen  of,  or  admit  to  resi- 
dence :  to  enfi'anchise  :  to  provide  with 
occupants. — n.  Den'izenship.  [O.  Fr. 
deinzein — deinz,  dens,  Fr.  dans,  within — 
L.  de  inttis,  from  within.] 

DENOMINATE,  de-nom'in-at,  v.t.  to  give  a 
name  to  :  to  call :  to  designate.  [L.  de, 
and  nomino,  nominatum,  to  name — no- 
m  ;n,  a  name.] 

DENOMINATION,  de-nom-in-a'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  naming :  a  name  or  title  :  a  col- 
lection of  individuals  called  by  the  same 
name  :  a  sect. 

DENOMINATIONAL,  de-nom-in-a'shun-al, 
adj.  belonging  to  a  denomination  or  sect. 

DENOMINATIONALISM,  de  -  nom  -  in  -  a- 
shun-al-izm,  n.  a  denominational  or  class 


spirit  or  policy  :  devotion  to  the  interests 
of  a  sect. 
DENOMINATIVE,  de-nom'in-at-iv,  adj. 
giving  or  having  a  title. — adv.  Denom'- 
inatively. 
DENOMINATOR,  de-nom'in-at-or,  n.  hr 
who  or  that  which  gives  a  name  :  (arith.) 
the  lo\\er  number  in  a  vulgar  fraction, 
which  names  the  parts  into  which  the 
integer  is  divided. 

DENOTE,  de-not',  v.t.  to  note  or  mark  off: 
to  indicate  by  a  sign  :  to  signify  or  mean  : 
(log.)  to  indicate  the  objects  compre- 
hended in  a  class. — n.  Denota'tion.  [L. 
denoto — de,  intensive,  and  nolo,  to  mark 
— iiota,  a  mark  or  sign.     See  Note.] 

DENOUEMENT,  de-noo'mong,  n.  the  nn- 
ravelling  of  a  plot  or  story  :  the  issue, 
event,  or  outcome.  [Fr.  dinouer,  to 
untie  —  de,  priv.,  and  nouer,  to  tie  —  L. 
nodus,  a  knot.] 

DENOUNCE,  de-nowns',  v.t.  to  inform 
against  or  accuse  publicly.  [Fr.  di- 
noncer—lj.  denuncio — de,  intensive,  and 
nuncio,  to  announce.] 

DENOUNCEMENT,  de-nowns'ment.  Same 
as  Denunciation. 

DENSE,  dens,  adj.  thick:  close:  compact. 
— adv.  Dense'ly.  —  ji.  Dense'ness.  [L. 
(ipyi^wi  tiiick  1 

DENSITY,  den  ^M,  n.  the  quality  of  being 
dense :  the  proportion  of  mass  to  bulk  or 
volume. 

DENT,  dent,  n.  a  small  hollow  made  by 
the  pressure  or  blow  of  a  harder  body  on 
a  softer. — v.t.  to  make  a  mark  by  means 
of  a  blow.     [A  variety  of  Dint.] 

DENTAL,  den'tal,  adj.  belonging  to  the 
teeth  :  produced  by  the  aid  of  the  teeth. 
— n.  an  articulation  or  letter  pronounced 
chiefly  with  the  teeth.  [L.  dens,  dentis, 
a  tooth.    See  Tooth.] 

DENTATE,  den'tat,  DENTATED,  den'tat- 
ed,  adj.,  toothed:  notched  :  set  as  with 
teeth. 

DENTICLE,  den'ti-kl,  n.  a  small  tooth.— 
adj.  Denticulate,  den-tik'u-lat. — n.  Den- 
ticula'tion.  [L.  dentieulus,  dim.  of  dens, 
a  tooth.] 

DENTIFRICE,  den'ti-fris,  n.  a  substance 
used  in  rubbing,  or  cleaning  the  teeth. 
[L.  dentifricium,  from  dens,  andfrico,  to 
rub.] 

DENTIST,  den'tist,  n.  one  who  cures  dis- 
eases of  the  teeth,  or  inserts  artificial 
teeth. 

DENTISTRY,  den'tist-ri,  n.  the  business  of 
a  dentist. 

DENTITION,  den-tish'un,  n.  the  cutting  or 
growing  of  teeth :  the  conformation  or 
arrangement  of  the  teeth.  [L.,  from 
dentio,  to  cut  teeth — dens.] 

DENUDATION,  den-u-da'shun,  n.  a  making 
7iude  or  bare  :  (geol.)  the  wearing  away  of 
rocks  by  water  and  atmospheric  action, 
whereby  the  underlying  rocks  are  laid 
bare. 

DENUDE,  de-nud',  v.t.  to  make  nude  or 
naked:  to  lay  bare.  [L.  denvdo — de,  in  • 
tensive,  and  nudo,  to  make  naked— Jiwdws, 
naked.     See  Nude,  Naked.] 

DENUNCIANT,  de-nun'shi-ant,  adj.  ready 
or  prone  to  denounce:  denunciative.  "  Of 
all  which  things  a  poor  Legislative  As- 
sembly and  Patriot  France  is  informed  bj 
denmiciant  Friend,  by  triumphant  Foe," 
—  Carlyle. 

DENUNCIATE,  de-nun'shi-at.  Same  as 
Denounce. 

DENUNCIATION,  de  -  nun  -  shi  -  a'shun  or 
-si-a'-,  II.  the  act  of  denmincing  :  a  threat. 

DENUNCIATOR,  de-nun'shi-a-lor,  i  .  one 
who  denounces. 

DENUNCIATORY,  de-nun'shi-a-tor-i.  adj. 
containing  a  denunciation  :  threatening. 

DENY,  de-ni',  v.t.  to  gainsay  or  declare  not 
to  be  true:  to  reject  :  to  disown  :-  nr.n. 


DEODORIZE 


98 


DERIVE 


deny'ing' ;  pa.p.  denied'.  [Fr.  denier — ^L. 
de-nego — de.  intensive,  and  nego,  to  say 
no.    See  Negation.] 

DEODORIZE,  de-o'dor-Tz,  v.t.  to  take  the 
odor  or  smell  from.  [L.  de,  from,  and 
root  of  Odor.] 

DEOXIDATE,  de-oks'i-dat,  DEOXIDIZE, 
de-oks'l-diz,  v.t.  to  take  oxygen  from,  or 
reduce  from  the  state  of  an  oxide. — n. 
Dedsida'tion.  [L.  de,  from,  and  Oxidate, 
Oxidize.] 

DEPART,  de-part',  v.i.  to  part  from  :  to 
go  away  :  to  quit  or  leave  :  to  die.  [Fr. 
departir — L.  de,  from,  and  purtior,  to 
part,  to  divide.    See  Pakt.] 

DEPARTMENT,  de  -  part'ment,  n.  that 
which  is  parted  or  separated ;  a  pai-t  or 
portion  :  a  separate  part  of  business  or 
duty  :  a  section  of  the  administration :  a 
division  of  a  country,  esp.  of  France. — 
adj.  Depaetment'al. 

DEPARTURE,  de-part'ur,  n.  act  of  depart- 
ing :  a  goin^  away  from  a  place :  devia^ 
tion :  death. 

DEPEND,  de-pend',  v.i.  to  hang  down  or 
from :  to  be  sustained  by  or  connected 
with  anj'thing' :  to  rest.  [Fr.  dependre — 
L.  dependeo—de,  from,  and  pendeo,  to 
hang.] 

DEPENDENCE,  de-pend'ens,  DEPEND- 
ENCY, de-pend'en-si,  n.  state  of  being 
dependent :  connection :  reliance :  trust : 
that  on  which  one  depends :  colony. 

DEPENDENT,  de-pend'ent,  n.  one  who 
depends  on,  relies  on,  or  is  sustained  by 
another.     [Fr.] 

DEPENDENT,  de-pend'ent,  adj.,  depend- 
ing: relying  or  resting  on:  subject  to: 
subordinate. — adv.  Depend'ently.     [L.] 

DEPHOSPHORIZATION,  de-fos'for-Lz-a'- 
shun,  n.  the  act  or  process  of  depriving 
of  or  freeing  from  phosphorus. 

DEPICT,  de-pikt',  v.t.  to  picture  or  paint 
carefully  :  to  make  a  likeness  of :  to  de- 
scribe minutely.  [L.  depingo,  Jepicttis — 
cfc,  intensive,  and  pingo,  to  paint.] 

DEPILATORY,  de-pil'a-tor-i,  adj.,  taking 
hair  off. — )i.  an  application  for  taking  off 
hair.  [Fr. — L.  depilo — de,  off,  a.n(lpilus, 
hair.    See  Pile.] 

DEPLETION,  de-ple'shun,  n.  the  lessening 
of  the  quantity  of  blood  in  the  vessels. 
[L.  depleo,  depletus — de,  negative,  and 
pleo,  to  fill.    [See  Fill,  Full.] 

DEPLORABLE,  de-plor'a-bl,  adj.  lament- 
able :  sad. — n.  Deploe'ableness. — adv. 
Deplor'ably. 

DEPLORE,  de-plor',  v.t.  to  feel  or  express 
deep  grief  for  :  to  lament. — adv.  Defloe'- 
maLY.  [Fr. — L.  deploro — de,  intensive, 
and  ptoro,  to  weep.] 

DEPLOY,  de-ploy',  v.t.  to  unfold :  to  open 
out  or  extend. — v.i.  to  open;  to  extend 
from  column  into  line,  as  a  body  of 
troops.  [Fr.  diployer — des  ("L.  dis), 
apart,  and  ployer  {=1j.  plico),  to  fold. 
Doublet  of  Display.    See  Ply.] 

DEPLIBIE,  de-pl6om',  v.t.  to  take  the 
plumes  or  feathers  from. — ft.  Depldma'- 
TION.  [L.  cle,  from,  undpluma,  a  feather.] 

DEPOLAEIZr  le-po'lar-Tz,  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  polarity. — n.  Depolaeiza'tiox.  [L. 
de,  from,  and  Polarize.] 

DEPONE,  de-pon',  v.i.  to  testify  upon 
oath.  [L.  depono,  to  lay  down— de, 
down,  and  pono,  to  place.] 

ilEPONENT,  de-po'nent,  adj.  {gram.)  ap- 
plied to  verbs  with  a  passive  form  that 
My  down  or  lose  the  passive  signification. 
— n.  one  who  gives  evidence  in  a  court  of 
justice.     [L.,  pr.jy.  of  depono.'\ 

DEPOPULATE,  de-pop'u-lat,  v.t.  to  de- 
prive of  population,  to  dispeople. — I'.i. 
to  become  dispeopled. — )i.  Depop'ula- 
toe.  [L.  depopulor,  depopulatus  —  de, 
iaten.,  and  popidor,  to  spread  over  a 


country,  said  of  a  hostile  people  (L.  pop- 
?(7».s),  hence  to  ravage,  to  destroy.] 

DEPOPULATION,  de-pop-u-la'shun,  n.  act 
of  depopulating :  havoc  :  destruction. 

DEPORT,  de-port',  v.t.  to  carry  off:  to 
transport ;  to  exile :  to  behave.  [L.  de- 
porto — de,  away,  unAporto,  portatus,  to 
carry.] 

DEPORTATION,  de-port-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
deporting :  state  of  being  deported  or 
exiled  :  banishment. 

DEPORTMENT,  de-port'ment,  n.  carriage : 
behavior. 

DEPOSABLE,  de-p5z'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  deposed. 

DEPOSAL,  de-poz'al,  n.  act  of  deposing. 

DEPOSE,  de-poz',  v.t.  to  jmt  dovm  from  a 
throne  or  high  station  :  to  degrade.  [Fr. 
diposer — de,  and  poser,  to  place  —  L. 
pausare,  to  pause  ;  Low  L.,  to  place.  See 
Pause,  Pose.] 

DEPOSIT,  de-poz'it,  v.t.  to  put  or  setdoivn: 
to  place  :  to  lay  up  or  past :  to  intrust. — 
n.  that  which  is  deposited  or  put  down  : 
(geol.)  rocks  jiroduced  by  denudation  or 
laying  down  of  other  formations  :  some- 
thing intrusted  to  another's  care,  esp. 
money  put  in  a  bank  :  a  pledge. — n.  De- 
pos'Itor.  [L.  deposit  us,  placed — depono, 
from  de,  and  pono,  to  put  or  set  down.] 

DEPOSITARY,  de-poz'i-tar-i,  n.  a  person 
with  whom  anything  is  deposited,  or  left 
for  safe  keeping :  a  guardian. 

DEPOSITION,  dep-o-zish'un,  n.  act  of  de- 
posing :  act  of  deponing :  evidence  given 
in  a  court  of  justice :  removal :  act  of 
depositing :  what  is  deposited,  sediment. 

DEPOSITORY,  de-poz'i-tor-i,  n.  a  place 
where  anj-thing  is  deposited. 

DEPOT,  de-po'  or  de'po,  n.  a  place  of  de- 
posit :  a  storehouse :  a  military  station 
where  stores  are  kept  and  recruits 
trained  :  the  headquarters  of  a  regiment. 
[Fr.  d4p6t — L.  depositum — depono.  The 
n.  Deposit  is  a  doublet.] 

DEPRAVATION,  dep-ra-va'shun,  n.  act  of 
depraving :  state  of  being  depraved  :  de- 
pravity. 

DEPRAVE,  de-prav',  v.t.  to  make  bad  or 
worse :  to  corrupt.  [Fi-. — L.  depravo— 
de,  intensive,  and  pravus,  crooked,  bad.] 

DEPRAVED,  de-pravd',  adj.  corrupt: 
abandoned. — adv.  Depeav'edly. — n.  De- 
peav'edkess. 

DEPRAVITY,  de-prav'i-ti,  n.  a  vitiated  or 
corrupt  state  of  moral  character  :  ex- 
treme wickedness :  corruption. 

DEPRECATE,  dop're-kat,  v.t.  to  try  to 
ward  off  by  prayer :  to  desire  earnestly 
the  removal  of  :  to  regret  deeplj'. — adv. 
Dep'eecatingly.  [L.  depreeor,  depre- 
catiis — de,  away,  and  precor,  to  pray. 
See  Peay.] 

DEPRECATION,  dep-re-ka'shun,  n.  apray- 
ing  against  evil  :  entreaty. 

DEPRECATIVE,  dep're-ka^tiv,  DEPRE- 
CATORY, dep're-ka-tor-i,  adj.  tending  to 
avert  evil  by  prayer ;  having  the  form  of 
prayer. 

DEPRECIATE,  de-pre'shi-at,  v.i.  to  lower 
the  worth  of :  to  undervalue  :  to  dispar- 
age.— v.i.  to  fall  in  value.  [L.  depretio, 
depretiatus  —  de,  down,  and  pretium, 
price.     See  Peice.] 

DEPRECIATION,  de-pre-shi-a'shun,  n.  the 
falling  of  value  :  disparagenient. 

DEPRECIATIVE,  de-pre'shi-a-tiv,  DE- 
PRECIATORY, de-pre'shi-a-tor-i,  adj. 
tending  to  depreciate  or  lower. 

DEPREDATE,  dep're-dat,  v.t.  to  plunder  or 
prey  upon :  to  rob  :  to  lay  waste :  tn  de- 
vour. [L.  deprcedor,  deproedatus  —  de, 
intensive,  and  j)roedo) — prceda,  plunder. 

DEPREDATION,  dep-re-da'shun,  n.  act  of 
depredating  or  plundering :  state  of  being 
depredated. 


DEPREDATOR,  dep're-da-tor,  n.  a  plun- 
derer, a  robber. — adj.  Dep'eedatoiy. 

DEPRESS,  de-pres',  v.t.  to  press  down  :  to 
let  down  :  to  lower  :  to  humble  :  to  dis- 
pirit or  cast  a  gloom  over. — adv.  Dk- 
PEESS'INGLY.  [L.  deprimo,  depressus — 
de,  down,  andpremo,  to  press.] 

DEPRESSANT,  de-pres'ant,  n.  in  med.  a 
remedial  agent  which  represses  the  cir- 
culation of  the  blood  and  the  contractil- 
ity of  the  heart. 

DEPRESSION,  de-presh'un,  n.  a  falling  in 
or  sinking :  a  hollow :  abasement :  dejec- 
tion. 

DEPRESSIVE,  de-pres'iv,  adj.  able  or  tend- 
ing to  depress. — n.  Depress'oe. 

DEPRESSrVENESS,  de-pres'iv-nes,  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  depressive :  de- 
pression. "  111  health  and  its  concomi- 
tant depressiveness." — Carlyle. 

DEPRIVATION,  dep-ri-va'shun,  n.  act  of 
depriving :  state  of  being  deprived  :  loss : 
bereavement. 

DEPRIVE,  de-prlV,  v.t.  to  take  away  from 
one  his  own  :  to  take  from  :  to  dispossess  : 
to  bereave.  [L.  de,  from,  and  privo,  to 
deprive— ^j'ltJMS,  one's  own.] 

DEPTH,  depth,  «.,  deepness :  the  measure 
of  deepness  down  or  inwards  ;  a  deep 
place :  the  sea  :  the  middle,  as  depth  of 
winter  :  abstruseness :  extent  of  sagacity 
and  penetration. — adj.  Depth'LESS,  hav- 
ing no  depth.    [See  Deep.] 

DEPUTABLE,  dep'u-ta-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being  or  fit  to  be  deputed.  "A  man 
deputable  to  the  London  Parliament."—- 
Carlyle. 

DEPUTATION,  dep-u-ta'shun,  n.  act  of 
deputing :  the  person  or  persons  de- 
puted or  appointed  to  transact  business 
for  another. 

DEPUTE,  de-put',  v.t.  to  appoint  or  send, 
as  a  substitute  or  agent :  to  send  with  a 
special  commission.  [Fr. — L.  depute,  to 
cut  off.  Late  L.  to  select.] 

DEPUTY,  dep'u-ti,  n.  one  deputed  or  ap 
pointed  to  act  for  another  :  a  delegate  or 
representative  :  in  U.S.  an  assistant  to  a 
public  officer,  as  Deputy  U.S.  Marshal. 

DERANGE,  de-ranj',  v.t.  to  put  out  of 
place  or  order  :  to  disorder.  [Fr.  derunger 
— de  (L.  dis),  asunder,  and  ranger,  to  rank. 
See  RAfOE,  Rank.] 

DERANGEMENT,  de-ranj'ment,  n.  disor- 
der :   insanity. 

DERELICT,  der'e-likt,  adj.,  entirely  relin- 
quished or  forsaken:  abandoned. — n.  any- 
tliing  forsaken  or  abandoned.  [L.  dere- 
linquo,  derelictus — de,  intensive,  and 
linquo,  to  leave.     See  Leave.] 

DERELICTION,    der-e-lik'shun,  m.   act  of 

{orsaking :  an  entii'e  forsaking :  state  of 
eing  abandoned. 

DERIDE,  de-rld',  v.t.  to  laugh  at :  to 
mock. — n.  Derid'ee. — adv.  Deetd'ingly. 
[L.  deriUeo — de,  intensive,  and  rideo,  to 
laugh.] 

DERISION,  de-rizh'un,  ?i.  act  of  deriding : 
mockery :  a  laughing-stock. 

DERISIVE,  de-rfsiv,  adj.  mocking. — adv. 
Deri'sively. 

DERIVABLE,  de-riv'a-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being  derived. — adv.  Debit' ably. 

DERIVATE,  der'iv-at,  adj.  derived.  "  Put- 
ting trust  in  Him  from  whom  the  rights 
of  kings  are  derivate." — Sir  H.  Taylor. 

DERIVATION,  der-i-va'shun,  n.  act  of  da 
riving :  a  drawing  off  or  from  :  the  trac- 
ing of  a  woi'd  to  its  original  root :  that 
which  is  derived.  , 

DERIVATn^E,  de-riv'a-tiv,  adj.,  derived, 
or  taken  from  something  else  :  not  radi- 
cal or  original. — n.  that  wliich  is  derived: 
a  word  taken  or  formed  from  another 
word. — adv.  Deetv'attvely. 

DERIVE,  de-riv',  v.t.  to  drafr  from,  as 
water  from  a  river:  to  take  or  receive 


DERM 


99 


DESPOT 


trom  a  source  or  origin  :  to  infer  :  (etym.) 
to  trace  a  word  to  its  root.  [L.  derivo — 
'h,  down  from,  and  rivus,  a  river.] 

DERM,  derm,  n.  tlie  shin.  [Gr.  derma, 
ilermatos,  tlie  sldn — dero,  to  flay.] 

DERMAL,  derm'al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
■skin  :  consisting  of  skin. 

OERMALGIA,  der-mal'ji-a,  n.  a,  painful 
condition  of  tiie  sliin  arising  from  nerv- 
ous disease  :  neuralgia  of  the  sliin.  [Gr. 
•'     derma,  sldn,  and  algos,  pain.] 

DERMATOLOGY,  der-ma-tol'o-ji,  n.  the 
branch  of  physiology  which  treats  of  tlie 
skiu.    [Gr.  derma,  and  logos,  a  discourse.] 

DERMOPATHIC,  der-mo-path'ik,  adj.  re- 
lating to  svirgical  treatment  of  the  skin. 
— Dermopathio  instrument,  a  needle 
used  to  conduct  a  current  to  the  tissues. 

DEROGATE,  der'o-gat,  v.i.  to  lessen  by 
taking  away :  to  detract.  [L.  derogo,  to 
repeal  part  of  a  law — de,  down  from,  and 
rogo,  to  propose  a  law.    See  Abrogate.] 

DEROGATION,  der-o-ga'shun,  n.  a  taking 
from  :  detraction  :  depreciation. 

DEROGATORY,  de-rog'a-tor-i,  adj.  de- 
tracting :  injurious. — adv.  Derog'ator- 
ILY. — n.  Derog'atoriness. 

DERRINGER,  der'in-jer,  n.  a  short-bar- 
relled pistol  of  large  calibre,  very  effect- 
ive at  a  short  rano^e.  A  recent  form  of 
the  weapon  is  made  with  a  single  bar- 
rel, breach-loading  action,  weighing  in  all 
about  8  ounces,  and  carrj'ing  a  ^-ounce 
ball.  [After' the  inventor,  an  American 
gunsmith.] 

DERVIS,  der'vis,  DERVISH,  dei-'vish.  n. 
among  MohammedE^ns,  a  class  of  monks 
who  profess  extreme  poverty,  and  lead 
an  austere  life.     [Pers.  derwSscli,  poor.] 

DESCANT,  des'kant,  n.  Qit.)  apart  song: 
a  discourse  or  disquisition  in  several 
parts,  or  under  several  heads :  a  dis- 
course. [O.  Fr.  descant  ^1,.  (Us,  apart, 
and  eantiis,  a  song — canto,  to  sing-.] 

OESCANT,  des-kant',  v.i.  to  discourse  at 
length  :  to  comment. 

DESCEND,  de-send',  v.i.  to  climb  down  :  to 
pass  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  place  or 

•  condition  ;  to  fall  upon  or  invade  :  to  be 
derived. — v.t.  to  go  down  upon.  [Fr. 
descendre — L.  deseendo—de,  down,  and 
scando,  to  climb.] 

DESCENDANT,  de-send'ant,  n.  one  who 
descends,  as  oflfspring  from  an  ancestor. 


[Fr.] 
DESCF' 


iSCENDENT,  de-send'ent,  adj.,  descend- 
ing or  going  down:  proceeding  from  an 
ancestor.     [L.l 

DESCENDIBLE,  de-send'i-bl,  adj.  that 
may  descend  or  be  descended. 

DESCENSION,  de-sen'shun,  n.  act  of  de- 
scending :  a  falling  or  sinking. — adj.  De- 

SCEN'SIONAl. 

DESCENT,  de-sent',  n.  act  of  descending: 
motion  or  progress  downward  :  slope  :  a 
falling  upon  or  invasion :  derivation 
from  an  ancestor. 

DESCRIBABLE,  de-skr!b'a-bl,  adj.  capable 
of  being  described. 

DESCRIBE,  de-skrib',  v.t.  to  trace  out  or 
delineate  :  to  give  an  account  of.  [L. 
describo — de,  down,  and  seribo,  scrijitus, 
to  writej 

DESCRIPTION,  de-skrip'shun,  n.  act  of 
describing :  an  account  of  anything  in 
words  :  definition  :  sort,  class,  or  kind. 

DESCRIPTIVE,  de-skrip'tiv,  adj.  contain- 
ing description. — acir.  DESCRlP'TrviELY.^ 

n.  DESCRIP'TI V ENESS. 

DESCRY,  de-slaT,  v.t.  to  discover  by  the 
eye  :  to  espy  :-^r.p.  descrying  ;  pa.p. 
descried'.  [O.  Fr.  descrire  for  descrivre 
— L.  describo.  It  is  a  doublet  of  De- 
scribe.] 

DESECRATE,  des'e-krat,  v.t.  to  divert 
from  a  sacred  purpose  :  to  prof»ne.    [L. 


desecro — de,    away  from,  and   sacro,  to 
make  sacred — sacer,  sacred.] 

DESECRATION,  des-e-kra'shun,  n.  act  of 
desecrating :  profanation. 

DESERT,  de-zert',  n.  the  reward  or  pun- 
ishment deserved  :  claim  to  reward  : 
merit. 

DESERT,  de-zert',  v.t.  to  leave  :  to  forsake. 
— v.i.  to  run  away:  to  quit  a  service,  as 
the  army,  without  permission.  [L.  de- 
sero,  desertus — de,  negative,  and  sero,  to 
bind.] 

DESERT,  dez'ert,  adj.,  deserted  :  forsaken ; 
desolate :  uncultivated. — n.  a  desolate  or 
barren  place  :   a  wUderness ;  a  solitude. 

DESERTER,  de-zert'er,  n.  one  who  deserts 
or  quits  a  service  without  permission. 

DESERTION,  de-zer'shun,  n.  act  of  desert- 
ing: state  of  being  deserted. 

DESERVE,  de-zerv',  v.t.  to  earn  by  service: 
to  merit. — v.i.  to  be  worthy  of  reward. 
[L.  deservio^de,  intensive,  and  servio, 
to  serve.]^ 

DESERVEDLY,  de-zerv'ed-li,  adv.  accord- 
ingto  desert:  justly. 

DESERVING,  de-zerv'ing,  adj.,  worthy.— 
7K  desert. — adv.  Deserv'ingly. 

DESHABILLE,  des-a-bil',  n.  an  undress; 
a  careless  toilet.  [Fr.  deshabilU,  un- 
dressed— des,  L.  dis=un,  not,  and  habil- 
ler,  to  dress.] 

DESICCANT,  de-sik'ant,  DESICCATTVE, 
de-sik'at-iv,  adj.,  drying;  having  the 
power  of  drying.  —  n.  an  application 
that  tends  to  dry  up  sores. 

DESSICATE,  de-sik'at,  v.t.  to  dry  up.— v.i. 
to  grow  dry.  [L.  desicco,  to  dry  up — de, 
and  sicctis,  dryJ 

DESICCATION,  des-ik-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  desiccating :  state  of  being  desiccated. 

DESIDERATE,  de-sid'er-at,  v.t.  to  long  for 
or  earnestly  desire  a  thing :  to  want  or 
miss.  [L.  desidero,  desideratum — from 
root  of  Consider.    A  doublet  of  Desire.] 

DESIDERATUM,  de-sid-er-a'tum,  n.  some- 
thing desired  or  much  \ra,nted:— pi.  De- 
siderata, de-sid-er-a'ta.  [L.,  pa.p.  of  de- 
sidero.] 

DESIGN,  de-sin'  or  de-zin',  v.t.  to  mark  out : 
to  draw  :  to  form  a  plan  of :  to  contrive  : 
to  intend. — n.  a  drawing  or  sketch:  a  plan 
in  outline  :  a  plan  or  scheme  formed  in 
the  mind:  plot:  intention. — adj.  Design'- 
ABLE.  [Fr. — L.  designo — de,  and  signum, 
a  mark.] 

DESIGNATE,  des'ig-nat,  v.t.  to  mark  out 
so  as  to  make  known :  to  show  :  to  name. 
— M.  Des'ignator. 

DESIGNATION,  des-ig-na'shun,  n.  a  show- 
ing or  pointing  out  ;  name :  title. 

DESIGNEDLY,  de-sln'ed-li,  adv.  by  de- 
sign :  intentionally. 

DESIGNER,  de-sln'er,  n.  one  who  furnishes 
designs  or  patterns  :  a  plotter. 

DESIGNING,  de-sln'ing,  adj.  artful :  schem. 
ing  :  deceitful. — n.  the  art  of  making  de- 
signs or  patterns. 

DESIRABLE,  de-zir'a-bl,  adj.  worthy  of 
desire :  pleasing  :  agreeable. — adv.  De- 
sm'ABLY. — n.  Desir'ableness. 

DESIRE,  de-zir',  v.t.  to  long  for  the  pos- 
session of  :  to  wish  for :  to  request,  ask : 
(B.)  to  regret. — n.  an  earnest  longing 
for :  eagerness  to  obtain  :  a  prayer  or 
request :  the  object  desu'ed  :  lust.  [Fr. 
desirer—L.  desiaerare.  See  Desiderate.] 

DESIROUS,  de-zli-'us,  adj.  full  of  desire : 
anxious  to  obtain  :  eager. 

DESIST,  de-sist',  v.i.  to  stop :  to  forbear. 
[L.  desisto — de,  away,  and  sisto,  to  cause 
to  stand.] 

DESK,  desk,  n.  a  sloping  table  for  the  use 
of  writers  or  readers :  a  pulpit.  [A.S. 
disc,  a  table,  plate— L.  discus.  It  is  a 
variant  of  DiSH  and  Disc] 

DESMOGNATH^,  des-mog'na-the,  n.pl. 
in   Huxley's    classification   of   birds,    in 


which  the  main  characters  are  drawn 
from  the  osseous  structure,  a  sub-order 
of  Carinata?,  having  the  vomer  abortive 
or  small  ;  the  maxillo-iialatines  united 
across  the  middle  line,  either  directlj-  or 
by  means  of  ossifications  in  the  nasal 
septum.  It  includes  a  great  number  of 
grallatorial  and  natatorial  birds,  the  ae 
cipitrlne  or  rajjtorial,  the  scansorial, 
most  of  the  flssirostral  groups,  and  ali 
the  Syndactyli.  [Gr.  desmos,  a  band,  and 
gnafhos,  a  jaw.] 

DESOLA'TE,  des'o-lat.  v.t.  to  make  solitary: 
to  deprive  of  inhabitants  :  to  lay  waste. 
— adj.  solitarj- :  destitute  of  inhabitants ; 
laid  waste.— adc.  Des'olately.— ».  Des'- 
olateness.  '  [L.  desolo,  desolatxis  —  de, 
intensive,  and  solo,  to  make  alone — solus, 
alone.] 

DESOLATION,  des-o-la'shun,  n.  waste: 
destruction  :  a  place  desolated. 

DESPAIR,  de-spar',  v.i.  to  be  ivithout  hope: 
to  despond. — n.  want  of  hope  :  utter  hope- 
lessness :  that  which  causes  despair. — 
adv.  Despair'ingly.  [0.  Fr.  desperer 
and  despoirer — L.  despero—de,  privative, 
and  spero,  to  hope.] 

DESPATCH,  de-spach',  v.t.  to  send  away 
hastily  :  to  send  out  of  the  world  :  to  put 
to  death :  to  dispose  of :  to  perform 
speedily. — n.  a  sending  away  in  haste:  dis- 
missal :  rapid  performance  :  haste  :  that 
which  is  despatched,  as  a  message.  [O. 
Fr.  despeecher,  ace.  to  Littre,  from  Low 
L.  dispedieare,  to  remove  obstacles  (pe- 
dica,  a  fetter),  the  opp.  of  impedicare. 
See  Impeach.] 

DESPATCH-BOX,  de-spach'boks,  n.  a  box 
or  case  for  carrying-  despatches  :  a  box  for 
containing  despatches  or  other  papers 
and  other  conveniences  while  travelling. 

DESPERADO,  des-per-a'do,  n.  a  desperate 
fellow :  one  reckless  of  danger  :  a  mad- 
man :  — pi.  Despera'does.  [8p.  deses- 
perado — L.  dcsperatus.l 

DESPERATE,  des'per-at,  adj.  in  a  state  of 
despair  :  hopeless  :  beyond  hope  :  fear  • 
less  of  danger  :  rash  :  furious. — adv.  Des'- 
perately. — n.  Des'perateness. 

DESPERATION,  des-per-a'shun,  n.  state  oi 
despair  :  disregard  of  danger  :  furv. 

DESPICABLE,  des'pi-ka-bl,  adj.  deserving 
to  be  despised  :  contemptible  :  worthless. 
— n .  Des'picableness. — adv.  Des'pic  ably. 

DESPIGHT,  de-spit',  an  old  form  of  De- 
spite. 

DESPISE,  de-splz',  v.t.  to  look  doum  upon 
with  contempt :  to  scorn.  [L.  despicio 
— de,  down,  specio,  to  look.] 

DESPITE,  de-spit',  n.  a  looking  down  upon 
with  contempt :  violent  malice  or  ha- 
tTed.—prep.  in  .'ipite  of:  notwithstanding. 
[Fr.  depit,  O.  Fr.  despit — L.  despectus — 
despicio.] 

DESPITEFUL,  de-spit'fool,  adj  full  of  de- 
spite  or  spite. — adv.  Despite'fully. — n. 
Despite' FULNESS. 

DESPOIL,  de-spoU',  v.t.  to  spoil  completely: 
to  strip  :  to  bereave :  to  rob. — ns.  De- 
spoil'er,  Despoua'tion.  [O.  Fr.  de- 
spoiller — L.  despoliare—de,  inten.,  and 
root  of  Spoil.] 

DESPOND,  de-spond',  v.i.  to  lose  hope  or 
courage  :  to  despair. — adv.  Despond'INO- 
LY.  [L.  despondeo  —  de,  away,  and 
spondeo,  to  promise.] 

DESPONDENCE,  de-spond'ens,DESPOND. 
ENCY,  de-spond'en-si,  n.  state  of  being 
without  hope  :  dejection. 

DESPONDENT,  de-spond'ent,  adj.,despond 
ing:  without  courage  or  hope:  sad. — 
adv.  Despond'ently. 

DESPOT,  des'pot,  n.  one  invested  with  ab- 
solute power  :  a  tj^rant.  [Gr.  des-potes 
—des,  origin  unknown,  and  root  pot, 
found  in  L.  potis,  able,  Gr.  posis,  a  nu» 
band,  Sans,  pati,  lord.] 


DESPOTIC 


100 


DEUCiC 


DESPOTIC,  des-pot'ii,  DESPOTICAL,  des- 
pot'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  like  a  des- 
pot :  having  absolute  power :  tyrannical. 
— adv.  Despot'icat.t.y. 

DESPOTISM,  des'pot-izm,  n.  absolute 
power. 

DESPOTIST,  des'pot-ist,  n.  one  who  sup- 
ports or  who  is  in  favor  of  despotism. 
"  I  must  become  as  thorough  a  despotist 
and  imperialist  as  Strafford  himseU." — 
Kingsley. 

3ESP0T0CRACY,  des-po-tok'ra-si,  n.  des- 
potic rule  or  government :  despotism. 
"  Despofocraey,  the  worst  institution  of 
the  middle  ages,  the  leprosy  of  society, 
came  over  the  water ;  the  slave  survived 
the  priest,  the  noble  the  king." — ZTieo- 
dore  Parker.  [Gr.  despotes,  a  master, 
and  kratos.  strength,  power.] 

DESPUMATE,  des'pu-mat  or  de-spu'-,  i\i. 
to  throu'  off  in  foam  or  sciun.  ,  [L.  des- 
piimo,  despumatus — de,  off,  and  spuma, 
foam.] 

DESQUAMATION,  des-kwa-ma'shun,  n.  a 
scaling  off:  the  separation  of  the  cuticle 
or  skin  in  scales,  [L.  desquamo,  des- 
miamattis — de,  off,  and  squama,  a  scale.] 

DESSEET,  dez-ert',  n.  fruits,  confections, 
etc.  served  at  the  close  of  an  entertain- 
ment after  the  rest  has  been  taken  away. 
[Fr.— dessenw,  to  clear  the  table — pfx. 
des,  away,  and  servir,  to  serve — L.  ser- 
i-io.] 

DESSERT-SPOON,  de-zert'- spoon,  n.  a 
spoon  intermediate  in  size  between  a 
table-spoon  and  a  tea-spoon,  and  used  in 
eating  dessert. 

DESTEMPER,  des-tem'per,  DISTEMPER, 
dis-tem'per,  n.  a  coarse  mode  of  paint- 
ing, in  which  the  colors  are  tempered  or 
mixed  in  a  watery  glue,  chiefly  used  in 
scene-painting  and  in  staining  paper  for 
walls.  [Fr.  detrempe  —  d^,  L.  dis,  and 
tremper  for  temprei — L.  temperare,  to 
temper.] 

DESTINATION,  des-ti-na'shun,  n.  the  pur- 
pose or  end  to  which  anything  is  des- 
tined or  appointed  :  end  :  purpose  :  de- 
sign :  fate :  place  to  which  one  is  going. 

DESTINE,  des'tin,  v.t.  to  ordain  or  appoint 
to  a  certain  use  or  state :  to  fix :  to 
doom.  [Fr. — L.  destino — de,  intensive, 
and  root  sta,  in  sto,  stare,  to  stand,  and 
allied  to  Gr.  histano,  liistemi,  to  make  to 
stand,  E.  Stand.] 

DESTINY,  des'ti-ni,  n.  the  purpose  or  end 
to  which  any  person  or  thing  is  destined 
or  appointed  :  unavoidable  fate :  neces- 
sity. 

DESTITUTE,  des'ti-tut,  adj.,  left  alone: 
forsaken  :  in  want,  needy.  [L.  destituo, 
destitutus  —  de,  away,  and  statuo,  to 
place.] 

DESTITUTION,  des-ti-tu'shun,  n.  state  of 
being  destitute :  poverty. 

DESTROY,  de-stroy',  v.t.  to  unbuild  or 
pull  down :  to  overturn  :  to  ruin  :  to 
put  an  end  to  -.—pr-p.  destroy'ing ;  pa.p. 
destroyed'.  [O.  Fr.  destrmre  (Fr.  de- 
truire)  —  L.  destruo,  destructum  —  de, 
down,  and  struo,  to  build.] 

DESTROYER,  de-stro/er,  n.  one  who  de- 
stroys. 

DESTRUCTIBLE,  de-struk'ti-bl,  adj.  liable 
to  be  destroyed. — n.  DESTRUCTlBlL'rrY. 

DESTRUCTION,  de-struk'shun,  n.  act  of 
destroying  :  overthrow  :  ruin  :  death. 

DESTRUCTIVE,  de-struk'tiv,  adj.  caus- 
ing destruction  :  mischievous  :  ruinous  : 
deadly. — adv.  Desteuc'ttvelt. — n.    De- 

STRUCyxrVENESS. 

DESUDATION,  des-u-da'shun,  n.  a  violent 
sweating:  an  eruption  of  small  pimples 
on  children.  [L.  de,  intensive,  and  siido, 
to  sweat.] 

DESUETUDE,  des' we-tud,  71.,  disuse:  dis- 
continuance of  custom,  habit,  or  practice. 


[L.  desuetude — de,  negative,  and  suesco, 
to  become  used.] 

DESULTORY,  des'ul-tor-i,  adj.,  jumping 
from  one  thing  to  another:  without 
rational  or  logical  connection:  cambling: 
hasty  :  loose.  —  adv.  Des'ultomly.  —  n. 
Des'ultoriness.  [L.  desidtorius — de, 
from,  and  salio,  to  jump.] 

DETACH,  de-tach',  v.t.  to  untaek  or  un- 
fasten :  to  take  from  or  separate :  to 
withdraw.  [Fr.  detacher — di,  from,  and 
root  of  Attach.] 

DETACHMENT,  cle-tach'ment,  n.  state  of 
being  separated  :  that  which  is  detached, 
as  a  body  of  troops. 

DETAIL,  de-tal',  v.t.  to  relate  minutely : 
to  enumerate  :  to  set  apart  for  a  par- 
ticular service. — n.  (de'tal  or  de-tal')  a 
small  part :  a  minute  and  particular  ac- 
count. [Fr.  detainer — de,  intensive,  and 
tailler,  to  cut.    See  Tailor,  Tault.1 

DETAIN,  de-tan',  t".?.  to  /io?d/romor  back: 
to  stop  :  to  keep.  [Fr.  detenir — L.  de- 
tineo—de,  from,  and  te7ieo,  to  hold.] 

DETAINER,  de-tan'er,  71.  one  who  detains: 
(laio)  the  holding  of  what  belongs  to  an- 
other. 

DETAINMENT,  de-tan'ment,  n.  same  as 
Detention. 

DETECT,  de-tekt',  v.t.  (lit.)  to  uncover- 
hence  to  discover :  to  find  out.  [L.  de, 
neg.,  and  tego,  tectus,  to  cover.] 

DETECTABLE,  de-tekt'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  detected. 

DETECTER,  DETECTOR,  de-tekt'er,  -or, 
7t.  one  who  detects. 

DETECTION,  de-tek'shun,  n.  discovery  of 
something  hidden. 

DETECTIVE,  de-tekt'iv,  adj.  employed  in 
detecting. — n.  a  poUcemau  employed  sec- 
retly to  detect  crime. 

DETENTION,  de-ten'shun,  n.  act  of  detain- 
ing :  state  of  being  detained  :  confine- 
ment :  delay. 

DETER,  de-ter',  v.t.  to  frighten  from  :  to 
hinder  or  prevent:— ^/-.p.  deterr'ing;pa.j3. 
deterred'.  [L.  deterreo — de,  from,  and 
terreo,  to  frighten.] 

DETERGE,  de-terj',  v.t.  to  wipe  off:  to 
cleanse  (as  a  wound).  [L.  detergeo,  de- 
tersus — de,  off,  and  tergeo,  to  wipe.] 

DETERGENCE,  de-ter'iens,  DETERGEN- 
CY,  de-ter'jen-si,  n.  the  state  or  quality 
of  being  detergent :  cleansing  or  purging 
power.  "Bathwater  .  .  .  possesses 
that  milkiness,  deiergency,  and  middling 
heat,  so  friendly  adapted  to  weakened 
animal  constitutions." — Defoe. 

DETERGENT,  de-terj'ent,  adj.,  cleansing: 
purging. — n.  that  which  cleanses. 

DETERIORATE,  de-te'ri-o-rat,  v.t.  to  bring 
down  or  make  worse. — v.i.  to  grow  woi-se. 
[L.  deterior,  worse — obs.  deter,  lower — 
de,  down  ;  cf.  in-ter-ior.] 

DETERIORATION,  de-te-ri-o-ra'shun,  n. 
the  state  of  growing  worse. 

DETERMINABLE,  de-ter'min-a-bl,  adj. 
capable  of  being  determined,  decided  on, 
or  finished. 

DETERMINATE,  de-ter'mln-at,  adj.,  de- 
termined or  limited:  fixed:  decisive. — 
adv.  Deter'mnately. 

DETERMINATION,  de-ter-min-a'shun,  n. 
that  which  is  determined  or  resolved  on  : 
end  :  direction  to  a  certain  end  :  resolu- 
tion :  purpose  :  decision. 

DETERMINATIVE,  de-ter'min-a-tiv,  adj. 
that  determines,  limits,  or  defines. 

DETERMINE,  de-ter'niin,  v.t.  to  put  terms 
or  bounds  to :  to  limit :  to  fix  or  settle 
the  form  or  character  of  :  to  influence  : 
to  put  an  end  to  :  to  resolve  on  :  to  de- 
fine. [L.  determino,  determinatus — de, 
priv.,  and  terminus,  a  boundary.] 

DETERMINED,  de-ter'mind,  adj.  firm  in 
purpose  :  fixed :  resolute. — adv.   Detee'- 

MINEDLT. 


DETERMINISM,  de-ter'min-izm,  n.  a  sys- 
tem of  philosophy  which  denies  liberty 
of  action  to  man,  holcUng  that  the  will  is 
not  free,  but  is  invincibly  determined  by 
motives  ;  specifically,  in  the  scholastic 
philosophy,  the  doctrine  that  our  will  is 
invincibly  determined  by  a  proWdential 
motive,  that  is  to  say  by  a  motive  with 
which  divine  Providence  always  furnishes 
us,  so  as  in  our  uiental  deliberations  to 
make  the  balance  incline  in  accordance 
with  His  law.  "Determinism. — This 
name  is  appUed  by  Sir  W.  Hamilton  to 
the  doctrine  of  Hobbes,  as  contradistin- 
guished from  the  ancient  doctrine  of 
fatalism." — Fleming. 

DETERMINIST,  de-ter'min-ist,  n.  one  who 
supports  or  favors  determinism. 

DETERRENT,  de-ter'ent,  adj.  serving  to 
deter. — ?i.  anything  that  deters  or  pre- 
vents. 

DETERSION,  de-ter'shun,  n.  ^ct  of  cleans- 
ing.   [See  Deterge.] 

DETERSIVE,  de-ter'siv,  n.  same  as  De- 
tergent. 

DETEST,  de-test',  v.t.  to  hate  intensely. 
[L.  detestor — de,  intensive,  and  testor,  to 
call  to  witness,  execrate — testis,  a  wit- 
ness.! 

DETESTABLE,  de-test'arbl,  adj.  worthy  of 
being  detested:  extremely  hateful:  abom- 
inable. —  adv.  Detest' ABLT.  —  ns.  De- 
test'ableness.  Detest abil'itt.   Carlyle. 

DETESTATION,  de-test-a'shun,  n.  extreme 
hatred. 

DETHRONE,  de-thron',  v.t.  to  remove 
from  a  throne :  to  divest  of  royal  au- 
thority.   [L.  de,  from,  and  Throne.] 

DETHRONEMENT,  de-thron'ment,  n.  re- 
moval from  a  throne :  deposition. 

DETONATE,  det'o-nat,  v.i.  to  explode.— 
v.t.  to  cause  to  explode.  [L.  detono — de, 
down,  and  tono,  to  thunder.] 

DETONATION,  det-o-na'shun,  n.  a  sudden ' 
e,V23losion. 

DETOUR,  de-toor',  n.  a  winding :  a  circui- 
tous way.  [Fr.  di,  for  L.  dis,  asunder, 
and  tour,  a  turning.    See  Turn.] 

DETRACT,  de-trakt',  v.t.  to  take  auay 
from  the  credit  or  reputation  of :  to 
defame  :  to  abuse. — ns.  Detract'er,  De- 
tract'or. — adv.  Detract'ingly.  [L. — 
de,  from,  and  traho,  to  draw.] 

DETRACTION,  de-trak'shun,  n.  deprecia- 
tion :  slander. 

DETRACTORY,  de-trakt'or-i,  adj.  tending 
to  detract :  derogatory. 

DETRAIN,  de-tran',  v.t.  to  take  out  of  a 
railway  train,  as  troops. — Used  also  v.i. 
to  leave  a  railway  train.  [A  recent  coin- 
age in  military  parlance.] 

DETRIMENT,  det'ri-ment,  n.  a  rubbing  off 
or  wearing  away  :  damage :  loss.  [L. 
detrimentum — de,  oS,  and  tero,  tritus,  to 
rub.] 

DETRIMENTAL,  det-ri-ment'al,  adj.  in- 
jiu'ious. 

DETRITION,  de-trish'un,  n.  a  wearing 
away. 

DETRITUS,  de-ti-rtus,  n.  a  mass  of  sub- 
stance gradually  rubbed  or  rcorn  off  solid 
bodies — smaller  than  debris.  [L.  —  de, 
off,  and  tero,  tritus,  to  rub.] 

DETRUDE,  de-trood',  v.t.  to  thrust  dou-n. 
[L.  de,  down,  and  trudo,  to  thrust.] 

DETRUNCATE,  de-trung'kat,   v.t.   to  cut 
off  from  the  trunk :  to  lop  off :  to  shorten,  / 
[L.  de,  off,  and  trunco,  to  lop — truncus, 
a  trunk.] 

DETRUNCATION,  de-trung-ka'shun,  n, 
act  of  lopping  off. 

DETRUSION,  de-troo'zhun,  n.  a  thrusting 
down. 

DEUCE,  dijs,  n.  a  card  or  die  with  two 
spots.     [Fr.  deiuc,  two^L.  duo,  two,] 

DEUCE,  DEUSE,  dus,  n.  the  evil  one  :  the 
devil.     [O     Ft.  deus,   O  God— L.    deus. 


DEUTEROGAMY 


101 


DIALOGISTIO 


God.  "  It  is  merely  a  Norman  oath  vul- 
garized."— Skeat.] 

DEUTEROGAMY,  du-ter-og'a-mi,  n.,  sec- 
ond marriage,  esp.  of  the  clerg^y,  after 
the  death  of  the  first  wife.  [Gr.  deuteros, 
second,  and  gamos,  marriage.] 

DEUTEROGENIC,  du'ter-o-jen'ik,  adj.  of 
secondary  orig-in  ;  specifically,  in  geol.  a 
term  applied  to  those  rocks  whicla  have 
been  derived  from  tlie  protogenio  rocks 
by  meclianical  action.  [Gr.  deuteros, 
second,  and  genos,  birth,  race.] 

UEtJTERONOMY,  du-ter-on'o-mi  or  du'ter- 
on-o-rai,  n.  the  fifth  book  of  the  Pen- 
tateuch, which  contains  the  second  giv- 
ing of  the  laiu  by  Moses.  [Gr.  deuteros^ 
second,  and  nomas,  law.] 

IDEUTOPLASM,  du'to-plazm,  n.  in  Uol.  a 
term  applied  by  the  younger  Van  Bene- 
den  to  that  portion  of  the  yolk  of  ova 
which  furnishes  materials  for  the  nour- 
ishment of  the  embryo  and  its  accesso- 
ries (tlie  protoplasm). 

DEUTOPLASTIC,  du-to-plas'tik,  adj.  per- 

■    tainina:  to  or  composed  of  .deutoplasm. 

DE\"AStATE,  dev'as-tat,  v.t.  to  lay  waste: 
to  plunder.  [L.  de,  intensive,  and  vasto, 
to  lay  waste.] 

DEVASTATION,  dev-as-ta'shun,  n.  act  of 
devastating  :  state  of  being  devastated  : 
waste  :  desolation. 

DEVELOP,  de-vel'op,  v.t.  to  unroll:  to  un- 
fold :  to  lay  open  by  degrees.  — v.i.  to 
grow  into :  to  open  out  -.^pr.p.  devel'- 
oping ;  pa.p.  devel'oped.  [Fr.  develop- 
er, opp.  of  envelopper  ;  both  perh.  from 
a  Teut.  root  found  in  E.  Lap,  to  wrap. 
See  Lap,  Envelope.] 

DEVELOPMENT,  de-vel'op-ment,  n.  a 
gradual  unfolding:  a  gradual  gi-owth. 

DEVIATE,  de'vi-at,  v.i.  to  go  frotn  the 
way :  to  turn  aside  from  a  certain 
course  :  to  err.  [L.  de,  from,  i-ia,  a  way.] 

DEVIATION,  de-vi-a'shun,  n.  a  going  out 
of  the  way  :  a  turning  aside  :  error. 

DEVICE,  de-vIs',  n.  that  which  is  devised 
or  designed  :  contrivance :  power  of  de- 
vising :  genius  :  (her.)  the  emblem  borne 
upon  a  shield.     fFr.  devise.   See  Devise.] 

DEVIL,  deVl,  n.  (lit.)  the  slanderer  or  ac- 
cuser ;  Satan  :  any  evil  spirit :  a  very 
wicked  person. — v.t.  (cookery)  to  pepper 
excessively.  [A.S.  deofol,  dioful — L. 
diabolus—Gr.  diabolos,  from  diaballo,  to 
throw  across,  to  slander,  from  dia,  across, 
and  ballo,  to  throw.] 

DEVILISH,  deVil-ish,  adj.  of  or  like  the 
devil:  excessively  bad. — adv.  DeViush- 

LY.— W.  DEV'ILISHNESS. 

DEVILRY,  dev'il-ri,  n.  conduct  worthy  of 
the  devil :  extreme  wickedness. 

DEVIOUS,  de'vi-us,  adj.  from  or  out  of  the 
ii:ay:  erring. — adv.  De'viously. — n.  De'- 
viousNESS.    [See  Deviate.] 

DEVISE,  de-viz',  v.t.  to  imagine:  to 
scheme  :  to  contrive  :  to  give  by  will  :  to 
bequeatli.  —  n.  act  of  bequeathing  :  a 
will :  property  bequeathed  by  will.  [Fr. 
deviser — Low  L.  divisa,  a  division  of 
goods,  a  bound  or  mark  of  division,  a 
mark,  a  devise — L.  divido,  divisus,  to 
divide.] 

DEVISER,  de-viz'er,  7i.  one  who  devises  or 
contrives. 

DEVISOR,  de-vTz'or,  n.  one  who  devises  or 
bequeaths  by  will. 

DEVOID,  de-void',  adj.,  quite  void:  desti- 
tute :  free  from.  [L.  de,  intensive,  and 
Void.] 

DEVOIR,  dev-wawr',  n.  what  is  due,  duty: 
service  :  an  act  of  civility.  [Fr.  —  L. 
debeo,  to  owe.] 

DEVOLUTION,  dev-o-lu'shun,  n.  a  passing 
from  one  person  to  another.  [See  De- 
volve.] 

DEVOLVE,  de-volV,  v.t.  to  'roL  Ciown  :  to 
hand  down:  to  deliver  over. — v.L  to  roll 


down  :  to  fall  or  pass  over.  [L.  de, 
down,  Volvo,  volutus,  to  roU.] 

DEVONIAN,  de-vo'ni-an,  adj.  noting  a 
system  of  geological  strata  which  abound 
in  Devonshire,  originally  called  Old  Red 
Sandstone. 

DEVOTE,  de-v6t',  v.t.  to  voiv:  to  set  apart 
or  dedicate  by  solemn  act :  to  doom  :  to 
give  up  wholly.  [L.  devoveo,  devotus — 
•  de,  a\vay,  and  voveo,  to  vow.] 

DEVOTED,  de-vot'ed,  adj.  given  up  to,  as 
by  a  vow:  strongly  attached  :  zealous. — 
adv.  Devot'edly. — n.  Devot'edness. 

DEVOTEE,  dev-o-te',  n.  one  wholly  or 
superstitiously  devoted,  esp.  to  religion: 
a  bigot. 

DEVOTION,  de-v6'shun,  n.  consecration : 
giving  up  of  the  mind  to  the  worship  of 
God  :  piety:  prayer  :  strong  affection  or 
attachment :  ardor. 

DEVOTIONAL,  de-vo'shun-al,  adj.  per- 
taining or  suitable  to  devotion.  —  adv. 
Devo'tionally. 

DEVOUR,  de-vowr',  v.t.  to  sicallow  greed- 
ily :  to  eat  up :  to  consume  or  waste  with 
violence  or  wantonness  :  to  destroy.  — 
11.  Devouk'ee.  [Fr.  devorer — L.  devoro 
— de,  intensive,  and  voro,  to  swallow. 
See  Voracious.] 

DEVOUT,  de-vowt',  ad/,  given  up  to  relig- 
ious thoughts  and  exercises :  pious  : 
solemn. — adv.  Devout'ly. — n.  Devout'- 
KESS.  [Fr.  devot — L.  devotus.  See  De- 
vote.] 

DEW,  du,  n.,  moisture  deposited  from  the 
air  in  minute  specks  upon  the  surface  of 
objects. — v.t.  to  wet  with  dew:  to  moisten. 
— n.  Dew'drop.  [A.S.  deaiv,  akin  to  Ice. 
dogg,  Ger.  thau,  dew.] 

DEWLAP,  du'lap,  n.  the  loose  flesh  about 
the  throat  of  oxen,  which  laps  or  licks 
the  dew  in  grazing. 

DEWPOINT,  du'point,  n.  the  point  or 
temperature  at  which  dew  begins  to  form. 

DEWY,  du'i,  adj.  like  dew :  moist  with  dew. 

DEXTER,  deks'ter,  adj.  on  the  right-hand 
side :  right.  [L.  dexter ;  Gr.  dexios. 
Sans,  dakshina,  on  the  right,  on  the 
soutli.]  

DEXTERITY,  deks'ter'i-ti,  n.,  right-hand- 
edness :  cleverness  :  readiness  and  skiU  : 
adroitness. 

DEXTEROUS,  deks'ter-us,  adj.,  right- 
handed  :  adroit :  subtle. — adv.  Dex'teb- 
otrsLY.— ?i.  Dex'teeousness. 

DEXTRAL,deks'tral,  adj.,  right,  as  opposed 
to  left. 

DEY,  da,  71.  a  governor  of  Algiers  before 
the  French  conquest.  [Turk,  ddi,  orig.  a 
maternal  uncle,  a  familiar  title  of  the 
chief  of  the  Janizaries,  often  promoted 
to  the  above  post.  ] 

DIABETES,  dl-a-be'tez,  n.  a  disease  marked 
by  a  morbid  and  excessive  discharge  of 
virine.  [Gr.,  from  dia,  through,  and 
liiiino,  to  go.] 

DIABETIC,  di-arbet'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
diabetes. 

DIABOLIC,  di-a-bol'ik,  DIABOLICAL,  dl- 
a-bol'ik-al,  adj.,  devilish. — adv.  Diabol'- 
ICALLY.  [L. — Gr.  diabolikos,  from  dio- 
bolos,  the  devil.    See  Devil.] 

DIAGONAL,  di-ak'o-nal,  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  deacon. 

DIACONATE,  dl-ak'o-nat,  n.  the  office  of  a 
deacon. 

DIACRITIC,  di-a-krit'ik,  DIACRITICAL, 
di-a-krit'ik-al,  adj.,  distinguishing  be- 
tween. [Gr. — dia,  between,  and  krino,  to 
distinguish.     See  Critic] 

DIACTINIC,  dl-ak-tin'ik,  adj.  capable  of 
transmitting  the  actinic  or  chemical  rays 
of  the  sun.  [Gr. — dia,  through,  and  aktis, 
aktinos,  a  ray.] 

DIADEM,  dl'a-dem,  n.  a  handov  fillet  worn 
round  the  head  as  a  badge  of  royalty :  a 


crown :    royalty.     [Gr.    diadema      dia 
round,  and  deo,  to  bind.] 

DIADEMED,  dl'a-demd,  adj  wearing  a 
diadem. 

DIURESIS,  DIERESIS,  di-er'e-sis,  n.  a. 
mark  (■•)  placed  over  one  of  two  vowels 
to  show  that  each  is  to  be  pronounced 
separately,  as  in  aerial: — 2^1-  Dlbr'eses, 
Dier'eses.  [Gr. — dia,  apart,  and  haired 
to  take.] 

DLAGLYPH,  dl'a-glif,  n.  a  sculptured  m 
engraved  production  in  which  the  figures 
are  sunk  below  the  general  surface  :  ais 
intaglio. 

DIAGNOSIS,  di-ag-no'sis,  n.  the  distin- 
guishing a  disease  by  means  of  its  symp- 
toms :  a  brief  description  : — pi.  Dlvgno'- 
ses.  [Gr. — dia,  between,  and  ginosko, 
to  knowj 

DIAGNOSTIC,  dl-ag-nos'tik,  adj.,  distin 
guishing :  characteristic.  —  n.  that  by 
which  anything  is  known  :  a  symptom, 

DIAGONAL,  dl-ag'o-nal,  adj.,  through  the 
corners,  or  from  angle  to  an  opposite 
angle  of  a  four  or  many  sided  figure. — n, 
a  straight  line  so  drawn. — adv.  Diag'o- 
NALLY.  [L.  diagonalis,  from  Gr.  diag- 
onios — dia,  through,  and  gonia,  a  cor- 
ner,] 

DIAGRAM,  di'a-gram,  n.  a  figure  or  plan 
drawn  to  illustrate  any  statement.— ac{/, 
Diaoramjiat'ic.  [Gr.  diagramma — dia, 
round,  and  grapho,  to  write,  delineate.] 

DIAGRAJI.  di'a-gram,  v.t.  to  draw  or  put 
into  the  form  of  a  diagram  :  to  make  a 
diagram  of.  "  They  are  matters  which 
refuse  to  be  theoremed  and  diagramed, 
wliich  Logic  ought  to  know  she  cannot 
speak  of." — Carlyle. 

DIAGRAPH,  drVgraf,  n.  an  instrument 
used  in  perspective  drawing. 

DIAHELIOTROPIC,  dl-a-he'li-o-trop'ik,  n, 
in  bot.  turning  transversely  to  the  light, 
as  the  stem  or  other  organs  of  a  plant : 
pertaining  to  diaheliotropism.  Darwin^ 
[Gr.  dia,  through,  helios,  the  sun,  and 
trope,  a  turning.] 

DIAHELIOTROPISM,  di-a-he'li-ot  rop-izm, 
71.  in  bot.  the  disposition  or  tendency  of 
a  plant  or  of  the  organs  of  a  plant  to  as- 
sume a  more  or  less  transverse  position 
to  the  light.    Darwin. 

DIAL,  dl'al,  71.  an  instrument  for  showing 
the  time  of  day  by  tlie  sun's  sliadow: 
the  face  of  a  watch  or  clock.  [Low  L. 
dialis,  daily — L.  dies,  a  day,] 

DIALECT,  di'a-lekt,  n.  a  variety  or  form 
of  a  language  peculiar  to  a  district.  [Gr. 
dialektos,  speech,  manner  of  speech,  pe- 
culiarity of  speech — dia,  between,  and 
lego,  to  choose,  to  speakj 

DliliECTIC,  di-a-lek'tik,  DIALECTICAL, 
dl-a-lek'tik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  dialect 
or  to  discourse  :  pertaining  to  dialectics: 
logical. — )i.  same  as  Dialectics. — adt*. 
Dialec'tically.     [Gr.  dinleldikos.  | 

DIALECTICIAN,  di-a-lel<-ti.sii'aa,  n.  one 
skilled  in  dialectics,  a  Icjg'ician. 

DIALECTICS,  dr-a-lek'tifcs.  n.pl.  art  of 
discussing :  that  branch  of  logic  which 
teaches  the  rules  and  modes  of  reason- 
ing. [Gr.  dialektike  (techne,  art,  being 
understood),  art  of  discussing  by  ques- 
tioning, logic] 

DIALIST,  di'al-ist,  n.  a  maker  of  dials; 
one  skilled  in  dialling.— Dialling,  di'al 
ing,  n.  the  art  of  con-tructing  dials. 

DIALLELOUS,  dl-al'lel-us.  adj.  in  logic,  a. 
term  applied  to  the  fallacy  of  reasoning 
or  defining  in  a  circle,  that  is,  the  prov- 
ing of  one  position  by  assuming  one 
identical  with  it,  or  defining  two  things 
each  by  the  other.  [Gr.  dto,  through, 
allelon.  one  another.] 

DIALOGIST.  di-al'o-jist,  n.  a  speaker  in.  or 
writer  of.  a  dialogue. 

DIALOGISTIC,  dl-al-o-jist'ik,  DIALOGIST- 


DIALOGUE 


102 


DlEl' 


ICAL,  di-al-o-jist'ik-al,  adj.  in  the  form 
of  a  dialogue. 

DIALOGUE,  dl'a-log,  n.,  conversation  be- 
tween two  or  more  persons,  esp.  of  a 
formal  or  imaginarj'  nature.  [Fr. — L. 
dialogus — Gr.  dialogos,  a  conversation — 
dialegomai,  to  discourse.    See  Dialect.] 

DIALYSIS,  di-al'i-sis,  n.  {chem.)  the  separa- 
tion of  substances  by  diffusion  through 
a  membranous  septum  or  partition :  di- 
seresis  :— J)/.  Dialyses,  di-al'i-sez. — adj. 
DiALTT'ic.  [Gr.  dialysis — dia,  asunder, 
and  lyo,  to  loose.] 

DIAMAGNETIC,  dl-a-magr-net'ik,  adj., 
cross-magnetic :  applied  to  any  substance, 
such  as  a  rod  of  bismuth  or  glass,  wliich, 
when  suspended  between  the  poles  of  a 
magnet,  arranges  itself  across  the  line 
joining  the  poles  (a  rod  of  iron  or  of  seal- 
ing-wax so  held  arranges  itself  parallel 
to  the  line  joining  the  poles,  and  is  said 
to  he  paramagnetic).  [Gr.  dia,  through, 
across,  and  magnetis.  a  magnet.] 

DIAMANTIFEROUS,  dl'a-man-tifer-us, 
adj.  yielding  or  bearing  diamonds :  dia- 
mond producing.  "Men  with  thick 
straw  shoes  go  on  walking  about  in  the 
diamantiferons  sands  of  the  valley." — 
Academy.  [Fr.  dianiant,  a  diamond, 
and  L.  fero,  to  bear  or  produce.] 

DI AMESOGAMOUS,  dl'a  -  me  -  sog'a  -  mus, 
adj.  in  hot.  a  term  apphed  to  those  lower 
orders  of  plants  whicn  require  an  inter- 
mediate agent  to  produce  fertilization. 
[Gr.  dia,  through,  mesos,  middle,  and 
gamos.  marriage.] 

DIAMETER,  dl-ame-ter,  n.  the  measure 
through  or  across:  a  straight  line  pass- 
ing through  the  centre  of  a  circle  or 
other  figure,  terminated  at  both  ends  by 
the  circumference.  [Gr.  diametros — dia, 
through,  and  metrein,  to  measure.] 

DIAMETRICAL,  di-a-met'rik-al,  adj.  in 
the  direction  of  a  diameter:  direct.— adr. 
Diamet'ricallt. 

DIAMOND,  di'a-mond,  n.  the  most  valu- 
able of  ail  gems  and  the  hardest  of  all 
substances  :  a  four-sided  figure  with  two 
obtuse  and  two  acute  angles  :  one  of  the 
smallest  kinds  of  English  printing  type. 
[Fr.  diamant,  a  corr.  of  Gr.  adamas, 
adamantos,  adamant.  See  Adajiaut; 
also  Daunt  and  Tame.] 

DIAMONDED,  dl'a-mond-ed,  p.  and  adj. 
furnished  or  adorned  with  diamonds. 
Emerson. 

DIAMONDIFEROUS,  dra-mon-dif'er-us, 
adj.  same  as  Diamaxtiferous.  "  One  of 
the  latest  creations  of  pretentious  sciol- 
ism which  I  have  noticed  is  diamondif- 
erous,  a  term  applied  to  certain  tracts  of 
country  in  South  Africa.  Adamantifer- 
ous,  etj'mologically  correct,  would  never 
answer  ;  but  all  except  pedants  or  affec- 
tationists  would  be  satisfied  with  dia- 
mond-producing."— Fitzedward  Hcdl. 

DIAPASON,  dl-a-pa'zon,  n.  a  whole 
octave  :  the  concord  of  the  first  and  last 
notes  of  the  scale.  [Gr.  dia,  through, 
and  pcison,  genitive  pi.  of  pas,  all — part 
of  the  Gr.  phrase,  dia  pason  chordon 
symphonia,  concord  through  all  the 
notes.] 

DIAPER,  dl'a-per,  n.  linen  cloth  woven  in 
figures,  used  for  towels,  etc. — v.t.  to 
variegate  with  figures,  as  diaper.  [Fr. 
diapri,    O.    Fr.   diaspre;   from  root  of 

T  A  ^PT^R  T 

DIAPHANEITY,  dl-a-fa-ne'i-ti,  n.  quality 
of  being  diaphanous :  power  of  trans- 
mitting light. 

DIAPHANIE,  di-af'an-i,  n.  the  art  or  proc- 
ess of  fixing  transparent  pictures  on 
glass,  by  means  of  gum  or  the  like,  for 
the  purpose  of  giving  it  the  appearance 
of  stained  glass.  [Fr.,  from  Gr,  dia, 
through,  and  phaino,  to  show.] 


DIAPHANOUS,  dl-af'a-nus,  adj.,  shini)>g 
or  appearing  through,  transparent:  clear. 
— adv.  Diaph'an'OUSLY.  [Gr.  diaphanfs 
— dia,  through,  and  phaino,  lo  show, 
shine.    See  Phantom.]^ 

DIAPHORETIC,  dl-a-fo-ret'ik,  adj.  pro- 
moting perspiration. — n.  a  medicine  that 
increases  perspiration.  [Gr.  diaphoreo, 
to  carry  oS—dia,  through,  &ndphero,  to 
bear.] 

DIAPHRAGM,  di'a-fram,  n.  a  thin  par/i- 
tion  or  dividing  membrane  :  the  muscle 
whicli  separates  the  chest  from  the  ab- 
domen ;  called  also  the  midriff.  [Gr. 
diaphragma — dia,  across,  phragnymi, 
to  fence.] 

DIAPHRAGMATIC,  di-a-frag-mat'ik,  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  diaphragm. 

DIAPNOIC,  dl-ap-no'ik.  adj.  in  incd.  pro- 
ducing a  very  sliglit,  insensible  perspi- 
ration I  gently  diaphoretic.  [Gr.  dia, 
thi'ough,  anApneo,  to  blow  or  breathe.] 

DIAPNOIC,  dl-ap-no'ik,  n.  a  remedial 
agent  which  produces  a  very  slight,  in- 
sensible perspiration:  a  mild  diaphoretic. 

DIAP"i^TIC,  dra-pl-et'ik,  adj.  producing 
suppuration :  suppurative.  [Gr.  dia, 
through,  smApyon,  pus,  matter.] 

DIAPYETIC,  dl'a-pT-et'ik.  n.  a  medicine 
which  produces  suppuration  :  a  suppura- 
tive. 

DIARIST,  dfa-rist,  n.  one  who  keeps  a 
diary. 

DIARRHCEA,  di-a-re'a,  n.  a  persistent 
purging  or  looseness  of  the  bowels.  [Gr. 
diarrhoia — dia,  through,  and  rhed,  to 
flow.]^ 

DIARRHCETIC,  dl-a-ret'ik,  adj.  producing 
diarrhoea. 

DIARY,  dfa-ri,  n.  a  daily  record :  a  jour- 
nal. JL.  diarium,  from  dies,  a  day.  See 
Dial.]" 

DIASTOLE,  dl-as'to-le,  n.,  dilation  of  the 
heart,  auricles,  and  arteries  ;  opposed  to 
Systole  or  contraction  of  the  same  :  the 
making  a  short  syllable  long.  [Gr.  dias- 
tole-—dia,  asunder,  and  stellb,  to  place.] 

DIATHERMAL,  di-a-ther'mal,  adj.  letting 
heat  through,  permeable  by  "-adiating 
heat.  [Gr.  dia,  through,  and  therme, 
heat.] 

DIATONIC,  dl-a-ton'ik,  adj.  proceeding'  by 
tones,  as  the  natural  scale  in  music. — 
adv.  Dlaton'ically.  [Gr.,  from  dia, 
through,  and  tonos,  tone.] 

DIATRIBE,  di'a-trib,  n.  a  continued  dis- 
course or  disputation  :  an  invective  ha- 
rangue. [Gr.  diatribe,  a  wearing  away 
of  time  :  a  discussion — dia,  tlirough,  and 
tribo,  to  rub.] 

DIBBER,  dib'er,  DIBBLE,  dib'l,  };.  a 
pointed  tool  used  for  dabbing  or  pricking 
holes  to  put  seed  or  plants  in. 

DIBBLE,  diba,  v.t.  to  plant  with  a  dibble. 
— v.i.  to  make  holes  :  to  dip  as  in  angling. 
[Freq.  of  dib,  a  form  of  DiP.] 

DICE,  pi.  of  Die,  for  gaming. 

DICEPHALOUS,  dl-sef'a-lus,  adj.,  two- 
headed.  [Gr.  dikephalos — dis,  two,  and 
kephale,  a  head.] 

DICHOTOMY,  dl-kot'o-mi,  n.  a  division 
into  <(co  parts. — adj.  Dichot'OMOUS.  [Gr., 
from  dicha,  in  two,  and  temno,  to  cut.] 

DICKEY,  DICKY,  dik'i,  'i.  a  seat  belund  a 
carriage.     [Etv.  dub.] 

DICOTYLEDO>f,  di-kot-i-le'don,  n.  a  plant 
having  two  seed-lobes.  [Gr.  dis,  two,  and 
Cotyledon.] 

DICOTYLEDONOUS,  dl-kot  -  i  -  le'don  -  us, 
adj.  having  two  cotyledons  or  seed-lobes. 

DICTATE,  dik'tat,  v.t.  to  tell  another  what 
to  say  or  write :  to  communicate  with 
authority :  to  point  out :  to  command. — 
n.  an  order,  rule,  or  direction  :  impulse. 
[L.  dicto,  dictattts,  freq.  of  dico,  to  say, 
to  speak.] 


DICTATION,  dik-ta'shun,  n.  act,  art,  or 
practice  of  dictating. 

DICTATOR,  dik-ta'tor,  n.  oue  invested  for 
a  time  with  absolute  authoritv. 

DICTATORIAL,  dik-ta-to'ri-al,  \idj.  like  a 
dictator:  absolute:  authoritative. — adv. 
Dictato'rially. 

DICTATORSHIP,  dik-tu'tor-ship,  v.  the 
office  of  a  dictator :  term  of  a  dictator's 
office. 

DICTION,  dik'shun,  n.  a  saying  or  speak' 
ing :  manner  of  speaking  or  expression  ; 
choice  of  words  :  style.  [L.  dictio,  from 
dico,  dictus,  to  saj- ;  akin  to  Gr.  deik- 
nymi,  to  show.] 

DICTIONARY,  dik'shun-a-ri,  n.  a  book  con- 
taining the  trords  of  a  language  alpha- 
betically arranged,  witli  theu-  meanings, 
etc.:  a  work  containing  information  on 
any  department  of  knowledge,  alphabeti- 
cally arranged.     [Fr.  dictionnaire.] 

DICTtlM,  dik'tum.  n..  something  said  :  a 
saving- :  an  authoritative  saving- : — pi. 
DiC'TA.      [L.] 

DID,  did— past  tense  of  Do. 

DIDACTIC,  di-dak'tik,  DIDACTICAL,  di- 
dak'tik-al,  adj.  fitted  or  intended  to 
teach  :  instructive  :  preceptive.  —  adv. 
Didac'tically.  [Gr.  didaktikos  —  fli- 
dasko,  for  di-dak-sko,  to  teach  ;  akin  to 
L.  doc-eo.  to  tea:-h,  disc-o,  to  learn.] 

DIDAPPER,  did'ap-er.  n.  a  water-bii-d  that 
is  constantly  dipping  or  diving  under 
water,  also  called  the  rfabchick  (orig. 
(?apchick).  [A  compound  of  dive  and 
dapper  (which  is  a  variant  of  dipper). 
See  Dip  and  Dn'E.] 

DIDUNCULUS,  di-dungTiu-lus,  jj.  a  genus 
of  rasorial  birds  of  the  pigeon  section 
(Columbacei),  and  comprising  only  the 
one  species,  D.  strigirostris  of  the  Navi- 
gator Islands.  This  bird  is  of  special  in- 
terest as  being  the  nearest  living  ally  of 
the  extinct  dodo.  It  has  a  total  length 
of  about  14  inches,  with  a  glossy  plumage 
verging  from  a  velvety  black  on  the 
back  to  greenish  black  on  the  head, 
breast,  and  abdomen.  The  large  beak, 
which  is  nearly  as  long  as  the  head,  is 
greatly  arched  on  the  upper  mandible, 
the  lower  mandible  being  cleft  into  three 
distinct  teeth  near  its  tip.  Called  also 
Gnathodon  and  Tooth-billed  Pigeon. 
[Dim.  of  Didus,  the  generic  name  for  the 
dodo.] 

DIE,  di,  v.i.  to  lose  life  :  to  perish  :  to  ' 
wither :  to  languish :  to  become  insen- 
sible : — pr.p.  dj-ing  ;  pa.t.  and  jxt.p.  died 
(did).  [From  a  Scand.  root  seen  in  Ice. 
deyja,  Dan.  do,  Scot,  dec,  akin  to  O.  Ger. 
towan,  whence  Ger.  todt.  The  A.S.  word 
is  steorfan,  whence  our  stan-e.'\ 

DIE,  di,  H.  a  small  cube  used  in  gaming  by 
being  thrown  from  a  box  :  any  sm.tll  cubi- 
cal body  :  hazard  •.—pi.  Dice,  dis.  [Fr. 
di,  def.'Prov.  dot,  It.  dado,  from  Low  L. 
dadus  =  L.  dafus,  given  or  cast  {talu.^.  a 
piece  of  bone  used  in  play,  being  under- 
stood).   Doublets,  Dado,  "Date.] 

DIE,  di,  71.  a  stamp  for  impressing  coin, 
etc.  :  the  cubical  part  of  a  pedestal  : — 
2j1.  Dies,  diz. 

DIE-AWAY,  di'a-wa,  adj.  seeming  as  if 
about  to  die  or  expu-e :  languishing- : 
drooping.  "A  soft,  sweet,  die-awny 
voice." — Miss  Edgeicorth.  "  Those  air- 
aicay  Italian  airs.  — Kingsley. 

DIET,  di'et,  n.  mode  of  liinng  with  especial 
reference  to  food :  food  prescribed  by  a 
physician  :  allowance  of  pro\'ision. — ct. 
to  furnish  with  food. — v.i.  to  eat :  to 
take  food  according  to  rule.  [Fr.  diite. 
Low  L.  diceta—Gr.  aiaita,  mode  of  Uviog, 
diet.] 

DIET,  diet,  n.  an  assembly  of  princes  and 
delegates,  the  chief  national  council  in 
several   countries   in  Europe.      [Low  L. 


DIETARIAN 


103 


DIME 


(tioeta — Gr.  diaita ;  or  ace.  to  Littre, 
from  L.  dies,  a  (set)  day,  with  which 
usage  of.  Ger.  tag,  a  day,  reichstag.] 

DIETAKIAN,  di-e-ta'ri-an,  n.  one  who  ad- 
heres to  a  certain  or  prescribed  diet : 
one  who  considers  the  regulation  of  the 
course  of  food  as  of  the  extremest  im- 
portance for  the  preservation  of  health. 

PIETARY,  di'et-ar-i,  ach'.  pertaining  to 
diet  or  the  rules  of  diet. — n.  course  of 
diet :  allowance  of  food,  esp.  in  large 
institutions. 

DIETETIC,  di-et-et'ik,  DIETETICAL,  dJ- 
et-et'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining-  to  diet. — n. 
DlETET'lcs,  rules  for  regulating  diet. — 
adv.  Dietet'ically.  [Fr.  diitetique, 
from  Gr.  diaitetikos.'] 

DIFFER,  dif'er,  v.i.  to  disagree  :  to  strive  : 
to  be  unlike,  distinct,  or  various  : — pr.p. 
dill'ering ;  pa.p.  differed.  [L.  differo — 
dif  {=  dis),  apart,  fero,  to  bear.  See 
Bear,  to  carry.] 

DIFFERENCE,  difer-ens,  n.  the  quality 
distinguishing  one  thing  from  another : 
a  contention  or  quarrel ;  the  point  in  dis- 

Eute :  the  excess  of  one  quantity  or  num- 
er  over  another. 

DIFFERENT,  dif'er-ent,  adj.  distinct; 
separate  :  unlike  :  not  the  same.  —  adv. 
Dlff'erently.  [Fr. — L.  differens,  differ- 
entia, pr.p.  of  differo.} 

DIFFERENTIAL,  dif-er-eu'slial,  adj.  creat- 
ing a  difference :  (math.)  pertaining  to  a 
quantity  or  difference  infinitely  small. 

DIFFICULT,  dif'i-kult, adj.  not  easy:  hard 
to  be  done  :  requiring  labor  and  pains : 
hard  to  please :  not  easily  persuaded. 
— adv.  Dirr'icuLTY.  [L.  difficilis—dif 
(  =  dis),  negative,  andfacilis,  easy.] 

DIFFICULTY,  dif'i-kul-ti,  n.  laborious- 
ness :  obstacle  :  objection  :  that  which 
cannot  be  easily  understood  or  believed  : 
embarrassment  of  affairs.  [Fr.  difficiilte 
— L.  difficultas  ^=  difficilitas.  See  Diffi- 
cult.] 

DIFFIDENCE,  dif'i-dens,  n.  «ant  of  confi- 
dence :  want  of  self-reliance  :  modesty  : 
bashfulness.     [L.] 

DIFFIDENT,  difi-dent,  adj.,  wanting  faith 
in  :  distrustful  of  one's  self :  modest ; 
bashful. — adv.  Diff'idently.  [L.,  pr.p. 
of  diffido,  to  distrust — dif  {==  dis),  nega- 
tive, Udo,  to  trust — fides,  faith.] 

DIFFUSE,  dif-iiz',  v'.t.  to  pour  out  all 
around :  to  send  out  in  all  directions  :  to 
scatter  :  to  circulate  :  to  publish.  —  n. 
Diffus'er.  rL.  diffundo,  diffusus — dif 
{=  dis),  asunder,  fundo.  to  pourout.J 

DIFFUSE,  dif-ils',  "ad/.,  diffused:  widely 
spread  :  wordy  :  not  concise. — adv.  DlF- 
fuse'ly. — n.  Diffcse'ness. 

DIFFUSED,  dif-uzd',  pa.p.  and  adj., 
spread  u-idely  :  loose. — adv.  Diffus'edly. 
— ((.  Diffus'edness. 

DIFFUSIBLE,  dif-uz'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
diffused. — n.  DiFFDSiBiL'iTy. 

DIFFUSION,  dif-u'zhun,  n.  a  spreading  or 
•ij'attering  abroad  :  extension. 

ijlFFUSIVE,  dif  -  iis'iv.  adj.  extending  : 
spreading  widely. — adv.  DiFFUs'n'ELY. — 

— n.  DlFFUS'lVENESS. 

DIG,  dig,  v.t.  to  turn  up  the  earth  :  to  cul- 
tivate with  a  spade  •.~pr.pi.  digg'ing ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  dug,  (fi.)  digged'. — n. 
Digg'er.  [A.S.  dieian—dic,  a  ditch.  See 
Dike,  Ditch.] 

•DIGASTRIC,  dl-gas'trik,  adj.,  double- 
bellied,  or  fleshy  at  each  end,  applied  to 
one  of  the  muscles  of  the  lower  jaw. 
[Gr.  di,  double,  gaster,  the  belly.] 

SDIGEST,  di-jest',  v.t.  to  dissolve  food  in  the 
stomach  :  to  soften  by  heat  and  moist- 
ure :  to  distribute  and  arrange :  to  prepare 
or  classify  in  the  mind  :  to  think  over. — 
v.i.  to  be  dissolved  in  the  stomach  :  to  be 
softened  by  heat  and  moisture,  n. — Dl- 
qest'er.     [L.  digero,  digestus,  to  carry 


asunder,  or  dissolve — di  (=  dis),  asunder, 
and  gero,  to  bear.] 

DIGEST,  dl' jest,  n.  a  body  of  laws  collected 
and  arranged,  esp.  the  Justinian  code  of 
civil  laws.  [L.  digesta,  neut.pl.  of  di- 
gestus, pa.p.  of  digero,  to  carry  apart,  to 
arrange.] 

DIGESTIBLE,  di-jest'i-bl,  adj.  that  maybe 
digested. — n.  DlGESTtBiL'lTY. 

DIGESTION,  di-jest'yun,  n.  the  dissolving 
of  the  food  in  the  stomach :  orderly  ar- 
rangement :  exposing  to  slow  heat,  etc. 
[L.  digestio.] 

DIGESTIVE,  di-jest'iv,  adj.  promoting  di~ 
gestion. 

DIGHT,  dit,  adj.  disposed,  adorned.  [A.S. 
dilitan,  to  arrange,  prescribe,  from  L. 
dictare,  to  dictate,  whence  Ger.  dichten, 
to  write  poetry.] 

DIGIT,  dij'it,  n.  (lit.)  s,  finger:  a  finger's 
breadth  or  t  inch  :  from  the  habit  ol' 
counting  on  the  fingers,  any  one  of  the 
nine  figures:  the  twelfth  part  of  the 
diameter  of  the  sun  or  moon.  This  word 
is  often  used  scientifically  to  signify  toe, 
as  well  as  finger,  when  speaking  of  ani- 
mals, and  in  this  sense  it  is  coextensive 
with  the  Latin  digitus.  [L.  digitus,  a 
finger  or  toe,  akin  to  Gr.  daktylos ;  ace. 
to  Curtius,  from  the  root  dek,  seen  in 
Gr.  dechomai,  to  receive.] 

DIGITAL,  dij'it-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
fingers.     [L.  digitalis-— digitus.] 

DIGITAL,  dij'it-al,  n.  a  finger  :  a  digit. 
"  Beauish  brigands  who  wear  .  .  .  paste 
rings  upon  unwaslied  digitals." — Ld.  Lyt- 
ton.  Also,  one  of  the  keys  of  instruments 
of  the  organ  or  piano  class. 

DIGITATE,  dij'i-tiit.  DIGITATED,  diji- 
tat-ed,  adj.  consisting  of  several  finger- 
like sections. — n.  Digita'tion.  [L.  digi- 
iafns,  having  fingers — digitus.] 

DIGITIGRADE,  dij'i-ti-grad,  adj.,  u-alking 
on  the  toes. — n.  an  animal  that  walks  on 
its  toes,  as  the  lion.  [L.  digitus,  and 
gradior,  to  step,  to  walk.] 

DIGNIFIED,  dig-ni-fld,  adj.  marked  with 
dignity :  exalted :  noble  :  grave. 

DIGNIFY,  dig'ni-fr,  v.t.  to  invest  with 
honor  :  to  exalt :  — pr.p.  dig'nifyin^  ; 
pa.p.  dig'nifled.  JLow  L.  dignifico — dig- 
itus, worthy,  facio,  to  make.] 

DIGNITARY^  dig'ni-tar-i,  n.  one  in  a  dig- 
nified position  :  one  wlio  holds  an  eccle- 
siastical rank  above  a  priest  or  canon. 
IFr.  dignitaire — L.  dignitas.] 

DIGNITY,  dig'ni-ti,  n.  the  state  of  being 
worthy  or  dignified:  elevation  of  mind 
or  character :  grandeur  of  mien  :  eleva- 
tion in  rank,  place,  etc. :  degree  of  excel- 
lence :  preferment  :  high  office.  [Fr. 
dignite — L.  dignitas  —  dignus,  worthy  ; 
akin  to  Decent.  Decorous.] 

DIGRAPH,  di'graf,  n.  two  letters  express- 
ing but  one  sound,  as  ph  in  digraph. 
[Gr.  di,  twice.graphe,  a  mark,  a  character 
— grapho,  to  write.] 

DIGRESS,  di-gres',  v.i.  to  step  aside  or  go 
from  tlie  main  subject :  to  introduce 
irrelevant  matter.  [L.  digredioi;  digres- 
sus—di,  aside,  gradior,  to  step.  See 
Grade.] 

DIGRESSION,  di-giesh'un.  n.  a  going  from 
the  main  point:  a  part  ot  a  discourse 
not  upon  the  main  subject. 

DIGRESSIONAL,  di-gresh'un-ai,  DIGRES- 
SIVE, di-gi-es'iv,  adj.  departing  from  the 
main  sub-ject. — adi'.  Digress'ivbly. 

DIKE,  dllv.  M.  a  trench  or  tlie  earth  dugout 
and  thrown  up  :  a  ditch  :  a  moimd  raised 
to  prevent  inundation :  (geol.)  a  wall- 
like mass  of  igneous  rock  in  the  fissures 
of  stratified  rocks. — v.t.  to  surround  with 
a  dike  or  bank.  [A.S.  die;  Dut.  dijk, 
Ger.  teich,  a  pond  ;  Gr.  teichos.  a  wall  or 
rampart ;  akin  to  DoUGH.  See  DIG  ;  also 
Ditch,  j 


DIKF.R.  dik'er,  n.  one  who  digs  a  dike  oi 
trench  :  one  who  builds  a  dike,  wall,  or 
stone  fence. 

DILACERATE,  di-las'er-at,  v.t.  to  rend  or 
tear  asunder. — n.  Dilac'eeation.  [L. — 
di,  asunder,  and  Lacerate.] 

DILAPIDATE,  di-lap'i-dat,  v.t.  to  pull  stone 
from  stone :  to  lay  waste  :  to  suffer  to  go 
to  ruin. — n.  Dilap'idator.  [L.  dilajndo 
— di,  asunder,  lapis,  laxndis,  a  stone.] 

DILAPIDATION,  di-lap-i-da'sliun,  n.  the 
state  of  ruin  :  impairing  of  church  prop- 
erty by  an  incumoent. 

DILATABLE,  di-lat'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
dilated  or  expanded. — n.  Dllatabil'ity. 

DILATATION,  dil-arta'shun,  DILATION 
di-la'shun,  n.  expansion. 

DILATE,  di-lat',  v.t.  to  spread  out  in  all 
directions :  to  enlarge :  the  opp.  of  Con- 
tract.— v.i.  to  widen  :  to  swell  out :  to 
speak  at  length. — n.  Dilat'er.  [L.  dila- 
tus  (used  as  pa.p.  of  differo),  from  di 
(=dis, a.j}Sirt),analatus-=tlatus(Gi:  tletos, 
borne,  suffered),  from  root  of  tollo.  See 
Tot  jKR  \tt^  1 

DILATORY,  dil'a-tor-i,  adj.  slow  :  given  to 
procrastination  :  loitering  :  tending  to 
delay. — adv.  Dil'atorily. — n.  Dil'atori- 
NESS.  [L.  dilatorius,  extending  or  put- 
ting off  (time).    See  Dilate.] 

DILEMMA,  di-lem'a,  n.  an  argument  in 
which  the  opponent  Is  caught  between 
two  difliiculties :  a  state  of  matters  in 
which  it  is  difficult  to  determine  what 
course  to  pursue.  [L. — Gr.  dilemma— 
di,  twice,  double,  lemma,  anything  re- 
ceived— lambano,  to  take,  to  seize.] 

DILETTANTE,  dil-et-an'te,  n.  one  who 
loves  the  fine  arts,  but  in  a  superficial 
way  and  without  serious  purpose  -.^pl. 
Dtlettan'ti  (-te).  —  n.  Dilettan'teism. 
[It.,  pr.p.  of  dilettare,  to  take  delight  in 
— L.  delect  are,  to  delight.] 

DILIGENCE,  dil'i-jens,  n.  steady-  applica^ 
tion :  industry  :  a  French  stage-coach. 

DILIGENT,  dil'i-jent,  adj.  steady  and  ear- 
nest in  application  :  industrious. — adv. 
Dil'igently.  [Fr. — pr.p.  af  L.  diligo, 
to  choose,  to  love.] 

DILL,  dil,  n.  a  plant,  the  seeds  of  which 
are  used  in  medicine.  [A.S.  dile  ;  Ger. 
and  Sw.  dill.] 

DILUENT,  dil'^u-ent,  adj.,  diluting. —7u 
that  whieli  dilutes. 

DILUTE,  di-lut',  v.t.  to  make  thinner  or 
more  liquid :  to  diminish  the  strength; 
flavor,  etc.,  of,  by  mixing,  esp.  with 
water. — adj.  diminished  in  strength  by 
mixing  with  water. — n.  Dilu'tion.  [L. 
diluo,  dilutus — di,  away  from,  luo,  to 
wash.] 

DILUVIAL,  di-luM-al,  DILUVIAN.  di-lu'- 
vi-an,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  flood,  esp.  that 
in  the  time  of  Noah  :  caused  bv  a  deluge. 

DILUVIAX,IST,  di-lu'vi-al-ist,  n.  one  wTio 
explains  geological  phenomena  by  Tlie 
Flood. 

DILUVIUM,  di-Iu'vi-um,  n.  an  inundatioo 
or  flood :  (geol.)  a  deposit  of  sand,  gravel, 
etc.,  made  by  the  former  action  of  tlie 
sea.    [L.  diluvium. — diluo.    See  Deluge.] 

DIM,  dim,  udj.  not  bright  or  distinct  :  ob 
scure  :  mysterious  :  not  seeing  clearly.— 
adj.  Dnoi'lSH,  somewhat  dim.  —  adv. 
Dim'ly. — ??.  Dim'ness.  [A.S.  diyn  ;  akin 
to  Ice.  dimmr,  dark,  and  Ger.  diimnier- 
ung,  twilight.] 

DIM,  dim.  v.t.  to  make  dark  :  to  obscure 
— pr.p.  dimm'ing  ;  pa.p>.  dimmed'. 

DIMARIS,  dim'arris,  n.  in  logic,  a  mnemonic 
word  denoting  a  syllogism  of  the  fourth 
figure,  comprising-  a  particular  affirma- 
tive major  premise,  a  universal  affirma 
tive  minor  premise,  and  a  particular 
affirmative  conclusion. 

DIME,  dim,  n.  the  tenth  part  of  a  doUar 


DIMENSION 


104 


DIRGE 


[Fr.,  orig.  disme,  from  L.  decima  (pars, 
a  part,  being  understood),  a  tenth  part.] 

DDtlENSIOX,  di-iuen'slmn,  n.  usually  in ^/., 
measure  in  length,  breadth,  and  thick- 
ness :  extent :  size.  [Fr. — ^L.  diniensio — 
dimefor,  dimensus — di  (^  dis),  apart, 
mefior,  to  measure.] 

DIMETER,  dim'e-ter,  adj.  containing  two 
metres  or  measures. — li.  a  verse  of  two 
measures.  [L.— Gr.  dimetros — di,  twice, 
metron,  a  measure.] 

DIMINISH,  di-min'ish,  v.t.  to  make  less :  to 
take  a  part  from  :  to  degrade. — v.i.  to 
grow  or  appear  less :  to  subside. — adj.  Dl- 
MIN'ISHABLE.  [Coined  from  L.  di  (=dis), 
apart,  and  E.  MlNlSH.] 

DIMINUENDO,  di-min-u-en'do,  adv.  (lit.) 
to  be  diminished :  (imis.)  a  direction  to 
let  the  sound  die  away,  marked  thus  >. 
[It. — L.  diminuendus,  fut.p.  pass,  of  di- 
minuo.  diminutus,  to  lessen.] 

DIMINUTION,  dim-i-nii'shun,  n.  a  lessen- 
ing :  degradation. 

DIMINUTIVE,  di-min'u-tiv,  adj.  of  a  di- 
minished size  :  small :  contracted. — n. 
(gram.)  a  word  formed  from  another  to 
express  a  little  one  of  the  kind. — adv.  Dl- 

MIN'UTIVKLT. — )!.  DiMIN' U Ti V ENESS. 

DEVIISSORY,  dim'is-or-i  or  di-mis'-,  adj., 
sending  away  or  giving  leave  to  depart 
to  another  jurisdiction.  [L.  dimissorius 
— diiuitto,  dimissus.] 

DIMITY,  dini'i-ti.  n.  a  kind  of  stout  white 
cotton  cloth,  striped  or  figured  in  the 
loom  by  weaving  with  two  threads. 
[Through  the  L.,  from  Gr.  dimitos — di, 
twice,  niitos,  a  thread.] 

DIMORPHISM,  dl-mor'flzm,  n.  (bot.)  a 
state  in  which  two  forms  of  flower  are 
produced  by  the  same  species  :  the  prop- 
erty of  crystallizing  in  two  forms.  [Gr. 
di,  twice,  morphe,  form.] 

DIMORPHOUS,  dl-mor'f  us,  adj.  having  the 
property  of  dimorphism. 

DIMPLE,  dim'pl,  n.  a  small  hollow:  a  small 
natural  depression  on  the  face. — v.i.  to 
iorm  duuples. — v.t.  to  mark  with  dim- 
ples. [Dim.  of  dip,  with  inserted  m. 
Anotlier  dim.  is  DAPPLE.] 

DIMPLY,  dim'pli,  adj.  full  of  dimples. 

DIMPSI,  dimp'si,  n.  a  preserve  made  with 
apples  and  pears  cut  into  small  pieces. 

DIN,  din,  »i.  a  loud  continued  noise. — v.t. 
to  strike  with  a  continued  or  confused 
noise  :  to  annoy  with  clamor  :  —  pr.p. 
dinn'ing ;  pa.p.  dinned'.  [A.S.  dyne  ; 
akin  to  Ice.  dynr,  noise.] 

DINE,  din,  v.i.  to  take  dinner. — v.t.  to  give 
a  dinner  to.  [O.  Fr.  disner  (Fr.  diner) — 
Low  L.  disnare  :  perh.  from  decosnare — 
L.  de,  intensive,  and  cceno,  to  dine.] 

DING,  ding,  v.t.  to  throicor  dash  violently : 
to  urge  or  enforce  :  to  keep  constantly 
repeating  :  to  impress  on  one  by  persist- 
ent reiteration — with  reference  to  the 
monotonous  jingle  of  a  bell.  ''  If  I'm  to 
have  any  good,  let  it  come  of  itself  ;  not 
keep  dinging  it,  dinging  it  into  one  so." 
— Goldsmith. — v.i.  to  ring  or  sound.  [E. ; 
cf.  Scot,  ding,  Ice.  dengja,  to  hammer, 
[Sw.  dilnga,  to  bang.] 
JINGDONG,   ding'dong,   n.  the  sound  of 

bells  ringing :  monotony:  sameness. 
JINGLE,  ding'gl,  n.  a  little  hollo^v:  a  nar- 
row  hollow  between  hills  (=dimble  or 
dimple,  a  httle  dip  or  depression).     [See 
DLMPLEandDrp.] 

DINGLE-DANGLE,  ding'gl-dang'gl,  adv. 
hanging  loose  :  s\vinging  backwards  and 
forwards.     [See  under  Dangle.] 

DINGO,  dinggo,  n.  the  native  dog  of  Aus- 
traUa. 

DINGY,  din'ji,  adj.  of  a  dim  or  dark  color: 
dull  :  soUed. — n.  Din'giness.  [Ace.  to 
Skeat=<JM?!fir!/,  i.e.  dirty.] 

DINNER,    din'er,    n.    the    chief   meal    of 


the  day  :  a  feast.    [O.  Fr.  disner.     See 

Dine.] 

DINORNIS,  di-nor'nis,  n.  a  genus  of  large 
extinct  birds,  the  bones  of  which  are  found 
in  New  Zealand.  [Gr.  deinos,  terrible, 
and  ornis,  a  bird.] 

DINOTHERIUM,  di-no-the'ri-um,  n.  an  ex- 
tinct animal  of  huge  size,  with  elephant- 
like tusks.  [Gr.  deinos,  terrible,  and 
therion,  a  beast.J 

DINT,  dint,  n.  (orig.)  a  blow  or  stroke  :  the 
mark  left  by  a  blow:  force,  power.  [A.S. 
dynt,  a  blow  ;  Scot,  dunt,  a  blow  with  a 
dull  sound.  Ice.  dyntr.'] 

DIOCESAN,  dl-os'es-an  or  di'o-se-san,  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  diocese. — n.  a  bishop  as 
regards  his  diocese. 

DIOCESE,  di'6-ses,  n.  the  circuit  or  extent 
of-a  bishop's  jurisdiction.  [Gr.  dioikesis 
— dioikeo,  to  keep  house — di,  for  dia,  sig. 
completeness,  oikeo,  to  manage  a  house- 
hold— oikos,  a  house.] 

DIOECIOUS,  di-esh'i-us,  adj.  (bot.)  having 
male  flowers  on  one  plant,  and  female 
on  another.  [Gr.  di,  twice,  and  oikos,  a 
house.] 

DIOPTRIC,  di-op'trik,  DIOPTRICAL,  di- 
op'trik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  dioptrics. 
[Gr. — di,  through,  and  root  op-,  which 
appears  in  opsomai,  fut.  of  horao,  to 
see.] 

DIOPTRICS,  dl-op'triks,  n.pl.  the  science 
of  the  properties  of  hght  in  passing 
through  different  mediums. 

DIORjUtfA,  dl-o-ra'ma,  n.  an  exhibition  of 
pictm-es,  illvuminated,  and  viewed  through 
an  opening  in  the  wall  of  a  darkened 
chamber.  —  adj.  DlORAJl'lC.  [Gr.  di, 
through,  horao,  to  see.] 

DIP,  dip,  r./.  to  dii'e  or  plunge  into  any 
liquid  for  a  moment. — v.i.  to  sink:  to 
enter  sUghtly  :  to  look  cursorily  :  to  in- 
cline downwards  : — pr.p.  dipp'ing  ;  jm.p. 
dipped'. — n.  inclination  downwards  :  a 
sloping.  [A.S.  dyppan  ;  Dan.  dyppe  ; 
Ger.    taufen,    to    immerse ;    related  to 


Deep  and  DrvE.] 

chik. 


same    as    Dab- 


DIPCHICK,    dip'c: 
cmcK. 

DIPETALOUS,  dl-pet'a-lus,  adj.  having 
two  petals.     [Gr.  di,  twice,  and  Petal.] 

DIPHTHERIA,  dif-the'ri-a,  n.  a  throat 
disease  in  which  the  air -passages  be- 
come covered  with  a  leather-like  mem- 
brane.— adj.  Diphtheeit'ic.  [Gr.  diph- 
thera,  leather. 

DIPHTHERITIS,  dif-ther-ftis,  n.  a  name 
given  to  a  class  of  diseases  which  are 
characterized  by  a  tendency  to  the  for- 
mation of  false  membranes,  and  affect 
the  dermoid  tissue,  as  the  mucous  mem- 
branes and  even  the  skin.  Dunglison. 
[Gr.  diphthera,  a  skin.] 

DIPHTHONG,  difthong  or  dip'thong,  n., 
two  yowel  -  sounds  pronounced  as  one 
syllable.  [Fr.  diphthongue — Gr.  diph- 
thongos,  with  two  sounds — Gr.  di,  twice, 
phthongos,  a  sound.] 

DIPHTHONGAL,  dif-thong'gal  or  dip- 
thong'gal,  adj.  relating  to  a  diphthong. 

— adv.  DiPHTHOXG'  AT.T.Y. 

DIPHTHONGIZATION,difthong-iz-a'shun 
or  dip-thong-iz-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of  diph- 
thongizing.   Sweet. 

DIPHTHONGIZE,  difthong-iz  or  dip'- 
thong-iz,  v.t.  to  form,  as  a  vowel,  into 
a  diphthong:  thus  the  u  of  many  Old 
English  or  Anglo-Saxon  words  has  been 
diphthongized  into  oif  in  modern  English, 
as  in  the  word  nozv. 

DIPLOMA,  di-plo'ma,  n.  a  writing  con- 
ferring some  honor  or  pri%Tlege.  [L.  di- 
ploma, from  Gr.  diploma,  a  letter  folded 
double — diploos,  double.] 

DIPLOMACY,  di-plo'ma-si,  n.  the  art  of 
negotiation,  esp.  of  treaties  between 
states  :  poUtical  skill . 


DIPLOMAT,  di-pl6'mat,  n.  a  diplomatist. 

DIPLOMATIC,  dip-16-mat'ik,  DIPLO- 
MATICAL,  dip-lo-mat'ik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  diplomacy:  skillful  in  nego- 
tiation.— adv.  Diplomat'ically. 

DIPLOMATIC,  dip-lo-mat'ik,  7i.  a  minister 
at  a  foreign  court. — j)l.  the  science  of  de- 
ciphering ancient  writings,  as  diplomas, 
etc.     [Fr.  diplomatique.] 

DIPLOMATIST,  di-plo'ma-tist,  ?!.  one 
skilled  in  diplomacy. 

DIPLOMATIZE,  di-plo'ma-tTz,  v.t.  to  con- 
fer a  diploma  upon.     Thackeray. 

DIPPER,  dip'er,  n.  a  bird  that  finds  its 
food  by  dipping  or  diving  into  streams 
or  lakes. 

DIPSAS,  dip'sas,  n.  an  Asiatic  and  Ameri- 
can tree-snake  whose  bite  is  said  to  cause 
intense  thirst.  [Gr.  dipsas  —  dipsos, 
thirst.] 

DIPSOMANIA,  dip-so-ma'ni-a,  n.  an  insane 
or  irresistible  craving  for  alcoholic  stimu- 
lants. [Gr.  dipsa,  thirst,  and  mania, 
madness.] 

DIPTERAL,  dip'ter-al,  DIPTEROUS,  dip'- 
ter-us,  adj.  having  two  tcings.  [Gr.  at, 
twice,  i^teron,  a  wing.] 

DIPTERAN,  dip'ter-an,  n.  an  insect  hav- 
ing onlj-  two  u-ings.  as  the  house-fly  :^pi. 
Dip'terans  or  Dip'tera. 

DIPTYCH,  dip'tik.  n.  a  double-folding' 
■(\Titing  tablet  :  a  register  of  bishops, 
saints,  etc.:  also  a  design  or  representa- 
tion, as  a  painting  or  carved  work,  on 
two  folding  compartments  or  tablets. 
[Gr.  diptyches — di-,  and  ptysso,  to  fold.} 

DIRE,  dir,  adj.  dreadful :  calamitous  in  a 
high  degree.  [L.  dims,  perhaps  akin  to 
Gr.  deido,  to  fear.] 

DIRECT,  di-rekt',  adj.  quite  straight : 
straightforward  :  in  the  line  of  descent : 
outspoken  :  sincere. — v.t.  to  keep  or  lay 
quite  straight :  to  point  or  aim  straightly 
or  correctly :  to  point  out  the  proper 
course  to  :  to  g^iide  :  to  order  :  to  mark 
with  the  name  and  residence  of  a  per- 
son.— adv.  Direct'lt. — n.  Direct'ness. 
[L.  dirigo,  directns — di,  completely,  and 
rego,  to  rule,  to  make  straight.] 

DIRECT- ACTION,  di-rekt'-ak-shun,  adj.  a. 
term  applied  to  a  steam-engine  in  which 
the  piston-rod  or  cross-head  is  connected 
directly  by  a  rod  with  the  crank,  dispens- 
ing with  walking-beams  and  side-levers. 

DIRECTION,  di-rek'shun,  n.  aim  at  a  cer- 
tain point :  the  line  or  course  in  which 
anything  moves :  gfuidance  :  command  : 
the  bodj'  of  persons  who  guide  or  man- 
age a  matter  :  the  written  name  and 
residence  of  a  person. 

DIRECTIVE,  di-rekt'iv,  adj.  having  power 
or  tendency  to  direct  ;  also  capable  of 
being  directed,  managed,  or  handled. 
"Swords  and  bows  directive  by  the 
limbs." — Shak. 

DIRECTOR,  di-rekt'or,  n.  one  who  directs: 
a  manager  or  governor :  a  counsellor  : 
part  of  a  machine  or  instrument  which 
g-uides  its  motion.— -/em.  Direct'ress  or 

DiRECT'RIX. 

DIRECTORATE,  di-rekt'or-at,  DIRECTOR- 
SHIP, di-rekt'or-ship,  n.  the  oSice  of,  or 
a  bodv  of  directors. 

DIRECTORIAL,  di-rek-to'ri-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  directors:  giving  direction. 

DIRECTORY,  di-i-ekt'or-i.  adj.  containing 
directions:  guiding. — ?;.  a  body  of  direc- 
tions :  a  guide  :  a  book  with  the  names 
and  residences  of  the  inhabitants  of  a 
place  :  a  body  of  directors. 

DIREFUL,  dir'fool,  adj.  old  and  poetic 
form.     Same  as  DiRE. — adv.  Dire'fullt. 

— n.  DmE'FULNESS. 

DIRGE,  derj,  n.  a  funeral  song  or  hymn, 
[Contracted  from  dirige,  the  first  word 
of  a  Latin  funeral  hymn,  from  dirigo,  to 
direct.] 


DIRGEFUL 


105 


DISCONCERT 


DIRGEFUL,  derj'fool,  adj.  lamenting: 
wailing:  moaning.  " Soothed  sadly  by 
the  dirgeful  wind." — Coleridge. 

DIRK,  derk,  n.  a  dagger  or  poniard.  [Scot. 
durk  ;  from  the  Celtic,  as  in  Ir.  duirc.'\ 

DIRT,  dert,  M.,  dung,  excrement:  any  filthy 
substance.  [A.S.  gedritan ;  Ice.  drit,  ex- 
crement.] 

DIRTY,  dert'i,  adj.  defiled  with  dirt :  foul : 
filthy:  mean. — v.t.  to  soil  with  dirt:  to 
sully  -.—pr-p.  dirt'ying  ;  pa.p.  dirt'ied. — 
adv.  Dert'ily. — n.  Diet'iness. 

DISABILITY,  dis-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  want  of 
power  :  want  of  legal  qualification. 

DISABLE,  dis-a'bl,  v.t.  to  make  unable  : 
to  deprive  of  power  :  to  weaken  :  to  dis- 
qualify.    [L.  dis,  privative,  and  Able.] 

DIS,  dis,  n.  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
god  Pluto,  the  god  of  the  lower  world. 

O  Proserpina, 
For  the  flowers  now  that  frighted  thou  let'st  fall 
From  Dis's  wa^ou. — Shak. 

DIS,  dis,  n.  Festuea  patula,  a  kind  of  grass 
which  grows  in  Tripoli  and  Tunis,  and  is 
largely  imported  for  paper  making. 

DISABUSE,  dis-ab-uz',  v.t.  to  free  from 
abuse  or  mistake  :  to  undeceive :  to  set 
right.     [L.  dis,  privative,  and  Abuse.] 

DISADVANTAGE,  dis-ad-vant'aj,  n.  want 
of  advantage  :  what  is  unfavorable  to 
one's  interest :  loss  :  injury.  [L.  dis, 
and  Advantage.] 

DISADVANTAGEOUS,  dis-ad- vant-a'j  us, 
adj.  attended  with  disadvantage  :  unfav- 
orable.— adv.  Disadvanta'qeously. 

DISAFFECT,  dis-af-fekt',  v.t.  to  take  away 
the  affection  of  :  to  make  discontented  or 
unfriendl}': — pa.})  and  adj.  Disaffect'ed, 
ill-disposed,  disloyal. — adi:  Disaffect'- 
EDLY.  —  n.  Disaffect'edness.  [L.  dis, 
pi-ivative,  and  Affect.]    ■ 

DISAFFECTION,  dis-af-fek'shun,  n.  state 
of  being  disaffected  :  want  of  affection  or 
friendliness  :  disloyalty  :  hostility  :  ill- 
will. 

DISAFFIRM,  dis  -  af  -  ferm',  v.t.  to  deny 
(what  has  been  affirmed) :  to  contradict. 
[L.  dis,  negative,  and  Ajfiem.] 

DISAFFOREST,  dis-af-for'est,  v.t.  to  de- 
prive  of  the  pri\'ilege  of /ores*  laws.  [L. 
dis,  privative,  and  Low  L.  afforestare,  to 
make  into  a  forest.     See  Forest.] 

DISAGREE,  dis-a-gre',  v.i.  to  differ  or  be 
at  variance  :  to  dissent.  [L.  dis,  negative, 
3nd  AORFF  1 

DISAGREEABLE,  dis-a-gre'a-bl,  adj.  not 
agreeable  :  unpleasant :  offensive. — adv. 
Disagree' ably. — n.  Disagree' ableness. 

DISAGREEMENT,  dis-a-gre'ment,  n.  want 
of  agreement  :  difference :  unsuitable- 
ness :  dispute. 

DISALLOW,  dis-al-low',  v.t.  not  to  allow  : 
to  refuse  permission  to  :  to  deny  the  au- 
thority of :  to  reject.  [L.  dis,  negative, 
and  Allow.]^ 

DISALLOW  ABLE,  dis-al-low'a-bl,  adj.  not 
allowable. 

DISALLOWANCE,  dis-al-low'ans,  n.  re- 
fusal to  permit. 

DISAMIS,  dis'a-mis,  n.  in  logic,  a  mnemonic 
word  denoting  a  syllogism  of  the  third 
figure,  comprising  a  particular  affirmative 
major  premise,  a  universal  affirmative 
minor  premise,  and  a  particular  affirma- 
tive conclusion. 

DISANNUL,  dis-an-nul',  v.t.  to  annul  com- 
pletely. —  Jis.  Disannul'ment,  Disan- 
null'ing.   [L.  dis,  intensive,  and  Annttl.] 

DISAPPEAR,  dis-ap-per',  v.i.  to  vanish 
from  sight.     [L.  dis,  negative,  and  Ap- 

PEAE.] 

DISAPPEARANCE,  dis-ap-per'ans,  n.  a 
ceasing  to  appear :  removal  from  sight. 

DISAPPOINT,  dis-ap-point',  v.t.  to  deprive 
one  of  what  he  expected  :  to  frustrate. 
[L.  dis,  negative,  and  Appoint.] 

DISAPPOINTMENT,  dis-ap-point'ment,  n. 


the  defeat  of  one's  hopes :  miscarriage  : 
frustration. 

DISAPPROBATION,  dis-ap-prob-a'shun, 
DISAPPROVAL,  dis-ap-proov'al,  n.  cen- 
sure :  dislike. 

DISAPPROVE,  dis-ap-pr66v',  v.t.  to  give 
an  unfavorable  opinion  of :  to  reject. — 
adv.  Disapprov'ingly.  [L.  dis,  negative, 
and  Approve.] 

DISARM,  diz-arm',  v.t.  to  deprive  of  arms  : 
to  render  defenceless :  to  quell :  to  ren- 
der harmless.  —  n.  Disarm' ament.  [L. 
dis,  privative,  and  Arm.] 

DISARRANGE,  dis-a-ranj',  v.t.to  undo  the 
arrangement  of :  to  disorder. — n.  Dis- 
aerange'ment.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
Arrange.] 

DISARRAY,  dis-a-ra',  v.t.  to  break  the 
array  of :  to  throw  into  disorder :  to 
strip  of  array  or  dress. — n.  want  of  ar- 
ray or  order  :  undress.  [L.  dis,  privative, 
and  Array.] 

DISASSOCIATE,  dis-as-so'shi-at,  v.t.  to 
disconnect  things  associated.  [L.  dis, 
privative,  and  Associate.] 

DISASTER,  diz-as'ter,  n.  an  adverse  or  un- 
fortunate event :  a  misfortune:  calamity. 
[Fr.  desastre — des  (=L.  dis),  negative, 
and  astre,  a  star,  (good)  fortune — L. 
astriim,  a  star.] 

DISASTROUS,  diz-as'trus,  adj.,  ill-starred: 
uupropitious  :  unfortunate. — adv.  DiSAS'- 

TROrSLY. 

DISATTUNE,   dis-at-tun',  v.t.  to  put  out 

of  tune  or  harmony.     Ld.  Lytton. 
DISAVOW,  dis-a-vow',  v.t.  to  disclaim  :  to 

disown  :  to  deny.     [L.  dis,  negative,  and 

Avow.] 
DISAVOWAL,  dis-a-vow'al,  n.  act  of  dis- 

avoiring  :  rejection  :  denial. 
DISBAND,   dis-band',  v.t.  to  break  up    a 

band  :  to  disperse. — v.i.  to  break  up.     [L. 

dis,  privative,  and  Band.] 
DISBANDMENT,  dis-band'ment,  n.  act  of 

disbanding. 
DISBAR,  dis-bar',  v.t.  to  expel  a  barrister 

from  the  bar.     [L.   dis,  privative,    and 

Bar.] 
DISBELIEF,  dis-be-lef,  n.  want  of  beUef. 
DISBELIEVE,  dis-be-lev',  v.t.  to  refuse  be- 
lief or  credit  to.     [L.  dis,  negative,  and 

DISBELIEVER,  dis-be-lev'er,  n.  one  who 
disbelieves. 

DISBURDEN,  dis-bur'dn,  DISBURTHEN, 
dis-bur'W(n,  v.t.  to  unburden  or  rid  of  a 
burden  :  to  free.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
Bdrden.] 

DISBURSE,  dis-burs',  v.t.  to  take  from  the 
purse  :  to  pay  out.  [O.  Fr.  desbourser — 
des  (=L.  dis),  a  part,  and  bourse,  a  purse.] 

DISBURSEMENT,  dis-burs'ment,  n.  a  pay- 
ing out :  that  which  is  paid  out. 

DISC,  DISK,  disk,  n.  the  face  of  a  round 
plate  :  the  face  of  a  celestial  body.  [A.S. 
disc — L.  discus — Gr. diskos,  around  plate, 
a  quoit,  from  dikein,  to  cast.  [See  Desk, 
Dish.] 

DISC  AGE,  dis-kaj',  v.t.  to  take  or  put  out 
of  a  cage. 

Until  she  let  me  fly  discaged  to  sweep 
In  ever-highering  ea^le-circles  up. — Tennyson. 

DISCARD,  dis-kard,  v.t.  to  throw  away, 
as  useless,  said  of  cards  :  to  cast  off  :  to 
discharge  :  to  reject.  [L.  dis,  away,  and 
Card.] 

DISCERN,  diz-ern',  v.t.  to  distingui-sh  clear- 
ly by  the  eye  or  understanding  :  to  judge. 
[L.  dis,  thoroughly,  and  cerno,  to  sift, 
perceivej 

DISCERNER,  diz-ern'er,  n.  a  person  or 
thins;  that  discerns. 

DISCERNIBLE,  diz-ern'i-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  perceived  .-.distinguishable.  Also  Dis- 
cern'able.   Jer.  Taylor. — adv.  Discern'- 

IBLY. 


DISCERNMENT,  diz-ern'ment,  n.  power  or 
faculty  of  discriminating  :  judgment. 

DISCHARGE,  dis-charj',  v.t.  to  free  from 
a  charge  :  to  unload  or  remove  the  car- 
go :  to  set  free  :  to  acquit :  to  dismiss : 
to  fire,  as  a  gun  :  to  let  out  or  emit.— n. 
act  of  discharging:  unloading:  acquit- 
tance :  dismissal  :  that  which  is  dis- 
charged. —  n.  Discharg'er.  [L.  din, 
priv.,  and  Charge.] 

DISCIPLE,  dis-I'pl,  n.  a  learner :  one  who 
professes  to  receive  instruction  from 
another :  one  who  follows  or  believes  in 
the  doctrine  of  another  :  a  follower. — n. 
Dlsci'PLESHIP.  [Fr. — L.  discijytdus,  from 
disco,  to  learn  ;  akin  to  doceo,  to  teach.] 

DISCIPLINABLE,  dis'i-plin-a-bl,  adj.  capa- 
ble of  training  or  instruction. 

DISCIPLINARIAN,  dis-i-pUn-a'ri-an,  n. 
one  who  enforces  rigid  rule. 

DISCIPLINARY,  dis'i-pHn-ar-i,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  intended  for  disciplijie. 

DISCIPLINE,  dis'i-phn,  n.,  instruction: 
training,  or  mode  of  life  in  accordance 
with  rules  :  subjection  to  control  :  or- 
der :  severe  training  :  mortification  : 
punishment.  —  v.t.  to  subject  to  disci- 
pline :  to  train  :  to  educate :  to  bring 
under  control :  to  chastise.  [L.  disci- 
plina,  from  discipuhis.] 

DISCLAIM,  dis-klam',  v.t.  to  renounce 
claim  to :  to  refuse  to  acknowledge :  to 
reject.     fL.  dis,  privative,  and  Claim.] 

DISCLAIMER,  dis-klam'er,  n.  a  denial,  dis- 
avowal, or  renunciation. 

DISCLOSE,  dis-kloz',  v.t.  to  unclose :  to 
open  :  to  lay  open  :  to  bring  to  light  :  to 
reveal.     [L.  dis,  negative,  and  Close.] 

DISCLOSURE,  dis-klo'zhur,  n.  act  of  dis- 
closing :  a  bringing  to  light  or  revealing  : 
that  which  is  disclosed  or  revealed  : — pi. 
scandalous  discoveries  in  official  life. 

DISCOID,  dis'koid,  DISCOIDAL,  dis-koid'- 
al,  adj.  having  the  form  of  a  disc.  [Gr. 
diskos,  and  eidos,  form.] 

DISCOLOR,  dis-kul'er,  v.t.  to  take  away 
color  from  :  to  change  the  natural  color 
of  :  to  alter  the  appearance  of.  [L.  dis, 
priv.,  and  Color.] 

DISCOLORATION,  dis-kul-er-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  discoloring :  state  of  being  discolored : 
stain. 

DISCOMFIT,  dis-kum'fit,  v.t.  to  disconcert, 
to  balk  :  to  defeat  or  rout  -.—pr.p.  dis- 
com'fiting  ;  pa.p.  discom'flted.  [0.  Fr. 
desconfit,  pa.p.  of  desconfire — L.  dis,  sig. 
the  opposite,  and  conjicio,  to  prepare — 
coii,  thoroughlv, /acj'o,  to  make.] 

DISCOMFITURE,  dis-kum'fit-ur,  n.  frus- 
tration, defeat. 

DISCOMFORT,  dis-kum'furt,  n.  want  of 
comfort  :  uneasiness  :  pain. — v.t.  to  de- 
prive of  comfort :  to  make  uneasy :  to 
pain  :  to  grieve.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
Comfort.] 

DISCOMMEND,  dis-kom-end',  v.t.  to  blame. 
[L.  dis,  privative,  and  Comjiend.] 

DISCOMMON,  dis-kom'un,  v.t.  to  deprive 

,  of  the  right  of  common.  [L.  dis,  privative, 
and  Common.]^ 

DISCOMMUNITY,  dis-kom-mu'ni-ti,  n.  the 
state  of  not  having  possessions,  relation- 
ships, characteristics,  or  properties  in 
common  :  want  of  common  properties, 
qualities,  or  characteristics.  "Commu- 
nity of  embryonic  structure  reveals  com- 
munity of  descent ;  but  dissimilarity  of 
embryonic  development  does  not  prove 
discommunity  of  descent." — Darwin. 

DISCOMPOSE,  dis-kom-poz',  v.t.  to  de- 
prive of  composure  :  to  disarrange,  to 
disorder  :  to  disturb.  [L.  dis,  privative, 
and  Compose.] 

DISCOMPOSURE,  dis-kom-po'zhur,  n.  dis- 
order :  agitation. 

DISCONCERT,  dis-kon-sert',  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  harmony  or  agreement :  to  disturb  : 


DISCONNECT 


106 


DISFAVOR 


to  frustrate  :  to  defeat.  [L.  dis,  priva- 
tive, and  Concert.] 

DISCOXXECT.  dis-kon-ekt',  v.t.  to  sepa- 
rate or  disjoin. — n.  Disconsec'tion.  [L. 
dis,  privative,  and  Con'>"ECT.] 

DISCONSOLATE,  dis-kon'so-lat,  adj.  with- 
out consolation  or  comfort  :  hopeless  : 
sad. — adv.  Disconsolately. — n.  Discox'- 
SOLATENESS.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and  con- 
soler, consolattis,  to  console.] 

DISCONTENT,  dis-kon-tent',  adj.  not  con- 
tent :  dissatisSed  :  uneasj-. — n.  want  of 
content :  dissatisfaction  :  uneasiness. — 
v.t.  to  deprive  of  content  :  to  make  un- 
easv.    [L.  dis,  neg.,  and  Content.] 

DISC'ONTENTED,  dis-kon-tent'ed,  a4j.  dis- 
content. —  adv.  Discontent'edly.  —  n. 
Discontent'edn"ess. 

DISCONTENTMENT,  dis-kon-tent'ment,  7>. 
the  opp.  of  contentment  :  uneasiness. 

DISCONTINUANCE,  dis  -  kon  -  tin'u  -  ans, 
DISCONTINUATION,  dis -kon -tin- Q-a'- 
shun,  n.  a  breaking  off  or  ceasing. 

DISCONTINUE,  dis-kon-tin'u,  v.t.  to  cease 
to  continue  :  to  put  an  end  to  :  to  leave 
off  :  to  stop. — v.i.  to  cease  :  to  be  sepa- 
rated from.  [L.  dis,  negative,  and  CON- 
TuruE.l 

DISCORD,  dis'kord,  n.  opp.  of  concord: 
disagreement,  strife  :  difference  or  con- 
trariety of  qualities  :  a  union  of  inharmo- 
nious sounds.  [L.  dis,  apart,  and  cor, 
•cordis,  the  heart.] 

DISCORDANCE,  dis-kord'ans,  DISCORD- 
ANCY, dis-kord'an-si,    n.  disagreement. 

DISCORDANT,  dis-kord'ant,  adj.  without 
concord  or  agreement  :  inconsistent  :  jar- 
ring.— adv.  Discord'antly. 

DISCOUNT,  dis'kownt.  n.  a  sum  taken 
from  the  count  or  reckoning :  a  sum  re- 
turned to  the  payer  of  an  account :  a  de- 
duction made  for  interest  in  advancing' 
money  on  a  bill.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
Count.] 

DISCOUNT,  dis-kownt',  v.t.  to  allow  dis- 
count :  to  advance  money  on,  deducting 
discount. — v.i.  to  practice  discounting. 

DISCOUNTABLE,  dis-kownt'a-bl,  adj.  that 
mav  be  discounted. 

DISCOUNTENANCE,  dis-kown'ten-ans,t).  t. 
to  put  out  of  countenance  :  to  abash  :  to 
refuse  countenance  or  support  to :  to 
discourage. — n.  cold  treatment :  disap- 
probation. [L.  dis,  privative,  and  Coun- 
tenance.] 

DISCOURAGE,  dis-kur'aj,  v.t.  to  take 
away  the  courage  of:  to  dishearten:  to 
seek  to  check  by  showing  disfavor  to. 
[L.  dis.  privative,  and  COURAGE.] 

DISCOURAGEMENT,  dis-kur'aj-ment,  n. 
act  of  discouraging  :  that  which  discour- 
ages :  dejection. 

DISCOURSE,  dis-kors',  n.  speech  or  lan- 
guage generally  :  conversation  :  a  treat- 
ise :  a  sermon. — v.i.  to  talk  or  converse : 
to  reason:  to  treat  formally. — v.t.  to 
utter  or  give  forth.  [Fr.  discours — L. 
discursus — dis,  to  and  fro.  curro,  to  run.l 

DISCOURTEOUS,  dis-kurt'yus,  adj.  want- 
ing in  good  manners :  uncivil  :  rude. — 
adv.  Discourt'eously. — n.  Discourt'- 
EOUSNESS.  [L.  dis,  negative,  and  Court- 
eous.] 

DISCOURTESY,  dis-kurt'e-si,  n.  want  of 
courtesy  :  incivility. 

DISCOUS,  disk'us,  adj.,  disc-like:  broad: 
flat. 

DISCOVER,  dis-ku\-'er,  v.t.  to  uncover  :  to 
lay  open  or  expose  :  to  make  known  :  to 
find  out :  to  espy. — n.  Discov'erer.  [L. 
dis,  negative,  and  Cover.] 

DISCOVERABLE,  dis-kuv'er-a-bl,  adj. 
that  may  be  found  out. 

DISCOVERY.  dis-ku\''er-i,  n.  act  of  finding 
out :  the  thing  discovered  :  revelation. 

DISCREDIT,  dis-kred'it,  n.  want  of  credit  : 
bad  credit :  ill  repute :  disgrace. — v.t.  to 


refuse  credit  to,  or  belief  in  :  to  deprive 
of  credibility  :  to  deprive  of  credit  :  to 
disgrace.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and  Credit.] 
DISCREDITABLE,  dis-kred'it-a-bl,  adj.  not 
creditable  :  disgraceful. — adv.   Discred'- 

ITABLT. 

DISCREET,  dis-kret',  adj.  having  di'scerji- 
vient :  wary  :  circumspect  :  prudent. — 
adv.  Discreet'ly.  —  n.  Discreet'xess. 
[L.  dCscretus — discerno,  to  separate,  to 
perceive.    See  Discern.] 

DISCREPANCE,  dis'krep-ans  or  dis-krep'- 
ans,  DISCREPANCY,  dis'krep-an-si  or 
dis-krep'an-si,  u.  disagreement. 

DISCREPANT,  dis'krep-ant  or  dis-krep'ant, 
adj.  disagreeing  :  different.  [L.  dis,  dif- 
ferent, and  crepans,  pr.p.  of  crepo,  to 
sound.] 

DISCRETE,  dis-kret' or  dis'kret,  adj.,  sepa- 
rate :  distinct :  disjunctive  :  —  opp.  of 
concrete.    [A  doublet  of  Discreet.] 

DISCRETION,  dis-kresh'un,  n.  quality  of 
being  discreet :  prudence  :  liberty  to  act 
at  pleasure. 

DISCRETIONAL,  dis-kresh'un-al.  DIS- 
CRETIONARY, dis-kresh'un-ar-i,  adj. 
left  to  discretion:  unrestrained. — advs. 
Discre'tionally.  Discre'tionarily. 

DISCRETIVE,  dis-kret'iv,  adj.,  separating: 
disjunctive. — adv.  DiscRET'lvELY. 

DISCRIMINATE,  dis-krim'i-nat,  v.t.  to 
note  the  difference  :  to  distinguish  :  to 
select  from  others. — v.i.  to  make  a  dif- 
ference or  distinction  :  to  distinguish. — 
adv.  Discrui'inately.  [L.  diserimino — 
discrimen,  diserzHn'fns,  that  which  sepa- 
rates, from  root  of  Discern.] 

DISCRIMINATION,  dis-krim-i-na'shun,  n. 
act  or  quality  of  distinguishing :  acute- 
ness,  discernment,  judgment  •,  also,  un- 
just partiality  (Amer.). 

DISCRIMINATIVE,  dis-krim'i-na-tiv.  adj. 
that  marks  a  difference  :  characteristic  : 
observing  distinctions. — adv.  DlscRlM'l- 
natively. 

DISCROWN,  dis-kro-mi',  v.t.  to  deprive  of 
a  crown.    [L.  dis,  privative,  and  Crown.] 

DISCURSION,  dis-kur'shun,  n.  desultory 
talk  :  act  of  discoursing  or  reasoning. 

DISCURSIVE,  dis-kur'siv,  adj.,  running 
from  one  thing  to  another  :  roving,  des- 
ultory: proceeding  regularly  from  pre- 
mises to  conclusion. — adv.  Discub'sive- 
LY.     [See  Discourse.] 

DISCUSS,  dis-kus',  v.t.  to  break  up  or  dis- 
perse :  to  examine  in  detail,  or  bv  dispu- 
tation :  to  debate  :  to  sift.  [L.  discutio, 
discussns — dis,  asunder,  and  quatio,  to 
shake.] 

DISCUSSION,  dis-kush'un,  n.  debate: 
(surg.)  dispersion  of  a  tumor. 

DISCUSSIVE,dis-kus'iv,DISCUTIENT.  dis- 
ku'shi-ent,  adj.  able  or  tending  to  discuss 
or  disperse  tumors. 

DISDAIN,  dis-dan',  v.t.  to  think  ^imrorthy : 
to  reject  as  unworthy  or  unsuitable  :  to 
scorn. — n.  a  feeling  of  scorn  or  avei'sion  : 
haughtiness.  [O.  Fr.  desdaigner  —  L. 
dedignor  —  de,  privative,  and  dignus, 
worthy.] 

DLSDAINFUL,  dis-dan'fool,  adj.  full  of  dis- 
dain :    haughty  :    scornful.  —  adv.    Dis- 

DAIN'FULLY. — «.  DISDAIN'FCLNESS. 

DISEASE,  diz-ez',  n.  (lit.)  leant  of  ease, 
lience  pain  :  disorder  or  want  of  health 
in  mind  or  body  :  ailment  :  cause  of  pain. 
[L.  dis,  privative,  and  Ease.] 

DISEASED,  diz-ezd',  adj.  affected  with  dis- 
ease.— n.  Diseas'edness. 

DISEDGE.  dis-ej',  v.t.  (Shak.)  to  deprive  of 
the  edge :  to  blunt :  to  dull.  [L.  dis, 
privative,  and  EDGE.] 

DISEMBARK,  dis-em-bark',  v.t.  to  land 
what  has  been  embarked  :  to  take  out  of 
a  ship  :  to  land. — v.i.  to'quit  a  ship:  to 
land.     [L.  dis.  privative,  and  Embark.] 

DISEilBARKATION,    dis-em-bar-ka'shun. 


DISEMBARKMENT,    dis-em-bark'ment, 

n.  a  landing  from  a  ship. 
DISEMBARRASS,     dis-em-bar'as,    v.t.    to 

free  from  embarrassment  or  perplexity. 

[L.  dis,  i^rivative,  and  EiiBARRASS.] 
DISEMBODY,    dis-em-bod'i,   v.t.   to    take 

away  from  or  out  of  the  body :  to  di» 

charge  from  military  service  or  aiTay 

[L.  dis,  priv..  and  Ejibody.] 
DISEMBOGUE,    dis-em-bog',   v.t.    to    dis 

charge   at  the  mmith  as  a  stream. — ?i. 

Disembogue'ment.    [Sp.  desembocar — L. 

dis,   asunder,   and  biicca,   a  cheek,   the 

mouth.] 
DISEMBO"\VEL,  dis-em-bow'el,  v.t.  to  take 

out  the  bowels.     [L.  dis,  intensive,  and 

ElMBOWEL.l 

DISEMBROIL,  dis-em-broU',  v.t.  to  free 
from  broil  or  confusion.  [L.  dis,  priv., 
and  Embroil.] 

DISENCHANT,  dis-en-chant',  v.t.  to  free 
from  enchantment.  —  m.  Disenchant'- 
ment.    [L.  dis,  privative,  and  Enchant.] 

DISENCUilBER,  dis-en-kum'ber,  v.t.  to 
free  from  encumbrance  :  to  disburden. — 
n.  DiSEKcrJlBRANCE.  [L.  dis,  privative, 
and  Encumber.] 

DISENDOW,  dis-en-dow',  v.t.  to  take  away 
the  endowment  of. — n.  Disendow'jient. 
[L.  dis,  privative,  and  Endow.] 

DISENGAGE,  dis-en-gaj',  v.t.  to  separate 
or  free  from  being  engaged  :  to  separate  : 
to  set  free  :  to  release.  [L.  dis,  privative, 
and  Engage.] 

DISENGAGEMENT,  dis-en-gaj'ment,  n. 
act  of  disengaging  :  state  of  being  dis- 
engaged :  release :  leisure. 

DISENNOBLE.  dis-en-no'bl,  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  what  ennobles  :  to  degrade.  [L.  dis, 
priv..  and  Ennoble.] 

DISENSHROLT).  dis-en-shrowd',  v.t.  to 
take  from  or  divest  of  a  shroud  or  like 
covering  :  to  unveil.  "  The  diseii- 
shrouded  statue." — Broivning. 

DISENTAIL,  dis-en-tal',  v.t.  to  free  from 
being  entailed  :  to  break  the  entail  of  : 
as,  to  disentail  an  estate. 

DISENTAIL,  dis-en-tal',  n.  the  act  or  op- 
eration of  disentailing  or  breaking  the 
entaO  of  an  estate. 

DISENTANGLE,  dis-en-tang'gl,  v.t.  to  free 
from  entanglement  or  disorder  :  to  un- 
ravel :  to  disengage  or  set  free. — n.  Dis- 
entang'lement.     [L.  dis,  privative,  and 

ENT.4.NGLE.] 

DISENTHRAL.     Same  as  Disdjthral. 

DISENTHRONT;,  dls-en-thron',  v.t.  to  de- 
throne. [L.  dis,  privative,  and  En- 
throne.] 

DISENTITLE,  dis-en-ti'tl,  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  title.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and  En- 
title.] 

DISENTOilB,  dis-en-toom',  v.t.  to  take  out 
from  a  tomb.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
Entomb.] 

DISENTRANCE,  dis  -  en  -  trans',  v.t.  to 
awaken  from  a  trance  or  deep  sleep  : 
to  arouse  from  a  reverie.  [L.  dis, 
privative,  and  Entrance.] 

DISESTABLISH,  dis-es-tab'lish.  v.t.  to 
take  away  what  has  been  established 
or  settled",  esp.  applied  to  the  English 
church  as  established  by  law. — n.  Dis- 
ESTAB'LISHJIENT.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
Establish.] 

DISESTEEM,  dis-es-tem',  n.  want  of  es- 
teem :  disregard. — v.t.  to  disapprove  :  to 
dislike.  —  n.  Disestdia'tion.  [L.  dis, 
privative,  and  Esteem.] 

DISFAME,    dis-fam',    n.    e\-il    fame:    bad 
reputation  :  infamy. 
And  what  is  fame  in  life  but  half  disfame. 
And  counterchanfred  with  darkness  ? — Tennyson. 

DISFAVOR,  dis-fa'vur,  n.  want  of  favor : 
displeasure  :  dislike. — v.t.  to  withhold 
favor  from :  to  disapprove.  [L.  dis, 
privative,  and  Favor.] 


DISFIGUKATION 


107 


DISMISS 


DISFIGURATION,  dis-flg-flr-a'shun,  DIS- 
FIGUREMENT, dis-fig'ur-ment,  ?!.  de- 
facement of  beauty. 

DISFIGURE,  dis-fig*ur,  v.t.  to  spoil  the 
figure  of :  to  change  to  a  worse  form  :  to 
spoil  the  beauty  of  :  to  deform.  [L.  dis, 
privative,  and  Figure.] 

DISFRANCHISE,  dis-fran'chiz,  v.t.  to  de- 
prive of  a  franchise,  or  of  rights  and 
pri\aleges  :  speciflcallj-,  to  deprive  of  the 
right  of  suffrage.  —  n.  Disfr.^nchise- 
MENT,  dis-fran'chiz-ment.  [L.  dis,  priv., 
and  Franchise.] 

DISGORGE,  dis-gorj',  v.t.  to  discharge 
from  the  gorge  or  throat:  to  vomit :  to 
throw  out  with  violence :  to  give  up 
what  has  been  seized. — n.  Disoorge'- 
MENT.     [L.  dis,  negative,  and  Gorge.] 

DISGRACE,  dis-gras',  n.  state  of  being  out 
of  grace  or  favor,  or  of  being  dishonored  : 
cause  of  shame  :  dishonor. — v.t.  to  put 
out  of  favor  :  to  bring  disgrace  or  shame 
upon.     [L.  dis,  privative,  and  Grace.] 

DISGRACEFUL,  dis-gras'fool,  adj.  bring- 
ing disgrace  :  causing  shame  :  dishonor- 
able.—  adv.  Disgrace'fully.  — •  )i.  Dis- 
grace'fulness. 

DISGUISE,  dis-glz',  v.t.  to  change  the 
guise  or  appearance  of:  to  conceal  by  a 
dress  intended  to  deceive,  or  by  a  coun- 
terfeit manner  and  appearance. — n.  a 
dress  intended  to  conceal  the  wearer :  a 
false  appearance.— ns.  DISGUIS'ER,  Dis- 
guise'MENT.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
CrnsE  1 

DISGUST,  diz-gust'  or  dis-,  n.  loathing: 
strong  dislike. — v.t.  to  excite  disgust  in: 
to  offend  the  taste  of  :  to  displease.  [O. 
Fr.  desgouster — des  (=L.  dis),  and  goust 
=L.  gu.<itus,  taste.] 

DISGUSTING,  diz-gust'ing  or  dis-,  DIS- 
GUSTFUL, diz-gust'fool,  adj.  causing 
disgust :  loathsome  :  hateful. — adv.  Dis- 
gust'ingly. 

DISH,  dish,  n.  a  plate:  a  vessel  in  which 
food  is  ser\-ed  :  the  food  in  a  dish  :  a  Jiar- 
ticular  kind  of  food. — v.t.  to  put  in  a 
dish,  for  table.  [A.S.  disc,  a  plate,  a 
dish,  a  table — L.  disciis.  Doublets,  Disc 
and  Desk  J 

DISHABILLE,  dis-a-bil'.  Same  as  Des- 
habille. 

DISHALLOW,  dis-hal'lo,  r.f.  to  make  un- 
holy :  to  desecrate  :  to  profane. 

Ye  that  so  dishalloio  the  holy  sleep. 
Your  sleep  is  death,— IVnnj/so». 

DISHEARTEN,  dis-hart'n,  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  heart,  courage,  or  spirits :  to  discour- 
age :  to  depress.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
Heart.] 

DISHERO,  dis-he'ro,  v.t.  to  deprive  of  the 
character  of  a  hero  :  to  degrade  from 
the  reputation  of  a  hero  :  to  make  un- 
heroie  or  commonplace.     Carhjle. 

DISHE\1EL,  di-s!iev'el,  v.t.  to  disorder  the 
hair  :  to  cause  the  hair  to  hang  loose. — 
r.?'.  to  spread  in  disorder  -.—x^r.p.  dishev'- 
elling  ;  pa.p.  dishev'elled.  [O.  Ft.  deschev- 
elei — (les,  and  chevel,  hair — L.  dis,  in  dif- 
ferent dii-ections,  cajnUus.  the  hair.] 

DISHONEST,  diz-on'est.  adj.  not  honest : 
wanting  integrity  :  disposed  to  cheat : 
insincere.— ortr.  DiSHON'ESTLY.  [L.  dis, 
negative,  and  HONEST.] 

DISHONESTY,  diz-on'es-ti,  n.  want  of  hon- 
esty or  integrity  :  faithlessness  :  a  dis- 
position to  cheat. 

DISHONOR, "diz-on'ur,  n.  want  of  honor: 
disgrace:  shame  :  reproach. — v.t.  to  de- 
prive of  honor :  to  disgrace :  to  cause 
shame  to  :  to  seduce  :  to  degrade  :  to  re- 
fuse the  payment  of,  as  a  bill. — n.  Dis- 
hon'orer.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and  Honor.] 

DISHONORABLE,  diz-on'ur-abl,  adj.  hav- 
ing no  sense  of  honor  :  disgraceful. — adv. 
Dishon'or.^.bly. 

DISILLUSION,  dis-il-lu'zhun,  n.  the  act  or 


process  of  disillusionizing  or  disenchant- 
ing :  the  state  of  being  disillusionized  or 
disenchanted:  disenchantment.  "The 
sorrow  of  disillusion." — ./.  R.  Loi-ell. 

DISIMPRISON,  dis-im-pri'zon,  v.t.  to  dis- 
charge from  prison :  to  set  at  liberty  :  to 
free  from  confinement.  "  French  Revo- 
lution means  here  the  open,  violent  re- 
bellion and  victory  of  disimprisoned 
anarchy  against  corrupt,  worn-out  au- 
thority."— Carlyle. 

DISINCLINATION,  dis-in-kli-na'shun,  «. 
want  of  inclination  :  unwillingness. 

DISINCLINE,  dis-in-klin',  v.t.  to  turn  away 
inclination  from  :  to  excite  the  dislike 
or  aversion  of.     [L.  dis,  priv.,  and  In- 

CUNE.] 

DISINCLINED,  dis-in-klind',  adj  not  in- 
clined :  averse. 

DISINCORPORATE,  dis-in-kor'por-at,  v.t. 
to  deprive  of  corporate  rights.  [L.  dis, 
privative,  and  Incorporate.] 

DISINDIVIDUALIZE,  dis-in'di-vid'u-al-iz, 
v.t.  to  destroy  or  change  the  individual- 
ity or  peculiar  character  of  :  to  deprive 
of  special  characteristics.  "  A  manner 
not  indeed  wholly  disindividualized ;  a 
tone,  a  glance,  a  gesture  .  .  .  still  re- 
called little  Polly." — Cliarlotte  Bronte. 

DISINFECT,  dis-in-fekt',  v.t.  to  free  from 
infection.  —  )(.  DisiNFEC'TION.  [L.  dis, 
privative,  and  Infect.] 

DISINFECTANT,  dis-in-fekt'ant,  n.  any- 
thing that  destroys  the  causes  of  infec- 
tion. 

DISINGENUOUS,  dis-in-jen'u-us,  adj.  not 
ingenuous  :  not  frank  or  open  :  crafty. — 
adv.  Disingen'uously.  —  n.  Disingen'- 
TJOUSNESS.  [L.  dis,  negative,  and  IN- 
GENUOUS.] 

DISINHERIT,  dis-in-her'it,  v.t.  to  cut  off 
from  hereditanj  riglits  :  to  deprive  of  an 
inheritance.  —  n.  Disinher'itance.  [L. 
dis,  privative,  and  Inherit.] 

DISINTEGRATE,  dis-in'te-grat  or  diz-,  v.t. 
to  separate  into  integrant  parts. — adj. 
DisiN  tegrable.  —  n.  Disintegra'tion. 
[L.  dis,  negative,  and  Integrate.] 

DISINTEGRATOR,  dis-iu'te-grat-er,  n.  one 
who  or  that  which  disintegrates  :  specifi- 
cally, a  machine  for  pulverizing-,  crushing, 
or  breaking  up  various  sorts  of  materials. 
A  common  form  used  for  breaking  up 
ores,  rock,  artificial  manures,  oil  cake, 
and  for  mixing  mortar,  etc..  as  well  as 
for' grinding  cereals,  is  a  mill  consisting 
essentially  of  a  number  of  beaters  pro- 
jecting from  the  faces  of  two  parallel 
discs  revolving  in  opposite  directions  at 
a  high  speed. 

DISirJTER,  dis-in-ter',  v.t.  to  take  out  of  a 
grave  :  to  bring  from  obscurity  into  view. 
— ?!.  Disinter'jient.  [L.  dis,  negative, 
and  Inter.] 

DISINTERESTED,  dis-in'ter-est-ed,  adj. 
not  interested  or  influenced  bj'  ]5rivate 
feelings  or  considerations:  inrpartial. — 
adv.  Disin'terestedly. — ?;.  Disin'terest- 
EDNESS.    [L.  dis.  neg.,  and  Interested.] 

DISINTHRAL.  dis-in-thrawl',  v.t.  to  set  free 
from  thraldom  or  oppression.  [L.  dis, 
negative,  and  InthraL.] 

DISINVIGORATE,  dis-in-vi'gor-at.  v.t.  to 
deprive  of  vigor  :  to  weaken  :  to  relax. 
"This  soft,  and  warm,  and  disinvigorat- 
ing  e\ima.te."— Sydney  Smith. 

DISJOIN,  dis-join'  or  diz-.  v.t.  to  separate 
wh.it  lias  been  joined.  [L.  dis,  negative, 
and  Join.] 

DISJOINT,  dis-joint'.  v.t.  to  put  out  of 
joint  :  to  separate  tinitcd  parts  :  to  break 
the  natural  order  or  relations  of  things  : 
to  make  incoherent.— n.  DiSJOINT'EDNESS. 

DISJUNCT,  dis-jungkt'.  adj.,  disjoined.  [L. 
disjtmcius,  pa.p.  of  disjungo — dis,  nega- 
tive, and  jungo,  to  join.] 


DISJUNCTION,  dis-junk'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
disjoining  :  disunion  :  separation. 

DISJLTNCTH'E,  dis-jungkt'iv,  adj,  disjoin- 
ing :  tending  to  separate  :  (gram.)  uniting 
sentences  but  disjoining  the  sense,  or 
rather,  marking  an  adverse  sen.se. — n.  a 
word  which  disjoins.— adu.  DisjIINCT'- 
IVELY.     [L.  disjnnctivns.] 

DISK.     Same  as  Disc 

DISLIKE,  dis-llk'.  v.t.  to  be  displeases  with 
to  disapprove  of  :  to  have  an  aversion  to. 
— n.  disinclination  :  aversion  :  distaste  : 
disapproval.  [L.  dis,  negative,  and  Like  ; 
the  genuine  Ehg.  word  is  Mislike.] 

DISLOCATE,  dis^lo-kat,  v.t.  to  displace: 
to  put  out  of  joint.  [L.  dis,  negative, 
and  Locate.] 

DISLOCATION,  dis-lo-ka'shun,  n.  a  dis- 
located joint :  displacement  :  (geol.)  a 
"  fault,"    or   displacement  of    stratified 

DISLODGE,  dis-loj',  v.t.  to  drive  from  a 
lodgment  or  place  of  rest  :  to  drive  from 
a  place  of  hiding  or  of  defence  — v.i.  to 
go  away. —  n.  I)isLODG'MENT.  [L.  dis, 
privative,  and  Lodge.] 

DISLOYAL,  dis-loy'al.  adj.  not  loyal  :  false 
to  one's  sovereign  :  faithless :  treacher- 
ous.— adr.DlsLOY'ALLY. — ji.Disloy'aLTY. 
[L.  dis,  negative,  and  Loyal.] 

DISMAL,  diz'mal,  adj.  gloomy  :  dreary  : 
sorrowful :  fall  of  horror. — adv.  Dis'mal- 
LY.     [Ety.  unknown.] 

DISMAL,  diz'mal.  h.  a  gloomy,  melancholy 
person.  Sirift. — j)!.  mourning  garments. 
"As  my  lady  is  decked  out  in  her  dis- 
mals, perhaps  she  may  take  a  fancy  to 
faint." — Foote.  Also  pi.  a  fit  of  melan- 
choly. "He  comes,  and  seems  entirely 
wrapt  up  in  the  dismals :  what  can  be 
the  matter  now?" — Foote. 

DISMAN,  dis-man'.  v.t.  to  deprive  of  men  : 
to  destroy  tlie  full-grown  male  popula- 
tion of.  "  No  nation  in  the  world  ...  is 
so  abounding  in  the  men  who  will^lare 
something-  for  honor  or  liberty  as  to  be 
able  to  bear  to  lose  in  one  month  be- 
tween twenty  and  thirty  thousand  men, 
seized  from  out  of  her  most  stirring  and 
courageous  citizens.  It  could  not  be  but 
that  what  remained  of  France  when  she 
liad  been  thus  stricken  should  for  years 
seem  to  languish  and  be  of  a  poor  spirit. 
This  is  why  I  have  chosen  to  say  that 
France  was  dismanned." — Kinglake. 

DISMANTLE,  dis-man'tl,  v.t.  to  strip  :  to 
deprive  of  furniture,  etc.,  so  as  to  render 
useless  :  of  a  fortified  town,  to  raze  the 
fortifications.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
Mantle.] 

DIS:JIASK,  dis-mask',  v.t.  to  strip  a  mask 
from  :  to  remove  a  disguise  from  :  to  un- 
cover.    [L.  dis,  privative,  and  Mask.] 

DISMAST,  dis-mast'.  v.t.  to  deprive  of  a 
mast  or  masts.  [L.  dis.  privative,  and 
Mast.] 

DISMAY,  dis-ma',  i\t.  to  terrify:  to  dis- 
courage.— n.  loss  of  strength  and  cour- 
age through  fear.  [A  hybrid  word,  from 
O.  Fi\  desmayer — ries  (=L.  dis),  and  O. 
Gcr.  magan  =  A.S.  magan.  to  have 
might  or  power.  See  JI.\Y.] 
TDISMEMBER.  dis-mem'ber.  v.t.  to  divide 
member  from  member  :  to  separate  a 
limb  from  the  body  :  to  disjoint :  to  tear 
to  pieces  :  to  divide  and  p;ircel  oiiv  the 
territory  of  a  country,  as  Poland  was 
dismembered  in  the  eighteenth  century ; 
also,  to  deprive  of  tin-  qualifications, 
privileges,  functions,  or  office  of  a  mem- 
ber ofa  society  or  body  :  to  put  an  end 
to  the  membership  of.  "Since  I  have 
dismembered  myself,  it  is  incredible  how 
cool  I  am  to  all  politics." — Walpole. — n. 
DisirEM'BERMEST.  [L.  dis,  asunder,  and 
Member.] 

DISMISS,  dis-mis'.  v.t.  to   send    atcay :  to 


DISMISSAL 


108 


DISQUISITION 


despatch :  to  discard  :  to  remove  from 
oflBce  or  employment.  [L.  dimitto,  di- 
missus — di,  away  from,  and  mitto,  to 
send.] 

DISMISSAL,  dis-mis'al,  DISMISSION,  dis- 
mish'un,  n.  act  of  sending  away :  dis- 
charge from  oflBce  or  employment. 

DISMOUNT,  dis-mownt',  v.i.  to  come 
down :  to  come  off  a  horse. — v.t.  to 
throw  or  bring  down  from  any  elevated 
place  :  to  throw  off  their  carriages,  as 
cannon :  to  unhorse.  [L.  dis,  negative, 
and  Mount.] 

DISOBEDIENCE,  dis-o-be'di-ens,  n.  neg- 
lect or  refusal  to  obey.  [See  Obedi- 
enceJ 

DISOBEDIENT,  dis-o-be'di-ent.  adj.  neg- 
lecting or  refusing  to  obey.  [See  Obedi- 
ent.] 

DISOBEY,  dis-o-ba',  v.t.  to  neglect  or  re- 
fuse to  obey  or  do  what  is  commanded. 
[O.  Fr.  desobeir — des  (=-L.  dis),  and  obeir, 
to  obey.] 

DISOBLIGE,  dis-o-bllj',  v.t.  to  offend  by 
an  act  of  unkindness  or  incivilitj"  to  do 
something  against  the  wishes  of  another  : 
to  injure  sUghtly.  [L.  dis,  negative,  and 
Oblige.] 

DISOBLIGING,  dis-o-bllj'ing,  adj.  not 
obliging :  not  careful  to  attend  to  the 
\vishes  of  others  :  unaccommodating  : 
unkind. — adv.  Disoblig'ingly. 

DISORDER,  dis-or'der,  Ji.  want  of  order  : 
confusion  :  disturbance  :  breach  of  the 
peace:  disease. — v.t.  to  throw  out  of  or- 
der :  to  disarrange  :  to  disturb  :  to  pro- 
duce disease.  [Fr.  des  {=L.  dis),  priva- 
tive, and  Order.] 

DISORDERLY,  dis-or'der-li,  adj.  out  of 
order  :  in  confusion  :  irregular  :  lawless  : 
applied  to  offences  of  a  minor  grade. — 
acU:  without  order :  confusedly  :  in  a 
lawless  manner. 

DISORGANIZE,  dis-or'gan-iz,  v.t.  to  de- 
stroy the  organic  structure  of  :  to  break 
up  a  union  of  parts  :  to  throw  into  dis- 
order.— n.  Disorganiza'tion.  [L.  dis, 
negative,  and  Organize.] 

DISOWN,  diz-on',  v.t.  to  refuse  to  own  or 
acknowledge  as  belonging  to  one's  self  : 
to  deny:  to  I'enounce.  [L.  dis,  negative, 
and  Own.] 

DISPARAGE,  dis-par'aj,  v.t.  to  dishonor 
by  comparison  with  what  is  inferior  :  to 
lower  in  rank  or  estimation. — n.  Dispar'- 
AGER.  [O.  Fr.  desparager — des  (=L.  dis), 
negative,  and  Low  L.jjaragium,  equality 
of  birth — L.  par,  equal.] 

DISPARAGE5IENT,  dis-par'aj-ment,  n.  in- 
jurious comparison  with  what  is  inferior  : 
indignity. 

DISPARAGINGLY,  dis-par'aj-ing-li,  adv. 
in  a  manner  to  disparage  or  dishonor. 

DISPAHITY,  dis-par'i-ti.  n.,  inequality. 
[L.  dis,  negative,  and  Parity.] 

DISPARK,  dis-park',  v.t.  to  throw  open 
inclosed  ground.  [A  hybrid  word,  from 
L.  dis,  negative,  and  Park.] 

DISPART,  dis-part',  v.t.  to  part  asunder  : 
to  di\-ide,  to  separate. — v,i.  to  separate. 
— n.  the  difference  between  the  thickness 
of  metal  at  the  breech  and  the  mouth  of 
a  gun.     [L.  dis,  asunder,  and  Part.] 

DISP ASSIGN,  dis-pash'un,  n.  freedom  from 
passion  :  a  calm  state  of  mind.  [L.  dis, 
negative,  and  Passion.] 

DISPASSIONATE,  dis-pash'un-at,  adj.  free 
from  passion  :  unmoved  by  feelings  : 
cool :  impartial. — adv.  Dispas's'ionately. 

DISPATCH.    Same  as  Despatch. 

DISPEL,  dis-pel',  v.t.  to  drive  away :  to 
cause  to  disappear  :  to  banish  : — pr.p. 
dispeU'ing  ;  pa.p.  dispelled'.  [L.  dispello 
— dis.  away  from,  pello,  to  drive.] 

DISPENSABLE,  dis-pens'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  dispeiised,  or  dispensed  with. — n. 
DiSPENS'  ableness. 


DISPENSARY,  dis-pens'ar-i,  n.  a  place 
where  medicines  are  dispensed,  especially 
to  the  poor,  gratis. 

DISPENSATION,  dis-pen-sa'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  dispensing  or  dealing  out :  the 
deaUng  of  God  with  His  creatures  :  the 
distribution  of  good  and  evil  in  the  di- 
\'ine  government :  license  or  permission 
to  neglect  a  rule. 

DISPENSATIVE,  dis-pens'a-tiv,  DISPENS- 
ATORY, dis-pens'a-tor-i.  adj.  granting 
dispensation.  — advs.  DISPENS'ATI^'ELY, 
Dispens'atorily.  [L.  dispensativus,  dis- 
peiisatorius.] 

DISPENSE,  dis-pens',  v.t.  to  weigh  or  deal 
out  in  portions :  to  distribute :  to  ad- 
minister.— Dispense  with,  to  permit  the 
want  of:  to  do  without. — n.  Dispens'EE. 
[Fr.  dispenser  —  L.  dis,  asunder,  and 
penso,  intensive  of  pendo,  to  weigh.] 

DISPEOPLE,  dis-pe'pl,  v.t.  to  empty  of 
people  or  inhabitants.  [L.  dis,  privative, 
and  PkopIjE  1 

DISPERMOUS,  dl-sperm'us,  adj.  having 
only  two  seeds.     [Gr.  di,  twofold,  sjxrma, 

DISPERSE,  dis-pers',  v.t.  to  scatter  in  all 
directions  :  to  spread  :  to  diffuse  :  to 
drive  asunder  :  to  cause  to  vanish. — v.i. 
to  separate  :  to  vanish. — n.  Dispers'er. 
[L.  dispergo,  dispersus  —  di,  asunder, 
apart,  spargo,  to  scatter.] 

DISPERSION,  dis-per'shun,  n.  a  scattering: 
(med.)  the  removal  of  inflammation  : 
{ojMcs)  the  separation  of  light  into  its 
different  rays. 

DISPERSIVE,  dis-pers'iv,  adj.  tending  to 
disjKvse. 

DISPIRIT,  dis-pir'it,  v.t.  to  dishearten : 
to  discourage.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
Spirit.] 

DISPLACE,  dis-plas',  v.t.  to  put  out  of 
place  :  to  disarrange  :  to  remove  from  a 
state,  office,  or  dignity.— w.  Displace'- 
ment,  the  quantity  of  water  displaced  by 
a  ship  afloat,  and  whose  weight  equals 
that  of  the  displacing  body.  [O.  Fr. 
desplacer — L.  dis,  privative,  and  Place.] 

DISPLANT,  dis-plant',  v.t.  to  remove  an3'- 
tliing  from  where  it  has  been  planted  or 
placed  :  to  drive  from  an  abode.  [L.  dis, 
privative,  and  Plant.] 

DISPLAY,  di.s-pla',  v.t.  to  unfold  or 
spread  out :  to  exliibit :  to  set  out  osten- 
tatiously.— n.  a  displajing  or  unfolding  : 
exhibition  :  ostentatious  show.— «.  Dis- 
play'er.  [O.  Fr.  desployer — des  (^L. 
dis),  negative,  and  player,  same  as  pZ/ec 
— L.  plioo,  to  fold.  Doublet,  Deploy. 
See  Ply.] 

DISPLEASE,  dis-plez',  v.t.  to  offend:  to 
make  angry  in  a  slight  degree  :  to  be 
disagreeable  to. — v.i.  to  raise  aversion. 
TL.  dis,  negative,  and  Please.] 

DISPLEASURE,  dis-plezh'ur,  n.  the  feeling 
of  one  who  is  offended  :  anger  :  cause  of 
irritation. 

DISPLENISH-SALE,  dis  -  plen'ish  -  sal,  n. 
in  Scotland,  a  sale  by  auction  of  the  stock, 
implements,  etc.,  of  a  farm. 

DISPLUME,  dis-pl66m',  v.t.  to  deprive  of 
plumes  or  feathers.  [L.  dis.  privative, 
and  Plume.] 

DISPONE,  dis-pon',  v.t.  (laiv)  to  make  over 
to  another  :  to  convey  legally.  [L.  dis- 
pono.  to  arrange.] 

DISPOPE,  dis-pop',  v.t.  to  deprive  of  the 
papal  dignity  or  office.     Tennyson. 

DISPORT,  dis-port',  v.i.  to  divert,  amuse, 
enjoy  one's  self  :  to  move  in  gaiety. — v.t. 
to  amuse.  [O.  Fr.  desporter  {with  se),  to 
carry  one's  self  away  from  one's  work, 
to  amuse  one's  self,  from  des  {=J-i.  dis), 
and  porter — L.  portare,  to  carry,  as  it 
were  from  serious  matters.     See  Sport.] 

DISPOSABLE,  dis-p6z'a-bl,  adj.  free  to  be 


used :  not  already  engaged.  [See  DiS' 
pose.] 

DISPOSAL,  dis-poz'al,  n.  the  act  of  dis- 
posing :  order  :  arrangement  :  manage- 
ment :  right  of  bestowing. 

DISPOSE,  dis-poz',  v.t.  to  arrange  :  to  dis- 
tribute :  to  apply  to  a  particular  pur- 
pose :  to  bestow  :  to  incline. — To  DISPOSE 
OF,  to  apply  to  any  purpose  :  to  part 
with  :  to  place  in  any  condition.  —  n. 
Dispos'er.  [Fr.  disposer^h.  dis,  asunder, 
and  Fr.  poser,  to  place.     See  Pose,  n.] 

DISPOSITION,  dis-po-zish'un,  n.  arrange- 
ment :  natural  tendency  :  temper  :  (New 
Test.)  ministry,  ministration  :  (Scots  ta«') 
a  giving  over  to  another  =  (English)  con- 
veyance or  assignment.  [Fr. — L.,  from 
dis.  apart,  pono,  to  place.] 

DISPOSSESS,  dis-poz-zes',  v.t.  to  put  out 
of  possession.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
POSSESSJ 

DISPRAISE,  dis-praz',  7i.  blame:  reproach: 
dishonor. — v.t.  to  blame  :  to  censure.  [L. 
dis.  negative,  and  Praise.] 

DISPREAD,  dis-pred',  v.t.  to  spread  in  dif- 
ferent ways. — i:i.  to  spread  out  :  to  ex- 
pand.    [L'.  dis,  asunder,  and  Spread.] 

DISPRINCE,  dis-prins',  v.t.  to  deprive  of 
the  dignity,  office,  or  appearance  of  a 
prince.  ''AH  in  one  rag,  disprinced 
from  head  to  heel." — Tennyson. 

DISPROOF,  dis-proof,  n.  a  di.<iproving  : 
refutation. 

DISPROPORTION,  dis-pro-por'shun,  7i. 
want  of  jyro2)ortion,  symmetry,  or  suit- 
ableness of  parts  :  inequality. — v.t.  to 
make  unsuitable  in  form  or  size,  etc.  [L. 
dis,  privative,  and  Proportion.] 

DISPROPORTIONABLE.  dis-pro-por'shun- 
a-bl,  DISPROPORTIONAL,  dis-pro-por'- 
shun-al,  adj.  not  having  2)roportion  or 
symmetry  of  parts  :  vmsuitable  :  unequal. 
—  advs.  "  Dispropor'tionably,     Dispro- 

POR'TIONAT.T.Y. 

DISPROPORTIONATE,  dis-pro-por'shun- 
at,  adj.  not  proportioned  :  unsymmetri- 
cal  :  unsuitable  to  something  el.5e  in  some 
respect. — adv.  Dispropor'tionatelt. — n. 
Dispropor'tionateness. 

DISPROVE,  dis-proov',  v.t.  to  prove  to  be 
faUe :  to  refute.  [L.  dis,  negative,  and 
Prove.] 

DISPUTABLE,  dis'pu-ta-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  disputed  :  of  doubtful  certainty. — adv. 
Dis'putably. — n.  Dis'putableness. 

DISPUTANT,  dis'pu-tant,  DISPUTER,  dis- 
piit'er,  ?i.  one  who  disputes  or  argues  : 
one  given  to  dispute. 

DISPUTATION,  dis-pu-ta'shun,  n.  a  con- 
test in  argmuent :  an  exercise  in  debate. 

DISPUTATIOUS,  dis-pu-ta'shus,  DISPUT- 
ATIVE,  dis-put'a-tiv,  adj.  inclined  to  dis- 
pute, cavil,  or  controvert. — adv.  DlSPU- 
ta'tiously. — n.  Disputa'tiousness. 

DISPUTE,  dis-ptit',  v.t.  to  make  a  subject 
of  argument  :  to  contend  for  :  to  oppose 
bj'  argument  :  to  call  in  question. — v.i. 
to  argue  :  to  debate. — n.  a  contest  with 
words  :  an  argiuuent  :  a  debate.  [Fr. 
dis2)uter — L.  disp>utare — dis,  apart,  and 
puto.  to  think.] 

DISQUALIFY,  dis-kwol'i-fi,  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  the  qualities  necessary  for  any  pur- 
pose: to  make  unfit :  to  disable. — ?i.  Dis- 
qualifica'tion.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
Qualify.] 

DISQUIET,  dis-kwl'et,  n.  want  of  quiet: 
uneasiness:  restlessness:  anxiety. — v.t. 
to  render  unquiet :  to  make  uneasy :  to 
disturb.    [L.  dis.  privative,  and  Quiet.] 

DISQUIETUDE,  dis-kwi'et-ud,  n.  state  of 
disquiet. 

DISQUISITION,  dis-kwi-zish'un,  n.  a  care- 
ful and  formal  inquiry  into  anj'  matter 
by  arguments,  etc. :  an  elaborate  essay. — 
adj.    DISQU^sI'TIONAL.    [L.    disquisitio — 


DISREGARD 


109 


DISTASTE 


disguiro,    disquisitus  —  dis,     intensive, 
quaero,  to  seek.] 
DISREGAJBD,  dis-re-gard',  v.t.  to  pay  no 
attention  to. — n.  want  of  attention  :  neg- 
lect :  slight.     [L.  dis,  negative,  and  iS- 

GABD.] 

DISREGARDFUL,  dis-re-gard'fool,  adj. 
neglectful  :  careless  :  heedless.  —  adv. 
Disregaed'fullt. 

DISRELISH,  dis-rel'ish,  v.t.  not  to  relish  : 
to  dislike  the  taste  of:  to  dislike. — n. 
distaste  :  dislike  :  some  degree  of  dis- 
gust.   [L.  dis,  negative,  and  Relish.] 

DISREPAIR,  dis-re-par*,  n.  state  of  being 
out  of  repair.  [L.  dis,  negative,  and 
RepairJ 

DISREPUTABLE,  dis-rep'u-ta-bl,  adj.  in 
bad  rejnite :  discreditable  :  disgraceful. — 
adv.  Disrep'dtably. 

DISREPUTE,  dis -re -put',  DISREPUTA- 
TION, dis-rep-u-ta'shun,  n.  ill-character : 
discredit.  [L.  dis,  negative,  and  Re- 
pute.] 

DISRESPECT,  dis-re-spekt',  w.  want  of  re- 
spect or  reverence  :  incivility.  [L.  dis, 
negative,  and  Respect.] 

DISRESPECTABILITY,  dis  -  re  -  spekt'a- 
bil'i-ti,  n.  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
disrespectable  :  that  which  is  disi-eput- 
able :  blackguardism.  "Her  taste  for 
disrespectability  grew  more  and  more  re- 
markable.'"— Tliackeray. 

DISRESPECTABLE,  dis-re-spekt'a-bl,  adj. 
unworthy  of  respect :  not  respectable  : 
also,  unworthy  of  much  consideration  or 
esteem.  "It  requires  a  man  to  be  some 
disrespectable,  ridiculous  Boswell  before 
he  can  write  a  tolerable  life." — Carlyle. 

DISRESPECTFUL,  dis-re-spekt'fool,  adj. 
showing  disrespect :  irreverent  :  uncivil. 
—adv.  DiSRESPECT'FULLY. 

DISROBE,   dis-rob',   v.t.   to  deprive   of   a 
to  uncover.      [L.  dis, 


\t.  to  tear  up  by  the 


robe  :  to  undress  : 
priv.,  and  ROBE.J 

DKROOT,  dis-root', 
roots. 

DISRUPTION,  dis-rup'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
breaking  asunder:  the  act  of  bursting  and 
rending  :  breach.  [L.  disruptio — dirum- 
po,  diruptiis — dis,  asunder,  and  rumpo,  to 
break.] 

DISSATISFACTION,  dis-sat-is-fak'shun,  n. 
state  of  being  dissatisfied  :  discontent : 
uneasiness. 

DISSATISFACTORY,  dis-sat-is-fak'tor-i, 
adj.  causing  dissatisfaction :  unable  to 
give  content. 

DISSATISFIED,  dis-sat'is-fid,  adj.  not  sat- 
isfied :  discontented  :  not  pleased. 

DISSATISFY,  dis-sat'is-fl,  v.t.  not  to  satis- 
fy :  to  make  discontented  :  to  displease. 
[L.  dis,  negative,  and  Satisfy.] 

DISSECT,  dis-sekt',  v.t.  to  cut  asunder :  to 
cut  into  parts  for  the  purpose  of  minute 
examination  :  to  divide  and  examine. — 
adj.  DissECT'lBLE.  [L.  disseco,  dissectus 
— dis,  asunder,  in  pieces,  seco,  to  cut.] 

DISSECTION,  dis-sek'shun,  n.  the  act  or 
the  art  of  cutting  in  pieces  a  plant  or 
animal  in  order  to  ascertain  the  structure 
of  its  parts  :  anatomy. 

DISSECTOR,  dis-sekt'or,  n.  one  who  dis- 
sects. 

DISSEMBLE,  dis-sem'bl,  v.t.  to  represent 
a  thing  as  unlike  what  it  actually  is  :  to 
put  an  untrue  semblance  or  appearance 
upon  :  to  disguise. — r.t.  to  assume  a  false 
appearance  :  to  play  the  hypocrite. — n. 
Dissem'bleb.  [O.  Fr.  dissembler,  from 
L.  dissimulo  —  dissimilis,  unlike  —  dis, 
negative,  and  similis,  like.] 

DISSEMINATE,  dis-sem'i-nat,  v.t.  to  sow 
or  scatter  abroad  :  to  propagate  :  to  dif- 
fuse.— ns.  Dissemina'tion,  Disseji'inator. 
rL.  dissemino,  disseminatus — dis,  asun- 
der, and  semino,  to  sow — semen,  seminis, 
seed.] 


DISSENSION,  dis-sen'shun,  n.  disagree- 
ment in  opinion  :  discord  :  strife. 

DISSENT,  dis-sent',  v.i.  to  think  differ- 
ently :  to  disagree  in  opinion  :  to  differ. — 
w.  the  act  of  dissenting :  difference  of 
opinion  :  a  differing  or  separation  from 
an  established  church.  [L.  dissentio, 
dissensus — dis,  apart  from,  sentio,  to 
think.     See  SENSE.] 

DISSENTER,  dis-sent'er,  n.  one  who  sepa- 
rates from  the  service  and  worship  of  an 
established  church. 

DISSENTIENT,  dis-sen'shent,  adj.,  dissent- 
ing :  declaring  dissent :  disagreeing. — n. 
one  who  disagrees  :  one  who  declares  his 
dissent.  [L.  dissentiens,  dissentientis, 
pr.p.  of  dissentio."] 

DISSERTATION,  dis-er-ta'shun,  n.  a  for- 
mal discourse  :  a  treatise. — adj.  Disser- 
ta'tional.  [L.  dissertatio — disserto,  in- 
tensive of  dissero,  to  debate,  to  discuss — 
dis,  and  sero,  to  put  in  a  row,  to  join.] 

DISSERTATOR,  dis'er-ta-tor,  n.  one  who 
writes  dissertations :  a  debater. 

DISSERVE,  dis-serv',  v.t.  to  do  the  oppo- 
site of  serving :  to  injure.  [L.  dis,  nega- 
tive, and  Serve.] 

DISSERVICE,  dis-serVis,  n.  injury :  mis- 
chief. 

DISSERVICEABLE,  dis-serVis-a-bl,  adj. 
not  serviceable  or  useful  :  injurious  : 
mischievous. 

DISSEVER,  dis-sev'er,  v.t.  to  sever :  to 
part  in  two  :  to  separate  :  to  disunite. — 
n.  Dissev'eeance,  a  dissevering  or  part- 
ing ;  also,  the  act  of  dissevering  :  dis- 
severment.  "  The  disseverment  of  bone 
and  vein." — Charlotte  Bronte.  [li.  dis, 
intensive,  and  Sever.] 

DISSIDENT,  dis'i-dent,  adj.  dissentmg : 
not  agreeing.- — n.  a  dissenter.  [L.  dissi- 
dens,  dissidentis,  pr.p.  of  dissideo — dis, 
apart,  and  sedeo,  to  sit.] 

DISSILIENT,  dis-sil'yent,  adj.,  leaping 
asunder  or  bursting  open  with  elastic 
force. — n.  Dissil'eence.  [L.  dissiliens, 
-entis — dis,  asunder,  salio,  to  leap.] 

DISSIMILAR,  dis-sim'i-lar,  adj.  not  similar: 
unlike  in  any  respect  :  of  different  sorts. 
— adv.  Dissim'ilably.  [L.  dis,  negative, 
and  Similar.] 

DISSIMILARITY,  dis-sim-i-lar'i-ti,  DISSI- 
MILITUDE, dis-si-mil'i-tud,  n.,  iinlike- 
ness  :  want  of  resemblance. 

DISSIMILATION,  dis-sim-i-la'shun,  n.  the 
act  or  process  of  rendering  dissimilar  or 
different  :  specifically,  in  philol.  the 
change  of  a  sound  to  another  and  a  differ- 
ent sound  when  otlierwise  two  similar 
sounds  would  come  together  or  very  close 
to  each  other,  as  in  L.  alienus  for  aliinus, 
It.  pelcgrino,  from  L.  peregrinus. 

DISSIMULATION,  dis-sim-u-la'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  dissembling  :  a  hiding  under  a  false 
appearance  :  false  pretension  :  hypocrisy. 

DISSIMULATOR,  dis-sim-ii-la'ter,  n.  one 
who  dissimulates  or  dissembles  :  a  dis- 
sembler. "  Dissimrdator  as  I  was  to 
others,  I  was  like  a  guilty  child  before 
the  woman  I  loved." — Ld.  Lytton. 

DISSIPATE,  dis'i-piit,  v.t.  to  fhroiv  apart 
or  spread  abroad :  to  scatter:  to  squander: 
to  waste. — v.i.  to  separate  and  disappear  : 
to  waste  away.  [L.  dissijio,  -atus — dis, 
asunder,  and  obs.  supo,  which  appears  in 
insipo,  to  throw  into.] 

DISSIPATION,  dis-i-pa'shun,  n.  dispersion: 
state  of  being  dispersed  :  scattered  atten- 
tion :  a  dissolute  course  of  life. 

DISSOCIATE.  dis-s6'shi-at,  v.t.  to  separate 
from  a  society  or  company  :  to  disunite. 
— n.  Disso'ciATlON.  Also  in  chem.  the  de- 
composition of  a  compound  substance 
into  its  primary  elements  by  heat  or  by 
mechanical  pressure.  "  Wherever  heat- 
rays  are  intercepted  tliey  are  transformed 
into  some  other  form  of  Vibratory  energy, 


and  the  dissociation  of  compound  vapors 
into  their  primary  elements  is  one  of +.he 
results  of  this  change  of  form." — Edin. 
Rev.  [L.  dis,  asunder,  and  socio,  to  unite. 
See  Social.] 

DISSOCIATIVE,  dis-so'shi-at-iv,  adj.  tend- 
ing to  dissociate  :  specifically,  in  chem. 
resolving  or  reducing  a  compound  to  its 
primary  elements.  "  The  resolution  of 
carbonic  acid  into  its  elements  ...  is  one 
of  the  most  famiUar  instances  of  this 
transformation  of  solar  radiation  into 
dissociative  action." — Edin.  Rev. 

DISSOLUBLE,  dis'ol-u-bl,  adj.,  dissolvable. 
— n.  Dissolubil'ity,  capacity  of  being 
dissolved. 

DISSOLUTE,  dis'ol-ut,  adj.,  loose,  esp.  in 
morals  :  lewd  :  licentious.  —  adv.  DlSS'O- 
lutely. — n.  Diss'OLUTENESs.  [See  Dis- 
solve.] 

DISSOLUTION,  dis-ol-u'shun,  n.  the  break- 
ing up  of  an  assembly :  change  fi'om  a 
sohd  to  a  liquid  state  :  a  melting  :  separa- 
tion of  a  body  into  its  original  elements  : 
decomposition  :  destruction  :  death. 

DISSOLVABLE,  diz-zolv'a-bl,  adj.  capable 
of  being  dissolved  or  melted. 

DISSOLVE,  diz-zolv',  v.i.  to  loose  asunder : 
to  separate  or  break  up  :  to  melt :  to  de- 
stroy.— v.i.  to  break  up  :  to  waste  away  : 
to  crumble  :  to  melt.  [L.  dis,  asunder, 
and  soli-o,  sohitus,  to  loose.] 

DISSOLVENT,  diz-zoh-'ent,  adj.  having 
power  to  dissolve  or  melt. — n.  that  which 
can  dissolve  or  melt.  [L.,  pr.p.  of  dis- 
solvo.    See  Dissolve.] 

DISSONANCE,  dis'o-nans,  n.,  disagreement 
of  sound  :  want  of  harmony  :  discord  : 
disagreement. 

DISSONANT,  dis'o-nant,  adj.,  not  agreeing 
in  sound :  without  concord  or  harmony  : 
disagreeing.  [L.  dis,  apart,  sonans, 
-antis,  pr.p.  of  sono,  to  sound.] 

DISSUAI)E,dis-swad',v.^  to  acto'seaga/jisf: 
to  try  to  divert  from  anything  by  advice 
or  persuasion.  [L.  dis,  against,  and  sua- 
deo,  suasus,  to  advise.] 

DISSUASION,  dis-swa'zhun,  n.  act  of  dis- 
suading :  advice  against  anything.  [See 
Dissuade.] 

DISSUASIVE,  dis-swa'ziv,  adj.  tending  to 
dissuade. — n.  that  which  tends  to  dis- 
suade.— adv.  DlSSUA'SrVELT. 

DISSYLLABIC,  dis-sU-lab'ik,  adj.  of  <«-o 
syllables. 

DISSYLLABLE,  dis-sil'a-bl,  n.  a  word  of 
only  two  syllables.  [Gr.  dis,  twice,  and 
Syllable.] 

DISTAFF,  (lis'taf,  n.  the  staff  or  stick 
which  holds  the  bunch  of  flax,  tow,  or 
wool  in  spinning.  [A.S.  distcef,  com- 
pounded of  d)s  =  Low  Ger.  diesse,  the 
bunch  of  flax  on  the  staff  ;  and  stcef^'E. 
Staff.     See  Dizen.] 

DISTAIN,  dis-tan',  v.t.  to  stain  :  to  sully. 
[O.  Fr.  desteindre,  to  take  away  the  color 
of — L.  dis,  privative,  and  ti7igo,  to  stain. 
See  Stain.] 

DISTANCE,  dis'tans,  n.  space  or  interval 
between  :  remoteness  :  opposition  :  re- 
serve of  manner. — v.t.  to  place  at  a  dis- 
tance :  to  leave  at  a  distance  behind.  [See 
DistantJ 

DISTANCELESS,  dis'tans-les,  adj.  pre- 
venting from  having  a  distant  or  exten- 
sive view:  dull:  gloomy.  "A  silent,  dim, 
distancelcis,  rotting  day." — Eingsley. 

DISTANT,  dis'tant,  adj.  remote,  in  titne, 
place,  or  connection  :  not  obvious :  in- 
distinct :  reserved  in  manner. — adv.  DlS'- 
tantly.  [L.  distans  —  dis,  apart,  and 
stans,  stantis,  pr.p.  of  sto,  to  stand.] 

DISTASTE,  dis-tast',  n..  oijpositeness  or 
aversion  of  taste  :  dislike  of  food  :  dislike: 
disgust. — v.t.  to  disrelish  :  to  dislike  :  to 
loatlie.     [L.  dis,  negative,  and  Taste.] 

DISTASTE,  dis-tast',  v.i.  to  be  distasteful, 


DISTASTEFUL 


110 


DIVERT 


nauseous,  or  displeasing.  "  Poisons, 
which  at  the  first  are  scarce  found  to 
distaste." — Shak. 

DISTASTEFUL,  dis-tast'fool,  adj.  produc- 
ing rf/.sta.s^e;  unpleasant  to  the  taste: 
otlensive. —adc.  Distaste'fully.— ».  DlS- 
tastk'fulness. 

DISTEMPER,  n.  a  kind  of  painting.  [See 
Uestemper.] 

DISTEMPER,  dis-teni'per,  n.  a  morbid  or 
disorderly  state  of  body  or  mind  :  dis- 
ease, esp.  «f  animals  :  ill-humor. — v.t.  to 
derange  the  temper  :  to  disorder  or  dis- 
ease.    [L.  dis,  negative,  and  Temper.] 

DISTENT),  dis-tend  ,  v.t.  to  stretch  asunder 
or  in  all  directions:  to  swell. — v.i.  to 
swell.     [L.  cits,  asunder,  and  tendo,  ten- 


s((s  or  tentits,  to  stretch.] 

si-bl,  adj. 
be  stretched. 


DISTENSIBLE,  dis-ten'si-1 


JJ.  that  may 


DISTENSIVE,  dis-ten'siv,  adj..  distending: 
or  capable  of  being  stretched. 

DISTENTION,  DISTENSION,  dis-ten'shun, 
n.  act  of  distending-  or  stretching  :  state 
of  bein»'  stretched  :  breadth. 

DISTICH,  dis'tik,  n.  a  couple  of  lines  or 
i-erses,  making  complete  sense  :  a  coup- 
let. [Gr.  distichos  —  dis,  t^vice,  and 
.itichos,  a  line,  verse.] 

DISTIL,  dis-til',  v.i.  to  fall  in  drops:  to 
flow  gently:  to  use  a  still.— (,".f.  to  let  or 
cause  to  fall  in  drops :  to  convert  a 
liquid  into  vapor  by  heat,  and  then  to 
condense  it  again  :  to  extract  the  spirit 
or  essential  oil  from  anything  by  evajio- 
ration  and  condensation  :^pr.p.  distill'- 
ing  ;  pa.p.  distilled'.  [Fr.  distiller  —  L. 
de,  down,  and  stillo,  to  drop — stilla,  a 
drop.] 

DISTILLATION.  dis-tU-a'shun,  n.  act  or 
process  of  distilling  :  that  which  is  dis- 
tilled. —  Feactioxal  distillation,  in 
chem.  the  separating  of  one  volatile  sub- 
stance from  ;mother  by  keeping  the  mixt- 
ure at  that  temperature  at  which  the 
most  volatile  will  pass  over  into  the  con- 
denser. 

DISTILLATORY,  dis-til'a-tor-i,  adj.  of  or 
for  distillation. 

DISTILLER,  dis-til'er.  n.  one  who  distils. 

DISTILLERY,  dis-til'er-i,  n.  a  place  for 
distilling. 

DISTINCT,  dis-tingkt',  adj.  separate  :  dif- 
ferent :  well-defined  :  clear. — adv.  Dis- 
TDccT'LY.  —  n.  Distinct'ness.  [See  Dis- 
tinguish.] 

DISTINCTION,  dis-tingk'shun.  n.  separa- 
tion or  division :  tliat  whicli  distinguishes: 
difference  :  eminence. 

DISTINCTIVE,  dis-tingkt'iv,  adj.  marking- 
or  expressing  difference. — adv.  Distinct- 
ively.— n.  Distinct'ivexess. 

DISTINGLTSH,  dis-ting'gwish,  v.t.  to  mark 
off,  set  apart  :  to  recognize  by  charac- 
teristic qualities  :  to  discern  crilicallv  : 
to  sepaj-ate  by  a  mark  of  honor  :  to  malce 
eminent  or  known. — v.i.  to  make  or  show 
distinctions  or  differences.  [L.  distinguo, 
distinctus — dis,  asunder,  and  stitiguo,  to 
prick,  conn,  with  Gr.  stizo,  to  mark,  to 
prick.     See  Stixg.] 

DISTINGUISHABLE,  dis-ting'gwish-a-bl, 
adj.  that  may  be  capable  of  being  dis- 
tinguished.—adv.  Disting'uishably. 

DISTORT,  dis-tort',  v.t.  to  twist  or  turn  a 
different  way:  to  force  out  of  the  natural 
or  regular  shape  or  direction :  to  turn 
aside  from  the  true  meaning:  to  pervert. 
[L.  dis,  asunder,  and  torqueo,  tortus,  to 
twist.] 

DISTORTION,  dis-tor'shun,  n.  a  twisting 
out  of  regular  shape  :  crookedness  :  per- 
version. 

DISTRACT,  dis-trakt',  v.t.  to  draw  in  dif- 
ferent directions— SipplieU  to  the  mind  or 
attention  :  to  confuse  :  to  harass  :  to  ren- 
der crazy. — adj.  Distbact'ed.— odi'.  Dis- 


tract'edly.  [L.  dis,  asunder,  and  traho, 
fi-acfus.  to  draw.] 

DISTRACTION,  dis-trak'shun,  n.  state  of 
being  distracted  :  perplexity  :  agitation  : 
madness 

DISTRAIN,  dis-tran',  v.t.  to  seize,  esp. 
goods,  for  debt. — v.i.  to  seize  the  goods 
of  a  debtor.  [O.  Fr.  de.itraindre,  from 
L.  dis,  asunder,  and  stringo,  to  draw 
tight.] 

DISTRAINER,  dis-tran'er,  DISTRAINOR, 
dis-tran'or,  )i.  one  who  distrains  or  seizes 
goods  for  debt. 

DKTRAINT,  dis-trant',  n.,  seizure  of  goods 
for  debt. 

DISTRAUGHT,  dis-trawt',  a*",  distracted  : 
perplexed.     [See  DiSTEACT.J 

DISTRESS,  dis-tres',  n.  extreme  pain  :  that 
which  causes  suffering  :  calamity  :  mis- 
fortune :  a  state  of  danger :  act  of  dis- 
training goods. — v.t.  to  afflict  with  pain 
or  suffering :  to  harass  :  to  grieve :  to 
distrain.  [O.  Fr.  destresse  ;  from  L.  dis- 
tringo,  districtus,  to  pull  asunder,  in  late 
L.  to  punish.] 

DISTRESSFUL,  dis-tres'fool,  ad),  full  of 
distress:    calamitous. — adv.    Disteess'- 

FULLY'. 

DISTRIBUTABLE,  dis-trib'u-ta-bl,  adj. 
tliat  mav  be  divided. 

DISTRIBUTE,  dis-trib'ut,  v.t.  to  divide 
amongst  several  :  to  deal  out  or  allot : 
to  classify.  [L.  di.stribuo — dis,  asunder, 
tribiio.  tribufas.  to  allot.] 

DISTRIBUTER,  dis-trib'u-ter,  n.  one  who 
distributes  or  deals  out. 

DISTRIBUTION,  dis-tri-bu'shun,  )i.  allot- 
ment :  classification. 

DISTRIBUTIVE,  dis-trib'u-tiv,  adj.  that 
di^^ti'ibutes,  separates,    or  divides. — adv. 

DIsTRIB'UTIA'ELY. 

DISTRICT,  dis'trikt,  n.  {orig.)  the  territory 
within  which  a  superior  had  a  right  to 
distrain  or  otherwise  exercise  authority  : 
a  portion  of  territory  defined  or  unde- 
fined:  a  region.  [L.  districtus  —  dis- 
tringo,  to  draw  tight.] 

DISTRUST,  dis-trust',  a.  want  of  trust: 
want  of  faith  or  confidence  :  doubt. — v.t. 
to  have  no  trust  in :  to  disbeUeve  :  to 
doubt.     [L.  di^,  privative,  and  Trust.] 

DISTRUSTFUL,  dis-trust'fool,  adj.  full  of 
distrust :  apt  to  distrust  :  suspicious. — 
adv.  Distrust'fullt. — n.  Disteust'fxtl- 

NESS. 

DISTURB,  dis-turb',  v.t.  to  throw  into  con- 
fusion :  to  agitate  :  to  disquiet :  to  inter- 
rupt.— n.  Distueb'er.  [L.  dis.  asunder, 
and  turbo,  to  agitate — turba,  a  crowd.] 

DISTLTIBANCE,  dis-turb'ans,  n.,  agita- 
tion :  tumult :  interruption  :  perplexity. 

DISTURNTIEE,  dis-tern'plk,  v.t.  to  free 
fiom  turnpikes  :  to  remove  turnpikes  or 
toll-bars  from  so  as  to  give  free  traffic  or 
passage  on  :  as,  disturnpiked  roads. 

DISUNION,  dis-un'yun,  n.,  want  of  union: 
breaking  up  of  imion  or  concord :  sepa- 
ration. 

DISUNITE,  dis-u-nit',  v.t.  to  separate  what 
is  united :  to  sever  or  sunder. — v.i.  to  fall 
asunder :  to  part.  [L.  dis,  privative, 
and  Unite.] 

DISUSAGE,  dis-iiz'aj,  n.  gradual  cessation 
of  u:<c  or  custom.  [L.  dis,  privative, 
and  L"SAGE.] 

DISUSE,  dis-us',  n.  cessation  or  giving  up 
of  use  or  custom.  [L.  dis,  privative,  and 
Use.] 

DISUSE,  dis-uz',  v.t.  to  cease  to  tise  or 
practice. 

DISUTILIZE,  dis-u'til-Iz,  v.t.  to  turn  from 
a  useful  purpose  :  to  render  useless. 
"Annulled  the  gift,  disutilized  the 
grace. " — Browning. 

DITCH,  dich,  n.  a  trench  dug  in  the 
ground  :  any  long  narrow  receptacle  for 
water. — v.i.  to  make  a  ditch  or  ditches. 


— v.t.  to  dig'  a  ditch  in  or  around  :  to 
drain  bv  ditches.    [A  corr.  of  Dike.] 

DITCHER,  dich'er,  ii.  a  ditch-maker. 

DITHEISM,  di'the-izm,  )i.  the  doctrine  of 
the  existence  of  tivo  gods.  [Gr.  di,  two, 
and  theos,  a  god.] 

DITHYRAMB,  dith'i-ram,  DITHYRAM- 
BUS,  dith  -  i  -  i-am'bus,  n.  an  ancient 
Greek  hymn  sung  in  honor  of  Bacchus  : 
a  short  poem  of  a  light  character.  [Gr. 
Dithijrambos,  whose  origin  is  unknown.] 

DITHYRAMBIC,  dith-i-ram'bik,  adj.  of  or 
like  a  dithyramb  :  wild  and  boisterous. 

DITTANY,  dit'a-ni,  n.  a  genus  of  aromatic 
perennial  plants,  formerly  much  used 
medicinally  as  a  tonic.  [L.  dictamnus, 
Gi-.  diktamnos  —  Dikte,  a  mountain  in 
Crete,  where  the  plant  grows  abun- 
dantlv.] 

ditto!  dit'6,  contracted  Db.,  n.  that  which 
has  been  said  :  the  same  thing. — adv.  as 
before,  or  aforesaid  :  in  like  manner.  [It. 
detto — L.  dictum,  said,  pa.p.  of  dieo,  to 
sayj 

DITTY,  dit'i,  n.  a  song  :  a  little  poem  to 
be  sung.  [O.  Fr.  dite — L.  dictatum,  neu- 
ter of  dictatus,  perf.p.  of  dicto,  to  dic- 
tatej 

DITTY-BAG.  dit'ti-bag,  n.  a  small  bag 
used  by  sailors  for  holding  needles, 
thread,  and  other  small  necessaries  or 
odds  and  ends. 

DIURETIC,  di-u-ret'ik,  adj.  tending  to  ex- 
cite the  passing  through  or  discharge  of 
vrine. — n.  a  medicine  causing-  this  dis- 
charge. [Fr. — Gr.  diouretikos — dia, 
through,  and  ouron,  urine.] 

DIURNAL,  di-ur'nal,  adj.,  daily:  relating 
to  or  performed  in  a  daj'. — n.  in  the  K. 
C.  Church,  a  breviary  with  daily  services. 
^adv.  Ditr'nally.  [L.  diurnus — dies,  a 
day.     See  Jooinal.] 

DIVAN,  di-van',  n.  the  Turkish  council  of 
state  :  a  court  of  justice  :  used  poetically 
of  any  council  or  assembly  :  a  council- 
chamber  with  cushioned  seats  :  a  sofa  : 
a  smoking  room  :  a  collection  of  poems. 
[Arab,  and  Pers.  diivdn,  a  tribunal.] 

DIVAEICATE,  dl-var'i  -  kat,  v.i.  to  part 
into  two  branches,  to  fork  :  to  diverge. — 
v.t.  to  divide  into  two  branches. — n.  Di- 
varica'tion.  [L.  divarico,  divaricotus 
— dis,  asunder,  and  varico,  to  spread  the 
legs — varus,  bent  apart.] 

DIVE,  div,  v.i.  to  dip  or  plunge  into  water : 
to  plunge  or  go  deeply  into  any  matter. 
[A.S.  dufan  :  Ice.  dyfa.    See  Dip.] 

DIVER,  (Uv-^er,  n.  one  who  dii-es:  a  bird 
very  expert  at  diving-. 

DIVERGE,  di-verj',  v.i.  to  incline  or  turn 
asunder:  to  tend  from  a  common  point 
in  different  directions. — adv.  Diverq'ing- 
LY'.     [L.  dis.  asunder,  vergo,  to  incline.] 

DIVERGENCE,  di-verj'eus,  DIVERG- 
ENCY, di-verj'en-si,  n.  a  going  apart : 
tendency  to  recede  from  one  point. 

DIVERGENT,  di-verj'ent,  adj.  tending  to 
diverge  :  receding  from  one  point. 

DIVERS,  di'verz,  adj.sundvy:  several:  more 
than  one  :  ( B.)  same  as  Diterse.  [See 
DrvERT.] 

DI\''ERSE,  di'versordiv-ers',  adj.  different: 
unlike  :    multiform  :   various. — adv.  Dl'- 

TERSELY  or  DIVEESE'LY.      [See  DiTERT.J 

DFV'ERSITY,  di-ver'si-fT,  v.t.  to  make  di- 
verse or  different :  to  give  variety  to  :—- 
pr.p).  diver'sifying  ;  jja.p.  diver'sifled.^ 
n.  Diversifica'tios.  [L.  diversus,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

DIVERSION,  di-ver'shun,  n.  act  of  divert- 
ing or  turning  aside  :  that  which  diverts : 
amusement,  recreation  :  something  done 
to  turn  the  attention  of  an  enemy  from 
the  principal  point  of  attack. 

DH'ERSITY,  di-ver'si-ti,  n.  state  of  being 
diverse :  difference  :  unlikeness  :  variety. 

DH'ERT,    di-vert',   v.t.  to  turn  aside:  to 


DIVEST 


111 


DOGMA 


change  the  direction  of :  to  turn  tlie 
mind  from  business  or  study  :  to  amuse. 
— adj.  DiVERT'iNa. — adv.  I^itert'ixgly. 
[L.  diverto,  diversus  —  dis,  aside,  and 
vei-to,  to  turn.] 

DIVEST,  di-vest',  v.t.  to  strip  or  deprive  of 
anything'.  [L.  dis,  priv.,  and  vestio,  to 
clothe — vestis,  a  garment.] 

DIVIDE,  di-vld',  v.t.  to  paW  a.mnder :  to 
part  among,  to  allot,  etc.  :  to  set  at 
variance  :  to  separate  into  two  parts  (as 
in  voting). — I'.i.  to  part  or  open  :  tobreat 
friendsliip  :  to  vote  by  separating  into 
two  bodies. — adv.  Divid'edly.  [L.  divide, 
divisiis — dis,  asunder,  and  root  vid,  to 
separate.] 

DIVIDEND,  div'i-dend,  n.  that  which  is  to 
be  divided  :  the  share  of  a  smu  divided 
that  falls  to  each  individual.  [L.  divide^i- 
dum — divido.] 

DrV'IDER,  di-vld'er,  n.  he  or  that  which 
divides. 

DIVINATION,  div'i-na-shun,  n.  the  act  or 
practice  of  divining :  prediction :  con- 
jecture. 

DIVINE,  di-vTn',  adj.  belonging  to  or  pro- 
ceeding from  God :  devoted  to  God's 
service  :  holy  :  sacred  :  excellent  in  the 
highest  degree. — n.  one  skilled  in  divine 
things  :  a  minister  of  the  gospel  :  a  theo- 
logian.—  v.t.  to  foresee  or  foretell  as  if 
divinely  inspired  :  to  guess  or  make  out. 
— v.i.  to  profess  or  practice  divination  : 
to  have  forebodings. —  adv.  DmNE'LY. 
[L.  divinus,  fi'om  divus,  deua,  a  god.] 

DIVINER,  di-vin'er,  n.  one  who  divines  or 
professes  divination  :  a  conjecturer. 

DIVING-BELL,  div'ing-bel,  n.  a.  hollow 
vessel  orig.  bell-shaped,  air-tight  except 
at  the  bottom,  in  wliich  one  may  descend 
into  and  work  under  water.     [See  DivE.] 

DIVINING-ROD,  di-vln'ing-rod,  n.  a  rod 
usuallj'  of  hazel  used  by  those  profess- 
ing to  discover  water  or  metals  under 
ground. 

DIVINITY,  di-vin'i-ti,  n.  godhead  :  the 
nature  or  essence  of  God  :  God  :  a  celes- 
tial being :  any  god  :  the  science  of  di- 
vine things  :  tHeology.     [See  Divine.] 

DIVISIBILITY,  di-viz-i-biri-ti,  n.  quality 
of  being  divisible  or  separable. 

DIVISIBLE,  di-viz'i-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being  divided  or  seijarated. — adv.  Diris'- 

IBLY. 

DIVISION,  di-vizh'un,  n.  act  of  dividing  : 
state  of  being  divided  :  that  wliich  di- 
vides :  a  partition  :  a  barrier :  the  por- 
tion divided  or  separated :  sepai'ation  : 
difference  in  opinion,  etc.  :  disunion : 
(arith.)  the  rule  or  process  of  finding  how- 
many  times  one  number  is  contained  in 
another. 

DIVISIONAL,  di-vizh'un-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  marking  a  division  or  separa- 
tion. 

DIVISIVE,  di-vi'ziv,  adj.  forming-  division- 
or  separation  :  creating  discord. 

DmSIVENESS,  di-viz'iv-nes,  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  divisive  :  tending  to 
spUt  up  or  separate  into  units.  "  So  in- 
vincible is  man's  tendency  to  unite,  with 
all  the  invincible  divisiveness  he  has." — 
Carlyle. 

DIVISOR,  di-vi'zor,  n.  (arith.)  the  number 
wlvich  divides  the  dividend. 

DIVORCE,  di-vors',  n.  the  legal  separation 
of  husoand  and  wife  :  the  sentence  by 
which  a  marriage  is  dissolved. — v.t.  to 
separate :  to  sunder :  to  dissolve  the 
marriage-contract  of  :  to  put  away. — n. 
DrvoRc'EE.  [Fr.— L.  divortium — divort- 
ere,  another  form  of  divertere.  See  Di- 
vert.] 

DIVORCEMENT,  di-v6rs'ment,  n.  (B.)  di- 
vor«e. 

DIVULGE,  di-vulj',  v.t.  to  spread  abroad 
among  tlie  vulgar  or  the  people :  to  make 


public  :  to  reveal.     [L.  dis,  among,  and 
vtilgtis,  the  common  people.    See  Folk.] 

DI\TJLSION,  di-vul'shun,  n.  act  of  pulling 
or  rending  asunder  or  away.  |X.  dis, 
asunder,  and  vello,  vulsus,  to  pull.] 

DmJLSIVE,  di-vul'siv,  adj.  tending  to 
pull  asunder. 

DIZEN,  di'zn  or  diz'n,  v.t.  (pbs.)  to  dress: 
to  deck :  to  dress  gaudily.  [Orig.  to  put 
a  bunch  of  ilax  on  the  distaff,  from  an 
E.  form  found  also  in  Low  Ger.  diesse, 
the  bunch  of  flax  on  the  distaff.  See 
Distaff.] 

DIZZINESS,  diz'i-nes,  n.  giddiness. 

DIZZY,  diz'i,  adj.,  dazed:  giddy:  con- 
fused :  causing  giddiness  :  unthinking  : 
heedless. — v.t.  to  make  dizzj' :  to  con- 
fuse. [A.S.  dysig,  fooUsh,  sLUy ;  O.  Dut. 
duyzigh ;  Dan.  dosig,  drowsy ;  conn, 
with  JE.  Daze,  Doze.] 

DO,  doo,  v.t.  to  perform  any  action:  to 
bring  about  or  effect :  to  accomplish  or 
finish  :  to  prepare  :  to  put  or  bring  into 
any  form  or  state. — To  do  on,  to  don  or 
put  on  ;  To  DO  OFF,  to  doff  or  put  off ; 
To  DO  AWAY',  to  remove  or  destroy ;  To 
BE  DONE  FOR,  to  be  defeated  or  ruined. — 
v.i.  to  act  or  behave  '.—pr.p.  do'iug ; 
pa.t.  did;  pa.p.  done  (dun).  [A.S.  don; 
Dut.  doen,  Ger.  thun;  conn,  with  Gr. 
titlieini,  to  put,  place.] 

DO,  doo,  v.i.  to  fare  or  get  on,  as  to  health: 
to  succeed  :  to  suit  or  avail.  [Prov.  E. 
dow,  to  avail,  to  be  worth ;  from  A.S. 
dugan,  to  be  worth;  Grer.  taugen,  to  be 
strong,  to  be  worth.    See  Doughty.] 

DO-ALL,  doo'-awl.  n.  a  servant,  official  or 
dependent  who  does  all  sorts  of  work  :  a 
factotum.     Fuller. 

DOATING-PIECE,  dot'ing-pes,  n.  a  person 
or  thing  doatingly  loved :  a  darling. 
Richardson. 

DOBBIE,  dob'i,  n.  a  kind  of  spirit  or  hob- 
goblin akin  to  the  Scotch  Brownie.  Sir 
W.  Scott.     [Northern  English.] 

D  O  C  H  T  E  R  ,  dokh'ter,  n.  daughter. 
[Scotch.] 

DOCILE,  do'sil  or  dos'il,  adj.,  teachable: 
ready  to  learn :  easily  managed.  [L. 
docilis — doceo,  to  teach.] 

DOCILITY,  do-sil'i-ti,  n.,  teachableness: 
aptness. 

DOCK,  dok,  n.  a  troublesome  weed  with 
large  leaves  and  a  long  root,  difficult  to 
eradicate.  [A.S.  docce  ;  prob.  from  Gael. 
dogha,  a  burdock  ;  perhaps  allied  to  Gr. 
daukos,  a  kind  of  carrot.] 

DOCK,  dok,~r'.f.  to  ciit  short:  to  curtail : 
to  cut  off  :  to  clip. — n.  the  part  of  a  tail 
left  after  clipping.  [W.  tociaw,  to  cut 
short ;  cf.  Ice.  dockr,  a  stumpy  tail.] 

DOCK,  dok,  n.  an  inclosure  or  artificial 
basin  near  a  harbor  or  river,  for  the  re- 
ception of  vessels :  the  box  in  court 
where  the  accused  stands. — v.t.  to  place 
in  a  dock.  [O.  Dut.  dokke ;  perh.  from 
Low  L.  doga,  a  canal — Gr.  doche,  a  re- 
ceptacle— dechomai,  to  receive.] 

DOCKAGE,  dok'aj,  n.  a  charge  for  the  use 
of  a  dock. 

DOCKET,  dok'et,  n.  a  summary  of  a 
larger  writing  :  a  bUl  or  ticket  affixed 
to  anj-thing  :  a  label  :  a  list  or  register 
of  cases  in  court. — v.t.  to  make  a  sum- 
mary of  the  heads  of  a  writing :  to  en- 
ter in  a  book  :  to  maik  the  contents  of 
papers  on  the  back  -.—pr.p.  dock'eting  ; 
pa.p.  dock'eted.  [Dim.  of  Dock,  to  cur- 
taUJ 
DOCKYi\JRD,  dok'yard,  n.  a  yard  or  store 
near  a  dock,  where  ships  are  built  and 
naval  stores  kept. 
DOCTOR,  dok'tur,  n.  one  who  has  received 
from  a  university  the  highest  degree  in 
a  faculty  :  a  physician.— atJj.  Doc  toral. 
[L,  (lit.)  a  teacher— doceo,  to  teacli.] 


DOCTORATE,  dok'tur-at,  n.  a  doctor's  de- 
gree. 

DOCTRINAL,  dok'trin-al,  adj.  relating  to 
or  containing  doctrine :  relatmg  to  the 
act  of  teaching. — adv.  Doc'teinally. 

DOCTRINE,  dok'trin,  n.  a  thing  taught:  a 
principle  of  belief  :  what  the  Scriptures 
teach  on  any  subject :  (B.)  act  or  manner 
of  teaching.     [See  DOCTOR.] 

DOCUMENT,  doVu-ment,  n.  a  paper  con- 
taining  information  or  the  proof  ofanj'- 
thing.  [L.  documenimn — doceo,  to  teach.] 

DOCUMENTAL,  dok  -  u  -  ment'al,  DOCU- 
MENTARY, dok-u-ment'ar-i,  adj.  relat- 
ing to  or  found  in  documents. 

DODDY-POLE,  DODDY-POLL,  dod'di-pol, 
n.  a  stupid,  silly  fellow :  a  numskidl. 
"  Doddy-poles  and  dunderheads. "-SYerjie. 

DODECAGON,  do-dek'a-gon,  n.  a  plane 
figure  having  twelve  equal  angles  and 
sides.  [Gr.  dodeka,  twelve,  and  gonia, 
an  angle.] 

DODECAHEDRON,  do-dek-a-he'dron,  n.  a 
solid  figure,  having  twelve  equal  pentag- 
onal bases  or  faces.  [Gr.  dodeka,  twelve, 
and  hedra,  a  base,  a  side.] 

DODGE,  doj,  v.i.  to  start  aside  or  shift 
about :  to  evade  or  use  mean  tricks  :  to 
shutHe  or  quibble. — v.t.  to  evade  by  a 
sudden  shift  of  place. — n.  an  evasion  :  a 
trick  :  a  quibble. — n.  Dodq'er.  [Ety.  dub.] 

DODO,  do'do,  71.  a  large  clumsy  bird,  now 
extinct,  once  found  in  Mauritius  and 
Madagascar.     [Port,  dondo,  silly.] 

DOE.  do,  n.  the  female  of  the  fallow-deer 
or  buck.     [A.S.  da  ;  Dan.  daa,  a  deerj 

DOES,  duz,  third  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind.of  Do. 

DOESKIN,  do' skin.  n.  the  skin  of  a  doe  :  a 
twilled  cloth,  named  from  its  hkeness  to 
the  skin  of  a  doe. 

DOFF,  dof,  v.t.  to  do  or  take  off:  to  rid 
one's  self  of.     [A  contr.  of  do  off.] 

DOG,  dog,  n.  a  domestic  quadruped  :  a 
term  of  contempt :  one  of  two  constella. 
tions  of  stars  :  an  andiron  :  an  iron  hook 
for  holding  logs  of  wood. — v.t.  to  follow 
as  a  dog :  to  follow  and  watch  con- 
stantly :  to  worry  with  importunity  : — 
^jr.jj.  dogg'ing  ;  pa.p.  dogged'. — n.  Dogg'- 
er.  [Not  in  A.S. ;  Dut.  dog,  a  mastiff ; 
Ger.  dogge,  docke.] 

DOG-BRIER,  dog'-brl'er,  n.  the  brier  dog- 
rose. 

DOGCART,  dog-'kart,  n.  a  one-horse  car- 
riage for  sportsmen,  so  called  ftom  dogs 
being  carried  inside. 

DOGCHEAP,  dog'chep,  adj.,  cheap a,s dog' s- 
meat :  very  cheap. 

DOGDAY,  dog'da,  n.  one  of  the  days  when 
the  Dogstar  rises  and  sets  with  the  sun, 
between  the  end  of  July  and  the  begin- 
ning of  September. 

DOGE,  doj,  n.  formerly  the  thief-magis- 
trate in  Venice  and  Genoa.  [It.  prov. 
for  d!(ce=E.  dnke—L,.  dux,  a  leader— 
duco.  to  lead.] 

DOGFISH,  dog'fish,  n.  a  species  of  British 
shark,  so  named  from  their  habit  of  fol- 
lowing their  prey  like  dogs  hunting  in 
packs. 

DOGGED,  dog'ed.  adj.  surly  like  an  angry 
dog  :  svillen  :  obstinate.-  -adv.  Dogg'edly". 
— 1(.  Dogg'edness. 

DOGGEREL,  dog'er-el,  n.  irregular  meas- 
ures in  burlesque  poetry,  so  named  in 
contempt :  worthless  verses. — adj.  irregu- 
lar :  mean.     [From  DoG.] 

DOGGISH,  dog'ish,  adj.  like  a  dog: 
churlish  :  brutal.— « A'.  DOGG'ISHLT.— Ji. 
Dogg'ishness. 

DOG-LOOKED,  dog'-lookt,  adj.  ha\-ing  a 
hang-dog  look.  "  A  wretched  kind  of  a 
dog-looked  fellow."— Sir  R.  L'Estravge. 
DOGMA,  dog'ma,  n.  a  settled  opinion  :  a 
principle  or  tenet :  a  doctrine  laid  down 
with  authority.     [Gr.,  an  opinion,  from 


DOG-MAN 


112 


DOMINEER 


dokeo,  to  think,  allied  to  L.  decet.    See 
Decent.] 
DOG-MAN,  dog'-man,  n.  one  who  deals  in 
dog's  meat. 

And  filch  the  dog-man^s  meat 
To  feed  the  offspring  of  God. 

— Mrs.  Browning. 

DOGMATIC,  dog-mat'ik,  DOGMATICAL, 
dog-mat'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  dogma: 
asserting  a  thing  as  if  it  were  a  dog^ma: 
asserting  positively :  overbearing. — adv. 
Dogmatically. 

DOGMATISM,  dog'ma-tizm,  n.,  dogmatic 
or  positive  assertion  of  opinion. 

DOGMATIST,  dog'ma-tist,  n.  one  who 
makes  positive  assertions. 

DOGMATIZE,  dog'ma-tiz,  v.i.  to  state 
one's  opinion  dogmatically  or  arrogantly. 
—n.  Dog'matizsr. 

DOGROSE,  dog'roz,  n.  the  rose  of  the  dog- 
brier. 

DOG'S-EAR,  dogz'-er,  n.  the  corner  of  the 
leaf  of  a  book  turned  down,  Uke  a  dogr's 
ear. — v.t.  to  turn  down  the  corners  of 
leaves  : — pa.p.  dog's'-eared. 

DOGSTAR,  dog'star,  n.  Sirius,  a  star  of 
the  first  magnitude,  whose  rising  and 
setting  with  the  sun  gave  name  to  the 
dogdays. 

DOILY,  doi'li,  n.  a  small  napkin  used  at 
dessert.  [Prob.  from  Dut.  dwaal='E.. 
towel.'] 

DOINGS,  doo'ingz,  n.pl.,  things  done, 
events  :  behavior. 

DOIT,  doit,  71.  a  small  Dutch  coin  worth 
about  a  quarter  of  a  cent :  a  thing  of 
little  or  no  value.  [Dut.  diiit.  Origin 
dub.] 

DOLE,  dol,  v.t.  to  deal  out  in  small  por- 
tions.— II.  a  share  distributed  :  something 
given  in  charity  :  a  small  portion.  [Erom 
root  of  Deal,  to  divide.] 

DOLE,  dol,  n.  (obs.)  pain  :  grief:  heaviness 
at  heart.  [O.  Fr.  doel,  Fr.  deuil,  grief — 
L.  doleo,  to  feel  pain.] 

DOLEFUL,  dol'fool,  adj.  full  of  dole  or 
grief  :  melancliol}'. — adv.  Dole'fully. — 
n.  Dole'fulness. 

DOLESOME,  dol'sum,  adj.  dismal. —  adv. 
Dole'somely. 

DOLL,  dol,  n.  a  puppet  or  toy-baby  for  a 
chUd.  [Dut.  dollen,  to  sport,  O.  Dut.  dol, 
a  whipping-top ;  cf.  dol,  mad ;  or  perh. 
familiar  for  Dorothy.] 

DOLLAR,  dol'ar,  n.  a  money  denomination 
of  the  United  States,  worth  100  cents. 
[Ger.,  short  for  Joachimsthaler,  because 
first  coined  at  the  silver  mines  in  Joach- 
imsthal  (Joachim's  dale)  in  Bohemia.] 

DOLLOP,  dol'lop,  n.  a  lump  :  a  mass.  R. 
D.  Blackmore.    (CoUoq.) 

DOLLY,  doi'li,  n.  a  primitive  form  of  ap- 
paratus for  clothes-washing,  consisting 
of  a  wooden  disc  furnished  with  from 
three  to  five  rounded  legs  with  rounded 
ends,  and  a  handle  with  a  cross-piece 
rising  from  the  centre.  The  dolly  is 
jerked  rapidly  round  in  different  direc- 
tions in  a  tub  or  box  containing  water 
and  the  clothes  to  be  washed. 

DOLLY,  dol'U,  n.  a  sweetheart  :  a  mistress  : 
a  paramour  :  a  doxy.  [Dim.  of  doll.  Old 
slang.] 

Drink,  and  dance,  and  pipe,  and  play, 
Kisse  our  doUies  night  and  day. — Herrick. 

DOLMEN,  dol'men,  n.  a  stone  table :  an 
ancient  structure  of  two  or  more  unhewn 
stones  placed  erect  in  the  earth  and  sup- 
porting a  large  stone.  [Celtic  daul,  table, 
maen,  a  stone.] 

DOLOMITE,  dol'o-mit,  n.  a  magnesian 
limestone,  so  called  from  the  French 
geologist  Dolomien. 

DOLOR,  do'lor,  «.,  pain:  grief :  anguish. 
JX.] 

DOLORIFIC,  dol-or-ifik,  adj.,  causing  or 
expressing  dolor,  pain,  or  grief.  [L.  do- 
lor, facio,  to  make.] 


DOLOROUS,  dol'or-us,  adj.  full  of  dolor, 
pain,  or  grief :  doleful. — adv.  DOL'OR- 
orsLY.    [L.  dolorosus.] 

DOLPHIN,  dol'fin,  ?i.  an  animal  of  the 
whale  kind,  found  in  all  seas,  about  8  or 
10  feet  long  :  the  corj^phene,  a  fish  about 
5  feet  in  length,  noted  for  the  brilliancy 
of  its  colors  when  dying. — In  Oreek 
antiq.  a  ponderous  mass  of  lead  or  iron 
suspended  from  the  yard-arm  of  a  vessel 
and  suddenly  let  down  upon  an  enemy's 
ships. — In  naut.  a  spar  or  buoy  made  fast 
to  an  anchor,  and  usually  supplied  with 
a  ring  to  enable  vessels  to  ride  by  it. 
Aiso  a  mooring-post  placed  at  the  en- 
trance of  a  dock.  It  is  generally  com- 
posed of  a  series  of  piles  driven  near  to 
each  other,  in  a  circle,  and  brought  to- 
gether and  capped  over  at  the  top.  The 
name  is  also  sometimes  appUed  to  the 
mooring-post  placed  along  a  quay  or 
wharf. — In  milif.  a  handle  of  a  gun  or 
mortar  made  in  tlie  form  of  a  dolphin. 
— In  astron.  a  constellation,  so  called 
from  its  fancied  resemblance  to  a  dol- 
phin.— In  arch,  a  technical  term  appUed 
to  the  pipe  and  cover  at  a  source  for  the 
supply  of  water.  Also  an  emblem  of 
love  and  social  feeling  frequently  intro- 
duced as  an  ornament  to  coronas  sus- 
pended in  churches. — Dolphin  of  the 
MAST  {naut.),  a  kind  of  wreath,  formed 
of  plaited  cordage,  to  be  fastened  occa- 
sionally round  the  masts  of  a  vessel  as  a 
support  to  the  puddening.  [O.  Fr.  daul- 
phin — L.  delphinus.] 

DOLPHINET,  dol'fin-et,  n.  a  female  dol- 
phin. 

DOLPHIN-FLY,  dol'fln-fll,  n.  an  insect  of 
the  aphis  tribe  (Aphis  fahce),  which  de- 
stroys the  leaves  of  bean-crops,  thus 
rendering  the  plants  incapable  of  bring- 
ing the  ordinary  amount  of  seeds  to 
perfection.  Called  also,  from  its  black 
color,  the  COLLIER  Aphis. 

DOLPHIN-STRIKER,  dol'fin-strlk-er,  n. 
naut.  same  as  Martingale,  a  spar. 

DOLT,  dolt,  n.  a    dxdl  or    stupid    fellow. 

iI)OL,T=dulled  or  blunted.     See  DULL.] 
iLTISH,    dolt'ish,    adj.    dull:  stupid.— 
adv.  Dolt'ishly.— ?i.  Dolt'ishness. 
DOLVEN,  pp.  from  delve,  buried. 

All  quicke  I  would  be  dolven  deepe. — Chaucer. 
DOM,  dom,  n.  a  title  in  the  middle  ages 
given  to  the  pope,  and  afterwards  to 
Roman  Catholic  dignitaries  and  some 
monastic  orders.  In  Portugal  and  Brazil 
this  title  is  universally  given  to  the 
higher  classes.  [L.  dominus,  a  master, 
a  lord.] 
DOM,  dom,  a  termination  used  to  denote 
jurisdiction,  or  property  and  jurisdiction: 
primarily,  doom,  judgment  :  as  in  king- 
dom, earldojfi.  Hence  it  is  used  to  de- 
note state,  condition,  or  quaUty,  as  in 
wisdom,  freedom.  [A.S.  ddm,  judgment, 
authority^E.  doom ;  Ice.  domr;  O.  Ger. 
tuom :  Ger.  -thiim.] 
DOMAIN,  do-man',  n.  what  one  is  master 
of  or  has  dominion  over :  an  estate : 
territory.  [Fr.  domaine — L.  dominium, 
domintis,  a  master.] — Right  of  eminent 
domain,  the  superiority  or  dominion  of 
the  sovereign  power  over  all  the  prop- 
erty within  the  state,  bj'  which  it  is  en- 
titled to  appropriate,  5y  constitutional 
agency,  any  part  necessary  to  the  public 
good,  compensation  being  given  for  what 
is  taken. 

All  these  must  first  be  trampled  down 

Beneath  our  feet,  if  we  would  gain 
In  the  bright  fields  of  fair  renown 
The  right  of  eminent  domain. 

— Longfellow. 

DOMANIAL,  do-ma'ni-al,  adj.  relating  to 
domains  or  landed  estates.  "In  all  do- 
manial and  fiscal  causes,  and  wherever 
the  private  interests  of  the  Crown  stood 


in  competition  with  those  of  a  subject, 
the  former  enjoyed  enormous  and  supe- 
rior advantages." — Hallam. 

DOM-BOC,  dora'-bok,  n.  (/t«.)  doom-book  : 
the  book  of  laws,  now  lost,  compiled 
under  the  direction  of  Bang  Alfred,  and 
containing  the  local  customs  of  the  sev- 
eral provinces  of  the  kingdom.    [A.S.] 

DOME,  dom,  n.  a  structure  raised  above 
the  roof  of  large  buildings,  usuallj-  hemi-i 
spherical :  a  large  cupola :  a  cathedral  v 
(pogf.)  a  building. — adj.  Domed',  having  a 
dome.  [Fr.  dome.  It.  duomo,  first  meant 
a  town-hall  or  public  building  ;  then  the 
cupola  on  such  a  building ;  It.  duomo 
and  Ger.  dom  are  applied  to  the  principal 
church  of  a  place  with  or  without  a  cu- 
pola.— Gr.  and  L.  domvs,  a  house,  a  tem- 
ple— Gr.  demo,  to  build.] 

DOMESDAY-  or  DOOMSDAY-BOOK, 
doomz'da-book,  n.  a  book  compiled  by 
order  of  WOliam  the  Conqueror,  contain- 
ing a  survey  of  all  the  lands  in  England, 
their  value,  owners,  etc.  ;  so  called  from 
its  authority  in  doom  or  judgment  on  the 
matters  contained  in  it. 

DOMESTIC,  do-mes'tik,  adj.  belonging  to 
the  house :  remaining  much  at  home, 
private  :  tame  :  not  foreign. — n.  a  ser- 
vant in  the  house. — adv.  Domes'tically^. 
—  n.  DoMESTic'iTY.  [L.  domesticus  — 
domus,  a  house.] 

DOMESTICATE,  do-mes'tik-at,  v.t.  to  make 
domestic  or  familiar  :  to  tame.  —  Also, 
v.i.  to  Uve  at  home :  to  lead  a  quiet 
home-life  :  to  become  a  member  of  a 
family  circle.  ' '  I  would  rather  ...  see 
her  married  to  some  honest  and  tender- 
hearted man,  -whose  love  might  induce 
him  to  domesticate  with  her,  and  to  live 
peaceably  and  pleasingly  within  his  fam- 
ily circle,  than  to  see  her  mated  with  a 
prince  of  the  blood." — Henry  Brooke. — 
n.  Domestica'tion. 

DOMICILE,  dom'i-sil,  n.  a  house:  an  abode  :  ' 
in  laic,  the  place  where  a  person  has  his 
home,  or  where  he  has  his  family  resi- 
dence and  principal  place  of  business. 
The  constitution  of  domicile  depends  on 
the  concm-rence  of  two  elements — 1st, 
residence  in  a  place ;  and  2d,  the  intention 
of  the  party  to  make  that  place  his  home. 
Domicile  is  of  three  kinds — 1st,  domicile 
of  origin  or  nativity,  depending  on  that 
of  the  parents  at  the  time  of  birth  ;  2d, 
domicile  of  choice,  which  is  voluntarily 
acquired  by  the  party  ;  and  3d,  domicile 
by  operation  of  lair,  as  that  of  a  wife, 
arising  from  marriage.  The  term  domicile 
is  sometimes  used  to  signify  the  length 
of  residence  required  by  the  law  of  some 
countries  for  the  purpose  of  founding 
jurisdiction  in  civil  actions  ;  in  Scotland, 
residence  for  at  least  forty  days  within 
the  country  constitutes  a  domicile  as  to 
jiu-isdiction.  —  v.t.  to  estabUsh  a  fixed 
residence. — adj.  Domicil'iary.  [L.  domi- 
cilium — domus,  a  house.] 

DOMICILIATE,  dom-i-sil'yat,  v.t.  to  estab- 
lish in  a  permanent  residence. — Ji.  DOM- 
ichia'tion. 

DOMINANT,  dom'in-ant,  adj.  prevaiUng  : 
pi'edominaut. — n.  (music)  the  fifth  note 
of  the  scale  in  its  relation  to  the  first  and 
third.  [L.  dominans,  -antis,  pr.p.  of 
domino);  to  be  master.] 

DOMINATE,  dom'in-at,  v.t.  to  be  ?ordover  : 
to  govern  :  to  prevail  over.  [L.  dominor, 
to  be  master— dominus,  master — domare 
=E.  Tame.] 

DOMINATION,  dom-in-a'shun,  n.,  govern- 
ment :  absolute  authority  :  tyranny.  [L. 
dominatio.] 

DOMINATIVE,  dom'in-a-tiv,  ad{j.,  govern- 
ing :  arbitrarv. 

DOMINEER,  dom-in-er',  v.i.  to  nde  arbi- 
trarily :  to  command  haughtily. 


DOMINICAL 


113 


DOSE 


DOMINICAL,  do-min'ik-al,  adj.  belonging 
to  Our  Lord,  as  the  Lord's  Praj-er,  the 
Lord's  Day. — Dominical  letter,  one  of 
the  seven  letters,  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G, 
used  in  almanacs,  etc.,  to  mark  the  Sun- 
days throughout  the  year.  The  first 
seven  days  of  the  year  being  marked  in 
their  order  by  the  above  letters  in  their 
order,  tlie  following  seven  and  all  con- 
secutive sets  of  seven  days  to  the  end  of 
the  year  are  similarly  marked,  so  that 
on  whatever  day  the  first  Sunday  of  the 
year  falls  the  letter  which  marks  it  will 
mark  all  the  other  Sundays  of  the  year. 
After  twenty-eight  years  the  same  letters 
return  in  their  order.  [L.  doininicus — 
dominus,  lord,  master.] 

DOMINICAN,  do-min'i-kan,  adj.  belonging 
to  St.  Dominic  or  to  the  Dominicans. — 
n.  a  friar  or  monk  of  the  order  of  St. 
Dominic,  founded  early  in  the  thirteenth 
century. 

DOMINIE,  dom'i-ni,  Ji.  a  schoolmaster  :  a 
pedagogue.  [Scotch.]  In  the  sense  of 
schoolmaster  this  word  is  also  met  with 
in  old  English  authors.  "  The  dainty 
dominie,  the  schoolmaster."— Beau,  and 
FT.  [From  L.  domine,  vocative  case  of 
dominus,  a  lord  or  master.] 

DOMINIUM,  do-min'i-um,  ».  a  term  in  the 
Roman  law  used  to  signifj'  oxvnership  of 
a  thing,  as  opposed  to  a  mere  life-inter- 
est, to  an  equitable  right,  to  a  mei'ely 
possessory  right,  or  to  a  right  against  a 
person,  such  as  a  covenantee  has  against 
a  covenanter. — -DOMiNnjM  directum,  in 
feudal  law,  the  superioritj'  or  interest 
vested  in  the  superior. — Dominium  utile, 
the  property  or  the  vassal's  interest,  as 
distinguished  from  the  superiority.  [See 
Domain.] 

DOMINION,  do-min'yun,  n. ,  lordship : 
highest  power  and  authority :  control  : 
the  country  or  persons  governed  :—jjZ. 
(  B.)  angelic  and  powerful  spirits. 

DOMINO,  dom'i-no,  n.  a  cape  with  a  hood 
worn  by  a  master  or  by  a  priest  :  a  long 
cloak  of  black  silk,  with  a  hood,  used  for 
disguise:— pi.  Dom'inoes  (-noz),  the  name 
of  a  game,  so  called  because  the  pieces 
are  (partly)  colored  black.  [Sp.  domine, 
a  master  or  teacher.] 

DON,  don,  n.  a  Spanish  title,  correspond- 
ing to  English  Sir,  formerly  applied  only 
to  noblemen,  now  to  all  classes.— /em. 
Donn'a.     [Sp.,  from  L.  dominus.] 

DON,  don,  v.t.  to  do  or  put  on:  to  assume  : 
—pr.p.  donn'ing;  pa.p.  donned'.  [A  contr. 
of  do  o«.] 

DONATION,  do-na'shun,  n.  act  of  giving: 
that  which  is  given,  a  gift  of  money  or 
goods :  (laiu)  the  act  by  which  a  person 
freely  transfers  his  title  to  anything  to 
another.  [L.  donatio — dona,  donatum 
— donum.  a  gift — do,  to  give.] 

DONATIST,  don'at-ist,  n.  one  of  a  body  of 
African  schismatics  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, so  named  from  their  founder  Dona- 
tus,  bisho])  of  Casa  Nigra  in  Numidia, 
who  taught  that  though  Christ  was  of 
the  same  substance  with  the  Father  yet 
that  He  was  less  than  the  Father,  that 
the  Catholic  Church  was  not  infallible, 
but  had  erred  in  his  time  and  become 
practically  extinct,  and  that  he  was  to 
be  the  restorer  of  it.  All  .ioining  the 
sect  required  to  lie  rebaptized,  baptism 
by  the  impure  church  being  invalid. 

IXDNATIVE,  don'a-tiv,  n.  a  gift :  a  gratu- 
ity: a  benefice  presented  by  the  founder 
or  patron  without  reference  to  the 
bishop. — adj.  vested  or  vesting  by  dona- 
tion.    [L.  donativum.] 

DONE,  dun,  pa.79.  of  Do  :  also  completely 
exhausted  :  txtremely  fatigued  :  tired 
out :  done  up — in  this  sense  sometimes 
followed  by  for.     "She  is  rather  done 

H 


for  this   morning,  and  must  not  go  so 
far  without  help." — 3Iiss  Austen. 
Not  so  the  Holland  fleet,  who,  tired  and  dojie. 
Stretched  on  their  decks  like  weary  oxen  lie. 

— Drijden. 

DONEE,  do-ne',  n.  one  who  receives  a  gift. 

DONI,  do'ui,  n.  a  clumsy  kind  of  boat  used 
on  tlie  coast  of  Coromandel  and  Ceylon  ; 
sometimes  decked,  and  occasionally  fur- 
nished with  an  outrigger.  The  donis  are 
about  70  ft.  long,  30  ft.  broad,  and  13  ft. 
deep  ;  have  one  mast  and  a  lug-sail,  and 
are  navigated  in  fine  weather  only. 

DONJON,  dun'jun,  n.  a  strong  central 
tower  in  ancient  castles,  to  which  the 
garrison  retreated  when  hard  pressed. 
[Fr.,  from  Low  L.  domjio^domnio,  for 
Low  L.  dominio  (=L.  dominium,  do- 
minion), because  the  tower  dominated 
over  the  rest.     See  DUNGEON.] 

DONKEY,dong'ke,?i.the  ass.  [—Dun-ikHe, 
a  double  dim.  of  Dun,  from  its  color.] 

DONKEY-ENGINE,  dong-ke-en-jin,  n.  in 
mach.  a  small  steam-engine  used  where 
no  gi-eat  power  is  required,  and  often  to 
perform  some  subsidiary  operation.  Don- 
key-engines in  steam-vessels,  etc.,  are 
supplied  ■(vith  steam  from  the  main  en- 
gine, and  are  used  for  pumping  water 
into  the  boilers,  raising  large  weights, 
and  other  similar  purposes. 

DONKEY- PUMP,  dong'ke  -  pump,  n.  a 
steam-pump  for  feeding  boilers. 

DONNISH,  don'ish,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
characteristic  of  a  don  of  a  university. 
"Donnish  books." — George  Eliot.  (Uni- 
versity slang.) 

DONOR,  do' nor,  n.  a  giver :  a  benefactor. 

DO-NCTHING,  doo'-nu-thing,  adj.  doing  no 
work:  idle:  indolent.  "  Any  do-nothing 
canon  there  at  the  abbey." — Kingsley. 

DO-NOTHINGNESS,  doo-nu'thing-nes,  n. 
idleness  :  indolence.  "A  situation  of 
similar  affluence  and  do-nothingness." — 
Miss  Austen. 

DONZEL,  don'zel,  n.  a  young  attendant : 
a  page  :  a  youth  of  good  quality  not  yet 
knighted.  "Esquire  to  a  knight-errant, 
donzel  to  the  damsels." — Butler.  [It. 
donzello,  Sp.  doncel,  from  Low  L.  doncel- 
lus,  domnicellus,  dominicellus,  dim.  of  L. 
dominus,  a  lord.] 

DOOM,  doom,  n.,  judgment:  condemnation: 
destiny  :  ruin  :  final  judgment. — v.t.  to 
pronounce  judgment  on  :  to  sentence  : 
to  condem  n  :  —  pr.p.  doom'ing  ;  pa.p. 
doomed'.  [A.S.  dom,  judgment  ;  allied 
to  Gr.  themis,  justice.] 

DOOMSDAY,  doomz'da,  n.  the  day  of  doom, 
the  day  when  the  world  will  be  judged. 

DOON,  doon,  n.  a  Cingalese  name  for  Doona 
zeylanica,  nat.  order  Dipterocarpaceje,  a 
large  tree  inhabiting  Ceylon.  I'he  tim- 
ber is  much  used  for  building.  It  also 
yields  a  resin  which  is  made  into  varnish. 

DOONGA,  doon'ga,  n.  a  canoe  made  out  of 
a  single  piece  of  wood,  employed  for 
navigating  the  marshes  and  the  branches 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Ganges.  The  doon- 
gas  are  used  by  a  miserable  population, 
chiefly  for  obtaining  salt,  in  marshy  un- 
healthy tracts,  infested  with  tigers. 

DOOR,  (lor,  n.  the  usual  entrance  into  a 
house  or  into  a  room  :  the  wooden  frame 
on  hinges  closing  up  the  entrance  :  a 
means  of  approach  or  access.  [A.S.  duru: 
Gr.  ihura,  L.  fores  (pi.),  a  door,  allied  to 
Sans,  dvar,  an  opening,  from  a  root  mean- 
ing to  blow.] 

DOQUET.  doVet,  a  form  of  Docket. 

DOR.  DORR,  dor,  n.  a  species  of  beetle,  so 
called  from  its  droning  sound.  [A.S. 
dora.  a  drone,  locust.] 

DORE-BULLION,  do'ra-bul-yon,  n.  bullion 
containing  a  certain  quantity  of  gold  al- 
loyed with  base  metal.     [Fr.  dori,  gilt, 


dorer,  to  gild  or  plate,  from  L.  deaurare, 
to  gild — de,  from,  and  aiirum,  gold.] 

DOREE,  do-re'  or  dor'a,  n.  a  fish  of  a  golden- 
yelloiv  color,  called  also  DoRY  and  John 
DoREE.  [DoREE  is  the  Fr.  doree.  from 
verb  dorer,  to  gild — L.  deaurare,  to  gild 
— de,  of,  with,  and  aurum,  gold.  John 
is  simply  the  ordinary  name.] 

DORIC,  dor'ik,  adj.  belonging  to  Doris  in 
Greece  :  denoting  one  of  the  Grecian' 
orders  of  architecture :  a  dialect  of  the' 
Greek  language  distinguished  bj'  the  use 
of  broad  vowel  sounds:  anj-  dialect  having 
this  character,  as  Scotch.  —  Dorian  or 
Doric  mode  or  mood,  in  music,  the  old- 
est of  the  authentic  modes  or  keys  of  the 
Greeks.  Its  character  is  severe,  tempered 
with  gravity  and  joy,  and  is  adapted  both 
to  religious  services  and  to  war.  Many  of 
the  most  characteristic  Gaelic  airs  are 
written  in  the  Dorian  mode. 

In  perfect  phalanx,  to  the  Dorian  mood 
Of  flutes  and  soft  recorders. — Milton. 

Strictly  speaking,  music  in  the  Dorian 
mode  is  written  on  a  scale  having  its 
semi-tones  between  the  second  and  third 
and  the  sixth  and  seventh  notes  of  the 
scale,  instead  of  oetween  the  third  and 
fourth  and  seventh  and  eighth  as  in  what 
is  now  called  the  natural  or  normal  scale. 
In  other  words,  the  second  note  of  the 
normal  scale  acquires  something  of  the 
dignity,  force,  or  position  of  a  tonic,  and 
upon  it  the  melodies  of  the  Dorian  mode 
close.  [Fr.  dorique,  from  L.  Doricus — 
Gr.  Doris.] 

DORKING,  dork'ing,  n.  a  species  of  barn- 
door fowl,  distinguished  by  ha\'ing  five 
claws  on  each  foot,  so  named  because 
bred  largely  at  Dorking  in  Surrey,  Eng- 
land. 

DORMANCY,  dor'man-si,  n.  quiescence. 

DORMANT,  dor'mant,  adj.,  sleeping:  at 
rest :  not  used  :  in  a  sleeping  posture  : 
{arch.)  leaning. — n.  a  crossbeam  :  a  joist. 
[Fr.,  pr.p.  of  dormir,  from  L.  dormio,  to 
sleep.] 

DORMAR,  dor'mer,  n.  a  beam  :  a  sleeper. 

DORMER-WINDOW,  dor'mer-win'do,  n.  a 
vertical  mndow,  esp.  of  a  sleeping-room 
(formerly  called  dormer),  on  the  sloping 
roof  of  a  house.     [Fr.  dormir,  to  sleep.] 

DORMITORY,  dor'mi-tor-i,  n.  a  large  sleep- 
iJtgr-chamber  with  many  beds.  [L.  dor- 
mitorium — dormio,  to  sleep.] 

DORMOUSE,  doi''mows,  n.  (pi.  Dormice, 
dor'mis),  the  popular  name  of  the  several 
species  of  Myoxus,  a  genus  of  mammalia 
of  the  order  Rodentia.  The  common 
dormouse  is  the  M.  (Muscardinus)  avel- 
lanarius,  which  attains  the  size  of  the 
common  mouse  ;  the  fat  dormouse  is  the 
M.  glis,  a  native  of  France  and  the  south 
of  Europe ;  the  garden  dormouse  is  the 
M.  (Ehomys)  nitela,  a  native  of  the  tem- 
perate parts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  The 
dormice  pass  the  winter  in  a  lethargic  or 
torpid  state,  only  occasionally  waking, 
and  apjjlying  to  their  stock  of  provisions 
hoarded  upfoi'  that  season.  [Prob.  from 
Fr.  dormeuse,  a  sleeper  (fem,),  as  it  is 
called  in  Languedoc  radourmeire,  dour- 
meire  being  =  sleeper,  and  in  Suffolk 
"sleeper"  ;  or  it  may  be  from  the  pro- 
vincial dorm,  to  sleep,  and  mouse,  mean 
ing  lit.  the  sleeping-mouse.  The  origin 
in  botii  cases  would  be  the  Fr.  dormir. 
to  sleep,  L.  dormire.  to  sleep.] 

DORSAL,  dor'sal.  adj.  pertaining  or  belong 
ing  to  the  back.     [L.  dorsum,  the  back.] 

DORY.    See  Doree. 

DOSE,  dos,  n.  the  quantity  of  medicine 
given  to  be  taken  at  one  time  :  a  por- 
tion :  anything  disagreeable  that  must 
be  taken. — v.t.  to  order  or  give  in  doses  : 
to  give  anj'thing  nauseous  to.  [Fr.,  from 
Gr.  dosis,  a  giving — didomi,  to  give.] 


DOST 


ll-l 


DRAB 


DOST,  dust,  second  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind. 
of  Do.] 

DOT,  dot,  Tt.  any  small  mark  made  with  a 
pen  or  sharp'point. — v.t.  to  mark  with 
dots  :  to  diversify  with  objects. — v.i.  to 
form  dots  -.—pr.p.  dott'ing  ;  pa.p.  dott'ed. 
nSty.  dub.] 

DOTAGE,  dot'aj,  n.  a  doting  :  childishness 
of  old  age  :  excessive  fondness. 

DOTAL,  do'tal,  adj.  pertaining  to  dorvry 
or  to  dower.  [L.  dotalis — dos,  dotis,  a 
dowry.] 

DOTARD,  dot'ard,  n.  one  who  dfftes :  one 
showing  the  weakness  of  old  age,  or  ex- 
cessive fondness. 

DOTATION,  do-ta'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
bestowing  a  dowry  on  a  woman  :  an 
endowment.     [Low  L.  dotatio.'\ 

DOTE,  dot,  v.i.  to  be  weakly  affectionate  : 
to  show  excessive  love. — adv.  Dot'inoly. 
[E.  ;  Dut.  doten,  to  be  silly,  Scot,  doitet, 
stupid  ;  Fr.  radofer,  to  rave,  is  from  the 
same  root.] 

DOTH,  duth,  third  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind. 
of  Do. 

DOTTLE,  dot'l,  n.  a  small  rounded  lump 
or  mass :  especially,  the  tobacco  remain- 
ing in  the  bottom  of  a  pipe  after  smok- 
ing, and  which  is  often  put  on  the  top  of 
fresh  tobacco  when  refilling.  [Scotch.] 
"  A  snuffer-tray  containing  scraps  of 
half-smoked  tobacco,  '  pipe  dottles.'  as  he 
called  them,  which  were  carefully  re- 
smoked  over  and  over  again  till  nothing 
but  ash  was  left." — Kingsley.  [A  dim. 
corresponding  to  dot,  the  meaning  con- 
necting it  more  closely  with  Dut.  dot, 
a  small  bundle  of  wool,  etc. ;  Sw.  dott,  a 
little  heap.] 

DOUBLE,  dub'l,  adj.,  twofold:  twice  -as 
much  :  two  of  a  sort  together  :  in  pairs  : 
acting  two  parts,  insincere. — adv.  Dottb'- 
LY.  [Fr. — L.  diiphis — duo,  two,  anAplus, 
akin  to  plenns,  full.] 

DOUBLE,  dub'l,  v.t.  to  multiply  by  two : 
to  fold. — v.i.  to  increase  to  twice  the 
quantity  :  to  wind  in  running. — n.  twice 
as  much  :  a  duplicate  :  one's  wraith  or 
apparition  :  a  trick. 

DOUBLE-BASS,  dub'1-bas,  n.  the  lowest- 
toned  musical  instrument  of  the  \'iolin 
form. 

DOUBLE-CONE,  dub'1-kon,  n.  in  arch,  a 
Norman  ornament  consisting  of  two 
cones  joined  base  to  base  (or  apex  to 
apex),  a  series  of  these  forming  the  en- 
richment of  a  moulding. 

DOUBLE-DEALING,  dub'l-del'ing,  n.  in- 
sincere dealing :  duplicity. 

DOUBLE-ENTRY,  dub'l-en'tri,  n.  book- 
keeping in  which  tivo  entries  are  made  of 
every  transaction. 

DOUBLENESS.  dub'1-nes,  n.  duplicity. 

DOUBLE-SHOT,  dub'1-shot,  v.t.  to  load,  as 
a  cannon,  with  double  the  usual  weight 
of  shot  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the 
destructive  power.  This  practice  is  not 
adopted  with  the  hea^ner  and  more  per- 
fect guns  of  the  present  day. 

DOUBLET,  dub'let,  n.  a  pair  :  an  inner 
garment  :  name  given  to  words  that  are 
really  the  same,  but  vary  somewhat  in 
spelling  and  signification,  as  desk,  disc 
and  dish,  describe  and  descry.  [O.  Fr., 
dim.  of  double.] 

DOUBLOON,  dub-l66n',  n.  a  Sp.  gold  coin, 
so  called  because  it  is  double  the  value  of 
a  pistole. 

DOUBT,  dowt,  v.i.  to  waver  in  opinion  :  to 
be  uncertain  :  to  hesitate  :  to  suspect. — 
v.t.  to  hold  in  doubt :  to  distrust.  [O. 
Ft.  doubter — ^L.  dubito,  from  root  dub  in 
duhius,  doubtful.] 

DOUBT,  dowt,  n.  imcertainty  of  mind : 
siispicion :  fear :  a  thing  "doubted  or 
questioned. — n.  Doubt'ek. — adv.  Docbt'- 

DfOLY.] 


DOUBTFUL,  dowt'fool,  adj.  full  of  doubt : 
undetermined  :  not  clear  :  not  secure  : 
suspicious  :  not  confident. — adv.  Docbt'- 

FULLY. — n.  DOUBT'FULjrESS. 

DOUBTLESS,  dowt'les.  adv.  without  doubt: 
certainly. — adv.  Docbt'lessly. 

DOUCEUR,  dSo-ser',  n.  sweetness  of  man- 
ner :  something  intended  to  please,  a 
present  or  a  bribe.  [Fr.,  from  doux, 
donee — L.  dulcis,  sweet.] 

DOUCHE,  doosh,  ?i.  a  jet  of  water  directed 
upon  the  body  from  a  pipe.  {Tv. — It. 
doccia,  a  water-pipe,  from  L.  duco,  to 
lead.f 

DOUGH,  do,  n.  a  mass  of  flour  or  meal 
moistened  and  kneaded,  but  not  baked. 
[A.S.  dah :  Ger.  teig.  Ice.  deig,  dough, 
from  a  root  found  in  Goth,  deigan,  to 
knead ;  conn,  with  Dike,  and  with  L. 
Ji{n)go,  to  mould.] 

DOUGHTY,  dow'ti,  adj..  able,  strong: 
brave.  [A.S.  dyhtig,  valiant — dugan,  to 
be  strong ;  Ger.  tUchtig,  soUd,  able — 
taugeti,  to  be  strong.  See  Do,  to  fare  or 
get  on.] 

DOUGHY,  d'o'i,  adj.  like  dough :  soft. 

DOUSE,  dows,  v.t.  to  plunge  into  water  : 
to  slacken  suddenly,  as  a  sail. — v.i.  to 
fall  suddenly  into  water.  [Ety.  un- 
known.] 

D0^^<;,  duv,  )!.  a  pigeon  :  a  word  of  en- 
dearment. [A.S.  duva — dAfan,  to  dive  ; 
peril,  from  its  habit  of  ducking  the  head.] 

D0\1EC0T,  duv-kot,  DO^^:COTE,  duv'kot, 
n.  a  small  cot  or  box  in  which  pigeons 
breed. 

DO^^:LET,  duv'let,  n.  a  young  or  small 
dove. 

DOVE-PLANT,  duv'-plant,  n.  an  orchi- 
daceous plant  {Peristeria  elata)  of  Cen- 
tral America,  so  called  from  the  resem- 
blance of  the  column  of  the  flower  to 
a  dove  hovering  with  expanded  wings, 
somewhat  Mke  the  conventional  dove 
seen  in  artistic  representations  of  the 
Holy  Ghost.  The  plant  has  large, striated, 
green,  pseudo-bulbs,  bearing-  three  to  five 
lanceolate,  strongly-ribbed,  and  plicate 
leaves.  The  upper  part  of  the  flower- 
stem  is  occupied  by  a  spike  of  almost 
globose,  very  sweet-scented  flowers  of  a 
creamy-white,  dotted  with  lilac  on  the 
base  of  the  lip. 

DOVETAIL,  duVtal,  n.  a  mode  of  fasten- 
ing boards  together  by  fitting  pieces 
shaped  Uke  a  dove's  tail  spread  out  into 
corresponding  cavities. — v.t.  to  fit  one 
thing  into  another. 

DOWABLE,  dow'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
endou-ed  :  entitled  to  dower. 

DOWAGER,  dow'a-jer,  n.  a  widow  with  a 
dower  or  jointure :  a  title  given  to  a 
widow  to  distinguish  her  from  the  wife 
of  her  husband's  heir.  [O.  Fr.  douagiere 
— Low  L.  dotarium — ^L.  dotare,  to  en- 
dow.   See  Dower.] 

DOWER,  dow'er,  n.  a  jointure,  that  part  of 
the  husband's  property  which  his  widow 
enjoys  during  her  life — sometimes  used 
for  Dowry.— ad/s.  Dow'ered,  furnished 
with  dower,  Dow'erless,  without  dower. 
[Fr.  douaire — Low  L.  doarium,  dotarium 
— L.  doto,  to  endow — dos,  dotis,  a  dowry 
— do,  Gr.  di-d6-7>ii, ..to  give.] 

DOWLAS,  dow'las,  n.  a  coarse  linen  cloth. 
[Fr.  douilleux — douille,  soft — L.  ductilis, 
pliant — duco,  to  draw.] 

DOWN,  down,  n.  the  soft  hair  under  the 
feathers  of  fowls  :  the  haii'y  covering  of 
the  seeds  of  certain  plants :  anything 
which  soothes  or  in^•ites  to  repose. 
[From  root  of  Ice.  dunn,  Ger.  ditnst, 
vapor,  dust.    See  DuST.] 

DOWN,  down,  7i.  a  bank  of  sand  thrown 
up  by  the  sea:— p/.  a  tract  of  hilly  land, 
used  for  pasturing  sheep.  [A.S.  dun,  a 
hill  (cog.  \nth  tun,  a  fort),  found  in  all 


theTeut.  and  Romance  languages  ;  prcb. 
from  Celt.  dutt.  wliich  is  found  in  maty 
names  of  places,  as  Dunkeld.] 

DOWN,  down,  adv.  from  a  higher  to  a 
lower  position  :  on  the  ground :  frona 
earlier  to  later  times. — prej).  along  a 
descent :  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  posi- 
tion or  state.  [A.  corr.  of  SI.E.  a-doicn, 
adun — A.S.  of  dune,  "from  the  hUl"^ 
A.S.  dun,  a  hill.  See  Down,  a  bank  cf 
sand.] 

DOWNBEARD,  down'berd,  n.  the  downy 
or  winged  seed  of  the  thistle.  "  It  ;s 
frightful  to  think  how  every  idle  volume 
flies  abroad  like  an  idle  globular  doicn- 
beard,  embryo  of  new  millions." — Car- 
lyle. 

DOWNCAST,  down'kast,  adj.,  cast  or  bett 
downicard :  dejected  :  sad. 

DOWNFALL,  down'fal,  n.  sudden  loss  of 
rank  or  reputation  :  ruin. 

D9WNHEARTED.  down'hart-ed,  adj.  de- 
jected iu  spirits. 

DO^^^vHILL,  down'hll,  a^/.  descending : 
slopitig  :  easy. 

DOWNRIGHT,  down'nt,  a<^.  plain  :  open  : 
artless  :    unceremonious. — adv.     Down'- 

RIGHT. 

DOWNPOUR,  down'por,  n.  a  pouring 
down  :  especially,  a  heavy  or  continuous 
shower.     R.  A.  Proctor. 

DOWNTHROW,  down'thro,  n.  a  thi-owing 
down  :  specifically,  in  geol.  a  fall  or  sink- 
ing of  strata  below  the  level  of  the  sur- 
rounding beds,  such  as  is  caused  by  a 
great  subterranean  movement :  also,  the 
distance  measured  vertically  between  the 
portions  of  dislocated  strata  where  a 
fault  occurs :  opposed  to  upheaval 
(which  see)  or  upthrow. 

DOWNWARD,  down' ward,  DOWN- 
WARDS, down'wardz,  adv.  in  a  directior. 
doum:  towards  a  lower  place  or  condi- 
tion :  from  the  som'ce :  from  a  time 
more  ancient.  [A.S.  adunweard — adun, 
weard,  direction.    See  Dovra,  adv.] 

DOWNWARD,  down'ward,  adj.  moving^ 
or  tending  douii  (in  anv  sense). 

DOWNWEIGH,    down-wa',  t\t.  to  weigh 
or  press  down  :  to  depress  :  to  cause  to 
sink  or  prevent  from  rising. 
A  different  sin  dotcnweighs  tb«mto  the  bottom. 

— Long/HUnc. 

DOWNW^IGHT,  down'wat,  «.  full  weight. 
•'Attributing  due  and  doii-nweight  to 
every  man's  gifts." — Bp.  Hacket. 

DOWNY,  down'i.  adj.  covered  wth  or 
made  of  doicn  :  like  down  :  soft :  sooth- 
ing. 

DOWRY,  dow'ri,  n.  the  property  which  a 
woman  brings  to  her  husband  at  mar- 
riage —  sometimes  used  for  Dower. 
Orig.  dower-y.    See  Dower.] 

DOXOLOGY,  doks-ol'o-ji,  ji.  a  hymn  ex- 
pressing praise  and  honor  to  God.  [Gr. 
doxologia  —  doxologos,  giving  glory — 
do.va.  praise — dokeo,  to  think,  and  lego. 
to  speak.] 

DOZE,  doz,  v.i.  to  sleeji  lightly  or  to  be 
half  asleep :  to  be  in  a  dull  or  stupefied 
state. — v.t.  (with  away)  to  spend  in 
drowsiness. — n.  a  short  light  sleep. — n. 
Doz'er.  [From  a  Scand.  root,  seen  in 
Ice.  drisa.  Dan.  dose,  to  dose ;  A.S 
dwaes,  dull :  akin  to  Dizzy.] 

DOZEN,  duz'n,  adj.,  two  and  ten  or  twelve 
— n.  a  collection  of  twelve  articles  .  long 
dozen,  devil's  dozen,  baker's  dozen  (thir- 
teen). [Fr.  douzaine — L.  duodecim—duo 
two.  and  decern,  ten.] 

DRAB,  drab,  n.  a  low,  sluttish  woman :  a 
prostitute. — v.i.  to  associate  with  bad 
women.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  "slut,"  orig.  a 
stain,  closely  akin  to  Gael,  and  Ir.  drabh, 
grains  of  malt,  which  answers  to  E. 
Draff.] 


DRAB 


115 


DREAD 


DRAB,  drab,  n.  thick,  strong-  gray  cloth  : 
a  gray  or  dull  brown  color,  perh.  from 
the  muddy  color  of  undyed  wool.  [Fr. 
drop,  cloth.     See  Drape.] 

DRABBLE,  drab'l,  v.t.  to  besmear  with 
mud  and  water.  [Freq.  form,  from  root 
of  Drab,  a  low  woman.] 

DRACHM,  dram,  n.  see  Dram.  [Gr. 
drachmc,  from  drassomai,  to  grrasp  with 
the  hand.] 

DRACONIC,  dra-kon'ik,  adj.  1,  relating  to 
Draco,  the  Athenian  lawgiver :  hence 
(applied  to  laws),  extremely  severe  :  san- 
guinary. 3,  relating  to  the  constellation 
Draco.    Also  Dracon'ian. 

DRAFF,  draf,  n.  (lit.)  dregs,  waste  matter : 
the  refuse  of  malt  that  has  been  brewed 
from. — adjs.  Draff'ish,  Drafp'y,  worth- 
less. [Prob.  B.,  cog.  with  Scand.  draf, 
and  with  Gael,  and  Ir.  drabh.~\ 

DRAFT,  draft,  n.  anything  drawn :  a  se- 
lection of  men  from  an  army,  etc.  :  an 
order  for  the  payment  of  money  :  lines 
drawn  for  a  plan  :  a  rough  sketch  :  the 
depth  to  which  a  vessel  sinks  in  water. 
[A  corr.  of  Draught.] 

DRAFT,  draft,  v.t.  to  draw  an  outline  of  : 
to  compose  and  write :  to  draw  off :  to 
detach. 

DRAFTS,  drafts,  n.  a  game.  See  Draughts. 

DRAFTSMAN,  drafts'man,  n.  one  who 
draivs  plans  or  designs. 

DRAG,  drag,  v.t.  to  draiv  by  force  :  to 
draw  slowly:  to  pull  roughly  and  vio- 
lently: to  explore  with  a  dragnet. — v.i. 
to  hang-  so  as  to  trail  on  the  ground  :  to 
be  forcibly  drawn  along  :  to  move  slowly 
and  heavily: — pr.p.  dragg'ing  ;  pa.p. 
dragged'.  [A.S.  dragan;  Ger.  tragen, 
represented  in  all  the  Teut.  tongues. 
Aec.  to  Curtius,  nowise  connected  with 
L.  traho.] 

DRAG,  drag,  n.  a  net  or  hook  for  dragging 
along  to  catch  things  under  water :  a 
heavy  harrow :  a  low  car  or  cart :  a  con- 
trivance for  retarding  carriage  wheels 
in  going  down  slopes  :  anj^  obstacle  to 
progress.     [See  Drag,  il] 

DRA(jGLB,  drag'l,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  make  or 
become  wet  and  dirty  by  dragging  along 
the  ground.  [Fi-eq.  of  DRAve.  Doublet, 
DrawlJ 

DRAGNET,  drag'net,  n.  a  net  to  be 
dragged  or  draiim  along  the  bottom  of 
water  to  catch  fish. 

DRAGOMAN,  drag'o-man,  n.  an  inter- 
preter, in  Eastern  countries  ; — pi.  Drag'- 
OMANS.  [Sp.,  from  Ar.  tarjuniAn — tard- 
jama,  to  interpret.     See  Taegum.] 

DRAGON,  drag'un,  n.  a  fabulous  winged 
serpent :  the  constellation  Draco  :  a 
fierce  person :  the  flying  lizard  of  the 
E.  Indies. — adjs.  Drag'onish,  Drag'on- 
LIKE.  [Fr. — L.  draco,  draconis  —  Gr. 
drakon,  {lit.)  "the  sharp-sighted,"  from 
e-drak-on,  aorist  of  derk-omai.  to  look.] 

DRAGONET,  drag'un-et,  n.  a  little  dragon: 
a  genus  of  fishes  of  the  goby  family,  two 
species  of  which  are  found  on  the  coast  of 
England. 

DRAGON-FLY,  drag'un-fll,  n.  an  insect 
with  a  long  body  and  brilliant  colors. 

DRAGONNADE,  drag-on-ad',  n.  the  per- 
secution of  French  Protestants  under 
Louis  XrV.  and  his  successor  by  an 
armed  force,  usually  of  dragoons :  aban- 
donment of  a  place  to  the  violence  of 
soldiers.     [Fr.,  from  dcagron,  dragoon.] 

DRAGON'S-BLOOD,  drag'unz-blud,  n.  the 
red  juice  of  several  trees  in  S.  America 
and  the  E.  Indies,  used  for  coloring. 

DRAGOON,  dra-goon',  n.  formerly  a  soldier 
trained  to  fight  either  on  horseback  or  on 
f  oot,now  applied  onlj'  to  a  kind  of  cavalry. 
— v.t.  to  give  up  to  the  rage  of  soldiers : 
to  compel  by  violent  measures.  [Sp., 
prob.  so  called  from  having  orig.  a  dra- 


gon  (L.   draco)  on  their  standard.     See 
Dragon.] 
DRAGOONADE,   drag-66n-ad'.     Same    as 

DRAGONNADE. 

DRAGSMAN,  dragz'man,  n.  a  thief  who 
follows  carriages  to  cut  awaj'  baggage 
from  behind  (London  slang) :  also  the 
driver  of  a  drag.  "He  had  a  word  for 
the  hostler  .  .  .  and  a  bowforthedragrs- 
waM." — Tliackeray. 

DRAIN,  dran,  v.t.  to  draiv  offhy  degrees: 
to  filter  :  to  clear  of  water  by  drains  :  to 
make  dry  :  to  exhaust. — v.i.  to  flow  off 
gradually. — n.  a  water-course  :  a  ditch  : 
a  sewer. — adj.  Drain' able.  [A.S.  dreh- 
nigean,  of  which  dreh  ^  drag,  or  else 
through  dreg,  from  the  same  root.] 

DRAINAGE,  dran'aj,  n.  the  drawing  off 
of  water  by  rivers  or  other  channels :  the 
system  of  drains  in  a  town. 

DRAINER,  dran'er,  n.  a  utensil  on  which 
articles  are  placed  to  drain. 

DRAKE,  drak,  n.  the  male  of  the  duck. 
[Lit.  "  duckling,"  being-  a  contr.  of  A.S. 
end-rake  or  ened-rake,  of  whicli  ened  is 
cog.  with  Ice.  ond,  Dan.  and,  Ger.  ente, 
L.  anas,  anatis  ;  and  rake  is  the  same  as 
Goth,  reiks,  ruUng,  reiki,  rule,  and  ric(k), 
in  bishop-ric,  Frede-rick.] 

DRAM,  dram,  n.  a  contraction  of  Drachm  ; 
l-16th  of  an  oz.  avoirdupois  :  formerly, 
with  apothecaries,  ithof  anoz.  :  as  much 
raw  spirits  as  is  drunk  at  once.  [Through 
Fr.  and  L.,  from  Gr.  drachme,  (1)  a  small 
weight^6  gr.  ;  (3)  a  coin=30  cents. — 
drassomai,  to  grasp  ;  a  handful,  a  pinch.] 

DRAMA,  dram'a  or  dra'ma,  ?i.  a  repre- 
sentation of  actions  in  human  life  :  a 
series  of  deepl3'  interesting  events  :  a  com- 
position intended  to  be  represented  on 
the  stage :  dramatic  literature.  [L. — 
Gr.  drama,  dramatos — drad,  to  do.] 

DRAMATIC,  dra-mat'ik,  DRAMATICAL, 
dra-mat'ik-al,  adj.  belonging  to  the 
drama  :  appropriate  to  or  in  the  form  of 
a  drama. — adv.  Dramat'ically. 

DRAMATIST,  dram'a-tist,  n.  a  writer  of 
plays. 

DRAMATIZE,  dram'a-t!z,  v.t.  to  compose 
in  or  turn  into  the  form  of  a  drama  or 
play.     [Gr.  dramatizo.    See  Drama.] 

DRAJIATURGIC,  dram-a-ter'jik,  adj.  per- 
taining to  dramaturgy :  histrionic  :  the- 
atrical :  hence,  unreal.  "  Some  form  (of 
worship),  it  is  to  be  hoped,  not  grown 
dramaturgic  to  us,  but  still  awfully  sym- 
bolic for  us." — Carlyle. 

DRAMATURGIST,  dram-a-ter'jist,  n.  one 
who  is  skilled  in  dramaturgy  :  one  who 
composes  a  drama  and  superintends  its 
representation.  "How  silent  now;  all 
departed,  all  clean  gone  !  The  World- 
Dramatnrgist  has  written,  'Exeunt.'" — 
Carlyle. 

DRAMATURGY,  dram'a -ter-ji,  n.  the 
science,  or  the  art,  of  dramatic  poetry 
and  representation. 

DRANK,  drangk-^as<  tense  of  Drink. 

DRAPE,  drap,  v.t.  to  cover  with  cloth. 
[Fr.  drap,  cloth.     lYom  a  Teut.  root.] 

DRAPER,  dran'er,  n.  one  who  deals  in 
drapery  or  cloth.     [Fr.  drapier — drap.] 

DRAPERY,  drap'er-i,  M.,cto</i goods :  hang- 
ings of  any  kind  :  (art)  the  representa- 
tion of  the  dress  of  human  figures.  [Fi*. 
draperie—drap.  ] 

DRASTIC,  dras'tik,  adj.,  active,  powerful. 
— )i.  a  medicine  that  purges  quickly  or 
thoroughly.  [Gr.  drastikos—drao,  to  act, 
to  do.] 

DRAUGHT,  draft,  n.  act  of  dramng: 
force  needed  to  draw  :  the  act  of  drink- 
ing :  the  quantity  drunk  at  a  time  :  out- 
line of  a  picture  :  that  which  is  taken  in 
a  net  by  drawing- :  a  chosen  detachment 
of  men  :  a  current  of  air :  the  depth  to 
which  a  ship  sinks  in  the   water. — v.t. 


more  commonly  Draft,  to  draw  out. 
[From  A.S.  dragan,  to  draw.  See  Drag, 
r.  and  Draw.] 

DRAUGHT,  draft,  DRAUGHT'HOUSE,  jj. 
(B.)  a  privy. 

DRAUGHTS,  drafts,  n.  a  game  in  which 
two  persons  make  alternate  moves  (in  O. 
E.  draughts),  on  a  checkered  board,  called 
the  Draught'board,  with  pieces  called 
Draughts'men. 

DRAUGHTSMAN,  drafts'man,  n.  see 
Draftsman. 

DRAVE,  drav,  old  pa.t.  of  Drive. 

DRAW,  draw,  v.t.  to  pull  along  :  to  bring 
forcibly  towards  one:  to  entice:  to  inhale: 
to  take  out :  to  deduce  :  to  lengthen  :  to 
make  a  picture  of,  by  lines  drawn :  to 
describe  :  to  require  a  depth  of  water 
for  floating. — v.i.  to  pull :  to  practice 
drawing  :  to  move  :  to  approach  : — pa.t. 
drew  (droo) ;  pa.p.  drawn. — n.  the  act  of 
drawing:  anything  drawn:  among  sports- 
men,  the  act  of  forcing  a  fox  from  his 
cover,  a  badger  from  his  hole:  etc.:  the 
place  where  a  fox  is  drawn.  Also  some- 
thing designed  to  draw  a  person  out  to 
make  him  reveal  his  intentions  or  what 
he  desires  to  conceal  or  keep  back,  or  the 
like  :  a  feeler.  (Slang.)  "  This  was  what 
in  modern  days  is  called  a  draw.  It  was 
a  guess  put  boldly  forth  as  fact  to 
elict  by  the  young  man's  answer  wheth- 
er he  had  been  there  lately  or  not." — 
C.  Reade. — adj.  Draw' able'. — To  draw 
ON,  to  lead  on:  to  ask  or  obtain  payment 
by  a  written  bill  or  draft. — To  draw 
UP,  to  form  in  regular  order.  [A  later 
form  of  Drag.] 

DRAWBACK,  draw'bak,  n.  a  dramng  or 
receiving  back  some  part  of  the  duty  on 
goods  on  their  exportation:  any  loss  of 
advantage. 

DRAWBRIDGE,  di-aw'brij,  n.a.hridgethaX' 
can  be  draivn  up  or  let  down  at  pleasure. 

DRAWEE,  draw-e',  n.  the  person  on  whom 
a  bill  of  exchange  is  draum. 

DRAWER,  draw'er,  n.  he  or  that  which 
draws  :  a  thing  drawn  out  like  the  sUding 
box  in  a  case:-^l.  a  close  under-garment 
for  the  lower  limbs. 

DRAWING,  draw'ing,  n.  the  art  of  repre- 
senting objects  by  lines  draivn,  shading, 
etc.  :  the  distribution  of  prizes,  as  at  a 
lottery  :  a  picture  or  representation  made 
with  a  pencil,  pen,  crayon,  etc.  Draw- 
ings are  classifiable  under  the  names  of 
pencil,  pen,  chalk,  sepia,  or  water-color 
drawings  from  the  materials  used  for 
their  execution,  and  also  into  geometrical 
or  linear  and  mechanical  draicings,  in 
wliich  instruments,  such  as  compasses, 
rulers,  scales,  are  used,  and  free-hand 
drawings,  in  which  no  instrument  is  used 
to  guide  the  hand. 

DRAWING-ROOM,  dra'w'ing-room,  n. 
(orig.)  a  witlidratring  room:  a  room  to 
which  the  company  withdraws  after 
dinner  :  a  reception  of  company  in  it. 

DRAWL,  urawl,  v.i.  to  speak  in  a  slow, 
lengthened  tone. — v.t.  to  utter  words  in 
a  slow  and  sleepy  manner. — n.  a  slow, 
lengthened  utterance  of  the  voice. — 
adv.  Drawl'ingly.— 71.  Drawl'togness. 
[Freq.  of  Draw.     Doublet,  Draggle.] 

DRAW-WELL,  draw'-wel,  n.  a  well  from 
which  water  is  draum  up  by  a  bucket  and 
apparatus. 

DRAY,  dra,  n.  a  low  strong  cart  for 
hea\'j'  goods,  which  is  dragged  or  draum. 
[A.S.'  draege,  a  drag,  from  dragan. 
See  Drag,  v.] 

DREAD,  dred,  7%., fear:  awe:  the  objects 
that  excite  fear. — adj.  exciting  great  fear 
or  awe. — v.t.  (Pr.  Bk.)  to  fear  with  rev- 
erence :  to  regard  with  terror.  [A.S. 
on-drcedan,  to  fear ;  Ice.  ondreda,  O. 
Ger.  tratan,  to  be  afraid.] 


DREADFUL 


116 


DROVER 


DREADFUL,  dred'fool,  adj.  (orig.)  full  of 
dread  :  producing  great  fear  or  awe : 
terrib le .  — adv. Dread'fully.  — ti .  Dre ad'- 

FULNESS. 

DREADLESS,  dred'les,  adj.  free  from 
dread:  intrepid. — adv.  Dread' les^y. 
— H.  Dread'lessness. 

DREAM,  drem,  n.  a  train  of  thoughts  and 
fancies  during  sleep,  a  vision  :  something 
only  imaginary.  [A.S.  dream  means  re- 
joicing, music ;  in  M.E.  the  two  mean- 
ings of  music,  mirth,  and  of  dreaming 
occur ;  Dut.  droom,  Ger.  traum,  a 
dream.] 

DREAM,  drem,  v.i.  to  fancy  things  during 
sleep  :  to  think  idly. — v.t.  to  see  in,  or  as 
in  a  dream  -.—pa-t.  and  pa.p.  dreamed'  or 
dreamt  (dremt). — n.  Dream'er.  —  adi'. 
Dream'djgly. 

DREAJIY,  drem'i,  adj.  full  of  dreams  : 
appropriate  to  dreams:  dreamlike. — n. 
Dream'iness. 

DREAR,  drer,  DREARY,  drer'i,  adj. 
gloomy  :  cheerless. — adv.  Drkar'ily. — 
n.  Drear'iness.  [A.S.  dreorig,  bloody — 
dreoran.  to  fall,  become  weak ;  Ger. 
traurig — trauern,  to  mourn.] 

DREDGE,  draj,  n.  an  instrument  for  drag- 
ging :  a  dragnet  for  catching  oysters, 
etc.  :  a  machine  for  taking  up  i»ud  from 
a  hai'bor  or  other  water. — v.t.  to  gather 
with  a  dredge :  to  deepen  witli  a  dredge. 
[O.  Fr.  drege :  from  a  Teut.  root  found  in 
but.  dragen,  E.  drag.] 

DREDGE,  drej,  v.t.  to  sprinkle  flour  on 
meat  while  roasting. — n.  Dredg'er,  a 
utensil  for  dredging.  [Fr.  dragee,  mixed 
grain  for  horses,  through  Prov.  and  It., 
from  Gr.  tragemata,  dried  fruits,  things 
nice  to  eat  —  e-trag-on,  aorist  of  trogo, 
to  eat.] 

DREDGER,  drej'er,  n.  one  who  fishes  with 
a  dredge :  a  dredging-machine. 

DRBGOY,  dreg'i,  adj.  containing  dregs  ; 
muddy  :  foul.— w.s.  Drego'iness,  Dregg'- 

ISHNESS. 

DREGS,  dregz,  n.pl.  impurities  in  liquor 
that  fall  to  the  bottom,  the  grounds : 
dross  :  the  vOest  part  of  anything.  [Ice. 
dregg — draga,  to  draw.] 

DRENCH,  drensh,  v.t.  to  fill  with  drink  or 
liquid  :  to  wet  thoroughly  :  to  physic  by 
force. — n.  a  draught :  a  dose  of  physic 
forced  down  the  throat.  [A.S.  drencan, 
to  give  to  drink,  from  drincan,  to  drink. 
See  Drink.] 

DRESS,  dres,  v.t.  to  put  straight  or  in 
order  :  to  put  clothes  upon  :  to  prepare  : 
to  cook  :  to  trim  :  to  deck  :  to  cleanse  a 
sore. — v.i.  to  arrange  in  a  line  :  to  put  on 
clothes: — pa.t.  andpa.p.  dressed'  or  drest. 
— n.  the  covering  or  ornament  of  the  body: 
a  lady's  gown  :  style  of  dress.  [Fr.  dres-^ 
ser,  to  make  straight,  to  prepare,  from' 
L.  dirigo,  directum,  to  direct.] 

DRESS-CIRCLE,  dres'-ser-kl,  n.  a  portion 
of  a  theatre,  concei-t-room,  or  other  place 
of  entertainment  set  apart  for  spectators 
or  an  audience  in  evening  dress,  though 
quite  frequently  occupied  by  people  who 
are  not  in  evening  dress. 

DRESSER,  dres'er,  n.  one  who  dresses  :  a 
table  on  which  meat  is  dressed  or  pre- 
pared for  use. 

DRESSING,  dres'ing,  n.,  dress  or  clothes: 
manure  given  to  land  :  matter  used  to 
give  stiffness  and  gloss  to  cloth  :  the 
bandage,  etc.,  applied  to  a  sore  :  an  orna- 
mental moulding. 

DRESSING-CASE,  dres'ing-kas,  n.  a  case 
of  articles  used  in  dressing  one's  self. 

DRESSY,  dres'i,  adj.  showj-  in  or  fond  of 
dress. 

DREW,  droo — did  draw— pa.  f.  of  Draw. 

DRIBBLE,  drib'l,  v.i.  to  fall  in  small  drops: 
to  drop  quickly  :  to  slaver,  as  a  child  or 


an  idiot. — v.t.  to  let  fall  in  drops. — n. 
Dribb'ler.    [Dim.  of  Drip.] 

DRIBBLET,  DRIBLET,  drib'let,  n.  a  very 
small  drop  :  a  small  quantity. 

DRIFT,  drift,  n.  a  heap  of  matter  driven 
together,  as  snow  :  the  direction  in  which 
a  thing  is  driven  :  the  object  aimed  at  : 
the  meaning  of  words  used  :  in  South 
Africa,  a  ford  ;  as,  Rorke's  Drift. — v.t. 
to  drive  into  heaps,  as  snow. — v.i.  to  be 
floated  along  :  to  be  driven  into  heaps. 
[See  Drive.] 

DRIFTLESS,  drift'les,  adj.  without  drift 
or  aim. 

DRIFTWOOD,  drift'wood,  7!.,  wood  drifted 
by  water. 

DRILL,  dril,  v.t.  to  pierce  through  with  a 
revolving  borer  (this  implies  tremor,  and 
connects  Drill  with  Thrill). — n.  an  in- 
strument that  bores. 

DRILL,  dril,  v.t.  to  exercise,  e.g.  soldiers 
or  pupOs. — n.  the  exercising  of  soldiers. 
[Perh.  Fr.  drille,  a  foot-soldier,  from 
O.  Ger.  drigil,  a  servant.    See  Thrall.] 

DRILL,  dril,  n.  a  roio  or  furrow  to  put 
seed  into  in  sowing. — v.t.  to  sow  in  rows. 
I  W.  rhill,  a  row.] 

DRILLING,  dril'ing,  ?!.  a  coarse  linen  or 
cotton  cloth,  used  for  trousers.  [G«r. 
drillich — L.  trilij;.  made  of  three  threads, 
L.  tres,  and  lic>    m,  a  thread  of  the  warp.] 

DRILLPRESS,  aril'pres,  n.  a  press  or  ma- 
chine for  drilling  holes  in  metals. 

DRILL-SERGEANT,  dril'-sar'jent,  n.  a  ser- 
geant or  non-commissioned  officer  who 
drills  soldiers. 

DRILY.     See  Dry,  adj. 

DRINK,  dringk,  v.t.  to  swallow,  as  a 
liquid  :  to  take  in  through  the  senses. — 
v.i.  to  swallow  a  liquid  :  to  take  intoxi- 
cating liquors  to  excess:^??-  p.  driuk'ing; 
2}a.t.  drank  ;  pa.p.  drunk.- — n.  something 
to  be  drunk  :  intoxicating  liquor. — adj. 
Drinkable,  dringk'a-bl.— Jt.  Drink' able- 
ness. — n.  Drinker,  dringk'er,  a  tippler. 
[A.S.  drincan  ;  Ger.  trinken.] 

DRINK-OFFERING,  dringk'-of'er-ing,  n.  a 
Jewish  offering  of  tcine,  etc.,  in  their 
religious  services. 

DRIP,  drip,  v.i.  to  fall  in  drops:  to  let  fall 
drops. — v.t.  to  let  fall  in  drops  •.—pr.p. 
dripp'ing  ;  pa.p.  dripped'. — n.  a  falling  in 
drops :  that  which  falls  in  drops :  the 
edge  of  a  roof.  [A.S.drypan.  Drop  and 
Drip  are  from  the  same  root.] 

DRIPPING,  drip'ing,  n.  that  which  falls  in 
drops,  as  fat  from  meat  in  roasting. 

DRIVE,  drlv,  v.t.  to  force  along  :  to  hurry 
one  on :  to  guide,  as  horses  drawing  a 
carriage. — v.i.  to  press  forward  -with 
violence  :  to  be  forced  along  :  to  go  in  a 
carriage  :  to  tend  towards  a  point : — jw.p. 
driving  ;  pa.t.  drove  ;  pa.p.  driv'en. — n. 
an  excursion  in  a  carriage  :  a  road  for 
driving  on  :  a  strong  or  sweeping  blow  or 
impulsion :  a  matrix  formed  by  a  steel 
punch  or  die. — n.  Drit'er.  [A.S.  drifan, 
to  drive  ;  Ger.  treiben,  to  push.] 

DRIVEL,  driv'l,  i\i.  to  slaver  or  let  spittle 
dribble,  like  a  child  :  to  be  foolish :  to 
speak  like  an  idiot  : — pr.j).  driv'elling ; 
pa.p.  driv'elled. — n.  slaver  :  nonsense. — 
n.  Driv'eller,  a  fool.  [A  form  of  Drib- 
ble.] 

DRIZZLE,  driz'l,  v.i.  to  rain  in  small  drops. 
— II.  a  small,  light  rain. — adj.  Drizz'ly. 
[Freq.  of  M.E.  dreosen,  A.S.  dreosan,  to 
fall.] 

DROLL,  drol,  adj.  odd:  amusing:  laugh- 
able.— )i.  one  who  excites  mirth  :  a  jester. 
— v.i.  to  practice  drollery  :  to  jest. — adj. 
Droll'ish,  somewhat  droll. —  n.  Droll'- 
ERY.  [Fr.  drole  :  from  the  Teut.,  as  in 
Dut.  and  Ger.  drollig,  funnv-] 

DROM^OGNATHiE,  dro  -  nie  -  og'na  -  the, 
n.pl.  in  Prof.  Huxley's  classification  of 
birds,    a  sub-order  ot  the  Carinatse  (or 


birds  having  the  sternum  with  a  keel),  in" 
eluding  but  one  family,  the  Tinamidae  or 
tinamous.  [See  Tinamou.]  In  this  sub- 
order the  bones  of  the  upper  jaw  or  skull 
are  like  what  they  are  in  the  struthious 
or  swift-footed  birds,  as  the  ostrich.  [Gr. 
dromaios,  swift,  and  gnathos,  jaw.] 

DROMEDARY,  drum'e-dar-i,«.  the  Arabian 
camel,  which  has  one  hump  on  its  back  ; 
so  named  from  its  speed.  [Low  L.  drome- 
darius,  from  Gr.  dramas,  dromados,  run- 
ning— root  drem,  to  run.] 

DRONE,  dron,  n.  the  male  of  the  honey- 
bee :  one  who  lives  on  the  labor  of 
others,  like  the  drone-bee  :  a  lazy,  idle 
fellow.  [A.S.  dran,  the  bee  ;  Dut.  and 
Ger.  drone.  Sans,  drnna,  Gr.  anthrene, 
Dan.  drone,  din,  a  rumbling  noise.] 

DRONE,  dron,  v.i.  to  make  a  low  humming 
sound. 

DRONE,  dron,  n.  the  largest  tube  of  the 


bagpipe.     [From  the  sound.] 
dron'isji,    adj.   like 


DRONlSH,  dron'ish,  adj.  like  a  drone: 
lazy,  idle.— adu.  Dron'ishly. — n.  Dron'- 

ISHNESS. 

DROOP,  droop,  v.i.  to  sink  or  hang  down  : 
to  grow  weak  or  faint :  to  decUne. — n. 
the  act  of  drooping  or  ot  falling  or  hang- 
ing down  :  a  drooping  position  or  state  : 
as,  the  droop  of  the  eye,  of  a  veQ,  or  the 
like.     [A  form  of  DROP.] 

DROP,  drop,  Ji.  a  small  particle  of  liquid 
which  falls  at  one  time  :  a  very  small 
quantity  of  Uquid  :  anything  hanging 
like  a  drop  :  anything  arranged  to  drop. 
—n.  Drop'let,  a  little  drop.  [A.S. 
dropa,  a  drop  ;  Dut.  drop.] 

DROP,  drop,  v.i.  to  fall  in  small  particles  : 
to  let  drops  fall :  to  fall  suddenly  :  to 
come  to  an  end  :  to  fall  or  sink  lower. t- 
v.t.  to  let  fall  in  drops  :  to  let  fall  :  to 
let  go,  or  dismiss  :  to  utter  casually  :  to 
lower  : — pr.p.  dropp'lng  ;  pa.p.  dropped'. 
[A.S.  dropian  —  dropa;  Ger.  tropfen, 
akin  to  triefen,  to  drop,  to  trickle.] 

DROP-LIGHT,  drop'-nt,  n.  a  contrivance 
for  bringing  down  an  artificial  light  into 
such  a  position  as  may  be  most  conven- 
ient for  reading,  working,  etc.,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, a  stand  for  a  gas-burner  to  be 
placed  on  a  table,  and  connected  by  an 
elastic  tube  with  the  gas-pipe.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

DROP-RIPE,  drop'-rip,  adj.  so  ripe  as  to 
be  ready  to  drop  from  the  tree.  "The 
fruit  was  now  drop-ripe  we  may  say,  and 
fell  by  a  shake." — Carlyle. 

DROPSICAL,  drop'sik-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to,  resembling,  or  affected  with  dropsy, 
— n.  Drop'sicalness. 

DROPSY,  drop'si,  n.  an  unnatural  collec- 
tion of  water  in  any  part  of  the  body. 
[Corr.  from  hydropsy — Fi-.  hydropisie — 
L.  hydropisis  —  Gr.  hydrops  ■ —  hydor, 
water.] 

DROSKY,  dros'ki,  n.  a  low  four-wheeled 
open  carriage,  much  used  in  Russia. 
[Russ.  drojki.] 

DROSS,  dros,  n.  the  scum  which  metals 
throw  off  when  melting  :  waste  matter  : 
refuse  :  rust.  [A.S.  dros,  from  dreosan, 
to  fall  ;  Ger.  druse,  ore  decayed  by  the 
weather.] 

DROSSY,  dros'i,  adj.  like  dross  :  impure : 
worthless. — ;;.  DrOSS'ineSS. 

DROUGHT,  drowt,  n..  dryness:  want  of 
rain  or  of  water  :  thirst.  [A.S.  drugoth, 
dryness — dryge.  ] 

DROUGHTY,  drowt'i,  adj.  full  of  drought : 
very  drj' :  wanting  rain,  thirsty. — n. 
Drought'iness. 

DROUTH,  drowth.  ?i.  same  as  DROUGHT. 

DR0\'T;,  di-ov,  pa.t.  of  Drive. 

DRGSTi;,  drov.  n.  a  number  of  cattle,  or 
other  animals,  driven. 

DROVER,  drov'er,  n.  one  who  drives  cat- 
tle :  in  U.S.  a  cattle  dealer. 


DROWN 

DROWN,  drown,  v.t.  to  drench  or  sink  in 
water :  to  kill  by  placing  under  water  : 
to  overpower  :  to  extinguish. — v.i.  to  be 
suffocated  in  water.  [A.S.  druncnian, 
to  drown — drimcen,  pa.p.  of  drincen,  to 
drink.     See  Drench.] 

DROWSE,  drowz.  v.i.  to  nod  the  head,  as 
when  heavy  with  sleep  :  to  look  heavy 
and  dull. — v.t.  to  make  heavy  with  sleep: 
to  stupefy.  [A.S.  drusian,  to  be  slug- 
gish :  Dut.  droosen,  to  fall  asleep.] 

DROWSY,  drowz'i,  adj.,  sleepy:  heavy: 
dull.— adu.  Drows'ilt. — n.  Drows'djess. 

DRUB,  drub,  v.t.  to  strike:  to  beat  or 
thra.sh.:^pr.p.  drubb'ing;  pa.p.  drubbed'. 
— n.  a  blow.  [Prov.  E.  drab,  from  A.S. 
drepan  ;  Ice.  drep.'] 

DRUDGE,  druj,  v.i.  to  work  hard:  to  do 
very  mean  work. — n.  one  who  works 
hard  :  a  slave  :  a  menial  servant. — adv. 
Dkudg'ingly.  [Perh.  Celt,  as  in  Ir. 
driigaire.  a  drudge.] 

DRUDGERY,  druj'er-i.  n.  the  work  of  a 
drudge  :  hard  or  humble  labor. 

DRUG,  drug,  n.  any  substance  used  in 
medicine,  or  in  dyeing :  an  article  that 
sells  slowly,  Uke  medicines. — v.t.  to  mix 
or  season  with  drugs  :  to  dose  to  excess. 
— v.i.  to  prescribe  drugs  or  medicines  : — 
pr.p.  drugg'ing ;  pa.p.  drugged'.  [Fr. 
drogue,  from  Dut.  droog,  dry  ;  as  if  ap- 
plied orig.  to  dried  herbs.    See  Dry.] 

DRUGGET,  drug'et,  n.  a  coarse  woollen 
cloth,  used  as  a  protection  for  carpets. 
[Ft.     droguet,    dim.    of    drogue,    drug, 

DRUGGIST,  drug'ist,  n.  one  who  deals  in 
drugs. 

DRUID,  droo'id,  n.  a  priest  among  the  an- 
cient Celts  of  Britain,  Gaul,  and  Ger- 
many, who  worshipped  under  oaA-fj-ees. — 
/era.  Drd'idess. — adj.  Druid'ical.  [Gael. 
druidh,  W.  derun/dd  ;  Littre  accepts  the 
ety.  from  Celt,  deriv,  an  oak,  which  is 
from  the  same  root  as  Gr.  drys,  an  oak.] 

DRUIDISM,  droo'id-izm,  n.  the  doctrines 
which  the  Druids  taught :  the  ceremonies 
they  practiced. 

DRUM,  drum,  n.  a  Celtic  word  signifying  a 
round  knoU,  a  ridge,  a  small  hill.  It  en- 
ters into  the  composition  of  many  place- 
names,  especially  in  Ireland  and  Scot- 
land, as  Drumcoadra,,  Drumgla.ss,  Drum- 
sheugh,  Z)rif?»lanrig,  Dru??ioak,  and  is 
frequently  found  alone  as  the  name  of  a 
farm,  estate,  village,  and  the  like. 

DRUM,  drum,  n.  a  cylindrical  musical  in- 
strument :  anything  shaped  like  a  drum: 
the  tympanum  or  middle  portion  of  the 
ear  :  (arch.)  the  upright  part  of  a  cupola: 
(mech.)  a  revolving  cylinder  :  the  name 
formerly  given  to  a  fashionable  and 
crowded  evening  party  in  England,  at 
which  card-playing  appears  to  have  been 
the  chief  attraction  :  a  rout.  The  more 
riotous  of  such  assemblies  were  styled 
drum-majors.  "  Not  unaptly  styled  a 
drum,  from  the  noise  and  emptiness  of 
the  entertainment." — Smollett.  "  Thej' 
were  all  three  to  go  together  to  the 
opera,  and  thence  to  Ladj'  Thomas 
Hatchet's  drum." — Fielding.  [Perh.  E. ; 
from  a  Teut.  root  found  in  Dut.  trom, 
Ger.  trommel,  a  drum ;  an  imitative 
word.] 

DRUM,  drum.  v.i.  to  beat  a  drum  :  to  beat 
with  the  fingers. — v.t.  to  drum  out,  to  ex- 
pel : — pr.p.  drumm'ing ;  pa.p.  drummed'. 
— n.  Drxjmm'er. 

DRUM-FISH,  drum'-fish,  n.  the  popular 
name  of  a  genus  of  fishes  (Pogonias),  some 
of  the  species  of  which  occur  off  the 
coast  of  Georgia  and  Florida.  They  grow 
to  a  great  size,  some  of  them  weighing 
above  100  lbs.,  and  have  their  name  from 
the  extraordinary  noise  they  are  said  to 


117 

make  under  water.  Called  for  the  same 
reason  Grunts. 
DRUMHEAD,  drum'hed,  n.  the  head  of  a 
drum  :  the  top  part  of  a  capstan  :  a  va- 
riety of  cabbage  ha\'ing  a  large,  rounded, 
or  flattened  head. — Drumhead  court- 
martial,  a  court-martial  called  suddenly, 
or  on  the  field. 

DRUM-MAJOR,  drum'-ma'jer,  n.  the  major 
or  chief  drummer  of  a  regiment. 

DRUMMER,  drum'er,  n.  one  whose  office  is 
to  beat  the  drum  in  military  exercises 
and  marching  :  one  who  drums  :  one  who 
soUcits  custom :  a  name  given  in  the 
West  Indies  to  the  Blatta  gigantea,  an 
insect  which,  in  old  frame  and  deal 
houses,  has  the  power  of  making  a  noise 
at  night,  by  knocking  its  head  against 
the  wood.  The  sound  very  much  re- 
sembles a  pretty  smart  knocking  with 
the  knuckle  upon  the  wainscoting'. 

DRUMMOND  LIGHT,  drum'mond  lit,  n. 
a  very  intense  light  produced  by  turning 
two  streams  of  gas,  one  of  oxygen  and 
the  other  of  hydrogen,  in  a  state  of 
ignition,  upon  a  ball  of  lime.  This  hght 
was  proposed  by  Capt.  Drummond  to  be 
employed  in  lighthouses.  Another  light, 
previously  obtained  by  the  same  gen- 
tleman, was  employed  in  geodetical  sur- 
veys when  it  was  required  to  observe  the 
angles  subtended  between  distant  sta- 
tions at  night.  The  light  was  produced 
by  placing  a  ball  or  dish  of  lime  in  the 
focus  of  a  parabolic  mirror  at  the  station 
to  be  rendered  visible,  and  directing  upon 
it,  through  a  flame  arising  from  alcohol, 
a  stream  of  oxygen  gas.  Called  also 
OxYCALciuM  Light,  Lime-ball  Light, 
Lime  Light.     [From  Capt.  Drummond.] 

DBUM-ROOM,  drum'-rom,  n.  the  room 
where  a  drum  or  crowded  evening-  party 
was  held.    Fielding.    [See  Drum.] 

DRUMSTICK,  drum'stik,  n.  the  stick  with 
which  the  drum  is  beat. 

DRUNK,  drungk,  pa.p.  of  Drink.  [In 
compound  tenses  drank  is  frequently 
used  for  drunk,  the  past  participle  of 
to  drink.  "Make  known  how  he  hath 
drank."  "  You  all  have  drank  of  Circe's 
cup." — Shak.  "Thrice  have  I  drank  of 
it." — Byron.  The  older  forms  of  drank, 
drunk,  and  drunken  are  drank  and 
dronken.] 

DRUNK,  drungk,  adj.  intoxicated  :  satu- 
rated. 

DRUNKARD,  drungk'ard,  n.  one  who  fre- 
.  quently  drin  ks  to  excess. 

DRUNKEN,  drungk'n,  adj.  given  to  ex- 
cessive drinking  :  resulting  from  intoxi- 
cation. 

DRUNKENNESS,  drungk'n-nes.  n.  excess- 
ive drinking,  intoxication  :  habitual  in- 
temperance. 

DRUPACEOUS,  droo-pa'shus,  adj.  produc- 
ing or  pertaining  to  drupes  or  stone- 
fruits. 

DRUPE,  droop,  n.  a  fleshy  fruit  containing 
a  stone,  as  the  plum,  etc.  [Fr. — L.  drupa 
— Gr.  druppa,  an  over-ripe  olive,  from 
drys,  a  tree,  and  pepto,  to  cook,  to  ripen.] 

DRUSES,  droo'zez,  n.pl.  a  curious  people 
of  mixed  Syi'ian  and  Arabian  origin,  in- 
habiting the  mountains  of  Lebanon  and 
Antilebanon,  in  whose  faith  are  combined 
the  doctrines  of  the  Pentateuch,  part  of 
the  tenets  of  Christianity,  tlie  teachings 
of  the  Koran,  and  the  Sufi  allegories ; 
they  describe  themselves  as  Unitarians 
and  followers  of  Khalif  Hakim-Biamr 
Allah,  whom  they  regard  as  an  incar- 
nation of  deity,  the  last  prophet  and  the 
founder  of  the  true  religion.  Tliey  are 
nearly  all  taught  to  read  and  write  ;  but 
are  exceedingly  turbulent,  their  conflicts 
with  their  neicrhbors  the  Maronites  hav- 


DUB 

ing  often  caused   much  trouble   to  the 
Turkish  government. 

DRY.  dri,  adj.  free  from  moisture  :  deficient 
in  moistm-e  :  without  sap  :  not  green  ; 
not  giving  milk  :  thirsty  :  uninteresting  , 
frigid,  precise. —Dry  wines,  those  in 
which  the  saccharine  matter  and  the  fer- 
ment are  so  exactly  balanced  that  they 
have  mutually  decomposed  each  other 
and  no  sweetness  is  perceptible.  Bur- 
gundy and  port  are  of  this  nature,  and 
dry  wines  generally  are  considered  the 
most  perfect  class,  and  are  opposed  to  the 
simet  wines. — adv.  Dry'ly  or  Dri'ly. — 
n.  Dry'ness.  [A.S.  dryge ;  Dut.  droog,  cf. 
Ger.  trocken.l 

DRY,  dri,  v.t.  to  free  from  water  or  moist- 
ure :  to  exhaust. — v.i.  to  become  dry  :  to 
become  free  from  juice  :  to  evaporate 
entirely  :  — pr.p.  drj^ing  ;  pa.p.  dried'. 
— ?i.  Dri'er. 

DRYAD,  drl'ad,  n.  (Greek  myth.)  a  nvmph 
of  the  u-oods.  [Gr.  dryades,  pi.,  fronidrys, 
a  tree J 

DRY-GOODS,  drl'-goodz,  n.pl.  drapery, 
etc.,  as  distinguished  from  gi-oceries. 

DRY-NURSE,  dri'-nurs,  n.  a  nurse  who 
feeds  a  child  unthout  milk  from  the  breast. 

DRY-ROT,  dri'-rot,  n.  a  decay  of  timber, 
caused  by  fungi  which  reduce  it  to  a  dry, 
brittle  mass. 

DRYSALTER,  drl-sawlt'er,  n.  a  dealer  in 
salted  or  dry  meats,  pickles,  etc.  :  or  in 
gums,  dj'es,  drugs,  etc. 

DRYSALTERY,  dri-sawlt'er-i,  n.  the  arti- 
cles kept  by  a  drysalter  :  the  business  of 
a  drysalter. 

DUAL,  da'al,  adj.  consisting  of  tico.  [L., 
from  duo,  two.] 

DUALISM,  du'al-izm,  n.  the  doctrine  of 
two  gods,  one  good,  the  other  e\'il  :  the 
dividing  into  two  :  a  twofold  division  :  a 
system  founded  on  a  double  principle. 
"An  inevitable  dualism  bisects  nature, 
so  that  each  thing  is  a  half,  and  suggests 
another  to  make  it  whole  ;  as  spirit,  mat- 
ter ;  man,  woman  ;  subjective,  objective ; 
in,  out  ;  upper,  imder  ;  motion,  rest ; 
yea,  nay.  .  .  .  The  same  dualism  under- 
lies the  nature  and  condition  of  man." — 
Emerson.  Hence— (a)  the  philosophical 
exposition  of  the  nature  of  things  by  the 
adoption  of  two  dissimilar  priniitive 
principles  not  derived  from  each  other. 
Dualism  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  adop- 
tion of  two  fundamental  beings,  a  good 
and  an  evil  one,  as  is  done  in  the  oriental 
religions,  and  to  the  adoption  of  two  dif- 
ferent principles  in  man,  viz.  a  spiritual 
and  a  corporeal  principle,  (b)  In  theoL 
the  doctrine  of  those  who  maintain  that 
only  certain  elected  persons  are  capable 
of  admission  to  eternal  happiness,  and 
that  all  the  rest  will  be  subjected  to 
eternal  condemnation,  (c)  Met.  the  doc- 
trine of  those  who  maintain  the  exist- 
ence of  spirit  and  matter  as  distinct 
substances,  in  opposition  to  idealism, 
which  maintains  we  have  no  knowledge 
or  assurance  of  the  existence  of  any- 
thing but  our  own  ideas  or  sensations. 
Dualism  may  correspond  with  realism  in 
maintaining  that  om-  ideas  of  things 
are  true  transcripts  of  the  originals  or 
rather  of  the  qualities  inherent  in  them, 
the  spirit  acting  as  a  mirror  and  reflect- 
ing their  true  images,  or  it  maj'  hold 
that,  although  produced  by  outward  ob- 
jects, we  have  no  assurance  that  in  real- 
ity these  at  all  correspond  to  our  ideas  of 
them,  or  even  that  they  produce  the 
same  idea  in  two  different  minds. 

DUALIST,  dQ'al-ist,  n.  a  believer  in  dual- 
ism. 

DUALITY,  du-al'it-i,  n.,  doubleness :  state 
of  being  double. 

DUB,   dub,   v.t.  to  confer  knighthood   by 


DUBIETY 


118 


DUMP 


sinking  the  shoulder  with  a  sword :  to 
confer  any  dignity: — pr.j).  dubb'ing- ; 
pa.p.  dubbed'.  [From  a  Teut.  root,  seen 
in  A.S.  dubban,  Ice.  dubba,  to  strike  ; 
akin  to  Pab.I 

DUBIETY,  du-bl'e-ti,  n.  doubtfulness. 

DUBIOUS,  da'bi-us,  adj.,  doubtful :  unde- 
termined :  causing'  doubt :  of  uncertain 
event  or  issue. — adv.  Du'BIOUSLY.  —  n. 
Du'BiousNESS.  [L.  dubius,  from  duo, 
two.    See  Doubt.] 

UUCAL,  duk'al,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  duke 
or  dukedom. 

DUCAT,  duk'al,  n.  (orig.)  a  coin  struck  by 
a  duke :  a  coin  worth,  when  silver,  |1.10, 
gold  standard ;  when  gold,  twice  as 
much.  [Fr.  ducat — It.  ducato — Low  L. 
ducatus,  a  duchy — dux,  a  leader.  See 
Ddke.1 

DUCHESS,  duch'es,  n.  the  consort  or  widow 
of  a  duke :  a  lady  who  possesses  a  duchy 
in  her  own  right.  [Fr.  duchesse — due — 
L.  dux,  a  leader.! 

DUCHN,  DUKHN,  doo'khn,  n.  a  kind  of 
millet  {Pennisetum  typhoideum  or  Holcus 
spicatus),  many  varieties  of  which  are 
cultivated  in  Egj-pt,  and  to  some  extent 
in  Spain,  as  a  grain  plant.  It  is  also  used 
in  the  preparation  of  a  kind  of  beer. 

X)UCHY,  duch'i,  n.  the  territory  of  a  duke, 
a  dukedom.     [Fr.  ducM—duc.] 

DUCK,  duk,  n.  a  kind  of  coarse  clotJi  for 
small  sails,  sacking,  etc.  [Dut.  doek, 
linen  cloth  ;  Ger.  tuch.] 

DUCK,  duk,  v.t.  to  dip  for  a  moment  in 
water. — v.i.  to  dip  or  dive  :  to  lower  the 
head  suddenly. — n.  the  name  common  to 
all  the  fowls  constituting  the  Linnasan 
genus  Anas,  now  raised  into  a  sub-family 
Anatinaj,  and  by  some  naturalists  di^-ided 
into  two  sub-famlUes  Anatina3  and  Fuli- 
gulinaj,  or  land-ducks  and  sea-ducks. 
The  common  mallard  or  wild-duck  {Anas 
BoscJias)  is  the  original  of  our  domestic 
duck.  In  its  wild  state  the  male  is 
characterized  by  the  deep  gi-een  of  tlie 
plumage  of  the  head  and  neck,  by  a  wliite 
collar  separating  the  green  from'the  dark 
chestnut  of  the  lower  part  of  the  neck, 
and  by  having  the  four  middle  feathers 
of  the  tail  recurved.  The  wild-duck  is 
taken  in  large  quantities  by  decoys  and 
other  means,  in  Lincolnshire,  England, 
and  Picardy,  France.  Some  tame  ducks 
have  neai-ly  the  same  plumaofe  as  the 
wild  ones  ;  ethers  vary  greatly,  being 
generally  duller,  but  all  the  males  have 
the  four  recurved  tail  -  feathers.  The 
most  obvious  distinction  between  the 
tame  and  wild  ducks  lies  in  the  color  of 
theii'  feet,  those  of  the  tame  being  black, 
and  of  the  w  ild  yellow :  a  dipping  or 
stooping  of  the  head  :  a  pet,  darUng, 
[E.  ;  from  a  root  found  also  in  Low  Ger. 
aucken,  Dut.  duiken,  to  stoop  ;  Ger. 
tauchen,  to  dip,  tatieli-ente,  the  duck. 
Dip,  Dite,  Dove,  are  parallel  forms.] 

DUCKING-STOOL,  duk'ing- stool,  n.  a 
stool  or  chaii'  in  which  scolds  were  for- 
merly tied  and  ducked  in  the  water  as  a 
punishment. 

DUCKLING,  dukling,  n.  a  young  duck. 

DUCT,  dukt.  n.  a  tube  conveying  fluids  in 
animal  bodies  or  plants.  [L.  ductus — 
duco.  to  lead.] 

,;UCTILE,  duk'til,  adj.  easily  led :  yielding: 
capable  of  being  drawn  out  into  wires  or 
threads.  [L.  ducfilis  —  duco,  ductus,  to 
leadj 

OUGTlLITy,  duk-til'i-ti,  n.  capacity  of 
being  drawn  out  without  breaking. 

DUDGEON,  duj'un,  n.  resentment:  grudge. 


nv.  di/gen,  anger.] 

Dur—^ 


.DGEON,  duj'un,  )i.  thehaft  of  a  dagger: 
a  small  dagger.     [Etv^  unknown.] 
DUE,  du,  adj.,  owed  .-that  ought  to  be  paid 
or  done  to  another ;  proper :  appointed. 


— adv.  exactly  :  directly. — n.  that  which 
is  owed  :  what  one  has  a  right  to :  per- 
quisite :  fee  or  tribute.  [Fr.  du,  pa.p.  of 
devoir,  L.  debeo,  to  owe.] 

DUEL,  du'el,  n.  a  combat  between  two 
persons  :  single  combat  to  decide  a  quar- 
rel.— v.i.  to  fight  in  single  combat: — -j^r.^j. 
du'elling  ;  pa.^j.  du'elled. — n.  Du'ellee 
or  Du'ellist.  [It.  duello,  from  L.  du- 
ellum,  the  orig.  form  of  bellum — duo, 
two.] 

DUELLING,  du'el-Lng,  n.  fighting  in  a 
duel:  the  practice  of  fighting  in  single 
combat. 

DUELSOME.  du'el-sum,  adj.  inclined  or 
given  to  duelling :  eager  or  ready  to 
fight  duels.  (Rare.)  "  Incorrigibly  aiteZ- 
sotne  on  his  own  account,  lie  is  for 
others  the  most  acute  and  peaceable 
counsellor  in  the  world." — Tliackeray. 

DUENNA,  du-en'na.  n.  the  chief  lady  in 
waiting  on  the  Queen  of  Spain :  an 
elderly  female,  holding  a  middle  station 
between  a  governess  and  companion, 
appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  younger 
female  members  of  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese families:  an  old  woman  who  is 
kept  to  guard  a  younger  :  a  governess. 
"  I  bribed  her  duenna." — Arbuthnot.  [Sp. 
duenna,  duelia,  a  form  of  dona,  fem.  of 
don,  and  a  contr.  from  L.  domina,  a 
mistress.]         

DUET,  du-et'.  DUETTO,  du-et'o,  n.  -a  piece 
of  music  for  two.  [It.  duetto — L.  duo, 
two.] 

DUETTINO,  du-et-te'no,  n.  in  music,  a 
short  duet  or  composition  for  two  voices 
or  iustrmnents.     [It.] 

DUFFEL,  duf'l,  n.  a  thick,  coarse  woollen 
cloth,  with  a  nap.  [Prob.  from  Duffel, 
a  town  in  Belgium.] 

DUG,  dug,  n.  the  nipple  of  the  pap,  esp. 
applied  to  that  of  a  cow  or  other  beast. 
[Cf.  Sw.  ditgga,  Dan.  diigge,  to  suclde  a 
child.    See  Daiet.] 

DUG,  <.\ug,pa.t.  a,nA  pa.p.  of  Dig. 

DUGONG,  du-goug',  n.  a  kind  of  herb- 
eating  whale,  from  8  to  20  feet  long, 
found  in  Indian  seas.  The  fable  of  the 
mermaid  is  said  to  be  founded  on  this 
animal.     [Malaj'an  diiyong.] 

DUKE,  duk,  71.  (tit.)  a  leader,  (B.)  a  chief- 
tain :  the  highest  order  of  English  nobU- 
ity  next  below  the  Prince  of  Wales  :  (on 
the  continent)  a  sovereign  prince.  [Fr. 
due — L.  dux,  ducis,  a  leader — duco.  to 
lead  ;  akin  to  A.S.  teohan  (see  Tow),  Ger. 
Ziehen,  to  draw  or  lead ;  A.S.  heretoga, 
armv-leader,  Ger.  herzog,  now=E.  duke.l 

DUKEDOM,  duk'dum,  n.  the  title,  rank  or 
territories  of  a  duke.  [Doke,  and  A.S. 
dom,  dominion.] 

DUKHOBORTSI,  duk-ho-bort'si,  jj.pZ.  a 
sect  of  Russian  fanatics,  remarkable  for 
their  fine  form  and  vigorous  constitution, 
which  are  said  to  be  due  to  the  fact  that 
they  destroy  every  delicate  chUd.  In 
1843  and  folloiving  years  most  of  the 
sect  were  transported  to  the  Caucasus. 

DULCET,  duls'et,  adj.,  siceet  to  the  taste, 
or  to  the  ear :  melodious,  harmonious. 
[Old  Fr.  dolcet,  dim.  of  dols=doux — L. 
aulcis.  sweet.] 

DULCIFLUOUS,  dul-sif'loo-us,  adj.,  flow- 
ing sweetly.  [L.  dulcis,  and  fluo,  to  flow.] 

DULCIMER,  dul'si-mer,  n.  one  of  the  most 
ancient  musical  instruments  used  in  al- 
most all  parts  of  the  world.  The  modern 
instrument  consists  of  a  shallow  trape- 
zium-shaped box  without  a  top,  across 
which  runs  a  series  of  wires,  tuned  by 
pegs  at  tlie  sides,  and  played  on  by  being 
struck  by  two  cork-headed  hammers.  It 
is  in  much  less  common  use  in  Europe 
now  than  it  was  a  century  or  two  ago, 
and  is  interesting  chieflv  as  being  the 
prototype  of  the  piano.     It  is  still,  how- 


ever, occasionally  to  be  met  with  on  the 
Continent  at  rustic  rejoicings,  and  in 
England  in  the  hands  of  street  musicians. 
In  Asia  it  is  especially  used  by  the  Arabs 
and  Persians,  as  well  as  by  the  Chinese 
and  Japanese,  with,  however,  great 
modifications  in  structure  and  arrange- 
ments. The  ancient  eastern  didctmer, 
as  represented  in  Assyrian  bas-reliefs, 
seems  to  have  differed  from  the  modern 
instrument  in  being  carried  before  the 
player  by  a  belt  over  the  shoulder,  in  the 
strings  running  from  top  to  bottom,  as 
in  the  violin,  and  in  being  pla3-ed  by  one 
plectrum,  the  left  hand  being  apparently 
employed  either  to  twang  the  strings  or 
to  check  vibration.  The  Hebrew  psaltery 
is  supposed  to  have  been  a  variety  of  the 
dulcimer.  [It.  dolcimello,  from  dolce,  L. 
dulcis,  sweet.] 

DULL,  dul,  adj.  slow  of  hearing,  of  learn- 
ing, or  of  understanding :  insensible : 
without  life  or  spirit :  slow  of  motion : 
drow.sy :  sleepy :  sad :  downcast :  cheer- 
less :  not  bright  or  clear :  cloudy :  dim, 
obscure  :  obtuse  :  blunt : — (ccnnm.)  little 
in  demand. — adv.  Dul'lt. — n.  Dull'ness 
or  Dctl'ness.  [A.S.  dual,  dol—dwelan, 
to  lead  astray ;  Dut.  dol,  mad — dolen,  to 
wander,  to  rave ;  Ger.  toll,  mad.] 

DULL,  dul,  v.t.  to  make  didl  :  to  make 
stupid  :  to  blunt :  to  damp :  to  cloud. — 
v.i.  to  become  dull. 

DULLARD,  dul'ard,  n.  a  dull  and  stupid 
person  :  a  dunce. 

DULL-SIGHTED,  dul'-slt'ed,  adj.  having 
dull  or  weak  sight. 

DULL-WITTED,  dul'-wit'ed,  adj.  not 
smart  :  heavy. 

DULLY,  dul'i,  adj.  somewhat  dull. 

Far  off  she  seemed  to  hear  the  diiUi/  sound 
Of  human  footsteps  fall. — Te7inyson. 

DULSE,  duls,  n.  a  kind  of  sea-weed  belong 
ing  to  the  sub-order  Ceramiace<B,  the  Rho^ 
domenia  palmata,  used  in  some  parts  of 
Scotland  as  an  edible.  It  has  a  reddish- 
brown,  or  purple,  leatheiy,  veinless 
frond,  several  inches  long,  and  is  found 
at  low  water  adhering  to  the  rocks.  It 
is  an  important  plant  to  the  Icelanders, 
and  is  stored  by  them  in  casks  to  be 
eaten  %vith  fish.  In  Kamtchatka,  a  fer- 
mented liquor  is  made  from  it.  [Gael. 
duilliasg,  Ir.  duileasg,  dulse.] 

DULY.  du'U,  adv.  properly :  fitly  :  at  the 
proper  time. 

DUMB,  dum,  adj.  without  the  power  of 
speech:  silent:  soundless. — n.  Dumb'ness. 
[A.S.  dumb ;  Ger.  dumm,  stupid,  Dut, 
dom.'] 

DUMB-BELLS,  dum'-belz,  n.pl.  weights 
swung'  in  the  hands  for  exercise. 

DUMB-SHOW,  dum'-sho,  n.  gesture  with- 
out  words :  pantomime. 

DmiFOUND,  dum'fownd.  v.t.  to  strike 
dumb  :  to  confuse  greatly. 

DUMMY,  dum'i,  n.  one  who  is  dumb :  a 
sham  package  in  a  shop :  the  fourth  or 
exposed  hand  when  three  persons  play 
at  whist  :  a  locomotive,  furnished  witb 
condensing  engines,  and  hence  without 
tlie  noise  of  escaping  steam  :  the  name 
given  by  firemen  to  the  jets  from  the 
mains,  or  chief  water-pipes :  a  hatter's 
pressing  iron  :  a  person  on  the  stage  who 
appears  before  the  lights,  but  has  noth- 
ing to  .say. 

DUMP,  dump,  ?(.  a  dull  gloomy  state  of 
the  mind  :  sadness  :  melancholy :  sorrow : 
heaviness  of  heai't. 

March  slowly  on  in  solemn  diimp.—Hudibras. 
In  this  sense  generally  used  in  the  plural, 
and  now  only  when  a  ludicrous  sense  is 
intended.  "  Why,  how  now.  daughter 
Katherine?  In  your  dumjis." — Shak, 
"A  ludicrous,  coarse,  or  vulgar  use  of  a 


DUMPISH 


119 


DUTCH 


word  brings  it  into  disuse  in  eleg-ant  dis- 
coui'se.  lu  tlie  great  ballad  of  Chevy- 
Cbase  a  noble  warrior,  whose  le^s  are 
hewn  off,  is  described  as  beiug  '  in  Soleful 
dum2}S.'  Holland's  translation  of  Livy 
represents  the  Romans  as  being;  '  in  the 
dumps'  after  tlie  battle  of  Cannaj.  It 
was  in  elegant  use  then."  —  Trench. 
[From  the  root  of  dumb  (which  see).  It  is 
allied  to  ddmi),  Ger.  dampf,  steam,  vapor. 
Cf.  dumps,  melancholy,  with  i-apors  in 
the  sense  of  nervousness  or  depressiOQ.] 
DUMPISH,  dump'ish,  adj.  given  to  dumps : 
depressed   in  spirits.— <idr.  DuiTP'lSHLY. 

— n.  DlJMP'lSHNESS. 

DITMPLING,  dump'ling,  n.  a  land  of  thick 
pudding  or  mass  of  paste.  [Dim.  otdump, 
in  DUMPT.] 

DmiPS,  dumps,  ri.pj.,  dullness  or  gloomi- 
ness of  mind  :  ill-humor.  [From  a  Teut. 
root,  seen  in  Sw.  dumpin,  G«r.  dumpf, 
gloomy,  E.  Damp.] 

DU>rPY,  dump'i,  adj.  short  and  thick. 
[From  a  prov.  form  dump,  a  clunisy 
piece.] 

DIJN,  dun,  adj.  of  a  dark  color,  partly 
brown  and  black.  [A.S.  dun — ^W.  dwn, 
dusky,  Gael,  don,  brown.] 

DUN,  dun,  v.t.  to  demand  a  debt  witli  din 
or  noise :  to  urge  for  payment  -.—pr.p. 
dunn'ing' ;  pa.p.  dunned'. — n.  one  who 
duns:  a  demand  for  payment.  [A.S. 
dynnan,  Ice.  dynia,  to  make  a  noise,  to 
clamor.] 

DUNCE,  duns,  n.  one  slow  at  learning :  a 
stupid  person. — adjs.  Dunc'ish,  Dunce'- 
LIKE.  [Duns  (Scotus),  the  leader  of  the 
schoolmen,  from  liim  called  Duhsm,  wlio 
opposed  classical  studies  on  the  revival 
of  learning  :  hence  any  opposer  of  learn- 
ing. Duns  Sootus  was  a  native  of  Duns 
in  Berwicksliire,  or  of  Dunstou  in  Nortli- 
umberland,  whence  his  name.] 

DUXE,  dun,  n.  a  low  hill  of  sand  on  the 
seashore.  [An  earlier  form  of  Down,  a 
hill.] 

DUNG,  dung,  n.  the  excrement  of  animals: 
refuse  litter  mixed  with  excrement. — v.t. 
to  manure  with  dung. — r.i.  to  void  ex- 
crement.— adj.  Dung'y.  [A.S.  dung; 
Ger.  dung,  dunger.] 

DUNGEON,  dun'jun,  n.  {orig.)  the  princi- 
pal tower  of  a  castle :  a  vlose,  dark 
prison  :  a  cell  under  ground.  [A  doub- 
let of  DONiON.] 

DUNGHILL,  dung'hil,  n.  a  hill  or  heap  of 
dung :  any  mean  situation. 

DUNGIYAH,  doon-ge'ya,  n.  a  coasting 
vessel  met  with  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  on 
the  coasts  of  Arabia,  and  especially  in 
the  Gulf  of  Cutch.  The  dungiyahs  sail 
by  the  monsoon,  and  arrive  often  in 
large  companies  at  Muscat,  celebrating 
their  safe  arrival  with  salvos  of  artillery, 
music,  and  flags.  They  have  generally 
one  mast,  frequently  longer  tlian  the  ves- 
sel ;  and  are  difficult  to  navigate.  They 
are  alleged  to  be  the  oldest  kind  of  ves- 
sels in  the  Indian  seas,  dating  as  far 
back  as  the  expedition  of  Alexander. 

DUNIWASSAL,  doon-i-was'sal,  n.  a  gen- 
tleman :  especially,  a  gentleman  of  sec- 
ondary rank  among  the  Highlanders  :  a 
cadet  of  a  family  of  rank.  Sir  W.  Scott. 
TGael.  duine  }Msal,  from  duine,  a  man, 
and  nasal,  gentle.] 
DUNKER,  dung'ker,  n.  a  member  of  a  sect 
of  Baptists  originating  in  Philadelphia. 
"Written  also  Tukker  (which  see). 

DUNLIN,  dunlin,  n.  a,  bird  [Tringa  varia- 
bilis), a  species  of  sandpiper,  occurring 
ill  vast  flocks  along  sandy  sea-shores. 
It  is  about  8  inches  in  length  from  tlie 
point  of  the  bill  to  the  extremity  of  the 
taO,  and  its  plumage  undergoes  marked 
variations  in  summer  and  winter,  the 
back   passing  from   black  with  reddish 


edges  to  each  feather,  to  an  ashen  gray, 
and  the  breast  from  mottled  black  to 
pure  white.  Called  also  Stint,  Purre, 
Os-BiRD,  etc.  [Perhaps  from  dune  with 
dim.  termination -/in(7,'  orfromrftfM,  adj.] 

DUNNISH,  dun'ish,  adj.  somewhat  dun. 

DUO.  du'o,  )(.  a  song  in  ttco  parts.  [L.  duo, 

DUODECENNIAL,  du-o-de-sen'i-al,  adj. 
occurring  every  twelve  years.  [L.  diio- 
decim.  twelve,  and  aji?«is,  a  year.] 

DUODECIMAL,  du-o-des'i-mal,  adj.  com- 
puted by  twelves:  twelfth:— pZ.  a  rule  of 
arithmetic  in  which  the  denominations 
rise  by  twelve.  [L.  duodedtn,  twelve — 
duo.  two,  and  decern,  ten.] 

DUODECIMO,  du-o-des'i-mo,  adj.  formed 
of  sheets  folded  so  as  to  make  twelve 
leaves. — n.  a  book  of  such  sheets — usually 
written  12mo. 

DUODECUPLE,  du-o-dek'a-pl,  adj., 
iioelvefold :  consisting  of  twelve.  [L. 
duodecim.  plico,  to  fold.] 

DUODENUM,  du-o-de'num,  n.  the  first  por- 
tion of  the  small  intestines,  so  called  be- 
cause about  tivelve  fingers'  breadth  in 
length.— adj.  Duode'nal.  [L.  duodeni, 
twelve  each.] 

DUP,  dup,  v.t.  {ohs.yto  undo  a  door.  [From 
Do  and  Up.    Cf.  DON  and  Doff.] 

DUPE,  dup,  n.  one  easily  cheated:  one  who 
is  deceived  or  misled. — v.t.  to  deceive  :  to 
trick. — adj.  Dup'able.  [Fr.  dupe;  of 
uncertain  origin.] 

DUPLE,  du'pl,  adj.,  double:  twofold.  [L. 
dujjlcv,  duplicis.  twofold,  fi-om  duo,  two, 
and  plico,  to  fold.    Cf.  Complex.] 

DUPLICATE,  du'pilk  -  at,  adj.,  double  : 
twofold. — n.  another  thing  of  the  same 
kind  :  a  copy  or  transcript.  "  Duplicates 
of  despatches  and  of  important  letters  are 
frequently  sent  by  another  conveyance, 
as  a  precaution  against  the  risk  of  their 
miscarriage.  The  copy  which  first  reaches 
its  destination  is  treated  as  an  original." 
— Wharton.  "  In  the  case  of  mutual  con- 
tracts, such  as  leases,  contracts  of  mar- 
riage, copartnership,  and  the  like,  dupli- 
cates of  the  deed  are  frequently  prepared, 
each  of  which  is  signed  by  all  the  con- 
tracting parties  ;  and,  where  this  is  done, 
the  parties  are  botmd  if  one  of  the  dupli- 
cates are  regularly  executed,  although 
the  others  should  be  defective  in  the 
necessary  solemnities."  —  Bell.  —  v.  t.  to 
double  :  to  fold.— »!.  Duplica'tion.  [L. 
duplico,  dnplicafus — duplex.] 

DUPLICITY,  du-plis'it-i,  n.,  douhleness: 
insincerity  of  heart  or  speech  :  deceit. 
[L.  duplicitas— duplex.'] 

DURABILITY.  dur-a-biVit-i,  n.  quality  of 
heme:  durable :  power  of  resisting  decay. 

DURABLE,  dur'a-bl,  adj.  able  to  last  or 
endure  :  hardy :  permanent  j-nrfi".  DUR'- 
ABLY.— n.  Dur'ableness.  [L.  durabilts 
— duro.  to  last.] 

DURA  MATER,  du'ra  ma'ter,  n.  the  outer 
membrane  of  the  brain :  so  named  from 
its  hardness  compared  with  the  mem- 
brane which  lies  under  it,  called  pia 
mater  (pious  mother),  and  which  also 
surrounds  the  brain.  [Both  these  mem- 
branes receive  the  name  of  mater  (mo- 
ther), from  an  old  notion  that  they  were 
the  mothers  of  all  other  membranes,  or 
because  they  protected  the  brain.] 

DURAMEN,  du-ra'men,  ?i.  the  name  given 
by  botanists  to  the  central  wood  or 
lieart-wood  in  the  trunk  of  an  exogenous 
tree.  It  is  more  solid  than  the  newer 
wood  that  surrounds  it,  from  the  forma- 
tion of  secondary  layers  of  cellulose  in 
the  wood  cells.  "Called  by  ship-carpen- 
ters the  Spiije. 

DURANCE,  dur'ans,  «.,  continuance:  im- 
prisonment :  duress.  [L.  durans,  pr.p.  of 
duro.] 


DURATION,  dO-ra'shun,  «.,  continuance  in 
time:  time  indefinitely  :  power  of  con- 
tinuance.    [L.  duratus,  pa.p.  of  duro.] 

DUEBAR,  dur'bar,  ?!.  an  audience-cham- 
ber :  a  reception  or  levee,  esp.  a  recep- 
tion of  native  princes  held  by  the  Vice- 
roy of  India.  [Pers.  dar-bar,~  a  prince's 
court,  {lit.)  a  door  of  admittance.] 

DURE,  dur,  i\i.  (obs.)  to  endure,  last,  or 
continue.  [Fr.  durer — L.  duvo—dunu. 
hard.] 

DURESS,  diir'es,  n.  hardship :  constraint ; 
pressure  :  imprisonment :  restraint  of 
liberty.  In  law,  duress  is  of  two  kinds : 
duress  of  imprisonment,  which  is  im- 
prisonment or  restraint  of  personal  Ub- 
erty ;  and  duress  by  menaces  or  threats 
(per  minas),  when  a  person  is  threatened 
with  loss  of  life  or  limb.  Fear  of  battery 
is  no  duress.  Duress  then  is  imprison- 
ment or  threats  intended  to  compel  a 
person  to  do  a  legal  act,  as  to  execute  a 
deed  or  to  commit  an  ofi'ence,  in  which 
cases  the  act  is  voidable  or  excusable. 
[O.  Fr.  duresse,  hardship,  distress,  con- 
straint, from  L.  duritia,  harshness,  hard- 
ness, strictness,  from  durus,  hard.] 

DURING,  dur'ing,  prep,  for  tlie  time  a 
thin^  lasts.  [Orig.  pr.p.  of  obs.  Dure,  to 
last.] 

DURMAST,  der'mast,  n.  a  species  of  oak 
(Quercus  sessilijlora,  or  according  to  some 
Q.  pubescens)  so  closelj-  allied  to  the 
common  oak  {Q.  Robur)  as  to  be  reckoned 
by  some  botanists  only  a  variety  of  it. 
Its  wood  is,  however,  darker,  heavier, 
and  more  elastic,  less  easy  to  split,  not 
so  easy  to  break,  yet  the  least  difficult  to 
bend.  It  is  highly  valued,  therefore,  by 
the  builder  and  the  cabinet-maker. 

DURST,  durst,  pa.t.  of  Dare,  to  venture. 
(A.S.  dorste,  pa.t.  of  dear,  to  dare.] 

DUSK,  dusk,  adj.  darkish  :  of  a  dark  color. 
— n.  twilight :  partial  darkness  :  dark- 
ness of  color. — adv.  Dusk'ly. — n.  Dusk'- 
NESS.  [From  an  older  form  of  A.S.  deorc, 
whence  E.  Dark  ;  cf.  Sw.  dusk,  dull 
weatlier.] 

DUSKISH,  dusk'ish,  adj.  rather  dusky: 
slightly  dark  or  black. — adv.  Dusk'ishly: 
— n.  Dusk'ishness. 

DUSKY,  dusk'i,  adj.  partially  dark  or 
obscure :  dark-colored  :  sad :  gloomy. — 
adr.  DcsK'iLT.— n.  Dusk'iness. 

DUST,  dust,  n.  fine  particles  of  anything 
like  smoke  or  vapor :  powder :  earth  : 
the  grave,  where  the  body  becomes 
dust :  a  mean  condition. — v.t.  to  free  from 
dust :  to  sprinkle  with  dust.  [A.S.  dust ; 
Ger.  dunst,  vapor.] 

DUST-BALL,  dust'-bawl,  n.  a  disease  in 
horses  in  which  a  baU  sometimes  as  hard 
as  iron  is  formed  in  the  intestinal  canal 
owing  to  overfeeding  with  corn  and  bar- 
ley dust.  Its  presence  is  indicated  by  a 
haggard  countenance,  a  distressed  ej'e,  a 
distended  belly,  and  hurried  respiration. 

DUSTER,  dust'er,  71.  a  cloth  or  brush  for 
removing  dust. 

DUSTY,  dust'i.  adj.  covered  or  sprinkled 
with  dust :  like  dust.— »,.  Dust'iness. 

DUTCH,  duch.  n.  originally  the  Germanic 
race  :  the  German  peoples  generally : 
now  only  applied  to  the  people  of  Hol- 
land. "The  word  comes  from  fheod, 
people  or  nation  ;  each  nation,  of  course, 
thinking  itself  the  people  or  nation  above 
all  others.  And  tlie  opposite  to  Dutch  is 
Welsh — that  is,  strange,  from  icealh,  a 
stranger.  In  our  forefathers'  way  ot 
speaking,  whatever  they  could  imder- 
stand  was  Dutch,  the  tongue  of  the  peo- 
ple, whatever  they  could  not  understand 
they  called  Tre/.s/i,  the  tongue  of  tlie 
stranger.  '  All  lands,  Dutch  and  Welsh,' 
is  a  common  phrase  to  express  the  whole 
world.     This  is  the   reason  why,  when 


DUTEOUS 


120 


EARL 


our  forefathers  came  into  Britain,  they 
called  the  people  whom  they  found  on 
the  land  the  Welsh.  For  the  same  rea- 
son, the  Teutons  on  the  Continent  have 
always  called  the  Latin-speaking:  nations 
with  whom  they  have  had  to  do — Italian, 
Provengal,  and  French — Welsh.  People 
who  know  only  the  modern  use  of  the 
words  might  be  puzzled  if  they  turned 
to  some  of  the  old  Swiss  chronicles,  and 
found  the  war  between  the  Swiss  and 
Duke  Charles  of  Burgundy  always  spoken 
of  as  a  war  between  the  Dutch  and  the 
Welsh.  Any  one  who  knows  German  will 
be  at  once  ready  \vith  instances  of  this 
use  of  the  word,  sometimes  meaning 
strange,  or  foreign  in  the  general  sense, 
sometimes  meaning  particularly  French 
or  Italian.  The  last  case  which  I  know 
of  the  word  being  used  in  England  in  the 
wide  sense  is  in  Sir  Thomas  Smith's  book 
on  the  Government  of  England,  written 
in  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  where  he 
speaks  of  '  such  as  be  tvalsh  and  foreign,' 
not  meaning  Britons  in  particular,  but 
any  people  whose  tongue  cannot  be  un- 
derstood."— E.A.Freeman.  [Gfer.  deutsch, 
German  ;  O.  G«r.  diutisc,  from  diot,  A.S. 
theod,  Goth,  thiud,  people.] 
DUTEOUS,  dQ'te-us,  adj.  devoted  to  duty: 
obedient. — adv.  Du'teously.  —  n.  DtfTE- 

OUSNESS. 

DUTIFUL,  du'ti-fool,  adj.  attentive  to 
duty:  respectful  :  expressive  of  a  sense 
of  Awty.—adv.  Du'txfully. — n.  Du'tiful- 

NESS. 

DUTY,  du'ti,  n.  that  which  is  due :  what 
one  is  bound  by  any  obUgation  to  do : 
obedience  :  military  service  :  respect  or 
regard :  one's  proper  business  :  tax  on 
goods :  in  the  U.  S.  applied  to  tax  on  im- 
ports only.  [Formed  from  O.  Fr.  deu 
or  due  (mod.  Fr.  dH),  and  suffix  -ty.  See 
Due.] 

DUUMVIRATE,  du-um'vi-rat,  ?i.  the  union 
of  tico  men  in  the  same  office  :  a  form  of 
government  in  ancient  Rome.  [L.  duo, 
two,  andvir,  a  man.] 

DWALE,  dwal,  n.  (6of.)  deadly  nightshade, 
which  poisons,  dulls,  or  stupefies :  (her.) 
a  black  color.  [A.S.  dwala,  error,  hence 
stupefaction,  from  dwal  or  dol.  See 
Dull  and  Dwell.] 

DWARF,  dwawrf,  ?i.  a  general  name  for 
an  animal  or  plant  which  is  much  below 
the  ordinary  size  of  the  species  or  kind. 
When  used  alone  it  usually  refers  to  the 
human  species,  but  sometimes  to  other 
animals.  When  it  is  applied  to  plants, 
it  is  more  generally  used  in  composition; 
as,  a  dicarf  tree  ;  dwarf-elder,  dwarf- 
palm.  Among  gardeners,  dwarf  is  a 
term  emploj'ed  to  distinguish  fruit- 
trees  whose  branches  proceed  from  close 
to  the  groimd,  from  riders,  or  standards, 
whose  original  stocks  are  several  feet  in 
height.  [A.S.  dwerg,  dweorg,  Dut.  dwerg, 
Sw.  direrg,  dioerf.  Low  Ger.  dwarf,  a 
dwarf.] 

DWARFISH,  dwawi-f'ish,  ad;,  like  a  dwarf: 
very  small :  despicable. — adv.  Dwaef'- 
ISHLY. — n.  Dwakf'ishness. 

DWELL,  dwel,  v.i.  to  abide  in  a  place  :  to 
inhabit :  to  rest  the  attention  :  to  con- 
tinue long:— pr.p.  dwell'ing  ;  pa.f.  and 
pa.p.  dwelled'  or  dwelt. — n.  Dwell'er. 
TA.S.  divelan,  to  cause  to  wander,  to  de- 
lay, from  dxcal  or  doZ,  the  original  form 
of  E.  Dull.] 

DWELLING,  dwel'ing,  n.  the  place  where 
one  dwells :  habitation  :  continuance. 

DWINDLE,  dwin'dl,  v.i.  to  grow  less  :  to 
grow  feeble  :  to  become  degenerate. — 
v.t.  to  lessen.  [Dim.  of  dioine,  from  A.S. 
dtHnan,  to  fade  =  Ice.  dvina,  Dan.  tvine, 
to  pine  away;  akin  to  A.S.  swindan.  Ger. 
athuHnden.    See  Swoon.] 


DWINDLEMENT,  dwin'dl-ment,  n.  the 
act  or  state  of  dwindling,  shrinking,  or 
diminishing.    Mrs.  Oliphant. 

DYAS,  dl'as,  n.  in  geol.  a  term  sometimes 
applied  to  the  Permian  system  from  its 
being  divided  into  two  principal  groups. 
[Gr.,  the  number  two,  something  com- 
posed of  two  parts.] 

DYAUS,  dyows,  n.  in  Hind.  myth,  one  of 
the  elemental  divinities  of  the  Vedas,  the 
God  of  the  bright  sky,  his  name  being 
connected  with  that  of  the  Greek  Zeus 
through  the  root  dyu,  to  shine,  and  the 
Latin  Jupiter,  which  is  merely  Dyaus 
piter  or  Zeus  pater,  father  Dj'aus  or  Zeus. 
He  was  especially  the  rain-god,  or  rather 

grimarily  the  sky  from  which  rain  falls, 
[e  finally  gave  place  to  his  son  Indra. 

DYE,  dr,  v.t.  to  stain  :  to  give  a  new  color 
to:—pr.p.  dye'ing;  pa.p.  dyed'. — n.  color: 
tinge :  stain  :  a  coloring  liquid.  [A.S. 
deagan,  to  dye,  from  deag  or  deah,  color.] 

DYEING,  di'ing,  n.  the  art  or  trade  of  col- 
oring cloth,  etc. 

DYER,  di'er,  n.  one  whose  trade  is  to  dye 
cloth,  etc. 

DYESTUFFS,  dl'stufs,  n.pl.  material  used 
in  dyeing. 

DYING,  di'ing,  pr.p.  of  Die. — adj.  destined 
for  death,  mortal:  occurring  immediately 
before  death,  as  dpng  words  :  support- 
ing a  dying  person,  as  a  dying  bed  :  per- 
taining to  death. — n.  death.  [See  Die,  v.] 

DYINGNESS,  di'ing-nes,  n.  a  languishing 
look  :  a  die-away  appearance. 
Tenderness  becomes  me  best,  a  sort  of  dyingneas. 
— Congreve. 

DYKE.    Same  as  Dike. 

DYNAMIC,  di-nam'ik,  DYNAMICAL,  di- 
nam'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to  force :  relating 
to  the  effects  of  forces  in  nature. — adv. 
Dtnam'icallt.  [Gr.  dynamikos  —  dy- 
namis,  power — dynamai,  to  be  able.] 

DYNAMICS,  di-nam'iks,  n.sing.  the  science 
which  investigates  the  action  ot  force. 

DYNAMITE,  din'armlt,  n.  ttpou-erful  explo- 
sive agent,  consisting  of  absorbent  mat- 
ter, as  porous  silica,  saturated  vsith  nitro- 
glycerine. The  object  of  the  mixture  is 
to  diminish  the  susceptibUity  of  nitro- 
glycerine to  slight  shocK,  and  so  to  facili- 
tate its  carriage  without  destroying  its 
explosive  force.  The  disruptive  force  of 
dynamite  is  estimated  at  about  eight 
times  that  of  gunpowder.  Sometimes 
charcoal,  sand  and  saw-dust  have  been 
employed  as  substitutes  for  the  siliceous 
earth.     [Gr.  dynamis.} 

DYNAMO-ELECTRIC,  din-am'o-e-lek'trik, 
adj.  producing  force  by  means  of  elec- 
tricity ;  as,  a  dynamo-electric  machine : 
also  produced  by  electric  force. 

DYNAjVIOMETER,  din-am-om'e-ter,  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  effort  exerted, 
esp.  the  work  done  by  a  machine.  [Gr. 
dynamis,  power,  and  metron,  a  measure.] 

DYNASTY,  din'as-ti  or  dl'nas-ti,  ?!.  a  suc- 
cession of  kings  of  the  same  family. — adj. 
Dtnas'tic,  belonging  to  a  dynasty.  [Gr. 
dynasteia — dynastes,  a  lord — dynamai,  to 
be  able.] 

DYSENTERY,  dis'en-ter-i,  n.  a  disease  of 
the  entrails  or  bowels,  attended  with  pain 
and  a  discharge  of  mucus  and  blood. — adj. 
Dysenter'ic.  [Gr.  dysenteria,  from  dys, 
Ul.  entera,  the  entrails.] 

DYSPEPSY,  dis-pep'si,  DISPEPSIA.  dis- 
pep'si-a.  n.,  difficidt  digestion :  indiges- 
tion. [Gr.  dyspepsia — dys,  hard,  difficult, 
and  pesso,  pepso,  to  digest.] 

DYSPEPTIC,  dis-pep'tik,  adj.  afflicted 
with,  pertaining  to,  or  arising  from  indi- 
gestion.— n.  a  person  afflicted  with  dys- 
pepsv. 

DYSEPULOTIC,  dis-ep-u-lot'ik,  adj.  in 
surg.  not    readily  or    easily  healing    or 


cicatrizing,  as  a  wound.  [Gr.  prefix  dys, 
and  E.  Epulotic] 

DYSLOGY,  dis'lo-ji.  n.  dispraise  :  opposite 
of  eulogy.  "In  the  way  of  eulogy  and 
dyslogy  and  summing-up  of  character 
there  may  doubtless  be  a  great  many 
things  set  forth  concerning  this  Mira^ 
beau. " — Carlyle. 

DYSMENORRHCEA,  dis-men-or-re'a,  ».  ir 
med.  difficult  or  laborious  menstruation  : 
catamenial  discharges  accompanied  with 
great  local  pain,  especially  in  the  loins. 

DZEREN,  dze'ren,  DZERON,  dze'ron,  n. 
the  Chinese  antelope,  a  remarkably  swift 
species  of  antelope  (Procapra  gutturosa), 
inhabiting  the  dry  arid  deserts  of  Central 
Asia,  Thibet,  China,  and  Southern  Si- 
beria. It  is  nearly  4i  feet  in  length,  and 
2i  high  at  the  shoulder.  When  alarmed 
it  clears  20  to  25  feet  at  one  bound. 

DZIGGETAI,  dzig-ge-ta,  n.  the  wild  ass  of 
Asia  (Equus  hemionus),  whose  habits  are 
so  graphically  recorded  in  the  book  of 
Job,  and  believed  to  be  the  hemionos  of 
Herodotus  and  Pliny.  It  is  intermediate 
in  appearance  and  character  between  the 
horse  and  ass  (hence  the  specific  name 
hemionus,  half-ass),  the  males  especially 
being  fine  animals,  standing  as  much  as 
14  hands  high.  It  lives  in  small  herds, 
and  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  sandy  steppes 
of  Central  Asia,  16,000  feet  above  sea- 
level.  Called  also  Kiang,  Koulan,  and 
KhITR  or  GrOOR. 


E 


EACH,  ech,  adj.,  every  one  in  any  mmaber 
separately  considered.  [A.S.  aElc=-^-ge- 
lic,  from  &  {=aye),  prefix  ge,  and  lie,  like 
i.e.  aye-like.] 

EAGER,  e'ger,  adj.  excited  by  desire :  ar- 
dent to  do  or  obtain :  earnest. — adv. 
Eag'erly. — n.  Eag'ekness.  [M.E.  egre 
— Fr.  aigre,  from  L.  acer,  acris,  sharp — 
root  ak,  sharp.    See  Acrid.] 

EAGLE,  e'gl,  n.  a  large  bird  of  prey :  a 
military  standard,  carrying  the  figure  of 
an  eagle :  a  gold  coin  of  the  United 
States,  worth  ten  dollars.  [Fr.  aigle, 
from  L.  aquila,  from  root  ae,  sharp, 
swift.] 

EAGLE-EYED,  e'gl-Id,  adj.  having  a  pierc- 
ing eye :  discerning. 

EAGLET,  e'glet,  n.  a  young  or  small  eagle. 

EAGRE,  e'ger,  n.  rise  of  the  tide  in  a 
river ;  same  as  BORE.  [A.S.  egor,  water, 
sea.] 

EAR,  er,  n.  a  spike,  as  of  corn. — v.i.  to  put 
forth  ears,  as  corn.  [A.S.  ear;  Ger. 
iihre.'] 

EAR,  er,  v.t.  {dbs.)  to  plough  or  till.  [A.S. 
erian  :  L.  aro,  Gr.  aroo  —  root  ar,  to 
plough.] 

EAR,  er,  n.  the  organ  of  hearing  or  the 
external  part  merely  :  the  sense  or  power 
of  hearing :  the  facultj'  of  distinguish- 
ing sounds  :  attention  :  anything  like  an 
ear. — adjs.  Eared',  having  ears  ;  Ear'- 
LESS,  wanting  ears.  [A.S.  eare  ;  L.  auris. 
Ger.  ohr.'\ 

EARACHE,  er'ak,  n.  an  a^he  or  pain  in  the 
ear. 

EARDROP,  er'drop.  EARRING,  er'ring,  n. 
a  ring  or  ornament  drooping  or  hanging 
from  the  ear. 

EARDRUM,  er'drum,  n.  the  dnmi  or  mid- 
dle ea\4ty  of  the  ear.     [See  Tympanttm.) 

EARING,  er'ing,  n.  (obs.)  ploughing. 

EARL,  erl,  n.  a  British  title  of  nobility, 
or  a  nobleman,  the  third  in  rank,  being 
next  below  a  marquis,  and  next  above 
a  viscount.  The  earl  formerly  had  the 
government  of  a  shire,  and  was  called 
shireman.    After  the  Conquest  earls  were 


EARLDOM 


121 


EBELIANS 


called  counts,  and  from  them  shires  have 
taken  the  name  of  counties.  Earl  is  now 
a  mere  title,  unconnected  with  territorial 

i'urisdiction,  so  mucli  so  that  several  earls 
lave  taken  as  their  titles  their  own 
names  with  the  prefix  Earl,  as  Earl  Grey, 
Earl  Spencer,  Earl  Mussel.  [A.S.  eo7-l, 
O.N.  Dan.  and  Sw.  jarl,  earl — regarded 
by  Max  Miiller  as  a  modified  form  of 
saldor,  a  chief,  from  eald,  old,  but  this 
seems  doubtful.] 

fJARLDOM,  erl'dum,  n.  the  dominion  or 
dignity  of  ^n  earl.  [Eael,  and  A.S.  dom, 
power.] 

EARLY,  er'li.  adj.  in  g-ood  season  :  at  or 
near  the  beginning  of  the  day. —  adv. 
soon. — n.  EAE'uifESS.  [A.S.  cerliee — cer, 
before.] 

EARMAkK,  er'mark,  n.  a  mark  on  a 
sheep's  ear :  in  law,  any  mark  for  identi- 
fication, as  a  privy  m*rk  made  by  any 
one  on  a  coin  :  any  disiinguishing  mark, 
natural  or  other,  by  which  the  owner- 
ship or  relation  of  any  thing  is  known. 
"  AVhat  distinguishing  marks  can  a  man 
fix  upon  a  set  of  intellectual  ideas,  so  as 
to  call  himself  proprietor  of  them  ?  They 
have  no  earmarks  upon  them,  no  tokens 
of  a  particular  proprietor." — Burrows. 

ElARN,  ern,  v.t.  to  gain  by  labor  :  to  ac- 
quire :  to  deserve.  [A.S.  earnian,  to 
earn  ;  cog.  with  O.  Ger.  arin,  to  reap ; 
Ger.  ernte ;  Goth.  asa7is,  harvest.] 

EARNEST,  er'nest,  adj.  showing  strong 
desire  :  determined  :  eager  to  obtain  : 
intent :  sincere. — n.  seriousness  :  reality. 
— adv.  Eak'nestly.  —  n.  Eak'nestness. 
[A.S.  eornest.  seriousness  ;  Dut.  ernst, 
Ger.  ernst,  ardor,  zeal.] 

EARNEST,  er'nest,  n.  money  given  in  token 
of  a  bargain  made  :  a  pledge  :  first-fruits  : 
(Jig.)  anything  which  gives  assurance, 
pledge,  promise,  or  indication  of  wliat 
is  to  follow.  [W.  ernes,  an  earnest, 
pledge  -  money,  akin  to  Gael,  cartas, 
whence  Scot,  arles.  Perh.  like  Gr.  ai-- 
rabon  and  L.  arrha,  from  Heb.  'erabon.] 

EARNINGS,  er'ningz,  n.pl.  what  one  has 
earned :  money  saved. 

EARSHOT,  er'shot,  n.  hearing-distance. 

EARTH,  erth,  n.  the  matter  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  globe  :  soU :  dry  land,  as  op- 
posed to  sea  :  the  world  :  the  people  of 
this  world. — Eaeth  Currents,  in  elect. 
strong  irregular  currents,  which  disturb 
telegraphic  lines  of  considerable  length, 
flowing  from  one  part  of  the  line  to 
another,  afl'ecting  the  instruments  and 
frequently  interrupting  telegraphic  com- 
munication. Apparently  they  depend 
upon  alterations  in  tlie  state  of  the 
earth's  electrification,  which  produce 
currents  in  the  wires  by  induction.  They 
occur  simultaneously  with  magnetic 
storms  and  aurora.  [A.S.  eorthe ;  Ger. 
erde  ;  allied  to  Gr.  era.] 

EARTH,  erth,  v.t.  to  hide  or  cause  to  hide 
in  the  earth  :  to  bury. — v.i.  to  burrow. 

EARTHBORN,  erth'bawrn,  adj.,  born  from 

EARTHBOUND,  erth'bownd,   adj.,  bound 

or  held  by  the  earth,  as  a  tree. 
EARTHEN,  erth'n,  adj.  made  of  earth  or 

clay  :  earthly  .  frail. — n.  Eabth'enware, 

crockery. 
EARTHFLAS,  erth'flaks,  n.  asbestos. 
EARTHLING,   erth'ling,   n.  a  dweller  on 

the  earth. 
EARTHLY,  erth'li,  adj.  belonging  to  the 

earth  :  vile  :  worldly. — n.  Earth'liness. 
EARTHLY-MINDED,  erth'li-mlnd'ed,  adj. 

having  the  mind  intent  on  earthly  things. 
EARTHNUT,    erth'nut,    n.     the    popular 

name  of  certain  tuberous  roots  growing 

underground. 
EARTH-PLATE,  erth'-plat,  n.  in  teleg.  a 

buried  plate  of  metal  connected  with  the 


battery  or  line-wire  by  means  of  which 
the  earth  itself  is  made  to  complete  the 
circuit,  thus  rendering  the  employment 
of  a  second  or  return  wire  unnecaesary. 

EARTHQUAKE,  erth'kwak,  n.  a  shaking, 
trembling,  or  concussion  of  the  earth  : 
sometimes  a  slight  tremor :  at  other 
times  a  violent  shaking  or  convulsion : 
at  other  times  a  rocking  or  heaving  of 
the  earth.  The  earthquake  shock  gener- 
ally comes  on  with  a  deep  rumbling 
noise,  or  with  a  tremendous  explosion 
resembling  the  discharge  of  artillery,  or 
the  bursting  of  a  thunder-cloud  ;  the 
ground  is  raised  vertically  at  the  centre 
of  the  distm-bed  tract,  but  the  movement 
is  more  oblique  the  farther  we  proceed 
from  that  centre  ;  and  the  rate  of  in- 
crease of  obliquity  furnishes  material  for 
calculating  the  depth  of  the  shock  below 
the  surface. 

EARTH-SHINE,  erth'-shln,  n.  in  astron.  a 
name  given  to  the  faint  Ught  visible  on 
the  part  of  the  moon  not  illuminated  by 
the  sun,  due  to  the  illumination  of  that 
portion  by  the  light  which  the  earth  re- 
flects on  her.  It  is  most  conspicuous 
when  the  illuminated  part  of  the  disc 
is  at  its  smallest,  as  soon  after  new 
moon.  This  phenomenon  is  popularly 
described  as  "the  old  moon  in  the  new 
moon's  arms." 

EARTHWARD,  erth' ward,  adv.,  toward 
the  earth. 

EARTHWORK,  erth'wurk,  n.  the  remov- 
ing of  earth  in  making  railways,  etc. :  a 
fortification  of  earth. 

EARTHWORM,  erth'wurm,  n.  the  common 
worm  :  a  mean  niggardly  person. 

EARTHY,  erth'i,  adj.  consisting  of,  relat- 
ing to,  or  resembling  earth  :  inhabiting 
the  earth  :  gross  :  unrefined. — n.  Earth  - 

I  NESS 

EAR-TRUMPET,  er'-trump'et,  n.  a  tube  to 
aid  in  hearing. 

EARWAX,  er'waks,  n.  a  waxy  substance 
secreted  by  the  glands  of  the  ear  into  the 
outer  passage. 

EARWIG,  er'wig,  ti.  a  common  insect  with 
forceps  at  its  tail,  incorrectly  supposed 
to  creep  into  the  brain  through  the  ear  : 
one  who  gains  the  ear  of  another  by 
stealth  for  a  bad  end.  [A.S.  eorimcga ; 
cor  being  E.  Ear,  and  wicga,  from  u-egan, 
to  carry,  akin  to  L.  vehoJ] 

EAR-WITNESS,  er'-wit'nes,  n.  a  witness 
that  can  testify  from  his  own  hearing : 
one  who  hears  a  thing. 

EASE,  ez,  n.  freedom  from  pain  or  disturb- 
ance :  rest  from  work  :  quiet :  freedom 
from  difficulty  :  naturalness.  [Fr.  aise  ; 
same  as  It.  agio.'] 

EASE,  ez,  v.t.  to  free  from  pain,  trouble, 
or  anxiety  :  to  relieve  :  to  calm. 

EASEL,  ez'l,  n.  the  frame  on  which  paint- 
ers support  their  pictures  while  painting. 
[Dut.  ezel,  or  Ger.  esel,  an  ass,  dim.  of 
stem  as.    See  Ass.] 

EASEMENT,  ez'ment,  n.  relief:  assistance: 
support. 

EAST,  est,  n.  that  part  of  the  heavens 
where  the  sun  first  shines  or  rises  :  one 
of  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the  com- 
pass: the  countries  to  the  east  of  Europe. 
— Empire  of  the  East,  the  empire 
founded  in  395  A.  D.,  when  the  emperor, 
Theodosius  the  Great,  divided  the  Roman 
Empire  between  his  two  sons,  Arcadius 
and  Honorius,  giving  the  former  the 
eastern  division,  the  latter  the  western. 
'The  metropolis  of  this  empire  was  Con- 
stantinople. The  western  division, 
whose  capital  was  Rome,  was  called  the 
Empire  of  the  West. — adj.  toward  the 
rising  of  the  sun.  [A.S.  east;  Ger.  ost ; 
akin  to  Gr.  eos,  the  dawn  ;  Sans,  ushas, 
the  dawn — ush,  to  burn.] 


EASTER,  est'er,  n.  a  Christian  festival 
commemorating  the  resurrection  of 
Christ,  held  on  the  Sunday  after  Good- 
Friday.  Easter  is  the  first 'Sunday  after 
the  fuU  moon  which  happens  upon  or 
next  after  the  21st  of  March  ;  and  if  the 
full  moon  happens  upoa  a  Sunday,  Easter 
day  is  the  Sunday  after ;  but  "properly 
speaking,  for  the  "full  moon''  in  the 
above  the  "  fourteenth  day  of  the  moon" 
should  be  substituted.  [A.S.  Easter, 
from  Eastre,  a  ig-oddess  whose  festival 
was  held  in  April.  J 

EASTERLING,  est'er-ling,  n.  a  native  of 
a  country  lying  in  the  far  east,  esp.  a 
trader  from  the  shores  of  the  Baltic. 
[See  Sterling.] 

EASTERLY,  est'er-li,  adj.  coming  from 
the  eastward  :  looking  toward  the  east. 
— adv.  on  the  east :  toward  the  east. 

EASTERN,  est'ern,  adj.  toward  the  east : 
connected  with  the  East :  dwelling  in 
the  East. 

EASTWARD,  est'ward,  adv.  toward  the 
east. 

EASY,  ez'i.  <tdj.  at  ease:  free  from  pain  : 
tranquil :  unconstrained  :  giving  ease  : 
not  difficult:  yielding:  not  straitened. — 
adv.  Eas'ily. — n.  Eas'iness. 

EAT,  et,  v.t.  to  chew  and  swallow:  to  con- 
sume :  to  corrode. — v.i.  to  take  food  : — 
pr.j).  eat'ing  ;  pa.t.  ate  (at  or  et)  ;  ija.p. 
eaten  (et'n)  or  (obs.)  eat  (et). — n.  Eat'ek. 
[A.S.  etan:  Ger.  essen,  L.  edo,  esse,  Gr. 
edd.  Sans,  ad,  to  eat.] 

EATABLE,  et'a-bl,  adj.  fit  to  be  eaten.— 
n.  anything  used  as  food. 

EAU,  6,  M.  a  word  used  with  some  othe 
words   to    designate   several    spirituoufc 
waters,  particularly   perfumes  :    as,  eau 
de  Cologne :  eau  de  Luce :  eau  de  Por- 
tugal, etc.     [Fr.,  from  L.  aqua,  water.] 

EAU  CREOLE,  o  kra-6l,  n.  a  highly- 
esteemed  liqueur  made  in  Martinique  by 
distOling  the  flowers  of  the  maramee  ap- 
ple (Maminea  umericana)  with  spirit  of 
wine.     [Fr.  eau  and  Creole.] 

EAU  DE  COLOGNE,  o  de  ko-lon,  n.  a 
perfumed  spirit,  originally  invented  at 
Cologne  by  a  person  of  the  name  of 
Farina,  and  still  sold  chiefly  by  mem- 
bers of  his  family  or  "at  least  of  his 
name.  It  consists  of  spirits  of  wine 
flavored  by  a  few  drops  of  different  es- 
sential oils  blended  so  as  to  yield  a  fine 
fragrant  scent.  [Fr.  eau,  water,  de,  of,, 
and  Cologne.] 

EAU  DE  LUCE,  o  de  166s,  n.  a  strong  solu- 
tion  of  ammonia,  scented  and  rendered 
milky  by  mastic  and  oil  of  amber  :  used 
in  India  as  an  antidote  to  the  bites  ol 
venomous  serpents.  [Fr.  eau,  water,  de. 
of,  and  Luce,  the  name  of  its  inventor.] 

EAVES,  evz,  n.pl.  the  edge  of  the  roof  pro- 
jecting over  the  wall.  [A.S.  efese,  the 
cHpt  edge  of  thatch.] 

EAVESDROP,  evz'drop,  n.  the  water  which 
falls  in  drops  from  the  eaves  of  a  house. 
— v.i.  to  stand  under  the  eaves  or  near 
the  windows  of  a  house  to  listen. — n. 
Eaves'dropper,  one  who  thus  listens : 
one  who  tries  to  overhear  private  con- 
versation. 

EBB,  eb,  n.  the  going  back  or  retiring  of 
the  tide  :  a  decline  or  decay. — v.i.  to  now 
back  :  to  sink  :  to  decay.  [A.S.  ebba ; 
Ger.  ebbe.  from  the  same  root  as  ei'en.] 

EBB-TIDE,  eb'-tid,  n.  the  ebbing  or  retir- 
ing  tide. 

EBELIANS,  e-be'li-anz,  n.pl.  a  German  sect 
which  had  its  origin  at  Konigsbei'g  in 
1836,  under  the  leadership  of  Archdeacon 
Ebel  and  Dr.  Diestel,  professing  and  put- 
ting in  practice  a  doctrine  called  spiritual 
marriage.  The  leaders  were  in  1839  tried 
and  condemned  for  unsound  doctrine  and 


EBIONITE 


122 


ECTASIS 


imiJure   lives.     The  sect  is  in  Germany 
popularly  named  yfucker,  or  hj-pocrites. 

ElBIONTrfi.  e'bi-ou-it,  «.  one  of'a  sect  of 
Je^nish  Christians,  who  united  the  cere- 
monies of  the  law  -with  the  precepts  of 
the  gospel,  observing  both  the  Jewish 
and  Christian  Sabbaths.  They  denied 
the  divinity  of  Christ  and  rejected  many 
parts  of  the  Xew  Testament.  They  were 
opposed  and  pronounced  heretics  bj-  Jus- 
tin, IrenasvLs.  and  Origen.  It  is  thought 
that  St.  John  wrote  his  ^spel,  in  the 
year  97,  against  them.  [Heb.  ebjonim, 
the  poor,  the  name  given  by  the  Jews  to 
the  Christians  in  general.] 

CBON,  eb'on,  adj.  made  of  ebony  :  black  as 
ebonv. 

EBOXY,  eb'on-i,  n.  a  kind  of  wood  almost 
as  heavj-  and  hard  as  stone,  usually 
black,  admitting  of  a  fine  polish.  [Fi-. 
ehene — L.  ebenus — Gr.  ehenos:,  from  Heb. 
kobnitn.  pi.  othobni,  obni — eben,  a  stone.] 

EBRIETY,  e-brre-ti,  n.,  drunkenness.  [Fr. 
ebriete — L.  ebrietas,  from  ebrlus,  drunk.] 

EBrLLIENT,  e-bul'yent,  adj.,  boiling  vp 
or  over.  [L.  ebuUiens,  -entis — e,  out,  and 
buUio.  to  boil.] 

EBITLLIOSCOPE.  e-bul'yo-skop,  n.  an  in- 
strument by  which  the  strength  of  spirit 
of  wine  is  determined  by  the  careful  de- 
termination of  its  boiling  point.  [L. 
elytdlio,  to  boil  up,  and  Gr.  shaped,  to 
see.] 

EBULLITION.  e-biil-U'shun.  n.  the  opera- 
tion of  boiling  :  the  agitation  of  a  liquor 
by  heat,  ^yhich  throws  it  up  in  bubbles  : 
or  more  properly,  the  agitation  produced 
in  a  fluid  by  the  escape  of  a  portion  of 
it,  converted  into  an  aeriform  state  by 
heat.  In  different  liquids  ebullition  takes 
place  at  different  temperatures  :  also,  the 
temperature  at  which  Uquids  boil  in  the 
ooen  air  varies  with  the  degree  of  at- 
mospheric pressure,  being  liigher  as  that 
is  increased  and  lower  as  it  is  dimin- 
ished.— Also  the  effervescence,  which  is 
occasioned  by  fermentation  or  by  any 
other  process  which  causes  the  extrica- 
tion of  an  aeriform  fluid,  as  in  the  mix- 
ture of  an  acid  with  a  carbonated  alkaU. 
In  this  sense  formerly  written  BcxLTnox. 
Fig.  an  outward  display  of  feeling :  a 
sudden  burst :  a  pouring  forth  :  an  over- 
flowing :  as,  an  ebullition  of  passion. 
'•  The  greatest  ebullitions  of  the  imagi- 
nation.''^^o7wi.soH.  [L.  ebullitio.  from 
ebullio — e,  e.r,  out,  up,  and  bullio,  to  boil, 
from  bulla,  a  bubble.] 

EC  ARTE,  a-kar'ta,  ?;.  a  game  at  cards 
played  by  two,  in  which  the  cards  may 
be  discarded  or  exchanged  for  others. 
[Fr.— <■,  out,  carte,  a  card.    See  Cakd.] 

ECCENTRIC,  ek-sen'trik,  ECCENTRICAL, 
ek-sen'trik-al,  adj.  departing  from  the 
centre :  not  having  the  same  centre  as 
another,  said  of  circles  :  out  of  the  usual 
course  :  not  conforming  to  common 
rules  :  odd. — adv.  EccEyxRlCAlXY.  [Gr. 
ek,  out  of.  and  kentron,  the  centre.  See 
Centre.] 

ECCENTRIC,  ek-sen'trik.  n.  a  circle  not 
having  the  same  centre  as  another : 
imech.)  a  wheel  having  its  axis  out  of  the 
centre. 
ECCENTRICITY,  ek-sen-tris'it-i,  7i.  the 
distance  of  the  centre  of  a  planet's  oi'bit 
from  the  centre  of  the  sun  :  singularity 
of  conduct :  oddness. 
ECCLESLiSTES.  ek-kle-zi-as'tez,  n.  one  of 
the  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  [Gr., 
lit  a.  Tir63^ripi*  1 
ecclesiastic',  ek-kle-zi-as'tik.  ECCLE- 
SDLSTICAL.  ek-kle-zi-as'tik-al.  adj.  be- 
longing to  the  church. — n.  Ecclesias'tic, 
one  consecrated  to  the  chiu-ch.  a  priest, 
a  L'lergyman.  [Low  L. — Gr.  ekklesiasti- 
kos,  from  ekklesia,   an  assembly  called 


out,  the  church — ek,  out,  and  kaleo,  to 
call.] 

ECCLESL\STICUS,  ek-kle-zi-as'tik-us,  n. 
a  book  of  the  Apocrypha.  [L. — Gr., 
lit.  a  preacher.] 

ECCLESIOLOGY,  ek-kle-zi-ol'o-ii,  n.  the 
science  of  building  and  decorating 
churches.  [Gr.  ekklesia,  a  church,  logos, 
a  discourse.] 

ECCOPE,  ek'ko-pe,  n.  in  surg.  the  act  of 
cutting  out :  specifically,  a  perpendicular 
division  of  the  craniimi  by  a  cutting  in- 
strument. [Gr.  ek,  out,  and  kopto,  to 
cut.] 

ECHELON,  e'she-lon,  n.  ( mil.)  the  position 
of  an  army  in  the  form  of  steps,  or  with 
one  division  more  advanced  than  another. 
The  word  echelon  is  used  also  in  reference 
to  nautical  manoeuvres.  When  a  fleet  is 
in  echelon  it  presents  a  wedge-form  to  the 
enemy,  so  that  the  bow-guns  and  broad- 
sides of  the  several  ships  can  mutually 
defend  each  other.  [Fr.,  from  ichelle; 
Pr.  escala  :  L.  scala,  a  ladder.] 

ECHELON-LENS,  e'she-lou-lenz,  n.  a  com- 
pound lens,  used  for  lighthouses,  having 
a  series  of  concentric  annular  lenses  ar- 
ranged round  a  central  lens  so  that  all 
have  a  common  focus.  [Fr.  echelon,  the 
round  of  a  ladder,  and  E.  LENS.] 

ECHO,  ek'o,  n.  (jil.  Echoes,  ek'oz),  the 
repetition  of  a  sound  from  .some  ob- 
ject.— v.i.  to  reflect  sound :  to  be  sounded 
back :  to  resound. — v.t.  to  send  back  the 
sound  of  :  to  repeat  a  thing  said  •.—pr.j). 
ech'oing;  pa.p.  ech'oed.  [L.  echo — Gr. 
echo,  a  sound/] 

ECLAIRCISSEMENT,  ek-lar'sis-mong,  w. 
the  act  of  clearing  up  anything:  ex- 
planation. [Fr. — eclaireir,  pr.p.  edaircis- 
sant,  from  e=L.  ex,  out,  and  clah — L. 
clarus.  clear.] 

ECLAMPSY,  ek-lamp'si,  71.  a  flasMng  of 
light  before  the  eyes :  rapid  convulsive 
motions,  esp.  of  the  mouth,  eyelids,  and 
flna;-ers — sjinptomatic  of  epilepsy:  hence, 
epilepsy  itself.  [Gr.  eklampsis,  a  shining, 
from  eklampo,  to  shine — ek,  out,  and 
lampo,  to  shine.] 

ECLAT,  e-kla',  n.  a  striking  effect :  ap- 
plause :  splendor.  [Fr.  eclat,  from  O.  Fr. 
esclater,  to  break,  to  shine ;  from  the 
Teut.  root  of  Ger.  schleissen,  to  break ; 
cog.  with  E.  slit.] 

ECLECTIC,  ek-lek'tjk,  adj.,  electing  or 
choosing  out :  picking  out. — n.  one  who 
selects  opinions  from  different  systems. 
— adv.  Eclec'ticat.t.y.  [Gr.  eklektikos — 
ek,  out,  lego,  to  choose.] 

ECLECTICISM,  ek-lek'ti-sizm,  ?i.  the  prac- 
tice of  an  eclectic  :  the  doctrine  of  the 
Eclectics,  certain  pliilosophers  who  pro- 
fess to  choose  from  all  systems  the  pax-ts 
they  think  true. 

ECLIPSE,  e-klips',  )i.  in  astron.  an  inter- 
ception or  obscuration  of  the  light  of  the 
sun,  moon,  or  other  luminous  body,  by 
the  intervention  of  some  other  body 
either  between  it  and  the  eye  or  between 
the  luminous  body  and  that  illuminated 
by  it ;  thus,  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  is 
caused  by  the  intervention  of  the  moon, 
which  totally  or  partially  hides  the  sun's 
disc;  an  eclipse  of  the  moon  is  occasioned 
by  the  shadow  of  the  earth,  which  falls 
on  it  and  obscures  it  in  whole  or  in  part, 
but  does  not  entirely  conceal  it.  The 
number  of  eclipses  of  the  sun  and  moon 
cannot  be  fewer  than  two  nor  more  than 
seven  in  one  year.  The  most  usual  num- 
ber is  four,  and  it  is  rare  to  have  more 
than  six.  [L.  ecli2)sis :  Gr.  ekleipsis,  de- 
fect, from  ekleipa,  to  ^fail — ek,  out,  and 
leipd.  to  leave.] 
ECLIPSE,  e-klips',  v.t.  to  cause  the  obscu- 
ration of :  to  darken  or  hide,  as  a  heaven- 
ly body  ;  as,  the  moon  eclipses  the  sun  : 


to  cload :  to  darken :  to  obscure :  to 
throw  into  the  shade  :  to  degrade :  to 
disgrace.  ••  I,  therefore,  for  the  moment, 
omit  all  inquiry  how  far  the  Mariolatry 
of  the  early  Church  did  indeed  eclipse 
Christ." — Ruskin. 

Another  now  hath  to  hunself  engrossed 
All  pow'r,  and  us  eclipsed.— MUton. 

ECLIPTIC,  e-klip'tik,  n.  the  line  in  which 
eclipses  take  place,  the  apparent  path  of 
the  sun  round  the  earth  :  a  great  circle 
on  the  globe  corresponding  to  the  celes- 
tial ecliptic. — adj.  pertaining  to  the  eclip- 
tic.    [Gr.  ekleij>tikos.] 

ECLOGLTE,  ek'log,  n.  a  pastoral  poem.  [L. 
ecloga — Gr.  ekloge,  a  selection,  esp.  of 
poems — ek,  and  lego,  to  choose.  See  Ec- 
lectic] 

ECONOMIC,  ek-o-nom'ik,  ECONOMICAL, 
ek-o-nom'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  econ- 
omy :    frugal :    careful. — adv.  Econom'- 

ICAT.I.Y. 

ECONOMICS,  ek-o-nom'iks,  j!.  sing,  the  sci- 
ence of  7io««e/io/ii  management:  political 
economy. 

ECONOMteT,  ek-on'o-mist.  n.  one  who  is 
economical :  one  who  studies  political 
economy. 

ECONOMIZE,  ek-on'o-miz,  v.i.  to  manage 
with  economy :  to  spend  money  care- 
fully :  to  save". — v.t.  to  use  prudently  :  to 
spend  with  frugality. 

ECONOMY,  ek-on'o-mi.  n.  the  manage- 
ment, regulation,  and  government  of  a 
household  :  especially,  the  management 
of  the  pecuniarj-  concerns  of  a  household  ; 
hence,  a  frugal  and  judicious  use  of 
money :  that  management  which  ex- 
pends' money  to  advantage  and  incurs 
no  waste  :  fi-ugaUty  in  the  necessary  ex- 
penditure of  money.  It  differs  "from 
2}arsimon!/,  which  implies  an  improper 
saving  oif  expense.  Economy  includes 
also  a  prudent  management  of  all  the 
means  by  which  property  is  saved  or 
accumulated,  a  judicious  application  of 
time,  of  labor,  and  of  the  instnunents  of 
labor.  "  I  have  no  other  notion  of  eccn- 
omy  than  that  it  is  the  parent  of  liberty 
and  ease,"  says  Swift.  Also  the  disposi- 
tion or  arrangement  of  any  work  :  the 
system  of  rules  and  regulations  which 
control  any  work,  whether  divine  or 
human  ;  asi  "This  economy  must  be  ob- 
served in  the  minutest  parts  of  an  epic 
poem." — Dryden.  Specifically,  (a)  the 
operations  of  nature  in  the  generation, 
nutrition,  and  preservation  of  animals 
and  plants ;  the  regular,  harmonious 
system  in  accordance  with  which  the 
functions  of  living  animals  and  plants 
are  performed  ;  as.  the  animal  economy, 
the  vegetable  economy,  (b)  The  regula- 
tion and  disposition  of  the  internal  affairs 
of  a  state  or  nation,  or  of  any  depart- 
ment of  government.  '•  The  Jews  already 
had  a  Sabbath,  which  as  citizens  and  sub- 
jects of  that  economy  they  were  obliged 
"to  keep,  and  did  keep." — Paley.  [L. 
ceconomia.  Gr.  oikonomia — oikos,  house, 
and  nomas,  law.  rule.] 

ECSTASY,  eVsta-si,  n.  an  extraordinary 
state  of  feeling,  in  which  the  mind 
stands  out  of  or  is  detached  from  sen- 
sible things  :  excessive  joy  :  enthusiasm. 
[Gr.  ekstasis — ek,  aside,  histemi,  to  make 
to  stand.] 

ECSTATIC,  ek-stat'ik,  ECSTATICAL.  ek. 
stat'i-cal,  adj.  causing  ecstasy:  amount- 
ing to  ecstasy:  rapturous. — adv.  EcsTAy- 
ICALLT. 

ECTASIS.  ek'ta-sis,  n.  in  rhet.  the  length- 
ening of  a  syllable  from  short  to  long : 
extension  or"  expansion  :  specifically,  in 
vied,  a  dilated  condition  of  a  blood-ves- 
sel.    [Gr.   ektasis,   extension,    from    efc- 


ECTROPICAL 


123 


EFFECT 


kino,  to  stretch  out — ek,  out,  and  teino, 
to  stretch.] 

ECTROPICAL,  ek-trop'i-kal,  adj.  belong- 
ing- to  parts  outside  the  tropics  :  being 
outside  the  tropics. 

ECU,  ekfi,  n.  a  name  given  to  various 
French  coins  having  different  values  at 

,  different   times,  but   notably  to   an   old 

'  piece  of  money  worth  three  francs,  or 
about  60  cts.  [Fr.,  a  coin,  a  crown  piece, 
a  shield;  O.  Fr.,  escu,  escut,  from  L. 
scutum,  a  shield.] 

ECUMENIC,  ek-ti-men'ik,  ECUMENICAL, 
ek-u-men'ik-al,  ad^'.  belonging  to  the 
whole  inhabited  icorld :  general.  [L. 
cecumenicus,  from  Gr.  oikoumene  (ge). 
the  inliabited  (world) — oikeo,  to  inhabit.] 

ECZEMA,  ek'ze-ma,  n.  an  eruptive  disease 
of  the  skin.  [Gr.  from  ekzeo,  I  boil  out, 
-ek,  out,  zeo,  I  boil.] 

EDACIOUS,  e-da'shus,  adj.  given  to  eat- 
ing :  gluttonous. — adv.  Eda'ciously. — n. 
Edacity,  e-das'it-i.  [L.  edax,  edacis — 
edo,  to  eat.] 

EDDA,  ed'da,  n.  a  book  containing  a  sys- 
tem of  old  Scandinavian  mythology,  with 
narratives  of  exploits  of  the  gods  and 
heroes  and  some  account  of  the  religious 
doctrines  of  the  ancient  Scandinavians. 
"  Saemund,  one  of  the  early  Christian 
priests  there  (in  Iceland),  wlio  perhaps 
had  a  lingering  fondness  for  Paganism, 
collected  certain  of  their  old  pagan  songs, 
just  about  becoming  obsolete  there — 
poems  or  cliants  of  a  mythic,  prophetic, 
mostly  all  of  a  religious  character  ;  this 
is  what  Norse  critics  call  the  Elder  or 
Poetic  Edda.  Edda,  a  word  of  uncertain 
etymology,  is  thought  to  signify  Ances- 
tress. Snorro  Sturleson,  an  Iceland  gen- 
tleman, an  extremely  notable  personage, 
educated  by  this  Saemund 's  grandson, 
took  in  hand  next,  near  a  century  after- 
wards, to  put  together,  among  several 
other  books  he  wrote,  a  kind  of  prose 
synopsis  of  the  whole  mythology  ;  eluci- 
dated by  new  fragments  of  traditionary 
verse.  .  .  .  This  is  the  Younger  or  Prose 
E<lda.'' — Carlyle.  Saemund  was  born  in 
Iceland  about  the  middle  of  the  eleventh 
century,  and  died  in  1133.  Sturleson  was 
born  in  Iceland  in  1178,  and  was  assassi- 
nated there  in  1341, on  his  return  from  Nor- 
way, where  he  had  been  Scald  or  court 
poet. — adj.  Edda'iC,  Ed'DIC,  of  or  relating 
to  the  Scandinavian  Eddas :  having  the 
character  or  style  of  the  Eddas  :  as,  the 
Eddie  prophecy  of  the  Volva.  "  The 
Eddaia  version,  however,  of  the  history 
of  the  gods  is  not  so  circumstantial  as 
that  in  the  Ynglingasaga." — E.  W.  Gosse. 
[Ice.  great-grandmother.  A  name  given 
to  the  book  by  Bishop  Brynjulf  Sveins- 
son,  to  indicate  that  it  is  the  mother  of 
all  Scandinavian  poetry.] 

EDDY,  ed'i,  n.  a  current  of  water  or  air 
running  back,  contrary  to  the  main 
stream,  thus  causing  a  circular  motion  : 
a  whirlpool :  a  whirlwind. — v.i.  to  move 
round  and  round  : — jrr.p.  edd'ying  ;  pa.p. 
edd'ied.  [Either  from  an  A.S.  ed,  back, 
present  as  t-  in  tint,  or  from  Ice.  ida,  a 
whirlpool — id,  back  ;  but  tlie  two  roots 
are  identical.] 

EDEMATOSE,  e-dem'a-tos,  EDEMATOUS, 
e-<lem'a-tus,  adj.,  swelling  with  watery 
humor  :  dropsical.  [^Gr.  oidema,  a  swell- 
ing— aided,  to  swell.] 

EDEN,  e'den,  n.  tlie  garden  where  Adam 
and  Eve  lived  :  a  paradise.  [Heb.  eden, 
delight,  pleasure.] 

EDENTATE,  e-den'tat,  EDENTATED, 
e-den'tat-ed,  adj.,  without  teeth  :  want- 
ing front  teeth.  [L.  edentatus — e,  neg., 
and  dens,  dentis,  a  tooth.] 

EDGE,  ej,  n.  the  border  of  anytlling :  the 
brink  :  the  cutting  side  of  an  instrument: 


something  that  wounds  or  cuts  :  sharp- 
ness of  mind  or  appetite  :  keenness. — v.t. 
to  put  an  edge  on  :  to  place  a  border  on  : 
to  exasperate  :  to  urge  on  :  to  move  by 
little  and  little. — i:i.  to  move  sideways. 
[M.E.  egge—X.S.  ecg ;  Ger.  ecke,  L.  acies 
— root  ak.  sharp.] 

EDGETOOL.  ej'tool,  n.  a  tool  with  a  sharp 
edge:  (fig.)  a  matter  dangerous  to  deal  or 
sport  with.  "You  jest  :  ill-jesting  with 
edge-tools." — Tennyson. 

EDGEWISE,  ej'wiz,  adv.  in  the  direction 
of  the  edge  :  sideways.  [Edge,  and  Wise 
— A.S.  irisa,  manner.] 

EDGING,  ej'ing,  n.  that  which  forms  the 
edge :  a  border  :  fringe. 

EDIBILATORY,  ed-i-bil'a-tor-i,  adj.,  of  or 
pertaining  to  edibles  or  eating.  "  Edi- 
bilatory  Epicurism  holds  the  key  to  all 
morality." — Lord  Lytton. 

EDICT,  e'dikt,  n.  that  which  is  uttered  or 
proclaimed  by  authority  as  a  rule  of  ac- 
tion :  an  order  issued  by  a  prince  to  his 
subjects,  as  a  rule  or  law  requiring  obedi- 
ence :  a  proclamation  of  command  or 
prohibition  ;  as,  the  edicts  of  the  Roman 
emperors,  the  edicts  of  the  French  mon- 
arclis.  "Edicts,  properly  speaking,  can- 
not exist  in  Great  Britain,  because  the 
enacting  of  laws  is  lodged  in  the  parlia- 
ment, and  not  in  the  sovereign,"  says 
Ogilvie.  There  is  no  such  thing  as  an 
edict  in  U.S.  This  is  also  a  Scotch  ec- 
clesiastical term  for  various  proclama- 
tions or  notices  made  of  certain  things 
which  a  church  court  has  resolved  upon 
doing.  [L.  edictum,  from  edico,  to  utter 
or   proclaim — e,  out,  and  dico,  to  speak.] 

EDIFICATION,  ed-i-fl-ka'shun,  7i.  instruc- 
tion :  progress  in  knowledge  or  in  good- 
ness. 

EDIFICE,  ed'i-fis,  n.  a  large  building  or 
house. 

EDIFY,  ed'i-fi,  Xht.  to  build  wp  in  knowl- 
edge and  goodness  :  to  improve  the 
mind  -.^pr.i:).  ed'ifying  :  x>a.p.  ed'ifled. — 
n.  Ed'ifyer.  [Fr'  edijier — L.  cedifico — 
cedes,  a  house,  and/aeio,  to  make.] 

EDIFYING,  ed'i-fl-ing,  adj.  instructive : 
improving. — adv.  Ed'ifyingly. 

EDILE,  e'dil,  n.  a  Roman  magistrate  who 
had  tlie  charge  of  public  buildings  and 
works. — n.  E'DILESHIP.  [L.  cedilis — cedes, 
a  buildiiig.] 

EDIT,  ed'it,  v.t.  to  give  out,  as  a  book  :  to 
superintend  the  publication  of :  to  pre- 
pare for  publication.  [L.  edo,  editum — e, 
out,  and  do,  to  give.] 

EDITION,  e-dish'un,  n.  the  publication  of 
a  book  :  the  number  of  copies  of  a  book 
printed  at  a  time. 

EDITOR,  ed'i-tur,  n.  one  who  edits  a  book 
or  journal.— /e»i.  Ed'itress.— ad/'.  Edi- 
torial, ed-i-to'ri-al. — adv.  Edito'rially. 
— n.  Ed'itorship. 

EDITORIAL,  ed-i-to'ri-al,  n.  an  article,  as 
in  a  newspaper,  written  by  the  editor  or 
by  one  of  his  staff  of  assistants  :  a  leading 
article  :  as,  an  editorial  on  the  war. 

EDUCATE,  ed'u-kat.  v.t.  to  educe  or  draw 
out  the  mental  powers  of,  as  a  child  :  to 
train  :  to  teacli :  to  cultivate  any  power. 
— n.  Ed'ucator.     [L.  educo,  educat^is.] 

EDUCATION.ed-u-ka'shun,  n.  the  bringing 
up,  as  of  a  child  :  instruction  :  formation 
of  manners.  Education  comprehends  all 
that  course  of  instruction  and  discipline 
which  is  intended  to  enlighten  the  under- 
standing, correct  the  temper,  cultivate 
the  taste,  and  form  the  manners  and 
habits  of  youth,  and  fit  tliem  for  useful- 
ness in  their  future  stations.  In  its  most 
extended  signification  it  may  be  defined, 
in  reference  to  man.  to  be  the  art  of 
developing  and  cultivating  the  various 
phvsical, intellectual.  ;esthetic,  and  moral 
faculties  ;  and  may  thence  be  divided  into 


four  branches  —  physical,  intellectual, 
aesthetic,  and  moral  education.  This 
definition  is  by  no  means  complete  ;  but 
it  is  used  merely  as  indicative  of  the  man- 
ner in  which  this  subject  has  generally 
been  discussed.  Under  physical  educa- 
tion is  included  all  that  relates  to  the 
organs  of  sensation  and  the  muscular 
and  nervous  system.  Intellectual  edu- 
cation comprehends  the  means  by  which 
the  powers  of  the  understanding  are  to 
be  developed  and  improved,  and  a  view 
of  the  various  branches  of  knowledge 
which  form  the  objects  of  instruction 
of  the  four  departments  above  stated. 
"  Education  is  not  that  which  smothers 
a  woman  with  accomplishments,  but  that 
which  tends  to  consolidate  a  firm  and 
regular  character — to  form  a  friend,  a 
companion,  and  a  wife." — Hannah  More. 
"Though  her  (Lady  Elizabeth  Hastings') 
mien  carries  much  more  invitation  than 
command,  to  behold  her  is  an  immediate 
check  to  loose  behavior  ;  to  love  her  was 
a  liberal  education.'' — Steele. 

EDUCATIONIST,  ed-u-ka'shun-ist,  n.  one 
skUled  in  methods  of  educating  or  teach- 
ing :  one  who  promotes  education. 

EDUCE,  e-dus',  v.t.  to  lead  or  draw  out : 
to  extract :  to  cause  to  appear.  [L.  educo, 
eductum — e,  and  duco,  to  lead.] 

EDUCIBLE,  e-dus'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
educed  or  brought  out  and  shown. 

EDUCTION  e-duk'shun,  )!.  the  act  of 
educing. 

EDUCTOR,  e-duk'tor,  n.  he  or  that  which 
educes. 

EEL,  el,  n.  a  well-known  fish,  with  a  slimy 
body,  living  chiefly  in  mud.  [A.S.  eel : 
Ger".  aal;  akin  to  L.  anguiUa,  dim.  of 
anguis,  a  snake.] 

E'EN,  en,  a  contraction  of  Even. 

E'ER,  iir,  a  contraction  of  Ever. 

EERILY,  er'i-li,  adv.  in  an  eery,  strange,  or 
unearthly  manner.  "It  spoke  in  pain 
and  woe ;  wildh',  eerily,  urgently." — 
Charlotte  Bronte. 

EFFACE,  ef-fas',  v.t.  to  destroy  the /ac«  or 
surface  of  a  thing :  to  blot  or  rub  out : 
to  wear  away. — n.  Efface'mext.  [Fr. 
effacer — L.  ef=ex,  from,  and  fades,  the 
face.] 

EFFACEABLE,  ef-fas'a-bl,  adj.  that  can 
be  rubbed  out. 

EFFECT,  ef-fekt',  n.  that  which  is  pro- 
duced by  an  operating  agent  or  cause  : 
the  result  or  consequence  of  the  applica- 
tion of  a  cause  or  of  the  action  of  an 
agent  on  some  subject :  consequence  : 
result :  as,  the  effect  of  luxury,  of  in- 
temperance, of  cold,  etc.  :  he  spoke  with 
great  effect :  the  effect  of  this  war  was 
the  brealdng  up  of  the  kingdom.  "Ef- 
fect is  the  substance  produced,  or  simple 
idea  introduced  into  any  subject  by  the 
exerting  of  power." — Locke.  Power  to 
produce  consequences  or  results  :  force : 
validity  :  importance  :  account  :  as,  the 
obligation  is  void  and  of  no  effect. 
"  Christ  is  become  of  no  effect  to  you." — 
Gal.  V.  4.  Purport :  tenor  :  import  or 
general  intent :  as,  he  made  the  purchase 
for  his  friend,  and  immediately  wrote 
him  to  that  effect :  his  speech  was  to  the 
effect  that,  etc.  :  completion  :  perfection. 
"  Not  so  worthily  to  be  brought  to  hero- 
ical  effect  by  fortune  or  necessity." — Sir 
P.  Sidney.  "Reality :  not  mere  "appear- 
ance :  fact :  substance.  "  No  other  in 
effect  than  what  it  seems.'' — Denham. 
"  'To  say  of  a  celebrated  piece  that  there 
are  faults  in  it,  is,  in  effect,  to  say  the 
author  is  a  man." — Addison.  The  im- 
pression produced  on  the  mind,  as  by 
natural  scenery,  a  picture,  musical  com- 
position, or  other  work  of  art.  by  the 
object  as  a  whole,  before  its  detail's   are 


EFFECT  IBLE 


124 


EGLANTINE 


examined :  the  ensemble  or  general  re- 
sult of  all  the  qualities  of  a  work  of  art. 
"The  effect  was  heightened  by  the  wild 
and  lonely  nature  of  the  place." — W. 
Irving,  (pi.)  Goods  :  movables  :  personal 
estate  :  as,  the  people  escaped  from  the 
town  with  their  effects. — Useful  effect, 
in  mech.  the  measure  of  the  real  power  of 
any  machine,  after  deducting  that  por- 
tion which  is  lost  or  expended  in  over- 
coming the  inertia  and  friction  of  the 
moving  parts  and  every  other  source  of 
loss,  and  in  giving  the  parts  the  required 
velocitj'. — For  effect,  with  the  design  of 
creating  an  impression  :  ostentatiously. 
— To  GIVE  EFFECT  TO,  to  make  valid  :  to 
carry  out  in  practice :  to  push  to  its  legit- 
imate or  natural  result. — iKt.  to  produce  : 
to  accomplish.  [L.  efficio,  effectxini,  to 
accomplish — ef,  out,  and/acto,  to  do  or 

EFFECTIBLE,  ef-fekt'i-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  effected. 

EFFECTION,  ef-feVshun,  n.  a  doing: 
creation :  (geom.)  the  construction  of  a 
proposition. 

EFFECTIVE,  ef-fek'tiv,  adj.  hav-ing  power 
to  effect  :  causing  something  :  powerful  : 
serviceable.  —  adv.  Effec'tively.  —  n. 
Effec'tiveness. 

EFFECTUAL,  ef-fek'tu-al,  adj.  producing 
an  effect :  successful  in  producing  the 
desired  result. — adv.  Effec'tually. 

EFFECTUATE,  ef-fek'tu-at,  v.t.  to  accom- 
plish. 

EFFEMINACY,  ef-fem'in-a-si,  n.  the  pos- 
session of  aivoinanish  softness  or  weak- 
ness :  indulgence  in  unmanly  pleasures. 

EFFEMINATE,  ef-fem'in-at,  adj.,  icoman- 
ish :  unmanly  :  weak  :  cowardly  :  volup- 
tuous.—  iKt.  to  make  womanish:  to 
unman  :  to  weaken. — v.i.  to  become  ef- 
feminate.— adv.  Effem'inately. — n.  Ef- 
fem'inateness.  [L.  effeminatus,  pa.  p.  of 
effemino,  to  make  womanish — e,  sig. 
change,  and  femina,  a  woman.] 

^FFENDI,  ef-fen'di,  n.  a  title  of  respect 
frequently  attached  to  the  official  title 
of  certain  Turkish  officers,  especially  to 
those  of  learned  men  and  ecclesiastics  ; 
thus,  the  Sultan's  first  physician  is  Haki  m 
effendi,  the  priest  in  the  seraglio  Imam 
effendi,  the  chancellor  of  the  empire 
Reis  effendi.  The  term  is  also  often 
■used  in  the  same  waj'  as  master  or  sir  ; 
■dius,  Greek  children  are  in  the  habit  of 
calling  their  fathers  effendi.  [Turk.,  a 
corruption  of  Gr.  authentes,  a  doer  with 
his  own  hand,  perpetrator,  lord  or  mas- 
ter ;  in  Mod.  Gr.  pron.  apthendis  or 
iiphendis.l 

EFFERENT,  effer-ent,  »i.  in  physiol.  a 
vessel  or  nerve  which  discharges  or  con- 
veys outward  :  also,  a  river  flowing  from 
and  bearing  away  the  waters  of  a  lake. 

SiFFERENT,  effer-ent,  adj.  in  physiol. 
conveying  outwards  or  discharging ;  as, 
the  efferent  lymphatics,  which  convey 
lymph  from  the  lymphatic  glands  to  the 
thoracic  duct.  [L.  ef  for  e.r,  out  of,  and 
fero.  to  carry.] 

EFFEROUS,  ef  fer-us,  adj.  fierce  :  wild  : 
savage.  "  From  the  teeth  of  that  efferous 
beast,  from  the  tusk  of  the  wild  boar." — 
Bp.  King.  [L.  effenis,  excessively  wild — 
e/for  ex,  intens.,  and  ferns,  ^vild.] 

EFFERVESCE,  ef-fer-ves',  v.i.  to  boil  up  : 
to  bubble  and  hiss  :  to  froth  up.— adj. 
Epfervesc'ible.  [L.  effervesco—ef,  in- 
tens., and  ferveo,  to  boil.    See  Fervent.] 

EFFERVESCENT,  et-fer-ves'ent,  adj.,  boil- 
ing or  bubbling  from  the  disengagement 
of  gas. — n.  Eetervesc'ence. 

EFFETE,  ef-fet',  adj.  exhausted  ;  worn  out 
with  age.  [L.  effetus,  weakened  by  hav- 
ing brought  forth  young — ef,  out,  'fetus, 
a  bringing  forth  young.] 


EFFICACIOUS,  ef-fi-ka'shus,  adj.  able  to 
produce  the  result  intended. — adv.  Effi- 
ca'ciously. — n.  Effica'ciousness.  [L. 
efficax — efficio.  ] 

EFFICACY,  ef  fi-ka-si,  n.  virtue  :  energy. 

EFFICIENCE,  ef-fish'ens,  EFFICIENCY, 
ef-fish'n-si,  n.  power  to  produce  the  re- 
sult intended. 

EFFICIENT,  ef-fish'ent,  adj.  capable  of 
producing  the  desired  result :  effective. 
— n.  the  person  or  thing  that  effects. — 
adv.  Effic'iently.  [L.  efflciens,  -entis, 
pr.p.  of  efficio.] 

EFFIGY,  effi-ji,  n.  a,  likeness  or  figure  of 
a  person  :  the  head  or  impression  on  a 
coin  :  resemblance.  [L.  effigies — effingo 
— ef,  inten.,  fingo,  to  form.] 

EFFLORESCE,  ef-flo-res',  v.i.  to  burst  into 
bloom,  as  a  flower :  to  break  out  into 
florid  or  excessive  ornamentation ;  as, 
"The  Italian  (Gothic  architecture)  efflo- 
resced .  .  .  into  the  meaningless  orna- 
mentation of  the  Certosa  of  Pavia  and 
the  cathedral  of  Como." — Ruskin.  In 
ehem.  to  change  over  the  surface  or 
throughout  to  a  whitish,  mealy,  or 
crystalline  powder,  from  a  gradual  de- 
composition, on  simple  exposure  to  the 
air :  to  become  covered  with  a  whitish 
crust  or  light  crystallization,  from  a 
slow  chemical  change  between  some  of 
the  ingredients  of  tho  matter  covered 
and  an  acid  proceeding  commonly  from 
an  external  source;  as,  "Those  salts 
whose  crystals  effloresce  belong  to  the 
class  which  is  most  soluble,  and  crystal- 
lizes by  cooling." — Foiircroy.  "  The  walls 
of  limestone  caverns  sometimes  effloresce 
with  nitrate  of  lime  in  consequence  of 
the  action  of  nitric  acid  formed  in  the 
atmosphere." — Dana.  [L.effloresco,  from 
floresco,  floreo,  to  blossom,  from  flos,  a 
flower.     See  Flower.] 

EFFLORESCENCE,  ef-flo-res'ens,  n.  pro- 
duction of  flowers :  the  time  of  flower- 
ing :  a  redness  of  the  skin  :  the  forma- 
tion of  a  white  powder  on  the  surface  of 
bodies,  or  of  minute  crystals. 

EFFLORESCENT,  ef-flo-res'ent,  adj.  form- 
ing a  white  dust  on  the  surface  :  shoot- 
ing into  white  threads.  [L.  effloreseens, 
-entis,  pr.p.  of  effloresco.] 

EFFLOWER,  ef-flow'er,  v.t.  in  leather 
manvf act  tire,  see  the  following  extract. 
"  The  skins  (chamois  leather)  are  first 
washed,  Hmed,  fleeced,  and  branned.  .  .  . 
They  are  next  efflotvered,  that  is,  de- 
prived of  their  epidermis  by  a  concave 
knife,  blunt  in  its  middle  part,  upon  the 
convex  horse  beam." — fJj-e.  [Fr.effleurer, 
to  graze,  to  rub  lightly.] 

EFFLUENCE,  effloo-ens,  n.  afloicingout: 
that  which  flows  from  any  body  :  issue. 

EFFLUENT,  ef'floo-ent,  adj.,  floinng  out. 
— n.  a  stream  that  floivs  out  of  another 
stream  or  lake.  [L.  effluens,  -entis,  pr.p. 
of  effluo—ef  {=  e,T),  out,  fluo,  to  flow.] 

EFFLUVIUM,  ef-floo'vi-um,  n.  minute 
particles  that  ^OM'  otit  from  bodies  :  dis- 
agreeable vapors  rising  from  decaying' 
nidtter: — pi.  Effluvia,  ef-floo'vi-a. — adj. 
Efflu'vial.    [L. — effluo.] 

EFFLUX,  ef  fluks,  w.  act  of  flou-ing  out : 
that  which  flows  out.  [L.  effluo,  effluxum.] 

EFFORT,  effort,  n.  a  putting  forth  of 
strength  :  attempt :  struggle.  [L.  ef  (=. 
e.r),  out.  forth,  and  fortis.  strong.] 

EFFRONTERY,  ef-frunt'er-i,  n.  shameless- 
ness  :  impudence.  [O.  Fr. — L.  effrons, 
effrontis — ef  (=  e.x),  forth,  and  frons, 
frontis.  the  forehead.     See  FRONT.] 

EFFULGENCE,  ef-ful'jens,  n.  great  lustre 
or  brightness  :  a  flood  of  light. 

EFFULGENT,  ef-ful'jent,  adj.,  shining 
forth:  extremely  bright:  splendid. — adv. 
Efful'gently.  [L.  effulgens,  -entis — ef 
(=  ex),  out.  a.nA  ftdgeo,  to  shine.] 


EFFUSE,  ef-fuz',  v.t.  to  pour  out :  to  pour 
forth,  as  words  :  to  shed.  [L.  effundo, 
effusus — ef  (=  ex),  out,  and  fundo,  to 
pour.] 

EFFUSION,  ef-fu'zhun,  n.  act  of  pouring 
out :  that  which  is  poured  out  or  forth. 

EFFUSIVE,  ef-fu'ziv,  adj.,  pouring  forth 
abundantly  :  gushing. — adv.  Effu'sive- 
ly. — n.  Effu'siveness. 

EFT,  eft,  n.  a  kind  of  lizard  :  a  newt.  [A. 
S.  efete,  perh.  akin  to  Gr.  02)his,  a  ser^ 
pent,  Sans,  apada,  a  reptile — a,  neg.,  and 
pad,  a  foot.     See  Newt.] 

EFT,  eft,  adj.  convenient :  handy :  com- 
modious. 

Yea,  marry,  that's  tlie  eftest  way. — Shak. 

EGENCE,  e'jens,  n.  the  state  or  condition 
of  suffering  from  the  need  of  something  : 
a  desire  for  something  wanted.  Grote. 
[L.  egens,  pr.p.  of  egeo,  to  suffer  want.] 

EGG,  eg,  n.  the  body  formed  in  the  fe- 
males of  all  animals  (with  the  exception 
of  a  few  of  the  lowest  type,  which  are  re- 
produced by  gemmation  or  division),  in 
which,  by  impregnation,  the  develop- 
ment of  the  foetus  takes  place.  Regarded 
physiologically  there  are  three  essential 
parts  in  an  egg,  viz.  the  germinal  spot, 
or  Wagnerian  vesicle  ;  the  germinal,  or 
Purkingean  vesicle  ;  and  the  vitellus  or 
yolk — the  first  being  contained  in  the 
germinal  vesicle,  which  again  is  con- 
tained within  the  body  of  the  yolk.  The 
eggs  of  most  animals  lower  than  the  bird 
have  no  more  than  these  three  parts. 
The  eggs  of  birds,  however,  have,  besides 
these,  the  white,  or  albumen,  and  the 
shell,  which  consists  of  a  membrane 
coated  with  carbonate  of  lime.  The 
yolk  consists  of  a  strong  solution  of  al- 
bumen, in  which  multitudes  of  minute 
globules  of  oil  are  suspended.  A  hen's 
egg  of  good  size  weighs  about  1000 
grains,  of  which  the  white  constitutes 
600,  the  yolk  300,  and  the  shell  100.  Eggs 
of  domestic  fowls,  and  of  certain  wUd 
fowls,  as  the  plover,  gulls,  etc.,  are  an 
important  article  of  commerce,  and  fur- 
nish a  wholesome,  nutritious,  and  very 
pleasant  article  of  diet.  The  eggs  of 
turtles  are  also  held  in  high  esteem. 
Animals  whose  young  do  not  leave  the 
egg  till  after  it  is  laid  are  called  ovipa- 
rous ;  those  in  which  the  eggs  are  re- 
tained within  the  parent  body  until  they 
are  hatched  are  called  ovoviinparous. 
[A.S.  (Eg;  like  Ice.  egg,  Dan.  ceg.  The 
sound  of  g  was  sometimes  softened,  giv- 
ing O.E.  eye  or  ey,  as  "gos  eye,"  goose 
egg,  in  Piers  the  Plowman's  Crede  :  "  an 
ey  ortweye,"  Chaucer  ;  cf.  Ger.  and  Dut. 
ei.  Probably  allied  in  origin  to  L.  ovum, 
Gr.  oon,  Ir.  iigh,  Gael,  tibh,  an  egg.] 

EGG,  eg,  v.t.  to  instigate.  [Ice.  eggja — egg, 
an  edge  ;  cog.  with  A.S.  ecg.    See  Edge.] 

EGILOPS,  e'ji-lops,  ?(.  a  genus  of  grasses 
allied  to  Triticum,  or  wheat-grass.  It 
occurs  wild  in  the  south  of  Europe  and 
parts  of  Asia.  It  is  believed  by  many 
botanists  to  be  in  reality  ihe  plant  from 
which  has  originated  our  cultivated 
wheats  :  goat's  eye,  an  abscess  in  the  in- 
ner canthus  of  the  eye.  [Gr.  aigilops — 
ai.v.  aigos.  a  goat,  and  dps.  the  eve.] 

EGINA  MARBLES,  e-gj'na  miir-blz,  n.ptl. 
a  collection  of  ancient  statues  discovered 
on  the  island  of  Egina,  supposed  to  have 
originally  decorated  the  temple  in  that 
island  sacred  to  Pallas  Athene.  They 
are  before  the  age  of  Phidias,  so,  al- 
though true  to  nature  generally,  their 
faces  are  characterized  by  that  forced 
smile  which  gives  an  unpleasant  expres- 
sion to  the  earlier  Greek  sculptures. 
They  are  the  most  remarkable  orna- 
ments of  the  Glyptothek  of  Munich. 

EGLANTINE,  eg'lan-tin,  n.  a  name  given 


EGO-ALTRUISTIC 


125 


ELECTRIC 


to  the  sweetbrier,  and  some  other  species 
cf  rose,  whose  branches  are  covered  with 
shar}) prickles.  [Fr.  eglantine,  formerly 
aiglantier,  from  an  O.  Fr.  form  aiglent-, 
as  if  from  a  L.  aculentus,  prickly — acu- 
leus,  dim.  of  acus,  a  needle — root  ak, 
sharp.] 

EGO- ALTRUISTIC,  e'go-al-troo-is'tik,  adj. 
of  or  relating-  to  one's  self  and  to  others. 
See  extract.  "From  the  egoistic  senti- 
ments we  pass  now  to  the  ego-alti~uistic 
sentiments.  By  this  name  I  mean  senti- 
ments which,  while  implyng  self-gratifi- 
cation, also  imply  gratification  in  others; 
the  representation  of  this  gratification 
in  otliers  being  a  source  of  pleasure  not 
intrinsically,but  because  of  ulterior  bene- 
fits to  self  which  experience  associates 
with  it." — H.  Spencer. 

EGOISM,  e'go-izm  or  eg'-,  n.  an  excessive 
love  of  one's  self:  the  doctrine  of  the 
Egoists.    [L.  ego,  I.] 

EGOIST,  e'go-ist  or  eg'-,  n.  one  who  thinks 
too  much  of  himself  :  one  of  a  class  of 
philosophers  who  doubt  everything  but 
tiieir  own  existence. 

EGOTISM,  e'got-izm  or  eg'-,  n.  a  frequent 
use  of  the  pronoun  /.•  speaking  much  of 
one's  self  :  self-exaltation. 

EGOTIST,  e'got-ist  or  eg'  n.  one  full  of 
egotism. 

EGOTISTIC,  e-got-ist'ik  or  eg-,  EGOTIST- 
ICAL, e-got-ist'ik-al  or  eg-'-,  adj.  showing 
egotism  :  self  -  important :  conceited. — 
adv.  Eqotist'icat.t.y. 

EGOTIZE,  e'got-iz  or  eg'-,  v.i.  to  talk  much 
of  one's  self. 

EGREGIOUS,  e-gre'ji-us,  adj.  prominent : 
distinguished  in  abad  sense. — adv.  Egre'- 
GIOUSLY.— n.  Egee'giousness.  [L.  egre- 
gius,  chosen  out  of  the  flock — c,  out  of, 
grex,  gregis,  a  flock.    Cf.  GREaAEious.] 

EGRESS,  e'gres,  n.  act  of  going  out :  de- 
parture :  the  power  or  riglit  to  depart. 
[L.  egredior,  egressus — e,  out,  forth,  and 
gradior,  to  go.     Cf.  Grade.] 

EGYPTIAN,  e-jip'shi-an,  adj.  belonging 
to  Egypt. — n.  a  native  of  Egypt :  a  g-yp- 
SY.  [L.  ^■Egyptius — .^gyptus,  Egypt,  Gr. 
Aiiiiiplos.] 

EGYPTOLOGY,  e-jip-tol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
of  Egyptian  antiquities. — n.  Egyptol'o- 
GIST.     [Egypt,  and  Gr.  logos,  discourse.] 

EH,  a,  int.  expressing  inquiry  or  slight 
surprise. 

EIDER,  I'der,  EIDER-DUCK,  i'der-duk,  n. 
a  kind  of  seaduck,  found  chiefly  in  north- 
ern regions,  and  sought  after  for  its  fine 
down.     [Ice.  cedr,  an  eider-duck.] 

EIDER-DOWN,  I'der-down,  n.  the  doitm  of 
the  eider-duck. 

EIDOGRAPH,  I'do-graf,  n.  an  instrument 
for  copying  drawings.  [Gr.  eidos,  form, 
and  grapho,  to  write.] 

EIGH'T,  at,  adj.  twice  four. — n.  the  figure 
(8)  denoting  eight.  [A.S.  eahta ;  Scot. 
audit,  Ger.  acht,  Gael,  ochd,  L.  octo,  Gr. 
okto.  Sans,  ashtan.] 

EIGHTEEN,  at'en,  adj.  and  n.,  eight  and 
ten  .-  twice  nine.     [Orig.  eight-teen.] 

EIGHTEENMO,  at'en-mo,  adj.  and  n.  see 
Octodecimo. 

EIGHTEENTH,  at'enth,  adj.  and  n.  next 
in  order  after  the  seventeenth. 

EIGHTFOLD,  at'fold,  adj.  eight  times  any 
qiiantity. 

EIGHTH,  at'th,  adj.  next  in  order  after 
the  seventh.— n.  an  eighth  part.  [Orig. 
eight-th.] 

EIGHTHLY,  at'th-li,  adv.  in  the  eighth 
place. 

I-:iGHTIETH,  at'i-eth,  adj.  and  n.  the 
eightli  tenth  :  next  after  the  seventy- 
ninth. 

EIGHTY",  at'i,  adj.  and  n.,  eight  tmies  ten: 

four-score.      [A.S.  eahta,  and  tig,  ten.] 
EITHER,  e'thev  or  i'thev,  adj.  or  pron.  the 


one  or  the  other  :  one  of  two  :  (B.)  each 
of  two. — conj.  correlative  to  Or  :  (B.)  or. 
[A.S.  cegther,  a  contr.  of  <eghwether= 
a,  aye,  the  prefix  ge,  and  hxvcether,  E. 
Whether.    See  also  Each.] 

EJACULATE,  e-jak'u-lat,  v.t.  to  utter  with 
suddenness. — v.i.  to  utter  ejaculations. 
[L.  e,  out,  and  jaculor,  jaculatus—jacio, 
to  throwj 

EJACULATION,  e-jak-u-la'shun,  n.  an  ut- 
tering suddenly :  what  is  so  uttered. 

EJACULATORY,  e-jak'u-la-tor-i,  adj.  ut- 
tered in  short,  earnest  sentences. 

EJECT,  e-jekt',  v.t.  to  cast  out:  to  dismiss: 
to  dispossess  of :  to  expel.  [L.  ejicio, 
ejectus — e,  out,  jacio,  to  throw.] 

EJECTION,  e-jek'shun,  n.  discharge  :  ex- 
pulsion :  state  of  being  ejected  :  vomit- 
ing :  that  which  is  ejected. 

EJECTMENT,  e-jekt'ment,  n.  expulsion: 
dispossession :  (laiv)  an  action  for  the 
recovery  of  the  possession  of  land. 

EJECTOR,  e-jekt'or,  n.  one  who  ejects  or 
dispossesses  another  of  his  land. 

EKE,  ek,  v.t.  to  add  to  or  increase  :  to 
lengthen.  [A.S.  ecan,  akin  to  L.  augeo, 
to  increase ;  also  to  vigeo,  to  be  vigorous, 
und  E.  Wax.] 

EKE,  ek,  adv.  in  addition  to  :  likewise. 
[A.S.  eac  ;  Ger.  auch  ;  from  root  of  Eke, 
v.t.] 

ELABORATE,  e-lab'or-at,  v.f.  to  labor  on : 
to  produce  with  labor :  to  take  pains 
with  :  to  improve  by  successive  opera- 
tions. [L.  e,  intensive,  and  laboro,  labor- 
atus.  to  labor — labor,  labor.] 

ELABORATE,  e-lab'or-at,  adj.,  wrought 
with  labor  :  done  with  fullness  and  exact- 
ness :  highly  finished. — adv.  Elab'orate- 
LY. — n.  Elab'orateness. 

ELABORATION,  e-lab-or-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
elaborating  :  refinement  :  the  process  by 
which  substances  are  formed  in  the 
organs  of  animals  or  plants. 

ELAN,  a-lawng,  n.  ardor  inspired  by  enthu- 
siasm, passion,  or  the  like  :  unhesitating- 
dash  resulting  from  an  impulsive  imagi- 
nation. [Fr.,  from  elancer,  to  rusli  or 
spring  forward,  from  L.  lancea,  a  spear.] 

ELAND,  e'land,  n.  the  South  African  ante- 
lope, resembUng  the  elk  in  ha^-ing  a 
protuberance  on  tlie  larynx.  [Dut. ;  Ger. 
elend,  the  elk.] 

ELAPSE,  e-laps ,  v.i.  to  slip  or  glide  away : 
to  pass  silently,  as  time.  [L.  e,  out, 
away,  and  labor,  lapsus,  to  sUde.  See 
Lapse.] 

ELASTIC,  e-Ias'tik,  adj.  having  a  tendency 
to  recover  the  original  form  :  spring-y  : 
a'ole  to  recover  quickly  a  former  state  or 
condition  after  a  shock. — adv.  Elas'tic- 
ALLY.  [Coined  from  Gr.  elao,  elauno, 
fut.  elaso,  to  drive  ;  akin  to  L.  alacer, 
alacris,  brisk.] 

ELASTICITY,  e-las-tis'it-i,  n.  springiness  : 
power  to  recover  from  depression. 

ELATE,  e-lat',  adj.,  lifted  up:  puffed  up 
with  success. — v.t.  to  raise  or  exalt :  to 
elevate  :  to  make  proud.  —  adv.  Elat'- 
EDLY. — n.  Elat'edness.  [L.  elatus — e, 
up,  out,  and  latus,  from  root  of  tollo.  Cf. 
Dilate  and  Tolerate.] 

ELATION,  e-la'shun,  n.  pride  resulting 
from  success :  a  puffing  up  of  the  mind. 

ELBOW,  el'bo,  n.  the  joint  where  the  arm 
bows  or  bends  :  any  sharp  turn  or  bend. — 
v.t.  to  push  with  the  elbow  :  to  encroach 
on.  [A.S.  elboga — eln=L.  rdna,  the  arm, 
boga,  a  bow  or  bend  —  bugan,  to  bend. 
See  Ell  ;  also  Bow,  n.  and  v.t.] 

ELBOW-ROOM,  el'bo-room,  n.,  room  to 
extend  the  elbows:  space  enough  for 
moving  or  acting. 

ELD,  eld,  n.  old  age,  antiquity.  [A.S. 
cdd,  from  eald,  old.    See  Old.] 

ELDER,  eld'er,  n.  a  small  tree  with  a 
spongy  pith,  bearing  useful  purple  ber- 


ries.    [A.S.  elleiii;  it  is  perh.  the  same 
as  Alder.] 

ELDER,  eld  er,  ad;,  older  :  having  lived  a 
longer  time :  prior  in  origin. — n.  one 
who  is  older  :  an  ancestor :  one  ad- 
vanced to  office  on  account  of  age  :  one 
of  the  office-bearers  in  the  Presbyterian 
Cliurch.  [A.S.  yldra,  comp.  of  eald,  old, 
Cf.  Alderman  and  Old.] 

ELDERLY,  eld'er-li,  adj.  somewhat  old  ; 
bordering  on  old  age. 

ELDERSHIP,  eld'er-ship,  n.  state  of  being 
older  :  the  ofiice  of  an  elder. 

ELDEST,  eld'est,  adj.  oldest.  [A.S.  yldesta, 
superl.  of  eald.] 

ELECT,  e-lekt',  v.t.  to  choose  out :  to  se- 
lect for  any  office  or  purpose :  to  select 
by  vote.  [L.  eligo,  eleetus — e,  out,  lego, 
to  choose.] 

ELECT,  e-lekt',  adj.,  chosen :  taken  by 
preference  from  among  others  :  chosen 
for  an  office  but  not  yet  in  it. — n.  one 
chosen  or  set  apart. — The  Elect  (WieoZ.), 
those  chosen  by  God  for  salvation. 

ELECTION,  e-lek'shun,  n.  the  act  of  elect- 
ing- or  choosing  :  the  public  choice  of  a 
person  for  office  :  freewill :  (theol.)  the 
predetermination  of  certain  persons  as 
objects  of  di\'ine  mercy  :  (B.)  those  who 
are  elected. 

ELECTIONEERING,  e-lek-shun-er'ing,  n. 
(also  used  as  adj.)  the  soUciting  of  votes 
and  other  business  of  an  election. 

ELECTIVE,  e-lekt'iv,  adj.  pertaining  to, 
dependent  on,  or  exerting  the  power  of 
choice.— adv.  Elect'ively. 

ELECTOR,  e-lekt'or,  n.  one  who  elects: 
one  wlio  has  a  vote  at  an  election :  the 
title  formerly  belonging  to  those  princes 
and  archbishops  of  the  German  Empire 
who  had  the  right  to  elect  the  Emperor, 
—fern.  Elect'ress. 

ELECTORAL,  e-lekt'or-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  elections  or  to  electors  :  consisting  of 
electors. 

ELECTORATE,  e-lekt'or-at,  n.  the  dignity 
or  the  territory  of  an  elector. 

ELECTRIC,  "e-lek'trik,  ELECTRICAL, 
e-lek'trik-al,  adj.  having  the  property  of 
attracting  and  repelUng  light  bodies 
when  rubbed  :  pertaining  to  or  produced 
bj' electricity. — n.  any  electric  substance: 
a  non-conductor  of  electricity,  as  amber, 
glass,  etc. — adv.  Elec'trically. — Elec- 
tric LAMP,  the  contrivance  in  which  the 
electric  light  is  produced.  See  Electric 
light  below. — Electric  light,  a  bril- 
Uant  light,  the  result  of  heat  produced 
by  the  force  of  electricity  either  evoked 
by  the  chemical  reaction  of  a  metal  and 
an  acid,  or  generated  by  a  magneto- 
electric  or  otlier  machine.  The  arc  light 
is  produced  when  two  carbon  pencils  are 
attached  to  the  electrodes  of  a  powerful 
magneto-electric  machine  or  galvanic 
battery,  and  their  points  are  brought 
together  long  enough  to  establish  the 
electric  current.  If  they  are  then  sepa- 
rated to  a  small  distance,  vai'ying  ac- 
cording to  the  strength  of  the  cun-ent, 
the  current  wUl  continue  to  flow,  leaping 
across  from  carbon  to  carbon,  emitting- 
a  light  of  great  intensity  at  The  space 
between  the  points.  The  name  Voltaic 
or  electric  arc  is  given  to  that  portion 
where  the  current  leaps  across  from 
point  to  point,  the  term  arc  being  sug- 
gested  by  the  curved  form  which  the 
current  here  takes.  The  incandescence 
light  is  obtained  by  the  incandescence, 
by  means  of  electricity,  of  various  sub- 
stances,  including  carbon,  in  a  vacuum. 
Many  forms  of  apparatus  are  in  use  for 
producing  the  electric  Ught,  distinguished 
either  by  the  form  of  the  generating 
machine,  the  distribution  of  the  current, 
or  the  kind  of  burner.   In  the  Jablochkoff 


ELECTRICIAN 


126 


ELEVEN 


light,  the  burner  consists  of  a  pair  of 
carbon  spindles  placed  parallel  to  one 
another,  with  an  insulating  earthy  sub- 
stance between  them.  Its  combustion 
may  be  rouglily  compared  to  that  of  an 
ordinary  candle,  where  the  earthy  sub- 
stance takes  the  place  of  the  wick. 
Other  forms  of  the  "candle"  burners 
are  in  use,  such  as  the  Lontin,  the  Jamin, 
etc.  The  Maxim,  Edison,  and  Swan 
lights  proceed  from  an  incandescent  fUa- 
ment  of  carbon  in  a  more  or  less  perfect 
vacuum. — Eleoteic  machine.  Besides 
machines  in  which  electricity  is  excited 
by  friction,  electric  machines  are  now 
common  in  which  an  electric  current  is 
generated  by  the  revolution  near  the 
poles  of  a  magnet  or  magnets  of  one  or 
more  soft-iron  cores  surrounded  by  coils 
of  wire,  these  machines  being  known  dis- 
tinctively as  magneto-electric  machines. 
A  dynamo-electric  machine  is  a  machine 
of  this  kind,  in  which  the  induced  cur- 
rents are  made  to  circulate  round  the 
soft-iron  magnet  which  produced  them, 
thus  increasing  its  magnetization.  This 
again  pnoduces  a  proportionate  increase 
in  the  induced  currents,  and  thus  by  a 
successive  alternation  of  mutual  actions 
very  intense  magnetization  and  very 
powerful  currents  are  speedily  obtained. 
There  are  many  forms  of  these  machines, 
such  as  Gramme's,  Siemens',  Wilde's, 
Brush's,  etc.,  used  extensively  in  electric 
hghting,  and  as  a  motor  for  machinery, 
electric  railways,  etc. — E1.ECTRIC  pen- 
dulum, a  form  of  electroscope  consisting 
of  a  pith  ball  suspended  by  a  non-con- 
ducting thread. — Electric  railway,  a 
railway  on  which  electricity  is  the  mo- 
tive power.  Many  cities  in  U.S.  now 
have  electric  street  raOways.  On  one  of 
these  the  wheels  of  the  carriages  are  set  in 
motion  by  a  dynamo  -  electric  machine 
placed  between  them  and  below  the  floor. 
This  machine  is  actuated  by  an  electric 
current  produced  by  another  dynamo- 
electric  machine,  which  is  stationary  and 
driven  at  a  high  rate  of  speed  by  a  steam- 
engine.  The  current  is  conveyed  by  un- 
derground wires  to  the  rails,  and  these 
being  insulated,  it  reaches  the  carriage 
through  them.  [L.  electmm — Gr.  elektron, 
amber,  in  which  the  above  property  was 
first  observed.] 

ELECTRICIAN,  e-lek-trish'yan,  n.  one  who 
studies,  or  is  versed  in,  the  science  of 
electricity, 

ELECTRICITY,  e-lek-tris'i-ti,  n.  the  prop- 
erty of  attracting  and  repelling  light 
bodies :  the  science  which  investigates 
the  phenomena  and  laws  of  this  property. 
[See  Electric! 

ELECTRIFY,  e-lek'tri-fl,  r.^.  to  communi- 
cate electricity  to  :  to  excite  suddenly  : 
to  astonish: — pa.}),  elec'trified. — adj. 
Elec'trifiable. — n.  Electrietca'tion. 
[L.  electrum,  facia,  to  make.] 

ELECTRO-DYNAMICS,  e-lek'tro-di-nam'- 
iks,  n.  the  branch  of  physics  which  treats 
of  the  action  of  electricity. 

ELECTRON-DYNAMOMETER,  e-lek-tro-di- 
na-mom'et-er,  n.  an  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  strength  of  electro-dynamic 
action.  It  consists  essentially  of  a  fixed 
coU  and  a  movable  coU,  usually  suspended 
in  a  bifilar  manner,  and  furnished  ^vith  a 
mirror,  so  that  its  motions  about  a  verti- 
cal axis  can  be  read  off  by  means  of  a 
scale  and  telescope. 

ELECTRO-KINETICS,  e-lek'tro-kin-et'iks, 
71.  that  branch  of  science  which  treats  of 
electricity  in  motion.    fSee  Kinetics.] 

ELECTROLYSIS,  e-lek-trol'i-sis,  n.  the 
process  of  chemical  decomposition  by 
electricity.  [Gr.  elektron,  lysis,  dissolv- 
ing— lyo,  to  loose,  dissolve,] 


ELECTRO -MAGNETISM,  e-lek'tro-mag'- 
net-izm,  n.  a  branch  of  science  which 
treats  of  the  relation  of  electricity  to 
magnetism. 

ELECTRO-METALLURGY,  e-lek'tro-met'- 
al-vu'-ji,  n.  a  name  given  to  certain  proc- 
esses by  which  electricity  is  applied  to 
the  working  of  metals,  as  in  electroplat- 
ing and  electrotyping. 

ELECTROMETER,  e-lek-trom'e-ter,  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  the  quantity 
of  electricity.  [Gr.  elektron,  and  metron, 
a  measure.] 

ELECTROPLATE,  e-lek'tro-plat,  v.t.  to 
plate  or  cover  %vith  a  coating  of  metal 
by  electricity. 

ELECTROSCOPE,  e-lek'tro-skop,  n.  an  in- 
strimient  for  detecting  the  presence  of 
electricity  in  a  body  and  the  nature  of  it. 
[Gr.  elektron,  and  skopeo,  to  examine.] 

ELECTRO-STATICS,  e-lek'tro-stat'iks,  n. 
that  branch  of  science  which  treats  of 
electricity  at  rest.  [Gr.  elektron,  and 
Statics.] 

ELECTROTONIC,  e-lek-tro-ton'ik,  adj.  of, 
pertaining  to,  or  produced  by  electro- 
toni'  ity. 

ELECTROTONICITY,  e-lek-tro-to-nis'it-i, 
n.  a  peculiar  alteration  of  the  normal 
electric  cvu-rent  of  a  nerve,  produced  by 
the  application,  outside  the  circuit  of  a 
galvanometer  applied  to  that  nerve  to 
mark  its  normal  current,  of  a  continuous, 
artificial,  exciting,  electric  current,  in  a 
distant  separate  part  of  the  nerve, where- 
by the  normal  current  of  the  galvanom- 
etric  cu'cuit  is  either  increased  or  di- 
minished, according  as  the  exciting  or 
artificial  current  travels  in  the  same  di- 
rection on  the  nerve  or  not ;  the  excita- 
bility of  the  nerve  within  the  circuit  of 
the  exciting,  artificial  current  being  di- 
minished (anelectrotonic)  near  the  posi- 
tive, and  exalted  {cathelectrotonic)  near 
the  negative  pole. 

ELECTROTONIZE,  e-lek'tro-ton-Iz,  v.t.  to 
alter  the  normal  electric  current  of,  as  a 
nerve.     [See  Electrotonicitt.] 

ELECTROTYPE,  e-lek'tro-tip,  n.  the  art  of 
copying  an  engraving  or  type  on  a  metal 
deposited  by  electricity. 

ELECTUARY,  e-lek'tu-ar-i,  n.  a  composi- 
tion of  medicinal  powders  with  honey  or 
sugar.  [Low  L.  electuarium,  a  medicine 
that  dissolves  in  the  mouth — Gr.  ekleik- 
ton — ekleicho,  to  lick  up.] 

ELEEMOSYNARY,  el-e-mos'i-nar-i,  adj. 
relating  to  charity  or  almsgiving :  given 
in  charity.  [Gr.  eleemosyne,  compassion- 
ateness,  alms — eleos,  pitv.     See  Alms.] 

ELEGANCE,  el'e-gans,  ELEGANCY,  el'e- 
gans-i,  n.  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
elegant :  the  beauty  of  propriety  :  neat- 
ness: refinement:  that  which  is  elegant. 
iFr.,  from  L.  elegantia — elegans.'] 
EGANT,  el'e-gant,  adj.  pleasing  to  good 
taste  :  graceful :  neat :  refined  :  nice  : 
richly  ornamental. — adv.  El'egantly. 
yPr. — ^L.  elegans.-antis — eligo,  to  choose.] 

ELEGIAC,  el-e-ji'ak  or  el-e'ii-ak,  adj.  be- 
longing to  elegy :  mournful :  used  in  ele- 
gies.— n.  elegiac  verse. — adj.  Elegiacal, 
el-e-jT'ak-al.  [L.— Gr.  elegeiakos — elegos, 
a  lament.]   . 

ELEGIZE,  el'e-jiz,  v.t.  and  t.  to  write  or 
compose  elegies  :  to  celebrate  or  lament 
after  the  style  of  an  elegy  :  to  bewail.  "I 
.  .  .  perhaps  should  have  elegized  on  for 
a  page  or  two  farther,  when  Harry,  who 
has  no  idea  of  the  dignity  of  grief,  blund- 
ered in." — H.  Walpole. 

ELEGIST,  el'e-jist,  n.  a  writer  of  elegies. 

ELEGY,  el'e-ji,  7i.  a  song  of  mourning,  a 
lament :  a  funeral  song.  [Fr. — L. — Gr. 
elegos,  a  lament.] 

ELEMENT,  el'e-raent.  )!.  a  first  principle: 
one  of  the  essential  parts  of  anythiiig : 


an  ingredient :  the  proper  state  or  sphere 
of  any  thing  or  being : — pi.  the  rudi- 
ments" of  anything  :  (chem.)  the  simjle 
bodies  that  have  not  been  decomposed  : 
among  the  ancients,  fire,  air,  earth,  and 
water,  supposed  to  be  the  constituents 
of  all  things  :  the  bread  and  wine  used 
at  the  Communion.  [L.  elemeiitum,  pi 
elementa,  first  principles.] 

ELEMENTAL,  el-e-ment'al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  elements  or  first  principles  :  belonging 
to  or  produced  by  elements  or  the  ele^ 
ments. — adv.  Element' ally. 

ELEMENTALISM,  el-e-ment'al-izm,  n.  the 
theory  which  identifies  the  divinities  of 
the  ancients  with  the  elemental  powers. 
Oladstone. 

ELEMENTARY,  el-e-ment'ar-i,  adj.  of  a 
single  element :  primary  :  uncompounded; 
pertaining  to  the  elements  :  treating  of 
first  principles. 

ELEMENTOID,  el-e-ment'oid,  adj.  like  an 
element  :  having  the  appearance  of  a 
simple  substance  :  as,  compounds  which 
have  an  elementoid  nature,  and  perform 
elemental  functions.  [L.  elementnm,  an 
element,  and  Gr.  eidos,  form.] 

ELEPHANT,  el'e-fant,  n.  the  largest  quad- 
ruped, having  a  verj-  thick  skin,  a  trunk, 
and  two  ivory  tusks.  [Fr. — L.  elephas, 
elephantis  —  Gr.  elephas  —  Heb.  eleph, 
aleph,  an  ox.     See  Alpha.] 

ELEPHANTIASIS,  el-e-fant-I'a-sis,  w.  a 
disease  in  which  the  legs  become  thick 
like  the  elephant's.     [Gr. — elephas.] 

ELEPHANTINE,  el-e-fan'tin,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  elephant :  like  an  elephant : 
very  large. 

ELEUTHEROMANIA,  e-lQ-the-ro-ma'ni-a, 
n.  a  mania  for  freedom  :  excessive  zeal 
for  freedom.  ' '  Nothing  but  insubordi- 
nation, elentheromania,  confused,  un 
limited  opposition  in  their  heads."  — 
Carlyle.  [Gr.  eleutheros,  free,  and  mania, 
madness.] 

ELEUTHEROMANIAC,  e-lu-the-ro-ma'ni- 
ak,  n.  one  having  an  excessive  zeal  for 
freedom :  a  fanatic  on  the  subject  of 
freedom. — adj.  ha^nng  a  mania  for  free- 
dom.    Carlyle. 

ELEVATE,  el'e-vat,  v.t.  to  raise  to  a  higher 
position :  to  I'aise  in  mind  and  feeUngs : 
to  improve  :  to  cheer.  [L.  elevo,  elevaius 
— e,  out,  up,  levo,  to  raise — levis,  light. 
See  Light,  adj.] 

ELEVATION,  el-e-va'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
elevating  or  i-aising,  or  the  state  of 
being  raised :  exaltation :  an  elevated 
place  or  station  :  a  rising  g^i'ound  :  height: 
(arch.)  a  geometrical  view  of  the  side 
of  a  building  :  {gun.)  the  angle  made  by 
the  line  of  direction  of  a  gun  with  the 
plane  of  the  horizon  :  (astron.)  altitude  : 
the  distance  of  a  heavenly  body  above 
the  horizon,  or  the  arc  of  a  vertical  circle 
intercepted  between  it  and  the  horizon  : 
(dialling)  the  angle  which  the  style 
makes  with  the  substylar  line  :  (trigono- 
metrical surv.)  height :  altitude  :  height 
above  the  surface  of  the  earth  :  angular 
height,  or  angle  of  elevation..  The  angle 
of  elevation  of  anj'  object  is  the  angle 
formed  by  two  straight  lines  drawn  from 
the  observer's  eye,  the  one  to  the  top  of 
the  object  and  the  other  parallel  to  the 
horizon,  both  lines  being  in  the  same 
vertical  plane. — Elevation  of  the  host, 
in  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  that  part  of  the  mass 
in  which  the  priest  raises  the  host  above 
his  head  for  the  people  to  adore. 

ELEVATOR,  el'e-va-tor,  n.  the  person  or 
thing  that  lifts  up  :  a  machine  for  rais- 
ing grain,  etc.,  to  a  higher  floor  :  a  mus- 
cle raising  a  part  of  the  body. 

ELEVATORY,  el'e-va-tor-i,  'adj.  able  or 
tending  to  raise. 

ELEVEN,  e-leVn,  adj.  ten  and  one. — n.  the 


ELEVEIsTH 

flumber  11.  [A.S.  en(d)luf-on,  of  which 
(d  being  excrescent,  and  -on,  a  dative  pi. 
suffix)  en  =  A.S.  an,  E.  One,  and  -luf  (or 
-Kf)  is  prob.  the  root  tak,  ten,  successive- 
ly weakened  to  dak,  lik,  Up,  and  lif ;  cf. 
the  Goth,  ain-lif.} 

ELEVENTH,  e-lev'nth,  adj.  and  n.  the 
next  after  the  tenth.     [A.S.  endlyfta.] 

ELF,  elf,  n.  a  little  spirit  formerly  believed 
to  haunt  woods  and  wild  places':  a  dwarf: 
—pi  Elves,  elvz.      [A.S.  celf  :  Ger.  cff.] 

ELFIN,  elfin,  adj.  of  or  relating  to  elves. 
— 71.  a  little  elf:  a  child.     [Dim.  of  ELF.] 

ELFISH,  elfish,  EL  VAN,  elv'an,  adj.  elf- 
like  :  disguised. 

ELICIT,  e-lis'it,  v.t.  to  entice  or  dratv  out: 
to  bring  to  light :  to  deduce.  [L.  elicio, 
elicitus — e,  out,  lacio,  to  entice.  Cf.  Lace.] 

ELIDE,  e-Ud',  v.t.  to  strike  out  or  cut  off, 
as  a  syllable.  [L.  elido,  elisiis — e,  out, 
Icedo.  to  strike.    Cf.  Lesion.] 

ELIGIBILITY,  el-i-ji-bil'i-ti,  n.  fitness  to  be 
elected  or  chosen :  the  state  of  being  pref- 
erable to  something  else  :  desirableness. 

ELIGIBLE,  el'i-ji-bl,  adj.  fit  or  worthy  to 
be  chosen  :  legally  qualified  :  desirable. — 
n.  Eligibleness,  same  as  Eligieil'ity. — 
adv.    El'igiblt.      [Fr.  —  L.    eligo.     See 

ELIMINATE,  e-lim'in-at.  v.t.  to  thrust  out 
of  doors.  Lovelace.  To  expel :  to  dis- 
charge or  throw  off :  to  set  at  liberty  ;  as, 
"This  detains  secretions  which  nature 
finds  it  necessary  to  eliminate." — 2Ied. 
JRepos.  To  leave  out  of  an  argument  or 
train  ol  thought :  to  set  aside  as  unim- 
portant Oi-  not  to  be  considered  :  to  leave 
out  of  consideration  ;  as,  "To  know  the 
truth  of  things,  to  have  cognizance  of 
what  is  real,  we  must  penetrate  below 
the  surface,  eliminate  the  accidental  and 
irrelevant,  and  grasp  the  principle  or 
essence  which  underlies  and  interprets 
appearances."  —  Dr.  Caird.  (Alg.)  to 
cause  a  quantity  or  quantities  to  disap- 
pear fi'om  an  equation :  to  remove  from 
botli  sides  of  an  equation :  to  obtain  by 
eliminating  or  separating,  as  from  for- 
eign matters  :  to  deduce  :  to  elicit ;  as, 
"  Conclusions  which  all  are  glad  to  ac- 
cept after  they  have  been  painfully  elim- 
inated by  others." — 0.  W.  Holmes.  [L. 
elimino,  eliminatum — e,  out,  and  limen, 
threshold  J 

ELIJIINATION,  e-lim-in-a'shun,  n.  (law) 
the  act  of  banishing  or  turning  out  of 
doors :  ejection  :  tlie  act  of  expelling  or 
throwing  off :  the  act  of  discharging  or 
excreting  by  the  pores :  the  act  of  set- 
ting aside  as  unimportant  or  unworthy 
of  consideration,  or  as  being  superfluous 
or  irrelevant :  "  {Elimination)  is  frequent- 
ly used  in  the  sense  of  eliciting,  but 
incoiTectly,"  says  Fleming.  "The  pre- 
paratory step  of  the  discussion  was, 
therefore,  an  elimination  of  those  less 
precise  and  appropriate  significations, 
which,  as  they  would  at  best  only  afford 
a  remote  genus  and  difference,  were 
wholly  incompetent  for  the  purpose  of  a 
definition." — Sir  W.  Hamilton.  (Alg.) 
the  process  of  reducing  a  number  of 
equations  containing  certain  quantities 
to  a  smaller  number,  in  which  one  or 
more  of  the  quantities  shall  not  be  found. 

ELISION,  e-lizh'un,  n.  the  cutting  off  or 
suppression  of  a  vowel  or  syllable.  [See 
Elide.] 

ELITE,  a-let',  n.  a  chosen  or  select  part : 
the  best  of  anything.  VFv. — L.  electa 
{pars,  a  part,  vmderstood).  See  Elect, 
tj.t] 

ELIXIR,  e-liks'er,  n.  a  liquor  once  supposed 
to  have  the  power  of  prolonging  life  or 
of  transmuting  metals :  the  quintessence 
of  anything :  a  substance  which  invigor- 
ates :  {med?)  b,  compound  tincture.    [Ar. 


131 


el-iksir,  the  philosopher's  stone,  from  al-, 
the,  and  dksir,  quintessence.] 

ELIZABETHAN,  e-hz-a-beth'an  or  e-Uz--, 
adj.  pertaining  to  Queen  Elizabeth  or  her 
time. 

ELK,  elk,  li.,  Alces  Malchis  or  Cervus  Al- 
ces,  the  largest  existing  species  of  the 
Cervidas  or  deer  family.  It  attains  the 
height  of  7  feet  at  the  shoulders,  and  its 
antlers,  when  fuUy  formed,  weigh  50  to 
60  lbs.  It  is  found  in  Europe  and  Asia, 
but  chiefly  in  North  America,  where  it 
is  called  the  Moose  or  Moose-Deee.  [A. 
S.  elch.  Cog.  Ice.  elgr,  O.  Ger.  elaho,  N. 
and  Sw.  elg ;  L.  alces — elk.] 

ELL,  el,  n.  a  measure  of  length  orig.  taken 
from  tlie  arm :  a  cloth  measure  equal  to 
li  yds.  [A.S.  ehi,  Dut.  and  Ger.  elle.  L. 
ulna,  Gr.  olene,  the  e^bow,  the  ai-m.  See 
Elbow.] 

ELLIPSE,  el-hps',  n.  an  oval :  {geom.)  a 
figure  produced  by  the  section  of  a  cone 
by  a  plane  passing  obhquely  through  the 
opposite  sides.  [L.  ellipsis — Gr.  elleipsis 
{lit.)  a  defect,  so  called  because  its  plane 
forms  with  tiie  base  of  the  cone  a  less 
angle  than  that  of  the  parabola.] 

ELLIPSIS,  el-lip'sis,  n.  {gram.)  a  figure  of 
syntax  by  whicli  a  word  or  words  are 
left  out  and  impUed:— p/.  Ellipses,  el-lip'- 
sez.  [L.— Gr.  elleipsis — en,  in,  and  leipo, 
to  leave.    Cf.  Eclipse.] 

ELLIPSOID,  el-lip'soid,  n.  {math.)  a  sur- 
face, every  plane  section  of  which  is  an 
elhpse.     [Gr.  elleipisis,  and  eidos,  form.] 

ELLIPTIC,  e]-Hp'tik,  ELLIPTICAL,  el-lip'- 
tik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  an  ellipse:  oval: 
pevtaining  to  ellipsis :  having  apart  un- 
derstood.— adv.  Elup'tically.  [Gr.  el- 
leiptikos — elleipsis.  ] 

ELM,  elm,  n.  the  English  name  of  a  genus 
of  trees,  Ulmus,  nat.  order  Ulmacese. 
The  species,  of  which  there  are  thirteen, 
are  natives  of  the  nortlaern  temperate 
zone.  They  have  bisexual  flowers,  with 
a  campanulate  calj'x,  as  many  stamens 
as  there  are  di^'isious  in  the  limb  of  tlie 
calyx,  and  two  styles.  Two  species  are 
common  in  Great  "Britain  and  this  coun- 
try, one  indigenous,  f.  montana  (the 
wych  elm),  and  the  other  introduced,  U. 
eampestris  (tlie  common  elm),  but  culti- 
vated everywhere.  Both  trees  are  very 
variable,  and  the  varieties  have  received 
specific  names.  The  elm  is  one  of  our 
principal  .timber  trees,  for  usefulness 
ranking  next  to  the  oak.  It  is  valued 
for  the  rapiditj'  of  its  growth,  its  liardi- 
ness,  and  its  capabiUty  of  thriving  in 
poor  soil  unfit  for  tillage.  [A.S.  elm,  ellm. 
Cf.  Dut.  olm,  Dan.  (elm,  aim;  L.  ulmus; 
Bohem.  gilm  (pron.  yilni) — elm.] 

ELMY,  elm'i,  adj.  abounding  with  elms. 

ELOCUTION,  el-o-ku'shun,  n.  style  or 
manner  of  speaking:  utterance. — adj. 
Elocu'tionaey.  [Fr. — L.  elocutio — elo- 
quor,  elocutus — e,  out,  and  loguor,  to 
speak.] 

ELOCUTIONIST,  el-o-ku'shun-ist,  n.  one 
versed  in  elocution  :  a  teacher  of  elocu- 
tion. 

ELOGE,  a-lozh',  ELOGIUM,  e-lo'ji-um,  n. 
a  funeral  oration :  a  panegyric.  [Fr. 
4loge — L.  elogium,  a  short  statement,  an 
inscription  on  a  tomb — L.  e,  inten.,  and 
Gr.  logos,  discourse.] 

ELOHIM,  e'lo-him,  ?!.  one  of  the  names  of 
God,  of  fi-equent  occurrence  in  the  Bible 
It  is  used  both  of  the  true  God  and  of  false 
gods,  while  Jehovah  is  used  only  of  the 
true  God.  The  use  of  the  plural  form 
Elohim  has  caused  much  controversy 
among  critics,  some  regarding  it  as  con- 
taining an  allusion  to  tne  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity,  while  others  regard  it  as  the 
plural  of  excellence,  and  others  hold  it 


ELL'SORY 

as  establishing  the  fact  of  a  primitive 
polytheism.  [Heb.  pi.  of  Eloah.] 
ELOHIST,  e'lo-hist,  n.  the  epithet  applied 
to  the  supposed  %vriter  of  the  Elohistic 
passages  of  the  Pentateuch,  in  contra- 
distinction to  Jehovist.  "  The  descrifv 
tions  of  the  Elohist  are  regular,  orderlv, 
clear,  simple,  inartificial,  calm,  free  from 
the  rhetorical  and  poetical.'"— S.  David- 
son. 

ELOHISTIC,  e-lo-hist'ik,  adj.  a  term  ap 
plied  to  certain  passages  in  Scripture, 
especially  in  the  Pentateuch,  in  which 
the  Almighty  is  always  spoken  of  as 
Elohim,  supposed  by  some  to  Iiave  been 
wx'itten  at  an  earlier  period  than  those 
in  which  he  is  spoken  of  as  Jehovah. 
The  Elohistic  paragraphs  are  simpler, 
more  pastoral,  and  more  primitive  in 
their  character,  while  the  Jehovistic  in- 
dicate some  knowledge  of  geography 
and  history,  exalt  the  priestly  character, 
and  are  generally  more  elaborate.  Gen. 
i.  27  is  Elohistic ,'  Gen.  ii.  21-24  is  Jeho- 
vistic. 

ELONGATE,  e-long'gat,v.<.  to  make  longer: 
to  extend.  [Low  L.  elongo,  elongatus — c, 
out,  and  longus,  long.]  ^ 

ELONGATION,  e-long-ga'shun.  n.  act  of 
lengthening  out:  state  of  being  length- 
ened :  distance. 

ELOPE,  e-lop',  v.i.  to  escape  privately, 
said  esp.  of  a  woman,  either  married  or 
unmarried,  who  runs  away  with  a  lover. 
[Prob.  a  corr.  of  Dut.  ont-loopen,  to  run 
awa\%  from  out-  (Ger.  ent-),  away,  and 
loopen  =  E.  leap.    See  Leap.] 

ELOPEMENT,  e-16p'ment.  n.  a  secret  de- 
parture, esp.  of  a  woman  with  a  man. 

ELOQUENCE,  el'o-kwens,  n.  the  utterance 
of  strong  emotion  in  correct,  appropriate, 
expressive,  and  fluent  languag-e  :  the  at  t 
which  produces  fine  speaking:  persuasive 
speech. 

ELOQUENT,  el'o-kwent,  adj  having  th- 
power  of  sjKaking  with  fluency,  elegaucf, 
and  power  :  containing  eloquence  :  per- 
suasive.— adv.  El'oquently.  [L.  eh'- 
quens.  -entis,  pr.p.  of  eloqtior.  See  Elo- 
cution.] 

ELSE,  els,  pron.  other. — adv.  otherwise  : 
be.sides  :  except  that  mentioned.  [A.S. 
elles,  otherwise — orig.  gen.  of  el,  other  ; 
cf.  O.  Ger.  alles  or  elle^.    See  Alias.] 

ELSEWHERE,  els'hwar,  adv.  in  another 
place  :  in  other  places. 

ELTCHI,  elt'she,  n.  an  ambassador  or 
envoy :  a  Persian  and  Turkish  name. 
"  Things  which  they  had  told  to  Colonel 
Rose  they  did  not  yet  dare  to  tell  to  the 
great  Eltchi  (Lor'd  Stratfoi-d  de  Red- 
cliffe)." — Kinglake. 

ELUCIDATE,  e-lu'si-dat,  v.t.  to  make  lu- 
cid or  clear !  to  throw  light  upon  :  to 
explain  :  to  illustrate. — n-s.  Elccida'tion, 
En/ciDATOE.  [Low  L.  elucido.  ehieida- 
tus — e,  intensive,  and  lucidus,  clear.  See 
Lucid.] 

ELUCIDATIVE.  e-i«-i'si-da-tiv,  ELUCIDA- 
TORY, e-lu'si-da-tor-i,  adj.  making  lucid 
or  clear :  explanatorj-. 

ELUCTATE,  e-luk'tat,  v.i.  to  struggle  out: 
to  burst  forth:  to  escape.  •'They  did 
eluctate  out  of  their  injuries  with  credit 
to  themselves." — Bp.  Hacket.  [L.  elue- 
tor,  eluctatus — e,  out  of,  and  luctor,  to 
wrestle.] 

ELUDE,  e-lud',  v.t.  to  avoid  or  escape  by 
stratagem :  to  baflle.  [L.  eludo,  elusus 
— e,  out,  ludo,  to  play.] 

ELUSION,  e-lu'zhun,  n.  act  of  eluding: 
escape  by  artifice  :  evasion. 

ELUSrVE,"  e-lii'siv,  adj.  practicing  elusion: 
deceptive. — adv.  Elu'SHTELY. 

ELUSORY,  e-lii'sor-i,  adj.  tending  to  dude 
or  chert;  evasive:  deceitful. 


ELUTRIATE 


128 


EMBROCATE 


ELUTRIATE,  e-lu'tri-at,  v.f.  to  purify  bj' 
washing'  and  straining  off  or  decanting 
the  liquid  from  the  substance  washed : 
to  cleanse  :  as,  to  elutriate  ores.  "  Elu- 
triating the  blood  as  it  passes  throug'h 
the  lungs." — Arbiithnot. — ?i.  Eluteia'- 
TION,  the  operation  of  pulverizing  a  solid 
substance,  mixing  it  with  water,  and 
pouring  off  the  liquid,  while  the  foul  or 
extraneous  substances  are  floating,  or 
after  the  coarser  particles  have  subsided, 
and  while  the  finer  parts  are  suspended 
in  the  liquor  :  as,  the  elutriation  of  tin- 
ore.  [L.  elutrio,  elutriatum,  from  ehio, 
elutum,  to  wash  off — e,  off,  and  luo,  to 
wash.] 

EL  VAN,  ELVES.  See  under  Elfish,  Elf. 
.  ELYSIAN,  e-lizh'i-an,  aiij.  pertaining  to 
Elysium :  exceedingly  delightful. 

ELYSIUM,  e-lizh'i-um,"?!.  (myth.)  the  abode 
of  the  blessed  after  death  :  any  delightful 
place.  [L. —  Gr.  elysion  (pedion),  the 
Elysian  (plain).] 

EMACIATE,  e-ma'shi-at,  v.t.  to  make 
Tneagre  or  lean  :  to  deprive  of  flesh  :  to 
waste. — v.i.  to  become  lean  :  to  waste 
away.  [L.  emacio,  emaciatus- -e,  inten- 
sive, macio,  to  make  lean — viaci-es,  lean- 
ness.   See  Meagre.] 

EMACIATION,  e-ma-shi-a'shun,  n.  the  con- 
dition of  becoming  emaciated  or  lean  : 
leanness. 

EMANATE,  em'arnat,  v.i.  to  flow  out  or 
from  :  to  proceed  from  some  source  :  to 
arise.  [L.  emano,  emanatus — e,  out  from, 
mano,  to  flow.] 

EMANATION,  em-a-na'shun,  n.  a  flouring 
out  from  a  source  :  that  which  issues  or 
proceeds  from  some  source. — adj.  Em'a- 

NATIVE. 

EMANCIPATE,  e-man'si-pat,  v.t.  to  set 
free  from  servitude  :  to  free  from  restraint 
or  bondage  of  any  kind. — n.  Emajx'CIFA- 
TOR.  [L.  e,  away  from,  and  mancipare, 
to  transfer  property — manceps,  mancipis, 
one  who  gets  or  acquires  property,  {lit.) 
who  takes  by  the  hand,  from  manus,  the 
hand,  eapio,  to  take.] 

EMANCIPATION,  e-man-si-pa'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  setting  free  from  bondage  or  dis- 
ability of  any  kind  :  the  state  of  being 

EMANCIPATIONIST,e-man-si-pa'shun-ist, 
n.  an  advocate  of  the  emancipation  of 
slaves. 

EMARGINATE,  e-mar'jin-at,  v.t.  to  take 
away  the  margin  of.  [L.  emargino,  eniar- 
ginatum,  to  deprive  of  the  edge — e,  priv., 
and  margo,  marginis,  an  edge,  border, 
margin.] 

EMARGINATE,  e-mar'jin-at,  EMARGIN- 
ATED,  e-mar'jin-at-ed,  adj.  having  the 
margin  or  extremity  taken  away  :  spe- 
cifically, (a)  in  hot.  notched  at  the  blunt 
apex  :  applied  to  the  leaf,  petal,  stigma, 
or  to  the  gills  of  fungi  :  (mineral.)  having 
all  the  edges  of  the  primitive  form  trun- 
cated, each  by  one  face:  (zool.)  ha^-ing 
the  margin  broken  by  an  obtuse  notch 
or  the  segment  of  "  'ircle. — adv.  Emak'- 
GINATELT,  in  the  form  of  notches. 

EMARGINATION,  e-mar-jin-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  taking  away  the  margin  :  state  or 
condition  of  having  the  margin  taken 
away  :  (hot.)  the  condition  of  having  a 
notch  at  the  summit  or  blunt  end :  a 
notch  at  the  summit  or  blunt  end :  as, 
the  emargination  of  a  leaf. 

£MASCULATE,e-mas'ku-lat,  v.t.  to  depriv 
of  the  properties  of  a  male  :  to  castrate  : 
to  deprive  of  masculine  vigor  :  to  render 
effeminate.— ?!.  Eiiascula'tion.  [Low 
L.  emasctilo,  emaseidatus — e,  priv.,  and 
maseulus,  dim.  of  mas,  a  male.] 

EMBALM,  em-bam',  v.t.  to  preserve  from 
decay  by  aromatic  drugs,  as  a  dead  body: 
to  perfume  :  to  preserve  with  care  and 


affection. — ns.  Embalm'er,  Embalm'ing. 
[Fr.  embaumer,  from  em,  in,  and  baume. 
See  Balm.] 

EMBANK,  em-bangk',  v.t.  to  Inclose  or 
defend  with  a  hank  or  dike.  [Coined 
from  em,  in,  and  Bank.] 

EMBANKMENT,  em-bangk'ment,  n.  the 
act  of  embanking  :  a  bank  or  mound. 

EMBARCATION.    Same  as  Embarkation. 

EMBARGO,  em-bar'go,  it.  a  prohibition  of 
ships  to  leave  port  :  a  stoppage  of  trade 
for  a  short  time  by  authoritj' : — -p/.  Em- 
BAR'ghdes. — v.t.  to  lay  an  embargo  on  : — 
pr.2).  embar'going  ;  pa.p.  embar'goed. 
[Sp. — embargar,  to  impede,  to  restrain — 
Sp.  em,  in,  and  barra.  a  bar.  See  Barri- 
cade, and  Embarrass.] 

EMBARK,  em-bark',  v.t.  to  put  on  board  a 
bark  or  ship :  to  engage  in  any  affair. — 
v.i.  to  go  on  board  ship :  to  engage  in 
a  business  :  to  enlist.  [Fr.  emharquer, 
from  67/1,  in,  and  barque.  See  Bahk,  a 
barge.] 

EMBARKATION,  em  -  bar  -  ka'shun,  n.  a 
putting  or  going  on  board  :  that  which 
is  embarked. 

EMBARRASS,  em-bar'as,  v.t.  to  encumber  : 
to  involve  in  difficulty,  esp.  in  money- 
matters :  to  perplex:  (lit.)  to  put  a  bar 
or  difficulty  in  the  tvay  of.  [Fr.  embar- 
rassei — Fr.  em,  in,  and  (through  Prov. 
harras)  Fr.  barre,  a  bar.     See  Bar.] 

EMBARRASSMENT,  em-bar'as-ment,  n. 
perplexity  or  confusion :  difficulties  in 
money-matters. 

EMBASSY,  em'bas-i,  n.  the  charge  or 
function  of  an  embassador :  the  person 
or  persons  sent  on  an  embassy.  [Low  L. 
ambascia.    See  Ambassador.] 

EMBATERION,  em-ba-te'ri-on,  n.  a  war- 
song  of  the  Spartans  which  they  sang 
when  rushing  on  the  enemy.  It  was  ac- 
companied by  flutes.  [Gr.  em  for  en,  in, 
and  haino.  to  go.] 

EMBATHE,  em-ba«ft',  v.t.  to  bathe.  [Pre- 
fix em  for  en,  and  Bathe.] 

Gave  her  to  his  daughters  to  erribathe 
In  nectarM  lavers,  strew'd  with  asphodel. 

— Milton. 

EMBATTLE,  em-bat'l,  v.t.  to  furnish  with 
battlements.  [Em  and  O.  Fr.  bastiller, 
from  the  same  root  as  Battlement,  Bas- 
tille, and  Baste,  to  sew.  The  form  of 
this  word  is  due  to  a  confusion  with  E. 
Battle.] 

EMBATTLE,  em-bat'l,  v.t.  to  range  in  or- 
der of  battle.  [Coined  from  em,  in,  and 
Battle.] 

EMBAY,  em-ba',  v.t.  to  inclose  in  a  bay : 
to  landlock.     [Em,  in,  into,  and  Bat.] 

EMBED.     Same  as  Imbed. 

EMBELLISH,  em-bel'ish,  v.t.  to  make 
beautiful  with  ornaments  :  to  decorate  : 
to  make  graceful :  to  illustrate  pictorial- 
ly,  as  a  book.— )i.  Embell'isher.  [Fr. 
embellir,  embellissant—em,  in,  bel,  beau, 
beautiful.     See  Beau.] 

EMBELLISHMENT,  em-bel'ish-ment,  n. 
act  of  embellishing  or  adorning  :  decora- 
tion :  ornament. 

EMBER-DAYS,  em'ber-daz,  n.pl.  in  R.  C. 
and  English  Church,  three  Fast-days  in 
each  quarter.  [A.S.  ymbrine,  orig.  sig. 
a  Tanning  round  or  circuit — ymbe,  round 
(Ger.  um,  L.  amhi-),  and  ryne,  a  running, 
from  rinnan.  to  run.] 

EMBERS,  em'berz,  ?i.pZ.  red-hot  ashes  :  the 
smouldering  remains  of  a  fire.  [A.S. 
emyrian  :  Ice.  eimyrja.  The  h  is  excres- 
cent.] 

EMBEZZLE,  em-bez'l.  v.t.  to  waste  or  dis- 
sipate :  to  appropriate  fraudulentlj^  what 
has  been  intrusted.  —  n.  Embezz'LER. 
[Perh.  from  root  of  Imbecile,  the  prima- 
ry sense  being  to  weaken,  waste  ;  (phs.) 
bezzle,  to  squander,  is  the  same  word, 
the  first  syllable  being  dropped.] 


EMBEZZLEMENT,  em-bez'l-ment,  n. 
fraudulent  appropriation  of  another's 
propertj'  by  the  person  to  whom  it  was 
intrusted. 

EMBITTER.     See  Imbitter. 

EMBLAZON,  em-bla'zn,  v.t.  to  deck  in 
blazing  colors  :  (her.)  to  blazon  or  adorn 
with  figures.  —  n.  Embla'zonment,  an 
emblazoning.     [Em  and  Blazon.] 

EMBLAZONRY,  em-bla'zn-ri,  n.  the  art  of 
emblazoning  or  adorning :  devices  on 
shields. 

EMBLEM,  em'blem,  n.  a  picture  represent- 
ing to  the  mind  something  different  from 
itself  :  a  type  or  symbol.  [Lit.  some- 
thing inserted  in  a  surface  as  ornament ; 
Fr.  embUme — L.  embtema,  inlaid  work — 
Gr. — em  (=en),  in,  ballo,  to  lay,  to  cast.] 

EMBLEMATIC,  em-blem-at'ik,  EMBLEM- 
ATICAL, em-blem-at'ik-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  containing  emblems :  represent- 
ing.— adv.  Emblemat'ically. 

EMBLOOM,  em-bl66m',  v.t.  to  cover  or 
enrich  with  bloom.  [Em,  in,  and  Bloom.] 

EMBODIMENT,  em-bod'i-ment,  n.  act  of 
embodying  :  state  of  being  embodied. 

EMBODY,  em-bod'i,  v.t.  to  form  into  a 
body :  to  make  corporeal  :  to  make  tan- 
gible.— v.i.  to  unite  in  a  body  or  mass. 
[Em,  in,  and  Body.] 

EMBOGUING,  em-bog'ing,  n.  the  mouth 
of  a  river.     [See  Disembogue.] 

EMBOLDEN,  em-bold'n,  v.t.  to  make  bold 
or  courageous.  [Em,  to  make,  and 
Bold.] 

EMBOLISM,  em'bo-lizm,  n.  the  i^isertionof 
daj's,  months,  or  years  in  an  account 
of  time  to  produce  regularity  :  (med.)  the 
presence  of  obstructing  clots  in  the  blood- 
vessels.— adjs.  Embolism'al,  Embolism'- 
10.  [Fr. — Gr.  embolismos — emballo,  to 
cast  in.    See  Emblem.]  M 

EMBORDER,  em-bord'er,  v.t.  to  border.  ■ 

EMBOSOM,  em-booz'um.  v.t.  to  take  into 
the  bosom  :  to  receive  into  the  affections: 
to  inclose  or  surround.  [Em,  in,  into, 
and  Bosom.] 

EMBOSS,  em-bos',  v.t.  to  form  bosses  or 
protuberances  upon  :  to  ornament  with 
raised-work. — n.  Emboss'er.  [Em,  in, 
into,  and  Boss.] 

EMBOSSMENT,  em-bos'ment,  n.  a  promi- 
nence like  a  boss :  raised-work. 

EMBOUCHURE,  em-boo-sho6r',  n.  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  of  a  cannon,  etc.:  the 
mouth-hole  of  a  wind  musical  instru- 
ment. [Fr.—e7n-boucher,  to  put  to  the 
mouth.    See  Debouch,  Debouchure.] 

EMBOW,  em-bo',  v.t.,  v.i.  to  boic  or  arch. 
[Em  and  Bow.] 

EMBOWEL,  em-bow'el,  v.t.  properly,  to 
inclose  in  something  else  ;  but  also  used 
for  disembowel,  to  remove  the  entrails 
from  : — pr.p.  embow'eUing  ;  pa.p.  ena- 
bow'elled. — n.  Enbow'elment.  [Em,  in, 
into,  and  Bowel.] 

EMBOWER,  em-bow'er,  v.t.  to  place  in  a 
bower :  to  shelter,  as  with  trees.  [Em, 
in,  and  Bower.] 

EMBRACE,  em-bras',  v.t.  to  take  in  the 
arms  :  to  press  to  the  bosom  with  affec- 
tion :  to  take  eagerly  or  willingly :  to 
comprise :  to  admit  or  receive. — v.i.  to 
join  in  an  embrace. — n.  an  embracing  : 
fond  pressure  in  the  arms.  [O.  Fr.  em- 
bracer (mod.  Fr.  embrasser) — em,  L.  in, 
in,  into,  and  bras — L.  brachium,  an  arm. 
See  Brace.] 

EMBRASURE,  em-bra'zhur,  n.  a  door  or 
window  with  the  sides  slantea  on  the  in- 
side :  an  opening  in  a  wall  for  cannon. 
[Fr. .  properly,  an  opening  through  which 
a  gun  may  be  fired — embraser,  to  set  on 
fire,  from  the  O.  Ger,  bras,  fire.  See 
Brasier  and  Brass.] 

EMBROCATE,  em'bro-kat,  v.t.  to  moisten 
and  rub,  as  a  sore  with  a  lotion.     [Low 


EMBROCATION 


129 


EMULATE 


I*  embroeo,  embrocatus,  from  Gr.  enibro- 
etie,  a  lotion — embrecho,  to  soak  in — em 
(=.  en),  in,  into,  brecho,  to  wet.] 

EMBROCATION,  em-bro-ka'shun,  re.  act  of 
embrocating- :  the  lotion  used. 

EMBROI DER,  em-broid'er,  v.  t.  to  ornament 
with  designs  in  needle-work,  orig.  on  the 
border. — n.  Embroid'erer.  [Em,  on,  and 
Fr.  broder,  another  form  of  bordet — bord, 
edge.    See  Border.] 

EMBROIDERY,  em-broid'er-i,  n.  the  actor 
art  of  embroidering  :  ornamental  needle- 
work :  variegation  or  diversity  :  artificial 
ornaments. 

EMBROIL,  em-broil',  v.t.  to  involve  in  a 
broil,  or  in  perplexity  :  to  entangle :  to 
distract :  to  throw  into  confusion.  [Fr. 
embrouillei — em,  in,  and  brouiller,  to 
break  out.     See  Broil,  n.] 

EMBROILMENT,  em-broil'ment,  n.  a  state 
of  perplexity  or  confusion  :  disturbance. 

EMBRYO,  em'^bri-o,  EMBRYON,  era'bri-on, 
n.  the  young  of  an  animal  in  its  earliest 
stages  of  development :  the  part  of  a  seed 
which  forms  the  future  plant  :  the  begin- 
ning of  anything  -.—pi.  Em'bryos,  Em'- 
BRYONS.— adj.,  also  Embryon'ic,  of  or 
relating  to  anything  in  an  imperfect 
state  ;  rudimentary.  [Fr. ;  Gr.;  em  (=€n), 
in,  and  bryon,  neuter  of  pr.p.  of  bryo,  to 
swell.) 

EMBRYOLOGICALLY,  em-bri-o-loj'ik-al- 
li,  adv.  according  to  the  rules  of  embryol- 
ogy.    Kingsley. 

EMBRYOLOGIST,  em-bri-oro-iist,  n.  one 
versed  in  the  doctrines  of  embryology. 

EMBRYOLOGY,  em-bri-ol'oj-i,  n.  science 
of  the  embryo  or  fetus  of  animals. 

EMENDATION,  em-en-da'shun,  n.  a  mend- 
ing or  removal  of  an  error  or  fault :  cor- 
rection. [L.  emendatio — emendo,  emen- 
datus — e,  out,  away,  and  mendum,  a 
fault.  See  Amend.] 
•  KMENDATOR,  em'en-da-tor,  n.  a  corrector 
of  errors  in  writings :  one  who  corrects 
or  improves. 

EMENDATO  RY,  e  -  men'da  -  tor  -  i,  adj. 
mending  or  contributing  to  correction. 

EMEN0ER,  e-mend'er,  n.  one  who  emends: 
one  who  removes  faults,  blemislies,  or 
the  like :  an  emendator.  E.  B.  Brown- 
ing. 

EMERALD,  em'er-ald,  n.  a  precious  stone 
of  a  green  color :  a  small  printing-type. 
[Fr.  emeraude  (O.  Fr.  esmeralde) — L. 
smaragdus — Gr.  smaragdos.] 

EMERGE,  e-merj',  v.i.  to  rise  out  of:  to 
issue  or  come  forth  :  to  reappear  after 
being  concealed  :  to  come  into  view.  [L. 
emergo,  emersus  —  e,  out  of,  mergo,  to 
plunge.] 

EMERGENCE,  e-mer'jens,  EMERGENCY, 
e-mer'jen-si,  n.  act  of  emerging  :  sudden 
appearance  :  an  unexpected  occurrence  : 
pressing  necessity  :  something  not  cal- 
culated upon  :  an  unexpected  gain  :  a 
casual  profit.  "  The  rents,  profits,  and 
emergencies  belonging  to  a  Bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wena."—Heylin. 

EMERGENT,  e-mer'jent,  adj.  emerging : 
suddenly  appearing:  arising  unexpect- 
edly :  urgent. — adv.  Emer'oently.  [L. 
emergens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  emergo.] 

EMERODS,  em'e-rodz,  n.pl.  (B.)  now  Hem- 
orrhoids. 

EMERSION,  e-mer'shun,  n.  act  of  emerg- 
ing:  (astr.)  the  reappearance  of  a  heav- 
,     enly  body  after  being  eclipsed  by  another 
or  by  the  sun's  brightness. 

EMERY,  em'ei'-i,  n.  a  very  hard  mineral, 
used  as  powder  for  polishing,  etc.  [Fr. 
imeri,  imeril — It.  smeriglio—Qr.  smeris 
— smad,  to  smear.] 

EMETIC,  e-met'ik,  adj.  causing  vomiting. 
— n.  a  medicine  that  causes  vomiting. 
[Through  L.,  from  Or.  emetikos — emed, 
if    omit.    See  VomT.] 


EMEU.    Same  as  Emu. 

EMIGRANT,  em'i-grant,  cuff,  emigrating 
or  having  emigrated.— n.  one  who  emi- 
grates. [L.  emigrans,  -antis,  pr.p.  of 
emigro.] 

EMIGRATE,  em'i-grat,  v.i.  to  migrate  or 
remove  from  one's  native  country  to  an- 
other.— n.  Emigra'tion.  [L.  emigro,  em- 
igratus — e,  from,  migro,  to  remove.] 

EMINENCE,  em'i-nens,  re.  a  part  eminent 
or  rising  above  the  rest :  a  rising-ground  : 
height :  distinction  :  a  title  of  honor. 

EMINENT,  em'i-nent,  adj.,  rising  above 
others  :  conspicuous  :  distinguished  :  ex- 
alted in  rank  or  office. — adv.  Em'inently. 
[L.  eminens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  emineo—e, 
out,  mineo,  to  project.] 

EMIR,  e'mir,  n.  a  Turkish  title  given  esp. 
to  descendants  of  Mohammed.  [Ar. 
amir ;  cog.  with  Heb.  amar,  to  com- 
mand.    Doublet,  Ameer.] 

EMISSARY,  em'is-ar-i,  re.  one  sent  out  on  a 
secret  mission  :  a  spy  :  an  underground 
channel  by  which  the  water  of  a  lake 
escapes. — adj.  same  as  Ehissory.  [L. 
emissarius — em,it  to.  ] 

EMISSION,  e-mish'un,  n.  the  act  of  emit- 
ting :  that  which  is  issued  at  one  time. 
[Emissus — emitto.  ] 

EMISSORY,  e-mis'or-i,  adj.  (anat.)  convey- 
ing excretions  from  the  body.  [Emissus 
— e7nitto.] 

EMIT,  e-mit',  v.t.  to  send  wit:  to  throw  or 
give  out :  to  issue :  —  pr.p.  emitt'ing  ; 
pa.p.  emitt'ed.  [L.  emitto,  emissus — e, 
out  of,  mitto,  to  send.] 

EMMANUEL,  em-man'u-el,  n.  God  with 
us  :  an  appellation  of  our  Saviour.  Same 
as  Immanuel.  [Heb. — im,  with,  anu,  us, 
and  El,  God.] 

EMMET,  eni'et,  n.  the  ant.  FA.S.  aemete ; 
cog.  with  Qer.  ameiae ;  pern,  also  with 
G«r.  enisig,  diligent,  Ice.  amr,  work. 
Ant  is  a  contr.] 

EMOLLIATE,  e-mol'i-&t,  v.t.  to  soften  :  to 
render  eflfeminate.  [L.  emoUio,  emollitus 
■ — e,  intensive,  and  mollio,  to  soften — 
mollis,  soft.] 

EMOLLIENT,  e-mol'yent,  adj.,  softening: 
making  supple. — n.  (m^d.)  a  substance 
used  to  soften  the  tissues.  [L.  emolliens, 
-entis,  pr.p.  of  emoWi'o.] 

EMOLUMENT,  e-mol'u-ment,  n.  advan- 
tage :  profit  arising  from  employment, 
as  salary  or  fees.  [Fr. — L.  emolum^ntum, 
for  emolimentum — emolior,  to  work  out — 
e,  sig.  completeness,  and  molior,  to  exert 
one's  self,  to  toil ;  or  from  L.  emolere — e, 
and  molere,  to  grind,  thus  sig.  first,  the 
produce  of  a  mill,  then,  any  profit.] 

EMOTION,  e-mo'shun,  n.  a  moving  of  the 
feelings  :  agitation  of  mind.  [L.  emotio 
— emoveo,  emotus,  to  stir  up,  agitate — e, 
forth,  and  moveo,  to  move.] 

EMOTIONAL,  e-mo'shun-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  emotion. 

EMPALE,  era-pal',  v.t.  to  fence  in  with 
pales  or  stakes :  to  shut  in  :  to  put  to 
death  by  spitting  on  a  stake. — n.  Empau:'- 
ment.     [E7n,  in,  on,  and  Pale,  a  stake.] 

EMPANEL.    Same  as  Impanel. 

EMPARK.     Same  as  Impark. 

EMPEROR,  em'per-or,  re.  one  ruling  an 
empire.— /em.  Em'press.  [Fr.  empereiir 
— L.  imperator  (fem.  imperatrix),  a  com- 
mander— impero,  to  command.] 

EMPHASIS,  n.  em'fa-sis,  n.  stress  of  the 
voice  on  particular  words  or  syllables  to 
make  the  meaning  clear :  impressiveness 
of  expression  or  weight  of  thought  '.—pi. 
Em'phases,  -sez.  [Gr. — em  (-=en),  in,  in- 
to, and  phasis — phao,  phaino,  to  show,  to 
make  clear.    See  Phase.] 

Emphasize,  em'fa-siz,  v.t.  to  make  em- 
phatic. 

EMPHATIC,  eni-fat'ik,  EMPHATICAL, 
em-fat'ik-al,  adj.  uttered  with  or  requir- 


ing emphasis  :  forcible :  irapressire.— 
adv.  Emphat'ically.  [Gr.  empha(n)tiko» 
— emphasis.] 

EMPIRE,  em  pir,  n.  supreme  control  or 
dominion  :  the  territory  under  the  do- 
minion of  an  emperor.  [Fr. — L.  imperium 
— impero,  to  command.] 

EMPIRIC,  em-pir'ik,  EMPIRICAL,  env 
pir'ik-al,  adj.  resting  on  trial  or  experi- 
ment :  knowp  only  by  experience.  [Fr 
— L.  empiricks,  from  Gr.  empeirikos'^ 
emjjeiros — em,  in,  and  peira,  a  trial.] 

EMPIRIC,  em-pir'ik,  re.  one  who  makes 
trials  or  experiments  :  one  whose  kuowU 
edge  is  got  from  experience  only :  a 
quack. — adv.  Emper'ically.] 

EMPIRICISM,  em-pir'i-sizm,  re.  (phil.)  the 
system  which,  rejecting  all  d  priori 
knowledge,  rests  solely  on  experience  and 
induction  :  dependence  of  a  physician  on 
his  experience  alone  without  a  regular 
medical  education :  the  practice  of 
medicine  without  a  regular  education  : 
quackery. 

EMPLOY,  em-ploy',  v.t.  to  occupy  the  time 
or  attention  of :  to  use  as  a  means  or 
agent. — n.  a  poetical  form  of  Employ- 
ment.—re.  Employ'er.  [Fr.  employer — 
L.  implicare,  to  infold — in,  in,  and  plico, 
to  fold.  Imply  and  Implicate  are  par- 
allel forms.] 

EMPLOY^,  em-ploya,  re.  one  who  is  em- 
ployed. [Fr.  employi,  pa.p.  of  employer. 
See  Employ.] 

EMPLOYMENT,  em-ploy'ment,  re.  act  of 
employing  :  that  which  engages  or  occu- 
pies :  occupation. 

EMPLUMED,  em-plumd',  adj.  adorned 
with,  or  as  with,  plumes  or  feathers. 

Angelhoods,  emciumed 
In  such  ringlets  of  pure  glory.— fiT.  B.  Browning. 

EMPOLDERED,   em-pol'derd,  adj.  re-, 
claimed  and  brought  into  the  condition, 
of  a  polder  :  brought  under  cultivation. 
[See  Polder.] 

EMPORIUM,  em-po'rium,  n.  a  place  to 
which  goods  are  extensively  collected 
from  various  parts  for  sale :  a  great 
mart.  [L.— Gr.  emporion — emporos,  a 
trader — em  (=en),  in,  and  poros,  a  way. 
See  Fare.] 

EMPOWER,  em-pow'er,  v.t.  to  give  power 
to.    [Em  and  Power.] 

EMPRESS.    See  Emperor. 

EMPTINESS,  em'ti-nes,  re.  state  of  being 
empty  :  want  of  substance :  unsatisfac- 
toriness. 

EMPTY,  em'ti,  adj.  having  nothing  in  it : 
unfurnished  :  without  effect :  unsatis- 
factory :  wanting  substance. — v.t.  to 
make  empty :  to  deprive  of  contents. — 
v.i,  to  become  empty :  to  discharge  its 
contents  -.—pa.p.  em'ptied.  [A.S.  cemtig, 
empty — cemta,  leisure,  rest.  Thep  is  ex- 
crescent.] 

EMPURPLE,  em-pur'pl,  v.t.  to  dye  or 
tinge  purple,    [.^m  and  Purple.] 

EMPYEMA,  em-pi-e'ma,  re.  a  collection  of 
pus  in  the  chest.  [Gr. — em  (=en),  in,  tod 
pyon,  pus.] 

EMPYREAL,  em-pir'e-al,  adj.  formed  of 
pureyZre  or  light :  pertaining  to  the  high- 
est and  purest  region  of  heaven.  [Coined 
from  Gr.  empyros,  in  fire — em  {^en),  in,, 
and  pyr,  fire.     See  Fire.] 

EMPYREAN,  era-pi-re'an,  adj.,  empyreal, 
— re.  the  highest  heaven,  where  the  pure 
element  of  fire  was  supposed  by  the  am 
cients  to  subsist. 

EMU,  e'mu,  re.  the  Australian  ostrich. 
[Port,  "ostrich."] 

EMULATE,  em'u-lat,  v.t.  to  strive  to  equai 
or  excel :  to  imitate,  with  a  view  to  equal 
or  excel :  to  rival. — re.  Em'ulator.  [L. 
cemidor,  cemulatus  —  cemulxis,  strivink 
with.] 


EMULATION 


130 


ENDOGEN 


■MULATION,  em-a-la'shun,  n.  act  of  em- 
ulating or  attempting  to  equal  or  excel ; 
rivalry  :  competition :  contest :  (B.)  sin- 
ful  rivalry. 

EMULATIVE,  em'a-lartiv,  adj.  inclined  to 
emulation,  rivalry,  or  competition. 

SIMULOUS,  em'ii-lus,  adj.  eager  to  emu- 
late :  desirous  of  like  excellence  with  an- 
other :  engaged  in  competition  or  rivalry. 
— adv.  EirciiOUSLY. 

KJIULSION,  e-mul'ahun,  n.  a  white  liquid 
prepared  by  mixing  oil  and  water  by 
means  of  another  substance  that  com- 
bines with  both.  [Ft. — L.  emulgeo,  einul- 
sus,  to  milk  out — e,  out,  and  rmilgeo,  to 
milk.    See  MnSK.] 

EMULSIVE,  e-mul'siv,  adj.  milk-like  ;  soft- 
ening :  yielding  a  milk-like  substance. 
[See  E>r0iSiON7| 

Enable,  en-aT)!,  v.t.  to  make  able .  to 

J;ive  power,  strength,  or  authority  to. 
En,  to  make,  and  ABLE.] 
ACT,  3n-akt',  v.t.  to  perform :  to  act 
the  part  of :  to  establish  by  law    ^En,  to 
make,  and  ACT.l 

ENACTTVE,  en-aKt'iv,  ac^j.  having  power 
to  enact. 

1ENACTMENT,  en-att'ment,  n.  the  passing 
of  a  bill  into  law  .  that  which  is  enacted  • 
a  la%v. 

ENATiT.AGE,  en-al'a-je,  n.  {gram.)  the  ex 
change  of  one  case,  mood,  or  tense  for 
another.  [Gr. — en,  and  allasso,  to  make 
other — aUoS;  another.] 

"BNAMEL,  eb-am'el,  n.  a  substance  like 
glass,  which  is  melted  and  used  for  in- 
laying jewellery,  etc. .  any  smooth  hard 
coating,  esp.  that  of  the  teeth  .  anything 
enamelled. — v.t.  to  coat  with  or  paint  in 
enamel :  to  form  a  glossy  surface  upon, 
like  enamel  •.—prj)  enam'elling  ;  pa. p. 
enam'elled. — n.  Enam'ellee.  [Fr.  en 
=  L.  in),  in,  and  M.  E.  amd — 0.  Fr, 
esniail  (now  iinail),  from  a  Teut.  root, 
which  appears  in  G«r.  sehmelz,  schmelzen, 
E.  Smelt,  Melt.] 

"EN AMOR,  en-am'ur,  v.t.  to  inflame  with 
love:  to  charm.  fFr.  en,  to  make,  and 
amour — L.  amor,  love.] 

ENARTHROSIS,  en-ar-thro'sis,  n.  [anat.)  a 
joint  of  "  ball-and-socket "  form,  allow- 
ing  motion  in  all  directions.  [Gr. — en, 
in,  and  arthroO,  arthroso,  to  fasten  by  a 
joint — arthron,  a  joint.] 

ENCAGE,  en-kaj',  v.t.  to  shut  up  m  a 
cage.    [En,  in,  and  Cage.] 

ENCAMP,  en-kamp',  v.t.  to  form  mto  a 
camp. — v.i.  to  pitch  tents  to  halt  on  a 
march.    [En,  in,  and  Camp.] 

ENCAMPILENT,  en-kamp'ment,  n.  the  act 
of  encamping :  the  place  where  an  army 
or  company  is  encamped :  a  camp .  ir> 
U.  S.  a  meeting  of  veterans  and  of  cer- 
tain fraternal  organizations, 

ENCASE.    Same  as  Incase. 

ENCAUSTIC,  en-kaws'tik,  adj.,  burned  in 
or  done  by  heat. — n.  an  ancient  method 
of  painting  in  melted  wax.  [Fr. — Gr.— 
engkaio,  engkausd — en,  in,  and  kaio,  to 
burn,    Cf.  Ink  and  Calm.] 

iJBNCAVE,  en-kav*,  v.t.  to  hide  in  a  cave, 
[En,  in,  and  Cave.] 

ENCEINTE,  ang-sengt',  n.  (fort.)  an  in- 
closure,  the  wall  or  rampart  which  sur- 
■•ounds   a   place,     [Fr.  —  enceindre,    to 

•j  sittround — ^L.  in,  in,  and  cingo,  cinctus, 
togirdj^ 

(BNCEINTE,  ang-sengt',    adj.    pregnant, 

^  with  chili  [Fr. — ^L.  ineincta,  ^rt  about 
—incitigo,  cinctus,  to  gii-d  in,  gird  about 
— in,  and  cingo.    Cf.  ClNcrrDEE.] 

ENCHAIN,  en-chan',  i\t.  to  put  in  chains  : 
to  hold  fast :  to  link  together. — n.  En- 
CHAin'ment.  [Ft.  eiichatner  —  en,  and 
cha'ine,  a  chain — L.  catena.} 
ENCHANT,  en-chant',  v.t.  to  act  on  by 
gongs  or  rhymed  formulas  of  sorcery :  to 


charm  :  to  deUght  in  a  high  degree.  [JV. 
enchanter — ^L.  tncantare,  to  sing  a  magic 
formula  over — in,  on,  canto,  to  sing.    See 

ENCHAJJTER,  en-chant'er,  n.  one  who  en- 
chants :  a  sorcerer  or  magician :  one  who 
charms  or  delights.— /ent.  Enchaht'rbss. 

ENCHANTMENT,  en-chant'ment.  n.  act 
of  enchanting :  use  of  magic  arts:  that 
which  enchants. 

ENCHASE,  en-chas',  r.*.  to  fix  in  a  border- 
to  adorn  with  raised  or  embossed  work 
— n.  E^chas'ee.  fFr.  enchcisser — en,  in, 
chdssis,  caisse,  a  case.  See  Chase,  n.,  also 
Case,  a  covering.    Chase,  v.t.  is  a  oontr.] 

ESNCIRCLE,  en-serk'l,  v.t.  to  inclose  in  a 
circle  :  to  embrace :  to  pass  around.  [En, 
in,  and  Circle.] 

ENCLAVE,  angTuav.n.  a  territory  entirely 
inclosed  within  the  territories  of  another 
power.     [Ft. — L.  in,  and  davus,  a  key.] 

ENCLAVE,  ang-klav',  v.t.  to  cause  to  be 
an  enclave  :  to  inclose  or  surround,  as  a 
region  or  state  by  the  territories  of  an- 
other power. 

ENCLAVEMENT,  ang-klav-ment,  n.  the 
state  or  condition  of  being  an  enclave,  or 
surrounded  by  an  alien  territory. 

ENCLITIC,  en-klit'ik,  adj.  that  inclines  or 
leans  upon. — n,  (gram.)  a  word  or  particle 
which  always  follows  another  word,  and 
is  so  united  with  it  as  to  seem  a  psirt  of 
it.  [Gr.  engklitikos — en,  in,  klinO,  to 
bend.  cog.  with  K  Lean.] 

ENCLOSE,  en-kloz'.     Same  as  INCLOSE, 

ENCOLURE,  en-kol'ur,  n,  the  neck  and 
shoulders,  as  of  a  horse.  [Fr.,  from  en, 
in,  and  col,  the  neck.] 

Carved  like  the  heart  of  the  coal-black  tree. 

Crisped  like  a  war-steed*s  encolure. — Broioning 

ENCOML\ST,  en-ko'mi-ast,  n.  one  who 
praises,  or  one  who  utters  or  writes  en- 
comiums.   [Gr.  engkOmiastSs — enghUmi' 

OH.] 

ENCOML\STIC,  en-kS-mi-as'tik,  ENCOMI- 
ASTICAL,  en-k5-mi-as'tik-al,  adj.  con- 
taining encomitims  or  praise  •  bestowing 
praise.— odt;.  Encosiias'tioallt.  [Gr. 
engkomiastileos — engkdmion.l 

ENCOMIUM,  «n-ko'mi-um,  n.  high  com- 
mendation  :—pl.  Enco'miuhs,  [L. — Gr. 
engkomion,  a  song  of  praise — en,  in,  ftd- 
mos,  festivity.] 

ENCOMPASS,  en-kum'pas,  v.t.  to  compass 
or  go  round  ;  to  surround  or  inclose. — n. 
Encom'passment.  [En,  in,  and  Compass.] 

EiNCORE,  ang-kor',  adv.  again:  once  more. 
— 1'.<.  to  caD  for  a  repetition  of.  (Fr.  fit. 
ancora) — ^L.  (in)  hanc  koram,  till  this 
hour,  hence=still.] 

ENCOUNTER,  en-kownfer,  v.t.  to  run 
counter  to  or  against .  to  meet  face  to 
face,  esp.  unexpectedly  :  to  meet  in  con- 
test :  to  oppose. — n.  a  meeting  unex- 
pectedly :  an  interview :  a  fight.  [O. 
Fr.  encontrer — L  in,  in,  and  contra, 
against.] 

ENCOURAGE,  en-kur'aj,  v.t.  to  put  cour- 
age in  ;  to  inspire  with  spirit  or  hope  : 
to  incite. — n.  ENConE'AQEE. — adv.  En- 
COUS'aginglt.  [Fr.  encourager — en,  to 
make,  and  courage.    See  COURAGE.] 

ENCOURAGEMENT,  en-kur'aj-ment,  n. 
act  of  encouraging  :  that  which  encour- 
ages or  incites. 

ENCRINAL,  en-krrnal,  ENCRINIC,  en- 
ki-in'ik.  Encrinit'ic,  Enceintt'ical,  adj. 
relating  to  or  containing  enerinites. 

ENCRINITE,  eu'kri-nlt,  n.  the  stone-Z%; 
a  fossilized  animal  on  a  long  stem  or 
stalk,  with  a  Zi7!/-shaped  head.  [Gr.  en, 
in,  and  krinon,  a  lily.] 

ENCROACH,  en-kr5ch',  v.i.  to  seize  on  the 
rights  of  others  :  to  intrude :  to  tres- 
pass.— ji.Encroach'er. — ady.ENCROACH'- 
DfOLT.  [Formed  from  Fr.  e»i,  and  croc, 
a  hook  ;  cf.  accrocher  (ad  and  crocher). 


to  hook  up.     See  Crochet,  Cbotchet 

and  Crook.  1 
ENCROACHMENT,  en-kr5ch'ment,  n.  act 

of  encroaching  :  that  which  is  '^aken  bj 

encroaching. 
ENCRUST,  en-krust'.    Same  as  Incrust. 
ENCUilBER,  en-kumTjer,  v.t.   to  imped* 

the  motion  of,  with  something  cumbrous: 

to  embarrass  :  to  load  with  debts.    [Fr 

encombrer,  from  e/i-  and  con^rer.    See 

ENCUMBRANCE,  en-kum^^ans,  n  that 
which  encumbers  or  hinders :  a  lega." 
claim  on  an  estate. 

ENCYCLICAL, en-sikTik-al,  ac?;.sent  rouna 
to  many  persons  or  places,  as  an  encyclic- 
al letter  of  the  Pope.  [Gr.  engkyklios— 
en.  in.  and  kyklos,  a  circle.] 

ENCYCLOPAEDIA,  ENCYCLOPEDIA,  en- 
si-klo-pe'di-a.  n.  same  as  Cyclop.sx>is. 

ENCYCLOPEDIAN,  en-si-klo-pe'di-an,  adj. 
embracing  the  whole  circle  of  learning. 

ENCYCLOPEDIC,  en-sl-klo-ped'ik,  ENCY- 
CLOPEDICAL, en-sl-klo-ped'ik-al,  a^ 
pertaining  to  an  encyclopedia. 

ENCYCLOPEDIST,  en-si-klo-pe'dist,  n.  the 
compiler  or  one  who  assists  in  the  com- 
pilation of  an  encyclopedia, 

ENCYSTED,  en-sist'ed,  adj.  inclosed  in  e 
cyst  or  bag.    [En,  in,  and  Cyst.] 

END,  end,  n.  the  last  point  or  portion 
termination  or  close :  death :  conse 
quence  :  object  aimed  at :  a  fragmeut 
— v.t.  to  bring  to  an  end :  to  destroy.—^ 
v.i.  to  come  to  an  end  :  to  cease.  [A.S 
ende ;  Ger.  and  Dan.  ende,  G«th.  andeis 
Sans,  anta ;  also  akin  to  L.  prefix  ante 
and  Gr.  anti-.} 

ENDAMAGE,  en-dam'aj,  v.t,  (B.)  same  as 
Damage. 

ENDANGER,  en-dan'jer,  v.t.  to  place  ir. 
danger :  to  expose  to  loss  or  injury 
[En,  in,  and  Danger.] 

ENDEAR,  eu-der',  v.t.  to  make  dear  oi 
more  dear.    [En,  to  make,  and  Dear.] 

EITOEARMENT,  en-der'ment,  n.  act  of  en= 
dearing :  state  of  being  endeared :  that 
which  excites  or  increases  afl'ection. 

ENDEAVOR,  en-dev'ur,  v.i.  to  strive  tc 
accomplish  an  object :  to  attempt  or  try 
— v.t.  (Pr.  Bk.)  to  exert. — n.  an  exertion 
of  power  towards  some  object :  attempt 
or  tnal.  [Fr,  en  devoir — en,  in  (with 
force  of  "to  do"  or  "make,"  as  in  en 
amour,  en-courage),  and  devoir,  duty 
See  Devoir.1 

ENDECAGON,  en-dek'argon,  n.  same  ae 
Hendecagon. 

ENDEMIC,  en-dem'ik,  ENDEMICAL,  en- 
dem'ik-aJ,  ENDEMIAL,  en-de'mi-al  adj, 
peculiar  to  a  people,  locaUty,  or  district 
as  a  disease  or  a  plant.  ' '  It  (the  New  Zea- 
land flora)  consists  of  935  species,  our 
own  islands  possessing  about  1500  ;  but  a 
very  large  proportion  of  these  are  pecul- 
iar, there  being  no  less  than  677  endemic 
species,  and  83  endemic  genera." — A.  R, 
Wallace. — n.  a  disease  of  an  endemic 
character.  —  adv.  Endem'ically.  [Gr. 
endSmios — en,  in,  and  demos,  a  people,  £ 
district.] 

ENDING,  end'ing,  n.  termination  :  (grcm>.\ 
the  terminating  syllable  or  letter  of  f 
word. 

EINDIVE,  en'div,  n.  a  plant  of  the  samt 
genus  as  chicory,  used  as  a  salad.  [¥r 
•— L.  intnbus.] 

EINDLESS,  end  les,  a^.  without  end  :  con- 
tinual:  everlasting:  objectless. — adv, 
End'lkssly. — n.  Eni/lessness. 

ENDOCARDIUM,  en-do-kar'di-um,  n.  the 
lining  membrane  of  the  heart. — n.  Endo- 
carditis, en-do-kar-dftis,  disease  thereof, 
[Or.  endon,  within,  and  kardia,  the 
heart.    See  Heart.] 

ENDOGEN.  en'do-jen,  n.  a  plant  that  grows 
from  within,  o«  by  additions  to  the  in- 


ENDOGENOUS 


131 


ENHANCEMENT 


side  of  the  stem,  as  the  palm,  grasses, 
etc.  [Gr.  endon,  within,  and  gen,  root  of 
gigiiomai,  to  be  produced.] 
ENDOGENOUS,  en-doj'e-nus,  adj.  increas- 
ing- Hke  endogeiis,  or  by  internal  gTowth. 
ENDOME,  en-dom',  v.f.  to  cover  with  a 
dome,  or  as  with  a  dome. 

The  blue  Tuscan  sky  endoDies 
Our  English  words  of  prayer. — E.  B.  Brmiming. 

ENDORSE,  en-dors'.     Same  as  Indorse. 

ENDOW,  en-dow',  v.t.  to  give  a  dowry  or 
marriage-portion  to :  to  settle  a  perma- 
nent provision  on  :  to  enrich  with  any 
gift  or  faculty.—)!.  Endow'er.  [Fr.  en 
(=  L.  in),  and  doner,  to  endow — L.  doto. 
See  Dower.] 

ENDOWMENT,  en-dow'ment,  n.  act  of  en- 
dowing :  that  which  is  settled  on  any 
person  or  institution  :  a  quality  or  faculty 
bestowed  on  any  one. 

ENDUE,  en-du',  an  older  form  of  ENDOW. 

ENDURABLE,  eu-dur'a-bl,  adj.  that  can 
be  endured  or  borne. — adv.  Endde'ablt. 
— n.  Endur'ableness. 

ENDURANCE,  en-dur'aus,  re.  state  of  en- 
during or  bearing:  continuance  :  a  suffer- 
ing patientlv  without  sinking  :  patience. 

ENDURANT.'en-dur'ant,  adj.  able  to  bear 
fatigue,  pwiin,  or  the  hke.  "  The  difficulty 
of  the  chase  is  further  increased  by  the 
fact,  that  the  Ibex  is  a  remarkably  en- 
durant  animal,  and  is  capable  of  abstain- 
ing from  food  or  water  for  a  considerable 
time." — J.  G.  Wood. 

ENDUEE,  en-dar',i'.<.  to  remain  firm  under: 
to  bear  without  sinking. — v.i.  to  remain 
firm  :  to  last.  [Fr.  endurei — en  (=L.  in), 
and  durer,  to  last.     See  Dure.] 

ENDWISE,  end'^viz,  adv.,  end  ways :  on  the 
end  :  with  the  end  forward.  [End  and 
Wise.] 

ENEMA,  e-ne'ma  or  en'e-ma,  n.  a  liquid 
medicine  thrown  into  the  rectum  :  an  in- 
jection. [Gr. — eniemi,  to  send  in — en,  in, 
and  hiemi,  to  send.] 

ENEMY,  en'a-mi,  n.  one  who  hates  or  dis- 
likes :  a  foe  :  a  hostile  army.  [O.  Fr. 
enemi  (mod.  Fr.  ennemi) — L.  inimiciis — 
in,  negative,  and  amicus,  a  friend.  See 
Ajucabus,  Amity.] 

ENERGETIC,  en-er-]_et'ik,ENERGETICAL, 
en-er-jet'ik-al,  adj.  having  or  showing 
energy :  active  :  forcible  :  effective. — adv. 
Energet'ically.     [Gr.  energetikos.] 

Ei"^ERGETICS,  en-er-Jet'iks,  n.pl.  the  sci- 
ence of  physical  as  distinct  from  vital 
dynamics. 

ENERGIC,  en-er'jik,  ENERGICAL,  en-er'- 
je-kal,  adj.  active  in  producing  an  effect : 
exerting  great  energy  :  in  active  opera- 
tion. 

ENERGICO,  en-er'je-ko,  adv.  with  energy 
and  force.     [Mus.] 

ENERGIZE,  en'er-jize,  v.i.  to  act  with 
force  or  operate  with  vigor :  to  act  in 
producing  an  effect. — v.t.  to  give  energy 
to. 

ENERGIZER,  en'er-ji-zer,  n.  he  who  or 
that  which  gives  energy,  or  acts  in  pro- 
ducing an  effect. 

ENERGUMEN,  en-er-gii'men,  n.  one  under 
some  powerful  demoniac  influence. 

ENERGY,  en'er-je,  n.  internal  or  inherent 
power  :  the  power  of  operating,  whether 
exerted  or  not :  power  exerted  :  vigorous 
operation  :  efficacy  :  strength  or  force  of 
expression  :  power  to  effect  work  {7ne<^i.). 
— Conservation  of  energy,  the  doctrine 
that,  however  it  may  change  in  form  and 
character,  no  smallest  quantity  of  force 
in  the  universe  is  ever  lost  (physics).  [Gr. 
en,  and  ergon,  work.] 

ENERVATE,  en-er'vat,  v.t.  to  deprive  of 
nerve,  strength,  or  courage  :  to  weaken. 
— n.  Enervation,  en-er-va'shun.  [L.  en- 
ervo,  enervatus—e,  out  of,  and  nervus,  a 
nerve.    See  Nerve.] 


ENFEEBLE,  en-feTjl,  v.t.  to  make  feeble: 
to  deprive  of  strength,  to  weaken.  [Fr. 
en  (=L.  in),  causative,  and  E.  Feeble.] 

ENFEEBLEMENT,  en-fe'bl-ment,  n.  act  of 
enfeebling  or  weakening- :  weakness. 

ENFEOFF,  en-fef.  v.t.  to  give  a.  fief  or  feud 
to :  to  invest  with  a  possession  in  fee. 
[Fr.  en  (=L.  in),  and  Feoff.] 

ENFEOFFMENT,  en-fef'ment.  n.  act  of 
enfeoffing  :  the  deed  which  invests  with 
the  fee  of  an  estate. 

ENFILADE,  en-fi-lad',  n.  a  line,  or  straight 
passage  :  a  situation  or  a  body  open  from 
end  to  end. — v.t.  to  rake  with  shot 
through  the  whole  length  of  a  line.  [Fr. 
enfiler  —  en  (=L.  in),  and  Jil,  a  thread. 
See  File,  a  line  or  wire.] 

ENFORCE,  en-fors',  v.t.  to  gain  by  force  : 
to  give  force  to  :  to  put  in  force  :  to  give 
effect  to  :  to  urge.  [O.  Fr.  enforcer — en 
{=L.  in),  and  force.    See  Force.] 

ENFORCEMENT,  en-fors'ment.  ji.  act  of 
enforcing :  compulsion  :  a  giving  effect 
to  :  that  which  enforces. 

ENFORCER,  en-fors'er,  n.  one  who  com- 
pels, constrains,  or  urges  :  one  who  ef- 
fects by  violence  :  one  who  carries  into 
effect. 

ENFORCIBLE,  en-fors'i-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being  enforced.  "Grounded  upon  plain 
testimonies  of  Scripture,  and  enforcible 
by  good  reason." — Barrotv. 

ENFORCrVTE,  en-fors'iv,  adj.  serving  or 
tending  to  enforce  or  constrain :  com- 
pulsive. "A  sucking  hind-calf,  which 
she  trussed  with  her  enforcive  seres." — 
Chapman. 

ENFORCIVELY,  en-fors'iv-U,  adv.  of  or 
by  compulsion  :  under  constraint.  Mar- 
ston. 

ENFOREST,  en-fo'rest,  n.  to  turn  into  or 
lay  under  forest :  as,  the  Ameers  of 
Scinde  enforested  large  portions  of  the 
country  for  the  purpose  of  converting 
them  into  hunting  grounds.  [Verb- 
forming  prefix  en,  and  Forest.] 

ENFRANCHISE,  eu-fran'chiz,  v.t.  to  give 
a  franchise  or  political  privileges  to. 
[Fr.  en  (=L.  in),  and  E.  FRANCrasE.] 

ENFRANCHISEMENT,  en-fran'chiz-ment, 
n.  act  of  enfranchising :  admission  to 
civil  or  political  privileges. 

ENGAGE,  en-gaj',  v.t.  to  bind  by  a  gage 
or  pledge  :  to  render  liable  :  to  gain  for 
service  :  to  enlist  :  to  gain  over  :  to  win  : 
to  occupy:  to  enter  into  contest  vnth. — 
v.i.  to  pledge  one's  word  :  to  become 
bound :  to  take  a  part  :  to  enter  into 
conflict.  [Fr.  engager  —  en  gage,  in 
pledge.     See  Gage.] 

ENGAGEMENT,  en-gaj'ment,  n.  act  of  en- 
gaging :  state  of  being  engaged  :  that 
which  engages  :  promise  :  employment  : 
a  fight  or  battle. 

ENGAGING,  en-gaj'ing,  adj.  winning :  at- 
tractive.—adv.  Engaq'ingly. 

ENGENDER,  en-jen'der,  v.t.  to  gender  or 
beget :  to  breed  :  to  sow  the  seeds  of  :  to 
produce. — v.i.  to  be  caused  or  produced. 
[Fr.  engendrei — L.  ingenerare — in,  and 
genero,  to  generate.  See  Genus  and 
Gender.] 

ENGINE,  en'jin,  n.  a  complex  and  power- 
ful machine,  esp.  a  prime  mover,  a  mili- 
tary machine  :  anything  used  to  effect  a 
purpose.  In  inech.  any  mechanical  in- 
strument of  complicated  parts,  which 
concur  in  producing  an  intended  effect  : 
a  machine  for  applying  any  of  the  me- 
chanical or  physical  powers  to  effect  a 
particular  purpose  :  esp.  a  machine  for 
appljing  steam  to  propel  vessels,  railway 
trains,  etc.:  a  steam-engine.  [Fr.  engin 
— L.  ingenium,  skill.    See  Ingenious.] 

ENGINEER,  en-jin-er',  n.  an  engine-maker 
or  manager  :  one  who  directs  military 
works  and  engines  .    a  civil  engineer, 


one  who  superintends  the  constructiOB 
of  public  Vforks  :  a  mecblanical  ENOINEEE 
practices  the  avocation  of  the  machinist, 
in  executing  the  presses,  mills,  looms, 
and  other  great  machines  employed  in 
the  arts  and  manufactures,  particularlj' 
in  constructing  steam-engines,  and  the 
apparatus  by  which  they  are  rendered 
available  for  giving  motion  to  ships,  car- 
riages, or  machinery  :  one  who  manages 
military  engines  or  artillei-y  [this  is  the 
spelling  of  enginer  in  the  later  folios 
and  some  manuscript  editions  of  Shake- 
speare]: an  engine-driver ;  one  who  man- 
ages a  railway  engine  ;  a  person  who 
attends  to  the  machinery  on  board  a 
steam-vessel :  one  who  carries  through 
any  .scheme  or  enterprise  by  skill  or  art- 
ful contrivance  ;  a  manager.  [Orig.  en- 
giner.] 

ENGINEER,  en-jin-er',  v.t.  to  direct  as  an 
engineer  the  execution  or  formation  of  ; 
to  perform  the  office  of  an  engineer  in 
respect  of  ;  as,  to  engineer  a  canal,  to 
engineer  a  tunnel  through  the  Alps  :  to 
work  upon  ;  to  ply  ;  to  try  some  scheme 
or  plan  upon.  "  Unless  we  engineered 
him  with  question  after  question  we 
could  get  nothing  out  of  him." — C'oicper, 
Also  to  guide  or  manage  by  ingenuity 
and  tact ;  to  conduct  through  or  over  ob- 
stacles by  contrivance  and  effort ;  as,  to 
engineer  a  bill  through  a  legislative  body, 

ENGINEERING,  en-jin-er'ing,  n.  the  art 
or  profession  of  an  engineer :  the  act  of 
successfully  managing  a  comphcated 
and  difficult  scheme. 

ENGIRD,  en-gerd',  v.t.  to  gird  round.  [En 
and  Gmc] 

ENGLISH,  mg'glish,  adj.  belonging  to  En- 
gland or  its  inhabitants. — n.  the  lan- 
guage or  the  people  of  England.  [A.S. 
Englisc,  from  Engle.  Angle,  from  the  An- 
gles who  settled  in  Britain.] 

ENGRAFT.    See  Ingraft. 

ENGRAIN,  en-gran'.     Same  as  INGRAIN. 

ENGRAVE,  en-grav',  v.t.  to  cut  out  with  a 
graver  a  representation  of  anything  on 
wood,  steel,  etc. :  to  imprint :  to  impress 
deeply. — n.  Engrav'er.  [Fr.  en  (=L.  in), 
andE.  Gra-pe.] 

ENGRAULIS.  en-graw'lis,  n.  a  genus  of 
fishes  of  the  herring  family,  of  which  the 
common  anchovy  (£^.  encrasicholus)  is  the 
best  known  species.     [See  Ajjchovy.] 

ENGRAVING,  en-graVing,  n.  act  or  art  of 
cutting  designs  on  metal,  wood,  or  stone: 
an  impression  taken  from  an  engraved 
plate  :  a  print. 

ENGROSS,  en-gros',  v.t.  to  occupy  wholly, 
monopolize  ;  to  copy  a  writing  in  a  large 
hand  or  in  distinct  characters. — n.  En- 
GROSs'ER.  [From  Fr.  en  gros,  in  large. 
See  Gross.1 

ENGROSSMENT,  en-gros'ment,  n.  the  ap- 
propriation of  things  in  the  gross  or  in 
exorbitant  quantities ;  exorbitant  ac- 
quisition;  as,  "Engrossments  of  power 
and  favor." — Swift  •  the  act  of  copying 
out  in  large  fail'  characters ;  as,  the  en- 
grossment of  a  deed  :  the  copj'  of  an  in- 
strument or  writing  made  in  large  fair 
characters.  Lord  Clarendon :  the  state 
of  being  engrossed  or  occupied,  or  hav' 
ing  one's  attention  wholly  taken  up  ;  ap- 
propriation ;  absorption.  "  In  the  en- 
grossmetit  of  her  own  ardent  and  devoted 
love." — Lord  Lytton. 

ENGULF.    See  Ingulf. 

ENHANCE,  en-hans',  v.t.  to  raise  or 
heighten  :  to  add  to  :  to  increase.  [Prob, 
enansar — e^ians,  forward,  formed  fromL, 
in  ante,  before.    See  Advance.] 

ENHANCEMENT,  en-hans'ment,  n.  act  of 
enhancing  :  state  of  being  enhanced  :  in- 
crease :  aggravation. 


ENHARMONIC 


132 


ENSKY 


ENHAEMONIC,  en-har-mon'ik,  ENHAE- 
MONICAli,  en-har-mon'ik-al,  adj.  in 
mime,  (a)  of  or  pertaining  to  that  one  of 
the  three  musical  scales  recognized  by 
the  ancient  Greeks,  which  consisted  of 
quarter  tones  and  major  thirds,  and  was 
regarded  as  the  most  accurate  ;  (6)  per- 
taining to  a  change  of  notes  to  the  eye, 
while,  as  the  same  keys  are  used,  the 
instrument  can  mark  no  difference  to  the 
ear,  as  the  substitution  of  A  flat  for  G 
sharp  ;  (c)  pertaining  to  a  scale  of  perfect 
intonation  which  recognizes  all  the  notes 
and  intervals  that  result  from  the  exact 
tuning  of  diatonic  scales,  and  their  trans- 
position into  other  keys.  [Fr.  enhar- 
monique;  Gr.  enarmonikos,  in  harmony 
— en,  in,  and  harmonia,  harmony.  See 
Harmony.] 

ENHARMONICAJLLY,  en-har-mon'ik-al-li, 
adv.  in  the  enharmonic  style  or  system  : 
with  perfect  intonation. 

ENHARMOjSTION,  en-har-mo'ni-on,  n.  in 
music,  a  song  of  manj'  parts,  or  a  concert 
of  sundrj'  tunes.     Holland. 

ENIGMA,  en-ig'ma,  n.  a  statement  with  a 
hidden  meaning  to  be  guessed  :  an^hing 
very  obscure :  a  riddle.  [L.  cenigma — 
Gr.  ainigma,  ainigmatos — ainissomai,  to 
speak  darkly — ainos,  a  tale.] 

ENIGMATIC,  en-ig-mat'ik,  ENIGMAT- 
ICAL, en-ig-mat'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to, 
containing,  or  resembling  an  enigma  :  ob- 
scure :  puzzling. — adv.  Enigjiat'ically. 

ENIGMATIST,  en-ig'ma-tist,  n.  one  who 
€nigtnatis:es. 

ENIGMATIZE,  en-ig'ma-tiz,  v.i.  to  utter 
or  deal  in  riddles. 

ENJOIN,  en-join',  v.t.  to  lay  upon,  as  an 
order  :  to  order  or  direct  with  authority 
or  urgency.  [Fr.  enjoindre — L.  injungere 
— in,  shuAjungo.    See  Join.] 

EINJOY,  en-joy',  v.t.  to  joy  or  delight  in : 
to  feel  or  perceive  with  pleasure  :  to  pos- 
sess or  use  with  satisfaction  or  delight. 
[Fr.  en  (=  L.  in),  and  joie.    See  JoY.j 

ENJOYMENT,  en-joy'ment,  n.  state  or 
condition  of  enjoying :  satisfactory  pos- 
session or  use  of  anything :  pleasure : 
happiness. 

ENKINDLE,  en-kin'dl,  v.t.  to  kindle  or  set 
on  fire  :  to  rouse.  [Fr.  en  {=  L.  in),  and 
E.  Kindle.] 

ENLARGE,  en-larj',  v.t.  to  make  larger: 
to  increase  in  size  or  quantity :  to  ex- 
pand :  to  amplify  or  spread  out  discourse: 
(B.)  to  set  at  large  or  free. — v.i.  to  grow 
large  or  larger  :  to  be  diffuse  in  speaking 
or  writing  :  to  expatiate.  [Fr.  e»  {=  L. 
in),  and  E.  Large.] 

ENLARGEMENT,  en-larj'ment,  n.  act  of 
enlarging  :  state  of  being  enlarged :  in- 
crease :  extension  :  diffuseness  of  speech 
or  writing  :  a  setting  at  large  :  release. 

ENLIGHTEN,  en-llt'n,  v.t.  to  lighten  or 
shed  light  on :  to  make  clear  to  the 
mind  :  to  impart  knowledge  to :  to  ele- 
vate by  knowledge  or  religion.  [Fr.  en 
(=  L.  in),  and  E.  Lighten.] 

ENLIGHTENER,  en-lit'n-er,  n.  one  who  il- 
luminates :  one  who  or  that  which  com- 
municates light  to  the  eye  or  clear  \'iews 
to  the  mind.  "  He  is  the  prophet  shorn 
of  bis  more  awful  splendors,  burning  with 
mild  equable  radiance,  as  the  enlightener 
of  daily  life." — Carlyle. 

ENLIGHTENMENT,  en-lit'n-ment,  n.  act 
of  enlightening :  state  of  being  enlight- 
ened. 

ENLIMN,  en-lim',  v.t.  to  illuminate  or 
adorn  with  ornamented  letters  or  with 
pictures,  as  a  book.  Palsgrave.  [Fr. 
enluminer,  to  color.    See  Limn.] 

BNLINK,  ec-link',  v.t.  to  Imk :  to  chain 
to :  to  connect.  "  Enlinked  to  waste 
and  desolation." — Shak.  [Prefix  en,  and 
Link.] 


ENLIST,  en-list',  v.t.  to  enrol :  to  engage 
in  public  service:  to  employ  in  advanc- 
ing an  object. — v.i.  to  engage  in  public 
service  :  to  enter  heartily  into  a  cause. 
[Fr.  en  (=L.  in),  and  liste,  E.  List.] 

ENLISTMENT,  en-list'ment,  n.  act  of  en- 
listing :  state  of  being  enUsted. 

ENLIVEN,  en-llv'n.  v.t.  to  put  life  into  : 
to  excite  or  make  active  :  to  make 
sprightly  or  cheerful :  to  animate.  —  n. 
Enliv'ener.  [Fr.  en  (=L.  in),  and  E. 
Life.    See  also  Live.] 

ENMITY,  en'mi-ti,  n.  the  quality  of  being 
an  enemy :  unfi-iendliness :  ill-will  :  hos- 
tility. [Fr.  inimiiie,  from  en-  (=L.  in-, 
neo:ative).  and  amitie.  amitv.  See  AMITY.] 

ENNEAGYNOUS,  en-ne-aj'"in-us,  adj.  in 
bat.  having  nine  pistils  or  styles  :  said  of 
a  flower  or  plant.  [Gr.  ennea,  nine,  and 
gyne,  female.] 

ENNEANDER,  en-ne-an'der,  n.  in  bat.  a 
plant  having  nine  stamens.  [Gr.  ennea, 
nine,  .and  aner,  andros.  a  male.] 

ENNEAISTDRIA,  en-ne-an'dri-a,  n.  the  ninth 
class  of  the  Linnaean  system  of  plants, 
comprehending  such  plants  as  have  her- 
maphrodite flowers  with  nine  stamens. 

ENNEANDRIAN,  en-ne-an'dri-an,  ENNE- 
ANDROUS,  en-ne-an'drus,  adj.  having 
nine  stamens. 

ENNEAPETALOUS,  en-ne-a-pet'al-us,  adj. 
having  nine  petals  or  flower-leaves.  [Gr. 
ennea.  nine,  and  petalon,  a  leaf.] 

ENNEASPERMOUS,  en-ne-a-sperm'us,  adj. 
in  bot.  having  nine  seeds,  as  enneasperm- 
ows  fruits.  [Gr.  ennea,  nine,  and  sperma, 
seed.] 

ENNEATIC,  en-ne-at'ik,  ENKEATICAL, 
en-nS-at'ik-al,  adj.  occurring  once  in  nine 
times,  days,  or  years  :  ninth. — Enneat- 
ICAL  DAYS,  every  ninth  day  of  a  disease. 
— Enneatical  years,  every  ninth  year 
of  a  man's  life.     [Gr.  ennea,  nine.] 

ENNOBLE,  en-no'bl,  v.t.  to  make  noble: 
to  elevate :  to  raise  to  nobilitj'.  [Fr. 
ennoblir — Fr.  en  (=L.  in),  and  noble,  E. 
Noble.] 

ENNUI,  ang-nwe',  n.  a  feeling  of  weari- 
ness or  disgust  from  satiety,  etc.  [Fr. 
ennni—Xy.  Fr.  anoi — L.  in  odio,  as  in 
odio  habui,  (lit.)  "I  hold  in  hatred,"  i.e. 
I  am  tired  of.     See  ANNOY.] 

ENORMITY,  e-nor'mi-ti,  n.  state  or  quality 
of  being  enormous  :  that  which  is  enor- 
mous :  a  great  crime  :  great  wickedness. 

ENORMOUS,  e-nor'mus,  adj.  excessive : 
atrocious. — adv.  Enor'mously.  [L.  enor- 
mis — e,  out  of,  and  norma,  rule.  See 
Normal.] 

ENOUGH,  e-nuf,  adj.  sufficient :  giving 
content :  satislhdng  want.  —  adv.  suffi- 
ciently.— n.  sufficiency:  as  much  as  satis- 
fies desire  or  want.  [A.S.  ge-noh,  ge-nog  ; 
Goth,  ga-nohs ;  Ger.  ge-nug:  Ice.  g-nog-r.\ 

ENOW,  e-now',  adj.  same  as  Enough,  but 
often  used  as  its  plural. 

EN  PASSANT,  an  pas-san,  adv.  in  passing  : 
by  the  way  :  in  chess,  when  on  moving  a 
pawn  two  squares,  an  adversary's  pawn 
is  at  the  time  in  such  a  position  as  to  take 
the  pawn  moved  if  it  were  moved  but  one 
square,  the  moving  pawn  may  be  taken, 
as  it  is  called,  en  passant.     [Fr.] 

ENPATRON,  en-pa'tron,  v.t.  to  have  under 
one's  patronage  or  guardianship  :  to  be 
the  patron  saint  of. 

These,  of  force,  must  your  oblations  be. 
Since  I  their  altar,  you  enpatron  me. — Shak. 

ENQUIRE.    See  Inquire. 

ENRAGE,  en-raj',  v.t.  to  make  angry  or 
furious.  [Fr.  enrager — en  (=  L.  in),  and 
rage,  E.  Rage.] 

ENRAPTURE,  en-rap'tur,  v.t.  to  put  in 
rapture :  to  transport  with  pleasure  or 
dehght.  [Fr.  en  (=  L.  in),  and  E.  Rap- 
ture.] 

ENRICH,  en-rich',  v.t.  to  make  rich :  to 


fertilize:    to    adorn.     [Fr.  enrichir  —  en 
(=L,  i'h),  and  riche,  E.  Rich.] 

ENRICHMENT,  en-rioh'ment,  n.  act  of 
enriching  :  that  which  enriches. 

ENROL,  en-rol',  v.t.  to  insert  in  a  roll  or 
register  :  to  record  :  to  leave  in  writing  : 
— pr.p.  en-roiring:prt.7J.  enrolled'.  [Fr.— 
en,  and  rolle,  E.  Roll.] 

ENROLMENT,  en-rol'ment,  n.  act  of  en 
rolling :  that  in  which  anything  is  en- 
rolled :  a  register. 

ENSAMPLE,  en-sam'pl.  n.  an  example:  a 
pattern  or  model  for  imitation.  "  Being 
ensamples  to  the  flock." — 1  Pet.  v.  3, 
"  Drawing  foul  ensample  from  foul 
names." — Tennyson.  [O.  E.  and  O.  Fr., 
from  L.  exemplum,  example.  See  Ex- 
ample.] 

ENSAMPLE.  en-sam'pl,  v.t.  to  exemplify; 
to  show  by  example.  "  Homer  in  Age- 
memnon  ensampled  a  good  governor." — 
Spenser. 

ENSCONCE,  en-skons'.  v.t.  to  cover  or  pro 
tect.  as  with  a  sconce  or  fort:  to  hide 
safely.    [Fr.  en  (=L.  in),  and  E.  Sconce.] 

ENSE'TE.  en-se'te,  ?i.  an  Abyssinian  name 
for  Musa  Ensete,  a  noble  plant  of  the 
banana  genus.  It  produces  leaves  about 
20  feet  long  and  3  or  4  broad,  the  largest 
entire  leaf  as  yet  known.  The  flower- 
stalk,  which  is  as  thick  as  a  man's  arm, 
is  used  for  food,  but  the  fruit  is  worthless. 

ENSHRINE,  en-shrin',  v.t.  to  inclose  in  or 
as  in  a  shrine  :  to  preserve  with  affection. 
[Fr.  en  (■=  L.  in),  and  E.  Shrine.] 

ENSHROUD,  en-shrowd',  v.t.  to  cover  with 
a  sh  roud :  to  cover  up.  [Fr.  en  {=  L.  in), 
and  E.  Shroud.] 

ENSIFORM.  en'si-form,  adj.  ha%'ing  the 
shape  of  a  sword  :  quite  straight  with 
the  point  acute,  like  the  blade  of  a  broad- 
sword :  as,  an  ensiform  leaf. — Ensiform 
cartilage,  in  anat.  a  sword-shaped  ap- 
pendage to  the  lower  part  of  the  sternum 
or  breast-bone.  [L.  ensiformis  —  en.iis. 
sword,  and  forma,  form.] 

ENSIGN,  en'sin,  n.  the  sign  or  flag  dis- 
tingtiishing  a  nation  or  a  regiment : 
formerly  the  junior  subaltern  rank  of 
commissioned  officers  of  the  British  in- 
fantry, so  called  from  bearing  the  colors, 
[Fr.  enseigne — L.  insignia,  pi.  of  insigne, 
a  distinctive  mark  —  in,  on,  signwn,  a 
mark.] 

ENSIGNCY,  en'sln-si.  ENSIGNSHIP,  en'- 
sTn-ship.  n.  the  rank  or  commission  of  an 
ensign  in  the  armj^. 

ENSILAGE,  en'sil-aj,  n.  in  agri.  a  mode  of 
storing  green  fodder,  vegetables,  etc.,  by 
burying  in  pits  or  silos  dug  in  the  ground. 
This  has  been  practiced  in  some  coun- 
tries from  very  early  times,  and  has  been 
recommended  by  niodern  agriculturists. 
Brick-lined  chambers  are  often  used, 
ha\'ing  a  movable  wooden  covering  upon 
which  is  placed  a  heavy  weight,  say  half 
a  ton  to  the  square  yard.  One  of  the 
earliest  of  Latin  writers  refers  to  subter- 
ranean vaults  (silos),  wherein  the  ancient 
Romans  preserved  green  forage,  gi'ain 
and  fruit,  and  the  Mexicans  have  prac- 
ticed the  system  for  centuries.  This,  at 
any  rate,  is  vouched  for  by  Mr.  John  M. 
Bailey,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  the  system 
in  this  country.  [Fr.  ensilage,  from  Sp. 
ensilar,  to  store  grain  in  an  underground 
receptacle,  from  en,  in,  and  silo,  from  L 
sirus.  the  pit  in  which  such  grain  is  kept.]' 

ENSISTERNAL,  en'si-ster-nal.  adj.  in  anat. 
relating  to  the  ensiform  process  of  the 
sternum.  Beclard  gave  this  name  to  the 
last  osseous  portion  of  the  sternum.  [L. 
ensis.  a  sword,  and  sternum,  the  chest.] 

ENSKY,  en-ski',  v.t.  to  place  in  heaven  or 
among  the  gods  :  to  make  immortal.  "  I 
hold  you  as  a  thing  enskied  and  sainted." 
Shak.    [Prefix  en,  and  Sky.] 


ENSLAVE 


133 


ENTIRE 


BNSLAVE,  en-slav',  v.t.  to  make  a  slave 
of  :  to  subject  to  the  influence  of.  [Fr. 
en  {=  L.  in),  to  make,  and  E.  Slave.] 

ENSLAVEMENT,  en-slav'ment,  n.  act  of 
enslaving  ;  state  of  being;  enslaved : 
slavery  :  bondage. 

ENSNARE.     Same  as  Insnare. 

ENSTAMP,  en-stamp',  v.t.  to  luai-k  as  with 
a  stamp.     [Fr.  en  (^L.  in),  and  Stamp.] 

'ENSUE,  en-su',  v.i.  to  follow :  to  succeed 
or  come  after  :  to  result  from  :  (B.)  v.t. 
to  follow  after : — pr.p.  ensu'ing  ;  pa.p. 
ensued'.  [O.  Fr.  ensuir  (Fr.  ensuivre) — L. 
in,  after,  and  sequor,  to  follow.  See  Sue.] 

ENSURE,  en-shoor',  v.t.  to  make  sure  or  se- 
cure. '•  To  ensure  peace  for  any  term  of 
years  is  difficult." — Sirift.  To  betroth. 
Sir  T.  More. — Ensuee,  Insure,  Assure. 
Ensure  and  insure,  in  simple  sense  of 
making  sure,  were  formerly  spelled  in- 
differently, either  way ;  they  now  pre- 
sent an  example  ofdifferentiationof  form 
when  a  new  idea  is  developed  rendering 
such  distinction  desirable.  To  ensure  con- 
tinues to  signify  simply  to  make  sure  ; 
a,s,  "  a  farmer  ensures  a  good  crop  by 
careful  husbandry,"  whereas  insure  refers 
to  the  payment  of  money  in  consideration 
of  a  certain  sum  being  paid  to  one's  repre- 
sentatives at  death,  or  to  secure  an  indem- 
nity against  losses  by  fii-e  or  otherwise  ; 
thus  a  man  insures  his  life  or  his  house. 
Assure  is  generally  applied  to  a  person, 
and  means  to  make  sure  of  the  truth  of  a 
statement  ;  to  make  certain  of  some- 
thing ;  as,  I  assure  you,  i.e.  I  make  you 
sure,  I  tell  you  for  certain  :  it  is  also  used 
of  life  insurance  in  Great  Britain,  but  not 
in  the  United  States.  [Pi'efix  en,  and 
Sure.] 

ENTABLATURE,  en-tab'la-tur,  n.  in  arch. 
that  part  of  an  order  wliich  lies  upon  the 
abacus  of  the  column.  It  consists  of 
thi-ee  principal  divisions,  the  architrave, 
the  frieze,  and  the  cornice.  In  large 
buildings  projections  similar  to,  and 
known  also  as  entablatures,  are  often 
carried  round  the  whole  edifice,  or  along 
the  front  only  ;  and  the  term  is  applied 
by  engineers  to  similar  parts  of  the 
framing  of  machinery,  wherein  archi- 
tectural design  is  introduced.  [O.  Fr. 
entablature;  Fr.  entablement — en,  and 
table ;  L.  tabula,  a  board,  plank.  See 
Table.] 

ENTAIL,  en-tal',  v.t.  to  cut  off  an  estate 
from  the  heirs-general,  and  settle  it  on 
a  particular  heir  or  series  of  heirs  :  to 
bring  on  as  an  ine\atable  consequence: — 
pr.p.  entail'ing  ;  pa.p.  entailed'. — n.  an 
estate  entailed  :  the  rule  of  descent  of  an 
estate.  [Fr.  entailler,  to  cut  into — en,  in, 
into,  and  tailler,  to  cut — L.  talea,  a  twig 
or  cutting.     See  TALLY.] 

ENTAILMENT,  en-tal'ment,  n.  act  of  en- 
tailing :  state  of  being  entailed. 

ENTANGLE,  en-tang'gl,  v.t.  to  twist  into 
a  tangle,  or  so  as  not  to  be  easily  sepa- 
rated :  to  involve  in  complications  :  to 
perplex  ;  to  insnare.  [Fr.  en  {•=  L.  in), 
and  E.  Tangle.] 

ENTANGLEMENT,  en-tang'gl-meut,  n. 
state  of  being  entangled :  a  confused 
state  :  perplexity. 

ENTASIS,  en'ta-sis,  n.  in  arch,  the  delicate 
and  almost  imperceptible  swelling  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  shaft  of  a  column,  to 
be  found  in  almost  all  the  Grecian  ex- 
amples, adopted  to  prevent  the  shafts 
bein?  strictly  frusta  of  cones  :  in  pathol. 
constrictive  or  tonic  spasm,  as  cramp, 
lock-jaw,  etc.  [Gr. ,  a  stretching — en,  and 
teino.  to  stretch.] 

ENTELLUS,  en-teVlus,  n.  an  East  Indian 
species  of  monkey,  of  the  genus  Semno- 
pithecus  (S.  enteUus).  It  has  yellowish 
fur,  with  a  face  of  a  violet  tinge,  and  a 


long  and  powerful  tail,  which,  however, 
is  not  prehensile.  A  brush  of  projecting 
hair  completely  surrounds  the  face,  that 
on  the  cheeks  and  under  the  chin  much 
resembling  a  whisker  and  beard.  It  is 
one  of  the  •' slow  monkeys"  (so  called 
from  their  gravity  of  habit  and  absence 
of  restlessness),  and  receives  divine 
honors  from  the  natives  of  India,  by 
whom  it  is  termed  Hoonurnan.  Splendid 
and  costly  temples  are  dedicated  to 
these  animals ;  hospitals  are  built  for 
their  reception  when  sick  or  wounded  ; 
large  fortunes  are  bequeathed  for  their 
support  ;  and  the  laws  of  the  land, 
which  compound  for  the  murder  of  a 
man  by  a  trifling  fine,  aflSx  the  punish- 
ment of  death  to  the  slaughter  of  a 
monkey.  Thus  cherished  and  protected, 
the  entellus  abounds  over  almost  every 
part  of  India,  enters  the  houses  and 
gardens  of  the  natives,  and  plunders 
them  of  fruit  and  eatables  at  will.  The 
visit  is  even  considered  an  honor ;  and 
the  Indian  peasant  would  consider  it  an 
act  of  the  greatest  sacrilege  to  disturb 
or  drive  them  away.  [Fr.  entelle,  from 
Or.  entello,  to  command.] 

ENTER,  en'ter,  v.i.  to  go  or  come  in:  to 
penetrate  :  to  engage  in  :  to  form  a  part 
of. — v.t.  to  come  or  go  into  :  to  join  or 
engage  in  :  to  begin  :  to  put  into  :  to  en- 
roll or  record.  [Fr.  entrer — L.  intrare, 
to  go  into — in,  in,  and  a  root  tar,  to  cross, 
which  appears  in  L.  trans,  across.] 

ENTERIC,  en-ter'ik,  adj.  belonging  to  the 
intestines.  [Gr.  enterikos  —  enteron,  in- 
testine.] 

ENTERITIS,  en-te-ri'tis,  n.  inflammation 
of  the  intestines. 

ENTERPRISE,  en'ter-priz,  n.  that  which 
is  takeyi  hold  of,  entered  on,  or  at- 
tempted :  a  bold  or  dangerous  under- 
taking :  an  adventure  :  daring.  [Fr.  en- 
trepris,  pa.p.  of  entrej^rendre — entre,  in, 
into,  and  prendre,  to  seize — L.  jirehen- 
do.] 

ENTERPRISING,  en'ter-priz-ing,  adj.  for- 
ward in  tmdertaking  :  adventurous. — 
adv.  En'terprisinglt. 

ENSWATHED,  en-swaWid',  p.  and  adj.  en- 
wrapped :  enveloped  :  inswathed. 
With  sleidecl  silk  feat  and  affectedly 
Ensjvathed,  and  seaPd  to  curious  secrecy. 

— Shak, 

ENTEMPEST,  en-tem'pest,  v.t.  to  disturb, 
as  by  a  tempest :  to  visit  with  storm. 
For  aye  entempesting  anew 
The  unfathomable  hell  within. — Coleridge. 
ENTERTAIN,  en-ter-tan',   v.t.   to  receive 
and  treat  hospitably  :  to  hold  the  atten- 
tion of  and  amuse  by  conversation  :  to 
receive  and  take  into  consideration  :  to 
keep  or  hold  in  the  mind  :  to  meet  as  an 
enemy  ;  to  encounter  ;    to  confront  ;  to 
join  battle  with.     (Rare.) 
O  noble  Eu;?Iish,  that  could  entertain 
With  half  their  forces  the  full  pride  of  France. 

— Shak. 

n.  Entertain'ee.  [Fr.  entretenir — entre, 
among,  and  tenir — -L.  teneo,  to  hold.] 

ENTERTAINING,  en-ter-tan'ing,  adj.  af- 
fording' entertainment :  pleasing  :  amus- 
ing: diverting:  as,  an  entertaining  story, 
an  entertaining  friend. 

ENTERTAININGLY,  en-ter-tan'ing-li,  adv. 
in  an  amusing  manner. 

ENTERTAINMENT,  en-ter-tan'ment,  n. 
act  of  entertaining  :  hospitality  at  table  : 
that  which  entertains  :  the  provisions  of 
the  table  :  a  banquet :  amusement :  a 
performance  which  delights. 

ENTHRAL.     Same  as  Inthral. 

ENTHRONE,  en-thron',  v.t.  to  place  on  a 
throne  :  to  exalt  to  the  seat  of  royalty  : 
to  instal  as  a  bishop.  [O.  Fr.  enthroner, 
from  Fr.  en,  and  trone — Gr.  thronos,  a 
throne.] 


ENTHRONEMENT,  en-thron'ment,  n.  the 

act  of  enthroning  or  of  being  enthroned. 

ENTHRONIZATION,     en-thron-i-za'shun, 

7i.  the  enthronement  of  a  bishop. 
ENTHUSIASM,  en-thu'zi-azm,  n.  an  ecs- 
tasy  of  mind,  as  if  from  inspiration  or  pos- 
session by  a  spiritual  influence  :  hence,  a 
belief  or  conceit  of  being  divinely  in- 
spired, or  of  being  possessed  of  a  private 
revelation  ;  the  confidence  or  opinion  of 
a  person  that  he  has  special  di\ine  com- 
munications from  the  Supreme  Being  or 
famOiar  intercourse  with  him  ;  as,  "  En- 
thusiasm is  founded  neither  on  reason 
nor  divine  revelation,  but  rises  from  the 
conceits  of  a  warmed  or  overweening 
imagination." — Locke  :  complete  posses- 
sion of  the  mind  by  any  subject  ;  vio- 
lent passion  or  e::Sitement  in  pursuit  of 
some  object,  inspiring  extravagant  hope 
and  confidence  of  success ;  ardent  zeal 
in  pursuit  of  an  object ;  predominance  of 
the  emotional  over  the  intellectual  pow- 
ers. Enthusiasm,  guided  by  reason  or 
experience,  becomes  a  noble  passion, 
that  prompts  to  the  ardent  pursuit  of 
laudatjle  objects.  Such  is  the  enthusiasm 
of  the  poet,  the  orator,  the  painter,  and 
the  sculptor  ;  of  the  patriot,  the  hero, 
and  the  Christian.  "  Faction  and  enthu- 
siasm are  the  instruments  by  which 
popular  governments  are  destroyed." — 
Ames :  liveliness  of  imagination  ;  eleva- 
tion of  fancj';  exaltation  of  ideas  ;  as, 
"  Cowley  was  the  first  who  imparted  to 
English  numbers  the  enthusiasm  of  the 
greater  ode,  and  the  gaiety  of  the  less." 
— Johnson.  [Gr.  enthonsinsmos,  from 
enthousiazo,  to  infuse  a  divine  spirit, 
from  enthous,  entkeos,  inspired,  divine — 
en,  and  theos,  god.] 
ENTHUSIAST,  eu-thu'zi-ast,  n.  one  who 
imagines  he  has  special  or  supernatural 
converse  with  God,  or  special  communi- 
cations from  him  ;  as,  "  Let  an  enthusi' 
ast  be  principled  that  he  or  his  teacher 
is  inspired,  and  acted  on  by  an  immedi- 
ate communication  of  the  Divine  Spirit, 
and  you  in  vain  bring  the  evidence  of 
clear  reasons  against  his  doctrine." — 
Locke:  one  whose  mind  is  completely 
possessed  by  any  subject ;  one  whose 
mind  is  highly  excited  witli  the  love  or 
in  the  pursuit  of  an  object  ;  one  who  is 
swayed  to  a  great  or  undue  extent  by 
his  feehngs  in  any  pursuit  ;  a  person  of 
ardent  zeal  ;  as,  "  An  enthusiast  in  his 
country's  cause."— Logan:  one  of  elevated 
fancy  ;  an  imaginative  person.  [Gr.  en- 
tlumsiastSs,  an  enthusiast.] 
'Tis  like  the  wondrous  strain 
That  round  a  lonely  ruin  swells, 
Which  wandering  on  the  echoing  shore 
The  enihiL^ast  hears  at  eveninjr. — SheUey 

ENTHUSIASTIC,  en-thu-zi-as'tik,  EN- 
THUSIASTICAL,  en-thu-zi-as'tik-al,  ad/, 
filled  with  enthusiasm  :  zealous  :  ardent. 
—adv.  Enthusias'tically. 

ENTICE,  en-tls',  v.t.  to  induce  by  exciting 
hope  or  desire  :  to  tempt:  to  lead  astray, 
— adv.  Entic'ingly. — n.  Entic'er.  [O, 
Fr.  enticer.  enticher,  to  taint,  the  root  of 
which  is  uncertain.] 

ENTICEABLE,  en-tis'a-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being  enticed. 

ENTICEMENT,  en-tls'ment,  n.  act  of  en- 
ticing :  that  which  entices  or  tempts  ; 
allurement. 

ENTIRE,  en-tir',  adj.  whole  :  complete ; 
unmingled.— nrfr.  Entire'LY.— n.  En- 
TraE'NESS.  [Fr  entier — L.  integer,  whole, 
from  ill,  not,  and  tago,  tango,  to  touch.] 

ENTIRE,  en-tlr',  n,  the  name  in  England 
for  that  kind  of  malt  liquor  known  also  as 
porter  or  stout.  [Previous  to  the  intro- 
duction of  porter  in  the  first  quarter  of 
the  last  century,  the  chief  malt  liquors 
were  ale,  beer,    and    twopenny,   and    a 


ENTIRETY 

good  deal  of  trouble  was  caused  by  cus- 
tomers asking-  for  mixtures  of  these.  At 
last  an  English  brewer  hit  upon  a  bev- 
erage which  was  considered  to  combine 
the  flavors  of  the  other  three,  and  to  this 
was  given  the  name  of  entire,  as  being 
drawn  from  the  cask  at  once  and  not 
necessitating  any  mixing.  As  it  was 
much  drunk  by  porters  and  other  work- 
ing people,  it  by-aad-by  received  the 
name*  of  porter.  In  London  porter  is 
now  called  beer,  and  the  term  entire 
seems  only  to  be  used  in  connection 
with  the  names  of  bremng  firms.  1 
The  total:  the  entire  thing.  (Rare.) 
"lam  narrating,  as  it  were,  the  War- 
rington manuscript,  which  is  too  long  to 
print  in  entire."'— Tliackeray. 
ENTIRETY,  en-tir'ti,  n.  completeness :  the 

whole. 
ENTITLE,  en-trtl,  v.t.  to  give  a  title  to  : 
to  style  :  to  give  a  claim  to.     [Fr.  en  (= 
L.  in),  and  Title.    See  Title.] 
ENTITY,  eu'ti-ti,  n.,   being:  existence:  a 
real  substance.  [Formed  bj' adding  sufBx 
-ty  to  L.  ens,  entis,  being — esse,  to  be.] 
ENTOMB,  en-toom',  v.t.  to  place  in  a  tomh, 

to  bury.     \En  and  TOMB.] 
ENTOMEMENT,  en-to5m'ment,  n.  burial. 
ENTOMOLOGIST,  en-to-mol'o-jist,  7i.  one 

learned  in  entomology. 
ENTOMOLOGIZE,  en-to-mol'o-jiz,   v.i.  to 
study    entomology  :  to  gather   entomo- 
logical specimens.     "It  is  too  rough  for 
trawUng  to-day,   and  too  wet  for  ento- 
mologizing." — Kingsley. 
ENTOMOLOGY,     en-to-mol'o-ii,    n.     the 
science    which    treats    of  insects. — adjs. 
Entomolog'ic,    Extomolog'ical.  —  adv. 
Entosiolog'ically.  [Gr.  entoma,  insects, 
{lit.)  animals  cut  into — tomos,  cutting — 
temno.  to  cut,  and  logos,  a  discourse.] 
ENTOZOA,    en-to-zo'a   {sing.  Entozo'ON), 
n.pl.  animals  that  live  inside   of  other 
animals.     [Gr.  entos,  within,  and  zoon, 
an  animal.] 
ENTRAILS,    en'tralz,    n.pl.    the    internal 
parts  of  an  animal's  body,  the  bowels. 
[Fr.  entrailles — Low  L.  intralia,  corr.  of 
interanea,  neut.  pi.  of  interaneus,  inward 
— inter,  within.] 
ENTRAIN,   en-tran',   v.t.  to  draw  or 
bring  on.     ""With  its  destiny  entrained 
their    fate."  —  Vanbrugh  :     to    put    on 
board  a  railway  train  ;  as,  the  regiment 
was  entrained   at  Edinburgh  and  pro- 
ceeded to  Portsmouth  :  opposite  to  De- 
train.    [Of  recent  introduction.] 
ENTRAIN,  en-tran',  v.i.  to  take  places  in  a 
railway  train ;   as,  when  the  troops  en- 
trained they  were  loudly  cheered. 
ENTRANCE,  en'trans,  n.  act  of  entering : 
power  or  right  to  enter :  the  place  for 
entering,  the  door :  the  beginning.     [L. 
intrans,  pr.p.  of  intrare.'\ 
ENTRANCT,  en-trans',  v.t.  to.  put  into  a 
trance :  to  fill  with  rapturous  delight. 
[En,  in,  and  Trance.] 
ENTRANCEMENT,  en-trans'ment,  n.  state 

of  trance  or  of  excessive  joy. 
ENTRAP,  en-trap',  v.t.  to  catch  as  in  a 
trap  :  to  insnare :  to  entangle.  [En  and 
Trap.] 
ENTREAT,  en-tret',  v.t.  {orig.)  to  treat,  to 
deal  ^vith— so  in  B.  :  to  ask  earnestly  : 
to  pray  for.  —  v.i.  to  pray.  [En  and 
Treat  I 
ENTREATMENT,  en-tret'ment,  n.  a  word 
occurring  only  once  in  Shakespeare  which 
has  been  variously  rendered.  Nares  in- 
terprets it  by  entertainment,  conver- 
sation ;  Hazlitt,  by  favor  entreated  ; 
Schmidt,  in  liis  Shakespeare-Lexicon,  by 
invitation,  glossing  the  phrase  "  your 
entreatments  "  by  "  the  invitations  you 
receive  ; "  Clark  and  Wright,  in  their 
Globe  edition  of  Shakespeare,  by  inter- 


134 

view.  The  sense  that  seems  to  suit  the 
context  best  is  conversation,  interview, 
favor.  The  passage  in  which  the  word 
occurs  is  as  follows,  the  speaker  being 
Polonius,  and  the  person  addressed  his 
daughter  Ophelia  : — 

From  this  time. 
Be  somewhat  scantier  of  your  maiden  presence  ; 
Set  your  entreatments  at  a  hi;,'lier  rate, 
Tliaii  a  commaad  to  parley.— Ham.  i.  3. 
ENTREATY,  en-tret'i,  n.  act  of  entreating : 

earnest  praver. 
ENTRENCH."  Same  as  Imtebnch. 
ENTRUST.     Same  as  iNTRtJST. 
ENTRY,  en'tri,  n.  act  of  entering  :  a  pas- 
sage into  :  act  of  committing  to  writing : 
the  thing  entered  or  written  :  {Uuv)  the 
taking  possession  of. 
ENTWINE,   en-twin',  v.t.  to  tvn)ie.    [En 

and  Twine.] 
ENTWIST.  en-twist',  v.t.  to  twist  round. 

[En  and  Twist.] 

ENUBILATE,  e-nu'bil-at,  v.t.  to  clear  from 

mist,  clouds,  or  obscurity.    Bailey.     [L. 

e,  out.  without,  and  nubila,  mist,  clouds.] 

ENUBILOUS,  e-nubU-us,  a4/.  clear  from 

fog.  mist,  or  clouds. 
ENUCLEATE,    e-nu'kle-at,  v.t.   to    bring 
out,   as  a  kernel    from    its    enveloping 
husk :  to  uncover  :  to  make  manifest  or 
plain  :  to  disentangle  :   to  solve.     "  Elu- 
cidating what  wa-s  obscure,  enudeating 
what  was  hard."— i>r.  Sclater.    [L.  en- 
weleo,  eniieleaium — e,  priv.,  and  rmcleus, 
a  kernel.] 
ENUCLEATION,   e-nu-kle-a'shun,    n.    the 
act  of   enucleating,  clearing,  or  making 
manifest  :       explanation  :       exposition. 
"  Neither  air,  nor  water,  nor  food  seem 
dhectly  to  contribute  anything  to  the 
enucleation,   of    this    disease    (the    phca 
polonica)." — Tooke. 
ENUMERATE,  e-nu'mer-at,  v.t.  to  count 
the  number  of  :    to   name  over.     [L.  e, 
out,  and  nwmero,  numeratus,  to  number. 
See  Number.] 
ENUiVIERATION,  e-nu-mer-a'shun.  n.  act 
of   numbering:   a    detailed    accotmt:  a 
summing  up. 
ENUNCIATE,  e-nun'si  (or  -shi)  -at.  ?\f.  to 
state  formally :  to  pronounce  distinctly. 
— n.  EBTtJN'catATOR.  one  who  enunciates. 
[L.  enuncio,  enuneiatum — e,  and  nuncio, 
to  tell — nuncius,  a  messenger.] 
ENUNCIATION,  e-nun-si  (or  -shi)  -a'shun, 
n.  act  of  enunciating :  manner  of  utter- 
ing  or   pronouncing:    a  distinct  state- 
ment or  declaration  :  the  words  in  which 
a  pi'oposition  is  expressed. 
ENUNCIATIVE.    e-nim'si  (or  shi)  -a-tiv, 
ENUNCIATORY.  e-nun'si  (or  shi)  -at-or-i, 
adj.  coataining  enunciation,  or  utterance: 
declarative. 
ENVELOP,  en-vel'up.  v.t.  to  roll  or  fold 
in  :  to  cover  by  wrapping :  to  surround 
entirely :  to  hi'de.     [Fr.  envelopper  :  the 
origin  of  the  word  is  obscure,  but  may 
perh.  be  found  in  the  Teut.  root  of  M.E. 
wlappen.  E.  lap.] 
ENVELOPE,  en'vel-6p    or  ang'vel-op,  n. 
that  wliich  envelops,  wraps,  or  covers, 
esp.  the  cover  of  a  letter. 
ENVELOPMENT,    en-vel'op-ment,    n.    a 

tL'rajpping  or  covering  on  all  sides. 
ENVENOM,  en-ven'um.  v.i.  to  put  venom, 
into :  to  poison  :  to  taint  with  bitterness 
or  malice.     [En,  in,  and  VENOM.] 
ENVIABLE,    en'vi-a-bl,   adj.  that  excites 
envy:   capable   of  awakening  desire  to 
possess. — adv.  En'tiablt. 
ENVIOUS,  en'vi-us,  adj.  feeling  entijf;  di- 
rected by  envy.  —  adi\  En'viouslt.— n. 
En'viotjsness. 
ENVIRON,  en-vi'run,  v.t.  to  surround:  to 
encircle  :  to  invest  -.^pr.p.  envi'roning  ; 
pa.p.  en\-i'roned.  —  Ji.   Exn'RONMENT,  a 
surrounding.     [Fr.  environner — environ, 


EOZOIC 

around — inrer,  to  turn  round,  from  root* 
of  Veeh/I 

ENVIRONS,  en'vi-runz  or  en-vf-,  n.pl.  the 
places  that  environ  :  the  outskirts  of  a 
citv  :  neighborhood. 

ENVOY,  en'voy.  n.  a  messenger,  esp.  one 
sent  to  transact  business  with  a  foreign 
government :  a  diplomatic  minister  of 
the  second  order.— n.  En'votship.  [Fr.  • 
envoye — envoyer,  to  send — en,  on,  and  voie 
—ii.  via,  a  way.] 

ENVY,  en' vi ,  v.  t.to  look  upon  with  a  grudg- 
ing eye  :  to  hate  on  account  of  prosper- 
ity : — pr.p.  en'vying  ;  pa.p.  en'vied. — n. 
pain  at  the  sight  of  another's  success  :  a 
wicked  desire  to  supplant  one :  (B.)  ill- 
will.  [Fr.  envie — L.  invidia — in,  on,  and 
video,  to  look.] 

EKVTTNG,  en'vi-ing,  n.  (B.)  envy,  ill-will. 

ENWT?AP.    See  Inwhap. 

ENWRITE,  en-rit',  v.t.  to  inscribe :  to  write 
upon :  to  imprint. 

What  \rild  heart  histories  seemed  to  lie  enwritten 
Upon  those  crystalline,  celestial  spheres!— Poe. 

EOAN,  e-o'an.  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
dawn :  eastern.  [L.  eons,  pertaining  to 
the  dawn  or  the  east,  from  Gr.  eos,  the 
dawn.] 

The  Mithra  of  the  Middle  World, 
That  sheds  Eoan.  rajdiance  un  the  West. 

—Sir  H.  Taylor. 
EOCENE,  e'o-sen,  adj.  in  geol.  a  term  ap- 
plied by  LyeU  to  one  of  the  three  periods 
of  the  tertiary  strata,  each  of  which  is 
characterized  by  containing  a  very  differ- 
ent proportion  of  fossil  shells  of  recent 
species.    The  earliest  period,  or  eocene,  is 
so  called  because  the  very  small  propor- 
tion of  living  species  found  fossil  in  the 
strata  of  this  period  indicates  what  may 
be  considered  the  first  commencement  or 
dawn  of  life.    The  eocene  beds  are  ar- 
ranged in  three  groups,  termed  the  lower, 
middle,  and  upper  eocene.     The  lower 
eocene  beds  are  well  developed  in  the 
London  basin ;  the  middle  and  upper  in 
Hampshire  and  the  Isle  of  Wight.     [Gr. 
eos,  the  dawn,  and  kainos,  recent.] 
EOLIAN,  e-6'li-an,  FOLIC,  e-ol'ik,  adj.  be- 
longing to  JEolia.  in  A.sia  Minor,  or  to  the 
Greek   dialect  of  .^olia:   pertaining  to 
Mollis,  god  of  the  winds. 
EOZOON,    EOZOON    CANADENSE,   e-o- 
zo'on  kan-a-den'se,  n.  the  name  given  by 
Dr.  Dawson  of  Montreal  to  a  supposed 
gigantic  fossU  foraminifer,  found  in  the 
Laurentian  rocks  of  Canada  and  in  the 
quartz  rocks  of  Germany.     It  is  the  old- 
est form  of  life  traceable  in  the  past  his- 
tory of  the  globe.     See  extract.     "The 
writer  (Mr.   T.   Mallard    Reade)   asserts 
that  structures  called  eozoomal  have  not 
yet  been   discovered    in    any  unaltered 
rocks,  while  they  are  abundant  in  meta- 
morphosed rocks  ;  and  argues,  from  this 
and  other  reasons,  that  Professors  King 
and  Rowney  are  right  in    holding   the 
eozoon  to  be  a  mere  mineral   stiiicture 
occasioned  bv  the  metamorphism  of  the 
rock.    .  .  .  t>r.  Carpenter   replies    .    .    . 
that    the    eozoonal   structure    is    most 
characteristically    displayed     in    those 
portions  of  the  serpentine  limestone  of 
the  Laurentian   formation  which   have 
undergone  the  least  metamcu'phic  change, 
reiterating  the  arguments  derived  fi-om 
the  structure  itself,  which  have  led  him 
and  most   other  geologists  to  consider 
the   eozoon   as    of   indubitable    organic 
origin."— 77ie  Aeademy.     [Gr.  eos,  day- 
break, dawn,  and  zoon.  animal.] 
EOZOIC,  e-6-zo'ik,  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  oldest  fossiliferous  rocks,  such  as  the 
Laurentian  and    Huronian    of    Canada, 
from  their  being  supposed  to  contain  the 
first  or  earliest  traces  of  hfe  in  the  strati- 
fled  systems.    Page.   [Gr.  e»8,  dawn,  and 
zoe,  life.] 


EPACT 


135 


EPOPEE 


EPACT,  e'pakt,  n.  the  moon's  age  at  the 
end  of  the  year  :  the  excess  of  the  solar 
month  or  year  above  the  lunar.  [Gr. 
epaktos,  brought  on — epi,  on,  ago,  to 
bring.] 

EPAULET,  ep-awl-et',  n.  a  shoidder-plece : 
a  badge  of  a  military  or  naval  officer, 
now  disused  in  the  British  army.  [Fr. 
Epaulette — ipaule,  the  shoulder — spatula, 
a  blade,  in  Late  L.  the  shoulder,  dim.  of 
spatha — Gr.  spathe,  a  blade.] 

EPERGNE,  e-pern',  n.  an  ornamental  stand 
for  a  large  dish  for  the  centre  of  a  table. 
[Fr.  ipargne,  saving — ipargner,  to  save ; 
of  uncertain  origin.] 

EPHA,  EPHAH,  e'fa,  n.  a  Hebrew  meas- 
ure for  grain,  etc.  =8  E.  pecks  and  3 
pints.     [Heb.— -Coptic] 

EPHEMERA,  ef-em'er-a,  n.  a  fly  that  lives 
one  day  only:  the  Mayfly,  a  genus  of 
short-lived  insects  :  a  fever  of  one  day's 
continuance  only.  [Gr.  ephenieros,  liv- 
ing a  daj' — epi,  for,  and  hemera,  a  day.] 

EPHEMERAL,  ef-em'er-al,  adj.  existing 
only  for  a  day :  daily  :  short-lived. 

EPHEMERIS,  ef-em'er-is,  n.  an  account  of 
daily  transactions  :  a  journal :  an  astro- 
nomical almanac  :  — pi.  Ephemeeides, 
ef-e-mer'i-dez. 

EPHEMERIST,  ef-em'er-ist,  n.  one  who 
studies  the  daily  motions  of  the  planets. 

EPHOD,  ef'od,  n.  a  kind  of  linen  surplice 
worn  by  the  Jewish  priests.  [Heb. — 
aphad,  to  put  on.] 

EPIC,  ep'ik,  adj.  applied  to  a  poem  which 
recounts  a  great  event  in  an  elevated 
style. — n.  an  epic  or  heroic  poem.  [L. 
epinis — Gr.  epikos — epos,  a  word.] 

EPICENE,  epi'-sen,  acy.  or  n.,  commoti  to 
both  sexes  :  (gram.)  of  either  gender. 
[Gr.  epikoinos — epi,  and  koinos,  common. 
See  Cenobite.] 

EPICURE,  ep'i-kur,  n.  a  follower  of  Epi- 
curus, a  Greek  philosopher,  who  taught 
that  pleasure  was  the  chief  good :  one 
given  to  sensual  enjoyment :  one  devoted 
to  the  luxuries  of  the  table.  [L.  Epicu- 
rus— Gr.  Epikouros.] 

EPICUREAN,  ep-i-ku-re'an,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Ep)icurus :  g:iven  to  luxury. — n.  a 
follower  of  Epicurus  :  one  given  to  the 
luxuries  of  the  table. 

EPICUREANISM,  ep-i-kQ-re'an-izm,  n.  the 
doctrine  of  Epicurus:  attachment  to 
these  doctrines. 

EPICURISM,  ep'i-lmr-izm,  n.  the  doctrines 
of  Epicurus :  luxury :  sensual  enjoyment. 

EPICYCLE,  ep'i-sl-kl,  n.  a  circle  having  its 
centre  on  the  circumference  of  a  greater 
circle,  on  which  it  moves.  [Gr.  epi,  upon, 
kyklos,  a  circle.] 

EPIDEMIC,  ep-i-dem'ik,  EPIDEMICAL,  ep- 
i-dem'ik-al,  adj.  affecting  a  whole  people: 
general. — n.  a  disease  falling  on  great 
numbers.— adr.  Epidem'ically.  [Gr.  epi- 
demos,  general — epi,  among,  and  demos, 
the  people.] 

EPIDERMIS,  ep-i-der'mis,  n.  that  which 
lies  on  the  true  skin  :  the  cuticle  or  outer 
skin  of  animals. — adjs.  Epider'mic,  Epi- 
der'mal.  [Gr.  epidermis — epi,  upon,  and 
derma,  the  skin.] 

EPIGASTRIC,  ep-i-gas'trik,  adj.  relating  to 
the  epigastrium,  or  upper  part  of  the  ab- 
domen. [Gr.  epi,  upon,  and  gaster,  the 
stomach.] 

EPIGLOTTIS,  ep-i-glot'is,  n.  the  cartilage 
at  the  root  of  the  tongue  that  falls  upon 
the  glottis,  or  opening  of  the  larynx.  [Gr. 
— epi,  upon,  and  Glottis.] 

EPIGRAM,  ep'i-gram,  n.  (in  anc.  times) 
first  a  poetic  inscription,  then  a  short  or 
pointed  poem  :  a  short  poem  on  one  sub- 
ject ending  with  a  witty  or  sarcastic 
thought :  any  concise  and  pointed  or  sar- 
castic saying.  [Through  Fr.  and  L., 
from   Gr.    epigramma,   epigrammatos — 


epi,  upon,  and  gramma,  a  writing,  from 
grapho,  to  write.] 

EPIGRAMMATIC,  ep-i-gram-mat'ik,  EPI- 
GRA3IMATICAL,  ep-i-gram-mat'ik-al, 
adj.  relating  to  or  dealing  in  epigrams: 
like  an  epigram  :  concise  and  pointed. — 
adi\  Epigrammat'icaixy. 

EPIGRAMMATIZE,  ep-i-gram'at-Iz,  v.t.  to 
make  an  epigram,  on. — Epigrammatist, 
ep-i-gram'at-ist,  n.  one  who  writes  epi- 
grams. 

EPIGRAPH,  ep'i-graf,  n.  a  vmiing,  esp.  on 
a  building  :  a  citation  or  motto  at  the 
commencement  of  a  book  or  its  parts. 
[Gr.  epi-graphe — epi,  upon,  and  grapho, 
to  write.] 

EPILEPSY,  ep'i-lep-si,  n.  a  disease  of  the 
brain  attended  by  convulsions,  which 
seizes  on  one  suddenly,  causing  him  to 
fall. — adj.  Epilep'tic.  [Gr.  epilepsia — 
epi,  upon,  and  lamband,  lepsotnai,  to 
seize,  Sans,  labh,  to  get.] 

EPILOGUE,  ep'i-log,  n.  a  speech  or  short 
poem  at  the  end  of  a  play. — adj.  Epilog'- 
ICAL,  -loj'.  [Through  Fr.  and  L.,  from 
Gr.  epilogos,  conclusion— ept,  upon,  and 
lego,  to  speak.] 

EPIPHANY,  e-pif'an-i,  n.  a  church  festi- 
val celebrated  on  Jan.  6  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  appearance  of  Christ  to  the 
wise  men  of  the  East.  [Gr.  epiphaneia, 
appearance — epi,  and  phaino,  to  show, 
from  phao,  to  shine.] 

EPISCOPACY,  e-pis'ko-pas-i,  n.  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  church  by  bishops.  [L. 
episcopatus — Gr.  episkopos,  an  overseer, 
a  bishop.    See  Bishop.] 

EPISCOPAL,  e-pis'ko-pal,  adj.  governed 
by  bishops :  belonging  to  or  vested  in 
bishops. — adr.  Epis'COPaixy. 

EPISCOPALIAN,  e-pis-ko-pa'li-an,  adj.  be- 
longing to  bishops,  or  government  by 
bishops. — n.  one  who  belongs  to  the  Epis- 
copal Church. 

EPISCOPALIANISM.e-pis-ko-pa'li-an-izm, 
n.,  episcopalian  government  and  doc- 
trine. 

EPISCOPATE,  e-pis'ko-pat,  n.  a  bishopric: 
the  office  of  a  bishop  :  the  order  of  bish- 
ops. 

EPISCOPIZE,  e-pis'ko-plz,  v.t.  to  conse- 
crate to  the  episcopal  office  :  to  make  a 
bishop  of.  "There  seems  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  "Wesley  was  willing  to  have 
been  episcopized  upon  this  occasion." — 
Southey. 

EPISCOPIZE,  e-pis'ko-plz,  v.i.  to  exercise 
the  office  of  a  bishop :  to  episcopate.  W. 
Broome. 

EPISODE,  ep'i-sod,  n.  a  story  coining  in  or 
introduced  into  a  narrative  or  poem  to 
give  variety :  an  interesting  incident. 
[Gr.  epeisodtion — epi,  upon,  eisodos,  a.  com- 
ing in — eis,  into,  hodos,  a  way.] 

EPISODIAL,  e-pi-s6'di-al,  EPISODIC,  e-pi- 
sod  ik,  EPISODICAL,  e-pi-sod'ik-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  contained  in  an  episode : 
brought  in  as  a  digression. 

EPISODICALLY,  e-pi-sod'ik-al-i,  adv.  by 
wav  of  ejnsode  :  incidentally. 

EPISTEMOLOGY,  e-pis-te-mol'o-ji,  n.  that 
department  of  metaphysics  which  inves- 
tigates and  explains  the  doctrine  or  the- 
ory of  knowing:  distinguished  from  ontol- 
ogy, wliich  investigates  real  existence  or 
the  theory  of  being.  Ferrier.  [Gr.  ep)is- 
teme,  knowledge,  and  logos,  discourse.] 

EPISTLE,  e-pis'l,  n.  a  writing  sent  to  one, 
a  letter.  [O.  Fr.  epistle — L.  epistola — Gr. 
epistole — epi,  and  stelld,  to  send.] 

EPISTOLARY,  e-pis'to-lar-i,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  epistles  or  letters  : 
suitable  to  an  epistle :  contained  in  letters. 

EPISTOLEAN,  e-pis-to-le'an,  n.  a  writer  of 
epistles  or  letters  :  a  correspondent.  Mrs. 
f'oirden  Clarke. 

EPISTOLIC,    ep-is-tol'ik,    EPISTOLICAL, 


ep-is-tol'ik-al,  adj.  pertahiing  to  epistle* 
or  letters :  designating  the  method  of 
representing  ideas  bv  letters  and  words. 

EPISTOMA,  e-pis  to-ma,  EPISTOME,  e'pi- 
stom,  n.  in  nat.  hist,  (a)  the  space  between 
the  antennae  and  the  cavity  of  the  mouth 
in  crustaceous  animals  ;  (6)  a  valve-like 
organ  which  arches  over  the  mouth  in/ 
the  order  Phylactolsemata  of  the  PolyzoaJ 
[Gr.  epi,  upon,  and  stoma,  mouth.]  « 

EPISTROPHE,  e-pis'tro-fi,  n.  in  rhet.  a' 
figure  in  which  several  successive  clauses 
or  sentences  end  with  the  same  word  or 
affirmation  ;  as,  "  Are  they  Hebrews  ?  So 
am  I.  Are  they  Israelites  r  So  am  /."' — 2 
Cor.  xi.  22.  [Gr.  epistrophe — epi,  upon, 
and  strophe,  a  return.] 

EPISTYLAR,  e'pi-stn-er,  adj.  of  or  belong- 
ing to  the  epistyle. — EPISTYLAR  arctja- 
TION,  the  system  in  which  columns  sup- 
port arches  instead  of  horizontal  archi- 
traves and  entablatures. 

EPISTYLE,  e'pi-stll,  n.  in  ancient  arch,  a 
term  used  by  the  Greeks  for  what  is  now 
called  the  architrave,  a  massive  piece  of 
stone  or  wood  laid  immediately  on  the 
abacus  of  the  capital  of  a  column  or  pillar. 
[Gr.  epi,  upon,  and  stylos,  a  column.] 

EPITAPH,  ep'i-taf,  n.  an  inscription  upon 
a  tomb. — adjs.  Epitaph'ian,  Epitaph'ic. 
[Gr.  epitaphion — epi,  upon,  and  tajihos, 
a  tomb.] 

EPITHALAMIUM,  ep-i-tha-la'mi-um,  n.  a 
song  in  celebration  of  a  marriage.  [Gr. 
epithalamion  —  epi,  upon,  thalamos,  a 
bedchamber,  marriage.] 

EPITHELIUM,  e-pi-the'h-um,  n.  in  anat. 
a  thin  and  deUcate  kind  of  cuticle,  like 
that  which  covers  the  nipple  ;  more 
speciflcally,  the  cellular  layer  wliich  lines 
the  internal  cavities  and"  canals  of  thej 
body,  both  closed  and  open,  as  the  mouth,/ 
nose,  respiratory  organs,  blood-vessels,  I 
etc.,  and  which  is  analogous  to  the  cu-' 
tide  of  the  outer  surface.  There  are 
several  varieties  of  epithelium.  The  epi- 
thelium lining  the  blood-vessels  is  called 
sometimes  endothelium :  in  bot.  an  epi- 
dermis consisting  of  young  thin-sided 
cells,  filled  with  homogeneous  transpar- 
ent colorless  .sap.  [Gr.  epi,  upon,  and 
thMle,  the  nipple.] 

EPITHET,  ep'i-thet,  n.  an  adjective  ex- 
pressing some  real  quality  of  the  thing 
to  which  it  is  applied,  or  an  attribute 
expressing  some  quality  ascribed  to  it, 
[Gr.  epithetos,  added — epi,  on,  and  tith&- 
mi,  to  place.] 

EPITHETIC,  ep-i-thet'ik,  adj.  pertaining 
to  an  epithet :  abounding'  with  epithets. 

EPITOME,  e-pit'o-me,  n.  an  abridgment  or 
short  summary  of  anything,  as  of  a 
book.     [Gr. — epi,  and  temno,  to  cut.] 

EPITOMIZE,  e-pit'o-miz,  v.t.  to  make  an 
ej>itome  of  :  to  shorten  :  to  condense. 

EPITOMIZER,  e-pit'o-miz-er,  EPITOMIST, 
e-pit'o-mist,  n.  one  who  epitomizes  or 
abiidges. 

EPOCH,  ep'okor  e'-,  n.  a  point  of  time^eci 
or  made  remarkable  by  some  great  event 
from  which  dates  are  reckoned  :  a  period 
remarkable  for  important  events.  [Gr. 
epoche — epecho,  to  stop — epi,  upon,  and 
echo,  to  hold.] 

EPODE,  ep'od,  n.  a  kind  of  lyric  poem  in . 
which  a  longer  verse  is  followed  by  a' 
shorter  one. — adj.  Epod'ic.  [Gr.  epodbs— 
epi.  on.  and  ode.  an  ode  or  song.  See  Ode.] 

EPONYM,  EPONYME,  ep'o-nim,  n.  a 
name,  as  of  a  country  or  people,  derived 
from  that  of  an  individual. — adj.  Epon'- 
YMOCS.  [Gr.  epi,  upon,  to,  and  onoma, 
name.] 

EPOPEE,  ep'o-pe,  n.  the  writing  of  ejna 
poetry  :  an  epic  poem  :  the  subject  of  an 
epic.  [Fr. — Gr.  epopoiia — epos,  a  word, 
an  epic  poem,  poieo,  to  make.] 


EFSOM-SALT 


136 


EQUITY 


EPSOM-SALT,  ep'sum-sawlt,  n.  the  sul- 
phate of  magnesia,  a  cathartic  producing 
waterj-  discharges.  This  medicine  was 
so  named  from  its  being  formerly  pro- 
cui-ed  by  boihng  down  the  mineral  water 
of  Epsom,  but  it  is  now  prepared  from 
sea- water. 

EPULARY,  e'pu-la-ri,  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
feast  or  banquet.  (Rare.)  [L.  epularis, 
from  cpulum,  a  feast.] 

EPULATION,  e-pu-lashun,  n.  a  feastmg 
or  feast.  "  He  (Epicurus)  was  contented 
with  bread  and  water,  and  when  he 
would  dine  with  Jove,  and  pretend  unto 
ejpulaticH.  .le  desired  no  other  addition 
than  a  piece  of  Cytheridian  cheese." — Sir 
T.  Browne.  [L.  epulatio,  from  epulor,  to 
feast.] 

EPULIS,  e-pulis,  n.  a  tubercle  on  the 
gums,  sometimes  ending  in  cancer.  [Gr. 
epi,  upon,  and  oula,  the  gums.] 

EPULOSE,  e'pu-los,  adj.  feasting  to  excess. 

^U~i.  fjoi/^im,  a  feast.] 

EPULOSITY,  e-pu-los  i-ti,  n.  a  feastmg  to 
excess. 

EPULOTIC,  e-pa-lot'ik,  adj.  healing  :  cicar 
trizing.  [Gr.  epoulotikos,  from  epoidoo, 
to  heal,  to  cicatrize — epi,  upon,  and  oide, 
a  cicatrix,  oido,  to  be  sound,  oulos, 
whole.] 

EPULOTIC,  e-pu-lot'ik,  n.  a  medicament 
or  application  which  tends  to  dry,  cica- 
trize, and  heal  wounds  or  ulcers,  to  re- 
press fungous  flesh,  and  dispose  the  parts 
to  recover  soundness.  "  Ointment  of  tut- 
ty  and  such  like  epvdoticks." — Wiseman. 

EP'UEATION,  e-pur-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
purifying.  [L.  e.  intens.,  and  j)Mro,pura- 
tnm,  to  purify,  from  purus,  pure.] 

EPURE,  a-pur,  n.  in  arch,  the  plan  of  a 
building,  or  part  of  a  building,  traced  on 
a  w-all  or  on  a  horizontal  surface,  on  the 
same  scale  as  that  of  the  work  to  be  con- 
structed. [Fr.,  said  to  be  from  pure,  ex- 
act.]        

EQUABILITY,  §-kwa-bil'i-ti,  n.  state  or 
condition  of  being  equable  or  not  vari- 
able. 

EQUABLE,  eTiwa-bl,  axjj.,  equal  and  uni- 
form :  smooth  :  not  variable.  —  adv. 
E'QUABLY.     [L.  cequabilis.] 

EQUAL,  eliwal,  adj.,  one  or  the  same  in 
regard  to  any  quality :  adequate  :  in  just 
proportion  :  fit :  equable :  uniform  :  equi- 
table :  evenly  balanced  :  just. — n.  one  of 
the  same  age,  rank,  etc. — v.t.  to  be  or 
to  make  equal  to  :—pr.p.  e'quaUing ; 
pa.p.  e'qualled. — adv.  E'QtTAli,Y.  [L. 
cequalis—mpius,  equal ;  Sans,  eka,  one.] 

EQUALITY,  e-kwol'i-ti,  n.  the  condition  of 
being  equal :  sameness :  evenness.  [L. 
cequalitas.] 

EQUALIZATION,  e-kwal-i-za'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  making  equal :  state  of  being 
equaUzed. 

EQUALIZE,  eTcwal-iz,  v.t.  to  make  equal. 

EQUANIMITY,  e-kwa-nim'i-ti,  n.,  equality 
or  evenness  of  mind  or  temper.  [L. 
cequanimitas — cequus,  equal,  and  animus, 
the  mind.] 

EQUATION,  e-kwa'shun,  n.  (alg.)  a  state- 
ment of  the  equality  of  two  quantities : 
reduction  to  a  mean  proportion. 

EQUATOR,  e-kwa'tor,  n.  (geog.)  a  great 
circle  passing  round  the  middle  of  the 
globe,  and  di\'iding  it  into  two  equal 
parts :  (asfr.)  the  equinoctial.  —  adj. 
Equato  RiAi:,. 

EQUERY,  EQUERRY,  ek'we-ri  or  ek-wer'i, 
n.  one  who  has  the  charge  of  horses :  in 
England,  an  officer  under  the  sovereign's 
Master  of  the  Horse.  [Fr.  ieurie — Low  L. 
scuria,  a  stable — O.  Ger.  skiura  (Ger. 
schauer),  shelter,  a  shed.] 

EQUESTRIAN,  e-kwes'tri-an,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  horses  or  horsemanship :  on  horse- 
back.— n.   one  who  rides  on  horseback. 


[L.   equenter,  equestris — eques,  a  horse- 
man— equus.l 

EQUIANGULAR,  e-kwi-ang'gu-lar,  adj. 
consisting  of  or  ha^^ng  equal  angles. 
[L.  a>quus,  equal,  and  ANGULAR.] 

EQUIDISTANT,  e-kwi-dis'tant,  adj., 
equally  distant  from. — adv.  Eqdidis'- 
TANTLY.   [L.  cequus,  equal,  and  Distant.] 

EQUILATERAL,  e-k%vi-lat'er-al,  adj.  hav- 
ing all  the  sides  equal.  [L.  oequtis,  equal, 
and  Lateral.] 

EQUILIBRATE,  e-kwi-lfbrat,  v.t.  to  bal- 
ance two  scales  equally. — n.  Equilibra'- 
TION.     [L.  cequus,  equal,  and  Librate.] 

EQUILIBRIUM,  e-kwi-li'bri-um,  n.  in  mech. 
equipoise ;  equality  of  weight  or  force ; 
a  state  of  rest  produced  by  the  mutual 
counteraction  of  two  or  more  forces,  as 
the  state  of  the  two  ends  of  alever  or  bal- 
ance, when  both  are  charged  with  equal 
weight,  and  they  maintain  an  even  or 
level  position,  parallel  to  the  horizon  ; 
when  two  or  more  forces  acting  upon  a 
body  are  so  opposed  to  each  other  that 
the'body  remains  at  rest,  although  one 
of  them  would  move  it  if  acting  alone, 
those  forces  are  said  to  be  in  equilibrium, 
that  is,  equally  balanced  :  a  state  of  just 
poise ;  a  position  of  due  balance ;  as,  to 
preserve  the  equilibrium  of  the  body; 
take  care  you  do  not  lose  your  equilitiri- 
um :  in  the  firie  arts,  (a)  the  just  poise  or 
balance  of  a  flgiu-e  or  other  object  so  that 
it  may  appear  to  stand  firmly,  (h)  the  due 
equipoise  of  objects,  hghts,  shadows,  etc. : 
equal  diffusion  or  distribution,  as  of  tem- 
perature, which  all  bodies  on  the  earth 
tend  to  produce,  of  the  electric  fluid  in  its 
natural  undisturbed  state,  etc.:  equal 
balancing  of  the  mind  between  motives 
or  reasons ;  a  state  of  indifference  or  of 
doubt,  when  the  mind  is  suspended  in  in- 
decision, between  difi'erent  motives  or  the 
different  forces  of  evidence  :  equality  of 
influence  or  effect ;  due  or  just  relation- 
ship.    [L.  cequus,  and  libra,  a  balance.] 

EQUIMULTIPLE,  e-kwi-mul'ti-pl,  adj., 
midtiplied  by  the  same  or  an  equal  num- 
ber.— n,  a  number  multiplied  by  the  same 
number  as  another.  [L.  ceqiius,  equal, 
and  Multiple.] 

EQUINE,  e'krsvlh,  EQUINAL,  e-kwin'al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  a  horse  or  horses.  [L. 
equinus — equus.  ] 

EQUINOCTIAL,  e-kwi-nok'shal,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  equinoxes,  the  time  of  the 
equinoxes,  or  to  the  regions  about  the 
equator. — w.  a  great  circle  in  the  heavens 
corresponding  to  the  equator  of  the  earth, 
so  called  because  when  the  sun  crosses  it 
the  days  and  nights  are  equal. 

EQUINdCTIALLY,  e-kwi-nok'shal-i,  adv. 
in  the  direction  of  the  equinox. 

EQUINOX,  e'kwi-noks,  n.  the  precise  time 
when  the  sun  eaters  one  of  the  equinoc- 
tial points,  or  the  first  point  of  Aries, 
about  the  31st  of  March,   and  the  first 
point  of  Libra,  about  the  33d  of  Septem- 
ber, making  the  day  and  the  night  of 
equal  length ;  these  are  called  respect- 
ively the   vernal   and     autumnal   equi- 
noxes :  equinoctial  gale. 
The  passaire  yet  was  j;ood  :  the  wind,  ^Is  true. 
Was  somewhat  hi^li,  but  that  was  nothing  new. 
No  more  than  usual  equinoxes  blew. — Dryden: 

anything  equal;  an  equal  measure  (rare). 

Do  but  see  his  vice  ; 
'Tis  to  his  virtue  a  just  equinox. 
The  one  as  long  as  th'  other.— Shak. 

[L.  cequus,  equal,  and  nox,  night.] 
EQUIP,  e-kwip',  v.t.  to  jit  out:  to  furnish 

with  everything  needed  for  any  serWoe  or 

vrork-.^pr.p.  equipp'ing;  pa.p.  equipped'. 

[Fr.  6quij)er  for  esquipper,  to  attire;  from 

a  Teut.  root,  found  in  O.  Ger.  skif,  Ger. 

schiff,  E.  ship  and  shajie  ;  also  Ice.  skipa, 

to  set  in  order.] 
EQUIPAGE,  ek'wi-paj,  ?i.  that  with  which 


one  is  equipixd :  furniture  required  lot 
any  service,  as  armor  of  a  soldier,  etc. 
a  carriage  and  attendants,  retinue. — adj, 
Eq'UIP.^ged,  furnislied  with  an  equipage. 

EQUIPMENT,  e-kwipment,  7!.  the  act  of 
equipping  :  the  state  of  being  equipped  : 
things  used  in  equipping  or  furnishing. 

EQUIPOISE,  e'kwi-poiz,  n.,  equality  of 
tceight  or  force:  the  state  of  a  balance 
when  the  two  weights  are  equal.  [L, 
cequus,  equal,  and  PblSE.] 

EQUIPOLLENT,  e-kwi-poFent,  adj.  havmg 
equal  poirer  or  force :  equivalent. — n. 
Equipol'lence.  [L.  cequus,  equal,  and 
pollens,  pollentis,  pr.p.  of  polleo,  to  be 
able.] 

EQUIPONDERANT,  5-kwi-pon'der-ant,odj 
equal  in  weight. — n.  Eqdipon'derance 
[L.  cequHS,  equal,  and  pondus,  poyideriS; 
weight.] 

EQUIPONDERATE,  e-kwi-pon'der-at,  v.i, 
to  be  equal  in  weight :  to  balance. 

EQUISON,  e'kwi-son,  li.  a  horse  jockey  -. 
one  who  manages  race-horses.  fLandoi 
puts  the  word  in  Porson's  mouth.]  ' '  Who 
announces  to  the  world  the  works  and 
days  of  Newmarket,  the  competitors  at 
its  games,  their  horses,  their  eqtiisons, 
their  colors." — Landor.  [L.  equiso,  a 
groom,  from  equus,  a  horse?] 

EQUITABLE,  ek'wi-ta-bl,  adj.  possessing 
or  exhibiting  equity :  held  or  exercised  in 
equity. —  adv.  Eq'uitably. —  n.  Eq'uita 
bleness. 

EQUITATION,  ek-wi-ta'shun,  n.  the  art  of 
riding  on  horseback.  [L.  equito,  to  ride 
— equus,  a  horse.] 

EQUITY,  ek'wi-ti,  n.  justice  ;  impartiality  ; 
the  gi\'ing  or  desiring  to  give  to  each 
man  his  due.  "  With  righteousness  shah 
he  judge  the  world,  and  the  people  with 
equity." — Ps.  xc\'iii.  9  :  in  law,  an  equita- 
ble claim.  "  I  consider  the  wife's  equity 
to  be  too  well  settled  to  be  shaken."— 
Kent :  a  term  about  which,  when  ap 
plied  to  a  scheme  of  jurisprudence,  there 
IS  some  confusion.  Its  three  leading 
senses  are  distinguished  thus  •  (a)  taken 
broadly,  equity  means  the  doing  unto  aU 
men  as  we  would  that  they  should  do 
unto  us ;  (6)  in  a  narrower  sense,  equity 
is  used  in  contradistinction  to  strict  law 
it  expounds  and  limits  the  language  o:' 
the  positive  laws,  and  construes  them, 
not  according  to  their  strict  letter,  but 
rather  in  their  reasonable  and  benignant 
spirit ;  (c)  in  the  sense  in  which  it  is  to  be 
understood  as  the  substantial  justice  ex 
pounded  by  all  courts  of  equitj',  it  is  the 
system  of  supplemental  law  administered 
in  these,  founded  upon  defined  rules,  re- 
corded precedents,  and  established  prin- 
ciples, the  judges,  however,  hberaUy 
expounding  and  developing  them  to  meet 
new  exigencies.  While  it  aims  to  assist 
the  defects  of  the  common  law,  by  ex- 
tending  relief  to  those  rights  of  property 
which  the  strict  law  does  not  recognize, 
and  by  gi^'ing  more  ample  and  distribu 
tive  redress  than  the  ordinary  tribunals 
afford,  equity  by  no  means  either  con- 
trols,mitigates,or  supersedes  the  commot 
law,  but  rather  guides  itself  by  its  anal- 
ogies, and  does  not  assume  any  poweT 
to  subvert  its  doctrines.  The  Court  of 
Chancery  was  formerly  in  England  the 
especial  court  of  equity,  but  large  powers 
were  by  the  Judicature  Act  of  1873  given 
to  all  the  divisions  of  the  Supreme  Court 
to  administer  equity,  although  many 
matters  of  equitable  jurisdiction  are  still 
left  to  the  chancery  division  in  the  first 
instance.  In  the  U.S.  the  circuit  and 
county  courts  have  original  jurisdiction 
in  most  chancery  or  equity  cases,  wherein 
remedies  and  reuefs  are  sought  which  the 
rigid  enforcement  of  the  statutes,  in  civil 


EQUIVALENT 


137 


ERROR 


cases,  would  preclude.  "Equity  is  a  rogu- 
ish thing: ;  for  law,  we  have  a  measure, 
know  what  to  trust  to  :  equity  is  ac- 
cording to  the  conscience  of  him  that  is 
chancellor,  and,  as  that  is  larger  or  nar- 
rower, so  is  equity." — Selden. — Equity 
OF  A  STATLTTE,  the  Construction  of  a  stat- 
ute in  accordance  with  its  reason  and 
spirit,  and  not  according  to  the  mere 
letter. — Equity  of  redemption,  in  law, 
the  advantage  allowed  to  a  mortgager  of 
a  reasonable  time  to  redeem  lands  mort- 

faged,  when  the  estate  is  of  greater  value 
ban  the  sum  for  which  it  was  mortgaged. 
[Fr.  iquit4  ;  L.  cequitas,  from  oequus, 
equal,  even.] 

EQUIVALENT,  e-kwiv'a-lent,  adj.,  equal 
in  value,  power,  effect,  meaning,  etc. — n. 
a  thing  equal  in  value,  ^tc.—adv.  Equtv'- 
ALENTLY. — n.  Equiv'alence.  [Fr. — L. 
cequus,  equal,  and  valens,  valentis,  pr.p. 
of  valeo,  to  be  strong.] 

EQUIVALENT,  e-kwiv'a-lent,  v.t.  to  pro- 
duce or  constitute  an  equivalent  to  :  to 
answer  in  full  proportion  :  to  equal.  J. 
N.  Loekyer. 

EQUTVALUE,  e-kwi-val'u,  v.t.  to  value 
at  the  same  rate  :  to  put  on  a  par.  "To 
equivalue  the  noble  and  the  rabble  of 
authorities." — W.  Taylor. 

EQUIVOCAL,  e-kwiv'6-kal,  adj.,  meaning 
equally  two  or  more  things  :  of  doubtful 
meaning  :  capable  of  a  double  explana- 
tion.— adv.  Equit'ocally.  — n.  Equiv'- 
OCALNESS.  [L.  cequus,  equal,  and  vox, 
t<ocis,  the  voice,  a  word.] 

EQUIVOCATE,  e-kwiVo-kat,  v.i.  to  use 
equivocal  or  doubtful  words  in  order  to 
mislead. 

EQUIVOCATION,  e-kwiv-o-ka'shun,  n.  act 
of  equivocating  or  using  ambiguous 
words  to  mislead. — )i.  Equiv'ocator. 
EK,  affix  :  a  termination  of  many  English 
nouns,  converting  the  word  to  which  it 
is  added  into  a  noun  of  agency.  It  is 
the  Teutonic  form  equivalent  to  the 
Latin  -or,  and  native  woi'ds  may  be 
roughly  distingxiished  from  words  of 
Latin  origin  by  this  distinction  ;  as,  hear- 
er, learner,  doer,  teacher,  from  audito)-, 
instructor,  factor,  doctor.  It  was  for- 
merly a  sign  of  the  masculine  gender — 
-stre,  -ster  indicating  the  feminine  ;  thus 
weaver,  baker,  malter,  singer,  brewer 
were  masculine  ;  websfer,  bake.sier  {bar- 
ter), maltsfer,  songsfer,  brewsier,  femi- 
nine. In  spinner  and  spinster  the  dis- 
tinction is  still  to  some  extent  observed. 
Generally,  however,  the  termination  does 
not  indicate  gender  in  any  way,  some 
nouns  in  -er  signifying  a  person  or  thing 
indifferently,  as  ruler,  heater,  gi-ater, 
poker.  Added  to  names  of  places  it 
sometimes  signifies  an  inhabitant  of,  or 
one  that  belongs  to  a  place,  as  Londoner, 
Berliner,  New  Yorker  ;  though  the  ter- 
minations ite,  an,  and  some  others  are 
fast  supplanting  er,  in  the  United  States, 
especially  :  the  sign  of  the  comparative 
degree  of  adjectives,  and  akin  to  Latin 
comparative  termination  -or,  Gr.  -er  in 
-eras:  an  affix  to  verbs  giving  them  a 
frequentative,  and  probably  a  diminutive 
sense  ;  as,  swag,  swagger  ;  spit,  sputter; 
fret,  fritter ;  pat,  patter  ,•  wend,  wander. 

;'ERA,  e'ra,  n.  a  series  of  years  reckonsd 
from  a  particular  point.  [Late  L.  cera, 
a  number,  hence  a  space  of  time,  orig. 
'•  counters,"  pieces  of  copper  used  in 
counting,  being  the  neuter  pi.  of  ces, 
<eris,  copper.] 
ERADIATE,  e-ra'di-at,  v.i.  to  shoot  as  rays 
of  light :  to  radiate  :  to  beam.  "  A  kind 
of  life  eradiating  and  resulting  both  from 
intellect  and  psyche."— Dr.  H.  Here.  [L. 
e,  for  ex,  out,  and  radio,  radiatuvi,  to 
beam.] 


ERADIATION,  e-ra-di-a'shun,  n.  emission 
of  rays  or  beams  of  light :  emission  of 
light  or  splendor.  "  Eradiation  and 
emanation  of  spirit." — Hale. 

ERADICATE,  e-rad'i-kat,  v.t.  to  pull  up  by 
the  roots :  to  destroy.  [L.  eradieo,  to 
root  out — e,  and  radix,  radicis,  a  root.] 

ERADICATION,  e-rad-i-ka'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  eradicating  :  state  of  being  eradicated. 

ERASE,  e-ras',  v.t.  to  rub  or  scrape  out :  to 
efface  :  to  destroy. — adj.  Eras' able. — n. 
Eras'er.  [L.  erado — e,  out,  and  rodo, 
rasus,  to  scrape.] 

ERASION,  e-ra'zhun,  ERASEMENT,  e-raz'- 
ment,  ERASURE,  e-ra'zhoor,  n.  the  act  of 
erasing  :  a  rubbing  out :  the  place  where 
something  written  has  been  rubbed  out. 

ERASTIAN,  e-rast'yan,  n.  a  follower  of 
Thomas  Erastus,  a  Swiss  physician,  who 
maintained  that  the  church  is  wholly  de- 
pendent on  the  state  for  its  existence  and 
authority. — adj.  relating  to  the  Erastians 
or  their  doctrines. 

ERASTIANISM,  e-rast'yan-izm,  n.  prin- 
ciples of  the  Erastians:  control  of  the 
church  by  the  state. 

ERE,  ar,  adv.,  before:  sooner  than. — -prep. 
before.     [A.S.  cer ;  Goth,  air,  soon.] 

EREBUS,  e're-bus,  n.  in  myth,  (a)  the  son 
of  Chaos  and  Darkness,  who  married  his 
sister  Night  and  was  the  father  of  the 
Light  and  Day  ;  he  was  transformed  into 
a  river  and  plunged  into  Tartarus,  because 
he  aided  the  Titans  :  hence — {b)  the  lower 
world,  particularlv  that  part  of  it  which 
is  the  abode  of  virtuous  shades  ;  hades  ; 
hell. 
Harsh  thunder,  that  the  lowest  bottom  shook 
Of  Erebus.— Milton. 
The  motions  of  his  spirit  are  dull  as  night, 
And  his  affections  dark  as  Erebus  -  Shak. 

[L.  erebus,  Gr.  erebos.] 

ERECT,  e-rekt',  v.t.  to  set  upright:  to 
raise  :  to  build  :  to  exalt :  to  establish. 
[L.  erectus,  from  erigo,  to  set  upright — e, 
out,  and  rego,  to  make  straight.] 

ERECT,  e-rekt',  adj.,  upiright :  directed  up- 
ward :  unshaken  :  bold. — adv.  Erect'ly. 

— n.  EREOT'flESS. 

ERECTION,  e-rek'shun,  n.  act  of  erecting 
or  raising :  state  of  being  erected  :  exal- 
tation :  anything  erected :  a  building  of 
any  kind. 

EREMACAUSIS,  e-re-ma-kaw'sis,  n.  a  term 
introduced  into  chemistry  by  Liebig,  to 
express  a  slow  combustion  or  oxidation  : 
the  act  of  gradual  combination  of  the 
combustible  elements  of  a  body  with  the 
oxygen  of  the  air,  as  in  the  slow  decay  of 
wood  in  the  formation  of  acetic  acid  from 
alcohol,  of  nitre  by  the  decomposition  of 
animal  matter,  and  in  numerous  other 
processes.  [Gr.  erema,  slowly,  gently, 
and  kausis,  burning.] 

EREMITE,  er'e-mit,  n.  now  Hermit. 

ERISTIC,  e-ris'tik,  to.  one  given  to  disputa- 
tion :  a  controversialist.    Bp.  Gauden. 

ERMINE,  er'min,  n.  a  northern  animal  of 
the  weasel  tribe,  valued  for  its  fur  ;  its 
white  fur,  an  emblem  of  the  purity  of 
judges  and  magistrates,  whose  robes  are 
lined  with  it. — adj.  Ee'ioned,  adorned 
with  ermine.  [O.  Fi-.  ermine  (Fr.  hennine); 
from  L.  (mus)  Armenius,  lit.  mouse  of 
Armenia,  whence  it  was  brought  to 
Rome ;  but  ace.  to  Skeat  from  O.  Ger. 
harmin  (Ger.  hermelin),  ermine-fur.] 

ERODE,  e-rod',  v.t.  to  eat  away.  [L.  e,  and 
rodo,  rosris,  to  gnaw.] 

EROSION,  e-ro'zhun,  n.  the  act  or  opera- 
tion of  eating  or  wearing  away  :  specif- 
ically, in  med.  the  gradual  destruction 
of  the  substance  of  a  part  by  ulceration, 
or  by  increased  action  of  the  absorbents, 
whether  spontaneous  or  excited  by  the 
action  of  some  irritating  substance  :  the 
state  of  being  eaten  or  worn  away ; 
corrosion  ;  canker.— Erosion  theory,  in 


geol.  the  theory  that  valleys  are  due  to 
the  wearing  influences  of  water  and  iee, 
chiefly  in  the  form  of  glaciers,  as  opposed 
to  the  theory  which  regards  them  as  the 
result  of  fissures  in  the  earth's  crust  pro- 
duced by  strains  during  its  upheaval.  [L, 
erosio,  an  eating  away,  from  erodo,  ero 
sum.    See  Erode.] 

EROSIVE,  e-ro'siv,  adj.  having  the  prop- 
erty of  eroding  or  eating  away. 

EROTIC,  e-rot'ik,  EROTICAL,  e-rot'ik-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  love.  [Gr.  erotikos — 
ero.s,  erotos,  love.] 

ERPETON,    er'pet-on,   n.  same    as    Hkr- 

PETON. 

ERR,  er,  v.i.  to  wander  from  the  right 
way :  to  go  astray :  to  mistake  :  to  sin. 
[Fr.  errer — L.  erro,  to  stray ;  cog.  with 
Ger.  irren,  and  irre,  astray.] 

ERRABUND,  er'ra-bund,  adj.  erratic  :  wan- 
dering-  :  rambling.  "Your  errabund 
guesses,  veering  to  all  points  of  the 
literary  compass." — Southey.  [L.  erra- 
binidus,  from  erro,  to  wander.] 

ERRAND,  er'and,  n.  a  message:  a  com- 
mission to  say  or  do  something.  [A.S. 
cerende;  Ice.  eyrendi;  ace.  to  Max  Miil- 
ler,  from  root  ar,  to  plough,  to  work, 
ende  being  the  pr.p.  suffix.] 

ERRANT,  er'ant,  adj.,  erring  or  wander- 
ing :  roving  :  wUd.  [L.  errans,  errantis, 
pr.p.  of  ei-ro.] 

ERRANTRY,  er'ant-ri,  n.  an  errant  or 
wandering  state  :  a  rambling  about  like 
a  knight-errant. 

ERRATIC,  er-at'ik,  ERRATICAL,  er-at'ik- 
al,  adj.,  irandering :  having  no  certain 
course  :  not  stationary. — adv.  Errat'- 
ically. 

ERRATUM,  er-a'tum,  to.  an  error  in  writ^ 
ing  or  printing- : — pi.  Errata,  er-a'ta. 
[L. — eJTO,  to  stray.] 

ERRONEOUS,  er-6'ne-us,  adj.,  wandering; 
erring- :  full  of  error :  wrong  :  mistaken, 
— adv.   Erro'neously. — n.   Erro'neous- 

NESS. 

ERROR,  er'rer,  n.  a  wandering  or  devia 
tion  from  the  truth  ;  a  mistake  in  judg- 
ment by  which  men  assent  to  or  believe 
what  is  not  true  ;  a  mistake  as  to  mat- 
ter of  fact ;  a  misapprehension  ;  as,  "In 
my  mind  he  was  guilty  of  no  error,  he 
was  chargeable  with  no  exaggeration, 
he  was  betrayed  by  his  fancy  into  no 
metaplior,  who  once  said,  that  all  we  see 
about  us,  King,  Lords,  and  Commons, 
the  whole  machinery  of  the  state,  all  the 
apparatus  of  the  system,  and  its  varied 
workings,  end  in  simply  bringing  twelve 
good  men  into  a  box." — Brougham:  a 
mistake  made  in  writ'ing,  printing,  or 
other  performance  ;  an  inaccuracy  ;  an 
oversight  ;  falsity ;  as,  a  clerical  error, 
an  error  in  a  declaration  :  a  wandering  ; 
excursion  ;  irregular  course  ;  as, 

He  (.■Eneas)  through  fatall  errour  long  was  led 

Full  many  yeares. — Spenser  ; 
Driven  by  the  winds  and  errors  of  the  sea. — Dryden: 

a  transgression  of  law  or  duty  ;  a  mis- 
take in  conduct;  a  fault;  a  sin;  iniquity  ; 
transgression;  as,  "Who  can  under- 
stand his  errors  ?  cleanse  thou  me  from 
secret  faults." — Ps.  xix.  12  ; 

If  it  were  thine  error  or  thy  crime, 

I  cai-e  no  longer.— rejinj/soti  ; 
in  law,  a  mistake  in  the  proceedings  of  a 
court  of  record  either  in  fact  or  in  law, 
entitling  the  unsuccessful  party  to  have 
the  case  reviewed  ;  proceedings  in  error 
were  abolished  in  civil  cases  by  the  Judi- 
cature Act  of  1875,  appeal  being  substi- 
tuted ;  but  they  may  still  be  taken  in 
criminal  cases,  for  which  the  court  of 
review  is  the  Queen's  Bench — an  appeal 
in  error  is  made  hj  means  of  an  original 
writ,  called  a  urrit  of  error :  in  asfron, 
the  difference  between  the  places  of  any 
of  the  heavenly  bodies  as  determined  by 


\ 


£jxib£j 


calculation  and  by  observation  :  in  math. 
the  difference  between  the  result  of  any 
operation  and  the  true  result. — ERROR 
OF  A  cajOCK,  the  difference  between  the 
time  indicated  by  a  clock  and  the  time 
which  the  clock  is  intended  to  indicate, 
whether  sidereal  or  mean  time.  [L.  er- 
ror, from  erro,  to  wander.] 

ERSE,  ers,  n.  corr.  of  Irish,  the  name 
given  by  the  Lowland  Scots  to  the  lan- 
guage of  the  people  of  theW.  Highlands, 
as  being  of  Irish  origin. 

ERST,  erst,  adv., first :  at  first:  formerly. 
[A.S.  cerest,  superl.  of  oer.    See  Ere.] 

ERUBESCENT,  er-o6-bes'ent,  adj.,  grow- 
ing red  :  red  or  reddish  :  blushing. — n. 
Erubesc'ence.  [L.  erubeeeens,  -entis, 
pr.p.  of  erubesco,  to  grow  i-ed — e,  out, 
very  much,  and  rubesco — rubere,  to  be 
red!    See  Rubt.] 

ERUCTATION,  er-uk-ta'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  belching  or  rejecting  wind  from  the 
stomach  :  a  violent  ejection  of  wind  or 
other  matter  from  the  earth.  [L.  erueto, 
eructattis — e,  and  ructo,  to  belch  forth  ; 
cog.  ^ith  Gr.  erengoinai,  to  vomit,  aorist 
e-rug-on.J 

ERUDITE,  er'u-dlt,  adj.  learned.  —  adr. 
Er'uditelt.  [L.  erudio,  eruditus,  to  free 
from  rudeness — e,  from,  and  rudis,  i-ude.] 

ERUDITION,  er-u-di'shun,  n.  state  of  bemg 
erudite  or  learned  :  knowledge  gained  by 
study  :  learning,  esp.  in  literature. 

ERUGINOUS,  e-ro6'jin-us,  adj.  resembling 
the  rust  of  copper  or  brass  :  rusty.  [L. 
ceruginosus — aerugo,  rust  of  copper— ee.5, 
ceris,  metal,  copper.] 

ERUPTED,  e-rupt'ed,  adj.  suddenly  and 
forcibly  thromi  out,  as  lava  from  a  vol- 
cano. 

ERUPTION,  e-rup'shun,  n.  a  breaking  or 
bursting  forth  :  that  which  bursts  forth  : 
a  breaking  out  of  spots  on  the  skin.  [L. 
eruptio — erumpo,  eruptus — e,  out,  and 
rumpo,  to  break.] 

ERUPTIONAL,  e-rup'shun-al,  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  eruptions  :  eruptive  :  as, 
eruptional  phenomena.     B.  A.  Proctor. 

ERUPTIVE,  e-rupt'iv,  adj.,  breaking  forth: 
attended  by  or  producing  eruptio  a  :  pro- 
duced by  eruption. 

ERYSIPELAS,  er-i-sip'e-las,  n.  an  inflam- 
matory disease,  generally  in  the  face, 
marked  by  a  bright  redness  of  the  s7«m. 
[Gr. — e-^ryth-Tos,  red,  and^e?Za,  skin.  See 
Red  and  Pell.] 

ERYTHROPHLCEUM,  e-rith'ro-fle-um,  n. 
a  genus  of  tropical  trees,  nat.  order 
Leguminosae,  containing  three  species, 
two  found  in  Africa,  and  the  tliird  in 
Australia.  The  E.  guineense  of  Guinea  is 
100  feet  high,  and  is  noted  for  its  abun- 
dant red  juice,  which  is  used  by  the  na^ 
tives  as  a  test  of  innocence  and  guilt.  An 
accused  person  is  forced  to  take  a  large 
draught ;  if  it  do  him  no  injury  he  is 
declared  innocent,  whereas  if  he  be  af- 
fected by  it  he  is  held  guilty.  The  bark 
also  is  poisonous  and  is  used  as  an  ordeal. 
[Gr.  ervthros,  red,  and  phloios,  bark.] 

ESCALADE,  es-ka-lad'  or  es'-,  n.  the  scal- 
ing of  the  walls  of  a  fortress  by  means 
of  ladders. — v.t.  to  scale  :  to  mount  and 
enter  by  means  of  ladders.  [Fr. — Sp.  es- 
calado^-esoala,  a  ladder — L.  scala.'] 

ESCALLONIA,  es-kal-lo'ni-a,  n.  a  genus  of 
trees  or  shrubs,  nat.  order  SaxifrageEe, 
containing  about  forty  species,  natives 
of  South  America.  They  have  simple 
leaves  with  resinous  dots,  and  white  or 
red  flowers.  Some  species  are  cultivated. 
[After  Escallon,  a  Spanish  traveller  in 
South  America,  who  first  found  the  spe- 
cies in  New  Grenada.] 

ESCALOP,  es-kol'up.    Same  as  Scallop. 

ESCAPADE,  es-ka-pad',  n.  a  mischievous 
freak. 


138 

ESCAPE,  es-kap',  v.t.  to  flee  from  :  to  pass- 
unobserved  :  to  evade. — v.i.  to  flee  and 
become  safe  from  danger :  to  be  passed 
without  harm.  —  n.  act  of  escaping  : 
flight  from  danger  or  from  prison.  [O. 
Fr.  escaper  (Fr.  echapper) — L.  ex  cappa, 
lit.  "out  of  one's  cape  or  cloak,"  See 
Cape.] 

ESCAPEMENT,  es-kap'meat,  n.  part  of  a 
tune-piece  connecting  the  wheelwork 
with  the  pendulum  or  balance,  and  al- 
lowing a  tooth  to  escape  at  each  vibra- 
tion :  tlie  leading  requisite  of  a  good 
escapement  is  that  the  impulse  com- 
municated to  the  pendulum  shall  be  in- 
variable, notwithstanding  any  irregular- 
ity or  foulness  in  the  train  of  wheels  ; 
various  irinds  of  escapements  have  been 
contrived,  such  as  the  erovni  or  verge  es- 
capement, used  in  common  watches  ;  the 
anchor  or  crutcli  escapement,  used  in 
common  clocks  —  both  these  are  also 
termed  recoiling  escapements  ;  the  dead- 
beat  escapement  and  the  gravity  or  re- 
montoir  escapement,  used  in  the  finer 
kind  of  clocks ;  the  horizontal  or  cylin- 
der escapement,  still  used  in  most  foreign 
watches ;  the  detached  escapement,  the 
lever  escapement,  the  duplex  escapement, 
and  the  pin-icheel  escapement,  all  used  in 
the  finer  classes  of  watches. 

ESCAPER,  es-kap'er,  n.  one  who  or  that 
whicli  e.scapes. 

ESCAPE- WARRANT,  es-kap'- wor-rant,  n. 
in  English  law,  a  process  addressed  to  all 
sheriffs,  etc.,  to  retake  an  escaped  pris- 
oner, even  on  a  Sunday,  and  commit 
him  to  proper  custody, 

ESCARP,  es-karp',  v.t.  ia  fort,  to  slope: 
to  form  a  slope  to.  [Fr.  escarper,  to  cut 
steep,  as  rocks  or  slopes,  to  render  them 
inaccessible.     See  Scarp.] 

ESCARP,  ESCARPE,  es-karp',  n.  m  fort. 
that  side  of  the  ditch  surrounding  or  in 
front  of  a  work,  and  forming  the  ex- 
terior of  the  rampart  :  a  scarp. 

ESCARPMENT,  es-kiirp'ment,  n.  in  fort. 
ground  cut  away  nearly  vertically  about 
a  position  in  order  to  prevent  an  enemy 
from  arriving  at  the  latter  ;  part  of  the 
rock  of  Gibraltar  has  been  rendered  in- 
accessible in  this  manner :  hence,  the 
precipitous  side  of  any  hill  or  rock ;  the 
abrupt  face  of  a  high  ridge  of  land ;  a 
cliff. 

ESCHALOT,  esh-a-lot',  n.  a  kind  of  small 
onion,  formerly  found  at  Asocdon  in  Pal- 
estine. [O.  Fr.  eschalote — L.  Ascakmiiis, 
of  Ascalon.] 

ESCHATOLOGY,  es-ka-tol'o-ji,  n.  (theol.) 
the  doctrine  of  the  last  or  final  things, 
as  death,  judgment,  the  state  after 
death.  [Gr.  eschatos,  last,  and  logos,  a 
discourse.] 

ESCHEAT,  es-chet',  n.  in  England,  the  re- 
sulting back  of  any  land  or  tenements  to 
the  lord  of  the  fee  or  to  tlie  state  through 
failure  of  heu-s :  formerly  also  through 
the  corruption  of  the  blood  of  the  tenant 
by  his  having  been  attainted  ;  tliis  latter 
kind  of  escheat  was  abolished  bv  the 
Felony  Act  of  1870  (33  and  31  Vict.  x.xiii.) ; 
lands,  if  freehold,  escheat  to  the  king  or 
other  lord  of  the  manor  ;  if  copyhold,  to 
the  lord  of  the  manor  :  by  modern  En- 
gUsh  legislation  there  can  be  no  escheat 
on  failure  of  the  whole  blood  wherever 
there  are  persons  of  the  half-blood  capa- 
ble of  inheriting :  in  the  United  States, 
the  reverting  of  real  property  to  the 
state,  as  original  and  ultimate  proprie- 
tor, in  consequence  of  a  failure  of  persons 
legally  entitled  to  hold  the  same  :  the 
place  or  circuit  within  which  the  king  or 
lord  is  entitled  to  escheats  :  a  writ  to  re- 
cover escheats  from  the  person  in  posses- 
sion :  the  lands  which  fall  to  the  lord  or 


ESKIMO-DOG 

state  by  escheat ;  as,  "  Of  such  treason 
the  forfeiture  of  the  escheats  pertaineth 
to  our  lord  the  king." — Hcdlam:  in  Scots 
law,  the  forfeiture  incurred  by  a  man's 
being  denounced  a  rebel :  that  which 
falls  to  one  ;  a  reversion  or  return  ;  as. 
To  make  me  great  by  other's  loss  is  bad  esdieat. 

— Spender. 

[O.Fr.  esohet,  from  O.Fr.  escheir,  escheoir, 
from  excadere—1..  ex,  and  cadere,  to  fall ; 
Fr.  echoir.] 

ESCHEW,  es-cho6',  v.t.  to  shun:  to  flee 
from.  [O.  Fr.  eschever,  cog.  with  Qer. 
scheuen,  to  shy  at.] 

ESCLANDRE,  es-klawn-dr,  n.  a  disturb- 
ance:  a  scene:  a  row.  "  Scoutbush,  to 
avoid  esclandre  and  misery,  thought  it 
well  to  waive  the  proviso." — Kingsley. 
[Ft.] 

ESCORT,  es'kort,  n.  a  guide  :  an  attend- 
ant :  a  guard :  a  body  of  armed  men  as 
a  guard.  [Fr.  escorte — It.  scorta,  a  ^uide 
— scorgere,  to  guide — h.  ex,  and  corrtgere, 
to  set  right.] 

ESCORT,  es'kort',  v.t.  to  attend  as  aguard. 

ESCRITOIRE,  es-ki-i-twor',  n.  a  tcriting- 
desk.  [O.  Fr.  escriptoire,  Fr.  ecritoire — 
Low  L.  sariptorittm — scribo,  scriptum,  to 
write.] 

ESCULAPIAN,  es-ku-la'pi-an,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Esculapius,  and  hence — ^to  the  art 
of  healing,  l^seidapius,  the  god  of  the 
heaUngai't.] 

ESCULENT,  es'ku-lent,  adj.,  eatable:  fit 
to  be  used  for  food  bv  man. — n.  some- 
thing that  is  eatable.  [L.  esculeritvs,  eat- 
able— esca,  food — edo.  to  eat.] 

ESCUTCHEON,  es-kuch'un,  n.  a  shield  on 
which  a  coat  of  arms  is  represented :  a 
family  shield :  the  part  of  a  vessel's  stern 
bearing  her  name. — adj.  Escutch'eoned 
('und),  having  an  escutcheon.  [O.  Fr. 
escusson  —  L.  scutum.,  a  shield.  Cf. 
Esquire.] 

ESDRAS,  ez'dras,  n.  the  name  now  given 
to  two  books  of  the  Apocrypha,  of  the 
authorship  of  which  nothing  is  known 
with  certainty  ;  in  the  Vulgate  and  earli- 
er editions  of  the  English  Bibles  the  title 
is  given  to  the  book  of  Ezra  as  well  as  to 
that  of  Nehemiah,  which  are  respectively 
called  the  1st  and  2d  book  of  Esdras, 
those  now  standing  in  the  Apocrypha  as 
1st  and  2d  being  numbered  3d  "and  4th 
respectively.     [Gr.  form  of  Ezra.] 

ESKAR,  ESKER,  es'ker,  n.  a  term  for  a 
late  geological  formation  in  the  super- 
ficial drift,  generally  consisting'  of  a  long 
linear  ridge  of  sand  and  gravel,  including 
pieces  of  considerable  size  ;  the  materials 
are  derived  from  the  waste  of  till  or 
boulder-clay,  and  their  arrangement  took 
place  probably  under  water  over  which 
icebergs  floated,  for  in  Sweden  particu- 
larly rough  erratic  blocks  are  often  de- 
posited on  the  eskar.  Called  in  Scotland 
a  Kaim  ;  called  also  ^sas,  Os,  and  Osar. 

ESKIMO,  ESQUIMAU,  es'ki-mo,  n.  (pi. 
Eskimos,  Esquimadx,  es'ki-moz),  one 
of  a  tribe  inhabiting  the  northern  parts 
of  North  America  and  Greenland  :  the 
Eskimos  are  the  most  considerable  rem- 
nant in  northern  regions  of  that  numer- 
ous prehistoric  race  of  fishers  and  hunters 
who  once  clung  to  the  coasts  and  shores 
of  Europe  tQl  they  were  pushed  into  the 
holes  and  corners,  and  to  the  very  verge 
of  the  great  continents — by  the  succes- 
sive bands  of  the  Aryan  migrations  :  they 
once  existed  in  England,  France,  Ger- 
many, Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Spain,  in 
all  of  which  they  have  left  their  traces 
in  interments,  implements,  and  kitchen 
middens. 

ESKIMO-DOG,  es'ki-mo-dog,  n.  one  of  a 
breed  of  dogs  extensively  spread  over  the 
northern    regions    of    America    and    of 


ESOPHAGUS 


139 


ESTRAPADE 


Eastern  Asia  ;  it  is  rather  lai^er  than 
our  EngUsh  pointer,  but  appears  less  on 
account  of  the  shortness  of  its  legs ;  it 
has  oblique  eyes,  an  elongated  muzzle, 
and  a  bushy  tail,  which  give  it  a  wolfish 
appearance ;  the  color  is  generally  a  deep 
dun,  obscurely  barred  and  patched  with 
darker  color.  It  is  the  only  beast  of  bur- 
den in  these  latitudes,  and  with  a  team 
of  such  dogs  attached  to  his  sledge  the 
Eskimo  will  cover  60  miles  a  day  for 
several  successive  days. 

ESOPHAGUS  or  (ESOPHAGUS,  e-sof'a- 
^s,  n.  the  passage  through  which  food 
is  carried  to  the  stomach,  the  gullet. 
[L. — Gr.  oisophagos — oisd,  fut.  of  phero, 
to  carry,  and  phago,  to  eat.] 

ESOTERIC,  es-o-ter'iU,  adj.,  inner:  secret: 
mysterious :  (phil.)  taught  to  a  select 
few  :— opposed  to  Exoteric. — adv.  Eso- 
tkk'ically.  [Gr.  esoterikos  —  esoteros, 
inner,  a  comp.  form  from  eso,  within — 
es  (=  eis}.  into.] 

iSSPALIEfe,  es-pal'yer,  n.  a  lattice-work  of 
wood  on  which  to  train  fruit-trees  :  a  row 
of  trees  so  trained.  [Fr. — It.  spaUiera,  a 
support  for  the  shoulders  —  spalla,  a 
shoulder — spatida,  a  blade.  Cf.  Epaxilet.] 

ESPARTO,  es-par'to,  n.  a  strong  kind  of 
grass  found  in  the  south  of  Europe,  esp. 
in  Spain,  used  for  making  baskets,  cord- 
age, paper,  etc.     [Sp.] 

ESPECIAL,  es-pesh  al,  adj.,  special:  par- 
ticular :  principal :  distinguished. — adv. 
EsPEc'lAT.T.Y.  [O.  Fr.— L.  specialis.  See 
Special,  Species.] 

ESPIONAGE,  es'pi-on-aj,  n.  the  practice 
or  employment  of  spies :  the  practice  of 
watching  the  words  and  conduct  of  others 
and  attempting  to  make  discoveries,  as 
spies  or  secret  emissaries :  the  practice 
of  watching  others  without  being  sus- 
pected, and  giving  intelligence  of  dis- 
coveries made.  [Fr.  espionage.  See 
Espv.] 

ESPLANADE,  es-plan-ad',  n.  in  fort,  the 
glacis  of  the  counterscarp,  or  the  slopLug 
of  the  parapet  of  the  covered  way  toward 
the  country  :  the  open  space  between  the 
glacis  of  a  citadel  and  the  first  houses  of 
the  town :  any  open  level  space  near  a 
town,  especially  a  kind  of  terrace  along 
the  sea-side,  for  pubMc  walks  or  drives  : 
in  liort.  a  grass-plat.  [Fr.,  from  the  old 
verb  esplanei;  to  make  level,  from  L.  ea> 
planare — ex,  and  planus,  plain,  level.] 

ESPOUSAL,  es-pouz'al,  n.  the  act  of  es- 
pousing or  betrothing ;  formal  contract 
or  celebration  of  marriage  :  frequently 
used  in  the  plural;  as,  "I  remember 
thee,  the  kindness  of  thy  youth,  the  love 
of  thine  espousals." — Jer.  ii.  3 :  adop- 
tion ;  protection  ;  as,  "  The  open  espousal 
of  his  cause." — Orford.  [O.  Fr.  espou- 
sallies,  L.  sponsalia,  espousals,  pl.n.  of 
sponsalis,  relating-  to  betrothal.] 

ESPOUSE,  es-pouz',  v.t.  to  give  as  spouse 
or  in  marriage  ;  to  betroth  ;  to  promise, 
engage,  or  bestow  in  marriage,  by  con- 
tract in  writing  or  by  some  pledge ;  to 
unite  intimately  or  indissolubly ;  as,  the 
king  espoused  his  daughter  to  a  foreign 
prince.  "When  as  his  mother  Mary 
was  espoused  to  Joseph." — JLatt.  i.  18 ; 
"  I  have  espoused  you  to  one  husband, 
that  I  may  present  you  as  a  chaste  vir- 
gin to  Christ." — 3  Cor.  xi.  2  ; 
If  her  sire  approves 
Let  him  espouse  her  to  the  peer  she  loves. — Pope  : 
to  take  in  marriage  or  as  a  spouse ;  to 
marry  ;  to  wed  ;  as. 
Lavlnia  will  I  make  my  empress, 
And  Ml  the  sacred  Pantheon  her  espouse.— Shofe. ; 
to  make  one's  self  a  participator  in ;  to 
become  a  partisan  in  ;  to  take  to  one's 
self,  or  make  one's  own  ;  to  embrace ;  to 
adopt ;  as,  to  espouse  the  quarrel  of  an- 
other,   to    espouse  a  cause;   as,    "Men 


espouse  the  well -endowed  opinions  in 
fashion,  and  then  seek  arguments  either 
to  make  good  then-  beauty,  or  varnish 
over  their  deformity." — Locke.  [O.  Fr. 
espouser  (Fr.  epouser),  from  L.  eponsare, 
to  betroth,  to  espouse,  freq.  of  s/iondeo, 
spotisum,  to  promise  solemnly,  to  engage 
or  pledge  one's  self.] 

ESPY,  es-pi',  v.t.  to  see  at  a  distance :  to 
spy  or  catch  sight  of :  to  observe  :  to  dis- 
cover unexpectedly.  [O.  Fr.  espier,  from 
root  of  Spy.] 

ESQUIRE,  es-KwIr'  or  es'kwir,  n.  (orig.)  a 
squire  or  shield-bearer:  an  attendant  on 
a  knight :  a  title  of  dignity  next  below  a 
knight :  a  title  given  to  younger  sons  of 
noblemen,  etc.  :  a  general  title  of  respect 
in  addi-essing  letters.  [O.  Fr.  escuyer 
(Fr.  ecuyer),  from  escu,  now  ecu — L.  scm- 
tum.  a  shield.] 

ESSAY,  es'a,  n.  a  trial :  an  experiment :  a 
written  composition  less  elaborate  than 
a  treatise, — v.t.  es-sa',  to  try :  to  attempt : 
to  make  experiment  of  -.^pr.p.  essay'ing  ; 
X>a.p.  essayed'.  [Fr.  essai — L.  exagiutn — 
Gr.  exagioH,  a  weiglung — exago,  to  lead 
out,  export  merchandise — ex,  out,  and 
ago,  to  lead.] 

ESSAYER,  es-sa'er,  ESSAYIST,  es'a-ist,  n. 
a  writer  of  essays. 

ESSENCE,  es'ens,  n.  the  inner  distinctive 
nature  of  anytloing :  the  qualities  which 
make  any  object  what  it  is  :  a  being  :  the 
extracted  virtues  of  any  drug :  the  solu- 
tion in  spirits  of  wine  of  a  volatile  or 
essential  oil :  a  perfume.  [Fr. — L.  e.'^sen- 
tia — essens,  essentia,  old  pr.p.  of  esse,  from 
root  as,  to  be  ;  Sans,  as,  to  be.     See  Are.] 

ESSENTIAL,  es-sen'shal,  ad/,  relating  to  or 
containing  the  essence :  necessary  to  the 
existence  of  a  thing :  indispensable  or  im- 
portant in  the  highest  degree :  highly 
rectified  :  pure. — n.  something  essential 
or  necessai-y :  a  leading  principle. — adv. 
Essen'tlally. 

ESSENTIALITY,  es-sen-shi-al'i-ti,  n.  the 
quality  of  being  essential :  an  essential 
part. 

ESTABLISH,  es-tab'lish,  v.t.  to  settle  or 
fix :  to  ordain  :  to  found :  to  set  up  (in 
business). — n.  Estajb'lisher.  [O.  Fr.  es- 
tablir,  pr.p.  establissant — L.  stabilire — 
stabilis,  firm — sto,  to  stand.] 

ESTABLISHMENT,  es-tabaish-ment,  n.  act 
of  establishing  :  fixed  state :  that  which 
is  established  :  a  permanent  civil  or  mili- 
tary force  :  one's  residence  and  style  of 
living:  a  church  established  bylaw.  The 
establishment  of  any  religion  in  the  U.  S. 
is  forbidden  by  the  Federal  Constitution. 

ESTATE,  es-tat',  n.  fixed  or  established  con- 
dition ;  special  form  of  existence  ;  as, 
1  gin  to  be  aweary  of  the  sun. 
And  wish  the  estate  o'  the  world  were  now  un- 
done.— 6hak.: 

condition  or  circumstances  of  any  person 
or  thing  ;  state  ;  situation — now  most 
commonly  state  of  a  person  as  regards 
external  circumstances  ;  as,  "  Ransom 
nature  from  her  inaidable  estate." — 
Sliak.;  "Whose  hfe  in  low  estate  be- 
gan."— Tennyson : 

She  east  us  headlong  from  our  high  estate. 
— Dryden  ; 

rank;  quality:  "And  was,  according  to 
his  estate,  royally  entertained." — Shak.; 
Who  hath  not  heard  of  tlie  greatness  of  your 
estate?— Sir.  P.  Sidney: 

in  law,  the  interest  or  quantity  of  in- 
terest a  man  has  in  lands,  tenements,  or 
other  effects  ;  estates  are  real  or  per- 
sonal ;  real  estate  comprises  lands,  tene- 
ments, and  hereditaments,  held  or  en- 
joyed for  an  estate  of  freehold,  personal 
estate  comprises  interests  fer  terms  of 
years  in  lands,  tenements,  and  hei-edita- 
ments,  and  property  of  every  other  de- 
scription ;  real  estate  descends  to  heirs. 


personal  to  executors  or  administrators ; 
all  real  estates  not  being  of  copyhold 
tenure,  or  what  are  called  customary 
freeholds,  are  either  of  freehold  or  less 
than  freehold  ;  of  the  latter  kind  are 
estates  for  years,  at  will,  and  by  suf- 
ferance— estates  are  also  divided  into 
legal,  equitable,  and  customary  :  fortune; 
possessions  ;  property  in  general  ;  as,  he 
is  a  man  of  a  great  estate :  often  property 
left  at  a  man's  death  ;  as,  at  his  death 
his  estate  was  of  the  value  of  half  a 
million,  the  trustees  proceeded  to  real-  • 
ize  the  estate:  a  piec«of  landed  property; 
a  definite  portion  of  land  in  the  owner- 
ship of  some  one ;  as,  there  is  more 
wood  on  his  estate  than  on  mine  ; 
But  that  old  man.  now  lord  of  the  broad  estate 

and  the  Hall, 
Dropt  olT  gorfjed  from  a  scheme  that  had  left  us 

tlaccid  and  drained. — Tennyson; 
state  in  the  sense  of  body  politic  ;  com- 
monwealth ;  public  ;  public  interest  ;  as, 
"  The  true  greatness  of  kingdoms  and 
estates  and  the  means  tliereof.  .  .  . 
I  call  matters  of  estate  not  onlj-  the 
parts  of  sovereignty,  but  whatever  in- 
troduceth  any  great  alteration,  or  dan- 
gerous precedent,  or  concerneth  mani- 
festly any  great  portion  of  people." — 
Bacon :  an  order  or  class  of  men  consti- 
tuting a  state  (Mark  v.  31);  in  Great 
Britain  the  estates  of  the  realm  are  the 
lords  spiritual,  the  lords  temporal,  and 
the  commons  ;  as,  "  When  the  crowned 
Northman  consulted  on  the  welfare  of 
his  kingdom  he  assembled  the  estates  of 
his  realm.  Now,  an  estate  is  a  class  of 
the  nation  invested  with  political  rights. 
There  appeared  the  estate  of  the  clergy, 
of  the  barons,  of  other  classes.  In  the 
Scandinavian  kingdom  to  this  day  the 
estate  of  the  peasants  sends  its  represen- 
tatives to  the  diet,"  says  Disraeli :  per 
son  of  high  rank  ;  as,  "She  is  adutchess, 
a  great  estate." — Latimer. — The  fourth 
ESTATE,  the  newspaper  press ;  joui-nal- 
ists.  [O.  Fr.  estat,  Fr.  etat,  from  L. 
status,  a  standing,  circumstances,  state, 
from  sto,  statuin,  to  stand.] 
ESTATE,  es-tat',  v.t.  to  settle  an  estate 
upon  :  to  endow  with  an  estate  or  other 
property. 

Then  would  I, 
More  especially  were  he,  she  wedded,  poor. 
Estate  them  with  large  land  and  territory. 
In  mine  own  realm  beyond  the  narrow  sea. 
—Tennt/son. 

ESTEEM,  es-tem',  v.t.  to  set  a  high  esti- 
mate or  value  on  :  to  regard  with  respect 
or  friendship  :  to  consider  or  think. — n. 
high  estimation  or  value  :  favorable  re- 
gard. [Fr.  estimer — L.  aestimo.  Cf.  Es- 
timate.] 

ESTHETIC,  ESTHETICS.  Same  as  Es- 
thetic, Esthetics. 

ESTIMABLE,  es'tmi-a-bl,  adj.  that  can  be 
estimated  or  valued  :  worthj'  of  esteem  ; 
deserving  our  good  opinion. — adv.  Es'- 
timably. 

ESTIMATE,  es'tun-at,  v.t.  to  judge  of  the 
worth  of  a  thing  :  to  calculate.  [L. 
cestimo,  oestimatus,  to  value.  Esteem 
and  Aim  are  parallel  forms.] 

ESTIMATE,  es'tim-at,  n.  a  valuing  in  the 
mind  :  judgment  or  opinion  of  the  worth 
or  size  of  anything  :  a  rough  calculation, 

ESTIMATION,  es-tim-a'shun,  n.  act  of  es 
timating :  a  reckoning  of  value  :  esteem 
honor. 

ESTRANGE,  es-tranj',  v.t.  to  make  strange: 
to  aUenate  :  to  divert  from  its  original 
use  or  possessor. — n.  Estrange'ment. 
[O.  Fr.  estranger,  from  root  of  Strange,  j 

ESTRAPADE,  es-tra-pad',  n.  the  struggles 
of  a  horse  that  tries  to  get  rid  of  his 
rider  by  rearing,  kicking,  and  violent 
movements.  [Fr.  :  It.  strappata,  from 
strappare.  to  pull,  to  snatch  ;  prov.  Ger 


ESTUARY 


140 


EUPEP8Y 


sfrapfen,  to  pull ;  Ger.  straff,  pulled 
tight.    Akin  Strap.] 

ESTUARY,  es'tu-ar-i,  n.  a  narrow  passage, 
as  the  mouth  of  a  river,  where  the  tide 
meets  the  current,  so  called  from  the 
boiling  or  foaming  caused  bj'  their  meet- 
ing. [L.  (Bstuarium,  from  cestiio,  cestur 
are.  to  boil  up — cestui,  a  burning.] 

KTACISM,  a'ta-sizm,  n.  the  mode  of  pro- 
nouncing the  Greek  !/  (eta)  like  ey  in  tkey, 
distinguished  from  Itacism,  the  mode  of 

•   pronouncing  it  Uke  e  in  be. 

ETACIST,  a'ta-sist,  n.  one  who  practices 
or  upholds  etacism. 

ETAGERE,  a-ta-zhar,  n.  a  piece  of  domes- 
tic furniture  supplied  with  several 
shelves  one  above  another,  as  a  side- 
board, a  what-not,  etc.  [Fr.,  from  stager, 
to  elevate  by  stories  or  stages,  from 
itage,  a  story.] 

ETANIN,  et'a-nin,  n.  the  star  y  ot  the  con- 
stellation Draco,  interesting  as  being  the 
star  by  the  observation  of  which  Bradley 
was  led  to  the  discovery  of  the  aberra- 
tion of  the  fixed  stars.     [Ar.J 

ETCH,  ech,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  make  designs  on 
metal,  glass,  etc.,  by  eating  out  the  lines 
with  an  acid.  [Ger.  atzen,  to  corrode  by 
acid  ;  from  same  root  as  Grer.  essen.  See 
Eat.J 

ETCHING,  ech'ing,  n.  the  act  or  art  of 
etching  or  engraving :  the  impression 
fi-om  an  etched  plate. 

ETERNAL,  e-ter'nal,  adj.  without  begin- 
ning or  end  of  existence :  everlasting : 
ceaseless  :  unchangeable. — n.  The  Eter- 
nal, an  appellation  of  God. — adv.  Eter'- 
x*T.T.v  [Fr.  eternel — ^L.  ceternns,  cevi- 
terims — cevum — Gr.  aioii,  a  period  of 
time,  an  age.    See  Age.] 

ETERNITY,  e-ter'ni-ti,  n.  eternal  duration: 
the  state  or  time  after  death.  [Fr.  iter- 
nite — L.  cetemitas.'] 

ETEKJnZE,  e-ter'nlz.  v.t.  to  make  eternal: 
to  immortalize.     [Fr.  etemiser.'] 

ETESIAN,  e-te'zhan,  adj.  periodical:  blow- 
ing at  stated  seasons,  as  certain  winds. 
[Fr.  etesien  —  L.  etesitis — Gr.  etesios, 
annual — etos.  a  vear.] 

ETHELING,  eth'el-ing,  n.  an  Anglo-Saxon 
nobleman.  "There  were  four  orders  of 
men  among  the  ancient  Saxons :  the 
Etheling  or  Noble,  the  Freeman,  the 
Freedraan,  and  the  Servile." — Bosivorth, 

ETHER,  e'ther,  n.  the  clear,  upper  air :  the 
subtile  medium  supposed  to  fill  all  space: 
a  light,  volatQe,  inflammable  fluid.  [L. 
— Gr.  aither,  from  aitho,  to  light  up.] 

ETHEREAL,  e-the're-al,  adj.  consisting  of 
ether:  heavenly:  spirit-like. — adv.  Ethe'- 

REALLY. 

ETHEREALIZATION,e-the-re-al-I-za'shim, 
n.  an  ethereal  or  subtle  spirit-like  state 
or  condition.  "  He  (Aristotle)  conceives 
the  moral  element  as  flower,  as  ethereali- 
zation,  spiritualization  of  the  physical, 
rather  than  as  something  purely  intel- 
lectual."—xT.  Hutchison  Stirling. 

ETHEREALIZE,  e-the're-al-iz,  v.f.  to  con- 
vert into  ether,  or  the  fluid  ether:  to 
render  spirit-like. 

ETHERIZE,  e'ther-iz,  v.t.  to  convert  into 
.     ether :  to  stupefy  with  ether. 
,ETHIC,  eth'ik,  ETHICAL,   eth'ik-al,   adj. 

i    relating  to  morals :  treating  of  morality 
'     or  duty. — adv.  Eth'ically.     [Gr.  ethikos 
— ethos,  custom.] 

ETHICS,  eth'iks,  n.  sing,  the  science  of 
duty :  a  system  of  principles  and  rules 
of  duty. 

ETHIDENE,  eth'i-den,  n.  an  anesthetic 
substance  nearly  allied  in  composition  to 
chloroform.  It  is  said  to  be  equally  ef- 
ficacious and  considerably  safer  than 
chloroform ;  is  pleasant  to  take,  acts 
rapidly,  and  never  produces  cessation  of 


action  of  the  heart  and  respiratory  sys- 
tem. 

ETHIOPIAN  e-thi-o'pi-an,  ETHIOPIC, 
e-thi-op'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  Ethiopia, 
a  name  given  to  the  countries  south  of 
Egypt  inhabited  by  the  negro  races.  [Gr. 
Aithiops,  sunburnt,  Ethiopian — aitho,  to 
burn,  and  ops.  tlie  face.] 

ETHIOPS  JIARTIAL,  e'thi-ops  mar'shal, 
n.  black  oxide  of  iron  :  iron  in  the  form 
of  a  very  fine  powder. 

ETHIOPS  MINERAL,  e'thi-ops  mi'ne-ral, 
n.  a  combination  of  mercury  and  sul- 
phur, of  a  black  color :  black  sulphuret 
of  mercury. 

ETHMOID,  eth'moid,  ETHlilOIDAL,  eth- 
moid'al,  adj.  resembling  a  sieve.— Eth- 
moid bone,  one  of  the  bones  of  the  head, 
situated  between  the  orbital  processes 
at  the  root  of  the  nose;  it  is  exceedingly 
light  and  spongy,  and  the  olfactory 
nerves  shoot  down  through  its  numerous 
perforations  to  the  nose,  and  are  chiefly 
expanded  on  its  surface.  [Gr.  ethmos,  a 
sieve,  and  eidos,  form.] 

ETHMOID,  eth'moid,  n.  the  ethmoid  bone. 

ETHMOSE,  eth'mos,  n.  in  physiol.  a  name 
given  to  cellular  tissue.  [Gr.  ethmos,  a 
sieve.  ]^ 

ETHNAllCH,  eth'nark,  n.  in  Greek  antiq.  a 
viceroy :  a  governor  of  a  province.  [Gr. 
ethnos,  nation,  and  archos,  a  leader.] 

ETHNARCHY,  eth'nar-ki,  n.  the  govern- 
ment or  jurisdiction  of  an  ethnarch. 

ETHNIC,  eth'nik,  ETHNICAL,  eth'nik-al, 
adj.  concerning  Jiaiions  or  races  :  pertain- 
ing to  the  heathen.  [L. — Gr. — ethnos,  a 
nation.] 

ETHNOGENY,  eth-noj'en-i,  n.  that  branch 
of  ethnology  which  treats  of  the  origin 
of  races  and  nations  of  man.  [Gr.  ethnos, 
a  nation,  and  root  gen,  to  beget.] 

ETHNOGRAPHER,  eth-nog'rarfer,  n.  one 
who  cultivates  ethnography :  one  who 
treats  of  the  dififerent  races  and  families 
of  men. 

ETHNOGRAPHIC,  eth-no-grafik,  ETH- 
NOGRAPHICAL, eth-no-graf'ik-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  ethnography. 

ETHNOGRAPHY,  eth-nog'ra-fl,  n.  that 
branch  of  science  which  has  for  its  subject 
the  description  of  the  different  races  of 
men,  or  the  manners,  customs,  religion, 
etc.,  peculiar  to  different  nations.  [Gr. 
ethnos,  nation,  and  grapho,  to  descrioe.] 

ETHNOLOGIC,  eth-no-loj'ik,  ETHNOLOG- 
ICAL, eth-no-loj'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to 
ethnology. 

ETHNOLOGIST,  eth-nol'o-jist,  n.  one 
skilled  in  ethnology:  a  student  of  eta- 
nology. 

ETHNOLOGY,  eth-nol'o-ji,  Ji.  the  science 
of  races.  "  Ethnograpliy  and  Ethnology 
bear  the  same  relation  almost  to  one  an- 
other as  geology  and  geography.  While 
ethnography  contents  herself  with  the 
mere  description  and  classification  of  the 
races  of  man,  ethnology,  or  the  science  of 
races,  '  investigates  the  mental  and  phys- 
ical difl'erences  of  mankind,  and  the  or- 
ganic laws  upon  whicli  they  depend;  seeks 
to  deduce  from  these  investigations  prin- 
ciples of  human  guidance  in  all  the  im- 
portant relations  of  social  and  national 
existence.'  " — Fleming.  [Gr.  ethnos,  and 
logos,  an  account — lego,  to  speak.] 

ETIOLATE,  e-ti-o-lat',  v.t.  (med.  and  bat.) 
to  cause  to  grow  pale,  from  want  of  light 
and  fresh  air. — v.i.  to  become  pale  from 
disease  or  absence  of  light. — n.  Etiola'- 
TION.  [Fr.  etioler,  from  iteide,  stubble — 
L.  stipida,  a  stalk,  stubble,  and  therefore 
to  blanch  like  stubble.] 

ETIOLOGY, 'e-ti-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  setewcc  of 
causes,  esp.  of  disease.  [Gr.  aitia,  acause, 
and  logos,  an  account — lego,  to  speak.] 

ETIQUETTE,    et-i-ket',   n.  forms  of  cere- 


mony or  decorum :  ceremony.     [Fr.    Ses 
Ticket.] 

ETYJnC,  et-im'ik,  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  etymon  or  primitive  form  of  a  word. 

ETYMOLOGIST,  et-i-mol'o-jist,  n.  one 
skiUed  in  or  who  writes  on  etymology. 

ETYMOLOGY,  et-i-raol'o-ji,  n.  an  accouwl 
of  the  etymons  or  true  origin  of  words  : 
the  science  that  treats  of  the  origin  and 
history  of  words  :  the  part  of  grammar 
relating  to  inflection. — adj.  Etymolog'- 
ICAL. — adv.  Etymolog'icallt.  [Fr. — L, 
— Gr. — etymon,  and  logos,  an  account.] 

ETYMON,  et'i-mon,  n.  the  true  origin  of  a 
word  :  an  original  root  :  the  genuine  or 
literal  sense  of  a  word.  [Gr.  —  etymos, 
ctCiOS  truG  1 

ETYPICAL,  e-tip'i-kal,  adj.  in  biol.  diverg- 
ing from  or  not  conforming  to  a  tj'pe. 

EUCALYPTUS,  u-kal-ip'tus,  n.  the  "gum- 
tree,"  a  large  evergreen,  native  of  Aus 
tralia,  which  is  verj'  beneficial  in  destroy- 
ing the  miasma  of  malarious  districts. 
[Coined  from  Gr.  eu,  well,  and  kalyptos, 
folded  round — kalypto,  to  cover.] 

EUCHARIST,  u'ka-rist,  n.  the  sacrament 
of  the  Lord's  Supper,  or  of  the  Real  Pres- 
ence.— adjs.  Eucharist'ic,  Edcharist" 
ICAL.  [Gr.  eiicharistia,  thanksgiving — 
eu,  well,  and  charizomai,  to  show  favor 
— charts,  grace,  thanks.  Cog.  with  E, 
Yearn.] 

EUCHITE,  uldt,  Ji.  one  who  prays :  specifi- 
cally, one  belonging  to  a  sect  of  ancient 
heretics  who  resolved  all  religion  into 
prayer.     [Gr.  euche.  a  prayer.] 

EUD^MON,  EUDEMON,  u-de'mon,  n.  a 
good  angel  or  spirit.  Southey.  [Gr.  eu, 
welt,  and  daimon,  a  spirit.] 

EUDJEMONISM,  EUDEMONISM,  u-de'- 
mon-izm,  n.  the  doctrine  of  happiness,  or 
the  system  of  philosophy  which  makes 
human  happiness  its  highest  object,  de- 
claring that  the  production  of  happiness 
is  the  foundation  of  virtue.  [Gr.  eudai 
man,  happy — eu,  well,  and  daimon,  s, 
demon,  spirit.] 

EUD^MONISTIC,  ETJDEMONISTIC,  u- 
de-mon-ist'ik,  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to 
EuD^MONlSM  (which  see). 

EUGENESIC,  u-je-nes'ik,  adj.  same  as 
Eugenetic. 

EUGENESIS,  u-jen'e-sis,  n.  the  quaHty  ot 
breeding  freely  :  fertUity  :  specifically, 
the  production  of  j-oung  by  the  union  oj 
individuals  of  different  species  or  stocks^ 
[Gr.  eu,  well,  and  genesis,  production.] 

EUGENETIC,  u-je-net'ik,  adj.  of,  belonging 
to,  or  characterized  by  eugenesis. 

EULOGIC,  u-loj'ik,  EULOGICAL,  u-loj'ik- 
al,  adj.  containing  eulogy  or  praise. — adv^ 
Eulog'icallt. 

EULOGIST,  u'lo-jist,  n.  one  who  praises 
or  extols  another. — adj.  Eulogist'ic,  fuiS 
of  praise. — adv.  EuiX)GIST'icallt. 

EULOGIUM,  u-lo'ji-um,  EULOGY,  ulo-ji, 
n.  a  speaking  well  of :  a  speech  or  writ- 
ing in  praise  of.  [Late  L. — Gr.  eidogion 
(classical,  eulogia) — eu,  well,  and  logos, 
a  speaking.] 

EULOGIZE,  ulo-jiz,  v.t.  to  speak  well  of  i 
to  praise. 

EUNTJCH,  u'nuk,  n.  a  castrated  man  : 
eunuchs  were  employed  as  chamberlains 
in  the  East,  and  often  had  great  influ- 
ence as  chief  ministers  of  the  kings.  [Gr, 
eunoiichos — eune,  a  couch,  and  echo,  ta 
have  charge  of.] 

EUNUCH,  u'nuk,  adj.  unproductive  :  bar= 
ren.  "  He  had  a  mind  wholly  eunuch 
and  ungenerative  in  matters  of  litera- 
ture and  taste."— Godu-in. 

EUNUCHISM,  u'nuk-izm,  n.  the  state  o: 
being  a  eunuch. 

EUPEPSY,  u-pep'si,  n.,  good  digestion:— 
opposed  to  Dyspepsy. — adj.  Eupep'tic, 
having  good  digestion.     [Gr.  eupeps^a-' 


EUPHEMISM 


141 


EVEN 


ew,  well,  <ind.  pepsis,  digestion,  from  pes- 
«6,  pepto,  to  digest.] 

EUPHEMISM,  u'fem-izm,  n.  in  rhet.  a 
figure  in  which  a  delicate  word  or  ex- 
pression is  substituted  for  one  which  is 
offensive  to  good  manners  or  to  delicate 
ears  :  when  it  is  said  of  the  martyr  St. 
Stephen,  that  "  he  feU  asleep,"  instead 
of  he  died,  the  euphemism  partakes  of 
the  nature  of  a  metaphor,  intimating  a 
resemblance  between  sleep  and  the  death 
of  such  a  person  :  this  instinct  of  polite- 
ness in  speech  —  euphemism,  as  it  is 
called  —  which  seeks  to  hint  at  an  un- 
pleasant or  an  indelicate  thing,  rather 
than  name  it  directly,  has  had  much  to 
do  in  making  words  acquire  new  mean- 
ings and  lose  old  ones;  thus  "plain" 
has  usurped  the  sense  of  "  ugly  ; " 
"fast,"  of  "dissipated;"  "gallantry," 
ot  "  licentiousness."  [Gr.  euphemismos 
— eu,  well,  and phemi,  to  speak.] 

EUPHEMISTIC,  u-fem-ist'ik,  EUPHEM- 
ISTICAL, u-fem-ist'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  containing  euphemism :  rendering 
more  decent  or  delicate  in  expression. 

EUPHONIC,  u-fon'ik,  EUPHONICAL,  'ik- 
al,  EUPHONIOUS,  u-fo'ni-us,  adj.  per- 
taining to  euphony  :  agreeable  in  sound. 
— adv.  Eupho'niotjsly. 

EUPHONIZE,  u'fon-Iz,  v.t.  to  make  eupho- 
nious. 

EUPHONY,  u'fo-ni,  n.  an  agreeable  sound : 
a  pleasing,  easy  pronunciation.  [Gr. 
euphonia — eu,  well,  and  phone,  sound.] 

EUPHEASY,  u'fra-zi,  n.  (hot.)  the  plant 
eyebright,  formerly  regarded  as  beneficial 
in  disorders  of  the  eye.  [Gr.  euphrasia, 
delight,  from  eiiphraino,  to  cheer — eu, 
well,  phren,  the  heart.] 

EUPHUISM,  u'fu-izm,  n.  an  aflfectation  of 
excessive  refinement  of  language:  a  high- 
flown  expression. —  n..  Eu'phuist. —  adj. 
EuPHinsT'lc.  [From  Euphues,  a  book  by 
John  Lyly  in  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
which  brouglit  the  style  into  vogue — Gr. 
eujjhyes,  graceful-  -eu,  well,  phye,  growth 
— phyomai,  to  gi-ow.] 

EUPRACTIC,  u-prakaik,  adj.  doing  or 
acting  well :  or  it  may  mean  prosperous. 
"Good-humored,  eupeptic,  and  euprac- 
tie." — Carlyle.  [Gr.  eu  prassein,  to  do 
well,  to  be  prosperous.] 

EURASIAN,  fl-razi-an,  n.  a  descendant  of 
a  European  on  the  one  side,  and  an  Asian 
on  the  other.  [A  contr.  of  European  and 
Asian.'\ 

EUREKA,  u-re'ka,  the  exclamation  of 
Archimedes  when,  after  long  study,  he 
discovered  a  method  of  detecting  the 
amount  of  alloy  in  King  Hiero's  crown  : 
hence,  a  discovery ;  esp.  one  made  after 
long  research  :  an  expression  of  triumph 
at  a  discovery  or  supposed  discovery  ;  the 
motto  of  the  State  of  California.  [Gr. 
heureka,  I  have  found,  perf.  ind.  act.  of 
heurisko,  to  find.] 

EUROCLYDON,  u-rok'li-don,  n.  a  tempest- 
uous wind  that  frequently  blows  in  the 
Levant,  and  which  was  the  occasion  of 
the  disastrous  shipwreck  of  the  vessel  in 
which  St.  Paul  sailed,  as  narrated  in  Acts 
xxvii.  14r-44 ;  it  is  a  north-east  or  north- 
north-east  wind,  and  is  now  known  by 
the  name  of  Oregalia.  [Gr.  euros,  the 
south-east  wind,  and  klydon,  a  wave.] 

EUROPEAN,  u-ro-pe'an,  adj.  belonging  to 
Europe. — n.  a  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Europe. 

EURYCEPHALIC,  u-ri-se-fal'ik,  adj.  in 
ethn.  applied  to  a  subdivision  of  the 
brachycephalic  or  short,  broad-skulled 
races  of  mankind. 

EURYTHMY,  u'rith-mi,  n.  just  proportion 
or  symmetry  in  anything.  [Gr.  euryth- 
mia — eu,  well,  and  rhyfhvios,  measured 
motion.] 


EUSCARA,  us-ka'ra,  n.  the  native  name  of 
the  language  spoken  in  the  Basque  pro- 
vinces :  Basque.    [See  Basque.] 

EUSEBIAN,  u-se'bi-an,  n.  a  follower  or 
one  holding  the  opinions  of  Eusebius,  the 
father  of  ecclesiastical  history,  who  was 
at  the  head  of  the  semi-Arian  or  moder- 
ate party  at  tiie  CounoU  of  Nice. 

EUSEBIAN,  u-se'bi-an,  adj.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Eusebius. 

EUSTACHIAN,  u-sta'ki-an,  adj.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Eustachius  or  Eustachi,  a 
famous  Italian  physician,  who  died  at 
Rome,  1574. — Eustachian  tube,  the  tube 
which  forms  a  communication  between 
the  internal  ear  and  the  back  part  of  the 
mouth  :  so  named  after  its  discoverer  the 
Eustachius  above  mentioned. — Eusta- 
chian VALVE,  a  semilunar  membranous 
valve  which  separates  the  right  auricle 
of  the  heart  from  the  interior  vena  cava, 
first  described  by  Eustachius. 

EUSTATHIAN,  u-sta'thi-an,  n.  one  of  a 
sect  of  heretics  of  the  fourth  century, 
so  named  from  their  founder  Eustathius, 
wlio  denied  the  lawfulness  of  marriage, 
and  who  was  excommunicated  by  the 
Council  of  Gangra. 

EUSTATHIAN,  u-sta'thi-an,  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  Eustathius. 

EUTHANASIA,  u-than-a'zi-a,  EUTHAN- 
ASY,  u-than'a-si,  m.  an  easy,  pleasant 
mode  of  death.  [Gr.  euthanasia — eu, 
well,  and  thanatos,  death.] 

EVACUATE,  e-vak'u-at,  v.t.  to  throw  out 
the  contents  of :  to  discharge :  to  with- 
draw from.  [L.  e,  out,  vacuo,  vaeuatus, 
to  emptj' — I'aco,  to  be  empty.] 

EVACUATION,  e-vak-u-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
emptying  out :  a  withdrawing  from : 
that  which  is  discharged. 

EVACUATOR,  e-vak'u-at-or,  n.  one  who 
evacuates :  (law)  one  who  nullifies  or 
makes  void. 

EVADE,  e-vad',  v.t.  to  escape  artfully:  to 
avoid  cunningly.  [L.  evado  —  e,  out, 
vado.  to  go.] 

EVANESCENT,  ev-an-es'ent,  adj.  fleeting : 
imperceptible.  —  adv.  Evanesc'entlt. — 
n.  Evanesc'ence.  [L.  evanescens,  -entis 
— e,  and  vanesco,  to  vanish  —  vanus, 
empty.] 

EVANGEL,  e-van'jel,  n.  (poet.)  good  news, 
esp.  the  gospel. 

EVANGELICAL,  e-van-jel'ik-al,  EVAN- 
GELIC, e-van-jel'ik,  adj.  contained  in 
the  gospels,  or  four  first  books  of  the 
New  Testament  ;  as,  the  evangelic  his- 
tory :  according  to  the  gospel,  or  relig- 
ious truth  taught  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment ;  consonant  to  the  doctrines  and 
precepts  of  the  gospel  published  by  Christ 
and  His  apostles  ;  as,  evangelical  right- 
eousness, obedience,  or  piety  :  earnest 
for  the  truth  taught  in  the  gospel ;  sound 
in  the  doctrines  of  the  gospel  ;  adhering 
closely  to  the  letter  of  the  gospel ;  fer- 
vent and  devout ;  as,  an  evangelical 
preacher  :  eccles.  (a)  a  term  applied  to  a 
section  in  the  Protestant  churches  who 
profess  to  base  their  principles  on  Script- 
ure alone,  and  who  give  special  promi- 
nence to  the  doctrines  of  the  corruption  of 
man's  nature  by  the  fall,  of  his  regenera- 
tion and  redemption  through  our  Saviour, 
and  of  fi-ee  and  unmerited  grace  ;  (6)  a 
term  appUed  in  Germany  to  Protestants 
as  distinguished  from  Roman  Catholics, 
inasmuch  as  the  former  recognize  no 
standard  of  faith  except  the  writings  of 
the  evangelists  and  other  books  of  the 
Bible,  and  more  especially  to  the  national 
Protestant  church  formed  in  Prussia  in 
1817  by  a  union  of  the  Lutheran  and  Cal- 
vinistic  churches.— Evangelicai,  Alu- 
ANCB,  an  association  of  evangelical 
Christians  belonging  to  various  churches 


and  countries,  formed  in  1845,  to  concen- 
trate the  strength  of  an  enlightened 
Pi-otestantism  against  the  encroach- 
ments of  Catholicism  and  Puseyism,  and 
to  promote  the  interests  of  a  scriptural 
Chi-istianity. — Evakgelical  Union,  the 
name  assumed  by  a  religious  body  con- 
stituted in  Scotland  in  1843,  its  originator 
being  the  Rev.  James  Morison  of  Kilmar 
nock,  a  minister  of  the  United  Secession 
Church,  after  whom  the  members  of  the 
body  are  often  spoken  of  as  Morisonians ; 
they  maintain  the  universality  of  the 
atonement,  combining  with  this  the  doc- 
trine of  eternal,  personal,  and  uncon- 
ditional election,  and  denying  that  any 
one  will  be  condemned  for  Adam's  fall. 
[Low  L.  evangelicus,  fi-om  L.  evangelium, 
the  gospel ;  Gr.  euangelikos,  from  euan- 
gelion,  good  tidings ;  in  a  Christian 
sense,  glad  tidings,  the  gospel — eu,  well, 
good,  and  angello,  to  announce.] 

EVANGELICAL,  e-van-jel'ik-al,  n.  one 
who  maintains  evangelical  principles. 

EVANGELICISM,  e-van-jel'i-sizm,  EVAN- 
GELICALISM, e-van-jel'ik-al-izm,  n., 
evangelical  principles. 

EVANGELIZATION,  e-van-jel-i-za'shun, 
n.  act  of  evangelizing  or  proclaiming  the 
gospel. 

EVANGELIZE,  e-van'jel-Iz,  v.t.  to  make 
known  the  good  neu-s :  to  make  ac- 
quainted with  the  gospel. — v.i.  to  preach 
the  gospel  from  place  to  place. 

EVANGELIST,  e-van'jel-ist,  n.  one  who 
evangelizes  :  one  of  the  four  writers  of 
the  gospels  :  an  assistant  of  the  apostles  : 
one  authorized  to  preach. 

EVANITION,  ev-an-i'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
vanishing  or  state  of  having  vanished  : 
evanishment.  Carlyle. 

EVAPORABLE,  e-vap'or-a-bl,  adj.  able  to 
be  evaporated  or  converted  into  vapor. 

EVAPORATE,  e-vap'or-at,  v.i.  to  fly  ofi'  itj 
vapor  :  to  pass  into  an  invisible  state.— 
v.<.  to  convert  into  steam  or  gas.  [L.  e, 
off,  vaporo,  -atuni — vapor,  vapor.] 

EVAPORATION,  e-vap-or-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
evaporating  or  passing  ofi'  in  steam  or 
gas. 

EVASION,  e-va'zhun,  n.  act  of  evading  or 
eluding :  an  attempt  to  escape  the  force 
of  an  argument  or  accusation  :  an  ex- 
cuse. 

EVASIVE,  e-va'siv,  adj.  that  evades  or 
seeks  to  evade :  not  straightforward : 
shuiBing. — adv.    Eva'sivelt. — n.    Eva'- 

SIVENESS. 

EVE,  ev,  EVEN,  ev'n,  n.  (poet.)  evening : 
the  night  before  a  day  of  note  :  the  time 
just  preceding  a  great  event.  [A.S. 
cefen ;  Dut.  avond :  Ger.  abend,  the 
sinking  of  the  day,  from  ab,  down.] 
EVEN,  ev'n,  adj.,  equal:  level:  uniform; 
parallel :  equal  on  both  sides :  not  odd, 
able  to  be  divided  by  2  without  a  re- 
mainder :  full  ;  complete  ;  as. 

Let  us  from  point  to  point  this  story  know, 
To  make  the  even  truth  in  pleasure  flow, 

—Shak. 
— To    MAiTR  EVEN   WITH,  to  square   ac- 
counts with ;    to  leave  nothing   owing 
to ;  as. 

Since  if  my  soul  make  even  ivith  the  week 
Each  seventh  note  by  right  is  due  to  thee. 
— <?.  Herbert. 

—To  BEAR  one's  self  EVEN,  to  behave 
with  equanimity;    to  guard  one's  com- 
posure ;  as. 
How  smooth  and  even  they  do  bear  themselves. 

—Shak. 

— Even  lines,  maitr  even,  terms  used 
by  printers,  esp.  those  employed  on 
newspaper  work,  meaning  to  space  out 
the  words  of  a  line  when  the  pieces  of 
"  copy"  (manuscript)  do  not  form  whole 
paragraphs. — On  even  ground,  on  equal- 
ly favorable  terms ;  having  equal  ad- 
vantages ;    as,  the  advocates  meet  on 


EVEN 


142 


£X 


even  ground  in  Eirgtiinent.— adv.  Ev'en. 
LT.  —  n.  Ev'enness.  [A.S.  efen ;  Dut. 
even  :  Gter.  ehen  —  eoenen,  to  make 
Binooth :  perh.  allied  to  L.  cequus, 
equal.] 

EVEN,  ev'n,  v.t.  to  make  even  or  smooth. 
— adv.  exactly  so  :  indeed  :  so  much  as  : 
still. 

BVEN-HANDED,  eVn-hand'ed,  ac^j.  with 
an  equal,  fair,  or  impartial  hand:  just. 

EVENTNG,  e^^'ning-,  n.  the  close  of  the 
daytime :  the  decline  or  end  of  life. 
[A.S.  (efenung,  from  afeti.] 

ETVEN-MINDED,  eVn-mind'ed,  a^y.  hav- 
ing' an  even  or  calm  mind  :  equable. 

EVENSONGr.  ev'n-song,  n.  the  evening  ser- 
vice in  church,  so  called  because  formerly 
chanted  or  sung. 

EVENT,  e-vent',  re.  that  which  comes  out  or 
happens  :  the  result :  any  incident  or  oc- 
currence.— Event,  Occurrence,  Inci- 
dent. Circumstance.  Event,  that  which 
comes  out,  that  which  springs  from  a 
previous  state  of  affairs.  Hence  we  speak 
of  watching  the  event;  of  tracing  the 
progress  of  events.  An  event  is  of  more 
importance  than  an  occurrence,  and  is 
generally  applied  to  great  transactions  in 
history.  Occurrence  is  literall y  that  which 
meets  us  in  our  progress  through  life,  and 
does  not  connect  itself  with  the  past  as 
an  event  does.  An  incident  is  that  which 
falls  into  a  state  of  things  to  which  it 
does  not  primarily  belong  ;  as,  the  inci' 
dents  of  a  journey  :  it  is  applied  to  mat- 
ters of  minor  importance.  Circumstance, 
(lit.)  that  which  stands  round  or  attends; 
does  not  necessarily  mean  anything  that 
happens  or  takes  place,  but  maj^  simply 
mean  one  of  the  suri-ounding  or  accom- 
panying conditions  of  an  occurrence,  in- 
cident, or  event.  It  is  also  applied  to 
incidents  of  minor  moment  which  take 
place  along  with  something  of  more  im- 
portance. A  person  giving  an  account 
of  a  campaign,  might  dwell  on  the  lead- 
ing ei'eiits  which  it  produced  ;  might  men- 
tion some  of  its  striking  occurrences ; 
might  'allude  to  some  remarkable  inci- 
dents which  attended  it ;  and  might  give 
details  of  the  favorable  or  adverse  eir- 
oumstances  by  which  it  was  accompa- 
nied. [L.  eventus — evenio — e,  out,  and 
yen  io,  to  come.  ] 

EVENTFUL,  e-vent'fool,  adj.,  fuU  or  fruit- 
ful qtevents. 

EVENTIDE,  gv'n-tid,  n.  the  tide  or  time  of 
ei'ening. 

EVENTUAL,  e-vent'Q-al,  adj.  happening  as 
a  consequence,  ultimate  or  final.— arfc. 
Event'ually,  finally  :  at  length. 

EVENTUALITY,  e-vent-u-an-ti,  n.  in 
phren.  one  of  the  perceptive  faculties, 
whose  organ  is  situated  at  the  lower  part 
of  the  forehead,  below  Comparison,  and 
above  Individuality  :  that  which  eventu- 
ates or  happens  ;  a  contingent  result. 

EVER,  eVer,  adv.  always :  eternally :  at 
any  time  :  in  any  degree.  [A.S.  cefre, 
always;  from  A.S.  aiva,  ever,  which  ia 
cog.  with  Goth.  a«f«,L.  cemim,  Gr.  aion. 
See  also  Age,  Ate,  Never.] 

EVERGREEN,  eVer-gren,  adj.,  ever  or  al- 
ways green. — n.  a  plant  that  remains 
green  all  the  vear. 

EVERLASTING,   ev-er-last'ing,   adj.  end- 
less :  eternal. — n.  eternity. — adv.  EvER- 
LAST'INQLY. — n.  EVEEl4AST'lNaNESS. 
EVERMORE,  ev-er-mor',  adv.  unceasingly : 

eternally. 
EVERY,  ev'er-i,  adj..  each  one  of  a  num- 
ber: all  taken  separately:  formerly  some- 
times used  alone  in  sense  of  every  one. 
"  Every  of  this  happy  number." — Shak.; 

If  every  of  your  wishes  had  a  womb. 
And  fertile  everj-  wish. — Shetk. 

[A.S  cefre,  ever,  and  celc,  each.] 


EVERYWHERE,     eVer-i-hwir,    adv.    in 

every  place. 

EVICT,  e-vikt',  v.t.  to  dispossess  by  law  :  to 
expel  from.  [L.  evictus,  pa.p.  of  evinco, 
to  overcome.     See  Evince.] 

EVICTION,  e-vik'shun,  n.  the  act  of  evict- 
ing from  house  or  lands  :  the  lawful 
recovery  of  lands. 

EVIDENCE,  eVi-dens,  n.  that  which  makes 
evident  :  proof  or  testimony  :  a  witness  : 
in  law,  that  which  is  legally  submitted 
to  a  competent  tribunal,  as  a  means  of 
ascertaining  the  truth  of  any  alleged 
matter  of  fact  under  investigation  before 
it :  evidence  may  be  either  u-ritten  or 
parole,  direct  or  circumstantial ;  tvritten 
evidence  consists  of  records,  deeds,  aflB- 
davits,  and  other  writings  ;  parole  or  oral 
evidence  is  that  rendered  by  witnesses 
personally  appearing  in  court  and  sworn 
to  the  truth  of  what  they  depose  ;  direct 
evidence  is  that  of  a  person  who  has  been 
an  eye-witness  to  a  fact ;  ciremnstantial 
evidence  consists  of  many  concm'rent  cir- 
cumstances leading  to  an  inference  or 
conviction  :  one  who  or  that  which  sup- 
plies evidence  ;  a  witness  ;  an  evident  ; 
as,"  Infamous  and  perjured  ei'trfeiices." — 
Sir  W.  Scott.  (Rare.) — King's  or  State's 
EVIDENCE,  in  criminal  latv,  evidence ^ven 
by  an  accomplice,  when  the  ordinary 
evidence  is  defective,  on  the  understand- 
ing that  he  himself  shall  go  free  for  his 
share  of  the  crime  :  testimony  is  the 
evidence  given  by  one  witness,  evidence  is 
the  testimony  of  one  or  many ;  we  saj' 
the  united  testimonies,  but  the  whole 
evidence.  — v.t.  to  render  evident  :  to 
prove. 

EVIDENT,  ev'i-dent.  adj.  that  is  visible  or 
can  be  seen :  clear  to  the  mind  :  obvious. 
—■adv.  Ev'iDENTLT  {Neio  Test.)  visibly. 
[L.  evidens,  -entis — e,  and  video,  to  see.] 

EVIDENTIAL,  ev-i-den'shal,  adj.  furnish- 
ing evidence  :  tending  to  prove.— adv. 
Eviden'tiallt. 

EVIL,  e'vl,  adj.  wicked  :  mischievous :  un- 
fortunate. —  adv.  in  an  evil  manner : 
badly. — n.  that  which  produces  unhappi- 
ness  or  calamity  :  harm  :  wickedness  : 
depravity.  [A.S.  yfel;  Dut.  euvd,  Ger. 
i'ihel.     Ili,  is  a  doublet.] 

EVlXr-DOER,  e'vl-doo'er,  n.  one  who  does 
e\'il.    ^^ 

EVIL-EYE,  §'vl-I,  n.  a  supposed  power  to 
cause  evil  or  harm  by  the  look  of  the  eye. 

EVIL-FAVOREDNESS.  e'vl-fa'vurd-nes,  n. 
(B.)  ugliness :  deformity. 

EVIL-MINDED,  e'vl-mlnd'ed,  adj.  inclined 
to  e\nl :  malicious  :  wicked. 

EVIL-SPEAKING,  5'vl-spek'ing,  n.  the 
speaking  of  evil :  slander.  t 

E\TLr-WORKER,  e'vl-wurk'er,  ».  one  who 
works  or  does  evU. 

EVINCE,  e-vins',  v.t.  to  prove  beyond 
doubt :  to  show  clearly :  to  make  evi- 
dent. [L.  evinco — e,  inten.,  and  vinco, 
to  overcome.] 

EVINCIBLE,  e-vins'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
evinced  or  made  evident.— odt).  EvnJC'l-' 

ELY.   

EVINCIVE,  e-vins'iv,  adj.  tending  to 
evince,  prove,  or  demonstrate. 

EVISCERATE,  e-vis'er-at,  v.t.  to  tear  out 
the  viscera  or  bou^ls. — «.  Evisceha'tion. 
[L.  e,  out,  and  r>iscera,  the  bowels.] 

EVOKE,  e-vok',  v.t.  to  call  out :  to  draw 
out  or  bring  forth.  [L.  evoco — e,  out,  and 
roco.  to  call.] 

EVOLUTION,  ev-6-lu'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
unfolding  or  unrolling ;  development ; 
as,  the  evolution  of  a  flower  from  a  bud, 
or  a  bird  from  the  egg ;  as  "The  ei'ohttion 
of  the  plot  (of  a  dramatic  poem)." — Dr. 
Caird :  a  series  of  things  unrolled  or  un- 
folded ;  as,  "  The  evolution  of  ages." — Sir 
T.  More :  in  geom.  the  unfolding  or  open- 


ing of  a  curve  and  making  it  describe  ac 
evolvent ;  the  equable  evolution  of  the 
periphery  of  a  circle  or  other  curve  is 
such  a  gradual  approach  of  the  circum 
ference  to  rectitude  as  that  its  parts  do 
not  concur  and  equally  evolve  or  unbend 
so  that  the  same  line  becomes  success- 
ively a  less  arc  of  a  reciprocally  greater 
circle,  till  at  last  they  change  into  s. 
straight  line  :  in  math,  "the  extraction  of 
roots  from  powei-s  ;  the  reverse  of  involu- 
tion :  (milit.)  the  doubling  of  ranks  or 
fUes,  wheeling,  countermarehing,  or 
other  motion  by  which  the  di-sposition  of 
troops  is  changed,  in  order  to  attack  or 
defend  with  more  advantage  or  to  occupy 
a  different  post :  (naut.)  the  change  o' 
form  and  disposition  of  a  fleet  or  the 
movements  of  a  single  vessel  during 
manoeuvres :  in  biology,  strictly  tlie 
theory  of  generation,  in  which  the  germ 
is  held  to  pre-exist  in  the  parent,  and  its 
parts  to  be  unfolded  and  expanded,  but 
not  actually  formed  by  the  procreative 
acts  :  that  theory  which  sees  in  the  his- 
tory of  all  things,  organic  and  inorganic 
a  passage  from  simphcitv  to  complexity 
from  an  untUfferentiatecl  to  a  differen 
tiated  condition  of  the  elements.  Thus 
the  nebular  hypothesis,  which  regards 
the  planetary  bodies  as  evolved  fron; 
nebular  or  gaseous  matter,  and  the  his- 
tory of  the  development  of  an  individual 
plant  or  animal,  or  of  society,  are  exam- 
ples of  evolution.  The  evolution  theory 
of  the  arigin  of  species  is,  that  later 
spe<  -s  have  been  developed  by  continu- 
ous uxd'erentiation  of  organs  and  modifi 
cations  of  parts  from  species  simpler  and 
less  differentiated,  and  that  thus  all 
organic  existences,  even  man  himself 
may  be  traced  back  to  a  simple  cell, 
[Fi-.  ^'olution,  from  L.  evolutio.  from 
evolvo,  evolutum,  to  unroll,  to  unfold. 
See  EvolveJ 

EVOLUTIONIST,  ev-o-lQ'shun-ist,  n.  one 
skilled  in  evolutions  or  military  move 
ments  :  one  who  believes  in  evolution  as 
a  principle  in  science  or  philosophy. 

EVOLUTIVE,  e\''o-lu-tiv,  adj.  of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  causing  evolution  or  develop- 
ment; 

EVOLVE,  e-volv',  v.t.  to  roll  aitt  or  unroll: 
to  disclose  :  to  develop :  to  unravel. — v.i 
to  disclose  itself .  [L.  evolvo — e,  out,  volvo, 
to  roll.] 

EVULSION,  e-vul'shun,  n.  a  pluelting  out 
by  force.  [L.  e,  out,  and  i-ello,  vtdsus,  to 
pluck.] 

EWE,  u,  Ji.  a  female  sheep.  [A.S.  eouii ; 
L.  ovis,  Gr.  ois,  Sans,  avi,  a  sheep.] 

EWER,  ii'er,  n.  a  large  jug  placed  on  a 
washstand  to  hold  icater.  [O.  Fr.  etarier, 
Ft.  evier — L.  aquarium  —  aqua,  water, 
whence  also  Fr.  eaii.] 

EWRY,  u'ri,  n.  in  mediaeval  times,  the 
scullery  of  a  religious  house:  in  England, 
an  office  in  the  royal  household,  where 
they  take  care  of  the  linen  for  the  sov- 
ereign's table,  lay  the  cloth,  and  serve  up 
water  in  ewers  after  dinner.  [From  eirer.  ] 

EX,  eks,  a  Latin  preposition  or  prefix,  Gr. 
ex  or  ek,  signifying  out  of,  out,  proceed- 
ing from.  Hence,  in  composition,  it 
signifies  sometimes  out  of,  as  in  achale. 
ea'clude  ;  sometimes  off.  fi-om,  or  out,  as 
in  L.  exscindo,  to  cut  off  or  out ;  some- 
times beyond,  as  in  ai'cess,  e.vceeA,  ea-cel. 
In  some' words  it  is  merely  eniphatical ; 
in  others  it  has  little  effect  on  the  signif- 
ication. Ex  prefixed  to  names  of  office 
denotes  that  a  person  has  held,  but  no 
longer  holds,  that  oflice  ;  as,  ea'-minister. 
Ex  is  frequently  used  as  a  preposition  be- 
fore English  words,  as  in  the  phrase,  20 
chests  tea  ex  "  Sea  King,"  where  it  signi- 
fies taken  out  of,  delivered  from.     Stock 


EXACERBATE 


143 


EXCEPTION 


of  any  kind  sold  ex  div.  means  that  the 
next  dividend  upon  such  stock  has  been 
declared,  and  is  reserved  by  the  seller. 

EXA.CERBATE,  egz-as'er-bat,  v.t.  to  tm- 
bitter  :  to  provoke  :  to  render  more  vio- 
lent or  severe,  as  a  disease.  [L.  exacerbo, 
exaeerbatus — ex,  and  acerbo,  from  aoer- 
bus,  bitter.    See  Acerbitt.] 

EXACERBATION,  eg^-as-er-ba'shun,  EX- 
ACERBESCENCE,  egz-as-er-bes'ens,  n. 
increase  of  irritation  or  violence,  esp.  the 
increase  of  a  fever  or  disease. 

EXACT,  egz-akt',  adj.  precise :  careful  : 
punctual :  true:  certain  or  demonstrable. 
—adv.  Exact'ly.— n.  Exact'ness.  [L. 
eacactua,  pa.p.  of  &cigo,  to  drive  out,  to 
measure — ex,  and  ago,  to  drive,  to  do.] 

EXACT,  egz-akt',  v.t.  to  force  from:  to 
compel  full  payment  of :  to  maJce  great 
demands  or  to  demand  ungently:  to  ex- 
tort.— v.i.  to  practice  extortion.  [See 
Exact,  adj.} 

EXACTING,  egz-akt'ing,  p.  and  adj.  de- 
manding or  compelling  to  pay  or  yield 
under  color  of  authority:  requiring  au- 
thoritatively: demanding  or  disposed  to 
demand  without  pity  or  justice  :  e.xtort- 
ing:  compelling  by  necessity:  unreason- 
ably severe  or  oppressive.  "  With  a  tem- 
per so  exacting,  he  was  more  likely  to 
claim  what  he  thought  due,  than  to 
consider  what  others  might  award." — 
Arnnhl. 

EXACTION,  egz-alt'shun,  n.  the  act  of  ex- 
acting or  demanding  strictly:  an  oppres- 
sive demand  :  that  which  is  exacted,  as 
excessive  work  or  tribute. 

EXACTOR,  egz-akt'er,  n.  one  who  exacts  ; 
an  officer  who  collects  tribute,  taxes,  or 
customs  ;  as,  "  I  will  make  thine  officers 
peace,  and  thine  exactors  righteous- 
ness."— Is.  ix.  17:  an  extortioner  ;  one 
who  compels  another  to  pay  more  than 
is  legal  or  reasonable  ;  one  who  demands 
something  without  pity  or  regard  to  Jus- 
tice ;  one  who  is  unreasonably  severe  in 
his  injunctions  or  demands  ;  as,  "  The 
service  of  sin  is  perfect  slavery  ...  an 
unreasonable  taskmaster  and  an  un- 
measurable  exactor.'"  —  South  ;  "  Men 
that  are  in  health  are  severe  exactors  of 
patience  at  the  hands  of  them  that  are 
sick."  —  Jer.  Taylor:  he  that  demands 
by  authority;  as,  an  exactor  of  oaths. 
"As  they  reposed  great  religion  in  an 
oath,  in  respect  of  the  actor  :  so  did  they 
likewise,  in  respect  of  the  exactor." — 
Folherby. 

EXACTRESS,  egz-akt'res,  n.  a  female  who 
exacts  or  is  severe  in  her  injunctions. 
"  Expectation,  so  severe  an  exactress 
of  duties." — B.  Jonson. 

EXAGGERATE,  egz-aj'er-at,  v.t.  to  mag- 
nify unduly:  to  represent  too  strongly. 
[L.  exaggero,  exaggeratus — ex,  aggero, 
to  heap  up — agger,  a  heap.] 

EXAGGERATION,  egz-aj-er-a'shun,  n.  ex- 
travagant representation  :  a  statement 
in  excess  of  the  truth. 

EXAGGERATIVE,  egz  -  ai'er  -  at  -  iv,  EX- 
AGGERATORY, egz-aj'er-a-tor-i,  adj. 
containing  exaggeration  or  tending  to 
exaggerate. 

EXALT,  egz-awlt',  v.t.  to  raise  very  high: 
to  elevate  to  a  higher  position  :  to  elate 
or  flU  with  the  jov  of  success  :  to  praise 
or  extol :  {chem.)  to  refine  or  subtilize. — 
n.  Exalt'edness.  [L.  exalto — ex,  and  al- 
ius, grown  great  by  nourishing,  high, 
from  alo,  to  nourish ;  Gr.  althd,  to  cause 
to  growj 

EXALTATION,  egz-awlt-a'shun,  n.  eleva- 
tion in  rank  or  dignity :  high  estate  : 
mental  elevation  ;  a  state  of  mind  in 
which  a  person  possesses  poetical  or 
noble  thoughts  and  noble  aspirations, 
"  You  are  only  aware  of  the  impetuosity 


of  the  senses,  the  upwelling  of  the  blood, 
the  effusion  of  tenderness,  but  not  of  the 
nervous  exaltation,  the  poetic  rapture." 
— Trans,  of  Taine. 

EXAMINATION,  egz-am-i-na'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  examining  or  state  of  being  ex- 
amined ;  a  careful  search  or  inquiry, 
with  a  view  to  discover  truth  or  the  real 
state  of  things ;  careful  and  accui-ate 
inspection  of  a  thing  and  its  parts  ;  a 
view  of  qualities  and  relations,  and  an 
estimate  of  their  nature  and  importance; 
scrutiny  by  study  or  experiment ;  as,  an 
examination  of  a  house  or  a  ship  ;  as, 
"  Different  men  leaving  out  or  putting 
in  several  simple  ideas,  according  to  their 
various  examination,  skill,  or  observa- 
tion of  the  subject,  have  different  es- 
sences."— Locke;  "Nothing  that  is  self- 
evident  can  be  the  proper  subject  of 
examination." — SotUh:  in  ^'ttdicial  pro- 
ceedings, a  careful  inquiry  mto  facts  by 
testimony;  an  attempt  to  ascertain  truth 
by  inquines  and  interrogatories  ;  as,  the 
examination  of  a  witness  or  the  merits 
of  a  cause:  a  process  prescribed  or  as- 
signed for  testing  qualification,  capabili- 
ties, knowledge,  progress,  and  the  like  ; 
as,  the  examination  of  a  student,  of  a 
candidate  for  admission  to  the  ministry 
or  bar ;  the  periodical  examination  of  a 
school :  trial  or  assay  by  the  appropriate 
methods  or  tests,  as  of  minerals  or  chem- 
ical compounds. 

EXAMINE,  egz-am'in,  v.t.  to  test :  to  ift- 
quire  into :  to  question.  [L.  examen 
(=  exagmen),  the  tongue  of  a  balance. 
From  the  root  of  Exact.] 

EXAMINER,  egz-am'in-er,  n.  one  who 
examines. 

EXAMPLE,  egz-am'pl,  n.  that  which  is 
taken  out  as  a  specimen  of  the  rest,  or 
as  an  illustration  of  a  rule,  etc.:  the 
person  or  thing  to  be  imitated  or  avoid- 
ed:  a  pattern  :  %  warning  :  a  former  in- 
stance :  a  precedent.  fFr. — ^L.  exemplum 
—eximo,  to  take  out — ex,  out  of,  and 
emo,  emptus,  to  take.] 

RYASPERATP.,  egz-as'per-at,  v.t.  to  make 
very  rough  or  angry :  to  irritate  in  a  bigb 
degree.  [L.  ex,  intensive,  and  aspero,  to 
make  rough— asjje?',  rough.] 

exasperation;  egz-as-per-a'shun,  «. 
act  of  irritating :  state  of  being  exasper- 
ated :   provocation :    rage  :  aggravation. 

EXAUGURATE,  egz-aw'gu-rat,  v.t.  in 
Rom.  antiq.  to  change  from  sacred  to 
profane :  hence,  to  desecrate  :  to  secular- 
ize :  to  profane.  "  He  determined  to 
exmigwrate  and  to  nnhallow  certain 
churches  and  chapels." — Holland.  [L. 
exaugiiro,  exauguratiim — ex,  priv.,  and 
auguro,  to  consecrate  by  auguries,  from 
aug^ir.'] 

BXAUGURATION,  egz-aw-gu-ra'shun,  n. 
in  Rom.  antiq.  the  act  of  changing  a 
sacred  thing  or  person  into  a  profane 
one;  secularization:  a  ceremony  neces- 
sary before  consecrated  buildings  could 
be  used  for  secular  purposes,  or  priests 
resign  their  sacred  functions  or  enter 
into  matrimony :  hence,  desecration : 
profanation.  "The  exauguration  and 
unhallowing  ail  other  cells  and  chapels 
besides." — Holland. 

EXC^CATION,  eks-se-ka'shun,  n.  the  act 

of  putting  out  the  eyes :  blinding.    [L. 

ex,  out,  and  cceco,  to  blind.] 

Not  exoBcation,  if  the  thought  of  that 

Calls  up  those  looks  of  terror.— .5;?'  W.  Jhylor. 

EXCALIBUR,  EXCALIBAE,  eks-kal'1-ber, 
n.  the  mytholog^lcal  sword  of  King 
Arthur  given  him  by  the  Lady  of  the 
Lake,  to  whom  Merlin  directed  him  to 
apply  for  it.  "  No  sword  on  earth,  were 
it  the  Excalibar  of  King  Ai-thur,  can  cut 


that  which  opposes  no  steady  resistance 
to  the  blow.'<— Si)-  W.  Scott. 
EXCAVATE,  eks'ka-vat,  v.t.  to  hollow  or 
scoop  out.    [L.  excavo — ex,  out,  oamm, 
hollow.] 
EXCAVATION,  eks-ka-va'shun,  n.  act  of 
excavating :  a  hollow  or  cavity  made  by 
excavating. 
EXCAVATOR,  eks'ka-va-tor,  n.  one  wfcc 

excavates. 
EXCEED,   ek-sed',   v.t.   to  go  beyond  the 
hmit  or  measure  of  :  to  surpass  or  exc^. 
— v.i.  to  go  beyond  a  given   or  proper 
limit.    [L.  ex,  beyond,  and  eedo,  cessum, 
to  go.l 
EXCEEDING  (obs.),  ek-sed'ing,   EXCEED- 
INGLY, ek-sed'ing-li,  adv.   very   much  : 
greatly. 
EXCEL,  ek-sel*,  v.t.  to  rise  beyond :  to  ex- 
ceed :    to    surpass. — v.i.    to    have   good 
qualities  in  a  high  degree :  to  perform 
very  meritorious  actions  :  to  be  superior  . 
■—pr.p.  exceU'ing ;  pa.p.  excelled'.     [L. 
excelto — ex,   out,   up,  and    a   root  cello, 
same  as  Gr.  hello,  to  drive,  to  urge.] 
EXCELLENCE,  ek'sel-ens,  EXCELLENCY , 
ek'sel-en-si,  n.  great  merit :  any  excel- 
lent quality  :  worth  :   greatness  :  a  title 
of  honor  given  to  persons  hig  b  in  rank  or 
office.        [Fr. — L.    excellentia — excellens, 
rising  above,  distingxushing  one's  self.] 
EXCELLENT,   ek'sel-ent,  adj.   surpassing 
others  in  some  good  qualitj' :  of  great 
virtue,  worth,  etc.  :  superior :  valuable. 
— adv.  Ex'CET.T.F.NTLY.  [Fr. — L.  excellens, 
-entis — excello.]  , 

EXCEPT,  ek-sept',  v.t.  to  take  or  leave  out 
to  exclude.— ^.i.  to  object.     [L.  excipio, 
exceptus — ex,  out,  and  capio,  to  take.] 
EXCEPT,  ek-sept',  EXCEPTING,  ek-sept - 

mg. prep.,  leaving  out:  excluding:  but. 
EXCEPTION,  ek-sep'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
excepting  or  excluding  from  a  number 
designated,  or  from  a  description ;  ex- 
clusion ;  as,  all  voted  for  the  bill,  with 
the  exception  of  five  ;  "  He  doth  deny  his 
prisoners  but  with  proviso  and  excep' 
iion;"-~Shak. :  exclusion  from  what  is 
comprehended  in  a  general  rule  or  propo- 
sition— sometimes,  though  rarely,  with 
to  ;  "  Let  the  money  be  raised  on  land, 
with  an  exception  to  some  of  the  more 
barren  parts,  that  might  be  tax  free." — 
Addison :  that  which  is  excepted,  ex- 
cluded, or  separated  from  others  in  a 
general  description  ;  the  person  or  thing 
specified  as  distinct  or  not  included  ;  as, 
almost  every  general  rule  has  its  excep- 
tions; 

Such  rare  exceptions,  shining:  in  the  dark. 
Prove,  i-ather  than  impeach,  the  just  remark. 

— Covper : 

an  objection  ;  that  which  is  or  may  be 
offered  in  opposition  to  a  rule,  proposi- 
tion, statement,  or  allegation — with  to  ; 
sometimes  with  against ;  '•  I  wiU  answer 
what  exceptimis  he  can  have  against  our 
account.'' — Bentley  :  objection  with  dis- 
like ;  offence ;  slight  anger  or  resent 
nient — with  at  or  againsti^tut  more  com- 
monly with  to,  and  generally  used  with 
take  ;  as,  to  take  exception  at  j  severe  re- 
mark ;  to  tal' ;  exception  tj  what  was 
said  ;  "  Boder  go,  thou  hast  taken  against 
me  an  except,  an." — Shak.  ;  in  lau-  (a)  the 
denial  of  what  is  alleged  and  considered 
as  valid  by  the  other  party,  either  in 
point  of  law  or  in  pleading  ;  a  denial  of  a 
matter  alleged  in  bar  to  an  action  ;  an 
allegation  against  the  sufficiency  of  an 
answer  ;  it  is  a  stop  or  stay  to  an  action, 
and  it  is  either  dilatory  or  peremptory ; 
(b)  a  clause  by  which  the  grantor  of  a 
deed  excepts  something  before  grantee ; 
as  when  having  disposed  of  a  house  a 
particular  room  is  excepted  from  the 
same. — Bill   of   exceptions,  in  law,  a 


EXCEPTIONABLE 


144 


EXCRETE 


statement  of  exceptions  taken  to  the  de- 
cision, or  instructions,  on  points  of  law, 
of  the  judge  presiding-  at  a  trial,  for  the 
purpose  of  having  these  points  recorded 
m  order  to  be  reviewed  by  a  superior 
court  or  the  full  bench. 

EXCEPTIONABLE,  ek-sep'shun-a-bl,  adj. 
objectionable. 

EXCEPTIONAL,  ek-sep'shun-al,  adj.  pe- 
culiar. 

EXCEPTIVE,  ek-sept'iv,  a<y.  including; 
making,  or  being  an  exception. 

EXCEPTOR,  ek-sept'or,  n.  one  who  excepts 
or  objects. 

EXCEREBRATE,  eks-se're-brat,  v.t.  to  re- 
move or  beat  out  the  brains  of  :  to  cast 
out  from  the  brain.  "  Virtue  in  it  to 
excerebraie  all  cares." — Bp.  Ward.  [L. 
excerebro.  excerebratum — ex,  out,  and 
cerehrnm,  brain.] 

EiXCERPT,  ek-serpt',  n.  a  passage  picked 
out  or  selected  from  a  book,  an  extract. 
[L.  excerptum,  pa.p.  of  excerpo — ex,  out, 
and  carpo,  to  pick.  J 

EXCESS,  ek-ses',  n.  a  going  beyond  what 
is  usual  or  proper  :  intemperance  :  that 
which  exceeds:  the  degree  by  which  one 
thing  exceeds  another.  [L.  excessus — ex- 
cedo,  excess-US,  to  go  beyond.] 

EXCESSIVE,  ek-ses'iv,  adj.  beyond  what 
is  right  and  proper  :  immoderate  :  vio- 
lent.—adv.  EXCESS'IVELY. — n.  EXCESS'- 
IVENESS. 

EXCHANGE,  eks-chanj',  v.t.  in  eomm.  to 
part  with,  in  return  for  some  equivalent ; 
to  transfer,  for  a  recompense  ;  to  barter  ; 
as,  he  exchanges  his  goods  in  foreign 
countries  for  gold,  the  workman  ex- 
changes his  labor  for  money  ;  "  He  has 
something  to  exchange  with  those  abroad." 
— Locke :  to  lay  aside,  quit,  or  resign  one 
thing,  state,  or  condition,  and  take  anoth- 
er in  the  place  of  it ;  to  part  with  for  a 
substitute  ;  as,  to  exchange  a  crown  for  a 
cowl  ;  to  exchange  a  throne  for  a  cell  or 
a  hermitage ;  to  exchange  a  life  of  ease 
for  a  life  of  toil ;  "  And  death  for  life 
exchanged  foolishly." — Skak. :  to  give 
and  receive  reciprocally;  to  give  and 
take  ;  communicate  mutually  ;  to  inter- 
change ;  as.  to  exchange  horses,  clothes, 
thougnts,  civilities ; 
Exchange  forgiveness  with  me,  noble  Hamlet. 

—  Shak. 
[O.  Fr. exchanger, eschanger;  Fr.ichanger 
—ex,  and  changer,  to  change.] 
EXCHANGE,  eks-chanj',  v.i.  to  make  an 
exchange:  to  pass  or  to  be  taken  as  an 
equivalent :  as,  a  dollar  should  exchange 
for  ten  dimes. 
EXCHANGE,   eks-chanj',    n.  the    act    of 
giving  one  thing  or  commodity  for  anoth- 
er ;  barter  ;  the  act  of  parting  with  some- 
thing in  return  for  an  equivalent ;  traffic 
by  interchange  of  commodities  ;  "Joseph 
gave  them  bread  in  exchange  for  horses." 
—Gen.  xlvii.  17 ; 
O  spare  ber  life  and  in  exchange  take  mine. 

—Dryden: 
the  act  of  giving  up  or  resigning  one  thing 
or  state  for  another,  without  contract ; 
as  the  exchange  of  a  crown  for  a  cloister  : 
the  act  of  giving  and  receiving  recipro- 
cally ;  as,  an  exchange  of  thoughts,  an 
exchange  of  civilities :  the  contract  by 
which  one  commodity  is  transferred  to 
another  for  an  equivalent  commodity  : 
the  thing  given  in  return  for  something 
received  ;  or  the  thing  received  in  return 
for  what  is  given  ;  change  ;  "  There's  my 
exchange.'' — Shak.  :  among  journalists,  a 
newspaper  sent  to  one  office  in  exchange 
for  one  received  :  the  process  of  exchang- 
ing one  debt  or  credit  for  another;  or  the 
receiving  or  paying  of  money  in  one  place, 
for  an  equal  sum  in  another,  by  order, 
draft,  or  bill  of  exchange :  in  mercantile 
lang.  a  bill  drawn  for  money  ;  a  bill  of  ex- 


change :  in  law,  a  mutual  grant  of  equal 
interests,  the  one  in  consideration  of  the 
other  :  the  place  where  the  merchants, 
brokers,  and  bankers  of  a  city  meet  to 
transact  business,  at  certain  hours,  often 
contracted  into  'Change;  "  As  he  does  in 
the  market  and  exchange,  who  sells  sev- 
eral things." — Locke :  in  arith.  a  rule  the 
object  of  which  is  to  find  how  much  of 
the  money  of  one  country  is  equivalent  to 
a  given  sum  of  the  money  of  another  ;  all 
the  calculations  in  exchange  may  be  per- 
formed by  the  rule  of  proportion  ;  and  the 
work  may  often  be  abbreviated  by  the 
method  of  aliquot  parts. — COURSE  of  ex- 
change, the  current  price  between  two 
places,  which  is  above  or  below  par,  or  at 

Sar.  Exchange  is  at  par  when  a  bill  in 
ew  York  for  the  payment  of  one  hun- 
dred pounds  sterling  in  London  can  be 
purchased  for  one  hundred  pounds ;  if  it 
can  be  purchased  for  less,  exchange  is 
under  par ;  if  the  purchaser  is  obliged  to 
give  more,  exchange  is  abovepar. — THEO- 
RY OF  EXCHANGES,  a  theory  introduced  by 
Prevost,  for  explaining  the  equilibrium 
of  temperature  of  any  body,  is  founded 
on  the  supposition  that  the  quantity  of 
heat  which  a  body  diffuses  by  radiation 
is  equal  to  the  quantity  which  it  receives 
by  radiation  from  surrounding  bodies,  and 
which  it  either  absorbs  whollj'  or  in  part. 
EXCHANGEABLE,  eks-chanj'a-bl,  adj. 
that  may  be  exchanged. — n.  Exchange- 

ABIL'ITY. 

EXCHANGER,  eks-chanj'er,  n.  one  who 
exchanges  or  practices  exchange  :  {B.)  a 
money-changer,  a  banker. 

EXCHEQUER,  eks-chek'er,  n.  a  superior 
English  court  which  had  formerly  to  do 
only  with  the  revenue,  but  now  also 
with  common  law,  so  named  from  the 
checkered  cloth  which  formerly  covered 
the  table,  and  on  which  the  accounts 
were  reckoned. — v.t.  to  proceed  against 
a  person  in  the  Court  of  Exchequer. 
[From  root  of  CHECK,  CHECKER.] 

EXCISE,  ek-siz',  n.  a  tax  on  certain  home 
commodities  and  on  licenses  for  certain 
trades  :  specifically,  liquor  tax. — v.t.  to 
subject  to  excise  duty.  [O.  Dut.  aksiis — 
Fr.  assis,  assessments^assise,  an  assize, 
at  which  the  tax  was  fixed.  See  ASSESS 
and  Assize.] 

EXCISE,  ek-siz',  v.t.  to  cut  out :  to  cut 
off :  as,  to  excise  a  tumor.  [L.  excido, 
excisiim,  to  cut  out  or  off,  from  ex,  out, 
and  ccedo,  to  cut.] 

EXCISEMAN,  ek-slz'man,  n.  an  officer 
charged  with  collecting  the  excise. 

EXCISION,  ek-sizh'un,  n.  a  cutting  out  or 
off  of  ;iny  kind  :  extirpation.  [Fr.  — L  . 
from  excido,  to  cut  out — ex,  out,  and 
ccedo,  to  cut.     See  CONCISE.] 

EXCITABLE,  ek-sit'a-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being,    or    easily    excited. — n.    Excita- 

BIL'ITY. 

EXCITANT,  ek-sit'ant  or  ek'sit-ant,  n.  that 
which  excites  or  arouses  the  vital  activity 
of  the  body  :  a  stimulant. 

EXCITATION,  ek-sit  a'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
exciting  or  putting  in  motion  ;  the  act 
of  rousing  or  awakening  ;  "It  may  be 
safely  said  that  the  order  of  excitation  is 
from  muscles  that  are  small  and  frequent- 
ly acted  on  to  those  which  are  larger,  and 
less  frequently  acted  od."—H.  Spencer: 
"  Here  are  words  of  fervent  excitation  to 
the  frozen  hearts  of  others."— Bp.  Hall: 
in  med.  the  act  of  producing  excitement ; 
also,  the  excitement  produced.— Excita- 
tion OF  ELECTRICITY  the  disturbance  of 
the  electric  equilibri  an  by  friction,  ele- 
vation of  temperature,  contact,  etc. 

EXCITATIVE,  ek-sit'a-tiv,  EXCITATORY, 
ek-sTt'a-tor-i,  adj.  tend  ng  to  excite. 

EXCITATOR,  ek-sit-at'er,  n.  is  elect,  an  in- 


strument employed  to  discharge  a  Leydeo 
jar  or  other  electrical  apparatus  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  secure  the  operator  from 
the  force  or  effect  of  the  shock.  [L., 
from  excito.] 

EXCITE,  ek-sit',  v.t.  to  call  into  activity  : 
to  stir  up  :  to  rouse  :  to  irritate. — n.  Ex. 
cit'er.    [L.  ex,  out,  and  root  of  Cite.] 

EXCITEMENT,  ek-sit'ment,  n.  agitation: 
that  which  excites. 

EXCLAIM,  eks-klam',  v.i.  to  cry  out :  to  I 
utter  or    speak    vehemently.      [Fr.   ej> 
clamer — L.  exclamo — ex,  out,  clamo,  to 
shout.] 

EXCLAMATION,  eks-kla-ma'shun,  n.  ve- 
hement utterance  :  outcry  :  an  uttered 
expression  of  surprise,  and  the  like  :  the 
mark  expressing  this(!) :  an  interjection. 

EXCLAMATORY,  eks-klam'a-tor-i,  adj. 
containing  or  expressing  exclamation. 

EXCLAVE,  eks'klav,  n.  a  part  of  a  country, 
province,  or  the  like,  which  is  disjoined 
from  the  main  part.     [See  Enclave.] 

EXCLUDE,  eks-kl66d',  v.t.  to  close  or  shut 
out :  to  thrust  out :  to  hinder  from  en- 
trance :  to  hinder  from  participation  :  to 
except.  [L.  excludo — e.v,  out,  and  claiido, 
to  shut.] 

EXCLUSION,  eks-kl66'zhun,  n.  a  shuttinfif 
or  putting  out :  ejection  :  exception. 

EXCLUSIONIST,  eks-kl66'zhun-ist,  n.  one 
who  would  preclude  another  from  some 
privilege  :  specifically,  in  English  hist., 
one  of  a  party  of  politicians  in  the  time 
of  Charles  II.  favorable  to  a  bill  to  ex- 
clude his  popish  heirs  from  the  throne. 
"The  exclusive  in  fashionable  life  does 
not  see  that  he  excludes  himself  from  en- 
joyment, in  the  attempt  to  appropriate 
it.  The  exclusionist  in  religion  does  not 
see  that  he  shuts  the  door  of  heaven  on 
himself,  in  striving  to  shut  out  others." 
— Emerson.  "The  gentlemen  of  every 
county,  the  traders  of  every  town,  the 
boys  of  every  public  school  were  divided 
into  exclusionists  and  abhorrers." — Ma- 
caulay. 

EXCLUSIVE,  eks-kl66'siv,  adj.  able  or 
tending  to  exclude  :  debarring  from  par- 
ticipation: sole:  not  taking  into  account. 
— n.  one  of  a  number  who  exclude  others 
from  their  society.— adv.  Exclu'SIVELY. 
— ?i.  Exclu'siveness. 

EXCOGITATE,  eks-koj'i-tat,  v.t.  to  dis- 
cover by  thinking :  to  think  earnestly  or 
laboriously.  [L.  excogito,  -atus — ex,  out, 
and  cogito,  to  think.] 

EXCOGITATION,  eks-koj-i-ta'shun,  n.  la- 
borious thinking:  invention:  contrivance. 

EXCOMMUNICATE,  eks-kom-un'i-kat,  v.t. 
to  p?/<  out  of  or  expel  from  the  comnnin- 
ion  of  the  church  :  to  deprive  of  church 
privileges.  [L.  ex,  out  of,  and  Communi- 
cate.] 

EXCOMMUNICATION,  eks-kom-un-i-ka'- 
shun,  n.  act  of  expelling  from  the  com- 
munion of  a  church. 

EXCORIATE,  eks-ko'ri-at,  v.t.  to  strip  the 
skin  from.  [L.  excorio,  -atus — ex,  from, 
corinm,  the  skin.] 

EXCREMENT,  eks'kre-ment,  n.  useless 
matter  discharged  from  the  animal  sys- 
tem :  dung.— acy.  Excrement' al.  [L. 
excrementum — excemo,  excretus,  to  sep- 

EXCREMENTITI0US,eks-kre-men-tish'u8, 
adj.  pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or  con- 
taining excrement. 

EXCRESCENCE,  eks-kres'ens,  n.  that 
which  grows  out  unnaturally  from  any- 
thing else :  an  outbreak :  a  wart  or 
tumor :  a  superfluous  part.  [Fr.- L. — 
excresco — ex,  out,  and  cresco,  to  grow.] 

EXCRESCENT,  eks-kres'ent,  adj.,  growing 
out :  superfluous. 

EXCRETE,  eks-kret',  v.t.  to  mparate  from. 


EXCRETION 


145 


EXHAUST-PIPE 


or  discharge  :  to  eject.  [L.  ex,  from, 
and  cemo,  cretus,  to  separate.] 

EXCRETION,  eks-kre'shun,  n.  act  of  ex- 
creting- matter  from  the  animal  system  : 
that  which  is  excreted. — adj.  Excee'ttvb, 
s V)l p  to  fxcrftp 

EXCRETORY,  eks-kre'tor-i,  adj.  having 
the  quaHty  of  excreting. — n.  a  duct  or 
vessel  that  helps  to  receive  and  excrete 
matter. 

EXCRUCIATE,  eks-kro6'shi-at,  v.t.  to  tor- 
ture as  if  on  a  cross:  to  rack.  [L.  ear, 
out,  and  crucio,  crueiatus,  to  crucify — 
CTiw;,  crucis,  a  cross.] 

EXCRUCIATION,  eks-kroo-shi-a'shun,  n. 
torture  :  vexation. 

EXCULPATE,  eks-kul'pat,  v.t.  to  clear 
from  the  charge  of  a  fault  or  crime  :  to 
absolve  :  to  vindicate. — n.  Exculpa'tion. 
[L.  excidpo,  exculpatus — ex,  from,  culpa, 
a  fault.] 

EXCULPATORY,  eks-kul'pa-tor-i,  adj.  ex- 
culpating or  freeing  from  the  charge  of 
fault  or  crime. 

EXCURSION,  eks-kur'shun,  n.  a  going 
forth  :  an  expedition  :  a  trip  for  pleasure 
or  health :  a  wandering  from  the  main 
subject :  a  digression.  [L.  excursio — ex, 
out,  and  curro,  cursimi,  to  run.] 

EXCURSIONIST,  eks-kur'shun-ist,  n.  one 
who  goes  on  an  excursion  or  pleasure- 
trip.      

EXCURSIVE,  eks-kur'siv,  adj.  rambling  : 
deviating. — adv.  Excur'sivelt. — n.  Ex- 

CUR'srVENESi. 

EXCURSUS,  eks-kur'sus,  n.  a  dissertation 
on  some  particular  point  appended  to  a 
book  or  chapter. 

EXCUSABLE,  eks-ktiz'a-bl,  adj.  admitting 
of  justification. 

EXCUSATORY,  eks-kuz'a-tor-i,  adj.  mak- 
ing or  containing  excuse. 

EXCUSE,  eks-kuz ,  v.t.  to  free  from  blame 
or  g^uilt :  to  forgive  :  to  free  from  an  ob- 
ligation :  to  release  :  to  make  an  apology 
or  ask  pardon  for.  [L.  excuse — ex,  from, 
causor,  to  plead — causa,  a  cause,  an  ac- 
cusation.] 

EXCUSE,  eks-ktis',  n.  a  plea  offered  in  ex- 
tenuation of  a  fault. 

EXECRABLE,  eks'e-kra-bl,  adj.  deserving 
execration  :  detestable  :  accursed. —  adv. 

EX'ECRABLY. 

EXECRATE,  eks'e-krat,  v.t.  to  curse  :  to 
denounce  evil  against :  to  detest  utterly. 
[L.  exsecror,  -atus,  to  curse — ear,  from,  and 
sacer.  sacred.] 

EXECRATION,  eks-e-kra'shun,  n.  act  of 
execrating  :  a  curse  pronounced  :  that 
which  is  execrated. 

EXECRATIOUS,  eks-e-kra'shus,  adj.  im- 
precatory :  cursing  :  execrative.  "  A 
whole  volley  of  such  like  execratious 
wishes. " — Richardson. 

EXECRATIVE,  eks'e-kra-tiv,  adj.  denounc- 
ing evil  against :  imprecating  evil  on  : 
cursing  :  vilifying.     Carlyle. 

EXECRATIVELY,  eks'e-kra-tiv-li,  odv."in 
an  execrative  manner.    .Carlyle. 

EXECRATORY,  eks'e-kra-to-ri,  adj.  denun- 
ciatory :  abusive.  "  Without  execratory 
comment." — Kingsley. 

EXECUTE,  eks'e-kut,  v.t.  to  perform:  to 
give  effect  to :  to  carry  into  effect  the 
sentence  of  the  law  :  to  put  to  death  by 
law. — n.  Ex'ecxjteh.      [Fr.   earecM^er — L. 

i     exsequor,  exsecutus — ear,  out,  and  sequor, 

I     to  follow.] 

EXECUTION,  eks-e-ku'shun,  n.  act  of  ex- 
ecuting or  performing :  accomplishment : 
completion  :  carrying  into  effect  the 
sentence  of  a  court  of  law  :  the  warrant 
for  so  doing. 

EXECUTIONER,  eks-e-ku'shun-er,  n.  one 
•who  executes,  esp.  one  who  inflicts  capi- 
tal punishment. 

EXECUTIVE,  egz-ek'ut-iv,  adj.  having  the 


quality  of  executing  or  performing ;  de- 
signed or  fitted  for  execution  or  carrying 
into  effect ;  as,  executive  power  or  aumor- 
ity,  an  executive  officer :  hence,  in  gov- 
ernment, executive  is  used  in  distinction 
from  legislative  and  judicial — the  body 
that  deliberates  and  enacts  laws  is  legis- 
lative ;  the  body  that  judges  or  apphes 
the  laws  to  particular  cases  is  judicial  ; 
the  body  or  person  who  carries  the  laws 
into  effect,  or  superintends  the  enforce- 
ment of  them,  is  executive. 
EXECUTIVE,  egz-ek'ut-iv,  n.  the  officer, 
whether  king,  president,  or  other  chief 
magistrate,  who  superintends  the  execu- 
tion of  the  laws  :  the  person  or  persons 
who  administer  the  government :  exec- 
utive power  or  authority  in  government : 
in  the  U.  S.  the  President,  the  governors 
of  States,  the  mayors  of  cities,  etc. 
EXECUTOR,  egz-ek'ut-er,  n.  one  who  exe- 
cutes or  performs ;  a  doer  ;  "  Such  base- 
ness had  never  like  executor." — Shak.  : 
an  executioner ; 

The  sad-eyed  justice  vrith  his  surly  hum, 
Delivering  o'er  to  executors  paAe 
The  lazy,  yawning  drone. — Shak.  .* 

the  person  appointed  by  a  testator  to  ex- 
ecute his  will  or  to  see  it  carried  into 
effect.  —  Executor  de  son  tort,  one 
who,  without  authority,  intermeddles 
with  the  goods  of  a  deceased  person,  by 
which  he  subjects  himself  to  the  trouble 
of  executorship  without  the  profits  op 
advantages.  —  Executor  nominate,  an 
executor  appointed  by  the  will  of  the 
testator.  In  most  of  the  States  of  the 
Union  the  executor  is  named  in  the  will : 
administrator  being  the  official  title  of 
an  executor  appointed  by  legal  authority. 

EXECUTORY,  egz-ek'u-tor-i,  adj.  execut- 
ing official  duties :  designed  to  be  carried 
into  effect. 

EXECUTRIX,  egz-ek'u-triks,  EXECU- 
TRESS,  egz-ek'u-tres,  n.  a  female  execu- 
tor :  a  woman  appointed  by  a  testator  to 
execute  his  will. 

EXEGESIS,  eks-e-je'sis,  n.  the  science  of 
interpretation,  esp.  of  the  Scriptures. 
[Gr.  exegesis — exegeomai,  to  explain — ex, 
out,  and  hegeomai,  to  guide — ag'o.to  lead.] 

EXEGETIC,  eks-e-jet'ik,  EXEGETICAL, 
eks'e-jet'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  exege- 
sis :  explanatory. — adv.  Exeget'ioat.t.Y. 
— n.sing.  Exeget'ics,  the  science  of  exe- 
gesis.   [Gr.    See  Exegesis.] 

EXEMPLAR,  egz-em'pler,  n.  a  model,  orig- 
inal, or  pattern  to  be  copied  or  imitated : 
the  idea  or  image  of  a  thing  formed  in 
the  mind,  as  of  an  artist :  the  ideal  model 
which  he  attempts  to  imitate. 
He  who  has  learned  the  duty  which  he  owes 
To  friends  and  country,  and  to  pardon  foes  .  .  . 
Such  is  the  man  the  poet  should  rehearse, 
As  joint  exemplar  of  his  life  and  verse. — Byron. 

EXEMPLARY,  egz'em-plar-i,  adj.  worthy 
of  imitation  or  notice  :  commendable. — 
adv.  Ex'EMPLARiLT.    [See  Exemplar.] 

EXEMPLIFICATION,  egz  -  em  -  pli  -  fi-ka'- 
shun,  n.  act  of  exemplifying  :  that  which 
exemplifies  :  a  copy  or  transcript. 

EXEMPLIFY,  egz-em'pU-fl,  v.t.  to  illus- 
trate by  example :  to  make  an  attested 
copy  of :  to  prove  by  an  attested  copy: — 

Jfr.p.  exem'plifying  ;  pa.p.  exem'pUfied. 
L.  exemjjlum,  and /aeto,  to  do  or  make.] 
lEMPT,  egz-emt',  v.t.  to  free,  or  grant 
immunity  from. — adj.  taken  out :  not 
liable  to  :  released.  [Fr. — L.  eocimo,  ex- 
emptus — ear,  out,  and  enio,  to  take,  to 
buy.  Cf.  Example.] 
EXE'MPTION,  egz-em'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
exempting :  the  state  of  being  exempt : 
freedom  from  any  service,  charge,  bur- 
den, tax,  evil,  or  requisition,  to  which 
others  are  subject :  immunity:  privilege  : 
as,  exemption  from  feudal  servitude  ;  ear- 
emption  from   pain,    sorrow,  or    death ; 


"The  Roman  laws  gave  particular  eav 
emptions  to  such  as  built  ships  or  traded 
in  corn." — Arbuthnot:  in  the  R.  C. 
Church,  a  dispensation  occasionally 
granted  by  the  pope  to  clergymen,  and 
more  rarelj'  to  layinen,  to  exempt  them 
from  the  authority  of  their  ordinaries, 

EXEQUIES,    eks'e-kwiz,    71.pl.  a    funeraS 
procession :    the  ceremonies    of  burial. 
[L.  exseguicB — ex,    out,    sequor,  to   fol-j 
low.]  ( 

EXERCISE,  eks'er-slz,  n.  a  putting  in 
practice :  exertion  of  the  body  for 
health  or  amusement :  discipline :  a 
lesson  or  task.  [Tr.  earercice — L.  earer- 
eitium — ^L.  exerceo,  -dtus — ear,  out,  and 
arceo,  to  drive.] 

EXERCISE,  eks'er-siz,  v.t.  to  train  by  use  : 
to  improve  by  practice :  to  afflict :  to 
put  in  practice  :  to  use. 

EXERT,  egz-ert',  «.f.  to  bring  into  active 
operation  :  to  do  or  perform.  [L.  exsero, 
exsertus — ex,  out,  and  sero,  to  put  to- 
gether.   See  Series.] 

EXERTION,  egz-er'shun,  n.  a  bringing  into 
active  operation  :  effort :  attempt. 

EXESTUATE,  egz-es'tu-at,  v.i.  to  boil :  to 
be  agitated.  [L.  excestuo,  excestuatum, 
to  boil  up — e.v,  out,  up,  and  cestuo,  to 
boil,  from  cestus,  heat,  fire,  boiling  of 
water.] 

EXESTUATION,  egs-es-tu-a'shim,  n.  a 
boUing :  ebullition :  agitation  caused  by 
heat:  effervescence.  "Saltpetre  is  in 
operation  a  cold  body ;  physicians  and 
chymists  give  it  in  fevers,  to  allay  the 
inward  exestuations  of  the  ';  ood  and 
humors. " — Boyle. 

EXEUNT,  eks'e-unt,  a  word  used  in  dra- 
matic literature  to  denote  the  period  at 
which  several  actors  quit  the  stage. — 
Exeunt  omnes  (all  go  out)  is  sometimes 
used  when  all  the  actors  leave  the  stage 
at  the  same  time.     [L.,  they  go  out.] 

EX  FACTE,  eks  fa'shi-e,  from  the  face  of : 
said  of  what  appears  from  the  face  of  a 
writing  or  other  document.     [L.] 

EXFOLIATE,  eks-fo'li-at,  v.i.  to  come  off 
in  scales. — n.  Exfolia'tion.  [L.  exfolio, 
exfoliatus — ex,  off,  and  folium,  a  leaf. 
See  Foliage.] 

EXHALATION,  egz-hal-a'shun,  n.  act  or 
process  of  exhahng :  evaporation  :  that 
which  is  exhaled  :  vapor  :  steam.  [L. 
exhalatio — exhalo,  -atus.} 

EXHALE,  egz-hal',  v.t.  to  emit  or  send 
out  as  vapor  :  to  evaporate. — v.i.  to  rise 
or  be  given  off  as  vapor.  [Fr.  exhaler — 
L.  exnalare — ex.  out,  halo,  halatus,  to 
breathe.] 

EXHAUST,  egz-hawst',  v.t.  to  draio  out 
the  whole  of  :  to  use  the  whole  strength 
of :  to  wear  or  tire  out :  to  treat  of  or 
develop  completely.  [L.  exhaurio,  ear- 
haiisius — ex,  out,  and  haurio,  to  draw.] 

EXHAUSTED,  egz-hawst'ed,  adj.  drawn 
out :  emptied  :  consumed  :  tired  out. 

EXHAUSTER,  egz-hawst'er,  n.  he  who  or 
that  which  exhausts. 

EXHAUSTIBILITY,  egz-hawst-i-bil'i-ti,  *. 
the  capability  of  being  exhausted  :  the 
quality  of  being  exhaustible.     J.  S.  Milh 

EXHAUSTIBLE,  egz-hawst'i-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  exhausted. 

EXHAUSTION,  egz-hawst'yun,  n.  act  of 
exhausting  or  consuming  :  state  of  being 
exhausted :  extreme  fatigue. 

EXHAUSTIVE,  egz-hawst'iv,  adj.  tending 
to  exhaust. 

EXHAUSTLESS,  egz-hawstles,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  exhausted. 

EXHAUST  -  NOZZLE,  egz  -  hawst'  -  noz  - 1, 
EXHAUST-ORIFICE,  egz-hawst'-o-ri-fls, 
n.  in  a  steam-engine,  the  blast  orifice  or 
nozzle. 

EXHAUST-PIPE,  egz-hawst'-pip,  ra.  in  a 
iteam-engine,  the  pipe  that  conveys  wasta 


EXHAUST-PORT 


14« 


EXOSKELETOS 


steam  from  the  cylinder  to  the  condens- 
er, or  through  which  it  escapes  to  the 
atmosphere. 

EXHAUST-POET,  egz-hawst'-port,  7i.  in  a 
steam-engine,  the  exit  passage  for  the 
steam  from  a  cylinder. 

EXHAUST-STEAM,  egz-hawst'-stem,  tu  in 
a  steam-engine,  the  steam  allowed  to  es- 
cape from  the  cylinder  after  it  has  pro- 
duced motion  ot  the  piston. 

EXHAUSTURE,  egz-hawst'ur,  n.  exbans- 
tion. 

EXHAUST- VALETS,  esga-hawst'-valv,  n.  in 
a  steam-engine,  the  valve  which  regulates 
the  passage  of  waste  steam  fi'om  the 
cylinder :  a  valve  in  the  eduction  pas- 
sage of  the  steam  cylinder  of  an  engine, 
placed  between  the  cylinder  and  air- 
pump,  and  wrought  bv  the  tappet-ma- 
tion,  so  as  to  open  s"hortlv  after  the 
equilibrium  valve,  and  admft  the  steam 
to  the  condenser. 

EXHIBIT,  egz-hib'it,  v.t.  to  hold  forth  or 
present  to  view  :  to  present  formally  or 
publicly.  —  ns.  Exuus'ttes,  ExHTB'rroE. 
[L.  exnibeo,  exhibitus — ex,  out,  habeo, 
habitus,  to  have  or  hold.] 

EXHIBmON,  el£s-hi-bish'un,  n.  present*, 
tion  to  view ;  disjday  :  a  public  show, 
esp.  of  works  of  art,  manufactures,  etc.: 
that  which  is  exhibited  :  ao  allowance  or 
bounty  to  scholars  in  a  nniversity.  pv, 
— L.  exhibitio.] 

EXHIBITIONER,  eksii-bish'un-er,  n.  one 
who  enjoys  an  exhibition  or  allowance 
at  a  UE  .-ersity. 

EXHIBI^OEY,  egz-hib'it-or-i,  adj.  exhib- 
iting. 

EXHILARANT,  egz-hil'a-rant,  aclj.  extai- 
arating:  exciting  joy,  mirth,  or  pleasure. 

EXHHAEATE,  egz-hil'a-rat,  v.t.  to  make 
hilarious  or  merry:  to  enliven:  to  cheer, 
[L.  exhilaro,  exhUaratus — ex,  intensive, 
hilar  is,  cheerfuL] 

EXHILARATING,  egz-Wl'a-rat-ing,  adf. 
cheering :   gladdening.  —  adv.   Exhu/a- 

RATINGLT. 

EXHILARATION,  egz-hil-a-rS'ahmi,  n. 

state  of  being  exhilarated  t  joyousness. 

EXHORT,  egz-hort',  v.t.  to  wrge  strongly  to 
good  deeds,  esp.  by  words  or  advice  :  to 
animate :  to  EwJvise  or  warn.  [Fr.  eas- 
horter  —  L.  exhortor,  -cctus — ex,  inten., 
hortor.  to  urge.] 

F.XHORTATION,  eks-hor-ta'shun,  ti.  act 
or  practice  of  exhorting  to  laudable 
deeds :  la^uage  intended  to  exhort : 
counseL     [L.  exhoriatio.}         

EXHORTATIVE,  egz-horf  a-tiv,  EXHOET- 
ATORY,  ega-horVa-tor-1,  adj.  tending  to 
exhort  or  advise. 

EXHUMATION,  eks-hO-mS'shun,  tu  act  of 
exhuming :  disinterment. 

EXHUME,  eks-hOm',  v.1.  to  take  out  of 
the  ground,  or  place  of  burial ;  to  disin- 
ter. [L.  ex,  out  of,  htimus,  the  ground. 
See  Humble.'] 

EXIGENCE,  eks'i-jens,  EXIGENCY,  efcsCi- 
jen-si,  n.  pressing  necessity :  emergency : 
distress. 

EXIGENT,  eke'i-jent,  adj.,  jessing :  de- 
manding immeaiate  attention  or  action. 
PL.  exigens,  •ntis—exigo — ex,  out,  ago,  to 
^rive.] 

EXlliE.  eg:^ (formerly,  frequently  egzAY), 
n.  banishment  ;  the  state  of  being  ex- 
pelled from  one's  native  country  or  place 
of  residence  by  authority,  and  forbidden 
to  return,  either  for  a  Umited  time  or  for 
perpetmty ; 

"  For  who  can  yet  beHere,  thcmgh  after  loss. 
That  all  these  puissant  lemons  whose  ex3e 
H«tb  emptied  bearen,  shall  fail  to  reasoend. 

— Milton : 
an  abandonment  of  one's  country  or  re- 
moval to  a  foreign  country  for  residenxie, 
through  fear,  disgust,  or  resentment,  or 
for  any  cause  distinct  from  business  ■  a 


separation  from  one's  countrj'  and  friende 
by  distress  or  necessity  :  the'  person  ban- 
ished or  expelled  from  his  country  by 
authority  *,  also,  one  who  abandons  his 
country  and  resides  in  another ;  or  one 
who  is  separated  from  his  country  and 
friends  by  necessity ;  as 

The  pensive  exile,  bendhig  Trtth  his  woe, 
To  stop  tcx(  fearful,  and  too  faint  to  so. 

—Oddsmitk. 
[Ft,  exii,  banishment,  exil6,  an  exiled 
person,  from  L.  exsilium,  banishment,  ex- 
sid,  a  banished  person — usually  regarded 
as  compounded  of  ex,  out  of,  from,  and 
solum,  soil,  but  more  probably  of  ex,  and 
root  of  L.  salio,  to  leap,  to  spring(whence 
salient,  sally) ;  Sans,  sar,  to  go  ;  so  L, 
consilium,  a  council,  would  mean  a  com- 
ing  together  of  people.    Comp.  OONBUL.] 

K.X  IliE,  egzU  (formerly  egz-il').  v.t.  to  ban- 
ish from  a  coimtry  or  from  a  particular 
iurisdiction  by  authority,  with  a  pro- 
hibition of  return  ;  to  drive  away,  e^>el, 
or  transport  ; 

For  that  offence 
Immediately  we  do  extte  him  hence.— SAok.; 
'  They,  fettered  with  the  bonds  of  a  long 
night,  lay  there  exiled  from  the  etern^ 
Pro^^dence.'' — Wisdom  xvii.  3. — To  EX- 
n^  QBX'g  SELF,  to  quit  one's  country  with 
a  view  not  to  return, 

EXILITY,  eks-il'i-ti,  n.  elenderness,  small- 
ness.  [L.  exUis,  slender,  contr.  for  exi- 
gilis.    See  EXUJENT.J 

EXIST,  egz-ist',  v.i.  to  have  an  actual 
being :  to  live  :  to  continue  to  be.  [L, 
existo,  exsisto — ex,  out,  and  sisto,  to 
make  to  stand.] 

EXISTENCE,  egz-ist'ens,  71.  state  of  e»st 
ing  or  being:  continued  being :  life  :  any- 
thing thai,  exists  :  a  being.  [L  exM- 
ens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  exisio.} 

EXISTENT,  egz-ist'ent,  adj.  having  being. 

EXIT,  eks'it,  a.  (orig.)  a  direction  m  play- 
books  to  an  actor  to  go  off  the  stage : 
the  departure  of  a  player  from  the 
stage :  any  departure  :  a  wav  of  depart- 
ure: a  passage  out:  a  quifting  of  the 
world's  stage,  or  life :  death.  [L.  exit, 
he  goes  out,  ctxo,  to  go  out — ex,  out,  and 
€o.  itum,  to  go.]       

EXOCETUS,  EXOCQETUS,  eks-o-se'tus, «. 
the  flying  fish,  a  genus  of  teleostean 
fishes  belonging  to  the  fanulv  Scombere- 
socidse,  of  the  sub-order  ^^dominales. 
The  body  is  whitish,  and  the  belly  an- 
gular. The  pectoral  fins,  which  are  very 
large,  are  the  principal  instrimients  m 
its  flight,  but  whether  they  act  as  wings 
in  propelling  it,  or  merely  as  parachutes 
or  kites  in  enabUng  it  to  sustain  itself  in 
the  air,  has  been  a  matter  of  question 
among  naturalists.  It  is  probable  that 
the  fins  serve  to  sustain  the  fish  tem- 
porarily in  the  air  after  it  has  acquired 
an  initial  velocity  in  its  rush  through 
the  water.  It  can  raise  itself  from  the 
water  and  pass  through  the  air  to  a  con- 
siderable distance,  sometimes  as  much  as 
800  yards,  which  it  does  to  escape  from 
the  attacks  of  other  fishes,  especially  the 
dolphin.  It  is  most  common  between 
the  tropics.  The  best  known  species  are 
B.  volttans,  abundant  in  the  warmer 
part  of  the  Atlantic,  and  E.  exiJiens  of 
the  Mediterranean.  By  some  naturalists 
the  genus  has  been  subdivided  into  sev- 
eral, characterized  by  the  presence  or 
absence  of  barbels.  [Or.  exofcoitos,  a  fish 
which  comes  upon  the  beach  to  sleep — 
exO.  without,  and  koitt,  a  bed.] 

EXOOULATION,  eku-ok-a-la'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  putting  out  the  eyes ;  excsecation. 
Sotithey.    {!(.  ear,  out,  and    oeuhu,   an 

EXfolJE,  eks^?Jd,  n.  an  exodus  or  departure. 
Bolingbroke:  m  the  Greek  drama,  the 
concluding  part  of  a  play,  or  the  part 


which  comprehends  all  that  is  said  afte  • 
the  last  choral  ode:  in  the  Soman  dramc. 
a  farce  or  satire,  the  last  of  the  three 
pieces  generally  played;  "The  Romans 
had  three  plays  acted  one  after  another 
on  the  same  subject  ,  the  first,  a  reaj 
tragedy ;  the  second,  tlie  atellan ;  the 
third,  a  satire  or  exode,  a  kind  of  farce  of 
one  act." — Boseommmi.  [Gr.  exodos,  an 
exit  or  departure,  also  the  finale  of  a 
tragedy.    See  Exodcs.] 

EXODUS,  eks'o-dus,  n.  a  going  out  or  dO" 
wirture,  esp.  that  of  the  Israelites  from 
Egypt  :  the  second  book  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament narrating  this  event.  JL. — Gr. 
exodus — ex,  out,hodos,  a  way.] 

EXOGAMY,  eks-og'am-i,  n.  the  pi-actice  o! 
marrying  only  outside  of  ones  own  tribe. 
(Gr.  exo,  out,  and  ganvoe,  marriage.] 

EXOGEN,  eks'o-jen,  71.  a  plant  belonging 
to  the  great  class  that  increases  by 
layers  growing  on  the  outside  of  the 
wood.  [Gr.  exo,  outside,  and  gea,  root 
of  gignomai,  to  be  produced.] 

EXOiGENOUS,  eks-oj'e-nus,  adj.  growing 
by  successive  additions  to  the  outside. 

EX'OMPHALOS,  egz-om'farlos,  EXOM- 
PHATiUS,  egz-om'farlus,  n.  a  navel  rup- 
ture.    [Gr.  ex,  and  omphalos,  the  navel,] 

EXON,  eks'on,  n.  in  England,  the  name 
given  to  four  officers  of  the  yeomen  ot 
the  royal  body-guard  :  an  exempt.  [O. 
Fr.  exoine,  excused.] 

EXONERATE,  egz-on'er-at,  t;.^  to  unload  ; 
to  disburden  ;  "  Vessels  wliich  all  exoner- 
ate themselves  into  a  common  duct." — 
Bay:  to  relieve  of,  as  a  charge  or  as  blame 
resting-  on  one  ;  to  clear  of  something 
that  bes  upon  the  character  as  an  impu- 
tation ;  as,  to  exonerate  one's  self  from 
blame  or  iroia  the  charge  of  avarice  :  t« 
relieve  of,  as  an  obligation,  debt,  or  duty : 
to  discharge  of  respon.sibility  or  liability : 
as,  a  surety  eroTi^rafes  himself  by  produc 
ing  a  vaaa  in  court  [L.  exonero,  exoner 
atvm, — ex,  priv.,  and  onero,  to  load,  onus, 
a  loadj 

EXONERATION,  egz-on-er-a'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  disburdening,  discharging,  or  free- 
ing, or  state  of  being  disburdened,  dis- 
charged,  or  freed,  from  a  charge,  imputa^ 
tion,  obligation,  debt,  or  duty. 

EXONERATIVE,  egz-on'er-a-tiv,  adj  free- 
ing from  a  burden  or  obligation. 

EXOEBITANCE,  egz-orl)i-tanB,  EXORBI- 
TANCY, egz-or'bi-tan-si,  n.  state  or  quaU 
Ity  of  being  exorbitant :  extravagance  ■ 
enormity. 

EXORBITANT,  egz^r1)i-tant,  adj.  goinf 
beyond  the  usuaUimitB  :  excessive.— oidt^ 
Exoe'bitastlt.  (TV.  —  L.  exorbitans, 
-ntis,  pr.p.  of  exorhiio — ex,  out  of,  anc 
orbita,  a  track — orbis,  a  eircle.] 

EXORCISE,  eks'or-siE,  v.t.  to  adjure  by 
some  holy  name :  to  call  forth  or  drive 
away,  as  a  spirit :  to  deliver  fix>m  the  in- 
fluence  of  an  evil  spirit.  [Through  Late 
L.,  from  Gr.  exorkizO — ex,  out,  hurkizSi 
to  bind  by  an  oath — horkos,  an  oath.] 

EXORCISER,  eks'or-slz-er,  EXOECIST 
eks'or-sist,  ti.  one  who  exorcises  or  pre- 
tends to  expel  evU  spirits  by  adjurations, 
JTr.  exorciste — Gr.  exorkistes.] 

EIXOECISM,  eks'or-sizm,  n.  act  of  exorcis- 
ing or  expelling  evil  spirits  by  certaic 
ceremonies.  [Fr.  exordsme — Gr.  exor 
kismos.] 

EXORDIAL,  egz-or'di-al,  adj.  pertaining  ;^ 
to  the  exordium. 

EXORDIUM,  egz-or'di-nm,  n.  the  tniroduc- 
tory  part  of  a  discourse  or  composition, 
[L. — exordior,  to  begin  a  web— -ear,  out, 
and  ordior,  to  begin,  to  weave.] 

EXOSKELETON,  efcs'o-skeJe-ton,  ti.  in 
anat.  a  term  apphed  to  all  those  struct- 
ures which  are  produced  by  the  harden- 
iag  ot  the  integument,  as  the  shells  of 


EXOSMIC 


147 


EXPERIENCE 


the  Crustacea,   the  scales  and  plates  of 
fishes  and  reptiles  :  dermo-skeleton.  [Gr. 
exb,  without,  and  skeleton,  a  dry  body,  a 
mummy.] 
EXOSMIC,  eks-os'mik,  adj.  same  as  Elxos- 

MOTIC. 

EXOSMOSE,  eks'os-mos,  EXOSMOSIS,  eks- 
os-mo'sis,  n.  the  passage  of  gases,  vapors, 
or  liquids,  through  membranes  or  porous 
media,  from  within  outward,  in  the  phe- 
nomena of  osmose,  the  reverse  process 
being  called  endosmose.  [Gr.  exo,  out- 
side, and  a  Active  form  osmosis,  torosmos, 
a  thrusting,  impulsion,  from  oUieo,  to 
thrust,  to  push.    See  Osmose.] 

EXOSMOTIC,  eks-os-mot'ik,  adj-  pertain- 
ing or  relating  to  exosmose ;  as,  an  exos- 
motic  current. 

EXOSTOSIS,  ek.s-os-t6'sis,  n.  {anat.)  mor- 
bid enlargement  of  a  bone.  [Gr.  ex,  out 
of,  and  osteon,  a  bone.] 

EXOTERIC,  eks-o-ter'ik,  EXOTERICAL, 
eks-o-ter'ik-al,  adj.  external :  fit  to  be 
communicated  to  the  public  or  multitude: 
—opposed  to  Esoteric. — n.  Exoter'icism. 
[Gr.  exoterikos—eoTxip.  formed  from  exo, 
without.] 

EXOTIC,  egz-ot'ik,EXOTICAL,egz-ot'ik-al, 
adj.  introduced  from  a  foreign  country  : 
— the  opposite  of  INDIGENOUS. — n.  any- 
thing of  foreign  origin  :  something  not 
native  to  a  country,  as  a  plant.  [L. — 
Gr.  exotikos — exo,  outward.] 

EXPAND,  eks-pand',  v.t.  to  spread  out:  to 
open  or  lay  open :  to  enlarge  in  biilk  or 
surface. — v.i.  to  become  opened  :  to  en- 
large. \1j.  expaiido — ea;,  out,  and  pando, 
pansus,  to  spread.] 

EXPANSE,  eks-pans',  ».  a  wide  extent  of 
space  or  body  :  the  firmament. 

EXPANSIBLE,  eks-pans'i-bl,  adj.  capable 
of  being  expanded  or  extended. — n.  Ex- 

,    pansibil'ity. — adv.  Expans'iblt. 

EXPANSION,  eks-pan'shun,  n.  act  of  ex- 
panding :  state  of  being  expanded :  en- 
largement :  that  which  is  expanded  : 
immensity. 

EXPANSION-CURB,  ek-span'shun-kerb,«. 
a  contrivance  to  counteract  expansion  and 
contraction  by  heat,  as  in  chronometers. 

EXPANSION-ENGINE,  ek-span'shun-en- 
jin,  n.  a  steam-engine  in  which  the  supply 
of  steam  is  cut  off  previous  to  the  stroke 
being  complete,  the  expansive  power  of 
the  steam  admitted  being  sufficient  to 
complete  the  stroke. 

EXPANSION-OEAR,  ek-span'shun-ger,  n. 
in  a  steam-engine,  the  apparatus  by  which 
the  access  of  steam  to  the  cylinder  is  cut 
off  at  a  given  part  of  the  stroke.  It  is  of 
various  forms. 

EXPANSION-JOINT,  ek-span'shun-joint, 
n.  in  mech.  (a)  a  joint  for  connecting 
steam-pipes,  made  with  a  stuffing-box,  so 
as  to  allow  one  of  them  to  slide  within 
the  enlarged  end  of  the  other  when  the 
length  increases  by  expansion  ;  (b)  an 
attachment  of  a  boiler  in  its  framing  to 
allow  the  former  to  expand  without  af- 
fecting the  latter^ 

EXPANSION-VALVE,  ek-span'shun-valv, 
71.  in  a  steam-engine,  a  valve  which  shuts 
off  the  steam  in  its  passage  to  the  shde- 
valves,  when  the  piston  has  travelled  a 
certain  distance  iu  the  cylinder,  leaving 
the  remaining  part  of  the  stroke  to  be 
performed  by  the  expansion  of  the  steam. 
EXPANSIVE,  eks-pans'iv,  adj.  widely  ex- 
tended :  diffusive.—  adv.  Expans'ivelt. 
— re.  Expans'iveness. 
EXPANSIVITY,  eks-pan-siv'i-ti,  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  expansive  :  ex- 
pansiveness.  Carlyle. 
EX  PARTE,  eks  pfir'te,  proceeding  only 
from  one  part  or  side  of  a  matter  in  ques- 
tion ;  one-sided  ;  partial  ;  as,  an  ea;  parte 
statement  :  specifically,  in  law,   applied 


to  any  step  taken  by  or  on  behalf  of  one 
of  the  parties  to  a  suit  or  in  any  judicial 
proceeding,  in  the  absence  of  the  other  ; 
as,  an  ex  parte  apphcation  ;  an  ex  jjarte 
hearing ;  ex  parte  evidence  :  hearings 
before  grand  juries  are  ex  parte.     [L.] 

EXPATIATE,  eks-pa'shi-at,  v.i.  to  range 
at  large  :  to  enlarge  in  discourse,  argu- 
ment, or  writing.  [L.  exspatior,  -atits — 
ex,  out  of,  and  spatior,  to  roam — spar 
tium,  space.] 

EXPATIATION,  eks-pa-shi-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  expatiating  or  enlarging  in  discom'se. 

EXPATRIATE,  eks-pa'tri-at,  v.t.  to  send 
out  o/ one's  fatherland  or  native  coun- 
try ;  to  banish  or  exile.  [Low  L.  expa- 
trio,  -atus — ex,  out  of, patria,  fatherland 
— pater,  patris,  a  father.] 

EXPATRIATION,  eks-pa-tri-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  expatriating :  exile,  voluntary  or  com- 
pulsory. 

EXPECT,  eks-pekt',  v.t.  to  wait  for;  to 
look  forward  to  as  something  about  to 
happen  :  to  anticipate  :  to  hope.  [L.  ex- 
s]]eeto,  -atus — ex,  out,  and  specto,  inten. 
of  specio,  to  look.] 

EXPECTANCE,  eks-pekt'ans,  EXPECT- 
ANCY,  eks-pekt'an-si,  n.  act  or  state  of 
expecting  :  that  wliich  is  expected ;  hope. 

EXPECTANT,  eks-pekt'ant,  adj.  looking  or 
waiting  for. — n.  one  who  expects :  one 
who  is  looking  or  waiting  for  some  bene- 
fit :  a  candidate  for  the  ministry  who  has 
not  yet  received  a  license  to  preach. 

EXPECTATION,  eks-pek-ta'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  expecting  or  looking  forward  to  an 
event  as  about  to  happen ;  as,  "  Tlie  same 
weakness  of  mind  which  indulges  absurd 
e.rpecta.tions,  produces  petulance  in  dis- 
appointment."— Irving ; 
She  spoke  aad  turn'd  her  sumptuous  head  with 

eyes 
Of  shining  expectation  fixt  on  mine. — Tennyson ; 

the  state  of  being  expected  or  looked  for; 
the  state  of  being  awaited ;  "  Our  prep- 
aration stands  in  expectation." — Shak.  : 
that  which  is  expected  ;  the  object  of  ex- 
pectation ;  the  expected  Messiah  ; 
Now  clear  I  understand 

Why  our  ^eaX  expectation  should  be  called 

The  seed  of  woman. — Milton  : 

prospect  of  future  good,  as  of  pos- 
sessions, wealth,  and  the  Uke — usually 
in  the  plural ;  "  My  soul,  wait  thou 
only  upon  God,  for  my  expectation  is 
from  him." — Ps.  Ixii.  5;  "His  magnifi- 
cent expectations  made  him  . .  .  the  best 
match  in  Europe.'" — Prescott :  a  state  or 
qualities  in  a  person  which  excite  expec- 
tations in  others  of  some  future  excel- 
lence ;  promise ;  "  By  all  men's  eyes  a 
youth  of  expectation." — Otu-aj/ :  in  med. 
the  method  of  leaving  a  disease  to  the 
efforts  of  nature ;  or  of  waiting  for  farther 
development  before  treating  it  actively  : 
the  value  of  any  prospect  of  prize  or 
property  depending  upon  the  happening 
of  some  uncertain  event,  a  sum  of  money 
in  expectation  upon  acertain  event  having 
a  determinate  value  before  that  event 
happens ;  if  the  chances  of  recei\'ing  or 
not  receiving  a  hundred  pounds  when  an 
event  arrives  are  equal,  then  befoi-e  tlie 
arrival  of  the  event  the  expectation  is 
worth  half  the  money.— Expectation  of 
LIFE,  a  term  applied  to  the  mean  or  av- 
erage duration  of  the  life  of  individuals 
of  any  given  age.  [L.  expectatio.  See 
Expect.] 

EXPECTATI()N-WEEK,  eks-pek-ta'shun- 
wek,  n.  the  whole  of  the  interval  between 
Ascension-day  and  Whitsunday,  so  called 
because  at  this  time  the  apostles  con- 
tinued in  earnest  prayer  and  expectation 
of  the  Comforter. 

EXPECTEDLY,  eks-pekt'ed-li,  adv.  in  an 
expected  manner  :  at  a  time  or  in  a  man- 
ner expected  or  looked  for.   H.  Walpole. 


EXPECTINGLY,  eks-pekt'ing-h,  adv.  in  a 
state  of  expectation. 

EXPECTLESS,  eks  -  pekt'les,  adj.  unex- 
pected :  not  looked  for :  unforeseen. 
Cliapnian. 

EXPECTORANT,  eks  -  pek'to  -  rant,  adj. 
tending  to  promote  expectoration. — n.  a, 
medicine  which  promotes  expectoration, 
[See  Expectorate.]  i 

EXPECTORATE,  eks-pek'to-rat,  v.t.  to  ex4 
pel  from  the  breast  or  lungs,  by  cough- 
ing, etc.  :  tospit  forth. — v.i.  todischarge 
or  eject  phlegm  from  the  throat.  [L.  ex- 
peetoro,  cvpectoratus — ex,  out  of,  from, 
znA  piectus,  pectoris,  the  breast.] 

EXPECTORATION,  eks-pek-to-ra'shun,  n. 
act  of  expectorating :  that  which  is  ex- 
pectorated :  spittle. 

EXPECTORATIVE,  eks-pek'to-ra-tiv,  adj. 
having  the  quality  of  promoting  expec- 
toration. 

EXPEDIENCE,  eks-pe'di-ens,  EXPEDI- 
ENCY, ex-pe'di-en-si,  n.  fitness :  desira- 
bleness :  self-interest. 

EXPEDIENT,  eks-pe'di-ent,  adj.  suitable  : 
ad^asable. — n.  that  which  sei-ves  to  pro- 
mote :  means  suitable  to  an  end  :  con- 
trivance.— adv.  ExPE'DiENTLy.  [L.  expe- 
diens — expedio.  to  set  free.] 

EXPEDIENTIALLY,  eks-pe-di-en'shi-al-li, 
adv.  in  an  expedientia!  manner  :  for  the 
sake  of  expediency. 
We  should  never  deviate  save  expedieniiaUy. 
— Fiizedward  HaJU. 

EXPEDITE,  eki3'pe-dlt,  v.t  to  free  from  im- 
pediments: to  hasten:  to  send  forth. — adj. 
free  from  impediment:  quick:  prompt. — 
adv.  Ex'PEDiTELY.  [L.  expedio,  -itus — 
ex,  out.  and  pes,  pedis,  a  foot.] 

EXPEDITION,  eks-pe-dish'un,  n.  speed : 
any  undei-taking  by  a  number  of  persons ; 
a  hostile  march  or  voyage :  those  who 
form  an  expedition.     [L.  expeditio.'\ 

EXPEDITIOUS,  eks-pe-dish'us,  adj.  char-i 
acterized  by  expedition  or  rapidity  : ' 
speedy :  prompt. — adv.  Expedi'tiottsly. 

EXPEL,  eks-pel',  v.t.  to  drive  out  from  or 
cut  off  connection  with  a  .society :  to  ban- 
ish : — pr.p.  expell'ing  ;  pa.p.  expelled'. 
[L.  expello,  expidsus — ex,  out,  and  pello, 
to  drive.] 

EXPEiro,  eks-pend',  v.t.  to  lay  out:  to 
employ  or  consume  in  any  way :  to 
spend,  fli.  expendo — ex,  out,  and  pen- 
do.  pensum.,  to  weigh.] 

EXPENDITURE,  eks-pend'i-tur,  n.  act  of. 
expending  or  lajing  out :  that  which  i3 
expended  :  money  spent. 

EXPENSE,  ek.s-pens',  n.  outlay:  cost : — 
pi.  {Scots  lair)  the  costs  of  a  lawsuit. 

EXPENSIVE,  eks-pens'iv,  adj.  causing  or 
requiring  much  expense  :    extravagant. 

— adv.    EXPENS'IVELT.  —  U.    EXPENS'lVE- 

NESS. 

EXPERIENCE,  eks  -  pe'ri  -  ens,  n.  trial, 
practice,  proof,  or  test ;  esp.  frequent 
trial  or  a  series  of  trials  ;  observation  of 
a  fact,  or  of  the  same  fact  or  events  hap- 
pening under  like  circumstances ;  con- 
tinued and  varied  observation  ;  "  Hav- 
ing broadly  laid  down  the  principle  that 
aU  the  materials  of  our  knowledge  come 
from  experience,  Locke  goes  on  to  ex- 
plain his  theorv  more  particularly." — 
J.  D.  Morell :  the  knowledge  gained  by 
trial,  or  repeated  trials,  or  observation  ; 
practical  acquaintance  with  any  matter 
by  personal  observation  or  trial  of  it,  by 
feeling  the  effects  of  it,  by  living  through 
it,  and  the  like  ;  practical  vnsdoni  taught 
by  the  changes  and  trials  of  life;  "To 
most  men  experience  is  like  the  stern- 
lights  of  a  ship,  which  illumine  only  the 
track  it  has  passed." — Coleridge ; 

For  just  experience  tells  in  every  soil. 

That  those  that  think  must  govern  those  that  toil. 

— Goldsmith : 
individual  or  particular  instance  of  trial 


EXPERIENCE 


148 


EXPLICIT 


or  observation  ;  "  This  is  what  distance 
does  for  us,  the  harsh  and  bitter  feat- 
ures of  this  or  that  experience  are  slow- 
ly obUterated  and  memory  begins  to  look 
on  the  past."— IF.  Black,  "The  like 
holds  good  with  respect  to  the  relations 
between  sounds  and  vibrating  objects 
which  we  learn  onlyby  a  generalization 
of  experiences."  —  2.  'Spencer .  experi- 
ment ; 

She  caused  him  to  make  experience 
Upon  wild  beasta.— sViofc. 
[Fr.  experience,  L.  experientia,  from 
experior,  to  try,  to  prove  —  ex,  and  a 
root  per,  to  try,  to  pass  through, 
whence  peritus,  sMled,  perUndum,  dan- 
ger. The  same  root  is  seen  in  ferry, 
{wapyfarer.] 
SXPERIENCE,  eks-pe'ri-ens,  v.f.  to  make 
practical  acquaintance  with  ;  to  try,  or 
prove,  by  use,  by  suffering,  or  by  enjoy- 
ment ;  to  have  Bappen  to  or  befall  one  ; 
as.  we  all  experience  pain,  sorrow,  and 
pleasure  ;  we  experience  good  and  evil ; 
we  often  experience  a  change  of  senti- 
ments and  views  :  to  train  by  practice  ; 
to  exercise  ; 

The  youthful  sailors  thus  with  early  care 
Their  arms  experience  and  for  sea  prepare. 

—Harte. 

EXPERIENCED,eks-pe'ri-enst,  adj.  taught 
by  experience  :  skillful :  wise. 

EH'ERIENTIAL,  eks-pe-ri-en'shal,  adj. 
relating  to  or  having  experience :  de- 
rived from  experience :  empirical. 
"  Again,  what  are  called  physical  laws — 
laws  of  nature — are  aU  generalizations 
from  observation,  are  only  empirical  or 
experiential  informations.  -Sir  W.  Ham- 
ilton. "It  is  evident  that  this  distinc- 
tion of  necessary  and  experiential  truths 
involves  the  same  antithesis  which  we 
have  already  considered  ;  the  antithesis 
of  thoughts  and  things.  Necessary 
truths  are  derived  from  our  own 
thoughts ;  experiential  truths  are  de- 
rived from  our  observation  of  things 
about  us.  The  opposition  of  necessary 
and  experiential  truths  is  another  as- 
pect of  the  fundamental  antithesis  of 
philosophy." — Wlieirell. 

EXPERIENTT  A  T.LSM,  eks-pe-ri-en'shal- 
izm,  n.  the  doctrine  tiiat  all  our  knowl- 
edge or  ideas  are  derived  from  the  ex- 
perience of  ourselves  or  others,  and  that 
none  of  them  are  intuitive. 

S3PERIENTIALIST,  eks-pe-ri-en'shal-ist, 
n.  one  who  holds  the  doctrines  of  expe- 
rientialism. 

SXPERIENTT  A  I.T3T,  eks-pe-ri-en'shal-ist, 
adj.  pertaining  or  relating  to  experien- 
tiaUsm.  "The  experientialist  doctrine 
thus  appears  wholly  at  fault  if  it  means 
(as  it  has  often  been  taken  by  supporters 
and  opponents  alike  to  mean)  that  all  in- 
tellection was  first  sensation  in  the  indi- 
vidual, or  even  (in  a  more  refined  form) 
that  general  knowledge  is  elaborated 
afresh  by  each  of  us  from  our  own  expe- 
rience. ...  It  is  common  to  say  that 
Inherited  aptitudes  are.  after  all,  only  a 
slower  result  of  experience,  developed  in 
the  race  instead  or  the  individual ;  and 
the  like  may  be  said  still  more  evidently 
of  the  social  tradition  deposited  in  the 
CTOwing  language  of  mankind.  The  real 
bond,  however,  between  experientialists 
at  the  present  day  and  those  of  an  earlier 
time,  is  that  both  declare  experience  to 
be  the  test  or  criterion  of  general  knowl- 
edge, let  its  origin  for  the  individual  be 
what  it  may.  Experientialisra  is,  in 
short,  a  philosophicail  or  logical  theoiy, 
not  a  psychological  one."— iVo/.  Q.  C. 
Robertson. 

SXPERtMENT,  eks-pet'l-ment,  n.  a  trial  ; 
something  done  to  prove  some  theory,  or 
to  discover  somethmg  unknown. — v.i.  to 


make  an  experiment  or  trial :  to  search 
by  trial.  [L.  experimentum,  from  eajpe- 
rtor,  to  try  thoroughly.] 

EXPERIMENTAL,  eks-per-i-ment'al,  ac^j. 
founded  on  or  known  by  experiment : 
taught  by  experiment  or  experience. — 
adi\  Experiment' ALLY. 

EXPERBIENTALIST,eks-per-i-ment'al-ist, 
ESPERIMENTIST,  eks-per'i-ment-ist,  n. 
one  who  makes  experiments. 

EXPERT,  eks-pert',  adj.  experienced: 
taught  by  use,  practice,  or  experience : 
hence,  skillful :  well  instructed  :  having 
familiar  knowledge  of:  dexterous:  adroit: 
ready:  prompt:  ha\nng  a  facility  of  oper- 
ation or  perix)rmance  from  practice :  as, 
em  expert  philosopher ;  an  expert  sur- 
geon ;  expert  in  surgery. 

Kxpert  in  trifles,  and  a  cunnlo,?  fool 
Able  t'  express  the  parts,  but  not  dispose  the 
whole.— Dn/deTi. 

adv.  ExPERT'LY. — n.  Expeet'ness.  [Fr.— 
L.  expert  us — experior,to  try  thoroughly.] 

EXPERT,  eks'pert,  n.  an  expert,  skillful,  or 
practiced  person  :  one  eminently  skilled 
m  any  particular  branch  or  profession  : 
specifically,  a  scientific  or  professional 
witness  who  gives  evidence  on  matters 
connected  with  his  profession,  as  an 
analytical  chemist,  as  to  the  contents 
of  a  stomach  in  a  trial  for  poisoning,  or 
a  person  skilled  in  handwriting,  as  to 
whether  a  document  is  forged. 

EXPIABLE,  eks'pi-a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
expiated  :  that  may  be  atoned  for  "and 
done  away  ;  as,  an  expiahle  offence,  exm/- 
able  guUt.  "  Expiable  by  penitence.  — 
Peltham.    [L.  expiabilis.    See  Expiate.] 

EXPIATE,  eks'pi-at,  v.t.  to  atone  for ;  to 
make  satisfaction  or  reparation  for ;  to 
extinguish  the  g^ilt  of,  as  a  crime,  by 
sufferance  of  penalty,  or  some  equivalent; 
'"  The  treasurer  obUged  himself  to  eaywzfe 
the  injury." — Clarendon  ;  "  For  the  cure 
of  this  disease  an  humble,  serious,  hearty 
repentance  is  the  only  physic  ;  not  to 
estate  the  guilt  of  it,  but  to  quahfy  us 
to  partake  of  the  benefit  of  Chrisfte 
atonement." — Ray:  to  avert  by  certain 
observances  (rare);  "Frequent  showers 
of  stones  .  .  .  could  ...  be  expiated 
only  by  bringing  to  Kome  (3ybele." — T. 
H.  Dyer.  [L,  eoepio,  expiatum,  to  make 
satisfaction,  to  purify  from  crime — ex, 
out,  and  pio,  to  appease  by  sacrifice,  to 
propitiate,  from  pius,  dutiful,  pious,  de- 
vout.] 

EXPIATION,  eks-pi-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
atoning  for  a  crime  ;  the  act  of  making 
satisfaction  or  reparation  for  an  offence, 
bv  which  the  guilt  is  done  away,  and  the 
obligation  of  the  offended  person  to  pun- 
ish the  crime  is  cancelled  ;  atonement ; 
satisfaction  ;  "  His  hberahty  seemed  to 
have  something  in  it  of  self-abasement 
and  expiation.'— ]V.  Irving :  the  means 
by  which  atonement,  satisfaction,  or  rep- 
aration for  crimes  is  made  ;  atonement ; 

Those  shadowy  expiations  weafe. 
The  blood  of  bulls  and  goats. — JifQton: 

formerly  an  act  by  which  threatened 
prodigies  were  averted  ;  "  Upon  the  birth 
of  such  monsters  the  Grecians  and  Ro- 
mans did  use  divers  sorts  of  expiations." 
—Hayward.     [L.    expiatio.     See    'Ex- 

PHTE.] 

EXPIATOR,  eks'pi-artor,  n,  one  who  ex- 
piates. 

EXPIATORY,  ekspi-a-tor-i,  adj.  having 
the  power  to  make  expiation  or  atone- 
ment. 

EXPIRABLE,  eks-ptr'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
expire  or  come  to  an  end. 

EXPIRATION,  eks-pu'-a'shun,  n.  a  breath- 
ing out :  death  :  end  :  that  which  is  ex- 
pired.    [L.  exspiratio.] 

EXPIRA'rORY.    eks-pfra-tor-i,   acy.    per- 


taining  to  expiration,  or  the  emission  oT 
the  breath. 

EXPIRE,  eks-pir',  v.t.  to  breathe  mit:  to 
emit  or  throw  out  from  the  lungs:  tc 
emit  in  minute  particles. — v.i.  to  breathe 
out  the  breath  of  life  :  to  die  :  to  coma 
to  an  end.  [L.  ex,  out,  and  spiro,  to 
breathe.] 

EXPIRY,  eks'pir-i,  n.  the  end  or  termin» 
tion  :  expiration. 

EXPISCATE,  eks-pisntat,  v.t.  to  Jish  oiu' 
or  ascertain  by  artful  means.  [L.  ex- 
pisoor,  expiscahis — ex,  out,  and  piscor 
to  Osh^piseis.  a  flsh.l 

EXPISCATORY,  eks-pis'ka-tor-i,  adj.  cal- 
culated to  e.Kpiscate  or  get  at  the  truth 
of  any  matter  by  inquiry  and  examina 
tion.  "  Expiscatory questions." — Carlyle. 

EXPLAIN,  eks-plan',  v.t.  to  make  plain  or 
intelligible  :  to  unfold  and  illustrate  the 
meaning  of:  to  expound.  [O.  Fr.  ex- 
planer — L.  eocplano — ex,  out,  piano— 
planus,  plain.) 

EXPLAINABLE,  eks-plan'a-bl,  adj.  that 
mav  be  explained  or  cleared  up. 

EXPLANATION,  eks-plan-a'shun,   n.   act 
of  explaining  or  clearing  from  obscurity 
that  which  explains  or  clears  up :  the 
meaning  or  sense  given  to  anything :  a 
mutual  clearing  up  of  matters. 

EXPLANATORY,  eks-plan'a-tor-i,  adj 
serving  to  explain  or  clear  up  :  contain- 
ing explanations. 

EXPLETIVE,  eks'ple-tiv,  adj.  filling  up  : 
added  to  fill  a  vacancy :  superfluous 
"  There  is  little  temptation  to  load  with 
expletive  epithets." — Johnson.  [Fr.  ex~ 
pUtif ;  Low  L.  expletivus,  from  expleo, 
«xpletum,  to  fill  full  —  ex,  intens.,  and 
pleo,  to  fill.] 

EXPLETIVE,  eks'ple-tiv,  n.  a  word  at 
syllable  inserted  to  fill  a  vacancy, 
'^What  are  called  expletives  in  rhetorical 
treatises  are  grammatically  allied  to  the 
interjections,  though  widely  differenced 
from  them  by  the  want  of  meaning, 
which  the  interjection  is  never  without, 
I  can  hardly  agree  with  Webster  in  his 
definition  of  the  expletive,  and  still  less 
in  the  statement  vrith  which  he  con- 
cludes it.  '  The  expletive,'  says  Webster, 
'is  a  word  or  syllable  not  necessary  to 
the  sense,  but  inserted  to  fill  a  vacancy 
or  for  ornament ;  the  Greek  langua^ 
abounds  with  expletives'  So  far  as  the 
word  answers  no  other  purpose  than  '  to 
flU  a  vacancy,'  it  is  properly  expletive  ; 
but  if  it  be  appropriate  and  graceful 
enough  to  deserve  the  name  of  an  '  orna- 
ment,' it  is  not  superfluous,  and  there- 
fore is  not  an  cvpiletive." — O.  P.  Marsh. 

Expletives  their  feeble  aid  do  join. 
And  ten  low  words  oft  creep  in  one  dull  line.— Pop«. 

EXPLETORY,  eks'ple-tor-i,  adj.  serving 
to  Jill  up :  expletive. 

EXPLICABLE,  eks'pU-ka-bl,  adj.  capable 
of  being  expUcated  or  explained.  [L. 
explicdbilis.] 

EXPLICATE,  eks'pli-kat,  v.t.  to  fold  out 
or  unfold :  to  lay  open  or  explain  the 
meaning  of.  [L.  explico,  explicatus  or 
explieitus — ex,  ont,plico,  to  fold.] 

EXPLICATION,  eks-pli-ka'shun,  n.  act  of 
explicating  or  explaining :  explanation, 
[L.  explicatio.] 

EXPLICATIVE,  eks'pli-ka-tiv,  EXPLICA 
TORY,  eks'pli-ka-tor-i,  adj.  serving  to 
expHcate  or  explain. 

EXPLICIT,  eks-plis'it,  adj.  (lit.)  unfolded 
hence,  not  implied  ;  not  merely  by  imph= 
cation ;  distinctly  stated ;  plain  in  Ian 
guage ;  open  to  the  understanding ; 
clear ;  not  obsciu-e  or  ambiguous ;  ex- 
press ;  "The  language  of  the  propositioB 
was  too  explicit  to  admit  of  doubt." — 
Bancroft :  plain  ;  open  ;  clear ;  unre- 
served :  having  no  disguised  meaning  at 


EXPLICIT 

reservation ,  minute  in  detail ;  out- 
spoken ;  applied  to  persons  ;  as  he  was 
explicit  in  his  terms ;  "  Favor  us  by  be- 
ing more  explicit." — Farrar. — Explicit 
FUNCTION,  in  alg.  a  variable  is  said  to 
be  an  explicit  function  of  several  others 
when  its  value,  expressed  in  terms  of 
those  of  the  independent  variables,  is 
given.  Thus,  if  Z'=ax--\-'ibooy-\-cy'',  z  is 
said  to  be  an  explicit  function  of  x.  If, 
on  the  other  hand,  z  were  connected  with 
X  and  y  by  an  equation  of  any  other 
form,  it  would  be  called  an  implicit  func- 
tion of  the  latter.  Brande. — An  ex- 
plicit PROPOSITION  or  declabation  is 
that  in  which  the  words,  iu  their  com- 
mon acceptation,  express  the  true  mean- 
ing of  the  person  who  utters  them,  and 
in  which  there  is  no  ambiguity  or  dis- 
guise. [L.  explicitus,  disentangled,  from 
explico,  explicitum,  to  unfold,  to  disen- 
tangle— ex,  priv.,  a,ad  plica,  to  fold.  See 
Ply.J 

EXPLICIT,  eks-plis'it,  a  word  formerly  used 
at  the  conclusion  of  books,  as  finis  is  now 
used.  "The  Liber  Fextivalis  ot  Caxton 
concludes  with  'Explicit:  Enprj'nted 
at  Westminster,  etc.,  mcccclxxxiij.' " — 
Johnson.  [An  abbrev.  of  Low  L.  ex- 
plicitus (est  liber),  the  book  is  unfolded 
or  ended,  from  explico,  explicitum,  to 
unfold,  to  arrange.! 

EXPLICITLY,  eks-plis'it-li,  adv.  plainly: 
expressly  :  without  duplicity  :  without 
disguise  or  reservation  of  meaning :  not 
by  inference  or  implication :  as,  he  ex- 
plicitly a,vows  his  intention.  "  The  apos- 
tolic teaching,  then,  was  not  only  the 
first  Mak  in  a  chain  ;  it  was  that  out  of 
which  all  future  developments  came,  and 
In  which  all  were  implicitly  contained. 
...  It  seems  to  us  to  follow  that  the 
apostles  must  have  had  explicithj  in  their 
minds  all  the  future  definitions  of  faith, 
though  not  of  course  necessarily  in  the 
same  terms." — Dublin  Rev. 

EXPLICITNESS,  eks-plis'it-nes.  n.  plain- 
ness of  language  or  expression :  clear- 
ness :  direct  expression  of  ideas  or  inten- 
tiou,  without  reserve  or  ambiguity. 

EXPLODE,  eks-plod',  v.t.  to  cry  down,  as 
an  actor  :  to  bring  into  disrepute,  and 
reject. — v.i.  to  burst  with  a  loud  report. 
'L.  explodo — ex,  out,  a.nA.  plaudo,  to  clap 
the  hands.] 

ISXPLOIT,  eks-ploit',  n.  a  deed  or  act,  more 
especially  a  heroic  act :  a  deed  of  re- 
nown :  a  great  or  noble  achievement :  as, 
the  exploits  of  Alexander,  of  Csesar,  of 
Wellington.  "Looking  back  with  sad 
admiration  on  exploits  of  youthful  lusti- 
hood  which  could  be  enacted  no  more." 
— Prof.  Blackie.  [Fr.  exploit,  O.  Fr.  ex- 
ploict,  from  L.  explico,  explicatiim,  expli- 
citum, to  unfold,  adjust,  finish.  See 
Explicate.] 

EXPLOIT,  eks-ploit',  v.t.  to  achieve  ;  to 
accomplish  ;  "He  made  haste  to  exploit 
some  warlike  service."  —  Holland:  to 
make  use  of  ;  to  cultivate  ;  to  work  up ; 
to  utilize;  "Against  a  wild,  unreason- 
ing, mischievous  combination  to  exploit 
English  public  opinion  in  favor  of  Prussia, 
and  to  force  England  into  hostility  with 
France,  we  have  steadily  and  strongly 
protested." — London  Standard.  [O.  Fr. 
acDloict&v  1 

EXPLOITATION,  eks-ploit-a'shun,  n.  the 
act  or  process  of  exploiting  or  cultivat- 
ing or  employing  successfully :  utilizar 
tion  :  the  act  or  process  of  successfully 
applying  the  industry  proper  to  it  on 
any  object,  as  the  improving  or  cultivar 
tion  of  land,  the  felling  of  wood,  the 
working  of  mines,  etc.  (Recent.)  "There 
IS  no  longer  a  public  opinion,  but  only  a 
middle  class  and  a  working  class  opinion 


149 

— the  first  founded  on  the  exploitation  by 
the  minority  of  the  popular  masses,  the 
other  based  on  truth,  justice,  and  moral- 
ity."—S'cofs)«an.     [Frl] 

EXPLORATION,  eks-plo-ra'shun,  n.  act  of 
exploring,  or  searching  thoroughly. 
[See  Explore.] 

EXPLORATORY,  eks  -  plor'a-tor-i,  a4j. 
serving  to  explore  :  searching  out. 

EXPLORE,  eks-plor',  v.t.  toseai-ch  through 
for  the  pm-pose  of  discovery  :  to  examine 
thoroughly.  [Fr. — L.  exploro,  exploratus, 
to  search  out — ex,  out,  and  ploro,  to 
make  to  flow,  to  weep.] 

EXPLORER,  eks-plor'er,  n.  one  who  ex- 
plores. 

EXPLOSION,  eks-plo'zhun,  n.  act  of  ex- 
ploding :  a  sudden  violent  burst  with  a 
loud  report. 

EXPLOSIVE,  eks-plo'siv,  adj.  Uable  to  or 
causing  explosion :  bursting  out  with 
violence  and  noise. — adv.  Explo'sivelt. 

EXPONENT,  eks-po'nent,  n.  he  or  that 
which  points  out,  or  represents  :  {alg.)  a 
figure  which  shows  how  often  a  quantity 
is  to  be  multiplied  by  itself,  as  a'  :  an 
index.  [L.  eximneiis — ex,  out,  and pono, 
to  place.] 

EXPONENTIAL,  eks  -  po  -  nen'shal,  adj. 
(alg.)  pertaining  to  or  involving  expo- 
nents. 

EXPORT,  eks-p5rt',  v.t.  to  carry  or  send 
^out  of  a  country,  as  goods  in  commerce. 
— n.  Expobt'er.  [L.  exporto — ex,  out  of, 
and  jwrto,  to  carry.     See  PORT.] 

EXPORT,  eks'port,  n.  act  of  exporting  : 
that  which  is  exported :  a  commodity 
which  is  or  may  be  sent  from  one  country 
to  another,  in  traffic. 

EXPORTABLE,  eks-port'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  exported. 

EXPORTATION,  eks-por-ta'shun,  n.  act  of 
exporting,  or  of  conveying  goods  from 
one  country  to  another.  [See  Export, 
v.t.] 

EXPOSE,  eks-pSz*,  v.t.  to  place  or  lay 
forth  to  view :  to  deprive  of  cover,  pro- 
tection, or  shelter  ;  to  make  bare  :  to  ex^ 
plain :  to  make  liable  to :  to  disclose. — 
n.  Expos'er.  [Fr.  exposes —  L.  ex,  out, 
and  Fr.  poser,  to  place.    See  Pose,  m.] 

EXPOSITION,  eks-po-zish'un,  n.  act  of  ex- 
posing, or  laying  open  :  a  setting  out  to 
public  view  :  a  public  exhibition :  act  of 
expounding,  or  laying  open  of  the  mean- 
ing of  an  author  :  explanation. 

EXPOSITOR,  eks-pbz'i-tor,  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  expounds  or  explains  ;  an  in- 
terpreter. 

EXPOSITORY,  eks-poz'i-tor-i,  adj.  serving 
to  expound  or  explain :  explanatory. 

EX  POST  FACTO,  eks  post  fak'to,  [L.]  in 
laio,  done  after  another  thing  :  thus,  an 
estate  granted  may  be  made  good  by 
matter  ex  post  facto,  which  was  not  good 
at  first  :  a  lease  granted  by  a  tenant-for- 
life  to  endure  beyond  his  life  may  be  con- 
firmed ex  post  facto  by  the  reversioner : 
an  ex  post  facto  law  is  a  law  made  to  visit 
with  penal  consequences  an  act  done  be- 
fore its  passing.  In  the  U.S.  all  ex  post 
facto  laws  are  prohibited  by  the  Federal 
Constitution. 

EXPOSTULATE,  eks-post'u-lat,  v.i.  to 
reason  earnestly  with  a  person  on  some 
impropriety  of  his  conduct :  to  remon- 
strate.— n.  Expost'dlator.  [L.  expostulo, 
expostulatus — ex,  intensive,  and  postulo, 
to  demand.] 

EXPOSTULATION,  eks-post-u-la'shun,  n. 
act  of  expostulating,  or  reasoning  ear- 
nestly with  a  person  against  his  conduct : 
remonstrance. 

EXPOSTULATORY,  eks  -  post'ii  -  la  -  tor  -  i, 
adj.  containing  expostulation. 

EXPOSURE,  eks-po'zhur,  n.  act  of  exposing 
or  laying  open  or  bare  :    state  of  being 


EXQUISITE 

laid  open  or  bare  :  openness  to  danger . 
position  with  regard  to  the  sun,  influence 
of  climate,  etc. 

EXPOUND,  eks-pownd',  v.t.  to  expose,  or 
lay  open  the  meaning  of:  to  explain. 
[O.  Fr.  espondre  —  L.  expono—ex,  and 
pono,  to  place.] 

EXPOUNDER,  eks-pownd'er,  n.  one  whc 
expounds  :  an  interpreter. 

EXPRESS,  eks-pres',  v.t.  to  p?'e.ss  or  force 
out :  to  represent  or  make  known  by  a 
likeness  or  by  words  :  to  declare  :  to  des- 
ignate.    [L.  e.r.  out,  and  Press.] 

EXPRESS,  eks-pres',  adj.  pressed  or  clear- 
ly brought  out  :  exactly  representing  : 
directly  stated  :  explicit:  clear:  intended 
or  sent  for  a  particular  purpose. — n.  a 
messenger  or  conveyance  sent  on  a  special 
errand  :  a  regular  and  quick  conveyance  : 
an  express  train  on  a  railroad  is  called 
Tlie  Express;  it  usually  caiTies  passengers 
as  well  as  express  packages ;  there  are 
also  express  freight  trains  for  carrj'ing 
perishable  goods,  and  also  time-contract 
imperishable  goods  ;  freight  cars  on  such 
trains  are  now  on  many  American  rail- 
roads equipped  with  automatic  air-brakes 
and  other  appliances  necessaiy  for  safety 
and  speed. — adj.  Express'ible. — adv.  Ex- 
Press'lt. 

EXPRESSION,  eks-presh'un,  n.  act  of  ex- 
pressing or  forcing  out  by  pressure  :  act 
of  representing  or  giving  utterance  to  : 
faithful  and  vivid  representation  by  lan- 
guage, art,  the  features,  etc.:  that  which 
is  expressed  :  look  :  feature  :  the  manner 
in  which  anything  is  expressed  :  tone  of 
voice  or  sound  in  music. — adj.  Express'- 
ionless. 

EXPRESSIVE,  eks-pres'iv,  adj.  serving  to 
express,  utter,  or  represent :  followed  by 
of ;  as,  he  sent  a  letter  couched  in  terms 
expressive  of  his  gratitude  ;  "  Each  verse 
so  swells  expressive  of  her  woes." — Kcfc- 
ell ;  full  of  expression ;  vividly  represent- 
ing the  meaning  or  feeling  intended  to 
be  conveyed;  emphatical  ;  "While  this 
hidden  reality  is  unveiled  to  us  in  one 
way  by  science  and  philosophy,  it  is  the 
function  of  art  to  reveal  it  to  us  in  an- 
other, and,  for  manj'  minds,  a  more  ex- 
pressive and  intelligible  way."  —  Dr.. 
Caird.    

EXPRESSIVELY,  eks-pres'iv-li,  adv.  in  an 
expressive  manner  :  clearly:  fully:  with 
a  cleir  representation. 

EXPRESSIVENESS,  eks-pres'iv-nes,  n.  the 
quality  of  being  expressive  :  the  power  of 
expression  or  representation  by  words  : 
power  or  force  of  representation  :  the 
quality  of  presenting  a  subject  strongly 
to  the  senses  or  to  the  mind  :  as,  the  ea>- 
pressiveness  of  the  eye,  or  of  the  features, 
or  of  sounds. 

EXPRESSLY,  eks-pres'li,  adv.  in  an  ex- 
press,  direct,  or  pointed  manner  :  of  set 
purpose:  in  direct  terms  :  plainly,  "  Ex~ 
pressly  against  the  laws  of  arms." — Shak, 

EXPULSION,  eks-pul'shun,  n.  banishment. 
[L.  expulsio.    See  Expel.] 

EXPULSIVE,  eks-pulsiv,  adj.  able  or  serv- 
ing to  expel. 

EXPUNGE,  eks-punj',  v.t.  to  wipe  out :  to 
efface.    [L.  ex,  out,  and  pungo,  to  prick.] 

EXPURGATE,  eks-pur'gat  or  eks'pur-,  v.t, 
to  purge  out  or  render  p>ure :  to  purify 
from  anything  noxious  or  erroneous 
[L.  expurgo,  expurgatus — ex,  out,  and 
purgo,  to  purge  or  purify,  from  punts, 
pure.] 

EXPURGATION,  eks-pur-ga'shun,  n.  act 
of  expurgating  or  purifying. 

EXPURGATOR,  eks'pur-ga-tor  or  eks-pur'- 
ga-tor,  n.  one  who  expurgates  or  purifies. 

EXPURGATORY,  eks-pur'ga-tor-i,  adj, 
serving  to  expurgate  or  puvifj'. 

EXQUISITE,  eks'kwi-zit,  adj.  sought  out 


EXSANGUIOUS 


150 


EXTORT 


or  searched  for  with  care  ;  hence,  choice  ; 
select  ;  nice  ;  exact  ;  very  excellent ; 
complete  ;  as,  a  vase  of  exquisite  work- 
manship :  nice ;  accurate  ;  of  keen  or 
delicate  perception  ;  great  discrimina- 
tion ;  as,  exquisite  sensibility,  taste,  etc. ; 
"  A  poet  of  the  most  unbounded  inven- 
tion and  the  most  exipiisite  judgment." 
— Addison  :  being  pleasurable  or  pain- 
ful in  the  highest  degree  ;  exceeding ; 
extreme  ;  keen  ;  poignant ;  as,  a  painful 
and  exquisite  impression  on  the  nerves  : 
"The  pleasures  of  sense  are  probably 
relished  by  beasts  in  a  more  e.njuisife 
degree  than  they  are  by  men." — Bp. 
AUerbury ;  "The  most  exquisite ot  hu- 
man satisfactions  flows  from  an  approv- 
ing conscience."  —  J.  M.  Mason  :  given  to 
searching  out ;  curious ; 

Be  not  over  exquisite 
To  cast  the  fashion  of  wncertain  evils, — yiilton. 

[L.  exquisitus,  carefully  sought  out,  ex- 
quisite, from  exquiro,  exquisitum.] 

EXSANGUIOUS,  eks-sang-gwi-us,  EX- 
SAXGUINOUS,  eks-sang'gwin-us,  adj. 
icithout  blood  or  red  blood.  [L.  ex,  priv., 
and  sanguis,  sanguinis,  blood.] 

EXSCIND,  ek-sind',  v.t.  to  cut  off.  [L.  ex, 
ofi',  and  scindo,  to  cut.] 

EX-SCRIPTURAL,  eks-skrip'tur-al,  adj., 
not  found  in  Scripture  :  not  in  accord- 
ance with  scriptural  doctrines. 

EXSUFFLATE,  ek-sufflat,  v.t.  (eccles.)  to 
renounce  or  drive  out,  by  blowing  and 
spitting  upon.    [See  Exsufflicate,  E^x- 

SUTTIATION.] 

EXSUFFLATION,  ek-suf-fla'shun,  n.  a 
blowing  or  blast  from  beneath  :  a  kind 
of  exorcism,  performed  by  blowing  and 
spitting  at  the  evil  spirit.  "That  won- 
drous number  of  ceremonies  in  exorcism, 
exsufflation,  use  of  salt,  etc.,in  the  Church 
of  Rome  required." — Puller.  [L.  exsufflo, 
to  blow  or  spit  out,  reject — ex,  out,  and 
sufflo,  to  blow.] 

EXSUFFLICATE,  ek-suf  fli-kat,  adj.  prob- 
ably a  misprint  for  exsufflated,  that  is 
blown  up  or  inflated.  E.vsufflate  was  an 
old  ecclesiastical  term  for  the  form  of 
renouncing  the  devil  in  the  baptism  of 
catechumens,  when  the  candidate  was 
commanded  to  turn  to  the  west  and 
thrice  exsufflate  Satan.  This  form  is 
found  only  in  one  passage  of  Shakespeare. 
[See  Exsufflation.] 

Wlien  I  sliaU  turn  the  business  of  my  soul 
To  such  exsuMicate  and  blo\vn  surmises. 

—Othello,  iii.  3. 

EXSUPERANCE,  ek-su'per-ans,  n.  a  pass- 
ing over  or  beyond  :  excess.  Sir  K. 
Digbij. 

EXSUSCITATE,  ek-sus'i-tat,  v.t.  to  rouse : 
to  excite.  [L.  exsuscito,  exsusdtatuin, 
to  rouse  from  sleep,  to  awaken — ex,  out, 
and  suscito,  to  arouse.] 

EXSUSCITATION,  ek-sus-i-ta'shun,  n.  a 
stirring  up  :  a  rousing.  "  Virtue  is  not  a 
thing  that  is  merely  acquired  and  trans- 
fused into  us  from  without,  but  rather  an 
exxusdtation  ot  those  intellectual  princi- 
ples .  .  .  which  were  essentially  engraven 
and  sealed  upon  the  soul  at  her  first 
creation." — Hallyxi-ell. 

EXTANT,  eks'tant,  adj.  standing  out,  or 
above  the  rest :  still  standing  or  existing, 
[L.  exstans,  -antis — ex,  out,  and  sto  to 
standj^ 

EXTASY.    Same  as  ECSTAST. 

EXTATIC.     Same  as  ECSTATIC. 

EXTEJIPORANE0US,eks-tem-po-ra'ne-us, 
EXTEMPORARY,  eks-tem'po-rar-i,  adj. 
done  on  the  spur  of  the  moment :  done 
without  preparation  :  off-hand.  —  adv. 
Extempoha'neouslt.  [L.  eoctemporaneus 
— ex.  and  tempus,  temporis,  time.] 

EXTEMPORE,  eks-tem^po-re,  adv.  on  the 
spur  of  the  moment:  mthout  preparation: 


suddenly.  [L.  ex  tevipore — ex.  out  of, 
and  tempus,  temporis,  time.] 

EXTEMPORIZE,  cks-tem'po-riz,  v.i.  to 
speak  extempore  or  without  pre\ious 
preparation  :  to  discourse  without  notes : 
to  speak  ofi'-hand. 

EXTEND,  eks-tend',  v.t.  to  stretch  out:  to 
prolong  in  any  direction  :  to  enlarge  :  to 
widen  :  to  hold  out :  to  bestow  or  im- 
part.— v.i.  to  stretch  :  to  be  continued  in 
length  or  breadth.  [L.  extendo,  extentus 
— ex.  out.  tendo,  tenstini,  to  stretch.] 

EXTENSIBLE,  eks-tens'i-bl,  EXTENSILE, 
eks-tens'Il.  adj.  that  may  be  extended. — 

n.  EXTENS'IBILITY. 

EXTENSION,  eks-ten'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
extendtog  or  stretching :  the  state  of 
being  extended  ;  enlargement ;  expan- 
sion :  in  physics  and  metaph.  that  prop- 
erty of  a  body  by  wliich  it  occupies  a  por- 
tion of  space  ;  extension  is  an  essential  as 
well  as  a  general  property  of  matter,  for 
it  is  impossible  to  form  a  conception  of 
matter,  however  minute  may  be  the  par- 
ticle, without  connecting  with  it  the  idea 
of  its  having  a  certain  bulk  and  occupy- 
ing a  certain  quantity  of  space  ;  every 
body,  however  small,  must  have  length, 
breadth,  and  thickness — that  is,  it  must 
possess  the  property  of  extension  ;  figoxre 
or  form  is  the  result  of  extension,  for  we 
cannot  conceive  that  a  body  has  length, 
breadth,  and  thickness,  without  its  hay- 
ing some  kind  of  figure,  however  irregu- 
lar :  in  surg.  the  act  of  pulhng  the  broken 
part  of  a  limb  in  a  direction  from  the 
trunk,  in  order  to  bring  the  ends  of  the 
bone  into  their  natural  situation :  in 
conim.  a  written  engagement  on  the  part 
of  a  creditor,  allowing  a  debtor  further 
time  to  pay  a  debt:  in  logic,  the  extent  of 
the  application  of  a  general  term,  that  is, 
the  objects  collectively  which  are  includ- 
ed under  it;  sphere  ;  compass  ;  thus,  the 
word  figure  is  more  extensive  than  tri- 
angle, circle,  parallelogram,  etc.;  Euro- 
pean more  extensive  than  French, French- 
man, German,  etc.  Matter  and  mind  are 
the  most  extensive  terms  of  which  any 
definite  conception  can  be  formed.  [L. 
extensio,  from  extendo,  extensum.  See 
ExtendJ 

EXTENSIVE,  eks-tens'iv,  adj.  large  :  com- 
prehensive.— adv.  EXTENS'IVELT. — 71.  Bx- 
TENS'rVENESS. 

EXTENT,  eks-tent',  n.,the  space  or  degree 
to  which  a  thing  is  extended:  bulk  :  com- 
pass. 

EXTENUATE,  eks-ten'u-at,  v.t.  to  lessen 
or  diminish :  to  weaken  the  force  of :  to 
palliate. — n.  Exten'Uatok.  [L.  extenuo, 
extenuatus  —  e,r,  intensive,  and  tenuo, 
from  tenuis,  thin.] 

EXTENUATING,  eks-ten'u-at-ing,  adj. 
lessening  :  palliating. — adv.  Exten'uat- 

INGLT. 

EXTENUATION,  eks-ten-u-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  representing  anything  as  less  wrong 
or  criminal  than  it  is  :  palliation  :  miti- 
gation.      

EXTENUATiVE,  eks-ten'u-at-iv,  n.  an  ex- 
tenuating  plea  or  circumstance.  "  An- 
other extenuative  of  the  intended  re- 
bellion."— Roger  North. 

EXTENUATORY,  eks-ten'u-a-tor-i,  a<^'. 
tending  to  extenuate  :  palliative. 

EXTERIOR,  eks-te'ri-or,  adj.  outer:  out- 
ward  ;  on  or  from  the  outside  :  foreign. 
— n.  outward  part  or  surface :  outward 
form  or  deportment :  appearance.  [L. 
exterior,  comp.  of  exter,  outward,  from 
ex.  out.] 

EXTERMINATE,  eks-ter'min-at,  v.t.  to 
drive  from  within  the  limits  or  borders 
of  ;  to  destroy  utterly  ;  to  drive  away  ; 
to  extirpate  ;  as,  to  exterminate  a  colony, 
a  tribe,  or  a  nation  ;  to  exterminate  in- 


habitants or  a  race  of  men  ;  "  The  Span 
iards  .  .  .  resolved  to  externiinate  the 
inhabitants." — Principal  Robertson :  to 
root  out ;  to  eradicate  ;  to  extirpate  ;  to 
destroy  the  influence  or  prevalence  of  ; 
as,  to  exterminate  weeds  ;  to  exterminate 
error,  heresy,  or  intidelity  ;  to  extermin- 
ate vice  ;  "  To  explode  and  exterminate 
rank  atheism  out  of  tliis  world." — Betit- 
ley:  in  alg.  to  take  away  ;  to  eliminate ; 
as,  to  exterminate  surds  or  unknown 
quantities.  [L.  extermino,  exterminaium, 
to  remove — ex,  and  termino,  to  limit,  to 
terminate,  from  terminus,  a  hmit,  a 
bound.     See  Term.] 

EXTERMINATION,  eks-ter-min-a'shun,  n. 
the  act  of  exterminating;  total  expulsion 
or  destruction;  eradication;  extii-pation; 
excision ;  destruction  of  the  prevalence 
or  influence  of  anything  ;  as,  tlie  exter- 
mination of  inhabitants  or  tribes,  of 
error,  or  vice,  or  of  weeds  from  a  field  : 
in  alg.  the  process  of  causing  to  disap- 
pear, as  unknown  quantities  from  an 
equation ;  elimination. 

EXTERMINATOR,  eks-ter'min-at-er,  n.  he 
who  or  that  which  exterminates. 

EXTERMINATORY,  eks  -  ter'min  -  a  -  tor-i, 
adj.  serving  or  tending  to  exterminate. 

EXTERMINE,  eks-ter'min,  v.t.  to  exter- 
minate. 

Your  sorrow  and  my  grief  were  both  extermined 

—Sttak. 

EXTERNAL,   eks-teKnal,    adj.,   exterior 
outicard  :  that  may  be  seen  :  apparent  : 
not    innate    or  intrinsic :   derived  from 
without  :  accidental :  foreign. — adv.  Ex- 
ter'nally.     [L.  externus — exter.] 

EXTERNALISM,  eks-ter'nal-izm,  n.  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  Phenomenalism 
(which  see). 

SXTERNALIZATION,  eks  -  ter-nal  - 1  -  za'. 
shun,  n.  the  act  or  condition  of  being  ex 
ternalized  or  being  embodied  in  an  out- 
ward form.    A.  H.  Sayce. 

EXTERNALS  ,  eks-ter'nalz,  n.pl.  the  out- 
ward parts:  outward  forms  or  cere- 
monies. 

EXTINCT,  eks-tinkt',  adj.  put  out:  no 
longer  existing:  dead.    [See  EXTINGUISH.] 

EXTINCTION,  eks-tingk'shun,  n.  a  quench- 
ing or  destroying :  destruction  :  sup- 
pression. 

EXTINGUISH,  eks-ting'gwish,  t'.*.  to 
quench  :  to  destroy :  to  obscure  by  su- 
perior splendor. — adj.  Extino'uishable. 
[L.  exstinguo,  extinctus — ex,  out,  and 
stinguo,  to  quench,  to  prick,  from  root 
stig,  to  prick.] 

EXTINGUISHER,  eks-ting-gwish-er,  n.  a 
small  hollow  conical  instrument  for  put- 
ting out  a  candle. 

EXTIRPATE,  eks-ter'pat,  v.t.  to  root  o^it  • 
to  destroy  totally  :  to  exterminate. — n. 
Extir'pator.  [L"  exstirpo.  exstirpatus — 
ex,  out,  and  stirps,  a  root.] 

EXTIRPATION,  eks-ter-pa'shun,  n.  ex- 
termination :  total  destruction. 

EXTOL,  eks-tol',  v.t.  to  magnify:  to 
praise: — p7\jj.  extoll'ing ;  pa.p.  ex- 
tolled'.  [L.  extoUo — e.r,  up,  tollo,  to  lift 
or  raise.] 

EXTORSIVE,  eks-tors'iv,  adj.  serving  or 
tending  to  extort. — adv.  Extors'ively. 

EXTORT,  eks-tort',  v.t.  to  obtain  from  by 
force  or  compulsion  ;  to  wrest  or  wring 
from  by  physical  force,  by  menace,  du- 
ress, violence,  torture,  authority,  or  by 
any  illegal  means  :  as,  conquerors  ex- 
tort contributions  from  the  vanquished  ; 
confessions  of  guilt  are  extorted  by  the 
rack  ;  a  promise  extorted  by  diu-ess  is 
not  binding ; 

Till  the  injurious  Romans  did  extort 
This  tribute  from  us,  we  were  free.— SAaiv 

in  law,  to  take  iUegaUy  under  color  of 
oflBce,  as  any  money  or  valuable  not  due, 
or  more  than  is  due  ;  said  of  public  oflB 


EXTORT 


151 


EX  VOTO 


cers.     [L.    extorqueo,  extortum — ex,  and 
torqueo,  to  turn,  to  twist.  See  Toetuee.] 

EXTORT,  eks-tort',  v.i.  to  practice  extor- 
tion. "To  whom  they  never  gave  any 
penny  of  entertainment,  but  let  them 
feed  upon  tlie  countries,  and  actort  upon 
all  men  where   they  came."  —  Spenser. 

EXTORTER,  eks-tort^er,  n.  one  who  ex- 
toi-ts  or  practices  extortion. 

EXTORTION,  eks-tor'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
extorting' ;  the  act  or  practice  of  wrest- 
ing anything  from  a  person  by  force, 
dui"ess,  menaces,  authority,  or  by  any 
undue  exercise  of  power  ;  oppressive  or 
illegal  exaction ;  illegal  compulsion,  to 
pa^-  money  or  to  do  some  other  act  ; 
"Oppression  and  extortion  did  extin- 
guish the  greatness  of  that  house."— 
Sir  J.  Davies  :  that  which  is  extorted  ; 
a  gross  overcliai-ge ;  as  ten  dollars  for 
that  is  an  extortion. 

EXTORTIONATE,  eks-tor'shua-at,  adj. 
oppressive. 

EXTORTIONER,  eks-tor'shun-er,  n.  one 
who  practices  extortion. 

EXTRA,  eks'ti'a,  adj.,  beyond  or  naore  than 
is  necessary:  extraordinary:  additional. 
[L.  extra,  bej'ond,  outside  of,  contracted 
from  extera — exter — ex,  out,  and  root 
tar,  to  cross.] 

EXTRACT,  eks-trakt',  v.t.  to  draw  out  by 
force  or  otherwise :  to  choose  out  or  se- 
lect :  to  find  out  :  to  distil.  —  adj.  Ex- 
tsact'ible.  [L.  extraho,  extractus — ex, 
out,  and  traho,  to  draw.] 

EXTRACT,  eks'trakt,  n.  anything  drawn 
from  a  substance  by  heat,  distillation, 
etc. ,  as  an  essence  :  a  passage  taken  from 
a  book  or  writing. 

EXTRACTION,  eks-trak'shim,  n.  act  of  ex- 
tracting or  drawing  out :  derivation  from 
a  stock  or  family  :  birth  :  lineage  :  that 
which  is  extracted. 

EXTRACTIVE,  eks-trakt'iv,  adj.  tending  or 
serving  to  extract. — n.  an  exti-act. 

EXTRACTOR,,  eks-trakt'er,  n.  he  who  or 
that  which  extracts  :  in  surg..  a  forceps 
or  instrument  used  in  litliotomj'  and 
midwifery,  and  in  extracting  teeth  :  a 
hydro-extractor :  in  the  English  Court  of 
Session,  the  official  person  by  whom  the 
exti'act  of  a  decree  or  other  judicial  pro- 
ceeding is  prepared  and  authenticated. 

EXTRADITE,  eks'tra-dit,  v.t.  to  deliver  or 
give  up,  as  by  one  nation  to  another :  as, 
to  extradite  a  criminal.     [See  Exteadi- 

TION.] 

EXTRADITION,  eks-tra-di'shun,  n.  de- 
livery by  one  nation  to  another,  pai-ticu- 
larly  of  fugitives  from  justice,  in  pursu- 
ance of  a  treaty  between  the  nations 
called  an  extradition  treaty,  by  which 
either  nation  becomes  bound  to  give  up 
the  criminal  refugees,  [Fr. — L.  ex,  and 
traditio,  a  giving  up,  surrender,  from 
trado,  traditum,  to  give  or  deliver  up.] 

EXTRA-JUDICIAL,  eks'tra - joo - dishal, 
adj.,  out  of  the  proper  court,  or  beyond 
the  usual  course  of  legal  proceeding. 
[Extra  and  Judicial.] 

EXTRALIMITARY,  eks-tra-Um'i-ta-ri,  adj. 
being  beyond  the  limit  or  bounds  :  as 
extruUinitary  land.  [L.  extra  and  E. 
Limit.] 

EXTRALOG-ICAL,  efcs-tra-loj'ik-al,  adj. 
lying  out  of  or  beyond  the  province  of 
logic.  "  This  distinction  proceeds  on  a 
material,  consequently  on  an  extra-logi- 
cal difference."— iSir  XV.  Haimlton.  [Pfx. 
extra,  and  Logical  (which  see).] 

EXTRALOGICALLY,  eks-tra-loj'ik-al-li, 
adn:  in  an  extralogical  manner  :  without 
the  application  of  logic.  "  Though  a  uni- 
versal quantification  of  the  predicate  in 
affirmatives  has  been  frequently  recog'- 
nized,  this  was  by  logicians  recognized 


contingently  and  therefore  extralogical- 
ly." — Sir  11  .  Hamilton. 
EXTRA-MUNDANE,  eks'tra^mnu'dan,  adj. 
beyond  the  material  world.     [EXTRA,  and 

MUNDAKE.] 

EXTRA -MURAL,  eks'tra  -  mu'ral,  adj. 
witliout  or  beyond  the  walla.  [Extra 
and  Mural.] 

EXTRANEOUS,  eks-tran'yus,  adj.  exter- 
nal ;  foreign  :  not  belonging  to  or  de- 
pendent on  a  thing  :  not  essential. — adv. 
Extean'eously.  [L.  extraneus,  from 
extra.    See  Extra.] 

EXTRAORDIN  ARIES,  eks-tror'di-nar-iz,  n. 
1)1.  things  that  exceed  the  usual  order, 
kind,  or  method. 

EXTRAORDINARY,  eks-tror'di-nar-i,  adj., 
beyond  ordinary :  not  usual  or  regular : 
wonderful :  special. — adv.  ExteaOR'di- 
NARiLY.    [Extra  and  Ordinarv.] 

EXTRAVAGANCE,  eks-trav'a-gans,  n.  ir- 
regidarity  :  excess  :  lavish  expenditure. 

EXTRAVAGANT,  eks-trav'a-gant,  adj., 
itrcmdering  beyond  bounds :  irregular : 
unrestrained  :  excessive  :  profuse  in  ex- 
penses :  wasteful. — adv.  Extra v'agant- 
LT.  [L.  extra,  beyond,  and  vagans, 
-<i:n,tis,  pr.p.  of  vagor,  to  wander.] 

EXTRAVAGANZA,  eks-trav-a-gan'za,  n. 
an  extravagant  or  wild  and  irregular 
piece  of  music.     [It.J 

EXTRAVASATE,  eks-trav'a-sat,  v.t.  to 
let  md  of  the  proper  t'es.seZs,  as  blood.  [L. 
extra,  out  of,  and  va»,  a  vessel.] 

EXTREME,  eks-trem',  adj.  outermost ;  ut- 
most ;  furthest ;  at  the  utmost  point, 
edge,  or  border ;  as,  the  extreme  verge 
or  point  of  a  thing;  "The  extremest 
shore." — Smithey .-  worst  or  best  that  can 
exist  or  be  supposed ;  greatest ;  most 
violent  or  urgent ;  utmost ;  as,  extreme 
pain,  grief  or  suffering ;  extreme  joy  or 
pleasure  r  an  extreme  case :  last  :  beyond 
which  there  is  none  ;  as,  the  extreme 
hour  of  life  :  carrying  principles  to  the 
uttermost  ;  holding  the  strongest  possi- 
ble views  ;  ultra ;  "  The  Puritans  or  ex- 
treme Protestants." — Oladstone :  in  mu- 
sic, .superfluous  or  augmented ;  thus,  the 
extreme  sharp  sixth  is  the  augmented 
sixth. — ^Extreme  unction,  in  the  Roman 
ritual,  the  anointing  of  a  sick  person 
with  oil  when  decrepit  with  age  or  af- 
fected with  some  mortal  disease,  and 
usually  just  before  death.  It  is  applied 
to  the  eyes,  ears,  nostrils,  mouth,  hands, 
and  feet  of  penitents,  and  is  supposed  tO' 
represent  the  grace  of  God  poured  into 
the  souL — ^Extreme  and  mean  ratio,  in 
geoni.  the  ratio  where  a  line  is  so  di- 
vided that  the  whole  line  is  to  the 
greater  segTnent  as  that  segment  is  to 
the  less,  or  where  a  hne  is  so  divided  that 
the  rectang'le  under  the  whole  line  and 
the  lesser  segment  is  equal  to  the  square 
of  the  greater  segment.  [Fr.  extreme ; 
L.  extremus,  superl.  of  exter  or  extents, 
on  the  outside  of,  outward,  from  ex,  out.] 

EXTREME,  eks-trem',  ».  the  utmost  point 
or  verge  of  a  thing;  that  part  which 
terminates  a  body;  extremity;  "Be- 
tween the  e-vtremes  of  both  promonto- 
ries."— Dampier:  utmost  point ;  utmost 
limit  or  degree  that  can  be  supposed  or 
tolerated  ;  either  of  two  states  or  feel- 
ings as  difl'erent  from  each  other  as 
possible ;  furthest  degree  ;  as,  the  ex- 
tremes of  heat  and  cold  ;  the  extremes  of 
virtue  and  vice  ;  avoid  extremes ; 

His  flavv'd  heart,  .  .  . 
^wixt  two  extremes  of  passion,  joy  and  grief. 
Burst  smiUiiprly. — Slink.  ; 
Thus  each  extreme  to  equal  dans^r  tends. 
Plenty  as  well  as  want  can  separate  friends. 

— Cotdey : 

extreme  suffering,  misery,  or  distress » 
extremity;  "Tending  to  some  relief  of 
our  extremes." — Milton:  in  logic,  either 


of  the  extreme  terms  of  a  syiiogisit, 
that  is,  the  predicate  and  subject — thus, 
"  Man  is  an  animal  ;  Peter  is  a  man, 
therefore  Peter  is  an  animal ;  "  the  word 
animal  is  the  greater  extreme,  Peter  the 
less  extreme,  and  man  the  medium  :  in 
math,  either  of  the  first  and  last  terms 
of  a  proportion  ;  as,  when  three  magni- 
tudes are  proportional  the  rectangle  con- 
tained by  the  extremes  is  equal  to  the 
square  of  the  mean. — The  extremes  ok 
AN  interval,  in  tniiMc,  the  two  sounds 
most  distant  froni  each  other. — In  the 
EXTREME,  in  the  highest  degree. 

EXTREMITY,  eks-trem'i-ti.  n.  the  utmost 
limit,  point,  or  portion  :  the  highest  de- 
gree r  greatest  neces.sitjr,  emergency,  or 
distress.     [Fr.  extremite — L.  extremitas.] 

EXTRICATE,  eks'tri-kat.  v.t  to  free  frort'i 
hinderances  or  perplexities :  to  disen 
tangle :  to  emit. — adj.  Ex'tricable.  [L 
extrico,  extricatus — ex,  out,  tricce,  trifles, 
hinderances.l 

EXTRICATION,  eks-tri-ka'shun.  n.  disen- 
tanglement :  act  of  sending  out  or  evolv- 
ing. 

EXTRINSIC,  eks-trin'sik,  EXTRINSICAL, 
eks-trin'sik-al,  adj.  on  the  outside  or  out- 
ward :  external :  not  contained  in  or  be- 
longing to  a  body  :  foreign  :  not  essential 
— opposed  to  Intrinsic. — adv.  Extrin'sic- 
ALLY.  [Fr. — L.  extrinseeus — exter,  out- 
ward, and  seetis,  from  the  same  root  as 
seqUiOr,  to  follow.] 

EXTRUDE,  eks-trood',  v.t.  to  force  or  urge 
out :  to  exjjel :  to  drive  off.  [L.  extnido, 
extrnsus — ex,  out,  and  trvdo,  to  thrust.] 

EXTRUSION,  eks-troo'zhun,  n.  act  of  ex- 
truding,  thrusting  or  throwing  out :  ex- 
pulsion. 

EXUBERANCE,  eks-u'ber-ans,  EXUBER 
ANCY,  eks-u'ber-an-si,  n.  an  overflowing 
quantity  :  richness  :  superfluousness. 

EXUBERANT,  eks-u'ber-ant,  adj.  plente- 
ous :  overflowing- :  superfluous. — adv. 
Exu'berantly.  [L.  exuberans,  pr.p.  ot 
exubero — ex,  intensive,  and  uber,  rich, 
abundant.] 

EXUDATION,  eks-u-da'shim,  n.  act  of  ex- 
uding or  discharging  through  pores  :  the 
sweat,  etc.,  exuded. 

EXUDE,  eks-Qd',  v.i.  to  discharge  by 
siveating  :  to  discharge  through  pores  or 
incisions,  as  sweat,  moisture,  etc. — v.i. 
to  flow  out  of  a  body  through  the  pores. 
[Tj.  ex,  out,  sudo,  to  sweat, j 

EXULT,  egz-ult',  v.i.  to  rejoice  exceeding- 
ly :  to  triumph. — adv.  Exult'ingly.  [L. 
exsidto,  from  exsilio — ex,  out  or  up,  and 
salio.  to  leap.] 

EXULTANT,  egz-ult'ant,  adj.,  exulting. 
triumphant.     [L.  exsultans.} 

EXULTATION,egz-ul-ta'shun,  n.  lively  joy 
at  any  advantage  gained :  raptm'ous  de- 
light :  transport.     [L.  exsultatio.] 

EXUVIABLE,  egz-u'vi-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  cast  or  thrown  off,  as  the  skeletons  ot 
articulated  animals.     [See  Exuvle.] 

EXUVI.^,  egz-u'vi-e,  n.pl.cast  skins. shells, 
or  coverings  of  animals  :  a,uy  parts  o£ 
animals  which  are  shed  or  cast  off,  as  the 
skins  of  serpents  and  cater])illars,  the 
sliells  of  lobsters,  etc.  [L.,  from  exuo,  to 
put  or  draw  off,  to  strip.] 

EXUVIAL,  egz-u'vi-aJ,  adj.  relating  to  or 
containing  exuviae. 

EXUVIATION,  egz-u-vi-a'shun,  n.  in  zool. 
the  rejection  or  casting  off  of  some  part, 
as  the  deciduous  teeth,  the  sldn  of  ser- 
pents, the  shells  of  crustaceans,  and  the 
like.     [See  Exuvle.] 

'F.y  VOTO,  eks  vo'to,  in  consequence  of,  or 
according  to,  a  vow  :  appUed  to  votive 
offerings,  as  of  a  picture  for  a  chapel,  etc. , 
common  in  Roman  Catholic  countries, 
[L.] 


EYALET 


152 


FACTION 


EYALET,  i'a-let,  n.  a  dmsion  of  the  Turk- 
ish empire.  [From  an  Ai-ab.  word  sig. 
govermiient.    Vilayet  is  a  doublet.] 

BYE,  1,  n.  the  organ  of  sight  or  vision, more 
correctly  the  globe  or  movable  part  of  it  : 
the  power  of  seeing  :  sight:  regard:  aim: 
keenness  of  perception  :  anything  resem- 
bling an  eye,  as  the  hole  of  a  needle,  loop 
or  ring  for  a  hook,  etc. — v.f.  to  look  on  : 
to  observe  narrowly:— pr.p.  ey'ing  or  eye'- 
ing  ;  pa.p.  eyed'  (id). — n.  Eye'-shot,  the 
reach  or  range  of  sight  of  the  eye.  [A.S. 
eage;  Goth,  aiigo;  Ger.  auge;  Slav,  oko; 
allied  to  Gr.  okos,  osse,  the  two  eyes,  con- 
nected with  ossomai,  to  see  ;  L.  oeidus, 
Sans.  aksha.'\ 

EYEBALL,  i'bawl,  n.  the  ball,  globe,  or  ap- 
ple of  the  eye. 

KYEBRIGHT,  fbrit,  n.  a  beautiful  little 
plant  of  the  genus  Euphrasia,  formerly 
used  as  a  remedy  for  diseases  of  the  eye, 

EYEBROW,  i'brow,  n.  the  brmu  or  hairy 
arch  above  the  eye. 

EYELASH,  n.  Hash,  the  line  of  hairs  that 
edges  the  eyelid.     [Eye  and  Lash.] 

EYELESS,  i'les,  adj.  without  eyes  or  sight. 

EYELET,  I'let,  EYELET-HOLE,  t'let-hol, 
n.  a  small  eye  or  hole  to  receive  a  lace  or 
cord,  as  in  garments,  sails,  etc.  [Fr. 
cBillet,  dim.  ceil,  an  eye.] 

EYELID,  I'lid,  n.  the  cover  of  the  eye:  that 
portion  of  movable  skin  with  which  an 
animal  covers  the  eyeball  or  uncovers  it 
at  pleasure  ;  it  serves  the  purpose  of 
protecting,  wiping  and  cleansing  the  ball 
of  the  eye,  as  well  as  moistening  it  by 
spreading  the  lachrymal  fluid  over  its 
surface. 

EYE-SERVICE,  T-ser'vis,  n.,  service  per- 
formed only  under  the  eye  or  inspection 
of  an  employer. 

EYESIGHT,  I'sit,  n.  power  of  seeing:  view: 
observation. 

EYESORE,  I'sor,  n.  anything  that  is  sore  or 
offensive  to  the  eye. 

EYESTONE,  T'ston,  n.  a  small  calcareous 
body,  the  operculum  of  smaU  Turbinidce, 
used  for  removing  substances  from  be- 
tween the  lid  and  ball  of  the  eye.  Being 
put  into  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye,  it 
works  its  way  out  at  the  outer  corner, 
bringing  with  it  any  foreign  substance. 
EYESTR&G,  Tstring,  n.  the  tendon  by 

which  the  eye  is  moved. 
I  would  have  broke  my  eye-strings;  crack'd  them,but 
To  look  upon  him. — Shak. 

EYETOOTH,  Ttooth,  n.  a  tooth  in  the  upper 
jaw  next  the  grinders,  with  a  long  fang 
pointing  towards  the  eye. 

EYE-WITKESS,  f-wifnes,  n.  one  who  sees 
a  thing  done. 

EYRE,  ar,  n.  a  journey  or  circuit :  a  court 
of  itinerant  justices  :  justices  in  eyre 
formerly  corresponded  to  the  present 
English  justices  of  assize.  [O.  Fr.  eire, 
journey,  from  L.  iter,  a  way,  a  journey — 
eo.  itum,  to  go.] 

EYRY,  EYRIE,  AERIE,  e're  or  a're,  n.  a 
place  where  birds  of  prey  construct  their 
nests  and  hatch  their  eggs  :  a  brood  of 
eagles  or  hawks.  [Fr.  aire,  from  Ger. 
aar,  an  eagle ;  cog.  with  Ice.  ari,  an 
eagle.] 


F 


/ABACEiE,  fa-ba'se-e,  n.pl.  a  name  pro- 
posed by  Lindley  for  the  nat.  order 
Leguminosae. 

FABACEOUS,  fa-ba'shus,  adj.  having  the 
nature  of  a  bean :  like  a  bean.  [Low. 
L.  fabacevs,  from  L.  faba,  a  bean.] 

FABIAN,  fa'bi-an,  adj.  delaying  :  dilatory: 
avoiding  battle,  in  imitation  of  Q.  Fa- 
bitis  Maximus,  a  Roman  general,  who 


conducted  military  operations  against 
Hannibal,  by  declining  to  risk  a  battle 
in  the  open  field,  but  harassing  the  en- 
emy by  marches,  countermarches  and 
ambuscades.  "Met  by  the  Fabian  tac- 
tics, which  proved  fatal  to  its  predeces- 
sors."— London  Times. 

FABLE,  fa'bl,  n.  a  feigned  story  or  tale  in- 
tended to  instruct  or  amuse :  the  plot  or 
series  of  events  in  an  epic  or  dramatic 
poem:  fiction:  a  falsehood. — v.t.  to 
feign  :  to  invent.  [jFr.  fable— L.  fabula, 
from /ari,  to  speak.] 

FABRIC,  fab'rik  or  fa'brik,  n.,  worhmatv- 
ship  :  texture  :  anything  framed  by  art 
and  labor :  building:  manufactured  cloth; 
any  system  of  connected  parts.  [Fr. — 
L.  fahrica—faber,  a  worker  in  hard  ma- 
terials—/aeio  to  make.] 

FABRICATE,  fab'ri-kat,  v.t.  to  put  to- 
gether by  art  and  labor  :  to  manufact- 
m-e  :  to  produce  :  to  devise  falselj. — n. 
Fab'ricator.  [L.  fabrico,  fabncatus, 
from  fabrica.    See  Fabric] 

FABRICATION,  fab-ri-ka'shun,  n.  con- 
struction :  manufacture  :  that  which  is 
fabricated  or  invented :  a  story:  a  false- 
hood. 

FABULIZE,  fab'u-liz,  v.t.  to  write  fables, 
or  to  speak  in  fables. 

FABULIST,  fab'u-list,  n.  one  who  invents 
fables. 

FABULOUS,  fa'bu-lus,  adj.  feigned  as  a 
story  ;  devised  ;  fictitious  ;  invented  ;  not 
real ;  exceeding  the  bounds  of  proba- 
bility or  reason ;  as,  a  fabulous  story ;  a 
fabuloiis  description ;  a  fabulous  hero  ; 
the  fabidous  exploits  of  Hercules :  that 
can  hardly  be  received  as  truth  ;  incredi- 
ble ;  as,  the  picture  was  sold  at  a  fabu- 
lous price  ;  "  He  found  that  the  waste  of 
the  servants'  hall  was  almost  fabidous." 
—Macaulay.— The  falndous  age  of  a  coun- 
try is  that  period  in  its  early  history  of 
which  the  accounts  are  mostly  mythical 
or  legendary,  recording  chiefly  the  fabu- 
lous achievements  of  heroes;  as,  the 
fabidous  age  of  Greece  and  Rome. 

FACADE,  fa-sad',  n.  the  face  or  front  of  a 
building.  [Fr.,  from  It.  facdata,  the 
front  of  a  building,  faccia,  the  face — L. 
fades.    See  Face.] 

FACE,  fas,  n.  the  visible  forepart  of  the 
head  :  the  outside  make  or  appearance  : 
front :  cast  of  features :  look :  boldness  : 
presence :  {B.)  anger  or  favor :  a  term 
applied  in  various  technical  meanings ; 
as,  the  dial  of  a  clock,  watch,  compass- 
card,  or  other  indicator,  the  sole  of  a 
plane,  the  flat  portion  of  a  hammer  head 
which  comes  in  contact  with  the  object 
struck,  the  edge  of  a  cutting  instrument, 
the  sm-face  of  a  printing  type  that  im- 
presses the  characters.  [Fr.  face — L. 
fades,  form,  face— /ocio,  to  make,  akin 
to  Gr.  phaino,  to  cause  to  appear.] 

FACE,  fas,  v.t.  to  meet  in  the  face  or  in 

front :  to  stand  opposite  to :  to  resist :  to 

put  an  additional  face  or  surface  on :  to 

cover  in  front. — r.i.  to  turn  the  face. 

FACECLOTH,    fas'kloth,  }).   a  cloth  laid 

over  the  face  of  a  corpse. 
FACE-HAMMER,  fas'-ham-mer.  n.  a  ham- 
mer having  a  flat  face  as  distinguished 
from  one  having  pointed  or  edged  peens. 
FACE-PLAN,  fas'-plan,  n.  a  plan  or  draw- 
ing of  the  principal  or  front  elevation  of 
a  building. 
FACET,  fas'et,  FACETTE,  fa-set',  n.  a  lit- 
tle face  ;  a  small  surface ;  as,  the  facets 
of  a  diamond ;  "  A  gem  of  fifty  facets." 
— Tennyson:  in  arch,  a  flat  projection 
between  the  flutings  of  columns :  in 
anat.  a  small,  circumscribed  portion  of 
the  surface  of  a  bone  ;  as,  articular  fa- 
cettes,   that  is,   contiguous  surfaces   by 


means  of  which  bones  are  articuiated. 
[Fr.  f  alette,  dim.  of /nee.] 
FACETI^,  fa-se'shi-e,  ii.jil,  nitty  or  hu- 
morons  sayings  or  writings.  [L.— /ocefws, 
merry,  witty.] 
FACETIOUS,  fa-se'shus,  adj.  witty,  humor- 
ous, jocose. — adv.  Face'tiously. — w.  Fa» 
Ce'tiousness.     [Fr.,  from  Ij.  facetiae.} 
FACIAL,  fa'shi-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
face;  as,  the/acta?  artery ,vein,  or  nerve— 
Facial  Angle,  in  anat.  the  angle  formed 
by  the  plane  of  the  face  with  a  certain 
other  plane.     The  facial  angle  of  Cam- 
per is  contained  bj'  a  line  drawn  horizon- 
tally from  the  middle  of  the  external 
entrance  of  the  ear  to  the  edge  of  the 
nostrils,  and  another  from    this  latter 
point  to  the  supercOiary  ridge  of  the 
frontal  bone.     Owen  and  others  measure 
the  facial  angle  by  the  face,  or  the  most 
prominent    parts    of   the  forehead    and 
upper  jaw,  and  a  line  drawn  from  the  oc- 
cipital condyle  along  the  floor  of  the  nos- 
trils.    It  has  been  sometimes  stated  that 
the  more  acute  this  angle  the  less  will 
the  intellectual  faculties  of  the  individ- 
ual be  developed,  but  as  a  test  for  this 
purpose  it  is  fallacious,  though  it  is  of 
some  value  as  a  character  in  comparing 
the  difi'erent  races  of  mankind. — Facial 
NEEVE,  the  portio  dura  of  the  seventh 
pair  of  nerves,  arising  from  the  upper 
part  of  the  respira' sry  tract,  suppljnng 
the  facial   muscles,   and  known  as   the 
nerve  of  expression. — Facial  vein,  a  vein 
which  receives  the  vessels  of  the  head 
and  forehead,  and  crosses  the  face  from 
the  root  of  the  nose  outward.     [L.  fades, 
face.J^ 
FACILE,    fas'il,    adj.,    easily   persuaded : 
yielding :    easj'    of    access  :    courteous  -. 
easy.     [Fr.,  from  L.  fadlis,  that  may  be 
done,  easy,  from /acio,  to  do.] 
FACILITATE,    fa-sil'i-tat,    v.t.    to    make 

easy :  to  lessen  difiiculty. 
FACILITY,  fa-sil'i-ti,  n.  quality  of  being 
facile  or  easily  done  :  dexterity  :  easiness 
to  be  persuaded  :  pliancy :  easiness  of 
access  :  affabiUty  :  —pi.  Facil'ities, 
means  that  render  anything  easy  to  be 
done.  [Fi'. — h.  fadlitas.] 
FACING,  fas'ing,  n.  a  covering  in  front  for 

ornament  or  protection. 
FAC-SEMILE,  fak-sim'i-le,  n.  an  exact 
copy.  [L.  fac,  contr.  of  factum,  made— 
facio,  to  make,  and  similis,  hke.] 
FACT,  fakt,  n.  a  deed  or  anything  done: 
anything  that  comes  to  pass :  reality  ; 
truth  :  the  assertion  of  a  thing  done. 
[L.  facfuin,  from  facio,  to  make.] 
FACTION,  fak'shun,  n.  a  party,  in  politics, 
combined  or  acting  in  union,  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  state,  government,  or  prince: 
usually  applied  to  a  minority,  but  it  may 
be  appUed  to  a  majority  ;  a  party  pro- 
moting discord  or  unscrupulously  pro- 
moting their  private  ends  at  the  expense 
of  the  public  good;  "Not  swaying  to 
this  faction  or  to  th&t."—Te7inyson ; 
"When  a  party  abandons  public  and 
general  ends,  and  devotes  itself  only  to 
the  personal  interests  of  its  members  and 
leaders,  it  is  called  a  faction,  and  its 
policy  is  said  to  be  factious."— -Sir  O.  C. 
Lewis;"  A  feeble  government  produces 
more  factions  than  an  oppressive  one." 
—Ames :  tumult ;  discord  ;  dissension ; 
"They  remained  at  Newbury  in  great 
faction  among  themselves."— Lord  Clar- 
endon :  in  Rom.  antiq.  one  of  the  four 
classes,  distinguished  by  special  colors, 
into  which  the  combatants  in  the  circus 
were  divided  ;  there  were  the  green, 
blue,  red,  and  white  factions,  and  other 
two.  the  purple  and  yellow,  are  said  to 
have  been  added  by  Domitian.  [\j.f  actio. 


FACTIOUS 


153 


FALCON 


a  company  of  persons  acting'  together, 
from  facio,  factum,  to  do.] 

FACTIOUS,  fak'shus,  adj.  turbulent :  dis- 
loyal.— adv.  Fac'tiously. — n.  Fac'tious- 
NESS.    [L.  fact iosus—f actio.] 

FACTITIOUS,  fak-tish'us,  adj.,  made  by 
art,  in  opposition  to  what  is  natural. — 
adv.  Facti'tiouslt.  [L.  factitius,  from 
facio,  to  make.] 

FACTOR,  fak'tor,  n.  a  doer  or  transactor 
of  business  for  another  :  one  who  buys 
and  seOs  goods  for  others,  on  commis- 
sion :  one  of  two  or  more  quantities, 
which,  multiplied  together,  form  a  prod- 
uct.— n.  Fac  TOHSHIP.    [L.,  tromfacio.] 

FACTORAGE,  fak'tor-aj,  n.  the  fees  or 
commission  of  a  factor. 

FACTORIAL,  fak-to'ri-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  consisting  in  a  factory. 

FACTORY,  fak'tor-i,  u.  a  manufactory  :  a 
trading  settlement  in  a  distant  country, 
a.s  the  factory  of  the  East  India  Company 
at  Calcutta. 

FACTOTUM,  fak-to'tum,  n.  a  person  em- 
ployed to  do  all  kinds  of  work.  [L.  faeio, 
and  totus,  all.] 

FACULj3E,  fa'ku-le,  n.pl.  in  astron.  cer- 
tain spots  sometimes  seen  on  the  sun's 
disc,  which  appear  brigliter  than  tlie  rest 
of  his  surface.  "Difl'erent  parts  of  his 
(the  sun's)  surface  give  different  spectra. 
The  spots  have  not  the  same  spectrum  as 
the  bright  parts  of  tlie  disc;  the  ordinarily 
bright  parts  liave  not  the  same  spectrum 
as  tlie  exceptionally  bright  parts  called 
the  faculee." — R.  A.  Proctor,  [h.  facula, 
a  little  torch,  dim.  of /a.r,  a  torch.] 

FACULAR,  fak'Q-ler,  adj.  pertaining  or 
relating  to  faculae.    R.  A.  Proctor. 

FACULTY,  fak'ul-ti,  n.,  facility  or  power  to 
act :  an  original  power  of  the  mind  :  per- 
sonal quality  or  endowment  :  right,  au- 
thority, or  privilege  to  act :  license :  a 
body   of  men  to  whom  any  privilege  is 

f ranted  :  the  professors  constituting  a 
epartment  in  a  university  :  the  members 
of  a  profession.  [Fr. — L.  facultas—facilis, 
easy.] 

FAD,  fad,  n.  a  weak  hobby.  [Fi\  fade,  in- 
sipid.    See  under  Fade.] 

FADE,  fad,  v.i.  to  lose  strength,  freshness, 
or  color  gradually. — adj.  Fade'less.  [Fi-. 
fade,  insipid,  from  L.  fatuus,  sUly,  in- 
sipid.] 

F^CES  or  FECES,  fe'sez,  n.pl,  grminds : 
sediment  after  infusion  or  distillation  : 
excrement.  [L.,  pi.  of  fcex,  feeds, 
grounds.] 

FAG,  fag,  v.i.  to  become  weary  or  tired 
out :  to  work  as  a  fag  :—pi:p.  fagg'ing; 
pa.p.  fagged'. — n.  one  who  labors  like  a 
drudge  :  a  school-boy  forced  to  do  menial 
offices  for  one  older  :  a  fatiguing  or  tiring 
piece  of  work  :  fatigue.  ''It  is  such  a 
fag,  I  come  back  tired  to  death." — Miss 
Austen.  [Etj'.  dub. ;  perh.  a  corr.  of  Flag, 
to  droop,  which  see.] 

FAG-END,  fag'-end,  11.  the  end  of  a  web  of 
cloth  tliat  flags  or  hangs  loose  :  the  un- 
twisted end  of  a  rope  :  the  refuse  or 
meaner  part  of  a  thing. 

FAGGERY,  fag'er-i,  n.  fatiguing  labor  or 
drudgery  :  the  system  of  fagging  carried 
on  at  some  public  schools.  '•  Faggery 
was  an  abuse  too  venerable  and  sacred 
to  be  touched  by  profane  hands." — De 
Quincey. 

g-AGOT  or  FAGGOT,  fag'ut,  n.  a  hwidle  of 
sticks  used  for  fuel :  a  stick  :  anytliing 
like  a  fagot :  a  soldier  numbered  on  the 
muster-roll,  but  not  really  existing  :  a 
voter  who  has  obtained  his  vote  expressly 
for  party  purposes  :  in  former  times 
heretics  who  had  escaped  the  stake  by 
recanting  their  errors  were  often  made 
publicly  to  carry  a  fagot  and  burn  it — 
hence  the  phrase.  To  burn  one's  FAGOT  ; 


an  imitation  fagot  was  also  worn  on 
the  sleeve  by  heretics,  as  a  symbol  that 
they  had  recanted  opinions  worthy  of 
burning. — adj.  got  up  for  a  purpose,  as 
in  Fagot  vote.  [Fr.  fagot,  a  bundle  of 
sticks,  perh.  fi-om  L.  fax,  a  torch.] 

FAHRENHEIT,  fa'ren-hit,  adj.  the  name 
distinguishing  the  kind  of  thermometer 
in  most  common  use  in  England  and 
America,  in  which  the  space  between  the 
freezing  and  the  boiling  points  of  water, 
under  a  medium  pressure  of  the  atmos- 
phere, is  divided  into  180°  ;  the  freezing 
point  being  marked  32°,  and  the  boiling 
213°  ;  as,  there  was  a  temperature  of  60° 
Fahrenheit,  that  is,  by  a  Fahrenheit 
thermometer ;  the  Fahrenheit  scsde.  [Af- 
ter Gabriel  Daniel  Fahrenheit,  a  native 
of  Dantzic,  who  first  employed  quick- 
silver, instead  of  spirits  of  wine,  in  tlie 
construction  of  thermometers  about  tlie 
year  1730.]       " 

FAIENCE,  fari-ens'  or  fa-yangs,  n.  a  sort  of 
fine  pottery  or  earthenware  glazed  with 
a  fine  varnish,  and  painted  in  various 
designs,  named  from  Faenza  in  Romagna, 
where  it  is  said  to  have  been  invented  in 
1299. 

FAIL,  fal,  v.i.  to  fall  short  or  be  wanting :  to 
fall  away  :  to  decay  :  to  die  :  to  miss  :  to 
be  disappointed  or  baffled  :  to  be  unable 
to  pay  one's  debts. — v.t.  to  be  wanting  to : 
not  to  be  sufficient  for  : — pr.p.  fail'ing ; 
pa.p.  faUed'.  [Fr.faillir — u.fallo  ;  conn, 
witli  Gr.  sphallo,  to  cause  to  fall,  deceive, 
A.S.  feallan,  to  fall.] 

FAILING,  fal'ing,  n.  a  fault,  weakness  :  a 
foible. 

FAILLE,  fi-ye  or  fal,  n.  a  heavy  sUk  fabric 
of  superior  quality  used  in  making  and 
trimming  ladies'  di'esses.     [Fr.] 

FAILURE,  fal'iir,  n.  a  falling  short,  or  ces- 
sation :  omission  :  decay  :  bankruptcy. 

FAIN,  fan,  adj.  glad  or  joyful :  inchned  : 
content  or  compelled  to  accept,  for  want 
of  better. — adv.  gladly.  [^K.a.fcegen,  joy- 
ful ;  Ice.  feginn,  glad.] 

FAINEANCE,  fa'ne-ans,  n.  the  quality  of 
doing  notliing  or  of  beingidle:  indolence: 
sloth.  "  The  mask  of  sneering /ai)jea?tce 
was  gone  ;  imploring  tenderness  and  ear- 
nestness beamed  from  his  whole  coun- 
tenance."— Kingsley.  [From  faineant 
(wliich  see).] 

FAINEANT,  f a^na-ang,  adj.  (Jit.)  do-nothing: 
the  sarcastic  epithet  applied  to  the  later 
Merovingian  kings  of  France,  who  were 
puppets  in  the  hands  of  the  mayors  of 
the  palace — Louis  V.,  the  last  of  the  Car- 
lovingian  dynasty,  received  the  same  des- 
ignation. [Fi-.,  "idle,  sluggish— /aire,  to 
do,  and  neant,  nothing.] 

FAINT,  fant,  adj.  wanting  in  strength : 
fading  :  lacking-  distinctness  :  not  bright 
or  forcible  :  weak  in  spirit :  lacking  cour- 
age :  depressed  :  done  in  a  feeble  way. — 
v.i.  to  become  feeble  or  weak :  to  lose 
strength,  color,  etc.:  to  swoon  :  to  fade 
or  decay  :  to  vanish  :  to  lose  courage  or 
spirit :  to  become  depressed. — adf.FAlNT'- 
LY.  [Used  of  anything  that  cannot  bear 
trial  or  proof,  from  Fr.  feint  (feindre), 
feigned,  unreal — L.  fingere,  to  feign  or 
dissemble.     See  Feign.] 

FAINTISH,  fant'ish,  adj.,  sometohat  or 
slightly  faint.— n.  Faint'ishness. 

FAINTNESS,  tant'nes,  n.  want  of  strength: 
feebleness  of  color,  light,  etc. :  dejection. 

FAIR,  far,  adj.,  bright:  clear:  free  from 
blemish  :  pure  :  pleasing  to  the  eye : 
beautiful :  free  from  a  dark  hue  :  of  a 
light  shade :  free  from  clouds  or  rain  : 
favorable  :  unobstructed  :  open :  pros- 
perous :  frank  :  impartial :  pleasing  : 
hopeful :  moderate.  —  adv.  Faib'ly.— n. 
Faib'ness.  [A.s.  faeger;  Ice.  fagr, 
bright,  Dan.  feir.] 


FAIR,  far,  n.  a  fair  woman. — The  Fair 
n.pl.  the  female  sex. 

FAIR,  far,  71.  a  stated  market.  [O.  Pr. 
feire,  from  L.  feria,  or  ferice,  holidays, 
conn,  with  festus,  festive.    See  Feast. J 

FAIRY,  far'i,  n.  an  imaginary  being,  said 
to  assume  a  human  form,  and  to  influ- 
ence the  fate  of  man.  [O.  Fr.  faerie,  en- 
chantment—  Fr.  fee.  See  Fay,  which 
would  have  been  the  correct  form,  fairy 
being  properly  an  abstract  word.] 

FAIRY,  far  i,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to  fairies. 

FAIRYISM,  far'i-izm,  n.  a  condition  or 
characteristic  of  being  fairy-like :  resem- 
blance to  fairies  or  fairyland  in  customs, 
nature,  appearance,  or  the  like.  "The 
air  of  enchantment  and  fairyism  which 
is  the  tone  of  the  place." — H.  Walpole. 

FAIRYLAND,  far'i-land,  n.  the  imaginary 
country  of  the  fairies. 

FAIRY-MONEY,  far'i-mun-i,  n.  mone» 
given  by  fairies,  wliich,  according  to  the 
popular  belief,  was  said  to  turn  into 
withered  leaves  or  rubbish  after  some 
time  ;  "  In  one  day  Scott's  high-heaped 
money-wagirs  became  fairy-money  and 
nonentity." — Carlyle  :  also,  a  term  some- 
times apphed  to  found  money,  from  the 
notion  that  it  was  dropped  by  a  good 
fairy  where  the  favored  mortal  would 
find  it. 

FAITH,  fath,  n.,  trust  or  confidence  in  any 
person :  belief  in  the  statement  of  an- 
other :  belief  in  the  truth  of  revealed  re- 
Hgion :  confidence  and  trust  in  God : 
reliance  on  Chi-ist  as  the  Sa%'iour  :  that 
which  is  believed :  any  system  of  rehg- 
ious  belief :  fidelity  to  promises  :  honesty : 
word  or  honor  pledged.  [M.  E.  feith, 
feyth,fey—0.  Yr.  feid—L.  fides— fido.  to 
trust ;  connected  vdth  Gr.  peitho,  to  per^ 
suade.] 

FAITHFUL,  fath'fool,  adj.  full  of  faith,  be- 
lieving :  firm  in  adherence  to  promises, 
duty ,  allegiance,  etc. :  loyal:  conformable 
to  truth  :  worthy  of  belief  :  true. — The 
Faithful,  believers. — adv.  Faith'fclly. 
— n.  Faith'fclness. 

FAITHLESS,  fath'les,  adj.  without  faith 
or  belief :  not  believing-,  esp.  in  God  or 
Christianity  :  not  adhering  to  promises, 
allegiance,  or  duty  :  delusive.  —  adv. 
Faith'lessly. — n.  Faith'lessness. 

FAKIR,  fa'ker  or  fa-ker',  n.  a  member  of  a 
rehgious  order  of  mendicants  in  India 
and  the  neighboring  countries.  [Ar.  fak- 
har,  poor.] 

FALCATE,  fal'kat,  FALCATED,  fal'kat-ed, 
adj.  {astr.  and  bot.)  bent  Uke  a  sickle,  as 
the  crescent  moon,  and  certain  leaves. 
[L.  falcatus,  from  /ate,  a  sickle.] 

FALCHION,  fawl'shun,  n.  a  short  crooked 
sword,  falcated  or  bent  somewhat  like  a 
sickle.  [It.  falcione — Low  L.  falcio,  from 
h.falx,  a  sickle.] 

FALCON,  faw'kn,  n.  in  zool.  a  member  of 
the  Falconina;,  a  sub-family  of  the  Fal- 
conidaj  (which  see),  characterized  by  a 
short  beak,  curved  from  tlie  base,  by 
having  on  the  margin  one  or  two  strong 
indentations  on  each  side,  and  very  long 
wings,  of  which  the  second  pen-feather 
is  the  largest.  The  species  most  com- 
monly used  in  falconry  are  the  gyrfalon 
or  jerfalcon  (Falco  gyrfalco)  and  the  pere- 
grine falcon  (F.  peregrimis).  The  former 
is  regarded  as  the  boldest  and  most  beau- 
tiful of  its  family,  and  next  to  the  eagle 
the  most  formidable,  active,  and  intrepid 
of  birds.  It  is  therefore  held  in  the  high- 
est esteem  for  falconry,  and  was  formerly 
imported  from  Iceland  and  Norway.  The 
peregrine  falcon  being  much  more  easily 
procured  was  much  more  commonlj'  1  he 
object  of  the  falconer's  care.  It  IJuilds 
on  high  rocks  on  the  coast,  and  is  more 
numerous   in    Scotland    than    England 


Jb'ALCONER 


154 


FAMILY 


fhe  geographical  distribution  of  the  feil- 
cons  is  very  ^nde,  extending  froKi  tlie 
equator  to  the  poles,  and  many  species 
have  been  described.  The  term  falcon 
is  by  sportsmen  restricted  to  the  female, 
the  male,  vrhich  is  smaller  and  less  cou- 
rageous, being  called  tersel,  tiered,  or  ter- 
selet.  [O.Fr.  falcon  ;  Fr.  faucon ;  It.  fal- 
eone :  L.  falco.  Probably  from  falx,  a 
reaping-liook,  from  the  curved  claTTs  and 
beaK.  The  word  has  also  passed  into  the 
Tent,  languages.  Comp.  O.Qer.  falcho, 
Ger.falk.  fall-e.  Ice.  faKH,  falcon.] 

*ALCONKE,  faw'kn-er,  n.  one  who  sports 
with,  or  who  breeds  and  trains  falcons  or 
bawks  for  taking  wild-fowl.  [BV.  fau- 
eonn  ier."] 

FAIiCOXIDJB,  fal-kon'i-de,  n.pl.  a  family 
of  raptorial  birds  or  birds  of  prey,  in 
whicli  the  destructive  powers  are  most 

•  perfectly  developed.  The  true  falcons 
are  inferior  in  size  to  the  eagles  ajid  vul- 
tures, but  they  are  of  all  birds  the  most 
symmetrical  in  their  form,  and  the  most 
daring  in  the  capture  of  their  prey,  being 
also  endowed  with  wonderful  ^rength 
and  powers  of  flight.  They  are  distin- 
guished by  a  projection  overthe  eyebrows 
which  gives  their  eyes  the  appearance  of 
being  deeply  seatecf  in  their  orbits.  The 
beak  is  hooked  and  generally  curved  from 
Tts  origin  ;  there  are  three  toes  before  and 
one  behind,  the  claws  are  pointed  and 
sharp,  movable,  retractile,  and  much 
hooked.  The  family  includes  the  differ- 
ent species  of  eagles,  the  hawks  and  fal- 
cons properly  so  called,  comprising  the 
8ub-famihes  PolyboriniB  (caracaras),Bute- 
oniniE  (buzzards),  Aquiiinse  (eagles),  Fal- 
coninjB  (falcons),  Milvinae  (kites),  Accipi- 
trinas  (hawks),  and  Circinre  (harriei-s). 

FALCONRY,  faw%n-ri,  n.  the  art  of  train- 
ing or  hunting  with  falcons.  [Fr.  fau- 
connerie.} 

fAlDERALL,  fal'da-ral,  n.  a  gewgaw  ;  an 
idle  fancy :  a  conceit.  "  Gin  ye  dinna 
tie  him  tfll  a  job  that  he  canna  get  quat 
o',  he'U  flee  frae  OBfalderall  tiUanitlier 
a'  the  days  o'  his  life."— flbg^.  [Formed 
from  the  unmeaning  repetitions  in  some 
old  songs.] 

iPALDSTOOL,  towld'stool,  n.  a  folding  or 
camp  stool:  a  kind  of  stool  for  the  king 
to  Imeel  on  at  his  coronation  ;  a  bishop's 
seat  vrithin  the  altar:  a  small  desk  at 
which  the  litany  is  sung  or  said.  [From 
Low  L.  faldistolium—O.  H.  Gter.  taldan 
(Ger.  fatten),  to  fold,  and  stuat  (Qer. 
stuhl),  stool,  seat,  or  throne;  Ft.  fauteuil 
is  from  the  same  source.] 

PALL,  fawl,  v.i.  to  drop  dmcn ;  to  descend 
by  the  force  of  gravity  ;  to  become  pros- 
trate :  {of  a  river)  to  discharge  itself ;  to 
sink  as  if  dead  :  to  vanish ;  to  die  away  ; 
to  lose  strength:  to  decline  in  power, 
wealth,  value,  or  reputation :  to  sink 
into  sin  :  to  depart  from  the  faith  :  to 
become  dejected :  to  pass  gently  into 
any  state  :  to  befall :  to  issue :  to  enter 
upon  with  haste  or  vehemence :  to  rush  ; 
—pr.p.  fairing;  pa.t.  teU;  pa.p.  fallen 
(fawln).  [A.S.  feallan ;  Ger.  fallen ; 
connected  with  L.  fallo,  to  deceive,  Gr. 
spttallo,  to  cause  to  fall.  Sans,  spfta?,  to 
tremble.    See  Fah-.I 

#AIiL,  fawl,  n.  the  act  of  falling,  in  any  of 
its  senses  :  descent  by  gravity  :  a  drop- 
ping down :  overthrow  :  death  :  descent 
from  a  better  to  a  worse  position  :  slope 
or  declivity:  descent  of  water:  a  cas- 
cade— though  in  this  sense  the  plural  is 
used,  as  Niagara  Falls,  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  etc. :  length  of  a  fall :  outlet 
of  a  river :  decrease  in  value  :  a  sinking 
of  the  voice  :  the  time  when  tbe  leaves 
fall,  autumn :  that  which  falls :  a  lapse 
iato  sin,  especially  that  of  Adam  and 


Eve,  called  The  Fali.  ;— jrf.  (Apocrypha) 

death,  overthrow. 

FALLACIOUS,  fal-la'shus,  adj.  calculated 
to  deceive  or  mislead  ;  not  well  founded  : 
causing  disappointment :  delusive. — adv. 
F.\T,i,A'CTOi  3LY.  —  n.  Falla'ciocsness. 
[L. /ff??aeJost«.] 

FALLACY,  fal'a-si,  n.  something  falla- 
cious: deceptive  appearance :  an  ap- 
parently genuine  but  really  illogical 
argument.  [Fr.  faUace,  deceit — ^L.  fal- 
lacia,  from  faUax,  deceptive,  fatto,  to 
deceivej 

FAT.TiTBTT.ITY,  fal-i-bil'i-ti,  n.  liability  to 
err. 

FALLIBLE,  fall-bl,  adj.  liable  to  error  or 
mistake.  —  adv.  Fall'iblt.  [Low  L 
fallibilis,  trom  fallo.} 

FALLOW,  fallo,  adj.  pale  red  or  pale  yel- 
low ;  as,  a  falloip  deer  :  left  to  rest  after 
tillage ;  nntilled ;  uncultivated ;  neg- 
lected ;  "Break  up  your  fallow  ground." 
— Jer.  rv.  5 ;  "  Her  predecessors  .  .  .  did 
but  sometimes  cast  up  the  ground  ;  and 
80  leaving  it  fallow,  it  became  quickly 
overgrown  with  weeds." — Howell:  nnoc- 
onpied  ;  neglected  ;  unused  ; 

Let  the  cause  lie  falloic.—Mudibrcu ; 
A  tboasand  hearts  He  fallow  tu  these  balls. 
—Tenni/ton 

[A.  S.fealo,  fealtce,  pale  red  or  pale  yel- 
low ;  O.  E.  falau,  famee,  etc. — "  His  hue 
falewe  and  pale.  — Chaucer.  Cf.  Ger. 
fahl,  falb ;  Low  Ger.  and  Dut.  vaal,  fal- 
low ;  also  Fr.  fauve.  It.  falbo,  which  are 
borrowed  from  the  Teutonic ;  cog.  L. 
pallidns,  pale.  The  appucation  of  the 
epithet  to  land  is  probably  due  to  the 
color  of  ploughed  land.] 

FALLOW,  fal'16,  n.  land  that  has  lain  a 
year  or  more  untOled  or  unseeded  ;  land 
ploughed  without  being  sowed  :  the 
ploughing  or  tilling  of  land,  without 
sowing  it,  for  a  season  ;  as,  summer  fal- 
lom,  properly  conducted,  has  ever  been 
found  a  sure  method  of  destroying  weeds; 
"  By  a  complete  summer  fallow,  land  is 
rendered  tender  and  mellow." — Sir  J. 
Sindair. — A  green  fallow,  in  England, 
fallow  where  land  is  rendered  mellow 
and  clean  fi-om  weeds  by  means  of  some 
green  crop,  as  turnips,  potatoes,  etc. 

FALLOW,  fans,  i'.^  to  plough,  harrow, 
and  break  land  without  seeding  it,  for 
the  purpose  of  destroying  weeds  and  in- 
sects and  rendering  it  mellow ;  as,  it  is 
found  to  be  for  the  interest  of  the  farmer 
to  fallow  cold,  strong,  clayey  land.  In 
U.  S.  to  summer-fallow  land  is  to  plough 
and  cultivate  it  continually  during  the 
summer,  in  preparation  for  so%ving  wheat 
in  the  autumn.  Some  of  tbe  most  pro- 
gressive American  farmers  condemn 
summer-faJlowing.  They  contend  that, 
owing  to  evaporation  under  the  summer 
heat,  the  practice  is  eventuallj'  detri- 
mental to  the  soD. 

FALLOW-DEER,  fal'5-der,  n.  a  spcies  of 
deer  smaller  than  the  red-deer,  with  broad 
flat  antlers,and  of  a^eWcwnVt-brown  colcr. 

FALLOWNESS,  fal'6-nes,  n.  state  of  being 
fallou;  or  untitled. 

FALL-TRAP,  fawl'-trap,  n.  a  trap  in  which 
a  part  of  the  apparatus,  as  a  door,  bar, 
knife,  or  the  like,  descends  and  imprisons 
or  kills  the  victim.  "  We  walk  in  a  world 
of  plots,  strings  universally  spread  of 
deadly  gins  and  fall-traps  baited  by  the 
gold  of  Pitt.'"— CarZyZe. 

FALSE,  fa  wis,  adj.,  deceptive  or  deceiving : 
untruthful :  unfaitliful  to  obligations  ; 
untrue  :  not  genuine  or  real :  hj^jocrit- 
ical :  not  well  founded. — adv.  False'ly. 
— n.  FALSE'ifESS.  [O.  Fr.  f ah  (J^artx) — L. 
falsus,  pa.p.  of  fallo,  to  deceive.  See 
Fail,  Fall,  Fallacious.] 

FALSEHOOD,  fawls'hood,  n,  state  or  qual- 


ity Tf  hemg false :  want  of  ttJXth  ,  want 
o.'  'ouesty:  deceitf ulness  :  false  appear^ 
ance.  an  mitrue  statement:  a  Be.  [False, 
and  hood,  A.S.  had.  state.] 

FALSETTO,  fawl-set'o,  n.  a  false  or  arti- 
,'icia]  voice  :  a  range  of  voice  beyond  the 
natural  compass.  [It.  falsetto,  from  root 
of  False.] 

FALSI  CRIMEN,  fal'si  krHmen,  in  tor,  the 
crime  of  what  is  false  :  the  crime  of  fraud. 
In  the  civil  law  the  term  meant  a  fraud 
nlent  subornation  or  concealment,  witli 
design  to  darken  or  conceal  tbe  truth,  ot 
make  things  appear  otherwise  than  they 
really  are,  as  in  swearing  falsely,  ante- 
dating a  contract,  or  selling  by  false 
weiglits.  In  modem  common  law  its 
prevailing  signification  is  that  of  forger}\ 

FAXSIFIABLE,  fawls'i-H-a-W,  adj.  that 
may  be  falsified,  counterfeited,  or  cor 
mpted. 

FALSIFICATION,  fawls-i-fl-k5'shun,  n.  tht 
act  of  making  false :  the  giving  to  a  thing 
the  appearance  of  something  which  it  is 
not. 

FALSIFIER,  fawls'j-fTer,  n.  one  who /a?S! 
Jies  or  gives  to  a  thing  a  false  appearance 

FAISltY,  fawls'i-fl,  v.t.  to  forge  or  coun 
terfeit  :  to  prove  untrustworthy  ;  tc 
break  by  falsehood  : — pr.p.  fals'ifying  , 
pa.p.  fais'ified.  [L.  falsus,  false,  and 
faeio.  to  make.] 
i  FALSITY,  fawb'i-ti,  n.  quality  of  being 
!  false ;  a  false  assertioo.  [L.  falsitas. 
from  falsus,  false.] 

FALTER,  fawl'ter,  v.i.  to  fail  or  stutter  ic 
si>eech :  to  tremble  or  totter ;  to  be  feeble 
or  irresolute.  [Lit.,  to  be  at  fault ;  from 
root  of  Fault  ;  cf.  Span,  f altar.  It.  fal- 
tare,  to  be  deficient.] 

FALTER,  fawl'ter,  «.  the  act  of  faltering 
hesitating,  trembling,  stammering,  o. 
the  like ;  unsteadiness :  hesitation .  trem- 
bling :  quavering.  "  The  falter  of  an  idle 
shepherd's  pipe." — J.  R.  Lou-ell. 

FALTERINGLY,  fawl'ter-ing-li,  adv.  in  a 
faltering  or  hesitating  manner. 

FAME,  lam,  n.  public  report  or  rumor :  re- 
nown or  celebrity,  good  or  bad.  [Fr. — L 
fama,  from  fan,  to  speak  ;  Gr.  pheme. 
from. phe mi.  to  say,  make  known.  Sans 
bh&sh,  to  speak,  A.S.  bannan,  to  pro- 
claim.] 

FAMED,  famd,  adj.  renowned. 

FAMILIAR,  fa-mil'yar,  atfj.  well  acquainted 
or  intimate  ;  showing  the  manner  of  au 
intimate ;  free :  having  a  thorough 
knowledge  of :  well  known  or  under 
stood. — TU  one  well  or  long  acquainted  . 
a  demon  supposed  to  atteiid  at  call.— 
euiv.  FAMiL'iAKLy,  [h.  familiaris,  from 
familia,  a  family.] 

FAMILIARIZE,  fa-miTyar-Iz,  v.t.  to  make 
thoroughly  acquaints  :  to  accustom :  tc 
make  easy  bv  practice  or  studv. 

FAMILIAlilTY,  fa-mjl-ye-a/i-ti,  n.  inti 
mate  acquaintanceship :  freedom  from 
constraint  :—pl.  actions  characterized  by 
too  much  license  :  actions  of  one  person 
towards  another  nnwarranted  by  theit 
relative  position  ;  liberties.  [L.  famih 
iaritas.] 

FAMILIST,  fa'mil-ist,  n.  one  of  the  relig- 
ious sect  called  the  Family  of  Love  which 
arose  in  Holland  in  1556.  They  taught 
that  religion  consists  wholly  in  love,  in- 
dependently of  any  form  of  trut!>  heic! 
and  believed ;  that  through  love  man 
could  become  absolutelj*  absorbed  in  and 
identified  with  God  ;  that  God  regards 
not  the  outward  actions  but  only  the 
heart,  and  that  to  the  pure  all  things  are 
pure,  even  things  forbidden. 

FAMILY,  fam'i-b,  n.  the  household,  or  al- 
those  who  live  in  one  house  under  one 
head  .  the  descendants  of  one  common 


FAMILY-HEAD 


165 


FARCY 


progenitor :  race :  honorable  or  aooie 
descent :  a  group  of  animals,  plants, 
languages,  etc.,  nnore  comprehensive 
than  a  genus.    [Fr. — L.  famuia^-famu- 

FAMILY- HEM),  fa'mi-li-hed,  n.  (naut.)  an 
old  name  for  the  stem  of  a  vessel  when 
it  was  surmounted  by  several  full-length 
figures. 

FAMILY-MAN,  fa'mi-11-man,  n.  one  who 
has  a  family  or  a  household  ;  a  man  in- 
clined to  lead  a  domestic  life.  "The 
Jews  are  generally,  when  married,  most 
exemplary  family-men.'" — Mayhew. 

FAMINE,  fam'in,  n.  general  scarcity  of 
food.  [Fr.,  throijgh  an  unrecorded  Low 
Jj.famtna,  from  i,  fames,  hunger.] 

FAMISH,  fam'ish,  v.t.  to  starve.— tJ.t.  to 
die  or  suffer  extreme  hanger  or  thirst  • 
to  suffer  from  exposure. 

FAMISHMENT,  fam'ish-ment,  n.  starva- 
tion. 

FAMOUS,  fa'mus,  adj.  renowned:  noted, 

»—adv.  Fa'mousi,,t.  [L.  famosus,  from 
fama.l 
FAN.  fan,  n.  the  name  of  various  instru- 
ments  for  exciting  a  current  of  air  by 
the  agitation  of  a  broad  surface  ;  as,  (a) 
an  instrument  made  of  palm-leaf,  carved 
wood  or  ivory,  feathers,  or  of  thin  skin, 
paper,  or  taffeta,  mounted  on  sticks,  etc., 
used  by  ladies  to  agitate  the  air  and  cool 
the  face ;  (6)  in  mach.  any  contrivance  of 
vanes  or  flat  discs,  revolving  by  the  aid  of 
machinery,  as  for  winnowing  grain,  for 
cooling  fluids,  urging  combustion,  assist- 
mg  ventilation,  etc.  ;  (c)  a  small  vane  or 
sail  used  to  keep  the  large  sails  of  a  smock 
wind-mill  always  in  the  direction  of  the 
wind  ;  (d)  an  apparatus  for  regulating  or 
checking,  by  the  resistance  of  the  air  to 
its  rapid  motion,  the  velocity  of  light  ma- 
chinery, as  in  a  musical  box ;  a  fly  ,  (e)  an 
apparatus,  called  also  the  fan-governor, 
for  regulating  the  throttle-valves  of 
steam-engines:  something  resembling  a 
lady's  fan  when  spread,  as  the  wing  of  a 
bird,  the  tail  of  a  peacock,  etc. ;  "Asa 
peacock  and  crane  were  in  company  the 
peacock  spread  his  tail  and  challenged  the 
other  to  show  him  such  a  fan  of  feathers."' 
—Sir  R.  V Estrange :  {fig.)  any  agency 
which  excites  to  action  or  stimulates  the 
activity  of  a  passion  or  emotion,  produc- 
ing effects  analogous  to  those  of  a  fan  in 
exciting  flame  ;  as,  this  was  a,  fan  to  re- 
bellion ;  a  fan  to  a  man's  ardor.  [A.  S. 
fann,  fan,  a  collateral  form  of  van,  L. 
van  lilts,  whence  Fr,  van,  a  fan.  Probably 
akin  to  L.  ventus,  wind,  and  E.  Wmnow,  j 
i'AN,  fan,  v.t.  to  move  or  agitate  as  with 
a  fan; 

The  air  .  .  .  fanned  with  nnnumbered  plumes, 

— Milton  ; 

to  cool  and  refresh,  by  moving  the  air 
with  a  fan  ;  to  blow  the  air  on  the  face 
with  a  fan  ;  "  She  wsls  fanned  into  slum- 
bers by  her  slaves." — Spectator :  to  venti- 
late ;  to  blow  on ;  to  aifect  by  air  put  in 
motion  ; 
Calm  as  the  breath  which  fans  our  eastern  groves. 

— Dryden : 
to  winnow;  to  ventilate;  to  separate  chaff 
from,  and  drive  it  away  by  a  current  of 
air ;  as,  to  fan  wheat :  (fig.)  to  produce 
effects  on,  analogous  to  those  of  a  fan  in 
exciting  flame  ;  to  excite ;  to  increase  the 
activity  or  action  of ;  to  stimulate — said 
of  the  passions  and  emotions,  of  designs, 

Elots,  etc. ;  as,  this  fanned  the  flame  of 
is  love ;  he  fanned  the  smouldering 
embers  of  the  revolution  tiH  they  burst 
into  flame. 
FANAL,  fa-nSl,  ».  a  lighthouse,  or  more 
specifically,  the  apparatus  placed  in  it 
to  give  light.  [Fr.J 
FANAM,  fan'am,  n.  a  money  of  account 
used  formerly  in  Madras,  worth  about 


4  cents  :  a  v^yjionese  copper  coic  grortb  ' 
about  8  cents.  ! 

FANATIC,  fa-nat'ik,  FANATICAL,  fa- 
nat'ik-al,  adj.  wild  and  extruviigant  in 
opinions,  particularly  in  religioijs  opin- 
ions ;  excessively  enthusiastic  :  possessed 
or  chai-acterized  by  a  kind  of  frenzy :  as, 
a  fanatic  people  ;  fanatic  zeal  ;  fanatic 
notions  or  opmions.  "Fanatic  Egypt 
and  her  priests." — Milton. 

I  abhor  such  fanatical  phantoms. — ShaK. 
[L.    fanaticus,    inspired,    enthu.s:ia8tic, 
from  fanmn.  a  place  dedicated  to  some 
deity,  a  temple.    See  Fane.] 

FANATIC,  fa-nat'ik,  n.  a  person  affected 
by  excessive  enthusiasm,  particularly  on 
religious  subjects  :  one  who  indulges 
wild  and  extravagant  notions  of  religion. 
"They  are  fanatichs  ...  all  atheists 
being  that  blind  goddess  Nature's  fanat- 
ieksr  —  Cudworth.  "There  is  a  new 
word,  coined  within  few  montlis,  called 
fanatics,  which,  by  the  close  stickling 
thereof,  seemeth  well  cut  out  and  pro- 
portioned to  signify  what  is  meant 
therebv,  even  the  sectaries  of  our  age." 
—Fuller,  1660. 

FANATICISM,  fa-nat'i-sizm,  n.  wild  and 
excessive  religious  enthusiasm. 

FANCIED,  fan'sid,p.  and  adj.  portrayed  or 
formed  by  the  fancy  ;  imaginary  ;  as,  a 
fancied  grievance :  attracting  one's 
fancy ;  liked  ;  in  esteem  ;  sought  after  ; 
as,  this  class  of  goods  is  more  fancied 
than  ever. 

FANCIEE,  fan'si-er,  n.  one  who  fancies 
or  has  a  liking  to  ;  also,  one  who  keeps 
for  sale ;  as,  a  bird-/ancj"er;  one  who  is 
under  the  influence  of  his  fancy;  "Not 
reasoners  but  fanciers." — Macanlay. 

?ANCIFIIU  fan'si-fool,  adj.  guided  or 
created  by  fancy  :  imaginative  :  whim- 
sical :  wild. — adv.  Fan'cutilly.— n.  Fan*- 

C'lFULNESS. 

FANCY,  fan'si,  n.  that  faculty  of  the  mind 
by  which  it  recalls,  represents,  or  makes 
to  aiypear  past  images  or  impressions : 
an  image  or  representation  thus  formed 
in  the  mind  :  an  unreasonable  or  capri- 
cious opinion  :  a  whim :  capricious  incli- 
nation or  liking. — adj.  pleasing  to,  or 
guided  by  fancy  or  caprice. — ^Fancy-BALL, 
«.  a  ball  at  which  fancy  dresses  in  vari- 
ous characters  are  worn. — ^The  FANCY, 
fkpJ.  sporting  characters  generally. 
[Oontracted  from  fantasy,  Fr,  fantasve, 
through  L.,  from  Gr.  phantasia — Gr. 
phantazO,  to  make  visible— phaiTto,  to 
bring  to  light,  to  show,  Sans.  6ft4,  to 
shine.] 

FANCY,  fan'si,  v.t.  to  portray  in  the  mind: 
to  imagine :  to  have  a  fancy  or  liking 
for  :  to  be  pleased  with : — pr.p.  fan'cy- 
ing ;  pa.jj.  lan'cied. 

FANCY-FREE,  fan'si-frg,  adj.  free  from 
the  power  of  love. 

In  raakleo  meditatlou,/ancj/,^ee. — Sfiak. 

FANCY-GOODS,  fan'si-goodz,  n.p!.  fabrics 
of  various  patterns,  as  ribbons,  silks, 
satins,  etc.,  differing  from  those  which 
are  of  a  plain  or  simple  color. 

FANCY-LINE,  fan'si-lin,  n.  in  nav.  (a) 
a  line  used  for  overhauling  the  lee 
topping-lift  of  the  main  or  spanker 
boom — often  called  a  tripping-line ;  (6)  a 
line  rove  through  a  block  at  the  jaws  of  a 
gaff,  used  as  a  down-haul. 

FANCY-SICK,  fan'.si-sik,  adj.  noting  one 
whose  imagination  is  unsound,  or  whose 
distemper  is  in  his  own  mind. 
AM  fancy-sick  she  is,  and  pale  of  cheer. — Sliak, 

FANCY-STOCKS,  f an'si-stoks,  n.pl.  among 
American  brokers,  stocks  which,  having 
no  determinate  value  from  any  fixed 
probable  income,  fluctuate  in  price  ac- 
cording to  the  fancv  of  speculators. 

FANCY-WORK,  tan'si-werk,  n.  ornament- 


al   knilving.    crocheting;    tatting^    em- 
broidery, etc.,  performed  by  ladies, 

FANCY-WOVEN,  fan'si- wo  v-n,  adj.  formed 
by  the  imagination. 

VeiPil  in  Fable's /ajtc^z-ipot'cTi  vest. — Warton 

FANDANGO,  fan-dan'go,  n.  an  old  Spanisb 
dance.     [Sp.] 

FANE,  fan,  n.  a  temple.  [L.  /anitw,,  fron 
fari,  to  speak,  to  dedicate.] 

FANFARE,  fan'far,  n.  a  flourish  of  tmm 

Eets  on  entering  the  lists ;  a  boast :   a 
ravado.     [Fr.  fanfare— Sj;.  fanfarria 
which  is  from  Arab,  farfar,  loquacious,^ 

FANFARON,  fan'farron,  n.  one  who  uses 
fanfare  or  bravado  :  a  bully.  [Fr.,  from 
fanfare.^ 

FANFARCJnADE,  fan-far-on-ad',  n.  vain 
boasting :  bluster,  [Fr.  fanfaronnade, 
from  fanfare.\ 

FANG,  fang,  n.  the  tooth  of  a  ravenous 
beast  -.  a  claw  or  taloo.  [A.S.  fang^ 
from  f on,  to  seize  ;  Qer.fangen,  to  catch.] 

FANGED,  fangd,  adj.  having  fangs, 
clutches,  or  anything  resembling  them. 

FANLIGHT,  fan'llt,  n.  a  window  resem 
blin^  in  form  an  open /an. 

FANNER,  fan'er,  n.  a  machine  with  re 
volving  fans,  used  for  vrinnowing  grain 
etc. 

FANNING-MACHINE,  fan'ing-ma-8h§t. 
FANNING-iyULL,  fan'ing-mil,  n.  a  ma- 
chine for  cleaning  grain  and  seeds  fron: 
chaff,  husks,  foul  seeds  and  sand ;  and 
also  for  grading  wheat  and  other  cereals. 

FANPALM,  fan'pam,  n.  a  species  of  palm 
60  or  70  ft.  high,  with/au-ahaped  leaves, 
used  for  umbrellas,  tents,  etc. 

FANTASIA,  fan-ta'zi-a,  n.  a  fandfid  or 
fantastic  musical  composition,  not  gov- 
erned by  the  ordinarj'  musical  rules.  [It. 
from  Gr.  phantasia.    See  Fancy.] 

FANTASMAGORIA,  fan-tas-margo'ri-a,  n 
same  as  Phantasmagort a . 

FANTASTIC,  fan-tas'tik,  FANTASTICAL 
£an-tas'tik-al,  adj.,  fanciful :  not  real . 
capricious  :  whimsical ;  wild. — adv.  Fan 
TAS'TICALLY. 

FANTASY,  fan'ta-si,  n.  old  form  of  Fancy 
FAN- WINDOW,  fan' win-do,  n.  a  window 
shaped  like  a  fan  ;  that  is,  having  a  semi 
circular  outline  and  a  sash  formed  of  ra- 
dial bars. 
FAR,  far,  adj.  remote :  more  distant  of 
two :  remote  from  or  contrary  to  pur 
pose  or  design. — adv.  to  a  great  distance 
in  time,  space,  or  proportion  :  remotely, 
consideratly  or  m  ^reat  part :  very 
much  :  to  a  great  height :  to  a  certain 

S)int,  degree,  or  distance.  [A-S.  feor , 
ut.  ver,  verre ;  Ice.  Jiarrl ;  Ger.  /em  ; 
allied  to  Gr.  porro,  at  a  distance,  pro, 
before.  Sans,  pra,  before,  and  also  to  E. 
Fare.] 

FARAD,  far'ad,  n.  the  unit  of  quantity  in 
electrometry:  the  quantity  of  electricity 
with  which  an  electro-motive  force  of 
one  volt  would  flow  through  the  resist- 
ance of  one  megohm  (-=a  million  ohms) 
in  one  second.  [In  honor  of  Piof.  Fara- 
day.] 

PARADIC,  fa-rad'ik,  adj.  a  term  applie<f 
to  induction  electricity  obtained  from  = 
variety  of  batteries — some  magneto-elec 
trie,  composed  of  a  revolving  magnet 
and  coils  of  wires,  others  of  a  cell  (giv 
ing  a  galvanic  current)  and  coils. 

FARCE,  fars,  ?>.  a  style  of  comedy,  stuff ei 
with  low  humor  and  extravagant  wit 
ridiculous  or  emptj'  show.     [Fr.  farce 
the  .stufiing  in  meat,  from  L.  fareio,  tc 
stuff.] 

FARCICAL,  fSrs'l-kal,  adj.  of  or  relatmc 
to  a  farce:  ludicrous. — adt'.  Faeo'ioally 

FARCY,  far'si,  FARCIN,  far'sin,  n.  a  dis- 
ease  of  horses  intimately  connected  with 
glanders,  the  two  diseases  generally 
running  into   each  other.      It    is   snp' 


FARCY-BUD 


156 


FASTIGIUM 


posed  to  riave  its  seat  in  the  absorbente 
of  the  skin,  and  its  first  indication  is 
generally  the  appearance  of  little  tumors, 
called  farcy-buds,  on  the  face,  neck,  or 
inside  of  the  thigh. 

tf"ARCY-BUD,  far'si-bud,  n,  a  tumor  which 
appears  early  in  the  disease  called  Farcy. 
fSee  Farcy,  I 

FARDEL,  far'dei,  n.  a  pack  or  bundle.  [O. 
Fr.  fardel,  Fr.  fardeau,  dim.  of  farde, 
a  bm-den,  of  which  ety.  dub.] 

iTAEDEL-BOUND,  far^iel-bound,  adj.  in 
vet.  surg.  a  term  appUed  to  cattle  and 
sheep  affected  with  a  disease  caused  by 
the  retention  of  food  in  the  maniplus 
or  third  stomach,  between  the  numerous 
plaits  of  which  it  is  firmly  impacted. 
When  the  food  is  of  a  narcotic  character, 
or  unusually  dry,  tough,  or  indigestible, 
the  stomach  cannot  moisten  and  reduce 
it  with  sufficient  rapidity ;  and  as  fresh 
quantities  continue  to  be  received,  the 
organ  becomes  over-gorged,  and  ulti- 
mately paralyzed  and  affected  with 
chrome  inflammation.  Over-ripe  clover, 
vetches,  or  rye-grasa  are  Uable  to  pro- 
duce the  disease. 

FARE,  far,  v.i.  to  get  on  or  succeed :  to 
happen  well  or  ill  to :  to  feed. — n.  (prig.) 
a  course  or  passage :  the  price  of  pas- 
sage :  food  or  provisions  for  the  taole. 
[A.S.  faran;  Gt&t.  fahren,  to  go.] 

FAREWELL,  fax-wel'  or  far*-,  int.  may  you 
fare  well!  an  affectionate  prayer  for 
safety  or  success. — n.  well-wishing  at 
parting:  the  act  of  departure. — acy. 
parting  :   final. 

FAR-FETCHED,  fftr'-fecht,  adj.,  fetched  or 
brought  from/ar,  or  from  a  remote  place: 
forced,  unnatural, 

SfARENA,  fa-ri'na,  n.  in  a  general  sense, 
meal  or  flour  :  specifically,  a  term  given 
to  a  soft,  tasteless,  and  commonly  white 
powder,  obtained  W  trituration  of  the 
seeds  of  cereal  and  leguminous  plants, 
and  of  some  roots,  as  the  potato,  and 
consistiug  of  gluten,  starch,  and  muci- 
lage :  in  bot.  a  name  formerly  given  to 
the  pollen  contained  in  the  anthers  of 
flowers. — Fossil  faeina,  a  variety  of  car- 
bonate of  lime,  in  thin  white  crusts,  light 
as  cotton,  and  easily  reducible  to  powder. 
[L.  farina,  ground  corn,  from/ar,  a  sort 
of  grain,  spelt — the  earliest  food  of  the 
Romansj^ 

S^ABTNACEOUS,  far-in-a'shus,  adj.  consist- 
ing or  made  of  meal  or  fiour  ,  as  a  far- 
tnoceoiis  diet,  which  consists  of  the  meal 
or  flour  of  the  various  species  of  com  or 
grain :  containing  or  yielding  farina  or 
flour ;  as,  farinaceous  seeds  :  like  meal ; 
mealy  ;  pertaining  to  meal ;  as,  a  far- 
inaceous taste  or  smeU.  \1j.  farina,  meal.] 

FARM,  farm,  n.  land  let  or  rented  for  cul- 
tivation or  pasturage,  with  the  necessary 
buildings.  [AS.  feorm,  goods,  enter- 
tainment, from  Low  L.  flrma,  a  least, 
tribute,  also  a  contract,  an  oath — L. 
firmus,  firm,  durable.  Fabh  is  therefore 
a  doublet  of  Fmil.] 

FARM,  farm,  v.t.  to  let  out  as  lands  to  a 
tenant :  to  take  on  lease  :  to  grant  cer- 
tain rights  in  return  for  a  portion  of  what 
they  yield,  as  to  farm  the  taxes  :  to  cul- 
tivate, as  land. 

If  ARMER,  farm'er,  n,  one  who  farms  ;  as, 
one  who  cultivates  a  farm ;  a  cultivator 
of  the  fields ;  an  agriculturist ;  a  hus- 
bandman :  one  who  takes  taxes,  cu»- 
toms,  excise,  or  other  duties,  to  collect 
for  a  certain  rate  per  cent. ;  as,  a  farmer 
of  the  revenues  ;  in  mining,  the  lord  of 
the  field,  or  one  who  farms  the  lot  and 
oope  of  the  crown,  in  monarchical  coun- 
tries.— Farmer-general,  in  France,  un- 
der the  old  monarchy,  a  member  of  a 
privileged  association  which  farmed  cer- 


tam  oranchee  of  the  revenue,  that  is, 
contracted  with  the  government  to  pay 
into  the  treasury  a  fixed  yearly  sums 
taking  upon  itself  the  collection  of  cer- 
tain taxes  as  an  equivalent.  This  sys- 
tem was  swept  away  at  the  revolution. 

FARO,  far'o,  n.  a  game  of  chance  played 
with  cards.  [Said  to  be  so  called  because 
king  Pharaoh  was  formerly  represented 
on  one  of  the  cards.] 

FARRAGO,  fap-ra'go,  n.  a  confused  mass, 
nil. --far,  a  sort  of  grain.] 

FARRIER,  far'i-er,  n.  one  who  shoes  horses: 
one  who  cures  the  diseases  of  horses.  [O. 
Fr.  ferrier,  through  Low  I*  ferranus, 
from  L.  ferrum,  iron.] 

FARRIERY,  far'i-er-i,  n.  the  art  of  curing 
the  diseases  of  cattle. 

FARROW,  far'o,  n.  a  litter  otpigs.—^.  to 
bring  forth  pigs.  [A-S./earft,  a  pig ;  Dan. 
fare,  to  farrow  ;  Ger.  ferkel,  allied  to  L 
poreus,  pig,  verves,  boar.] 

PARSE,  fSrs,  n.  (eccles.)  an  explanation  or 
paraphrase  in  English  of  the  text  of  the 
epistle  read  in  iStin,  adopted  in  some 
English  churches  before  the  Reformat 
tion.  the  sub-deacon  repeating  each  verse 
in  Latin  and  two  choristers  singing  the 
farse  or  explanation  in  English.  [L 
farcio,  to  stuff.] 

FARTHER,  far'ifter,  adj.  (comp.  of  Far), 
more  far  or  distant :  tending  to  a  greater 
distance :  longer :  additional. — adv.  at  or 
to  a  greater  distance  :  more  remotely  : 
beyond :  moreover.  [A  rather  recent 
form,  comp.  of  Far,  the  euphonic  th 
being  inserted  from  the  analogy  of 
FdetherJ 

FARTHEST,  fSr'fftest,  adj.  (super!,  of  Fae), 
most  far,  distant,  or  remote.— odr.  at  or 
to  the  greatest  distance.  [Superl.  of  Fae, 
coined  from  the  analogy  of  FtJRTHEST.l 

FARTHING,  far'tting.  n.  the  fourth  of  a 
penny  ;  (Neio  Test)  =■  8  farthings,  some- 
times i  of  Eng.  farthing.  [A.S.  feoiiMing, 
feorthing,  a  fourth  part— /eorfft,  fourth, 
and  dim.  of  ingor  Hng—feor,  four.] 

FARTHINGALE,  fSr'Wiing-gal,  n.  a  kind 
of  crinoline  made  of  whalebone  for  dis- 
tending the  dress,  introduced  by  Queen 
EUzabeth.  [Fr.  vertugade,  O.  Fr.  ver- 
dugalle — Sp.  verdugado,  hooped — ver- 
dug'),  a  rod,  a  young  shoot — v&rdje,  green 
— L.  viridis,  green.] 

FAR-WEST,  far'west,  n.  a  name  loosely 
appUed  to  that  portion  of  the  United 
States  lying  beyond  the  Mississippi. 

FAR- WEST,  farwest,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  Far- West,  or  the  United  States  west 
of  the  Mississippi. 

FASCES,  fas'ez,  n.pl.  {Roman  antiquities) 
a  bundle  of  rods  with  an  axe  in  the  mid- 
dle, borne  before  the  Roman  magistrates 
as  a  badge  of  their  authority.  [L.  fas- 
cis,  a  bundle.] 

FASCICLE,  fas'i-kl,  n.,  a  little  bundle: 
(bot.)  a  close  cluster,  with  the  flowers 
much  crowded  together,  as  in  the  sweet- 
william.    [L.  fasciculus,  dim.  of  /aseisj 

FASCICULAR,  fas-sik'u-lar,  FASCICU- 
LtiTE,  fas-sik'u-lat,  adj.  united  as  in  a 
bundle. 

FASCINATE,  fas'i-nat,  v.t.  to  fix  or  con- 
trol by  the  glance :  to  charm :  to  en- 
chant. [L.  fascino,  'atus ,  prob.  allied 
to  Gr.  baskainb,  to  bewitch.] 

FASCINATION,  fas-i-na'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  charming:  supposed  power  to  harm 
by  looks  or  spells  :  mysterious  attrac- 
tive power  exerted  by  a  man's  words  or 
manner :  irresistible  power  of  alluring. 
[L.  faseinatio.] 

FASCINE,  fas-eSn',  n.  a  fagot  or  bundle  of 
rods,  used  in  fort,  to  raise  batteries,  fill 
ditches,  etc.  [Fr. — L.  fascino— fascis,  a 
bundle.] 

FASHION,  fash'uD,  n   the  make  or  cut  of 


6  thing  :  form  or  pattern :  prevailing 
mode  or  shape  of  dress ;  a  prevailing 
custom:  manner:  genteel  soc iety :  (Afete 
Test.)  appearance.  —  v.t.  to  make:  to 
mould  according  to  a  patte;  q  :  to  suit 
or  adapt.— n.  Fashioner.  [?r.  /ojow— 
L.  factio— facto,  to  make.] 
FASHIONABLE,  fash'un-a-bl,  adj.  made 
according  to  prevailing  fashion :  pre- 
vailing or  in  use  at  any  period  .  observ- 
ant  of  the  fashion  in  dress  or  living : 

fenteel ;  moving  in  high  society. — adv 
ash'ionably. — n.  Fash'ionable'ness. 

FAST,  fast,  adj.  firm  .  fixed :  steadfast.- 
adv.  firmly :  soundly  or  sound  (asleep).— 
Fast  by,  close  to.  —  Fast  and  loose 
PULI.£YS,  two  pulleys  of  the  same 
diameter  placed  side  oy  side  on  a  shaft, 
the  one  rigidly  fixed  to  the  shaft,  the 
other  loose.  The  shaft  is  driven  from  a 
revolving  shaft  by  a  band  passed  over 
the  fixed  pulley,  and,  when  the  shaft  is 
to  be  stopped,  the  band  is  shifted  to  the 
loose  pulley.  [A.S.  fcest;  Ger.  fest; 
allied  to  fassen,  to  seize.] 

FAST,  fast,  adj.  quick :  rash  :  dissipated. 
— adv.  swiftly  :  in  rapid  succession  :  ex- 
travagantly, [A  special  use  of  fast,  firm, 
derived  from  the  Scand.,  in  the  sense  of 
urgent  or  pressing.] 

FAST,  fast,  v.i,  to  keep  from  food  :  to  go 
hungry  :  to  abstain  from  food  in  whole 
or  part,  as  a  religious  duty. — n.  absti- 
nence from  food  :  special  abstinence  en- 
joined by  the  church :  the  day  of  fasting. 
— ns.  Fast'ee.  one  who  fasts  ;  Fast'ing, 
rehgious  abstinence  ;  Fast'-dat,  a  day  of 
reUgious  fasting.  [A.S.  fcestan,  to  fast : 
Ger.  fasten,  Goth./«s<aw,  tokeep  ;  alUed 
with  Fast,  firm,  in  the  sense  of  making 
firm  or  strict.] 

FASTEN,  fas'n,  v.t.  to  make /as*  or  tight  : 
to  fix  securely :  to  attach  firmly  one  thing 
to  another. — v.i.  to  fix  itself. — n.  Fas'- 
TENISQ,  that  which  fastens. 

FAST-HANDED,  fast'-hand-ed,  ac^.  clos* 
handed  :  covetous  :  closeQsted  :  avari- 
cious. (Rare.)  "The  king  being  fast- 
handed  and  loth  to  part  with  a  second 
dowry  .  .  .  prevailed  with  the  prince  .  .  . 
to  be  contracted  with  the  Princess  Cath- 
arine."— Bacon. 

FASTI,  fas'ti,  n.pl.  among  the  Romans, 
registers  of  various  kinds ;  as,  fasti  sacri 
or  kalendares.  calendars  of  the  year, 
giving  the  days  for  festivals,  courts,  etc., 
corresponding  to  the  modern  almanac  ; 
fasti  annates  or  historici,  containing  the 
names  of  the  consuls  and  other  magis- 
trates, and  an  enumeration  of  the  most 
remarkable  historical  events  noted  down 
opposite  the  days  on  which  they  occur. 

FASTIDIOUS,  fas-tid'1-us,  adj.  affecting 
superior  taste :  over-nice  :  difficult  to 
please. — adv.  Fastid'iouslt. — n.  Fastcd'- 


lOUSNESS.    [L.  fastidiosus  — fastidium, 

_     fast 
loathing.] 


loathing — fastus,    pride,   and   tcedium, 


FASTIGlltE,  fa.s-ti'ji-at,  FASTIGIATED, 
fas-ti'ii-at-ed,  adj.  narrowed  to  the  top  ; 
roofed;  "That  noted  hill,  the  top 
whereof  is  fastigiate  like  a  sugar-loaf .  ' 
— Ray :  in  bot.  tapering  to  a  narrow 
point  like  a  pyramid  ;  as,  a  plant  is  said 
to  be  fasfigiated  when  the  branches  be- 
come gradually  shorter  from  the  base  to 
the  apex,  as  the  Lombardy  poplar.  [L. 
fastigiatus,  pointed,  from  fastigio,  ta 
point,  fastigium,  a  top  or  peak.] 

FASTIGIATELY,  fas-ti*ji-at-U,  adv.  in  a 
fastiariate  manner :  pomtedly. 

FASTIGIUM,  fas-ti'ji-um,  n.  the  summit, 
apex,  or  ridge  of  a  house  or  pediment : 
the  pediment  of  a  portico  ;  so  called  be- 
cause it  followed  the  form  of  the  roof 
tL.] 


FASTISH 


157 


FAUNA 


FASTISH,  fast'ish,  adj.  ratheffast :  specifi- 
cally, somewhat  dissipated,  or  inchned  to 
lead  a  gay  life.  "A /ashs/i  young  man." 
"~~  'J.  ^fxdcJc&vcuj 

FASTNESS.'  fast'nes,  n.  fixedness:  a 
strongliold,  fortress,  castle. 

FAT,  fat,  adj.  plump,  fieshy:  fruitful : 
gross. — n.  an  oily  substance  under  the 
skin  :  solid  animal  oil :  the  richest  part 
of  anything. — v.t.  to  make  fat. — v.i.  to 
grow  fat :  — pr.p.  fatt'ing  ;  pa.p.  fatt'ed. 
[A.S.  faet ;  Ger.  fett.] 

FAT.  fat,  n.  a  vat.     See  Vat. 

FATAL,  fat'al,  adj.  belonging  to  or  ap- 
pointed hy  fate:  causing  ruin  or  death  : 
mortal :  calamitous — adv.  Fat' ally. 

FATALISM,  fat'al-izm,  n.  the  doctrine 
that  all  events  are  subject  to  fate,  and 
happen  by  unavoidable  necessity.  — n. 
Fat  ALIST,  one  who  believes  in  fatalism. 
— adj.  Fat'alistic,  belonging  to  or  par- 
taking of  fatalism. 

FATALITY,  fat-al'i-ti,  ;;.  the  state  of  being 
fatal  or  unavoidable  :  the  decree  of  fate  : 
fijied  tendency  to  disaster  or  death : 
mortality. 

FATA  MORGANA,  fa'ta  mor-ga'na,  n.  a 
name  given  to  a  very  striking  optical 
illusion  which  has  been  principally  re- 
marked in  the  Strait  of  Messina,  between 
the  coasts  of  Sicily  and  Calabria — a  va- 
riety of  noirage  (which  see).  The  images 
of  men,  houses,  towers,  palaces,  columns, 
trees,  etc.,  are  occasionfilly  seen  from  the 
coast,  sometimes  in  the  water,  and  some- 
times in  the  air,  or  at  the  surface  of  the 
water.  The  same  object  has  frequently 
two  images,  one  in  the  natural  and  the 
other  in  an  inverted  position.  Tl*  images 
of  a  single  object  are  said  to  be  sometimes 
considerably  multiplied.  [It.,  because 
supposed  to  be  the  work  of  a  fata  or 
fairy  called  Morgana.] 

FAT-BRAINED,  fat'-brand,  adj.  dull  of 
apprehension.  "What  a  wretched  and 
peevish  fellow  is  this  King  of  England, 
to  mope  with  his  fat-brained  followers  so 
far  out  of  his  knowledge." — Shak. 

FATE,  fat,  n.  inevitable  destiny  or  neces- 
sity :  appointed  lot :  ill-fortune  :  doom  : 
final  issue.  [L.  fatum,  a  prediction — 
fatus,  spoken — fari,  to  speak.] 

FATED,  fat'ed,  adj.  doomed  :  destined. 

FATES,  fats,  n.pl.  the  three  goddesses  of 
fate,  Clotho,  Lachesis,  and  Atropos,  who 
were  supposed  to  determine  the  birth, 
life,  and  death  of  men. 

FATHER,  f&'ther,  n.  a  male  parent :  an 
ancestor  or  forefather :  a  contriver  or 
originator :  a  title  of  respect :  an  ecclesi- 
astical writer  of  the  early  centuries  :  the 
first  Person  of  the  Trinity  :  the  eldest 
member  of  any  profession,  or  of  any 
body  ;  as,  father  of  the  bar,  the  oldest 
barrister ;  father  of  the  church,  the 
clergyman  who  has  longest  held  office  ; 
father  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
the  member  who  has  been  longest  in  the 
House. — Fathers  op  the  Chuech,  the 
name  given  to  the  early  teachers  and  ex- 
pounders of  Christianity,  whose  writings 
nave  thrown  light  upon  the  history,  doc- 
trines, and  observances  of  the  Christian 
Church  in  the  early  ages.  Those  of  them 
who  were,  during  any  part  of  their  lives, 
contemporary  with  the  apostles,  are 
ca,]\ed  apostolie  fathers.  These  are  five: 
Clement  of  Rome,  Barnabas,  Hernias, 
Ignatius,  and  Polycarp.  Those  of  the 
first  three  centuries,  including  the  five 
above  named,  are  sonietimes  styled prim- 
itive  fathers,  to  distinguish  them  from 
the  fathers  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  cen- 
turies— their  names,  in  addition  to  the 
five  just  mentioned,  are,  Justin,  Theoph- 
ilus,  bishop  of  Antiooh,  Irenaaus,  bish- 
op   of   Lyon.    Clement     of   Alexandria, 


Cyprian,  bishop  of  Carthage,  Origen  of 
Alexandria,  Gregory  Thaumaturgus, 
Dionysius,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  Tertul- 
lianus  of  Carthage.  The  fathers  of  the 
fourth  and  fifth  centuries  are  generally 
ranged  in  two  classes  — fathers  of  the 
Greek  or  Eastern  church,  and  fathers  of 
the  Latin  Clmrch.  The  former  are, 
Eusebius  of  Caesarea,  Athanasius,  Basil 
the  Great,  bishop  of  Csesarea,  Gregory 
Nazianzenus,  Gregory  of  Nys.sa,  Cyril, 
bishop  of  Jerusalem,  Chrysostom,  patri- 
arch of  Constantinople,  Epiphanius,  bish- 
op of  Salamis  in  Cyprus,  Cyril,  bishop  of 
Alexandria.  To  the  above  must  be  added 
Ephraim,  the  Syrian  deacon  of  Edessa. 
The  fathers  of  the  Latin  Church  are, 
Lactantius,  Hilary,  bishop  of  Poictiers, 
Ambrose,  archbishop  of  Milan,  Jerome, 
the  translator  of  the  Bible,  Augustin, 
bishop  of  Hippo. — v.t.  to  adopt :  to  ascribe 
to  one  as  his  offspring  or  production. 
[A.S.  faeder;  Ger.  vater,  L.  pater,  Gr. 
pater,  Sa,ns.  pitj-i,  from  root  pa,  to  feed.] 

FATHERHOOD,  fa'«ter-hood,  n.  state  of 
being  a.  father :  fatherly  authority. 

FATHER-IN-LAW,  fa77ier-in-law,  n.  the 
father  of  one's  husband  or  wife. 

FATHERLAND.  fa'«ier-land,  n.  the  land 
of  one's  fathers. 

FATHERLESS,  fa'«ier-les,  adj.  destitute 
of  a  living  father:  without  a  known 
author.— ?i.  Fa'theelessness. 

FATHERLY,  fa'<^er-li,  adj.  like  a  father  in 
affection  and  care:  paternal. — n.  Fa'ther- 

UNESS. 

FATHOM,  ta,th'uni,  n.  the  distance  between 
the  extremities  of  both  arms  extended  or 
held  out :  a  nautical  measure  =  6  feet. — 
v.t.  to  try  the  depth  of :  to  comprehend 
or  get  to  the  bottom  of. — ac^s.  Fath'om- 
ABLE,  Fath'omless.  [A.S.  faethm:  Dut. 
vadein,  Ger.  faden  ;  cf.  L.  pateo,  Gr.  pet- 
annymi,  to  stretch.] 

FATIGUE,  fa-teg*,  n.,  weariness  from  labor 
of  body  or  of  mind  :  toil :  military  work, 
distinct  from  the  use  of  arms. — v.t.  to  re- 
duce to  a  state  of  weariness  :  to  exhaust 
one's  strength  :  to  harass: — pr.p  fatigu'- 
ing;  x>ax).  fatigued'.  [Fr.,  from  h.fatigo, 
to  weary.] 

FATIGUE-DRESS,  fa-teg'-dres,  n.  the 
working-dress  of  soldiers. 

FATlGUE-DUTY,fa-teg'-du-ti,  n.  the  work 
of  soldiers  distinct  from  the  use  of  arms. 

FATIGUE-PARTY,  fa-teg'-par-ti,  n.  a  body 
of  soldiers  engaged  in  labors  distinct  from 
the  1.1S6  of  firms 

FATIMIDE,  fat'i-iiild,  FATIMITE,fat'i-mTt, 
n.  a  descendant  of  Fatima,  the  daughter 
and  only  child  of  Mahomet.  A  line  of 
caliphs,  popularly  known  as  the  Fatimite 
dynasty,  was  founded  in  909  by  Abu- 
Mohammed  Obeidalla,  who  gave  himself 
out  as  grandson  of  Fatima,  and  con- 
tinued till  the  death  of  Adhed,  the  four- 
teenth Fatimite  caliph,  in  1171.  The 
members  claimed  pontifical  attributes. 

FATISCENCE,  fa-tis'sens,  re.  a  gaping  or 
opening :  a  state  of  being  chinky.  Kir- 
wan.     [L.  fatisco,  to  open,  to  gape.] 

FAT-KIDNEYED,  fat'-Wd-nid,  adj.  fat: 
gross :  a  word  used  in  contempt.  "  Peace, 
ye  fat-kidneyed  rascal  I  " — Shak.  [Fat 
and  Kidney.] 

FATLING,  fafling,  n.  a  lamb,  kid,  or  other 
young  animal  fattened  for  slaughter  :  a 
fat  animal :  applied  to  quadrupeds  whose 
flesh  is  used  for  food.  "  He  (David)  sacri- 
ficed oxen  and  fallings." — 3  Sam.  vi.  13. 

FATNESS,  fat'nes,  n.  quality  or  state  of 
being  fat :  fullness  of  flesh  :  richness  : 
fertility  :  that  which  makes  fertile. 

FATTEJl,  fat'n,  v.t.  to  make  fat  or  fleshy  : 
to  make  fertile. — v.i.  to  grow  fat. — ns. 
Fatt'ener,  he  who  or  that  which  fat- 


tens ;  Fatt'enikg,  the  process  of  making 
fat :  state  of  growing  fat. 

FATTY,  fat'i,  adj.  containing  fat  or  hav- 
ing  the  qualities  of  fat. — Fatty  Acn)S, 
a  name  given  to  such  acids  as  have  been 
separated  from  fats.  Fats  and  fixed  oils 
are  composed  of  one  or  more  acids  and 
glycerine.  The  glycerine  may  be  re- 
moved by  boiling  the  fat  with  any 
stronger  base,  as  potash  or  soda,  with 
which  the  acid  combines  to  form  a  soap. 
By  treating  this  soap  with  hydrochloric 
or  sulphuric  acid  the  base  is  removed 
and  the  fatty  acid  obtained  free.  Acetic 
and  formic  acids  have  been  included  in 
the  fatty  acids,  because,  though  not  en- 
tering into  oleaginous  compounds,  they 
belong  to  the  same  chemical  order. — 
Fatty  tissue,  in  anat.  the  adipose  tis- 
sue, a  tissue  composed  of  minute  cells 
or  vesicles,  having  no  communication 
with  each  other,  but  lying  side  by  side 
in  the  meshes  of  the  cellular  tissue, 
which  serves  to  hold  them  together,  and 
through  which  also  the  blood-vessels  find 
their  way  to  them.  In  the  cells  of  this 
tissue  the  animal  matter  called  fat  is 
deposited.  —  Fatty  degeneration,  in 
pathol.  a  condition  characterized  by  a 
continually  increasing  accumulation  of 
fat  replacing  the  minute  structural  ele- 
ments of  the  tissues  of  hving  organisms. 
In  man  this  diseased  condition  has  been 
observed  in  nearly  all  the  tissues,  and  is 
essentially  a  sign  of  weakness  or  death 
of  the  part.  It  attacks  the  muscles, 
especially  the  heart ;  the  brain  (yellow 
softening) ;  the  kidney,  in  many  cases  of 
Bright's  disease ;  etc.  In  the  severer 
forms,  when  the  heart  or  the  larger 
vessels  are  affected ,  the  disease  generally 
terminates  in  sudden  death  by  rupture, 
followed  bj'  syncope. — n.  Fatt'iness. 

FATUITY,  fa-tQ'i-ti,  n.  the  being  feeble  in 
intellect :  imbecility. 

FATUOUS,  fat'u-us,  adj.  silly:  without 
reality  :  deceptive,  like  the  ignis-fatuus. 
[L.  fatuus,  foolish.] 

FAUBOURG,  fo'boorg,  n.  a  suburb  in 
French  cities  :  the  name  is  also  g^ven 
to  districts  now  within  the  city,  but 
which  were  formerly  suburbs  without 
it,  when  the  walls  were  less  extensive. 

Ei'r.  In  O.  Fr.  also  written  forsbourg, 
ow  L.  foris  burgmn — L.  foris,  out  of 
doors,  and  Low  L.  burgum,  a  borough. 
The  pi-esent  spelhng  perhaps  originated 
from  a  confusion  of  the  first  syllable 
with  faux,  false.] 

FAUCES,  faw'sez,  n.^^l.  the  upper  part  of 
the  throat  from  the  root  of  the  tongue 
to  the  entrance  of  the  gullet.     [L.] 

FAUCET,  faw'set,  n.  a  pipe  inserted  in  a 
barrel  to  draw  liquid.  [Fr.  fausset — 
fausser,  to  falsify,  to  pierce — L.  falsus. 
See  False.] 

FAUGH,  faw,  int.  an  exclamation  of  con- 
tempt or  disgust.  [Prob.  from  the 
sound.]  , 

FAULT,  fawlt,  n.  a  failing :  error  :  blem- 
ish :  a  slight  offence  :  (geol.  and  min.)  a 
displacement  of  strata  or  veins.  [Fr. 
faute — L.  fallo,  to  deceive.] 

FAULTLESS,  fawlt'les,  adj.  witliout 
faidt  or  defect. — adv.  Fault'lessly. — n, 
Fault'lessness. 

FAULTY,  fawlt'i,  adj.  imperfect :  guilty  of 
a  fault :  blameable. — adv.  Fault'ily. — 
n.  Fault'djess. 

FAUN,  fawn,  n.  a  rural  deity  among  the 
Romans — the  protector  of  shepherds  and 
agriculture.  [L.  faunus,  from  faveo. 
fantum,  to  favor.] 

FAUNA,  fawn'a,  n.pl.  the  animals  native 
to  any  region  or  epoch,  so  called  because 
protected  by  the  Fawn*. 


FAUNAL 


158 


FEEL 


FAUNAL,  fawn'al,  adj.  of,  pertaining  to, 
or  connected  with  a  fauna.  "  Faunal 
publications. " — Academy. 

FAVOR,  fa'vur,  n.  a  regarding  kindly : 
countenance  :  good-will :  a  kind  deed  : 
an  act  of  grace  or  lenity :  a  knot  of 
white  ribbons  worn  at  a  wedding. — v.t. 
to  regard  with  good  will :  to  be  on  the 
side  of :  to  treat  indulgently :  to  afford 
advantage  to.— n.  Fa'torer.  [Fr. — L. 
favor— faveo,  to  favor,  befriend.] 

FAVORABLE,  fa'vur-a-bl,  adj.  friendly: 
propitious:  conducive  to:  advantageous. 
— adv.  Fa'vorably. — n.  Fa'vorableness. 

FAVORITE,  a'vur-it,  n.  a  person  or  thing 
regarded  with  fai^or:  one  unduly  loved : — 
pi.  a  series  of  short  curls  over  the  brow, 
a  style  of  hairdressing  introduced  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  "With  immodest 
fav'rites  shade  ray  face." — Gay.  •'  The 
favorites  hang  loose  upon  the  temples, 
with  a  languishing  lock  in  the  middle." 
—  Farqiihar. — adj.  esteemed,  beloved, 
preferred. — n.  Favoritism,  the  practice 
of  favoring  or  showing  partiality. 

FAWN,  fawn,  n.  a  young  deer. — adj.  re- 
sembling a  fawn  in  color. — v.i.  to  bring 
forth  a  fawn.  [Fr.  faon,  thi-ough  an  un- 
recorded Low  L.  fcetomts,  an  extension 
oth.  foetus,  offspring.] 

FAWN,  fawn,  v.i.  to  cringe :  to  flatter  in 
a  servile  way  (followed  by  upon). — n.  a 
servile  cringe  or  bow :  mean  flattery. 
— n.  Fawn'er,  one  who  flatters  to  gain 
favor. — adv>.  Favto'inglt.  {M.E.  fatinen; 
from  Ice.  fagna,  to  rejoice,  conn,  with 
A.S.  fvegen,  glad.] 

FAWNINGNESS,  fawn-ing'nes,n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  fawning,  cringing  or 
servile  :  mean  flattery  or  cajolery.  "  I'm 
for  peace,  and  quietness,  and  fawning- 
ness." — De  Quineey. 

FAY,  fa,  v.i.  to  fit :  to  suit :  to  unite 
closely  :  specifically,  in  ship-btiilding,  'to 
fit  or  lie  close  together,  as  any  two 
pieces  of  wood  ;  thus,  a  plank  is  said  to 
fay  to  the  timbers  when  there  is  no 
perceptible  space  between  them.  [A.S. 
fegan,  to  unite.] 

FAY,  fa,  v.t.  to  fit  two  pieces  of  timber  to- 
gether so  that  they  he  close  and  fair :  to 
fit. 

FAY,  fa,  n.  a  fairy.  [Fr.  fie—how  li.  fata, 
a  fairy — L.  fatiim,  fate.    See  Fate.] 

FEALTY,  fe'al-ti  or  fel'ti,  n.  the  oath 
sworn  by  the  vassal  to  be  faithful  to  his 
feudal  lord  :  loyalty.  fO.  Fr.  fealte — L. 
ji.ielitas—jidelis,  faithful — fido,  to  trust.] 

FEAR,  fer.  n.  a  painful  emotion,  excited 
by  danger  :  apprehension  of  danger  or 
pain  :  alarm  :  the  object  of  fear  :  (B.) 
deep  reverence  :  pietj-  towards  God. — 
v.t.  to  regard  with  fear:  to  expect  with 
alarm  :  (B.)  to  stand  in  awe  of  :  to  ven- 
erate :  {ohs.)  to  terrify  :  to  maice  afraid. 
[A.S.  faer,  fear ;  Ger.  gefahr.  Ice.  far, 
harm,  mischief.] 

FEARFUL,  fer'fool,  adj.  timorous:  exciting 
intense  fear:  terrible. — adv.  Fear'ftilly. 
— n.  Fear' FULNESS. 

FEARLESS,  fer'les,  adj.  without  fear : 
daring:  brave. — adv.  Fear'lessly.  —  n. 
Fear'lessness. 

FEASIBLE,  fez'i-bl,  adj.  practicable. — adv. 
Feas'ibly. — ns.  Feas'ibleness,  Feasibil'- 
rrr.  [Fr.  faisable,  that  can  be  done — 
faire,  faisant — L.  facere,  to  do,  to  make.] 

FEAST,  fest,  n.  a  day  of  unusual  solemnitv 
or  joy  :  a  rich  and  abundant  repast :  rich 
enjoyment  for  the  mind  or  heart. — v.i. 
to  hold  a  feast :  to  eat  sumptuously  :  to 
receive  intense  delight. — v.t.  to  entertain 
sumptuously. — n.  ^^ast'er.  [O.Fr.  feste 
(Ft.  fete)  —  !.,  festum,  a  holiday, /esftw, 
solemn,  festal.] 


FEAST-WON,  fest'-wun,  adj.  gained  or 
won  by  feasting. 

Ah  ;  when  the  means  are  gone  that  buy  this  praise, 
The  breath  is  ^ne  whereof  this  praise  ie  made  ; 

F^ast-u'on.  fast-lost, — Shak, 

FEAT,  fet,  n.  a  deed  manifesting  extraor- 
dinary strength,  skill,  or  courage.  [Fr. 
fait,  O.  Fr.  faiet — L.  factus,  done — L. 
facio,  to  do,  to  make.] 

FEATHER,  feth'ev,  n.  one  of  the  growths 
which  form  the  covering  of  a  bird  :  a 
feather-like  ornament. — v.t.  to  furnish  or 
adorn  with  feathers. — To  FEATHER  AN 
OAR,  to  bring  it  out  of  the  water  in  a  flat 
or  horizontal  position.  [A.S. /e<7ier ;  Ger. 
feder :  conn,  with  L.  penna  (,^=petna), 
Gr.  pteron.  Sans,  patra—pat,  to  fly.] 

FEATHER-BRAINED,  feWi'er-brand,  adj. 
having  a  weak,  empty  brain  or  disposi- 
tion :  frivolous  :  giddy.  '•  To  a  feather- 
lyrained  school-gii-l  nothing  is  sacred." — 
Charlotte  Bronie. 

FEATHERHEAD,  fe<;i'er-hed,  n.  a  light, 
giddy,  frivolous  person  :  a  trifler.  "  A 
fool  "and  featherhead." — Tennyson. 

FEATHER-HEADED,  fef/i'er-he<l-ed,  adj. 
sameasFEATHER-BRAlKED.  "  This/ea</ier- 
headed  puppy." — Cibber. 

FEATHER-PATED,  fe«'er-pat-ed,  adj. 
same  as  Feather-brained.  "Feather- 
pated,  giddy  madmen." — Sir  W.  Scott. 

FEATHERY,  ieth'er-i,  adj.  pertaining  to, 
resembling,  or  covered  \nth  feathers. 

FEATURE,  fet'iir,  7i.  the  marks  by  which 
anything  is  recognized  :  the  prominent 
traits  of  anj-thing :  the  cast  of  the  face : 
— pi.  the  countenance. — adjs.  Featured, 
vnth  features  well  marked  ;  Feat'uke- 
LESS,  destitute  of  distinct  features.  [O. 
Fr.  faiture  —  L.  factura,  facturus,  fut. 
part,  of  facio,  to  make.] 

FEATURE,  fet'iir,  v.t.  to  have  features  re- 
sembling :  to  look  like :  to  resemble  gen- 
erally. "Miss  Vincy  .  .  .  was  much 
comforted  by  her  perception  that  two 
at  least  of  Fred's  boys  were  real  Vincys, 
and  did  not  feature  the  Garths." — George 
Eliot. 

FEBRIFUGE,  feb'ri-fuj,  n.  a  medicme  for 
removing  fever.  [L.  ffbris,  and  fiigo,  to 
put  to  flight.] 

FEBRILE,  fe'bril  or  feb'rO,  adj.  pertaining 
to  fever  :  feverish.  [Fr.  febrile,  from  L. 
febris,  fever.] 

FEBRONIANISM,  fe-bro'ni-an-izm,  n.  in 
Rom.  Cath.  theol.  a  system  of  doctrines 
antagonistic  to  the  admitted  claims  of 
the  pope,  and  asserting  the  independ- 
ence of  national  chuix;hes,  and  the  riglits 
of  bishops  to  unrestricted  action  in  mat- 
ters of  discipline  and  church  government 
within  their  own  dioceses.  [From  Jus- 
tinus Febroniiis,  a  noin  deplume  assumed 
by  John  Nicholas  von  Hontheim,  arch- 
bishop of  Treves,  in  a  work  on  the  claims 
of  the  pope.] 

FEBRUARY,  feb'ro6-ar-i,  n.  the  second 
month  of  the  year.  [L.  Februarius  (men- 
sis),  the  month  of  expiation,  because  in 
this  month  the  great  Roman  feast  of  ex- 
piation was  held— /ebrwa,  the  festival  of 
expiation.] 

FECAL,  fe'kal,  adj.  relating  to,  consisting 
of  fa;ces. 

FECES.     See  F^CES. 

FECIAL,  fe'shal,  n.  a  member  of  a  college 
of  ancient  Roman  priests,  whose  province 
it  was  when  any  dispute  arose  with  a 
foreign  state,  to  demand  satisfaction,  to 
determine  the  circumstances  under  which 
war  might  be  commenced,  to  perform  the 
various  religious  rites  attendant  on  the 
declaration  of  war,  and  to  preside  at  the 
formal  ratification  of  peace.  [L.  feciales, 
fetialeSfthe  Roman  priests  who  sanctioned 
treaties  when  concluded,  and  demanded 


satisfaction  from    the    enemy  before  a 

formal  declaration  of  war.] 
FECIAL,   fe'shal,   adj.   in    ancient  Rome, 

pertaining  to  the   fecials  or  college  of 

priests,  who  acted  as  the  guardians  of  the 

public  faith. 
FECULENT,   fek'u-lent,   ady.    containing 

faices  or  sediment  :    muddy  :    foul. — n. 

Fec'ui.ence  or  Fec'ulency." 
FECUND,  fek'und,  adj.,  fruitful :  fertile: 

prolific.     [L.  fecundus — obs.  feo,  to  bring 

forth,  ]^ 
FECUNDATE,  fek'und -at,    v.t.   to  make 

fruitful  :  to  impregnate. 
FECUNDATION,  fek-un-da'shim,  n.  the  act 

of  impregnating :  the  state  of  being  im- 
pregnated. 
FECUNDITY,  fek-und'i-ti,  n.  f ruitfulness : 

prolificness  in  female  animals. 

FED,  fed,  pa.t.  and  jxi.p.  of  Feed. 
FEDERAL,  fed'er-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 

consisting  of  a  treaty  ov  covenant :  found- 
ed upon  mutual  agreement. — A  Federal 
union  or  government  is  one  in  which  sev- 
eral states,  while  independent  in  home 
affairs,  combine  for  national  or  general 
purposes,  as  in  the  United  States  and 
Switzerland.  In  American  civil  wai'.  Fed- 
eral was  the  name  given  to  the  states 
of  the  North  which  defended  the  Union 
against  the  Confederate  separatists  of  the 
South.  {Ft.  federal — L,.  fcedus,  foederis,  a, 
treatv,  akin  to  fido,  to  trast.] 

FEDERALIST,  fed'er-al-ist,  h.  a  supporter 
of  a  federal  constitution  or  union : 
specifically,  the  name  of  the  first  Amer- 
ican political  party  headed  by  Washing- 
ton, Adams,  and  Hamilton,  as  opposed 
to  th*  Anti-Federalist,  led  by  Jeffei-son 
and  his  confreres :  also  the  name  of  the 
pubhcation  devoted  to  enforcing  the 
views  of  the  former. — n.  Fed'eralism, 
the  principles  or  cause  maintained  by 
federalists. 

FEDERATE,  fed'er-at,  adj.  united  by 
league  :  confederated.  —  adj.  Fed'era- 
TTVE,  uniting  in  league. 

FEE,  fe,  n.  price  paid  for  services,  as  to  a 
lawyer  or  physician :  recompense :  a 
grant  of  land  for  feudal  service  :  an  un- 
conditional inheritance  (often  termed  fee 
simple):  possession:  ownership, — v.t.  to 
pay  a  fee  to  :  to  hire  : — pr.j).  fee'ing ; 
pa.p.  feed'.  [A.S.  feoh,  cattle,  property; 
a  special  kind  of  property,  property  in 
land  ;  Ger,  vieh,  Ice.  fe ;  allied  to  L. 
pecus.  cattle,  pecunia,  money.] 

FEEBLE,  fe'bl,  adj.  weak :  wanting  in 
strength  of  body  :  showing  weakness  or 
incapacity:  faint:  dull. — ofh:  Fee'bly. — 
n.  Fee'bleness.  [O.  Fr.  foible,  for  floible 
— L.  flebilis,  lamentable,  from  Jleo,  flere, 
to  weep.] 

FEEBLE,  fe'bl,  n.  that  part  of  a  sword  or 
fencing-foil  extending  from  about  the 
middle  of  the  blade  to  the  point :  so  called 
because  it  is  the  weakest  portion  of  the 
weajxjn  for  resisting  pressure,  deflecting 
a  blow,  etc.  Called  also  Faible  and  Foi- 
ble. 

FEEBLE-MINDED,  fe'bl  -  mind'ed,  adj. 
weak-minded  :  irresolute. 

FEED,  fed,  v.t.  to  give  food  to:  to  nourish  . 
to  furnish  with  necessary  material  :  to 
foster. — v.i.  to  take  food:  to  nourish  one's 
self  by  eating  :— j>r.p.  feed'ing ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  fed. — n.  an  allowance  of  provender 
given  to  cattle.— m.  Feed'ER,  he  who  feeds 
or  that  which  supplies.  fA.S.  fedan,  to 
feed,  nourish— /oda,  food.] 

FEEL,  fel,  v.t.  to  perceive  by  the  touch  :  to 
handle  :  to  be  conscious  of  :  to  be  keenly 
sensible  of :  to  have  an  inward  persuasion 
of. — v.i.  to  know  by  the  touch  :  to  have 
the  emotions  excited  :  to  produce  a  cer- 
tain sensation  when  touched,  as  to  feel 
hard  or  hot  :—pr.p.  teeVing  ;  pa.t.  and 


FEELER 


159 


FER-DE-LANCE 


pa.p.  felt.  [A.S.  fdan,  to  feel ;  Ger. 
fuhlen ;  akin  to  L.  palpare.j 

FEELER,  fel'er,  n.  a  remark  cautiously 
dropped  to  sound  the  opiaions  of  others: 
—pi.  jointed  fibres  in  the  heads  of  in- 
sects, etc.,  possessed  of  a  delicate  sense 
of  touch,  termed  antennce. 

FEELING,  fel'ing,  n.  the  sense  of  touch  : 
perception  of  objects  by  touch;  conscious- 
ness of  pleasure  or  pain  :  tenderness  : 
emotion: — pi.  the  affections  or  passions. 
— adj.  expressive  of  great  sensibility  or 
tenderness  :  easily  affected. — adv.  Feel'- 

INGLY. 

FEET,  fet,  plural  of  Foot. 

imGN,  fan,  v.t.  to  invent :  to  imagine  : 
to  make  a  show  or  pretence  of. — adv. 
FEraisr'EDLT.  —  n.  FEiaN'EDNESS.  [Fr. 
feindre,  pr.p.  feignani,  to  feign  —  L. 
Jingo,  fictum,  to  form.] 

FEINT,  ^nt,  n.  a  false  appearance  :  a  pre- 
tence :  a  mock  -  assault :  a  deceptive 
movement  in  fencing.  [Fr.  feint,  pa.p. 
of  feindre.    See  Feign.] 

FEINT,  fant,  v.i.  to  make  a  feint :  to  mate 
a  pretended  blow,  thrust,  or  attack  at 
one  point  when  another  is  intended  to  be 
struck,  in  order  to  throw  an  antagonist 
off  his  guard. 

He  practiced  every  pass  and  ward. 
To  thrust,  to  strike,  Ix)  feint,  to  ^uard. 

—Sir  W.  Soott. 

FELDSPAR,  feld'spar,  FELDSPATH,  feld'- 
spath,  n.  a  crystalline  mineral  found  in 
granite,  etc.  [Field  spar — Ger.  feld, 
a  field,  spath,  spar.    See  Spae.] 

FELDSPATHIC,  feld-«path'ik,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  consisting  of  feldspar. 

FELICITATE,  fe-lis'i-tat,  v.t.  to  e.xpress  joy 
or  pleasure  to  :  to  congi-at-olate.  [L.  fe- 
licitan.  from  felix,  f elide,  happy.] 

FELICITATION,  fe-lis-i-ta'shun,  n.  the  aot 
of  felicitating  or  congratulating. 

FELICITOUS,  fe-lis'i-tus,  adj.  happy: 
prosperous  :  delightful  :  appropriate. — 
adr.  Felic'itouslt. 

FELICITY,  fe-lis'i-ti,  n.  happiness  ;  bliss  ; 
blissfiilness  ;  "  Absent  thee  from  felicity 
awhile." — Shah.;  "In  representing  it, 
art  had  its  congenial  function,  a  felicity 
untroubled  by  struggles  or  outward  in- 
firmities."— Dr.  Caird:  blessing;  source 
of  happiness — ^in  a  concrete  sense  ;  "The 
felicities  of  her  wonderful  reign." — Atter- 
Dury  :  a  skillful  or  happy  faculty  ;  skill- 
fulness  -,  a  skillful  or  happy  turn  ;  ap- 
propriateness ;  as,  he  has  a  rare  felicity 
in  applying  principles  to  facts;  '  Felicity 
in  taking  a  likeness."  —  3.  Walpole ; 
"  Manv  felicities  of  expression  will  be 
casually  overlooked." — Johnsmi.  [L.  fe- 
lieitas,  irom  felix,  happy.] 

FELID^,  fe'Ii-de,  n.pl.  animals  of  the  cat 
kind,  a  family  of  camivora  in  which  the 
predaceous  instincts  reach  their  highest 
development.  They  are  among  the  quad- 
rupeds what  tne  Palconidre  are  among 
the  birds.  The  teeth  and  claws  are 
the  principal  instruments  of  the  de- 
structive energy  in  these  animals.  The 
incisor  teeth  are  equal ;  the  third  tooth 
behind  the  large  canine  in  either  jaw  is 
narrow  and  sharp,  and  these,  the  car- 
nassial  or  sectorial  teeth,  work  against 
each  other  like  scissors  in  cutting  tlesh  ; 
the  claws  are  sheathed  and  retractile. 
They  all  approach  their  prey  stealthily, 
seize  it  with  a  spring,  and  devour  it 
fresh.  The  species  are  numerous,  and 
distributed  over  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
and  America,  but  none  are  found  in 
Australia.  No  species  is  common  to  the 
Old  and  New  Worlds.  They  are  all  eo 
closely  allied  in  structure  that  they  are 
still  comprehended  within  the  Linnsean 
genns  Felis.  Tliis  family  comprehends 
the  domestic  cat,  the  wild  cat,  the  lion. 


tiger,  leopard,  lynx,  jaguar,  panther, 
chetah,  ounce,  caracal,  serval,  ocelot, 
etc.  [L.  felis,  a  cat,  and  Gr.  eidos,  hke- 
nessj 
FELINtE.  fe-li'ne,  n.pl.  the  cat  family  :  a 
sub-family  ol  the  Felida3,  comprising  the 
cats,  lions,  tigers,  and  lynxes.     [See  Fe- 

UDM.] 

FELINE,  fe'lin,  adj.  pertaining-  to  the  eat 
or  the  catkind :  like  a  cat.  [L.  felinus — 
feles,  a  cat.] 

FELL,  fel,  n.  a  barren  or  stony  hUL    floe.] 

FELL,  fel,  pa.t.  of  Fail. 

FELL,  fel,  v.t.  to  cause  to  fall :  to  bring  to 
the  ground  :  to  cut  down.  [A.S.  fellan, 
causal  form  ot  feailan,  to  faU.  See  Fall.] 

FELL,  fel,  n.  a  skin.  [A.S.  fel ;  cL  L.  pel- 
lt%,  Gv.  pella.J 

FELL,  fel,  adj.  cruel :  fierce :  bloody. — n. 
Fell'ness.  —  adv.  Fel'lt.  {A.S.  fel ; 
Dut.  fel,  which  appears  also  in  O.  Fr. 
.fel] 

FELLER,  fel'er,  n.  a  cutter  of  wood. 

FELLOE.    See  Felly,  n. 

FELLOW,  fel'o,  ii.  an  associate  :  a  com- 
panion and  equal;  one  of  a  pair:  a  mate; 
a  member  of  a  university  who  enjoys  a 
fellowship :  a  member  of  a  scientific  or 
other  society:  a  worthless  person.  [M.E. 
felawe — ^Ice.  felagi,  a  partner  in  goods, 
from  fe  (Ger.  vieh),  cattle,  property,  and 
lag,  a  laying  together,  a  law  ;  cf.  E.  fee, 
and  fcfjc] 

FELLOW-FEELING,  fel'o-fel'ing,  n.  feel- 
ing between  fellows  or  equals  :  sympa- 
thy. 

FELLOWSHIP,  fel'6-ship,  n.  the  state  of 
being  a  fellow  or  partner :  fiieudly  inter- 
course :  communion  :  an  association :  an 
endowment  in  a  university  for  the  sup- 
port of  graduates  called  fellows:  the 
position  and  income  of  a  fellow ;  (arith.) 
the  proportional  division  of  profit  and 
loss  among-  paa-tners. 

FELLY,  fell,  FELLOE,  fel'o,  n.  one  of  the 
cui-ved  pieces  in  the  circumference  of  a 
wheel.     [A.S.  felgu  ;  Ger.  felge.l 

FELO  DE  SE,  fe'io  de  se,  in  late,  one  who 
commits  felony  by  suicide,  or  deliber- 
ately destroys  his  own  life.  [Low  L., 
lit.  a  felon  upon  himself.] 

FELON,  fel'on,  n.  in  law,  a  person  who 
has  committed  felony  :  a  person  guilty 
of  heinous  crimes :  a  whitlow  ;  a  sort  of 
inflammation  in  animals  similar  to  that 
of  whitlow  in  the  human  subject.  [Fr. 
fUon,  a  trai-tor ;  It.  fellone,  felonious. 
The  real  origin  is  not  known.] 

FELON,   fel'on,    adj.    malignant :    fierce : 
malicious :  proceeding  from  a  depraved 
heart. 
Vain  shows  of  lore  to  rail  his  f^tm  hate. — Pope. 

FELONIOUS,  fe-lo'ni-us,  adj.  malignant; 
malicious ;  indicating  or  proceeding  from 
a  depraved  heart  or  evil  purpose  ;  vil- 
lanous  ;  traitorous  ;  perfidious  ;  as,  a  fe- 
lonious deed :  in  law,  done  with  the 
deliberate  purpose  to  commit  a  crime ; 
as,  felonious  hopiicide. 

FELONIOUSLY,  fe-lo'ni-us-li,  adv.  in  a 
felonious  manner :  with  the  deliberate 
intention  to  commit  a  crime.  Indict- 
ments for  capital  offences  must  state 
the  fact  to  be  done  feloniously. 

FELONY,  fei'on-i,  tu  (prig.)  in  England  a 
crime  punished  by  total  forfeiture  of 
lands,  etc.:  a  crime  punishable  by  im- 
prisonment or  death. 

FELSPAR.    Same  as  FELDSPAR. 

FELT,  felt,  pa.t.  «a&pa.p.  of  Feel. 

FELT,  felt,  n.  cloth  made  of  woci  united 
without  weaving. — v.t.  to  make  into  felt: 
to  cover  with  felt.  [Ger.  filz,  woollen 
cloth,  allied  to  Gr.  puos.  wool  wroug-ht 
into  felt,  L.  pileus,  a  felt-hat.] 

FELTING,  felt'ing,  ».  the  art  or  process  of 
making  felt. 


FELUCCA,  fe-luk'a,  n.  a  boat  with  oars  and 
broad  three-cornere<i  sails,  used  in  the 
Mediterranean.  [It.  fduea,  which,  like 
Fr.  felouqne,  is  from  Ai-.  fulk,  a  ship.] 

FEMALE,  f  e'mal,  adj.  of  the  sex  that  pro- 
duces young  :  pertaining  to  females  : 
(hot.)  having  a  pistil  or  fruit-bearing 
organ. — n.  one  of  the  female  sex.  [Fr. 
femelle — L.  feniella,  a  young  female  ;  dim^ 
offeminU' — obs.  feo,  to  bring  forth.] 

FEME-COVERT,  FEMEE-OOVERT.  fern- 
ku'vert,  n.  a  married  woman  who  is 
under  covert  of  her  husband. 

FEMERELL,  fem'e-rel.  FOMERELL,  fom'- 
e-rel,  n.  in  orcfe.  a  lantern,  dome,  or  cover, 
placed  on  the  roof  of  a  kitchen,  hall, etc., 
for  the  purpose  of  ventilation,  or  the 
escape  of  smoke.  [Fr.  fumerelle,  from 
fumer,  to  smoke,  from  L.  fiimus,  smoke.] 

FEME^OLE,  FEMME-SOLE,  fern-sol',  n. 
an  unmai-ried  woman. — Femme-sole  mer- 
chant, a  woman  who,  by  the  custom  of 
London,  carries  on  a  trade  on  her  own 
account. 

FEMININE,  fem'i-nin,  adj.  pertaining  to 
women  ;  tender,  delicate  :  womanly  : 
(gram.)  the  gender  denoting  females. — 
adv.  Fem'ininely.    [See  Female.] 

FEMORAL,  fem'o-ral,  adj.  belonging  to  the 
thigh.  [L.  femoralis — feumvr,  fentoris, 
the  thigh.] 

FEN,  fen,  n.  a  kind  of  low  marshy  land 
often  or  partially  covered  with  water  :  a 
morass  or  bog. —  adjs.  Fenn'y,  Fenn'ish. 
[A.S.  fen  ;  Ice.  fen,  Goth.  fani.  mud.] 

FENCE,  fens,  n.  a  wall  or  hedge  for  inclos- 
ing animals  or  for  protecting  land  :  the 
art  of  fencing :  defence. — v.t.  to  melose 
-with  a  fence :  to  fortify. — v.i.  to  prac- 
tice fencing.    [Abbre v.  of  Defence.] 

FENCIBLE,  fensl-bl,  adj.  capable  of  being 
fenced  or  defended.  —  n.^.  Fenc'ibles, 
volunteer  regiments  raised  for  local  de- 
fence in  England  during  a  special  crisis  : 
militia  enlisted  for  home  service. 

FENCING,  fens'ing,  adj.  defending  or 
guarding.  — n.  the  act  of  erecting  a 
fence :  the  art  of  attack  and  defence 
■with  a  Eword  or  other  weapon.  —  n. 
Fenc'ek,  one  who  practices  fencing  with 
a  sword. 

FEND,  fend,  v.t.  to  ward  off  :  to  shut  out. 
[Merely  an  abbrev.  of  Defend — L.  obs. 
fendo,  root  of  defetuio,  to  fend  or  ward 
offj 

FENDER,  fend'er,  n.  a  metal  guard  before 
a  fire  to  confine  the  ashes  :  a  protection 
for  a  ship's  side.     [From  Fend.] 

FENESTRAL,  fe-nes'trai,  adj  belonging 
to  urindoics.  [L.  fetiestralis—fetiestia,  a 
window,  alUed  to  Gr.  phaino,  to  shine.] 

FENIAN,  fe'ne-an,  n.  applied  to  ahassocia^ 
tion  of  Irishmen  for  the  overthrow  of  the 
English  government  in  Ireland. — n.  Fe'- 
NlANisM.  [Prob.  from  the  Finna,  an 
ancient  Irish  mUitia.] 

FENNEL,  fen'el,  n.  a  fragrant  plant  with 
yellow  flowers.  [A.^.  fiivol ;  Ger.  feiichel 
— L.  fcenieuluni,  fennel,  from  fenwm, 
hay.] 

FEOFF,  fef ,  n.  a,  fief. — v.t.  to  grant  posses- 
sion of  a  fief  or  property  in  land. — ns. 
Fboff'mbnt,  the  gift  oi  a  fief  or  feoff  ; 
Feioff'er,  he  who  grants  the  Jief.  [O.Fr. 
f coffer  or  fief er—O.  Fr.  fief.] 

FEB-DE-LANCE,fer-de-laag6,»i.  the  lance- 
headed  yiper  or  Craspedoeephalus  (Both- 
rops)  lanceolatve,  a  serpent  common  in 
Brazil  and  some  of  the  West  Indian 
Islands,  and  one  of  the  most  terrible 
members  of  the  rattlesnake  family  (Cro- 
tahdce).  It  is  5  to  7  feet  in  length,  and  is 
capable  of  executing  considerable  springs 
when  in  pursuit  of  prey  or  of  some  object 
which  has  irritated  it.  Its  bite  is  almost 
certainly  fatal,  the  only  antidote  of  any 
avail   being  said  to  be    ardaat    spirits. 


FERETORY 


160 


FESTOON 


When  A  person  is  bit  he  is  kept  in  a  con- 
tinual state  of  semi-intoxication,  with  the 
view  of  counteracting  the  paralyzing  ef- 
fect of  the  poison  upon  the  nerves.  It 
infests  sugar  plantations,  and  is  dreaded 
ahke  by  man  and  beast.  The  tail  ends  in 
a  horny  spine,  which  scrapes  harshly 
against  rough  objects,  but  does  not  rat- 
tle.    [Fr.,  iron  of  a  lance,  lance-head.] 

FERETORY,  fer'e-tor-i,  n.  a  place  in  a 
church  for  a  bier.  [L.  feretrum—fero, 
Gr.  phero,  to  bear.] 

FERL^,  fe'ri-e,  n.pl.  in  Roman  antiq.  holi- 
days, during  which  free  Romans  suspend- 
ed their  political  transactions  and  law- 
suits, and  slaves  enjoyed  a  cessation  from 
labor.  The  feriae  were  thus  dies  nefasti. 
They  were  divided  into  two  classes, /erice 
publicce  and  privatce.  The  latter  were 
observed  by  single  families  or  individuals 
in  commemoration  of  some  particular 
event  of  consequence  to  themselves  or 
their  ancestors.  Ferice  publicce  included 
all  days  consecrated  to  any  deity,  and 
consequently  all  days  on  which  public 
festivals  were  held.  The  manner  in  which 
the  pubUc  ferias  were  kept  bears  great 
analogy  to  our  observance  of  Sunday,  the 
people  visiting  the  temples  of  the  gods 
and  offering  prayers  and  sacrifices.     [L.] 

FERINE,  fe'rin,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  like  a 
tmld  beast:  savage.  [L.  ferinus—fera,  a 
wild  beast — fertis,  wild,  akin  to  Gr.  ther, 
Ger.  thier,  a  beast.] 

FERINGEE,  FERINGHEE,  fe-ring'ge,  n. 
the  name  given  to  Englishmen  by  the 
Hindus.  "The  first  instalment  of  these 
notorious  cartridges  .  .  .  were  without 
doubt  abundantly  offensive  to  the  Ferin- 
ghees  as  well  as  to  the  Faithful." — Capt. 
Mmobfay  TTiomson.  [Probably  a  corrup- 
tion of  Frank.] 

FERMENT,  fer'ment,  n.  what  excites  fer- 
mentation, as  yeast,  leaven :  internal 
motion  amongst  the  parts  of  a  fluid : 
agitation  :  tumult.  [L.  fermentum,  for 
fervimentum—ferveo,  to  boil.] 

FERMENT,  fer-ment',  v.t.  to  excite  fer- 
mentation .'  to  inflame. — v.  i.  to  rise  and 
swell  by  the  action  of  fermentation  :  to 
work,  used  of  wine,  etc.  :  to  be  in  excited 
action  :  to  be  stirred  with  anger. 

FERMENTABLE,  fer-ment'a-bl,  adj.  capa- 
ble of  fermentation. — n.  Febmentabil'- 

ITT. 

FERMENTATION,  fer-ment-a'shun,  )?.  the 
conversion  of  an  organic  substance  into 
new  compounds  in  presence  of  a  ferment. 
Fermentation  differs  in  kind  according 
to  the  nature  of  the  substance  which 
promotes  it.  Sugar  in  solution  is  liable 
to  two  principal  kinds  of  fermentation 
(vinous  and  lactic),  both  of  which  are 
probably  due  to  the  growth  in  the  liquid 
of  a  mould  or  fungus.  Fermentation  may 
be  checked  or  altogether  prevented  by 
anything  which  prevents  the  growth  of 
the  fungus,  as  by  keeping  away  from  the 
liquid  the  spores  or  germs  from  which 
the  fungus  springs,  by  the  liquid  being 
either  too  hot  or  too  cold  for  its  develop- 
ment, by  its  containing  too  much  sugar, 
or  by  the  presence  of  a  substance  (called 
an  antiseptic)  which  acts  as  a  poison  on 
the  fungus.  Vinous  fermentation  is  pro- 
duced by  the  growth  of  the  yeast-plant 
(see  Yeast)  ;  lactic  fermentation  is  due  to 
the  presence  in  the  liquid  of  Penieillium 
glaueum  (common  blue  mould).  In  vi- 
nous fermentation  the  sugar  is  converted 
into  carbonic  acid  and  alcohol,  the  nitro- 
genous element  being  assimOated  by  the 
rapidly  developing  ova  of  the  ferment. 
Lactic  fermentation  takes  place  in  milk 
in  the  process  of  becoming  sour,  when 
the  sugar  of  the  milk  is  converted  into 
lactic  acid.    (See  under  Lactic.)  Acetous 


fermentation  occurs  in  liquids  which  have 
already  undergone  vinous  fermentation. 
When  exposed  to  the  atmosphere  such 
liquids  become  sour,  and  vinegar  is  pro- 
duced. This  change  is  probablj'  due  to 
the  growth  of  a  fungus,  Mycoderma  aceti 
(the  vinegar-plant).  Other  kinds  of  fer- 
mentation are  benzoic  fermentation,  in 
which,  amongst  other  matters,  the  es- 
sential oU  of  bitter  almonds  is  formed  ; 
and  sinajiic  fermentation,  occurring  in 
mustard  moistened  with  water,  during 
which  oil  of  mustard  is  produced.  For 
an  explanation  of  fermentation,  in  rela- 
tion to  the  origin  and  spread  of  conta- 
gious diseases,  see  Gekm  Theory. — Fig- 
uratively, the  state  of  being  in  high  activ- 
ity or  commotion :  agitation  :  excite- 
ment, as  of  the  intellect  or  feelings,  a 
society,  etc.  "  The  founders  of  the  En- 
glish Church  wrote  and  acted  in  an  age 
of  violent  intellectual  fermentation  and 
of  constant  action  and  reaction."— Jlfa- 
caulay.  [Low  L.  fermentatio,  from  L. 
fermento,  fermentatum.} 

FERMENTATIVE,  fer  -  ment'a  -  tiv,  adj. 
causing  or  consisting  in  fermentation. — 
n.  Ferment' ATITENESS. 

FERN,  fern,  n.  a  plant  which  becomes  a 
tree  in  the  tropics  with  feather-like 
leaves.     [A.S.fearn;    Ger. /ara.] 

FERNSHAW;  fern'shaw,  n.  a  shaw, 
brake,  or  thicket  of  ferns.  "  Telling 
her  some  story  or  other  of  hill  or  dale, 
oakwood  or  femshaw." — Browning. 

FERNY,  fern'i,  adj.  full  of  or  overgrown 
with  ferns. 

FEROCIOUS,  fe-ro'shus,  adj.  savage, 
fierce  :  cruel. — adv.  F'ero'ciously. — n. 
Fero'ciousness.  [Fr.  and  It.  feroce— 
L.  ferox.  vnlA—fei-us,  wild.] 

FEROCITY,  fe-ros'i-ti,  n.  savage  cruelty 
of  disposition  :  untamed  fierceness. 

FERRANDINE,  fer'ran-din,  n.  a  stuff 
made  of  wool  and  silk.  [Fr.  ferran- 
dine,  possibly  from  an  O.  Fr.  word, 
ferrand,  an  iron-gray  horse,  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  cloth  from  its  color.] 

FERRARA,  fer-ra'ra,  n.  a  claymore  or 
broad  sword  of  peculiarly  excellent 
quality,  named  after  a  famous  sword- 
smith  of  the  name  of  Andrea  Ferrara, 
but  whether  he  was  a  Spaniard  or  Italian 
is  not  determined.  Gfenuine  Andrea  Fer- 
raras  have  a  crovm  mark  on  the  blade. 

FERREOUS,  fer'e-us,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
made  of  iron.  [L.  ferreus — ferrum., 
iron.] 

FERRET,  fer'et,  n.  ribbon  woven  from 
spun-silk.  [Corr.  from  Ital.  floretto — L. 
flos,  floris,  a  flower  ;  the  ribbon  being 
prob.  so  called  from  some  flowering- 
work  upon  it.] 

FERRET,  fer'et,  n.  a  tame  animal  of  the 
weasel  kind  employed  in  unearthing  rab- 
bits. [Fr.  furet,  a  ferret,  prob.  from  L. 
fur,  a  thief.] 

FERRET,  fer'et,  v.t.  to  search  out  carefully 
and  minutely  like  a  ferret :  to  drive  out 
by  patient  eSovt-.—pr.p.  ferr'eting;  pa.p. 
ferr'eted. 

FERRIFEROUS,  fer-rif'er-us,  adj.,  bearing 
or  yielding  iron.  [L.  fermm,  iron,  and 
fero.  to  bear.] 

FERROTYPE,  fe'ro-tip,  n.  in  photog.  a 
term  applied  by  Mr.  Robert  Hunt,  the 
discoverer,  to  some  photographic  proc- 
esses in  which  the  salts  of  iron  are  the 
principal  agents  :  a  photograph  taken 
on  japanned  sheet-iron  by  a  collodion 
process.  [L.  ferrum,  iron,  and  Gr.  typos, 
type.] 

FERROUS,  fer'us,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  ob- 
tained from  iron  :  specifically  applied  in 
cliem.  to  a  compound  of  which  iron  forms 
a  constituent,  but  not  to  such  an  extent 
as  it  does  in  ferric  compounds. 


FERRUGINOUS,  fer-roo'jin-us,  adj.  of  the 
color  of  iron-rust :  impregnated  with 
iron.  [L.  ferrugineus — ferrugo,  iroB- 
rust— /emtm.] 

FERRULE,  fer'ool,  n.  a  metal  ring  on  a 
staff,  etc.,  to  keep  it  from  splitting:  in 
steam-boilers,  a  bushing  for  expanding 
the  end  of  a  flue.  [Fr.  virole,  L.  viriola, 
a  bracelet — viere,  to  bind.] 

FERRY,  fer'i,  v.t.  to  carry  or  convey  over 
a  water  in  a  boat : — pr.p.  ferr'jnng  ;  pa.p. 
ferr'ied. — n.  a  place  where  one  may  be 
rowed  across  a  water  :  the  right  of  con- 
veying passengers  :  the  ferrj'boat.  [A.S, 
ferian,  to  convey,  faran,  to  go ;  Ger. 
fahre.  a  ferry— fahren,  to  go,  to  carry.] 

FERTILE,  fer'til,  adj.  able  to  bear  or  pro- 
duce abundantly  :  rich  in  resources  :  in- 
ventive.— adf.  Fer'tilely.  [Fr. — L.fer, 
tilis—fero,  to  bear.  ] 

FERTILITY,  fer-tU'i-ti,  n.  fruitfulness : 
ricliness  :  abundance. 

FERTILIZE,  fer'til-Iz,  v.t.  to  make  feHUe 
or  fruitful  :  to  enrich. 

FERTILIZER,  fer'til-Iz-er,  n.  he  who  or 
that  which  fertilizes :  specifically,  a 
manure,  whether  organic  or  inorganic ; 
as,  guano  is  a  powerful  fertilizer. 

FERULE,  fer'ool,  n.  a  rod  used  for  striking 
children  in  punishment.  [L.  ferida,  a 
cane — ferio,  to  strike.] 

FERVENCY,  fer'ven-si,  n.  state  of  being- 
fervent :  heat  of  mind :  eagerness ; 
warmth  of  devotion. 

FERVENT,  fer' vent,  adj.  ardent :  zealous: 
warm  in  feeling. — adv.  Fer'vently.  [L. 
ferveo,  to  boil,  akin  to  Gr.  thero,  to  heat, 
E.  and  Ger.  warm,  Sans,  gharma,  heat.] 

FERVID,  fer'vid,  adj.  very  hot :  having 
burning  desire  or  emotion :  zealous.— 
adv.  Fer'vidly.  —  n.  Fer'vidness.  [L. 
fervidtis.l 

FERVOR,  fer'vur,  n.  heat :  heat  of  mind : 
zeal. 

FESCENNINE,  fes'sen-nin,  adj.  pertaining 
to  Fescennium  in  Italy :  licentious.— 
Fescenmne  verses,  gay,  licentious,  or 
scurrilous  verses  of  a  personal  character, 
extemporized  by  performers  at  merry- 
meetings,  to  amuse  the  audience,  origi- 
nating at  Fescennium. 

FESCENNINE,  fes'sen-nin,  n.  a  song  of  a 
rude  or  licentious  character  prevalent  in 
ancient  Italy. 

FESCUE,  fes'ku,  n.  a  straw,  wire,  pin,  or 
the  like,  used  to  point  out  letters  to 
children  when  learning  to  read :  fescue- 
grass.  [O.E.  festue,  from  O.  Fr.  festu 
(Fr.  fetu),  a  straw  ;  L.  festuca,  a  shoot  or 
stalk  of  a  tree,  a  rod.] 

FESCUE-GRASS,  fes'ku-gras,  n.  the  species 
of  Festuca,  a  genus  of  grasses.    [See  Fes- 

TUOA.] 

FESELS,  fes'elz,  n.  a  kind  of  kidney-beaa 
or  Fi-ench  bean. 

Disdain  not  fesds  or  poor  vetch  to  sow. 
Or  care  to  make  Egryptian  lentils  thrive. 

— Ma?/.  VirgU. 

[O.E.  fasels,  Fr.  fasioles,  L.  phaselus,  Gr. 

phaselos,  a  sort  of  kidney-bean.] 
FESTAL,    fes'tal,    adj.    pertaining    to    a 

feast    or    holiday :   joyous  :    gay. — adv. 

Fes'tally. 
FESTER,  fes'ter,  v.i.  to  corrupt  or  rankle  : 

to    suppurate :     to    become    maUgnant. 

— v.t.  to  cause  to  fester. — n.  a  wound 

discharging  corrupt  matter.      [Ety.  uii^ 

known.] 
FESTIVAL,  fes'ti-val,  n.  a  joyful  celebrar 

tion  :    a  feast. 
FESTIVE,  fes'tiv,  adj.  festal :  mirthful.-= 

adv.  Fes'tively.     [L.  festimis—festus.] 
FESTIVITY,  fes-tiv'i-ti,  n.  social  mii-th  at 

a  feast :  joyfuiness  :  gaiety. 
FESTOON.  fes-toon',»t.  a  garland  suspended 

between  two  points  :  {arch.)  an  ornament 

like  a  wreath  of  flowers,   etc  —  v.t.  to 


FESTUCA 


161 


FIDDLE-STICK 


adorn  with  festoons.  [Fr.  feston,  from 
Ii.  festum.'] 

FESTUCA,  fes-tu'ka,  n.  fescue-grass,  a  ge- 
nus of  grasses  containing  a  great  number 
of  species,  found  in  tiie  temperate  and 
colder  regions  of  tlie  world.  Nine  species 
are  natives  of  Great  Britain,  and  among 
them  are  found  some  of  the  best  meadow 
and  pasture  grasses.  In  the  United  States 
they  are  cultivated  chiefly  as  pasture 
grasses,  though  meadow  fescue  has  re- 
cently come  into  favor  in  the  New  En- 
gland and  Middle  States. 

FETCH,  fech,  v.t.  to  bring  :  to  go  and  get : 
to  obtain  as  its  price :  to  accomplish  in 
any  way  :  to  reach  or  attain. — v.i.  to 
turn  :  (iumt.)  to  arrive  at.  [A.S.  fp.tian, 
to  fetch,  from  root  of  Foot  ;  Ger.  fassen, 
to  seize.] 

FETCH,  fech,  n.  a  trick.  [From  Fetch, 
v.t.,  the  meaning  being,  something  that 
one  goes  to  find,  a  thing  contrived.] 

FETCH,  fech,  FETCH -CANDLE,  fech'- 
kan'dl,  n.  the  apparition  of  a  living  per- 
son :  a  noctm-nal  light,  as  of  a  moving 
candle,  supposed  to  portend  a  death. 
[Prob.  from  Norwegian  Vcettelys,  the 
vEett's  or  goblin's  candle  ^  ignis-fatuus.] 

FETE,  fat,  71.  a,  festival  or  feast :  a  holiday. 
— v.t.  to  entertain  at  a  feast.  [Fr. — L. 
festum.] 

FETICH,  fe'tish,  n.  an  object,  either  natu- 
ral or  artificial,  considered  as  possessing 
divine  power,  and  worshipped,  as  in  W. 
Africa  :  any  object  of  exclusive  and  in- 
ordinate devotion  ;  as,  gold  has  become 
his  fetich.  [Fr.  fetiche — Port,  feitigo, 
magic  ;  a  name  given  by  the  Port,  to  the 
gods  of  W.  Africa — Port,  feitigo,  artifi- 
cial— L.  factitius — facere,  to  make.] 

FETICHISM,  fe'tish-izm,  FETICISM,  fe'ti- 
sizm,  n.  the  practice  of  worshipping  any 
material  object,  living  or  dead,  which  the 
fancy  may  happen  to  select,  as  a  tree, 
a  stone,  a  post,  an  animal,  etc.,  practiced 
by  some  African  tribes  :  excessive  devo- 
tion to  one  object  or  idea :  abject  super- 
stition. 

FETICHISTIC,  fe-tish-ist'ik,  adj.  of  or  per- 
taining to,  or  characterized  by  fetichism: 
abjectly  superstitious.  ' '  Our  resuscitated 
spirit  was  not  a  pagan  philosopher  nor  a 
philosophizing  pagan  poet,  but  a  man  of 
the  15th  century,  inheriting  its  strange 
web  of  behef  and  unbelief,  of  Epicurean 
levity  and  Fetichistic  dread."  —  George 
Eliot. 

FETICIDE,  FCETICIDE,  fe'ti-sid,  n.  in 
rtiedical  jurisprudence,  the  destruction  of 
the  fetus  in  the  womb,  or  the  act  by 
which  criminal  abortion  is  produced.  [L. 
fetus,  foetus,  a  fetus,  and  coedo,  to  kill.] 

FETID,  fet'id  or  fe'tid,  adj.,  stinking:  hav- 
ing a  strong  offensive  odor, — n.  Fet'id- 
NEss.     [L.  fcetidus—fceteo,  to  stink,] 

FETLOCK,  fet'lok,  n.  a  tuft  of  hair  that 
grows  behind  on  horses'  feet  :  the  part 
where  this  hair  grows  :  an  instrument 
fixed  on  the  leg  of  a  horse  when  put  to 
pasture  for  the  purpose  of  preventing 
him  from  running  off.  [Fi-om  root  of 
Foot  and  Lock,  as  in  Lock  of  hair.] 

FETTER,  fet'er,  n.  a  chain  or  shackle  for 
the  feet :  anything  that  restrains : — used 
chiefly  in  pi. — v.t.  to  put  fetters  on  :  to 
restrain.     [A.S.  fetoi — fet,  feet.] 

LETTERED,  fet'er'd,  adj.  bound  hy  fetters  : 
(zool.)  applied  to  the  feet  of  animals 
which  bend  backward  and  seem  unfit  for 
walking. 

FETUS,  FCETUS,  fe'tus,  n.  the  young  of 
animals  in  the  egg  or  in  the  womb,  after 
its  parts  are  distinctly  formed,  untQ  its 
birth.    [L. ,  from  obs.  feo,  to  bring  forth.] 

FETWA,  FETWAH,  fet'wa,  n.  in  Turk, 
law,  the  written  decision  of  a  Turkish 
mufti  on  some  legal  point.     "There  is 

K 


besides  a  collection  of  all  the  fetwas  or 
decisions  pronounced  by  the  different 
muftis."' — Brougham.     [Ar.] 

FEU,  fu,  n.  (in  Scotland)  a  tenure  where 
the  vassal,  in  place  of  military  services, 
makes  a  return  in  grain  or  in  money  :  a 
sale  of  land  for  a  stipulated  annual  pay- 
ment, esp.  for  building  on.  [Low  L. 
feiwLum — root  of  Fee.] 

FEUAR,  fu'ar,  n.  {in  Scotland)  one  who 
holds  real  estate  in  consideration  of  a 
payment  called  feuduty. 

FEX/D,  fud,  n.  a  deadly  quarrel  between 
tribes  or  famiUes :  a  bloody  strife.  [A.S. 
foehdh—fah,  hostile ;  Ger.  fehde.\ 

FEUD,  tud,  u.  a  fief  or  land  held  on  con- 
dition of  service. — adj.  Feud'al,  pertain- 
ing to  feuds  or  fiefs :  belonging  to 
feudalism. — Feudal  system,  a  form  of 
government  formerly  subsisting  in  Eu- 
rope, and  which  forms  the  basis  of  many 
European  forms  and  customs.  Accord- 
ing to  this  system,  persons  holding  in 
feud  or  fee  were  bound  by  an  oath  of 
fealty  to  serve  the  owner  of  the  fee- 
simple  at  home  or  abroad  in  all  wars  and 
military  expeditions  when  required. 
[Low  L.  feudum,  from  root  of  Fee.] 

FEUDALISM,  fud'al-izm,  n.  the  system, 
during  the  middle  ages,  by  which  vas- 
sals held  lands  from  lords-superior  on 
condition  of  military  service,  as  above. 

FEUDATORY,  fud'at-or-i,  adj.  holding 
lands  or  power  by  a  feudal  tenure. 

FEUILLANS,  FEUILLANTS,  fe-yangz, 
7i.pl.  a  religious  order,  an  offshoot  of  the 
Bernardines,  founded  by  Jean  de  la  Bar- 
riere,  in  1577  :  so  called  from  the  convent 
of  Feuillant  in  Languedoc,  where  they 
were  first  estabUshed.  Written  also 
Fexjillians. 

FEUILLEA,  fii-U'e-a,  ?i.  a  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Cucui-bitaceai.  The  species 
are  natives  of  the  tropical  regions  of 
America,  and  are  frutescent,  climbing 
herbs.  The  seeds  are  oily  and  of  a  bitter 
taste,  and  are  said  to  be  powerful  anti- 
dotes against  vegetable  poisons,  and  are 
used  in  South  America  to  prevent  the 
fatal  effects  of  serpent  bites.  The  seeds 
of  one  Peruvian  species  contain  so  much 
oil  that  they  are  used  for  making  candles. 

FEUILLEMORT,  fwel'mor,  7i.  a  color  like 
that  of  a  faded  leaf.     [Fr.,  dead  leaf.] 

FEUILLETON,  fwel-tong,  n.  that  part  of 
a  French  newspaper  devoted  to  light 
literature  or  criticism,  and  generally 
marked  off  from  the  rest  of  the  page  by 
a  line.  The  feuUleton  very  commonly 
contains  a  tale.  [Fr.,  from  feuille,  a 
leaf ;  lit.  a  small  leaf.] 

FEVER,  fe'ver,  n.  a  disease  marked  by 
great  bodUy  heat  and  quickening  of 
pulse  :  extreme  excitement  of  the  pas- 
sions :  a  painful  degree  of  anxiety. — v.t. 
to  put  into  a  fever. — v.i.  to  become  fe- 
vered. [Fr.  fievre — L.  febris—ferveo,  to 
be  hot ;  or  fi-om  root  of  Ger.  beben,  to 
tremble,  Gr.  phobos,  fear.] 

FEVERISH,  fe'ver-ish,  ady.  slightly  fe- 
vered :  indicating  fever  :  fidgety:  fickle. 
— adv.  Fe'verishly. — n.  Fe'veeishness. 

FEVER-TREE,  fe'ver-tre,  n.  the  blue 
gum-tree. 

FEW,  fa,  adj.,  S7nall  in  number:  not 
many. — n.  Few'ness.  [A.S.  fea,  plur. 
feave ;  Goth,  favs ;  Fr.  peu  ;  L.  paueus, 
small.] 

FEZ,  fez,  n.  a  red  cap  or  head-dress  of  fine 
cloth,  fitting  closely  to  the  head,  with  a 
tassel  of  blue  silk  or  wool  at  the  crown, 
much  worn  in  Turkey,  on  the  shores  of 
the  Levant,  in  Egypt,  and  North  Africa 
generally.  The  core  or  central  part  of 
a  turban  consists  of  a  fez.  [Fi'om  Fez, 
the  principal  town  in  Morocco,  where 
such  caps  are  largelj'  manufactured.] 


FIACRE,  fe-a-kr,  n.  a  small  four-wheeled 
carriage  common  in  England.  [Fr.,  from 
the  Hotel  St.  Fiacre,  where  Sauvage, 
the  inventor  of  these  carriages,  estab» 
lished  in  1640  an  office  tor  the  hire  of 
them.] 

FIARS,  fl'arz,  n.pl.  (in  Scotland)  the  prices 
of  grain  legally  fixed  for  the  J'ear,  to 
regulate  the  payment  of  stipend,  rent, 
and  prices  not  expressly  agreed  upon, 
[From  the  root  of  Fee.] 

FIASCO,  fi-as'ko,  ??.  a  failure  in  a  musica'.' 
performance  :  a  failure  of  any  kind.  [It. 
fiasco,  bottle,  like  Fr.  Jlaco7i,  Ger.  flasche, 
peril,  from  L.  vasculu7n,  a  little  vessel, 
vas,  a  vessel ;  why  it  came  to  be  used  in 
the  sense  of  a  failure,  does  not  appear.] 

FIAT,  fi'at,  n.  a  formal  or  solemn  command  • 
a  decree.  [L.  3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  subj.  of 
fio,  passive  of  faeio,  to  do.] 

FIB,  fib,  TO.  something  said  falsely  :  a  soft 
expression  for  a  lie. — v.i.  to  teU  a  fib  or 
lie  :  to  speak  falsely :  — pr.p.  fibb'ing ; 
pa.p.  fibbed'.    [An  abbrev.  of  Fable.] 

FIBRE,  fi'ber,  n.  one  of  the  small  threads 
composing  the  parts  of  animals  or  vege- 
tables :  any  fine  thread,  or  thread-Uke 
substance. — adj.  Fi'BRED,  having  fibres  ; 
Fi'bkeless,  having  no  fibres.  [Fr.— L. 
fibra,  a  thread.] 

FIBRIFORM,  fi'bri-form,  adj.  in  the  form 
of  a  fibre  or  fibres  :  resembling  a  fibre  or 
fibres. 

FIBRIL,  fr'brU,  n.  a  small  fibre :  one  of  the 
extremely  minute  threads  composing  an 
animal  fibre.  [Low  L.  fibrilla,  dim.  of 
L.  flhra.] 

FIBRILLOUS,  fi-bril'us,  adj.  formed  of 
small  fibres. 

FIBRINE,  fi'brin,  n.  an  organic  compound, 
composed  of  thready  fibres,  found  in 
animals  and  plants. 

FIBROUS,  fl'brus,  adj.  composed  of  or 
containing ^6res. — n.  Fi'brousness. 

FICKLE,  fik'l,  adj.  inconstant :  change- 
able.—w.  Fick'leness.  [A.S.  ficol;  Ger. 
ficken,  to  move  quickly  to  and  fro  ;  cf. 

PtDGET.] 

FICTILE,  fik'til,  adj.  used  or  fashioned  by 
the  potter.  [L.  fictilis—fi7igo,  to  form  or 
fashion.] 

FICTION,  fik'shun,  n.  a  feigned  or  false 
story  :  a  falsehood  :  romance  :  the  act  of 
making  or  fashioning;  as,  "We  have 
never  dreamt  that  parliaments  had  any 
right  whatever  ...  to  force  a  currency 
of  their  ovfti  fiction  in  the  place  of  that 
which  is  real." — Burke.  [Fr. — Ij.fictio — 
fictus,  pa.p.  of  ^?igro.] 

FICTITIOUS,  fik-tish'us,  adj.  imaginary: 
not  real :  forged. — adv.  Ficti'tiously. 

FIDDLE,  fid'l,  TO.  a  stringed  instrument  of 
music,  called  also  a  violin. — v.t.  or  v.i.  to 
play  on  a  fiddle  :■ — pc.^j.  fidd'ling  :  j^a.p. 
fidd'led.— TO.  Fidd'ler.  [A.S.  fithele ;  Ger. 
ficdel.     See  ViOLIN.] 

FIDDLE-BOW,  fid'l-bo,  n.  the  bow  strung 
with  horse-hair  with  which  the  player 
draws  sounds  from  the  violin. 

FIDDLE-HEADED,  fld'1-hed-ed,  FIDDLE- 
PATTERNED,  fid'1-pat-ernd,  adj.  terms 
applied  to  forks,  spoons,  and  the  like, 
whose  handles  are  fashioned  after  a  pat- 
tern which  has  some  resemblance  to  8 
fiddle.  "  A  kind  of  fork  that  is  fiddle 
headed.^'' — Hood.  "  My  table-spoons  .  . 
the  little  fiddle-patterned  ones." — R.  H 
Barham. 

FIDDLE-STICK,  fid'1-stik,  n.  same  as  FlD< 
DLE-BOW.  This  word  is  frequently  used 
as  an  interjection,  and  is  equivalent  tc 
nonsense  1  pshaw  !  or  other  exclamation 
expressive  of  contemptuous  incredulity; 
denial,  or  the  like.  "At  such  an  asser- 
tion he  would  have  exclaimed,  A  fiddle- 
stick !  Why  and  how  that  word  has  be- 
come an  interjection  of  contempt  I  must 


FIDDLE-STRING 


162 


FIGURATION 


leave  those  to  explain  who  can."  — 
Sonthey. 

FIDDLER-STRING,  fid'l-string,  n.  the  string 
of  a  fiddle,  fastened  at  the  ends  and  ele- 
vated in  the  middle  bv  a  bridge. 

FIDDLE-WOOD,  fld'1-wood,  n.  the  com- 
mon name  of  a  genus  of  trees  or  shrubs 
with  some  twenty  species,  natives  of 
tropical  America,  nat.  order  Verbenacea. 
Some  of  the  species  are  ornamental  tim- 
ber trees ;  several  yield  a  hard  wood 
valuable  for  carpenter  work.  [From  its 
durable  qualities  the  term  bois  fidele, 
stanch  or  faithful  wood,  was  applied  by 
the  French  to  one  of  the  species,  which 
the  English  mistook  to  raaa.nflddle-tL-ood.'] 

FIDDLING,  fid'ling,  adj.  trifling  :  trivial : 
fussilv  busv  with  nothing.  "  Good  cooks 
cannot  abide  what  they  call  fiddling 
v.- ork."— Swift. 

FIDELITY,  fl-del'i-ti,  n.  faithful  perform- 
ance of  duty :  honesty ;  firm  adher- 
ence. [L.  fideiitas—fidelis,  faithful— /do, 
to  trust.] 

FIDGET,  fij'et,  v.i.  to  be  unable  to  rest :  to 
move  uneasily  :— p?-.jj.  fidg'eting  ;  pa.i). 
fldg'eted. — n.  u-regular  motion:  restless- 
ness.—;)i.  general  nervous  restlessness, 
with  a  desire  of  changing  the  position. 
[Ice.  fika,  to  climb  up  nimbly ;  Grer. 
ficken,  to  move  to  and  fro ;  conn,  with 
"Fickle.] 

FIDGETY,  flj'et-i,  adj.  restless  :  uneasy. — 

11.  FiDO'ETINESS. 

FIDUCIAL,  fi-du'shi-al,  adj.  showing  con- 
fidence or  reliance  :  of  the  nature  of  a 
trust.— n^i'.    FiDU'ciALLY.     [L.    fiducia, 
confidence,  fromyido,  to  trust.] 
FIDUCIARY,  fl-du'shi-ar-i,  adj.,  confident: 
unwavering :  held  in  trust.—)*,  one  who 
holds  anything  in  trust  :  {theol.)  one  yi\\o 
depends  for  salvation  on  faith  without 
works,  an  Antinomian.     [L.  fidueiarius 
—fiducia.] 
FIE,  fl,  mf.  denoting  disapprobation  or  dis- 
gust.    [Grer.  p/iti'.'  Fv.fi!  the  sound  in- 
stinctively made  in  presence  of   a   bad 
smell.] 
FIEF,  fef,  n.  land  held  of  a  superior  in /ee 
or  on  condition  of  military  service :  a 
feud.     [Fr.— Low  L.  feudum.] 
BTELD,  feld,  n.  coimtry  or  open  country  in 
general :  a  piece  of  ground  inclosed  for 
tillage  or  pasture  :  the  locality  of  a  bat- 
tle :  the  battle  itself :  room  for  action  of 
any  kind  :  a  wide  expanse  :  (her.)  the  sur- 
face of  a  shield  :  the  background  on  which 
figures  are  drawn.     [A.S.  and  Ger.  feld ; 
Dut.  veld,  the  open  country  ;  cf.  E.  fell, 
a  hill.] 
FIELD,  feld.  v.i.  to  take  to  the  field  :  in 
cricket  and  base-baU,  to  be  one  of  the 
field  whose  duty  is  to  watch  the  ball  as 
it  is  driven  by  the  batsman,  and  endeavor 
to  put  him  out  either  by  catching  it  be- 
fore it  reach  the  ground,  or  by  recover- 
ing it  rapidly  and   returning  it  to  the 
infield. 
FIELD,  feld,  v.t.  in  cricket  and  base-ball, 
to  catch  or  stop  and  return  to  the  infield  ; 
as,  to  field  a  ball. 
FIELDBOOK,  feld'book,  n.  a  book  used  in 

surveying  fields. 
FIELD-DAY,  feld'-da,  ?i.  a  day  when  troops 
are  drawn  out  for  instruction  in  field  ex- 
ercises.! 
FIELDFARE,    feld'far,    n.     a    species    of 
thrush,  having  a  reddish-yellow  throat 
and   breast  spotted  with  black.     [A.S. 
felaef are— feld,  a  field,  and  faran,  to 
fare,  travel  over.] 
FIELD-GEOLOGIST,  feld'-je-ol-o-jist,n.  a 
geologist  who  makes  out-door  observa- 
tions, in   contradistinction  to  one  who 
studies   geology  from  books,  museums, 
etc. 
FIELD-GLASS,  feld'-glas,    n.    a    kind    of 


binocular  telescope   or  opera -glass  for 
looking  at  objects  at  a  considerable  dis- 
tance from  the  spectator  :  a  small  achro- 
matic telescope,  usually  from  30  to  24 
inches  long,  and  having  from  three  to 
six  joints  :   that  one  of  the   two  lenses 
forming  the  eye-piece  of  an  astronomical 
telescope  or  compound  microscope,  which 
is   the    nearer   to   the  object-g-lass,  the 
other  being  the  eye-glass. 
FIELD-HAND,  feld'-hand,  n.  a  hand  or  per- 
son WHO  works  in  the  fields :  a  laborer 
on  a  farm  or  plantation. 
FIELD-MARSHAL,  feld'-mar'shal,  n.    an 
officer  of  the  highest  rank  in  the  English 
and  Continental  armies.   [See  Marshal.  I 
FIELD-NATURALIST,    feld'-na-tur-al-ist 
n.  a  person  who  studies  animals  or  plants 
in  their  natural  habitats  :  a  person  who 
collects  wild  animals  or  plants. 
FIELD-NOTES,   feld'-nots,  n.pl.  notes  of 
bearings,  distances,  etc.,  made  by  a  sur- 
veyor in  the  field.     Goodrich. 
FIELD-OFFICER,  feld'-of'i-ser,  n.  a  mili- 
tary oSicer  above  the  rank  of  captain, 
and  below  that  of  general. 
FIELDPIECE,  feld'pes,  n.  a  cannon  or  piece 

of  artiUery  used  in  the  field  of  battle. 
FIELD-SKETCHING,  feld'-skech-ing,  n.  in 
mint,  the  act  of  depicting  in  plan,  quickly 
and  faithfully,  the  natural  features  of  a 
country,  so  as  to  give  to  an  experienced 
observer    the   best  possible  idea  of    its 
character. 
FIELD-TELEGRAPH,  feld-tel'e-graf,  n.  a 
telegraph  adapted  for  use  in  the  field  in 
military  operations.     In  some  instances 
part  of  the  wire  is  reeled  off  from  a  wagon 
and  supported  on  light  posts,  and  another 
part  is  insulated  and  allowed  to  rest  on 
the  ground. 
FIELDTRAIN,  feld'tran,  n.  a  department 
of  the  Royal  Artillery  responsible  for  the 
safety  and  supply  of  ammunition  during 
war. 
FIELDWORKS,  feld'wurks,    n.pl.  tempo- 
rary works  thi'OWQ  up  by  troops  in  the 
field,  either  for  protection  or  to  cover  an 
attack  upon  a  stronghold. 
FIEND,  fend,  n.  the  devil :  one  actuated 
by  the  most  intense  wickedness  or  hate. 
[A.S.  feond,  pr.p.  of  feon,  to  hate  ;  Ger. 
feind,  Dut.  vijaiid.] 
FIENDISH,  fend'ish,  adj.  like  a  fiend:  ma- 
licious.— Ji.  Ftend'ishness. 
FIERCE,    fers,    adj.,  ferocious:    violent: 
angry. —  adv.    Fieece'ly. — n.     Fierce'- 
NESS.     [O.  Fr.  fers,  fiers — L.  ferus,  wild, 
savage.] 
FIERI  FACIAS,  tt'e-rl  fa'shi-as,  n.  in  law, 
a  judicial  wi-it  that  lies  for  him  vA\o  has 
recovered  in  debt  or  damages,  command- 
ing the  sheriff  to  le\'y  the  same  on  the 
goods  of  him  against  whom  the  recovery 
was  had.     [L.,  lit.  cause  it  to  be  done.] 
FIERY,  flr'i  or  fl'er-i,    adj.   ardent :   im- 
petuous :  irritable. — )f.  Fi'eeiness. 
FIERYCROSS,     fi'e-ri-kros,    FIRECROSS, 
fir'kros,  n.  in  Scotland,  a  signal  sent  in 
ancient  times  from  place  to  placa   ex- 
pressive of  a  summons  to  repair  to  arms 
within  a  limited  time.     It  consisted  of  a 
cross  of  light  wood,  the  extremities  of 
which  were  set  fire  to  and  then  extin- 
guished in  the  blood  of  a  recently  slain 
goat. 
FIERY-FOOTED,  fl'e-ri-foot-ed,  adj.  eager 
or  swift  in  motion.  "Fier^-/ooied  steeds." 
—Shak. 
FIERY-HOT,  fi'e-ri-hot,  adj.  hot  as  a  fire  : 
hence,  (fig.)  impetuously  eager  or  enthu- 
siastic. 

Piery-hot  to  burst 
All  barriers  in  her  ouward  race 
For  power. — Tennyson. 


FIERY-NEW,  fl'e-ri-nu,  adj.  hot  or  fiery 

from  newness. 

The  vintage,  yet  unkept, 
Had  relish,  fiery-nein.— Tennyson. 

FIERY-SHORT,  fi'e-ri-short,  adj.  hot  or 
fierj'  and  short :  brief  and  passionate. 
Fiery-short  was  Cyril's  coimtei'-scoff.— IZVnnjtson. 
FIFE,  flf,  n.  a  small  pipe  used  as  a  wind- 
instrument  for  military  music,  an  octave 
higher  than  the  flute. — v.i.  to  play  on  the 
fife. — n.  Fif'EB,  one  who  plays  on  a  fife. 
[Fr.//re,  Ger.  pfeife,  both,  ace.  to  Littre, 
from  L.  pipars,  to  peep,  to  chirp.  See 
Pipe.] 
FIFTEEN,  flf'ten,  adj.  and  n.  five  and  ten. 

[A.S.  Jiftyne—flf,  five,  tyn,  ten.] 
FIFTEENTH,  fiflenth,  adj.  the  fifth  after 
the  tenth:  being  one  of  fifteen  equal  parts. 
— n.  a  fifteenth  part.    [A.S.  flfteotha—fif, 
five,  teotha,  tenth.] 
FIFTH,  fifth,  adj.  next  after  the  fourth.— 

n.  one  of  five  equal  parts.     [A.S.  fifta.'] 
FIFTHLY,  fifth'li.  adv.  in  the  fifth  place. 
FIFTH-MONARCHY    5IAN,   n.   one  of  a 
sect  of  English  fanatics  who  assumed  to 
be    "  subjects  only  of  King  Jesus."    It 
sprung  up  in  the  time  of  Cromwell,  and 
considered  him  as  commencing  the  fifth 
great  monarcliy  of  the  world  (Assyria, 
Persia,  Greece  and  Rome  being  the  first, 
second,  third,  and  fourth),  during  which 
Christ  should  reign  on  earth  1000  years. 
FIFTIETH,   fif'ti-eth,   adj.   the  ordinal  of 
fifty.— )i.  a  fiftieth  part.   [A.S.  fiftigotha.'] 
FIFTY,  fif'ti,  adj.  and  w.  five  tens  or  five 
times  ten.  [A.S.  fiftig—fif,  five,  tig,  ten.] 
FIG,  fig,  n.  the  fig-tree  or  its  fruit,  grow- 
ing in  warm  climates :  a  thing  of  httle 
consequence.    [Fr.  figue,  which,  like  A.S. 
fie,  Ger.  feige,  is  from  L.  fious,  a  fig.] 
FIG- APPLE,  fig'-ap-l,  n.  a  species  of  apple 

without  a  core  or  kernel. 
FIGAJIO,  fe-ga-ro,  n.  a  witty,  shrewd,  and 
intriguing    person,  so    called  from   the 
hero  of  two  plays  by  Beauraarchais. 
FIGAJJY,   fig'a-ri,  n.   a  frolic  :  a  vagary. 
Beau.  &  Fl.     [Corrupted  from  vagary.] 
FIGHT,  fit,  v.i.  to  strive  with  :  to  contend 
in  war  or  in  single  combat. — v.t.  to  en- 
gage in  conflict  with  -.-pr.p.  fight'ing  ; 
pa.t.    and    pa.p.    fought    (fawt). — n.    a 
struggle  :  a  combat  :  a  battle  or  engage- 
ment.—Ji.    Fight'er.      [A.S.   feohtan; 
Ger.  fechten :  prob.   conn,  with  L.  pvg- 
nus,  the  fist,  Gr.  piuv,  with  clenched  fist.] 
FIGHTING,  fit'ing,  adj.  engaged  in  or  fit 
for  war. — n.  the  act  of  fighting  or  con- 
tending. 
FIGHTING-FISH,  fit'ing-fish,  n.   a  small 
fish,  a  native  of  the  south-east  of  Asia, 
remarkable  for  its  pugnacious  propensi- 
ties.    In  Siam  these  fishes  are  kept  in 
glass  globes,  as  we  keep  gold-fish,  for  the 
purpose  of  fighting,  and  an  extravagant 
amount  of  gambhug  takes  place  about 
the  result  of  the  fights,  not  only  money, 
but  cliildren  and  liberty  being  staked. 
When  the  fish  is  quiet  its  colors  are  dull, 
but  when  it  is  irritated,  as  by  the  sight 
of  another  fish,  or  of  its  own  reflection  in 
a  mirror,  it  glows  with  metallic  splendor, 
the  projecting  gUl-membrane  waving  hke 
a  black  frill  about  the  throat. 
FIGHTING-GEAR,  iit'ing-ger,  n.  warlike 
or     military    accoutrements.       "Every- 
where  the  "Constitutional  Patriot   must 
clutch   his  fighting-gear,   and  take  the 
road  for  Nancy."— CaWjZe. 
FIGMENT,  flg'ment,  n.    a   fabrication   or 
invention.      [L.   figmentum  — fingo,    to 
form.] 
FIGULINE,  fig'u-lin,  n.  a  name  given  by 
mineralogists  to  potters'  clay.     [L.  figv^ 
his,  a  potter,  irom  fingo,  to  fashion.] 
FIGURATION,  fig-u-ra'shun,  n.  act  of  giv- 
ing figure  or  form  :   (music)  mixture  of 
chords  and  discords. 


FIGURATIVE 


163 


FILTERING 


FIGURATIVE,  fig'u-ra-tiv,  adj.  (rlief.)  rep- 
rMenting'  by,  contaiuiog-  or  abounding  io 
figures  :  metaphorical :  flowery  :  typical. 

—adv.  FlO'URATIVELY. 

FIGURE,  flg'ur,  jt.  the  form  of  anything' 
in  outline  :  the  representation  of  any- 
thing in  drawing,  etc.:  a  di'awing  :  a  de- 
sign :  a  statue :  appearance  :  a  charac- 
ter denoting  a  number  :  value  or  price : 
(rhet.)  a  deviation  from  the  oi-dinary 
mode  of  expression,  in  which  words  are 
changed  from  their  literal  signification 
or  usage  :  (logic)  the  form  of  a  syllogism 
with  respect  to  the  position  of  the  middle 
tft-m  :  steps  in  a  dance  :  a  type  or  em- 
blem. [Fr. — 'L.  figura,  from  root  otfingo, 
to  form.] 

FIGURE,  fig'ur,  v.t.  to  form  or  shape  :  to 
make  an  image  of  :  to  mark  with  figures 
or  designs  :  to  imag'ine :  to  s^aiibolize  : 
to  foreshow  :  to  note  by  figures. — v.i.  to 
make  figures:  to  appear  as  a  distin- 
guished person. — To  FIGURE  ON,  to  esti- 
mate :  to  calculate :  to  make  allowance 
for  :  to  expect. — adj.  Fig'ueable. 

FIGURED,  flg'urd,  adj.  marked  or  adorned 
with  figures. 

FIGUR'EHEAD,  flg'ur-hed,  n.  the  figure  or 
bust  on  the  head  or  prow  of  a  ship. 

FILAMENT,  fll'a-ment.  n.  a  slender  or 
thread-like  object:  a  fibre.  [Fr. — h.filum, 
a  thread.] 

FILAilENTOUS,  fil-a^ment'us,  adj.,  thread- 
like. 

FILANDER,  fil-an'der,  n.  the  name  given 
Viy  Le  Brun  to  a  kangaroo  found  in  some 
of  the  islands  of  the  East  Indian  Archi- 
pelago. 

FILANDERS,  fil'an-derz,  n.pl.  a  disease  in 
hawks  consisting  of  filaments  of  blood, 
also  of  small  thread-like  worms.  [Fr. 
filandres — L.  filnm.] 

FILAR,  fl'ler,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  thread  : 
specifically,  applied  to  a  microscope,  or 
other  optical  instrument,  into  who.se con- 
struction one  or  more  threads  or  wires 
are  introduced  :  as,  a  filar  microscope,  a 
filar  micrometer.     [L.  filum,  a  thread.] 

FILATORY,  fllVtor-i,  n.  a  machine  which 
forms  or  spins  threads.  "  This  manufac- 
tory has  three  filatories,  each  of  640  reels, 
which  are  moved  by  a  water  wheel,  and 
be-sides  a  small  filatory  turned  by  men." 
—  Tooke. 

FILATURE,  filVtur,  n.  a  forming  into 
threads;  the  reeling  of  silk  from  cocoons: 
a  reel  for  drawing  off  silk  from  cocoons  ; 
a  filatory  :  an  establishment  for  reeling 
.silk. 

FILBERT,  fil'bert,  n.  the  fruit  or  nut  of  the 
cultivated  hazel.  [Prob.  so  called  from 
St.  Pliilibert,  whose  day  fell  in  the  nut- 
ting season,  Aug.  23  (old  style);  so  in 
German  it  is  Lambertsnuss,  St.  Lam- 
lierfs  nut.] 

FILCH,  filch,  v.t.  to  steal:  to  pilfer. 
[Filch  stands  tor  filk,  formed  from  M.E. 
felen,  to  hide,  by  adding  k.  as  talk  from 
tell,  stalk  from  steal,  perh.  from  Ice.  fela, 
to  hide  or  bury  ;  cf.  FILCH.] 

FILCHER,  fllch'^er,  n.  a  thief. 

FILE,  fll.  It.  a  line  or  wire  on  which  pai)ers 
are  placed  in  order:  the  papers  so  placed: 
a  roll  or  list :  a  line  of  soldiers  ranged 
l)ehind  one  another. — v.t.  to  put  upon  a 
file :  to  arrange  in  an  orderlj*  manner  : 
to  put  among  the  records  of  a  court  :  to 
bring  before  a  court. — ('.('.  to  march  in  a 
file.     [Fr.  file,  ft'om  L.  filani,  a  thread.] 

FILE,  fil,  H.  a  steel  instrument  with  sharp- 
edged  furrows  for  smoothing-  or  rasping 
metals,  etc.^u.^  to  cut  or  smooth  with, 
or  as  with  a  file.  [A.S.  feol ;  Ger.  feile  ; 
Bohem.  pila,  a  saw,  pihiijk,  a  file  ;  allied 
to  L.  polio,  to  polish.] 

FILE-CUTTER,  fll'-kut-er,  n.  a  maker  of 
files. 


FILE-FISH,  ni'-flsb,  n.  a  name  given  to 
certain  fishes  from  tlieir  skins  being 
granulated  like  a  file.  The  European 
file-fish  is  a  common  inhabitant  of  the 
Mediterranean.  It  has  the  power  of  in- 
flating the  sides  of  the  abdomen  at  pleas- 
ure, and  grows  to  the  size  of  3  feet.  An- 
other variety  is  13  or  14  inches  long,  and 
is  a  native  of  the  Indian  and  American 
seas,  as  well  as  of  the  Red  Sea. 

FILIAL,  fil'yal,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  be- 
coming a  son  or  daughter:  bearing  the 
relation  of  a  child. — adv.  Fil'ially.  [L. 
filiiis,  a  son,  fllia,  a  daughter.] 

FILIATE,  fil'i-at,  v.t.  same  as  Atfiuate. 

FILIATION,  fll-i-a'shun,  n.  same  as  Affili- 
ation. 

FILIBUSTER,  FILLIBUSTER,  fil'i-bus-ter, 
n.  a  lawless  military  or  piratical  adven- 
turer, as  in  the  W.  Indies  :  a  buccaneer. 
The  adventurers  who  followed  Lopez  to 
Cuba  in  1851,  and  those  who  with  Walker 
occupied  Nicaragua  from  1855  to  1857.  are 
the  most  notorious  examples  of  filibusters 
in  modern  times.  [Sp.  filibuster,  Sp.  fiU- 
bote,  fiibote,  a  small,  fast-sailing  vessel, 
from  E.  flyboat.] 

FILIFORM,  fil'i-form,  adj.  having  the  form 
of  a  filament :  long  and  slender.  [L. 
filnm  and  FORM.] 

FILIGREE,  fil'i-grg,  n.  extremely  fine 
tliread-like  network,  containing  beads: 
ornamental  work  of  gold  and  silver  wire. 
[Sp.  filigrana — L.  filum,  and  granum,  a 
grain  or  bead.] 

FILING,  fll'ing,  n.  a  particle  rubbed  off 
with  a  file. 

FILL,  fll,  v.t.  to  make  ftdl:  to  put  into 
until  all  the  space  is  occupied  :  to  supply 
abundantly  :  to  satisfy  :  to  glut :  to  per- 
form the  duties  of  :  to  supply  a  vacant 
office.— I'.i.  to  become  full ;  to  become 
satiated.—?),  as  much  as  fills  or  satisfies  : 
a  full  supply. — n.  Fill'er,  he  who  or 
that  which  fills.  [A.S.  fyllan,  fullian — 
full,  full ;  Ger.  fullen.     See  Full.] 

FILLET,  fil'let,  n.  a  little  band  to  tie  about 
the  hair  of  the  head :  a  muscle,  or  a 
piece  of  meat  composed  of  muscles ; 
especially,  the  fleshy  part  of  the  thigh — 
applied  chiefly  to  veal ;  as,  a  fillet  of 
veal :  meat  rolled  together  and  tied 
round  :  in  arch,  (a)  a  small  moulding 
generally  rectangular  in  section,  and 
having  the  appearance  of  a  narrow  band, 
generally  used  to  separate  ornaments 
and  mouldings  ;  an  annulet ;  a  list  ;  a 
hstel ;  (b)  the  ridge  between  the  flutes 
of  a  column — called  also  a  Facet  or 
Facette  :  in  tlie  manege,  the  loins  of  a 
horse,  beginning  at  the  place  where  the 
hinder  part  of  tlie  saddle  rests :  in  tech- 
nology, in  general,  this  word  has  a  great 
many  applications,  such  as  in  carp,  a 
strip  nailed  to  a  wall  or  partitioa  to  sup- 
port a  shelf,  a  strip  for  a  door  to  close 
against ;  in  gilding,  a  band  of  gold-leaf 
on  a  picture-frame  or  elsewhere  ;  in  coin- 
ing, a  strij}  of  metal  rolled  to  a  certain 
size  :  also  the  tliread  of  a  screw  :  a  ring 
on  the  muzzle  of  a  gun,  etc.  [Fr.  filet, 
a  thread,  a  band,  a  net,  the  chine  of  an 
animal,  etc.,  dim.  of  fil,  thread,  from  L. 
filum.  a  thread.] 

FILLET,  fil'let,  v.t.  to  bind,  furnish,  or 
adorn  with  a  fillet  or  little  band.  "  He 
maxle  hooks  for  the  pillars,  and  overlaid 
their  chapiters,  and  filleted  them."— Ex. 
xxxvii.  38. 

FILLETING,  fll'let-ing,  n.  the  material  of 
which  fillets  are  made :  fillets,  collect- 
ively. 

FILLlBEG,  PHILIBEG,  fil'i-beg,  n.  the 
kilt,  the  dress  or  petticoat  reaching 
nearly  to  the  knees,  worn  by  the  High- 
landers of  Scotland.  [Gael,  filleadhbeag 
^-filleadh,  plait,  fold,  and  beag,  little.] 


FILLING,  firing,  adj.  calculated  to  lili: 
satisfy,  or  satiate  ;  as,  a  filling  tllet. 
"Things  that  are  sweet  and  fat  are  more 
filling.'^-^Bacon. 

FILLING,  firing,  n.  materials  used  for  oc- 
cupying spme  vacant  space,  for  complet- 
ing some  structure,  stopping  up  a  hole, 
or  the  like  :  sometimes  applied  to  the 
weft  of  a  web  ;  the  woof. 

FILLIP,  fll'ip,  v.t.  to  strike  with  the  nail 
of  the  finger,  forced  from  the  ball  of  the 
thumb  with  a  sudden  jerk  •.—pr.p.  fill'ip- 
ing ;  2X1.2).  fill'iped. — n.  a  jerk  of  the 
finger  suddenly  let  go  from  the  thumb. 
[Formed  from  the  sound.] 

PILLIPEEN,  fil-li-pen',  n.  in  some  of  the 
Northern  States,  a  small  present  given 
in  accordance  with  a  custom  borrowed 
from  Germany.  When  a  person  eating 
almonds  or  nuts  finds  one  with  two  ker- 
nels he  or  she  gives  it  to  a  person  of 
the  opposite  sex,  and  whoever  at  the 
next  meeting  shall  utter  the  word  filli- 
peen  first  is  entitled  to  a  present  from 
the  other.  The  term  is  applied  also  to 
the  kernel  thus  given.  Written  also 
Philltpena,  Philopena.  [Ger.  viellieb- 
chen.  much-loved.] 

PILLY,  fil'i,  )i.  a  young  mare  :  a  lively, 
wanton  girl.  [Dim.  of  foal,  formed  by 
adding  suffix  y,  and  modifying'  the  vowel. 
See  Foal.] 

FILM,  film,  71.  a  thin  skin  or  membrane  : 
a  very  slender  thread. — v.t.  to  cover  with 
a  film,  or  thin  skin. — v.i.  to  be  or  be- 
come covered  as  if  by  a  film.  "  Straight 
her  eyebrows  filmed  with  horror." — 
E.  B.  Broiniing. — adj.  Film'y.  composed 
of  film  or  membranes. — n.  Film'iness. 
[A.S.,  formed  by  adding  suffix  -m  to  the 
root  of  E.  fell,  a  skin,  present  also  in 
Goth,  filleins,  leathern.] 

FILOPLUME,  fi'lo-plum,  n.  in  ornith.  a 
long,  slender,  and  flexible  feather,  closely 
approximating  to  a  hair  in  form,  and  con- 
sisting of  a  delicate  shaft,  either  destitute 
of  vanes  or  carrying  a  few  barbs  at  the 
tip.  [L.  filum,  a  thread,  and  pluma,  a 
feather.] 

FILTER,  fil'ter,  n.  a  strainer  :  a  piece  of 
woollen  cloth,  paper,  or  other  substance, 
through  which  liquors  are  passed  for  de- 
fecation. Filters  are  now  largely  em- 
ployed for  the  purpose  of  filtering  water, 
either  for  drinking  or  cvilinary  purposes. 
One  of  the  most  successful  apparatus  for 
the  purification  of  water  for  domestic 
purposes  is  the  ascending  filter  of  Leloge. 
It  is  divided  into  four  compartments,  one 
above  the  other.  The  upper  part,  con- 
taining the  water  to  be  filtered,  commu- 
nicates with  the  lowest  by  a  tube  having 
a  loose  sponge  at  its  mouth  to  stop  some 
of  the  impurities.  The  top  of  tlie  lowest 
compartment  is  composed  of  a  porous 
slab,  through  which  the  water  jiasses 
into  the  third  part,  whicli  is  filled  with 
charcoal.  The  water  is  forced  through 
the  charcoal  and  another  porous  slab  into 
the  fourth  compartment,  which  is  fur- 
nished with  a  tap  to  draw  off  the  filtered 
water.  To  enable  the  filter  to  be  cleaned, 
there  is  a  movable  plug  in  the  lowest 
part.  [Fr.  filtre.  It.  feltrare,  to  filter, 
from /eWro.  Low  L.  fil'trum.  feltrum.  felt 
or  fulled  wool,  used  originally  as  a 
strainer.] 

FILTER,  fil'ter,  v.t.  to  purify  or  defecate 
liquor  by  passing  it  through  a  filter,  or 
causing" it  to  pass  through  a  porous  sub- 
stancethat  retains  any  feculent  matter. 

FILTER,  fil'ter,  v.i.  to  percolate  :  to  pass 
through  a  filter. 

FILTERING,  fil'ter'ing,  p.  and  adj.  strain- 
ing :  defecating. — Filtering  bag.  a  coni- 
cal-sliaped  bag  made  of  close  flannel,  and 
kept  open  at  the  top  by  means  of  a  hoop, 


FILTH 


164 


FION 


to  which  it  is  attached.  It  is  used  in 
filtering  wine,  vinegar,  etc. — Filtering 
CUP,  a  pneumatic  apparatus  used  for  the 
purpose  of  showing  that,  if  the  pressure 
of  the  atmosphere  be  removed  from  an 
under  surface,  the  pressure  on  the  surface 
above  has  the  effect  of  forcing  a  fluid 
through  the  pores  of  such  substances  as  it 
could  not  otherwise  penetrate.— Filter- 
ing FtTTKEL,  a  glass  or  other  funnel  made 
with  slight  flutes  or  channels  down  the 
lower  parts  of  the  sides.  When  used  it 
is  lined  witli  filtering-paper,  folded  and 
loosely  put  iu.  The  channels  allow  the 
liquid  to  ooze  more  freely  than  in  a  funnel 
of  a  smooth  surface.— Filterikg  paper, 
any  paper  unsized  and  sufficiently  porous 
to  allow  Uquids  to  pass  through  it.— Fil- 
tering STONE,  any  porous  stone,  such  as 
sandstone,  through  which  water  is  fil- 
tered. 
FILTH,  filth,  Ji.,  foul  matter  :  anything 
that  defiles,  physical! v  or  morally.  [A.S. 
fyldh—ful,  foul.  See'FouL.] 
FILTHY,  filth'i,  adj.  foul :  unclean  :  im- 
pure.—  adv.  Filth'ily.— »!.  Filth'iness. 
FILTRATE.fil'trat,  v.t.  to/?fe)- or  percolate. 
FILTRATION,  fil-tra'shun,  n.  act  or  process 

of  filtering. 
FIMBRIATE,    fim'bri-at,    FIMBRIATED, 
flm'bri-at-ed,   adj.  having  fibres  on  the 
margin  :   fringed.     [L.  fimbriattis  — fim- 
brice,  fibres — from  root  of  Fibre.] 
FIMBRIATE,  fim'bri-at,  v.t.  to  fringe:  to 

hem. 
FIN,   fin,   n.  the  organ  by  which  a  fish 
b^ances  itself  and  swims.     [A.S.  fin  ;  L. 
pinna,  a  fin.] 
FESfABLE,  fin'a-bl,  adj.  liable  to  a  fine. 
FINAL,    fT'nal,    adj.    last :    decisive :    re- 
specting the  end  or  motive. — A  Final 
cause  is  the  last  end  or  purpose  for  which 
things  were  made,  and  the   doctrine  of 
final  causes  teaches  that  all  tilings  were 
made  on  a  plan  or  for  a  purpose. — adv. 
Fi'nally.  [Fr. — L.  finalis— finis,  an  end.] 
FINALE,  fe-na'la,  n.  the  end :  the  last  pas- 
sage in  a  piece  of  music  :  the  concluding 
piece  in  a  concert :  the  last  part,  piece, 
or  scene  in  any  public  performance  or 
exhibition;   as,  "It  was  arranged  that 
the  two  horsemen  should  first  occupy  the 
arena,  .  .  .  that  Glaucus  and    the   lion 
should  next  perform  their  part   in  the 
bloody  spectacle  ;  and  the  tiger  and  the 
Nazarene  be  the  grand  finale." — Lord 
Lytton.    [It.  finale,  final — L.  finis.] 
FINALITY,  fi-nal'i-ti,  n.  the  state  of  being 
final  :  the  state  of  being  settled  or  final- 
ly  arranged  :   completeness  :   in  iMlos. 
the  doctrine  that  nothing  exists  or  was 
made  except  for  a  determinate  end,  the 
doctrine  of  final  causes. 
FINALLY,  fl'nal-li,  adv.  at  the  end  or  con- 
clusion ;     ultimately ;    lasth'  ;     as,     the 
cause  is  expensive,  but  we  shall  finally 
recover  :  completely  ;  beyond  recovery  ; 
"  The  enemy  was  finally  exterminated." 
— Sir  J.  Davies. 
FINANCE,  fi-nans',   n.  the  system  or  sci- 
ence of  public  revenue  and  expenditure  ; 
as,  "I  hope,  however,  he   will  not  rely 
too  much  on  the  fertUity  of  Lord  North's 
genius  for  finance." — Junius'  Letters  : — 
pi.  revenue:  funds  in  the  public  treasury, 
or    accruing  to  it :  public    resources    of 
money  ;  as,  the  finances  of  the  king  or 
government  were  in  a  low  condition  : — 
pi.  the  income  or  resources  of  individ- 
uals ;  as,  my  finances  are  in  a  very  un- 
healthy state.  [Fr.,  from  Low  'L.financia, 
a  money  payment,  from  finare,  to  pay  a 
fine  or  subsidy,  from  L.  finis,  in  the  sense 
of  a  sum  of  niioney  paid  by  the  subject  to 
the  king  for  the  enjoyment  of  a  privi- 
lege ;  the  final  settlement  of  a  claim  by 
composition  or  agreement.] 


FINANCE,  fl-nans',  v.i.  to  conduct  finan- 
cial operations :    especially,  in   a   com- 
mercial  sense,    to  meet  obligations  by 
continual  borrowing. 
FINANCIAL,  fi-nan'shal,   adj.   pertaining 

to  finance.— ode.  Finan'ctat.t.y. 
FINANCIER,  fi-nan'ser,  «.  one  skilled  in 
finance  :  an  officer  who  administers  the 
public  revenue. 
FINANCIER,  FINANCEER,  fi-nan'ser,  v.i. 
to  borrow  one  day  to  meet  an  obligation, 
and  on  a  subsequent  day  to  again  borrow 
to  meet  the  borrowed  money,  and  so  on 
till  one's  affairs  get  into  contusion.  Lever. 
FINCH,  finsh,  n.  the  name  of  several  spe- 
cies of   birds,   many  of  them   excellent 
singers.     [A.S.  fine)  Qer.  fiiik ;  alUed  to 
W.  pine,  a  chaffinch,  also  smart,  gay.] 
FIND,  find,  v.t.  to  come  upon  or  meet  with: 
to  discover  or  arrive  at :  to  perceive  :  to 
experience  :  to  supply  -.—pr.p.   find'ing  ; 
pa.t  a.ud. pa.p.  found, — n.  Find'er.    [A.S. 
lindan  ;  &er.  finden.] 
FINDING-STORE,  flnd-ing'-stor,  n.  in  the 
United  States,  a  store  where  shoemakers' 
tools,  etc.,  are  sold.     Called  in  England 
Grindery  Warehouse. 
FINE,  fin,  adj.  excellent :  beautiful :  not 
coarse  or  heavy  :  subtle  :  thin  :  slender  : 
exquisite  :     nice  :     delicate  :    overdone  : 
showy:    splendid. — The  Fine  arts,   as 
painting  and  music,  are  those  in  which 
the  love  of  the  beautiful  and  fineness  of 
taste  are  chiefly  concerned  ;  opp.  to  the 
useful  or  industrial  arts. — v.t.  to  make 
fine  :  to  refine  :  to  purify. — adv.  FiNE'LY. 
— n.  Fine'ness.     [Fr. — Li.  finittis,  finished, 
from^7MO,  to  finish,  ^»«'s,  an  end.] 
FINE,   fin,   71.   a  composition :   a  sum  of 
money  imposed   as    a    punishment. — In 
FINE,   in  conclusion. —  v.t.   to  impose   a 
fine  on :  to  jjunish  by  fine.     [From  the 
Law  Lat.  finis,  a  fine,  a  payment  which 
ends  or  concludes  a  strife — L.  finis,  an 
end.] 
FINEER,  fi-ner',  i:i.  to  get  goods  made  up 
in  a  way  unsuitable  for  any  other  pur- 
chaser,  and  then  refuse  to  take  them 
except  on  credit.     Ooldsmith. 
FINER,  fin'er,  n.  same  as  Refiner. 
FINERY,    fin'er-i,    n.    splendor,     fine    or 
showy  things  :  a  place  where  anything  is 
fined  or  refined  :  a  furnace  for  making 
iron  malleable. 
FINESSE,  fi-nes'.  n.  subtilty  of  contrivance: 
artifice. — v.i.  to  use  artifice.     [Fr.,  from 
root  of  Fine.] 
FINESTILL,    fin'stil,    v.t.    to    distil,    as 
spirits,  from  molasses,  treacle,  or  some 
preparation  of  saccharine  matter. 
FINESTILLER,  fin'stil-er,  w.  one  who  dis- 
tils spirit  from  treacle  or  molasses. 
FINESTUFF.  fin'stuf,  n.  the  second  coat 
of  plaster  for  the  walls  of  a  room,  made 
of  finely-sifted  lime  with  sand  and  hair. 
FINGENT,  fin'jent,  adj.  making:  forming: 
fashioning.       "Ours    is    a   most    fictile 
world,   and    man    is   the   most    fingent, 
plastic  of  creatures."— CarZ2/Ze.     IL.  fin- 
go,  to  make,  to  form.] 
FINGER,  fing'ger,  n.  one  of  the  five  ex- 
treme   parts    of    the    hand  :    a    finger's 
breadth  :   skill   in  the  use  of   the   hand 
or  fingers. — v.t.  to  handle  or  perform 
with  the  fingers:   to  pilfer.— r.i.  to  use 
the    fingers    on  a  musical    instrument. 
[A.S.,  Ger.,  Dan.,  from  root  of  Fang.] 
FINGER-BOARD,    fing'ger-bord,    n.    the 
board,  or  part  of  a  musical  instrument, 
on  which  the  keys  for  the  fingers  are 

placed.        

FINGER-BO"WL,  fing'ger-bol,  n.  a  finger- 
glass. 
FINGERED,  fing'gerd,  adj.  having  fingers, 

or  anything  like  fingers. 
FINGER-GLASS,  fing'ger-glas,  n.  a  glass 


or  bowl  introduced  at  table  in  which  to 
rinse  the  fingers  after  dinner  or  dessert. 

FINGERING,  fing'ger-ing,  n.  act  or  man- 
ner of  touching  with  the  fingers,  esp.  a 
musical  instrument. 

FINGER-PLATE,  fing'ger-plat,  n.  a  plate 
of  metal  or  porcelain  fixed  on  the  edge  of 
a  door  where  the  handle  is,  to  protect  the 
wood  from  finger-niarks,  and  to  preserve 
the  paint. 

FINGER-POST,  fing'ger-post,  n.  a  post 
with  a.  finger  pointing,  for  directing  pas- 
sengers to  the  road. 

FINGER-SHELL,  fing'ger-shel,  n.  a  marine 
shell  resembUng  a  finger. 

FINGER-STALL,  fing'ger-stawl,  n.  a  cover 
of  leather,  etc.,  worn  for  protection  of 
the  fingers,  as  when  wounded. 

FINGER-STONE,  fing'ger-ston,  n.  a  fossil 
resembling  an  arrow. 

FINIAL,  fin'i-al,  n.  the  bunch  of  foliage, 
etc.,  at  the  top  of  a  pinnacle  :  the  pin- 
nacle itself.     [From  L.  finio— finis.] 

FINICAL,  fin'i-kal.  adj.  affectedly  fine  or 
precise  in  trifles  :  nice  :  foppish.  —  adv. 

FrN'lCALLY. 

FINING,  fin'ing,  n.  process  of  refining  or 

purifying. 
FINIS,  fi'nis,  n.  the  end  :  conclusion.  [L.] 
FINISH,  fin'ish,  v.t.  to  end  or  complete  the 
making  of  anything  :  to  perfect :  to  give 
the  last  touches  to. — n.  that  which 
finishes  or  completes  :  last  touch  :  the 
last  coat  of  plaster  to  a  wall.  [Fr.  finir, 
finissant,  L.  finire— finis,  an  end.] 
FINISHED,  fin'isht,  p.  and  adj.  polished  to 
the  highest  degree  of  excellence  :  com- 
plete :  perfect  :  as,  a  finished  poem,  a 
finished  education,  ""rhe  keen  observa- 
tion and  ironical  pleasantry  of  a.  finished 
man  of  the  world." — Macaiday.  "  There 
are  two  great  and  separate  senses  in 
which  we  call  a  thing /raisfted.  .  .  .  One, 
which  refers  to  the  mere  neatness  and 
completeness  of  the  actual  work,  as  we 
speak  of  a  weW-finished  knife-handle  or 
ivory  toy  ;  and  secondly,  a  sense  which 
refers  to  the  efi'ect  produced  by  the  thing 
done,  as  we  call  a  picture  -weU-finished,  if 
it  is  »o  full  in  its  details  as  to  produce  the 
efi'ect  of  rea.\itj."—Ruskin. 
FINISHER,  fin'ish-er,  n.  one  who  finishes, 
completes,  or  perfects  :  specifically,  in 
many  crafts  or  trades,  a  skilled  workman 
who  does  special  work  on  the  articles 
produced,  such  as  shoes,  vehicles,  cutlery, 
etc. 
FINITE,  fl'nit,  adj.  having  an  end  or  limit: 
—opp.  to  Infinite.  —  adv.  Fi'nitely.— 
n.  Fi'niten"ess.  [L.finitus,  pa.p.  of/juo.] 
FINNY,  fin'i,  adj.  furnished  with/?!S. 
FINOS,   fen'oz,    n.   the   second-best   wool 

from  merino  sheep.  [Sp.] 
FIN-PIKE,  fin'-plk,  n.  the  name  given  to 
the  individuals  of  a  family  of  ganoid 
fishes,  remarkable  for  the  structure  of 
the  dorsal  fin,  which,  instead  of  being 
continuous,  is  separated  into  twelve  or 
sixteen  strong  spines,  distributed  at  short 
intervals  along  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
back,  and  each  bordered  behind  bj-  a 
small  soft  fin.  Two  species  of  this  cu- 
rious group  are  living,  one  of  which  in- 
habits the  Nile,  and  the  other  the  Sene- 
gal ;  but  the  family  attained  its  maxi- 
mum in  palseozoic  times,  most  of  the  old 
red  and  carboniferous  fishes  belonging 
to  it. 
FION.  FEIN,  n.  a  name  given  in  the  Os- 
sianic  poetry  to  a  semi-mj-thical  class  of 
warriors  of  superhuman  size,  strength, 
speed  and  prowess.  Generally  they  are 
supposed  to  have  been  a  sort  of  Irish 
militia,  and  to  have  had  their  name  from 
Fion  Mac  Cumhal  (the  Finn  Mac  Coul  of 
Dunbar,  and  Fingal  of  Macpherson),  their 
most  distinguished  leader  ;  but  Mr.  Skene 


FIORD 


165 


FIRST-RATE 


believes  them  to  have  been  of  the  race 
that  inhabited  German}'  before  the  Ger- 
mans, and  Scotland  and  Ireland  before 
the  Scots.  [Gael,  fein,  pi.  feinne  ;  Ir. 
lion,  flan,  pi.  fiona,  fio7iHa.] 

FIORD,  fyord,  n.  name  given  in  Scandi- 
navia to  a  long-,  narrow,  rock-bound 
strait  or  inlet.     [Norvv.] 

FIR.  fer,  n.  the  name  of  several  species  of 
cone-bearing,  resinous  trees,  valuable  for 
their  timber.  [A.S. furh  ;  Ice.  fura,  Ger. 
fohre.  W.  pyr,  L.  qu'ercus.] 

FIRE,  fir,  n.  the  heat  and  light  caused  by 
burning :  flame  :  anything  burning,  as 
fuel  in  a  grate,  etc.:  a  conflagration  : 
torture  by  burning :  severe  trial  :  any- 
thing inflaming  or  provoking  :  ardor  of 
passion  :  vigor :  brightness  of  fancy  : 
enthusiasm  :  sexual  love.  [A.S.,  Sw., 
and  Dan.  fyr ;  Ger.  feuer  :  Gr.  pyr ; 
allied  to  Sans,  pdvana,  pure,  also  fire.] 

FIRE,  fir,  v.t.  to  set  on  fire  :  to  inflame  : 
to  irritate :  to  animate :  to  cause  the 
explosion  of:  to  discharge. — v.i.  to  take 
fire :  to  be  or  become  irritated  or  in- 
flamed :  to  discharge  firearms. 

FIREARMS,  fir'armz',  n.pl.  arms  or  weap- 
ons which  are  discharged  bj'  fire  explod- 
ing gunpowder. 

FIREBALL,  fir'bawl,  n.  a  ball  filled  with 
powder  or  other  combustibles,  intended  to 
be  thrown  among  enemies,  and  to  injure 
by  explosion,  or  to  set  fire  to  their  works 
in  order  that  by  the  light  movements  maj- 
be  seen.  Also  a  popular  name  applied  to 
a  certain  class  of  meteors  which  exhibit 
themselves  as  globular  masses  of  light, 
moving  with  great  velocity,  and  not  un- 
frequently  passing  unbroken  across  the 
sky  until  lost  in  the  horizon.  They  differ 
firom  ordinary  meteors,  probably,  more 
in  volume  and  brilliancj'  than  in  any 
other  distinctive  characteristic.  They  are 
not  to  be  confounded  with  another  class 
of  meteors  that  explode  in  their  passage, 
and  appear  to  let  fall  a  dull  red  body  (me- 
teorolite)  to  the  earth. 

FIREBAR,  fir-bar,  FURNACE-BAR,  fer'- 
nas-bar,  n.  one  of  the  series  of  bars 
which  form  the  grated  bottom  of  a  fur- 
nace, on  which  the  fuel  rests. 

FIREBOX,  fir'boks,  n.  the  box  or  chamber 
of  a  steam  engine,  in  which  the  Are  is 
placed. 

FniEBRAND,  fir'brand,  n.  a  brand  or  piece 
of  wood  on  fire  :  one  who  inflames  the 
passions  of  others. 

FIREBRICK,  flr'brik,  n.  a  brick  so  made 
as  to  resist  the  action  of  fire. 

FIRE-BRIGADE,  fir'-brig-ad',  n.  a  brigade 
or  company  of  men  for  extinguishing 
fires  or  conflagrations. 

FIRECLAY,  flr'kla,  n.  a  kind  of  clay, 
capable  of  resisting  fire,  used  in  mak- 
ing firebricks. 

FIRECOCK,  fir'kok,  n.  a  cock  or  spout  to 
let  out  water  for  extinguishing  fires. 

FIREDAMP,  fir'damp,  n.  a  gas,  carbu- 
retted  hydrogen,  in  coal-mines,  apt  to 
take  fire. 

FIRE-DRESS,  fir'-dress,  n.  an  invention 
used  as  a  protection  against  fire,  with 
the  view  of  enabling  the  wearer  to  ap- 
proach, and  even  to  pass  through  a 
fierce  flame,  to  rescue  lives  or  valuable 
property,  or  to  use  means  for  the  extinc- 
tion of  fire.  It  consists  of  an  exterior 
light  armor  of  metallic  gauze,  and  of  an 
inner  covering  of  a  material  which  is  a 
slow  conductor  of  heat,  such  as  wool, 
cotton,  etc.,  immersed  in  certain  saline 
solutions. 

FIRE-ENGINE,  fir'-en'jin,  n.  an  engine  or 
forcing-pump  used  to  extinguish  fires 
with  water. 

FIRE-ESCAPE,  fir'-es-kap',  n.  a  portable 
machine,  or  a  fixed  contrivance  reaching 


to  and  from  the  upper  windows  of  build- 
ings, and  used  to  enable  people  to  escape 
from  fires. 

FIRE-FLAG,  fir-'flag,  n.  a  flash  or  gleam  of 
lightning  unaccompanied  witli  thunder. 
The  upper  air  burst  into  life  ! 
Ami  a  hundred  fire-fiugs  sheen.— Coleridge. 

FIREFLY,  fTr'fli,  n.  a  winged  luminous  fly 
which  emits  a  bright  hght  like  a  fire- 
•  spark. 

FIRELOCK,  fir'lok,  n.  a  gun  in  which  the 
fire  is  caused  by  a  lock  with  steel  and  flint. 

FIREMAN,  fir'man,  n.  a  man  whose  busi- 
ness it  is  to  assist  in  extinguishing  fires  : 
a  man  who  tends  the  fires,  as  of  a  steam- 
engine,  or  a  railway  locomotive — called 
on  English  railway's  a  stoker. 

FIREPLACE,  fir'plas,  n.  the  place  in  a 
house  appropriated  to  the  fire  :  a  hearth. 

FIREPLUG,  fir'plug,  n.  a  plug  placed  in  a 
pipe  which  supplies  water  in  case  of  fire. 

FIREPROOF,  fir'pr56f,  aclj.  proof  against 
fire  :  incombustible.  Various  plans  have 
been  adopted  for  rendering  houses,  or  an 
apartment  in  a  house,  fireproof,  as  by 
constructing  them  entirelj'  of  brick  or 
stone,  and  employing  iron  doors,  ties, 
and  lintels,  stone  staircases,  and  land- 
ings. In  the  case  of  textile  fabrics,  as 
cotton,  linen,  etc.,  saturation  with 
various  salts,  as  borax,  which  leave  their 
crystals  in  the  substance  of  the  fabrics, 
is  the  means  adopted  for  rendering  them 
incombustible.  Wood  i£  best  protected 
by  silicate  of  soda,  which,  on  the  appli- 
cation of  strong  heat,  fuses  into  a  glass, 
which  enveloping  not  only  the  outside 
but  also  the  internal  fibres  of  the  wood 
shield  it  from  contact  with  the  oxygen 
of  the  air.  All  that  can  be  done  by  any 
process,  however,  is  the  prevention  of 
conflagration  :  no  mode  yet  known  can 
prevent  smouldering. 

FIRESHIP,  fir'ship,  n.  a  vessel  filled  with 
combustibles,  to  set  an  enemy's  vessels 
on  fire. 

FIRESIDE,  fir'sTd,  n.  the  side  of  a  fire- 
place :  the  hearth  :  home. 

FIRESTONE,  fir'ston,  n.  a  kind  of  sand- 
stone that  bears  a  high  degree  of  heat. 

FIREWORKS,  fir'wurks,  n.pl.  artificial 
works  or  preparations  of  gimpowder, 
sulphur,  etc.,  to  be  fired  chiefly  for  dis- 
play or  amusement. 

FIRE-WORSHIP,  fir'-wur'ship,  n.  the  wor- 
ship of  fire,  the  highest  type  of  which 
worship  is  seen  in  the  adoration  of  the 
sun,  not  only  as  the  most  glorious  visible 
object  in  the  universe,  but  also  as  the 
source  of  light  and  heat.  In  the  early 
religion  of  India  the  sun  appears  in  the 
form  of  the  god  Agni  (L.  ignis,  fire), 
what  was  first  regarded  as  a  mere  ab- 
stract influence  or  a  phenomenon  in  time 
being  regarded  as  a  sentient  individual. 
Thus  in  the  Vedic  hymns  Agni  is  the  god 
of  fire,  corresponding  to  the  Greek  He- 
phajstos.  In  the  East  the  worship  of  the 
element  of  fire  was  practiced  by  the  an- 
cient Persians  or  Magians,  and  is  con- 
tinued by  the  modern  Parsees.  The  es- 
tablishment of  this  species  of  idolatrj' 
among  the  Persians  is  ascribed  to  Zoro- 
aster, who  taught  his  disciples  that  in 
the  sun  and  in  the  sacred  fires  of  their 
temples  God  more  especially  dwelt,  and 
that  therefore  divine  homage  was  to  be 
paid  to  these.— ?(.  Fire'-wor'SHIPPER. 

FIRING,  flr'ing,  n.  a  putting  fire  to  or 
discharge  of  guns  :  firewood  :  fuel. 

FIRKIN,  fer'kin,  Ji.  a  measure  equal  to  the 
fourth  part  of  a  barrel  :  9  gallons  :  56 
lbs.  of  butter.  [O.  Dut.  vier,  four,  and 
the  dim.  suflix  -kin.} 

FIRM,  ferm,  adj.  fixed  :  compact :  strong: 
not  easily  moved  or  disturbed:  unshaken: 
resolute  :    decided.  —  adv.    Firm'ly. — n. 


FraM'NESS.     [Fr.  /erme— L.  firnms ;  allied 
to  Sans,  dhri,  to  bear,  to  support.] 

FIRM,  ferm,  n.  the  title  under  which  a 
company  transacts  business  :  a  business 
house  or  partnership.  [It.  firma,  from 
L.  firmxis.] 

FIRMAMENT,  fer'ma-ment,  n.  the  region 
of  the  air  :  the  sky  or  heavens.  fThe 
Hebrew  word  rakia,  which  is  so  ren- 
dered in  Scripture,  conveys  chiefly  the 
idea  of  expansion,  although  that  of 
soliditj-  is  also  suggested,  inasmuch  as 
the  root  signification  of  the  word  is  that 
which  is  expanded  by  beating  out.  The 
English  firmament  is  adoptee'  from  the 
hatin  firmamentum,  which  is  the  equiv- 
alent of  the  Greek  stereoma  (stereos, 
firm,  solid),  by  which  the  writers  of  the 
Septuagint  rendered  rakia.  L.  firma- 
mentum,  from  firmo,  firmattim,  to  make 
firm,  to  support,  from  firmus,  steadfast, 
stable,  strong.] 

FIRMAMENTAL,  fer-ma-ment'al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  firmament  :  celestial. 

FIRMAN,  fer'man,  n.  any  decree  emanat- 
ing from  the  Turkish  government. 
\FeTs.  firm&n ;  Q&ns.  pram&na,  measure, 
decision.] 

FIRST,  ferst,  adj.,  foremost :  preceding  all 
others  in  place,  time,  or  degree :  most 
eminent  :  chief. — adv.  before  anything 
else,  in  time,  space,  rank,  etc.  [A.S. 
fyrst  ;  Ice.  fyrstr  ;  the  superl.  of  fore  by 
adding  -st.'] 

FIRST-BORN,  ferst'-bawrn,  adj.  born  first. 
— n.  the  first  in  the  order  of  birth  :  the 
eldest  child. 

FIRST-DAY,  ferst'-da,  n.  the  name  given 
to  the  Lord's-day  by  the  Quakers  and 
some  other  Christian  bodies,  from  its  be- 
ing the  first  day  of  the  week. 

FIRST-FLOOR,  ferst'-flor,  ?i.in  England  the 
floor  or  story  of  a  building  next  above 
the  ground-floor  :  in  the  United  States, 
the  ground-floor. 

FIRST-FOOT,  ferst'-foot,  n.  in  Scotland, 
the  person  who  first  enters  a  dwelling- 
house  after  the  coming'  in  of  the  year  : 
also,  the  first  person  or  object  met  on 
setting  out  on  any  important  journey  or 
undertaking.  "Great  attention  is  paid 
to  the  first-foot,  that  is,  the  person  who 
happens  to  meet  them  (the  marriage 
company)  ;  and  if  such  person  does  not 
voluntarily  offer  to  go  back  with  them, 
they  are  generally  compelled  to  do  so. 
A  man  on  horseback  is  reckoned  very 
lucky,  and  a  bare-footed  woman  almost 
as  bad  as  a  witch." — Edin.  Mag. 

FIRST-FRUIT,  ferst'-froot,  FIRST- 
FRUITS,  ferst'-f roots,  n.  the  fruit  or  prod- 
uce first  matured  and  collected  in  any 
season,  of  which  the  Jews  made  an  obla- 
tion to  God,  as  an  acknowledgment  of 
his  sovereign  dominion  :  the  first  profits 
of  anything  ;  as,  (a)  \n  old  feudal  tenures, 
one  J  ear's  profit  of  the  land  after  the 
death  of  a  tenant,  which  was  paid  to  the 
king  ;  (6)  in  the  Church  of  England,  the 
income  of  every  spiritual  benefice  forthe 
first  year,  paid  originally  to  the  crown, 
but  now  to  a  board,  which  applies  the 
money  so  obtained  to  the  supplementing 
of  the  incomes  of  small  benefices  :  the 
first  or  earliest  effect  of  anything,  in  a 
good  or  bad  sense  ;  as,  the  first-fruits  of 
grace  in  the  heart,  or  the  first-fruits  of 
vice ; 
See.  Father,  what  first-fruits  on  earth  are  sprung. 
From  thy  implanted  grace  in  man  : — Miltoii. 

FIRSTLING,  ferst'ling,  n.  the  first  produce 

or  ofl'sjiring,  esp.  of  animals.     [FIRST  and 

dim.  ling.^i 
FIRST-RATE,  ferst'-rat,  adj.  of  the  first  or 

highest  rate  or  excellence :  pre-eminent 

in  quality,  size,  or  estimation. 


FIRST-WATER 


166 


FLACCIDNESS 


raiST-WATER  ferst'-waw-ter,  n.  the  first 
or  highest  quality  :  purest  lustre  :  applied 
to  gems  ana  principally  to  diamonds  and 
pearls  ;  as,  a  diamond  of  the  first-water. 

FmTH,  ferth.    Same  as  Frith. 

FISC,  fisk,  n.  the  state  treasury  :  the  public 
revenue.  [Fr.  fise — L.  fiscua,  a  basket  or 
purse,  the  treasury.] 

FlSCAli,  fisk'al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  public 
treasury  or  revenue. — n.  a,  treasurer :  {in 
Scotland)  an  officer  who  prosecutes  in 
tjetty  criminal  cases. 

FlSH.fish,  n.  an  animal  that  lives  in  water, 
and  breathes  tlirough  gills  :  the  flesh  of 
ish  :— ^'.  Fish  or  Fishes. — v.t.  to  search 
for  fish  :  to  search  by  sweeping :  to  draw 
out  or  up :  to  seeK  to  obtain  by  artifice. 

JA.S.fisc  ;  Gre-    fisch;  ice.  fiskr;  Goth. 
isks :  h.piscis  ;  6r.  ichthys :  Gael,  iasg.] 
5HER,  flsh'er,  FISHERMAN,fish'er-man, 
71.  one  who  fishes,  or  whose  occupation  is 
to  catch  fish. 

FISHERY,  flsh'er-i,  n.  the  business  of  catch- 
ing fish  :  a  place  for  catching  fish. 

FISHING,  fish'ing,  adj.  used  in  fishery. — n, 
the  art  or  practice  of  catching  fish. 

FISHMONGER,  fish'mung-ger,  n.  a  dealer 
in  fish.     [Fish  and  MONGER.] 

FISHY,  fisn'i,  adj.  consisting  of  fish  :  like 
a  fish  :  abounding  in  fish. — n.  FiSH'rNESS. 

FISSILE,  fls'il,  adj.  that  may  be  cleft  or 
split  in  the  direction  of  the  grain.  [L. 
fi-mZts,  fvom  flndo,  to  cleave.] 

FISSION,  fi'shun,  );.  the  act  of  cleaving, 
splitting  or  breaking  up  into  parts  :  in 
physiol.  multiplication  oy  means  of  a 
process  of  self -division,  consisting  of  grad- 
ual di\'ision  or  cleavage  of  the  bodj'  into 
two  parts,  each  of  which  then  becomes  a 
sepai-ate  and  independent  individual,  as 
when  a  vegetable  or  animal  cell  under- 
goes spontaneous  division,  the  divided 
parts  again  subdividing,  or  an  animalcule 
or  polyp  divides  into  two  parts.  [L.  fls- 
sio.  from Jindo.fissum,  to  split  or  cleave.] 

FKSIPAROUS,  fis-sip'a-rus,  adj.,  propa- 
gated by  spontaneous  fission  into  minute 
parts.  [L.fissiis,  pa.p.  otfindo,  anAparw, 
to  bring  forth.] 

FISSIROSTRAL,  fis-i-ros'tral,  adj.  having 
a  deeply  c/e/f  or  gaping  bea^,  as  swallows, 
etc.     \h.  fissus,  and  rostrum,  a  beak.] 

FISSURE,  fish'iir,  n.  a  narrow  opening  or 
chasm.  [Fr.  —  L.  fissura,  from  findo, 
fissus,  to  cleave.] 

FISSURE -NEEDLE,  flsh'ur  -  ne'dl,  n.  a 
spiral  needle  for  bringing  together  the 
lips  of  a  wound  ;  being  turned  round  its 
axis  it  catches  each  lip  Eilternately,  and 
it  is  so  made  as  to  be  able  to  introduce  a 
thread  or  wire,  which  is  left  in  the  place 
when  the  needle  is  ^vithdrawn. 

FIST,  fist,  n.  the  closed  or  clenched  hand, 
orig.  as  used  for  striking.  FA.S.  fyst; 
Grer.  faust :  Russ.  piaste ;  allied  to  L. 
pugnus,  a  fist,  Qr.  pux,  with  clenched 
fist.] 

FISTULA,  flst'u-la,  n.  a  deep,  narrow, 
pipe-like,  sinuous  ulcer.  [L.  fistula,  a 
pipe.] 

FISTULAR,  fist'Q-lar,  adj.  hollow  like  a 
pipe. 

FISTULOUS,  fist'a-lus,  adj.  of  the  nature 
or  form  of  a,  fistula. 

Vwi,  fit,  adj.  adapted  to  anj'  particular 
end  or  standard :  qualified :  convenient : 
proper. — v.t.  to  make  fit  or  suitable  :  to 
suit  one  thing  to  another  :  to  be  adapted 
to  :  to  qualify. — v.i.  to  be  suitable  or  be- 
coming •.—pr'.p.  fitt'ing ;  pa.p.  fitt'ed. — 
adv.  Fit'ly.— ?!.  Fit'ness.  [Ice.  ^i^a,  to 
knit  together;  Goth. /e/jan,  to  adorn.] 

FIT,  fit,  n.  a  sudden  attack  by  convulsions, 
as  apoplexy,  epilepsy,  etc.:  con\-ulsion 
or  paroxysm  :  a  temporary  attack  of 
anything,  as  laughter,  etc.:  a  sudden  ef- 
fort or  motion  :  a  passing  humor.    [A.S. 


fit,  a  song  ;  Ice.  fet,  a  foot ;  Sans,  pada, 
a  step,  a  verse  of  a  poem.  The  orig. 
sense  was  a  foot  or  step,  tlien  a  part  of 
a  poem,  a  bout  of  fighting,  and  lastly,  a 
sudden  attack  of  pain.  Cf.  fetch,  foot, 
fit  (above).] 

FITCH,  fich,  n.  now  VETCH  ;  (B.)  in  Isa- 
iah, the  black  poppy,  with  a  .«eed  like 
cummin  :  in  Ezekiel.  a  kind  of  bearded 
wheat,  spelt.     [See  Vetch.] 

FITCH-BRUSH,  ficli'-b-ush,  n.  a  brush  or 
hair-pencil  made  of  the  hair  of  the  fitch 
or  pole-cat.  Such  brushes  are  much  es- 
teemed, ai-e  elastic  and  firm,  can  be 
brought  to  a  fine  point,  and  work  freely. 

FITCHET,  fich'et,  FITCHEW,  fich'66,  n. 
a  polecat.  [O.  Fr.  fissaii,  from  root  of 
Dut.  vies,  nasty.] 

FITFUL,  fit'foof,  adj.  marked  by  sudden 
impulses  :  spasmodic. — adv.  Fxt'fully. 
— n.  Fit'fulness. 

FIT-ROD,  fit'-rod,  n.  in  ship-huilding,  a 
small  iron  rod  with  a  hook  on  the  end, 
used  for  being  inserted  into  the  holes 
made  in  a  vessel's  sides,  in  order  to  as- 
certain the  required  length  of  the  bolts 
or  treenails  wiiich  are  to  be  driven  in. 

FITTER,  flt'er,  n.  he  who  or  that  which 
makes  fit. 

FITTING,  fifing,  adj.  fit :  appropriate.— 
n.  anything  used  in  fitting  up,  esp.  in  pi. 
—adv.  Fitt'ingly. 

FITZ,  fits,  Ji.  (a  prefii),  sore  of:  used  in 
England,  esp.  of  the  illegitimate  sons  of 
kings  and  princes.  [Norman  Fr.  fiz,  Fr. 
fiU — L.  filiiis ;  cf.  Russ.  suffix  vitz,  a  son.] 

FIVE,  fiv,  adj.  and  n.  four  and  one.  [A.S. 
Jif;  Ger.  fianf;  Goth,  fimf ;  W.  pump; 
L.  qitinmie ;  Gr.  petite,  pempe;  Sans. 
panchanT]        

FIVE-FINGER-TIED,  fiv'.fing-ger-tld,  adj. 
tied  by  all  the  fingers  of  the  hand,  that 
is,  eagerly  or  securely  tied. 
And  with  another  knot,  five-finger-tied. 
The  fragments,  scrape,  the  bits,  aad  ^easy  re- 

liques. 
Of  her  o'er-eaten  faith,  are  bound  to  DIomed. 

—Shak. 

FIVEFOLD,  fiv'feld,  adj.  five  times  folded 
or  repeated  :  in  fives. 

FIVES,  fivz,  n.  a  kind  of  play  with  a  ball, 
originally  called  hand-tennis :  so  named 
probably  from  its  being  usually  played 
with  five  on  each  side,  although  others 
give  dLB'erent  explanations^  as  that  it  is 
so  called  because  the  ball  is  struck  with 
the  hand  or  five  fingers. 

FIVES,  fivz,  n.  a  disease  of  horses,  re- 
sembling the  strangles.  Written  also 
VrvES. 

FIX,  fiks,  v.t.  to  make  stable,  firm,  or  fast,; 
to  set  or  place  permanently  ;  to  establish 
firmly  or  immovably  ;  to  establisli ;  as, 
the  universe  is  governed  by  fixed  laws ; 
the  prince  fiaxd  his  residence  at  York  ; 
some  men  have  no  fixed  opinions  :  to 
make  fast ;  to  fasten  ;  to  attach  firmly  ; 
as,  to  fix  a  cord  or  line  to  a  hook  :  to 
du-ect  steadily,  as  the  eye,  the  mind,  the 
attention,  etc.,  without  allowing  it  to 
wander ;  to  fasten  ;  as,  the  gentleman 
fixed  his  ej'es  on  the  speaker  :  to  make 
solid  ;  to  congeal ;  to  deprive  of  vola- 
tihty  :  to  stop  or  keep  from  moving  :  in 
popular  use,  in  America,  to  put  in  order; 
to  prepare  ;  to  arrange  or  manage  ;  to 
adjust ;  to  set  or  place  in  the  manner 
desired  or  most  suitable ;  as,  to  fix 
clothes  or  dress  ;  to  fix  the  furniture  of 
a  room  ;  thus,  to^  the  hair,  the  table, 
the  fire,  etc.,  is  to  dress  the  hair,  lay 
the  table,  make  up  the  fire,  and  so  on. 
"  Dampier  has  fix  apparently  in  the  New 
England  sense.  'We  went  ashore  and 
dried  our  cloaths,  cleaned  our  guns,  dried 
our  ammunition,  and  fixt  ourselves 
against  our  enemies  if  we  should  be  I 
attacked  "■    O  P  l/nrs/i  -T'^  nx  4  pict-  ' 


URE,  in  photog.  to  give  permanence  to 
the  image  on  a  negative  or  positive,  by 
removal  of  the  superfluous  salts  of  silver, 
which  would  otherwise  gradually  blacken 
and  destroy  the  image  ;  this  is  usually 
done  by  means  of  hyposulphite  of  soda, 
[Fr.  fi.ver :  h.figo.fixuvi,  to  fasten,] 

FIX,  fiks,  v.i.  to  rest ;  to  settle  or  remain 
permanently  ;  to  cease  fro:ii  wandering  ; 
to  become  firm,  so  as  to  re.sist  volatiliza<- 
tion  :  to  cease  to  flow  or  be  fluid  ;  to 
congeal ;  to  become  hiu-d  and  malleable, 
as  a  metallic  substance;  "The  quick- 
silver will _^a' and  run  no  more." — Bacon. 
— To  FIX  ON,  to  settle  the  opinion  or  reso- 
lution on  anj'thing  ;  to  determine  on  ; 
as,  tiie  contracting  parties  have.^ed  on 
certain  leading  points. 

FIX.  fllis,  n.  a  condition  :  predicament : 
difficulty  :  dilemma. — To  BE  in  a  fix,  to 
be  in  a  difflcultj'  or  dilemma. 

FIXATION,  fiks-a'shun.  n.  act  of  fixing  or 
state  of  being  fixed  :  steadiness  :  firm- 
ness :  state  in  which  a  body  does  not 
evaporate. 

FIXED,  fikst,  p.  or  adj.  settled  :  estab- 
lished :  firm:  fast:  stable.  "The  grad- 
ual establishment  of  law  by  the  consoli- 
dation of  custom  is  tlie  formation  of 
something  Jixed  in  the  midst  of  things 
that  are  clianging." — Herbert  Sjifncer. — 
Fixed  air.  the  old  name  of  cai-bonic 
acid.  —  Fixed  alkalies,  potash,  soda, 
and  lithia.  in  contradistinction  to  am- 
monia, wliich  is  termed  volatile  alkali. 
— ^FlXED  AMJTDKITION,  ammunition  con- 
sisting of  the  powder  and  ball  inclosed 
together  in  a  wrapper  or  case,  ready  for 
insertion  in  the  bore  of  the  firearm.— 
FiXFD  BODIES  are  those  which  bear  a  high 
heat  without  evaporation  or  volatiliza- 
tion.— Fixed  oils,  oils  obtained  by  simple 
pressure,  and  not  readily,  nor  without 
decomposition,  volatiUzed  :  so  called  in 
distinction  from  volatile  oUs.  They  are 
compounds  of  glycerine  and  certain  or- 
ganic acids.  Such  compounds  are  exclu- 
sively natural  products,  not  having  been 
as  yet  formed  ai-tiflcially.  Among  ani- 
mals tiiey  occur  chiefly  in  the  cellular 
membrane  ;  among  plants,  in  the  seeds, 
capsules,  or  pulp  surrounding  the  seed, 
very  seldom  in  the  root.  They  are  gen- 
erally inodorous,  and  when  fluid  or 
melted,  make  a  greasy  stain  on  paper, 
which  is  permanent. — ^FlXED  STARS,  sucli 
stars  as  always  retain  the  same  appaient 
position  and  distance  witli  respect  to 
each  otiier.  and  are  thus  distinguished 
from  planets  and  comets,  which  are  re- 
volving bodies. 

FIXEDLY,  flks'ed-li,  adv.  firmly:  in  a 
settled  or  established  manner :  stead- 
fast I  v. 

FIXEDNESS,  fiks'ed-nes,  n.  a  state  of 
being  fixed  ;  stabiUty  ;  firmness  ;  stead- 
fastness ;  as,  a  fixedness  in  religion  or 
politics  ;  fixedness  of  opinion  on  any 
subject :  the  state  of  a  body  which  re- 
sists evaporation  or  volatilization  by 
heat ;  firm  coherence  of  parts  ;  as,  the 
fi.cediiess  of  gold. 

FIXITY,  fiks'i-ti.  n.  fixedness. 

FIXTURE,  fiks'tur,  n.  what  is ^cd  to  any- 
thing  as  to  land  or  to  a  house ;  a  fixed 
article  of  furniture. 

FIZ,  fiz,  FIZZLE,  fiz'l,  v.i.  to  make  a  hissing 
sound.     [Formed  from  the  sound.] 

FLABBY, flab'i.ad/.easUy  moved  or  suakens 
soft  and  yielding  :  hanging  loose.  —  re. 
Flabb'iness.    [Ffom  Flap.] 

FLACCID,  flak'sid,  adj.,  flabby:  lax:  easily 
yielding  to  pressure  :  soft  and  weak. — 
adv.  Flac'CIDly.  [O.  Fr. — L.  flaccidu»-^ 
flaccns.  flabbv  ;  conn,  with  Flap.]      

FLACCIDXESS.fiak'sid-nes.FLACCIDITY. 
flak-sid'i-ri.  n  laxness  •  wart  oT  tirr;,i>-sis 


FLAG 


167 


FLARE 


FLAG,  flag,  vJ-  to  grow  languid  or  spirit- 
less : —  P5./3.  flaggr'ing  ;  pa.jj.  flagged'. 
[From  a  root  which  is  found  in  A.S.  fla- 
vor, Cying,  roving  ;  Ice.  flaica,  to  flap ; 
Ger.  ftackern,  to  flutter.] 

FLAG,  flag,  n.  a  water-plant.  [So  called 
from  its  waving  in  the  wind.  From  root 
of  V.  Flag.] 

FLAG,  flag,  H.  the  en.sign  of  a  ship  or  of 
troops :  a  banner.  [Dan.  flag,  Ger.  flagge; 
from  root  of  v.  Fmo,  and  so  called  from 
its  fluttering  in  the  wind.] 

FLAG,  flag,  FLAGSTONE,  flagstOn,  n.  a 
stone  that  separates  in  flakes  or  layers . 
a  flat  stone  used  for  paving  [A  fofrr  of 
flake.  Ice.  flaga,  a  flag  or  slab,  i 

FLAGELLANT,  flaj'el  -  ant,  n.  one  who 
scourges  himself  in  religious  <iiscipline. 

FLAGELLATE,  flaj'el-at,  v.t    :o  whip  or 
scourge.—?!.  Flagella'tion.    [h-flagello 
flagellatus—flagellwm,  dim.  of  flagrum,  a 
whip.] 

FLAGEOLET,  flaj'o-let,  n.  a  small  wind- 
instrument  like  a.  flute.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  O. 
Fr.  flageol,  a  pipe — Low  L  flautiolus — 
flauta,  a  flute.    See  Flute.] 

FLAGGY,  flag'i,  adj.  flexible  :  weafe :  full 
of  the  plant  flag. — n.  Flagg'iness. 

FLAGITIOUS,  fl*-jish'us,  adj.  grossly  wick- 
ed :  guilty  cf  enormous  crimes. — ado. 
FLAGi'nousLr.-  -n.  Flaqi'tiousness.  [L. 
flagitiosus—flagitium,  anything  disgrace- 
ful done  in  the  heat  of  passion — root  flag, 
mflagro,  to  burn.] 

FLAGON,  flag'un,  n.  a  drinking  vessel  with 
a  narrow  neck.  [Fr.  flacon  for  flascoii/— 
Low  L.  fiasco.    See  Flask.] 

FLAGRANT,  fla'grant,  adj.  glaring  :  noto- 
rious: enormous. — adv.  Fla'qrantlt.^ 
n  Fla'grancy.  [L.  flagrans,  flagrantis, 
pr.p.  otflagro,  to  flame.] 

FLAGSHIP,  flag^ship,  n.  the  ship  in  which 
an  admiral  sails,  and  which  carries  his 
flag. 

<FI,AIL,  flal,  TO.  an  instrument  for  thrash- 
<,g  or  beating  grain  from  the  ear,  con- 
■isting  of  the  hand-stafl:,  which  is  held  in 
he  hand,  the  swiple,  which  strikes  tlie 
grain,  and  the  middle  band,  which  con- 
nects the  hand-stafl'  and  swiple,  and 
which  may  be  a  thong  of  leather,  a 
hempen  rope,  or  a  rope  of  straw — now 
little  used :  an  ancient  military  weapon 
resembling  the  common  flail,  but-having 
the  striking  part  .strengtliened  with  a 
coating  of  iron  and  armed  with  rows  of 
spikes.  [O.  Fr.  flael,  flaiel,  flaial,  from 
L.  flagellum,  a  whip  or  scourge,  whence 
also  Dut.  vlegel,  Ger.  flegel.l 

FLAKE,  flak,  n.  a  loose  fllmy  or  scale-like 
mass  of  anything ;  a  small  flat  particle 
of  any  matter  loosely  held  together ;  a 
flock  ;  a  layer  ;  a  scale  ;  as,  a  flake  of 
flesh  or  taUow  ;  a  flake  of  snow ;  "  Lit- 
tle ^afces  of  scurf." — Addison  ;  "Great 
flakes  of  ice  encompassing  our  boat." 
— Evelyn;  "Flakes  of  foam." — Tenny- 
son :  a  collection  or  little  particle  of 
fire,  or  of  combustible  matter  on  fire, 
separated  and  flying  off :  a  sort  of  car- 
nations of  two  colors  only,  having  large 
stripes  going  through  the  leaves.  [Al- 
lied to  Ice.  flaknn,  to  flake  of!,  flyka,  a 
flake,  a  rag  ;  E.  flag,  a  stone  for  paving, 
and  flaw;  Sw.  flaga,  a  flake,  a  crack  or 
flaw.] 

FLAKE,  flak,  n.  in  Scotland,  a  hurdle  or 
portable  framework  of  boards  or  bars  for 
fencing :  (naut.)  a  small  stage  hung  over 
a  ship's  side,  to  calk  or  repair  any  breach  : 
in  Massachusetts,  a  platform  or  stage  of 
hurdles  or  small  sticks  interwoven  to- 

f ether,  and  supported  by  stanchions  for 
rjing  codfish,  etc.     [Ice.  fleki.  a  flake  or 
hurdle,  flcekjn,  to  twist  or  entangle,  Gter. 
flechten.  to  twist  or  plait.] 
FLAKE,  flak,  v.t.  to  form  into  flakes. 


FLAKE,  flak,  v.i.  to  break  or  separate  in 
layers  ;  to  peel  or  scale  off. 

FLAKE-WHITE,  flak'-whit,  n.  inpainting, 
(a)  the  purest  white-lead,  in  the  form  of 
scales  or  plates,  sometimes  gray  on  the 
surface — when  levigated,  called'  "  body- 
white  "  ;  (b)  basic  nitrate  of  bismuth,  or 
pearl-white. 

FLAKINESS,  flak'i-nes,  n.  the  state  of 
bemg  flaky. 

FLAKY,  flak'i,  ac(j.  consisting  of  flakes  or 
locks  :  consisting  of  small  loose  masses  : 
consisting  of  layers,  or  cleaving  olf  in 
layers  :  lying  in  flakes  or  layers :  flake- 
like. "Diamonds  themselves  have  a 
grain  or  a,  flaky  contexture." — Boyle. 

FLAMBEAU,  flamTjS,  n.  a.  flaming  torch  : 
~pl.  Flam'beaxxx  (-bo).  [Fr.— /a?M6e— L. 
flamina.\ 

FLAMBOYANT,  flam-boy'ant,  adj.  {arch.) 
with  waving  or  ^ame-like  tracery.  [Pr.p. 
of  Fr.  flaniboyer,  to  blaze— ;^o»ioer.] 

FLAME,  flam,  n.  the  gleam  or  blaze  of  a 
fire :  rage  :  ardor  of  temper :  vigor  of 
thought :  warmth  of  affection  :  love. — 
v.i.  to  burn  as  flame :  to  break  out  in 
passion. — adj.  Flame'less.  [Fr.  flamme, 
from  Ij.  flamma,  for  flagrna— flag,  root  of 
flagro,  to  burn  ;  Gr.  phleg.  Sans,  bhrag, 
to  shine.] 

FLAME-BEARER,  flam'-bar-er,  n.  one  who 
bears  flame  or  light :  the  name  given  to 
the  members  of  a  genus  of  humming- 
birds, from  their  being  furnished  with  a 
tuft  of  flery  crimson-colored  feathers 
round  the  neck  like  a  gorget.  The  little 
flame-bearer  inhabits  the  inner  side  of  the 
extinct  volcano  Chiriqui,  in  Veragua, 
about  9000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
It  measures  only  3i  inches  in  length. 
There  are  various  other  species,  all  tropi- 
cal American. 

FLAMEN,  fla'men,  n.  (in  ancient  iJome)  a 
priest  devoted  to  one  particular  god.  [L. 
same  as  filamen,  perh.  trova  filum,  a,  dUet 
of  wool,  as  a  flamen  wore  a  fillet  round 
his  head.] 

FLAMING,  flam'ing,  adj.  red :  gaudy : 
violent.— adi'.  ITlam'ikglt. 

FLAMINGO,  fla-ming'gS,  n.  a  bird  of  the 
genvis  Phoenicopterus,  formerly  placed 
in  the  order  Grallatores,  but  now  gen- 
erally ranked  among  the  Natatores  or 
Palmipedes,  and  constituting  a  family 
Phoenicopteridffi,  allied  to  the  Anatidaj. 
Its  body  is  smaller  than  that  of  the  stork, 
but  owing  to  the  great  length  of  the 
neck  and  legs  it  stands  from  5  to  6  feet 
high.  The  beak  is  naked,  lamellate  at 
the  edges,  and  bent  as  if  broken :  the 
feet  are  palmated  and  four-toed.  The 
common  flamingo  occurs  abundantly  in 
various  parts  of  Southern  Europe.  This 
bird  resembles  the  heron  in  shape,  but  is 
entirely  scarlet,  except  the  quill-feathers, 
which  are  jet  black.  The  tongue  is 
fleshy,  and  one  of  the  extravagances  of 
the  Romans  during  the  later  period  of 
the  empire  was  to  have  dishes  composed 
solelj'  of  flamingoes'  tongnes.  [Sp.  and 
Port,  flamenco,  from  L.  flamma,  flame, 
from  its  red  color.] 

FLAMMIFEROUS.  flam-if'er-us,  adj.  pro- 
ducing flame.  [L.  flamma,  and  fei'o,  to 
bear,  produce.] 

FLANGE,  flanj.  n.  a  raised  edge  or  flank 
on  the  rim  of  a  wheel,  as  of  a  railway 
engine.  —  adj.  Flanged'.  [Corr.  of 
Flank.] 

FLANK,  flangk,  n.  the  side  of  an  animal 
from  the  nbs  to  the  thigh  :  the  side  of 
anything,  esp.  of  an  army  or  fleet. — r.^ 
to  attack  or  pass  round  the  side  of. — v.i. 
to  be  posted  on  the  side :  to  touch.  [Fr. 
flanc,  perh.  from  L.  flaccns,  flabby,  the 
flank  being  the  weak  part  of  thebody. 
See  Flaccid.] 


FLANKER,  flank'er,  Ji.  a  fortification  %vhich 
commands  the  flank  of  an  assailing  force. 
— v.t.  to  defend  by  flankers :  to  attack 
sideways. 

FLANNEL,  flan'el,  n.  a  soft  icoollen  cloth  of 
loose  texture. — adj.  Flakn'eied.  [Orig, 
flannen — W.  gidanen,  wool.] 

FLAP,  flap,  n.  anytliing  broad  and  flexible 
that  hangs  loose  or  is  attached  by  one 
end  or  side  and  easily  moved :  as,  the 
flap  of  a  garment :  the  flap  of  the  ear ; 
the  flaj)  of  a  hat;  "  Embroidered  waist- 
coats with  large  flaps." — Dickens;  "A 
cartilaginous  flap  on  the  opening  of  the 
larynx." — Sir  T.  Brown  :  the  motion  of 
anvthing  broad  and  loose,  or  a  stroke 
wilh  it : — pi.  a  disease  in  the  lips  of  horses, 
in  which  thej-  become  blistered  and  swell 
on  both  sides. — Flap  of  a  window-shut- 
TEB,  a  leaf  attached  to  a  shutter  to  in- 
crease its  size  when  it  is  not  sufficiently 
broad  to  exclude  the  light.  [Probably 
onoraatopoetic,  being  imitative  of  a  blow 
with  a  pliant  flat  surface.    Cf.  flablry.] 

FLAP,  flap,  v.t.  to  beat  with  or  as  with  a 
flap  :  to  move,  as  something-  broad  or 
flap-like  ;  "  The  raven  liapped  his  wing." 
—Tickell:  to  lot  fa;i  tlie  flap  of,  as  a  hat. 

FLAP,  flap,  v.i.  to  move  as  wings,  or  as 
something  broao  or  loose  ;  "  The  slack- 
ened sail  flaps." — Tennyson  :  to  fall  like 
a  flap,  as  the  brim  of  a  bat  or  other  broad 
thing  ;  to  have  the  flap  fall ;  "  He  had  an 
ok)  black  hat  on  that  flapped." — State 
Trials. 

FLAPDOODLE,  flap'doo-dl.  n.  nourish- 
ment or  food  for  fools.  "  'The  gentle- 
man has  eaten  no  small  quantity  of 
flapdoodle  in  his  lifetime.'  'What's 
that?'  'It's  the  stuft'  they  feed  fools 
on.' " — Marryat.  "  '  I  shall  talk  to  ou» 
regimental  doctors  about  it,  and  get  put 
through  a  course  of  fool's-diet  before  w« 
start  for  India.'  'Flapdoodle  they  call  it, 
what  fools  are  fed  on.'  " — 2 .  Hughes. 

FLAPDRAGON,  flap'di-a-gon,  it.  a  play  in 
which  the  plaj'ers  snatch  raisins  out  of 
burning  brandy,  and,  extinguishing  them 
by  closing  the  mouth,  eat  them :  the 
thing  eaten  in  pla^■ing  flapdragon.  '•  He 
.  .  .  drinks  candles'  ends  for  flap- 
dragons." — Shak. 

FLAPDRAGON.  flap'dra-gon,  v.t.  to  swal- 
low at  one  gulp  :  to  de-\-om'.  "  To  make 
an  end  of  the  ship,  to  see  how  the  sea 
flapdragoned  it.'' — Shak. 

FLAP-EARED,  flap'-erd,  adj.  having  broad 
loose  ears.  "A  .  .  .  beetle-headed,  flap- 
eared  knave." — Shak. 

FLAPJACK,  flap'jak,  «.  a  sort  of  broad 
flat  pancake :  a  fried  cake :  an  apple- 
puff. 

FLAP-MOUTHED,  flap'-mou<7id,  adj.  hav- 
ing loose  hanging  lips. 

FLAPPER,  flap'er,  n.  one  who  or  that 
which  flaps :  in  the  following  extract, 
one  who  endeavors  to  make  another  re- 
member—  in  allusion  to  the  flappers 
mentioned  in  Gulliver's  visit  to  Laputa, 
who  were  employed  by  the  dreamy 
philosophers  of  that  island  to  flap  them 
on  the  mouth  and  ears  with  an  inflated 
bladder  when  their  thoughts  were  to 
be  diverted  from  their  speculations  to 
worldly  affairs.  "  I  write  to  you,  by  way 
of  flapper,  to  put  you  in  mind  of  your- 
self.'' —  Lord  Cliesterficld :  a  young 
wild  duck  ;  "  Some  young  men  down 
lately  to  a  pond  ...  to  hunt  flappers  or 
young  wild  Ancks."  —  Gilbert  iVhite^ 
"  Lig-htbody  happened  to  be  goae  out 
to  shoot  flappers." — Miss  Edgeworth. 

FLARE,  flur.  v.i.  to  burn  ^^  ith  a  glaring, 
unsteady  light  :  to  glitter  or  flash. — Ji. 
an  unsteady,  offensive  light.  [From  a 
root  found  in  Norw.  flara,  Swed.  flasa,  to 
blaze.) 


FLASH 


168 


FLAX 


FLASH,  flash,  n.  a  momentary  gleam  of 
light :  a  sudden  burst,  as  of  merriment . 
a  short  transient  state. — v.i.  to  break 
forth,  as  a  sudden  light :  to  break  out 
into  intellectual  brilliancy  :  to  burst  out 
into  violence. — v.t.  to  cause  to  flash. 
fFrom  the  root  of  Swed.  flasa,  to  blaze  ; 
cf .  Ice.  Hasa,  to  rush  ;  allied  to  flare  and 
flush.~\  ' 

PLASH,  flash,  adj.  vidgarly  sliowy  or 
gaudy  ;  as,  a  flash  dress,  a  flash  style  : 
forged ;  counterfeit ;  as,  flash  notes. — 
Flash  ianguage,  language  spoken  by 
felons,  thieves,  knaves,  and  vagabonds ; 
cant ;  slang.  "  In  a  wild  district  of  Der- 
byshire, between  Macclesfield  and  Bux- 
ton, there  is  a  village  called  Flash, 
surrounded  by  uninclosed  land.  The 
squatters  on  these  commons,  with  their 
\vild  gipsey  habits,  travelled  about  the 
neighborhood  from  fiiir  to  fair,  using  a 
slang  dialect  of  their  own.  They  were 
called  the  Flash  men,  and  their  dialect 
Flash  talk  ;  and  it  is  not  diflBcult  to  see 
the  stages  by  which  the  word  Flash  has 
reached  its  present  signification." — Isaac 
Taylor. 

•?TASH-HOUSE,  fla.s.i'-hous,  7i.  a  house 
frequented  by  thrives,  robbers,  and 
knaves,  and  in  whicn  stolen  goods  are 
received.  "  The  excesses  of  that  age  re- 
mind us  of  the  humors  of  a  gang  of  foot- 
pads, reveUing  with  their  favorite  beau- 
ties at  ^flash-house." — Macaiday. 

'FLASHING,  flash'ing,  n.  the  act  of  creat- 
ing an  artificial  flood  at  shallows  in  a 
river,  by  penning  up  the  water  either  in 
the  river  itself  or  in  side  reservoirs :  in 
arch,  pieces  of  lead,  zinc,  or  other  metal, 
used  to  protect  the  joining  when  a  roof 
comes  in  contact  with  a  wall,  or  when  a 
chimnej'  shaft  or  other  object  comes 
through  a  roof  and  the  like.  The  metal 
is  let  into  a  joint  or  groove  cut  in  the 
wall,  etc.,  and  folded  down  so  as  to  lap 
over  and  protect  the  joining.  "When  the 
flashing  is  folded  down  over  the  upturned 
edge  of  the  lead  of  a  gutter  it  is,  in  Scot- 
land, called  an  apron. 

FLASHY,  flash'i,  adj.  dazzling  for  a  mo- 
ment :  showy  but  empty. — adv.  Flash*- 
ILY.— n.  Flash'iness. 

FLASK,  flask,  n.  a  kind  of  bottle,  as,  a,flasJc 
of  wine  or  oU  :  specifically,  (a),  a  narrow- 
necked  globular  glass  bottle  ;  as,  a  Flor- 
ence flask  ;  (b)  a  metal  or  other  pocket 
dram-bottle;  as,  apocket^osfc;  (c)  a  ves- 
sel, generally  of  metal  or  horn,  for  con- 
taining gunpowder,  carried  by  sportsmen, 
usually  furnished  with  a  measure  of  the 
charge  at  the  top  ;  (d)  a.  vessel  for  con- 
taining mercury;  a  flask  of  mercury  from 
California  is  about  75  lbs.:  a  shallow 
frame  of  wood  or  iron,  used  in  foundries 
to  contain  the  sand  employed  in  mould- 
ing. [A.8.flasc,flasca,flaxa:  the  ultimate 
origin  of  the  word  is  doubtful.  Cf.  O.  Fr. 
flasclie,  flascon ;  Sp.Jlasco;  lt.fl,asco;  Low 
Li.  flasco.flasca,  which  Diez  refers  to  L. 
va^culum,  a  dim.  of  vas,  a  vessel.  The 
Daxi.flaske,  Sw.  flaska,  O.H.Ger.  flasca, 
axe  probablv  fi'om  the  same  source.  The 
O.  Fr.  flasche,  Low  L.  flasco,  appear  orig- 
inally to  have  been  coverings  to  protect 
flass  bottles ;  and  this  being  the  case  the 
7.  fflasg,  a  vessel  of  wicker-work,  a 
basket,  may  be  the  ultimate  origin  of  aU 
the  forms.] 

FLASKET,  flask-et,  n.  a  vessel  in  which 
viands  are  served  up:  a  long  shallow 
basket. 

l?XiAT,  flat,  adj.  having  an  even  and  hori- 
zontal, or  nearly  horizontal  surface, 
wthout  elevations  or  depressions,  hills 
or  valleys  ;  level  -ivithout  inclination  ; 
as,  flat  land,  a  flat  i-oof :  prostrate ; 
lying  the  whole  length  on  the  giwind  : 


level  with  the  ground  ;  fallen  ;  laid  low  ; 
ruined  :  in  the^ne  arts,  wanting  reUef  or 
prominence  of  the  figures :  tasteless ; 
stale ;  vapid  ;  insipid  ;  dead  ;  as,  fruit _^a^ 
to  the  taste  :  dull ;  unani  mated  ;  fi-igid; 
without  point  or  spirit ;  that  can  give  no 
reUsh  or  interest :  brought  to  an  end  ; 
brought  to  nought ;  caused  to  collapse  ; 
ruiued :  not  relieved,  broken,  or  soft- 
ened ;  peremptory  ;  absolute  ;  positive  ; 
downright ;  as,  he  gave  the  petitioner  a 
flat  denial :  in  music,  below  the  natural 
or  the  true  pitch  ;  hence,  as  applied  to 
intervals,  indicating  a  note  half  a  tone 
below  its  natural ;  minor  ;  a,  flat  fifth  is 
an  interval  of  a  fifth  diminished  by  a  flat ; 
not  sharp  or  shrill ;  not  acute  ;  as,  a,  flat 
sound :  in  gram,  applied  to  one  of  that 
division  of  consonants,  in  the  enunciation 
of  which  voice  (in  contradistinction  to 
breath)  is  heard — opposed  to  sharp ;  as, 
6,  d,  g,  z,  v:  lacking  briskness  of  com- 
mercial exchange  or  dealings ;  depressed  ; 
duU  ;  as,  the  market  was  very  flat. — Flat 
candlestick,  a  bedroom  candlestick  with 
a  broad  flat  foot  or  dish. — Flat  CANDLE, 
the  candle  burned  in  such  a  candlestick. 
"  The  idea  of  a  girl  with  a  really  fine  head 
of  hair,  having  to  do  it  by  one  flat  candle 
and  a  few  inches  of  looking-glass." — 
Dickens.  [Ice.  flatr,  Sw.  flat,  Dan.  flad, 
Ger.  flach  and  platt,  flat.  Aidn  Lith. 
pilatus,  Gr.  platys,  Sans,  prithzis,  wide, 
broad.] 

FLAT,  flat,  n.  a  surface  without  relief  or 
prominences  ;  a  level  or  extended  plain  ; 
a  low  tract  of  land  :  a  level  ground  lying 
at  a  small  depth  under  the  sm-face  of 
water  ;  a  shoal ;  a  shallow  ;  a  strand ; 
a  sandbank  under  water ;  something 
broad  and  flat  in  form ;  as,  (a)  a  broad, 
flat-bottomed  boat  without  a  keel,  gen- 
erally used  in  river  navigation  ;  (6)  a 
broad-brimmed,  low-crowned  straw  hat ; 
(c)  a  railway  car  without  a  roof :  the 
flat  part  or  side  of  anything ;  as,  the 
upper  extended  surface  of  the  hand,  the 
broad  side  of  a  sword  or  knife,  and  the 
like  :  in  music,  a  mark  of  depression  in 
sound,  marked  thas  \),  and  used  to  lower 
or  depress,  by  the  degree  of  a  semitone, 
any  note  in  the  natural  scale  ;  an  acci- 
dental flat  is  one  which  does  not  occur 
in  the  signature,  and  which  affects  only 
the  bar  in  which  it  is  placed  ;  a  double 
fiat  depresses  a  note  two  semitones  below 
its  natural  pitch  :  in  arch,  that  part  of 
the  covering  of  a  liouse  laid  horizontal, 
and  covered  with  lead  or  other  material: 
a  story  or  floor  of  a  building,  especially 
when  fitted  up  for  a  single  family  :  a 
foolish  feUow  ;  a  simpleton  ;  one  who  is 
easily  duped :  a  guU  :  in  ship-huilding, 
one  of  the  timoers  in  midships :  in 
theatres,  one  of  the  halves  of  such  scenes 
or  parts  of  scenes  as  are  formed  by  two 
equal  portions  pushed  from  the  sides  of 
the  stage  and  meeting  in  the  centre. 

FLAT,  flat,  v.t.  to  level ;  to  lay  smooth  or 
even  ;  to  make  broad  and  smooth  ;  to 
flatten  :  to  make  vapid  or  tasteless :  to 
make  dull  or  imanimated  ;  to  depress : 
in  music,  to  reduce  below  the  true  pitch, 
as  a  note,  by  depressing  it  half  a  tone. — 
To  FLAT  IN  the  sail  (naut.)  to  draw  in 
the  aftmost  clew  of  a  sail  towards  the 
middle  of  the  ship. 

FLAT,  flat,  v.i.  to  grow  flat ;  to  fall  to  an 
even  surface  :  to  become  insipid,  or  dull 
and  unanimated  :  in  music,  to  depress 
the  voice  ;  to  render  a  sound  less  shaip  ; 
to  fall  below  the  true  pitch. 

FLATTEN,  flat'n,  v.t.  to  make  flat  ;  to  re- 
duce to  an  equal  or  even  surface ;  to 
level:  to  lay  flat;  to  bring  to  the  ground; 
to  prostrate  :  to  make  vapid  or  insipid  ; 
to  render  stale :  to  depress ;  to  deject, 


as  the  spirits ;  to  dispirit :  in  music,  tc 
lower  in  pitch  ;  to  render  less  acute  o! 
sharp.  — To  flatten  a  sail,  to  extend  it 
fore  and  aft,  whereby  its  effect  is  lateral 
only. 

FLATTEN,  flat'n,  v.i.  to  gi-ow  or  become 
even  on  the  surface  :  to  become  dead, 
stale,  vapid,  or  tasteless  :  to  become  dull 
or  spiritless:  in  music,  to  depress  the 
voice ;  to  render  a  sound  less  sharp ;  tc 
drop  below  the  true  pitch. 

FLATTER,  flat'er,  v.t.  to  sooth  with  praise 
and  servile  attentions  :  to  please  with 
false  hopes. — n.  Flatt'eeer.  [Fr.  flat- 
ter; orig.  dub.,  perh.  from  flat,  in  the 
sense  of  making  smooth  by  a  gentle 
caress,  or  from  root  flak  or  plag,  to  pat.] 

FLATTERING,  flat'er-ing,  adj.  uttering 
false  praise  :  pleasing  to  pride  or  vanity. 
— adv.  Flatteringly. 

FLATTERY,  flat'er-i,  n.  false  praise. 

FLATTISH,  flat'ish,  adj.  somewhat  flat. 

FLATULENCE,flat'Q-lens,FLATULENCY, 
flat'u-len-si,  n.  windiness :  air  generated 
m  a  weak  stomach.     [See  Flatulent.] 

FLATULENT,  flat'u-lent,  adj.  affected 
with  air  in  the  stomach  :  apt  to  generate 
wind  in  the  stomach  :  emptj' :  vain. — 
adv.  FLAT'nLENTLT.  [Fr.— Low  L.  flatv^- 
lentus — L.  flo,  flatus,  to  blow.] 

FLATUS,  fla'tus,  n.  a  puff  of  wind :  air 
generated  in  the  stomach  or  any  cavity 
of  the  body.     [L.] 

FLATWISE,  flat'wlz,  adj.  or  adv.  flat- 
ways  or  with  the  flat  side  downward. 

FLAUNT,  flant  or  flawnt,  v.i.  to  fly  or 
wave  in  the  wind :  to  move  ostentatious 
ly :  to  carry  a  saucy  appearance. — n. 
anything  displayed  for  show.  [Prob. 
from  a  contr.  of  A.S.  fleogan,  fleon,  tf 

fly-] 

FLAUTIST.    See  Floter. 

FLAVOR,  fla'vur,  n.  that  quality  of  any 
thing  which  affects  the  smell  or  the  pal 
ate. — v.t.  to  impart  flavor  to. — adj.  Fla'- 
VOELESS.      [Fr.  flairer  —  L.  fragro,  ta 
smell.] 

FLAVOROUS,  fla'vur-us,  adj.  of  a  pleasant 
flai^or. 

FLAW,  flaw,  n.  a  break,  a  crack:  a  defect : 
— v.t.  to  crack  or  break. — adj.  Flaw'- 
LESS.  [Ice.  flaga,  a  fragment  ;  W.  fflaw, 
a  splinter.] 

FLAWY,  flaw'i,  adj.  full  of  flaws  or 
cracks  :  faulty. 

FLAX,  flaks,  n.  the  common  name  of  the 

£lants  of  the  genus  Linum,  nat.  order 
inacese,  and  of  the  fibre  produced  from 
it.  The  species,  of  which  there  are 
nearly  a  hundred,  are  herbs  or  small 
shrubs,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  yellow, 
blue,  or  even-  white  flowers  arranged  in 
variously  formed  cymes.  They  occur  ia 
warm  and  temperate  regions  over  the 
world.  The  cultivated  species  is  L. 
usitatissimmn.  The  fibre  which  is  used 
for  making  thread  and  cloth,  called  linen, 
cambric,  lawn,  lace,  etc.,  consists  of  the 
woody  bundles  of  the  slender  stalks. 
The  fine  fibres  may  be  so  separated  a?  to 
be  spun  into  threads  as  fine  as  sUk.  A 
most  useful  oil  is  expressed  from  the 
seeds,  and  the  residue,  called  Unseed- 
cake,  is  one  of  the  most  fattening  kinds 
of  food  for  cattle.  The  best  seed  Lomeg 
from  Riga  and  Holland.  [A.S.  fleax. 
Cog.  Dut.  vlas,  Fris.  flax,  Ger.  flachs, 
flax.  Wedgwood  remarks,  "As  parallel, 
forms  in  /  and  fl  are  very  common,  it  i£ 
probable  that  the  A.S.  feax,  the  hair,  is 
radically  identical  with  fleax,  flax."  We 
do  find'jfa.c  for  hair  in  old  English  ;  as, 
"I  will  "take  thy  ffingars  and  thy^aa;." 
— T)ie  Squier,  Percy  SiS.  Comp.  Bohem. 
vlas,  Russ.  volos,  Lith.  plaukas.  which 
mean  hair,  while  from  their  form  they 
are  apparently  cognate  with  flax  •  and 


FLAXEN 


169 


FLING 


va  the  other  hand  Dan.  hiir,  prov.  Grer. 
har,  flax,  with  E.  hair.  Probably  from 
a  root  meaning  to  comb  or  weave  or 
twist,  the  meanings  of  the  Ger.  JlecJiten.] 

I^^iAXEN,  flaks'n,  adj.  made  of  or  resem- 
bling ^oo;;  fair,  long,  and  flowing. 

FLAY,  fla,  v.t.  to  strip  off  the  skin  :— jir.^). 
flay'ing  ;  jM.p.  flayed'.  —  n.  Flay'er. 
[A.S.  flean  ;  Ice.  flaga,  to  cut  turfs.  See 
Ft.akf..] 

FLAYFLINT,  fla'flint,  n.  a  skinflint  :  a 
miser. 

There  lived  a  flayflint  near ;  we  stole  his  fruit. 

— Tennyson. 

FUEA,  fle,  n.  an  insect  of  the  genus  Pulex, 
and  regarded  by  entomologists  as  consti- 
tuting a  distinct  order  Aphaniptera, 
because  the  wings  are  inconspicuous 
scales.  AU  the  species  of  the  genus  are 
very  similar  to  the  common  flea  (P.  irri- 
tans).  It  has  two  eyes  and  six  feet ;  the 
feelers  are  like  threads  ;  the  oral  appen- 
dages are  modified  into  piercing  stUets 
and  a  suctorial  proboscis.  The  flea  is 
remarkable  for  its  agility,  leaping  to  a 
surprising  distance,  and  its  bite  is  very 
troublesome. — ^A  flea  in  the  eab,  an  an- 
noying, unexpected  hint  or  reply.  "  My 
mistress  sends  away  all  her  suitors,  and 
puts  fleas  in  their  ears." — Swift.  [A.S. 
flea,  from  fleon,  fleohan,  fleogan,  to  flv, 
to  escape.  Cf.  Sc.  fleeh,  and  Ger.  floh, 
O.H.  Ger.  floch,  a  flea.] 

FLEAM,  flem,  n.  an  instrument  for  bleed- 
ing cattle.  [Fr.  flamme — Gr.  phleboto- 
mon,  a  lancet— ^J/i^eps,  phlehos,  a  vein, 
and  torn  or  tarn,  the  base  of  temno,  to 
cut.] 

FLECK,  flek,  n.  a  spot  or  speckle  :  a  little 
bit  of  a  thing.  [Ice.  _^efcfc?-,  a  spot,^efcfca, 
to  stain  ;  Ger.  fleck,  a  spot.] 

FLECK,  flek,  FLECKER,  flek'er,  v.t.  to 
spot  or  speckle  :  to  streak.  [See  Fleck,  n.] 

FLECTION.    Same  as  Flexion. 

FLED,  fled,  pa.t.  a.nApa.p.  of  Flee. 

FLEDGE,  flej,  v.t.  to  furnish  with  feathers 
or  wings.  [A.S.  fleogan,  Ger.  fliegen,  to 
flyj 

FLEDGLING,  flej'ling,  n.  a  little  bird  just 
fl^ged. 

FLEDGY,  flej'i,  adj.  covered  with  feathers: 
feathered  :  feathery.  "  The  swan  soft 
leaning  on  her  fledgy  breast." — Keats. 

FLEDWITE,  fled'wlt,  FLIGHTWITE,  flit'- 
wTt,  n.  in  old  Saxon  law,  a  discharge 
from  penalties,  where  a  person,  having 
been  a  fugitive,  came  to  the  peace  of  the 
king  of  his  own  accord,  or  with  license. 
[A.S.  flyth,  flight,  and  wite,  punishment.] 

FLEE,  fle,  v.i.  to  run  away,  as  from  dan- 
ger.— v.t.  to  keep  at  a  distance  from: — 
pr.pi.  flee'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.}},  fled.  [A.S. 
fleohan,  contracted  ./feon,  akin  to  fleogan, 
to  fly  ;  Ger.  fliehen,' akintofliegen,  to  fly. 
See  Fly.] 

FLEECE,  fles,  n.  the  coat  of  wool  shorn 
from  a  sheep  at  one  time  :  the  loose  and 
thin  sheet  of  cotton  or  wool  coming  from 
the  breaking  -  card  in  the  process  of 
manufacture. — v.t.  to  clip  wool  from  :  to 
plunder  :  to  cover,  as  with  wool. — adj. 
Fleece'less.  [A.S.  flys;  Dut.  vlies,  Ger. 
fliess.] 

FLEECED,  flest,  adj.  having  a  fleece. 

FLEECER,  fles'er,  n.  one  who  strips  or 
plunders. 

FLEECY,  fl§s'i,  oc^.  covered  with  wool : 
woolly. 

FLEER,  fler,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  make  wry  faces 
in  contempt,  to  mock.  —  n.  mockery. 
[From  a  root  found  in  Norw.  flira,  Swed. 
Jiissa,  to  titter.] 

FLEET,  flet,  n.  a  number  of  ships  in  com- 
pany, esp.  ships  of  war:  a  division  of  the 
navy,  commanded  by  an  admiral.  [A.S. 
fleet,  flota,  a  ship— fleotan,  to  float;  conn. 
with'lce.  floti,  Dut.  vloot,  Ger.  flotte.] 


FLEET,  flet,  v.i.  to  pass  swiftly:— ^.p. 
fleet'ing  ;  pa.p.  fleet'ed. —  adj.  swift : 
nimble  :  fleeting  or  transient.  —  adv. 
Fleet'ly.— 71.  Fleet'ness.  [A.S.  fleotan, 
to  float.] 

FLEETING,  flet'ing,  ac^'.  passing  quickly: 
temporary. — adv.  Fleet  ingly. 

FLEMING,  flem'ing,  n.  a  native  of 
Flanders. 

FLEMISH,  flem'ish,  adj.  pertaining  to 
Flanders.— Flemish  bond,  a  mode  of  lay- 
ing bricks  being  that  species  of  bond 
which  exhibits  a  header  and  stretcher 
alternately. — Flemish  brick,  a  species  of 
hard  yellow  brick  used  for  paving. — 
Flemish  horse  (naut.),  the  outer  short 
foot-rope  for  the  man  at  the  earing,  the 
outer  end  of  which  is  spliced  round  a 
thimble  on  the  goose-neck  of  the  studd- 
ing-sail boom-iron,  while  the  inner  end  is 
seized  by  its  eye  within  the  brace-block- 
strop  and  head-earing-oleat.  — Flemish 
school,  the  school  of  painting  formed  in 
Flanders  by  the  brothers  Van  Eyck,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  fifteenth 
century.  The  chief  early  masters  were 
Memling,  Weyden,  Matsys,  Mabus,  and 
Moro.  Of  those  of  the  second  period, 
Eubens  and  Vandyck,  Snyders,  Jor- 
daens,  Caspar  de  Grayer,  and  the  younger 
Teniers,  take  the  highest  place. 

FLEMISH,  flem'ish,  n.  the  language  of  the 
Flemings  :  the  people  of  Flanders. 

FLENSE,  flens,  v.t.  to  cut  up  the  blubber 
of,  as  a  whale.    [Dan.^e7!se,  Scot,  flinch.'] 

FLESH,  flesh,  n.  the  soft  substance  which 
covers  the  bones  of  animals :  animal 
food :  the  bodies  of  beasts  and  birds,  not 
fish :  the  body,  not  the  soul :  animals  or 
animal  nature  :  mankind  :  bodily  appe- 
tites :  the  present  life  :  the  soft  substance 
of  fruit:  the  part  of  a  fruit  fit  to  be  eaten. 
[A.S.  flcesc ;  cog.  forms  in  aU  the  Teut. 
lang.J 

FLESH,  flesh,  v.t.  to  train  to  an  appetite 
for  flesh,  as  dogs  for  hunting  :  to  accus- 
tom :  to  glut :  to  use  upon  flesh,  as  a 
sword,  esp.  for  the  first  time. 

FLESHED,  flesht,  adj.  having  flesh :  fat. 

FLESHLESS,  flesh'les,  adj.  without  flesh  : 
lean. 

FLESHLY,  fleshTi,  adj.  corporeal :  carnal : 
not  spiritual. — n.  Flesh'uness. 

FLESHY,  flesh'i,  o(^/.  fat :  pulpy  :  plump. 
— adv.  Flesh'ily.— n.  Flesh'iness. 

FLETCH,  flech,  v.t.  to  feather,  as  an  arrow. 
"  He  dips  his  curses  in  the  gall  of  irony ; 
and  that  they  may  strike  the  deeper, 
fletches  them  with  a  profane  classical 
parody." — Warbarton.  [Fr.  fleche,  an 
arrow,  from  O.Ger.  flitseh,  or  Dut.  flits, 
an  arrow.] 

FLETCHER,  flech'er,  n.  an  arrow-maker : 
a  manufacturer  of  bows  and  arrows : 
hence  the  family  named  Fletcher.  "  It 
is  commended  by  our  fletchers  for  bows, 
next  unto  yew." — Mortimer.  [0.¥r.  flech- 
ier,  Low  L.  flecherius.    See  Fletch.] 

FLET'Z,  flets,  adj.  in  geol.  a  term,  now  obso- 
lete, applied  to  a  system  of  rocks  corre- 
sponding to  the  wliole  series  of  sediment- 
ary formations.  These  formations  were 
so  called  because  the  rocks  usually  appear 
in  beds  more  nearly  horizontal  than  the 
transition  class.     [Ger.  flotz.] 

FLEUR-DE-LIS,  floor'-de-le',  n.  the  flower 
of  the  lily  :—pl.  Fleubs'-de-lis'.  [Fr.,  lis 
being  for  L.  lilium,  a  lily.] 

FLEW,  floo,  past  tense  of  "Fly. 

FLEXIBILITY,  fleks-i-bil'i-ti,  n.  pliancy  : 
easiness  to  be  persuaded. 

FLEXIBLE,  fleks'i-bl,  FLEXILE,  fleks'U, 
adj.  easily  bent:  pliant:  docile. — n.  Flex'- 
IBLENESS. — adv.  Flex'ibly.  [Fr. — Li.fleX' 
ibili-f.  fle,vilis — flecto,  flexum,  to  bend.] 

FLEXION,  flek'shun,  m.  a  bend  :  a  fold. 
[L.  Jlexio—flecto.] 


FLEXOR,  fleks'or,  n.  a  muscle  wnich  b«ntl» 
a  joint. 

FLEX UO US,  fleks'u-us,  FLEXUOaH, 
fleks'u-6s,  adj.  full  of  windings  and  turm- 
ings  :  variable. 

FLEXURA,  fleks-u'ra,  n.  in  anat.  the  joint 
between  tlie  forearm  and  carpus  in 
quadrupeds,  usually  called  the  fore-knes: 
in  the  horse  :  analogous  to  the  wrist- 
joint  in  man.     [L.,  a  bending.] 

FLEXURE,  fleks'ur,  n.  a  bend  or  turning  : 
(math.)  the  curving  of  a  line  or  surface  : 
the  bending-  of  loaded  beams.  [L.  flea>- 
nra.     See  FLEXIBLE.] 

FLICKER,  flik'er,  v.i.  to  flutter  and  move 
the  wings,  as  a  bird  :  to  burn  unsteadily, 
as  a  flame.  [A.S.  flicerian ;  cf.  Ice.  jfo- 
kra,  D\xt.  flikkeren.l 

FLIER,  FLYER,  fli'er,  n.  one  who  flie» 
or  flees :  a  fly-wheel :  a  race  horse :  a 
fast  express  train. 

FLIGHT,  flit,  n.  a  passing  through  the 
air :  a  soaring :  excursion  :  a  sally  :  a 
series  of  steps  :  a  flock  of  birds  flying 
together :  the  birds  produced  in  the  same 
season  :  a  volley  or  shower  :  act  of  flee- 
ing :  hasty  removal.  [A.S.  flyht— fleo- 
gan.] 

FLIGHTY,  fllt'i,  adj.  fanciful :  change- 
able :  giddy.  —  adv.  Fiight'ily.  —  n, 
Flight'iness. 

FLIMSY,  flim'zi,  adj.  thin:  without  sol- 
idity, strength,  or  reason:  weak. — n. 
Flim'siness. 

FLINCH,  flinsh,  v.i.  to  shrink  back  :  to 
fail.— n.  Funch'eb. — adv.  Funch'inglt. 
pi.E.  fleccheti — Fr.  flichir — L.  flectere,  to 
bend.] 

FLING,  fling,  v.t.  to  cast,  send,  or  throw 
from  the  hand  ;  to  hurl ;  as,  to  fling  a 
stone  at  a  bird  :  to  send  forth  or  emit 
witli  violence,  as  though  thrown  from 
the  hand  :  to  shed  forth ;  to  emit ;  to 
scatter :  to  throw  to  the  ground ;  to 
prostrate  ;  hence,  to  baffle  ;  to  defeat ; 
as,  the  wrestler  flung  his  antagonist ;  to 
fling  a  party  in  litigation. — To  funq 
about,  to  throw  in  all  directions  ;  to  diS' 
tribute  on  all  sides.  "We  are  stating 
a  plain  matter  of  fact,  and  not  merely 
giving  vent  to  invective  or  flinging  about 
Ba.rcasuis."-Brough'im. — To  fling  away, 
to  reject ;  to  discard.  "  Cromwell,  I 
charge  thee,/m5r  away  ambition."-Sfeafc. 
— To  FUNG  DOVTN,  («)  to  demoUsh ;  to 
ruin :  (6)  to  throw  to  the  ground  ;  to 
overturn  ;  as,  he  flung  dow>i  his  expo- 
nent with  great  force :  (c)  to  cast  on  the 
ground,  as  a  knight  throws  his  glove,  in 
token  of  a  general  challenge  ;  hence,  to 
propose  for  settlement  or  decision. 
This  question,  so  fiung  doicn  before  the  ^ests, 
And  balanced  eittier  way  by  each,  at  leB^th 
Was  handed  over  by  consent  of  all  ' 
To  one  who  had  not  spoken. — Tennyson. 
— To  FUNG  IN.  to  throw  in  ;  to  make  an 
allowance  or  deduction,  or  not  to  chsurge 
in  an  account ;  as,  in  settling  accounts 
one  party  flings  in  a  small  sum  or  a  few 
days'  work. — "To  FLING  OFF,  to  baflle  in 
the  chase  ;  to  defeat  of  prey  ;  also,  to  get 
rid  of. — To  fling  open,  to  throw  open  ; 
to  open  suddenly  or  with  violence ;  as, 
to  fling  open  a  door. — To  fling  out,  to 
utter  ;  to  speak ;  as,  to  fling  out  hard 
words  against  another. — I'O  FUNG  UP,  to 
reUnquish  ;  to  abandon  ;  as,  to  flin^  tip 
a  design. — To  fling  the  head,  to  throw 
up  the  head  with  a  violent,  contempt- 
uous, or  angry  motion.  [Perhaps  a 
nasalized  form  of  A.S.  fligan,  to  make  to 
fly,  caus.  offleogayi,  to  fly.] 

FLING,  fling,  v.i.  to  flounce  ;  to  winae  ;  to 
fly  into  violent  and  irregular  motions  ; 
to  throw  out  the  legs  violently  ;  as,  the 
horse  began  to  kick  and  fling :  to  utter 
harsh  or  abusive  language  ;  to  sneer  ;  to 
upbraid  ;  as,  the  scold  began  to  flout  and 


FLIXG 


170 


FLORENTINE 


fling :  to  start  away  with  a  siidden  mo- 
tion, as  ia  token  of  displeasure  ;  to  rush 
away  anmly  ;  as,  he  got  into  a  i-age  and 
flttng  out  of  the  house.  '•  Seek  rae  if 
your  mind  change  before  he  comes  back. 
...  I  will  no  more  seek  you. — And  away 
she  flung." — Richardson' 
FlilNG,  fling:,  n.  a  throw  ;  a  cast  from  the 
hand  ;  a  gibe  ;  a  sneer  ;  a  sarcasm  ;  a 
eevere  or  contemptuous  remark; 

I,  who  love  to  hare  a  jting 

Both  at  senat«  house  and  km^.Swi/t ; 

entire  freedom  of  action  ;  wild  dash  into 
pleasure,  adventure,  or  excitement  of 
any  kind  ;  enjoyment  of  pleasure  to  the 
fuilextent  of  one's  opportunities;  "When 
I  was  as  young  as  you.  I  had  my  fling ;  I 
led  a  life'of  pleasure." — Jerrold:  a  kind 
of  dance — usually  applied  to  a  Scotch 
dance,  the  Highland  ^ftug,  in  which  there 
is  much  exertion  of  the  limbs. 

FLINT,  flint,  n.  a  very  hard  kind  of  stone, 
formerly  used  for  striking  fire  :  anything 
proverbially  hard.  [A.S.  flint;  Dan. 
flint :  Gr.- plinthos,  a  brick.] 

FLINT-GLASS,  flint'-glas,  n.  a  species  of 
glass,  so  called  because  pulverized  flints 
were  originally  employed  in  its  manufact- 
ure. It  is  extensively  used  for  domestic 
purposes.  Its  dispersive  power  in  regard 
to  light  renders  it  invaluable  in  the 
manufacture  of  the  object-glasses  of 
telescopes  and  microscopes,  as  by  com- 
bining a  concave  lens  of  flint-glass  with 
one  or  two  convex  lenses  of  crown-glass, 
which  possesses  a  much  less  dispersive 
power,  a  compound  lens  is  formed  in 
which  the  prismatic  colors  arising  from 
a  simple  refraction  are  destroyed,  and 
the  lens  rendered  achromatic.  Quartz 
and  fine  sand  are  now  substituted  for 
flint  in  the  manufacture  of  this  glass. 

SXINTY,  flint'i,  adj.  consisting  of  or  like 
flint :  hard  :  cruel. — n.  Fl^Viness. 

FLIP,  flip,  71.  a  hot  drink  of  beer  and 
spirits  sweetened.     [Etv.  unknown.] 

FLIPPANCY,  flip'an-si,  'n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  flippant :  smoothness 
and  rapidity  of  speech  :  pertness  :  incon- 
siderate volubility :  fluency  of  speech. 
[See  Flippant.] 

FLIPPANT,  flip'ant,  adj.  of  smooth,  fluent, 
and  rapid  speech  ;  speaking  with  ease 
and  rapidity  :  ha\'ing  a  voluble  tongue  : 
talkative.  "  It  becometh  good  men,  in 
such  cases,  to  be  flippant  and  free  in 
their  speech." — BaiToir  :  speaking  fluent- 
ly and  confidently,  without  knowled^^e  or 
consideration  :  voluble  and  thoughtless : 
heedlesslj'  pert :  petulant.  "  It  ill  be- 
comes one,  while  he  bends  under  the 
weight  of  insuperable  objections,  to  grow 
so  exceedingly  flippant." — Waterland. 
[Formed  from  flip,  flapi ;  akin  to  Ice. 
fleipr,  tattle,  fleipinn,  pert,  petulant, 
flmpin,  thoughtless.] 

FLIRT,  flert,  v.i.  to  trifle  with  love:  to 
play  at  courtship. — n.  a  pert,  giddj'  girl. 
[A.S.  fleardian,  to  trifle— ^^eord,  a  foolish 
thing.] 

FLIRTATION,  flert-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
flirting. 

FLIT,  flit,  v.i.  to  remove  from  place  to 
place  :  to  flutter  on  the  wing :  to  fly 
quickly  :  to  be  unsteady  or  easily  moved  : 
—pr.p.  flitt'ing  ;  pa.p.  'flitt'ed.  '  [From  a 
Teut.  root  found  in  Swed.  flytta.  Ice. 
flt/ta.] 

FLITCH,  flich,  n.  the  side  of  a  hog  salted 
and  cured.  [A.S.  flicce ;  Prov.  E.  ttielf, 
bacon.] 

FLrrriNGS,  fllt'ingz,  n.pl.  (Pr.  Bk.)  wan- 
derings. 

BXOAT,  flot,  v.i.  to  rest  on  the  surface  of 
a  fluid :  to  swim  :  to  be  buoyed  up  :  to 
glide  without  effort  or  impulse  on  the 

.    surface  of  a  fluid  :    to  move  as  if  sup- 


ported by  a  fluid  :  to  move  gently  and 
easily  through  the  air.  [A.S.  fl'eotan, 
flotian,  to  float,  apparently  a  kind  of 
causal  ol  floiran,  to  flow.  Comp.  the 
etjTuologies  under  Fleet,  Flood,  Ft-ow, 
which  are  all  closely  allied  words.] 

FLOAT,  flot,  v.t.  to  cause  to  float ;  to  cause 
to  rest  or  be  conveyed  on  the  surface  of  a 
fluid  ;  as,  the  tide  floated  the  ship  into 
the  harbor ;  the  men  are  employed  in 
floating  timber  down  the  river  :  to  flood  ; 
to  inundate  ;  to  overflow  ;  to  cover  with 
water  :  in  plastering,  to  pass  over  and 
level  the  surface  of,  as  plaster,  with  a 
float,  frequently  dipped  in  water/:  to 
Dring  prominently  befoi'e  public  notice  ; 
to  raise  fvmds,  as  by  the  sp' ,  of  .shares, 
for  carrj-ing  on  an  undertaking ;  to  set 
agoing  ;  as,  to  float  a  scheme,  a  mining  or 
railwav  companv,  etc. 

FLOAT,"  flot.  n.  that  which  floats  or  rests 
on  the  surface  of  a  fluid  ;  as  (a)  a  body  or 
collection  of  timber,  boards,  or  planks, 
fastened  together  and  conveyed  down  a 
stream  ;  a  raft ;  a  buoy ;  (b)  the  cork  or 
quiU  used  on  an  angling  line,  to  support 
it  and  indicate  the  bite  of  a  fish  ;  (c)  the 
small  piece  of  ivory  on  the  surface  of  the 
mercury  in  the  Sasin  of  a  barometer; 
(d)  the  hoUow  metallic  sphere  of  a  self- 
acting  faucet  which  floats  in  the  boiler  of 
a  steam-engine,  or  in  a  cistern:  a  quan- 
tity of  earth,  18  feet  square  and  1  deep  : 
in  plastering,  a  long  rule  with  a  straight 
edge,  by  which  the  work  is  reduced  to  a 
plane  surface — an  angle  float  is  one  made 
to  fit  an  internal  angle  ;  a  ttro-hayided 
float  is  termed  a  darby :  the  float- 
board  of  a  water-wheel :  a  single-cut  file 
for  smoothing.  [A.S.  flota,  that  which 
floats,  a  fleet.  See  the  verb.  In  some  of 
its  meanings,  however,  the  word  has 
probably  a  diff'erent  origin.] 

FLOATAGE,  FLOTAGE,  flot'aj,  n.  things 
found  floating  on  rivers  or  on  the  sea. 

FLOATING,  flot'ing,  adj.  swimming  :  not 
fixed  :  circulating. — adv.  Float'ecglt. 

FLOCULENT,  flok'u-lent,  adj.  adhering  in 
locks  or  flakes. — r>.  Flocc'tilexce.  [See 
Flock,  a  look  of  wool.] 

FLOCK,  flok,  )i.  a.  flight  of  birds  sitting  on 
the  ground  :  a  company :  a  Christian 
congregation. — i:i.  to  gather  in  flocks  or 
in  crowds.  [A.S.  flocc,  a  flock,  a  com- 
pany, jfj/gr,  a  flying— /eogroK,  to  fly.] 

FLOCK,  flok,  1!.  a  lock  of  wool.  [0.  Fr. 
floe — L.  floccus,  a  lock  of  wool.] 

FLOCK-BED,  flok'-bed,  n.  abed  filled  with 
flocks  or  locks  of  wool,  or  pieces  of  cloth 
cut  up  fine  :  a  bed  stuffed  with  flock. 
A  house  well-fm-nish'd  shall  be  thine  to  keep  ; 
And  tor  SI  flock-bed  I  can  shear  my  sheep. 

— Vryden. 

FLOCKLING,  flokaing,  «.  a  little  member 
of  a  flock  :  a  lamb :  a  sheep.    Brome. 

FLOCKLY,  flokTi,  adv.  in  a  body  or  in 
flocks. 

FLOCK-MASTER,  flok'-mas-ter,  n.  an 
owner  or  overseer  of  a  flock  :  a  sheep- 
farmer. 

FLOCK-PAPER,  Aok'-pa-per,  n.  a  kind  of 
wall-paper,  having  raised  figures  resem- 
bling cloth,  made  of  flock,  or  of  cloth 
cut  up  verj'  fine,  and  attached  to  the 
paper  bv  size  or  varnisli. 

FLOE,  flo",  n.  a  field  of  floating  ice.  [Dan. 
iisflage,  ice-floe.    See  Flake.] 

FLOG,  flog,  v.t.  to  beat  or  strike  :  to  lash  : 
to  chastise  with  blows  : — pr.p.  flogg'ing; 
pa.p.  flogged'.  [A  late  word  ;  perhaps 
a  school-boy's  abbrev.  from  L.  flageJlare, 
to  whip.] 

FLOOD,  flud,  n.  a  great  flotr  of  water :  a 
river,  so  in  B.:  an  inundation  :  a  deluge  : 
the  rise  or  flow  of  the  tide :  any  great 
quantity. — v.t.  to  overflow  :  to  inundate  : 
—X>r.p.    flood'ing  ;  pa.p.    flood'ed. — The 


Flood,  the  deluge  in  the  davs  of  Noah. 
[A.S.  flod  :  Scand.  flod.  Ger.'fluth.  Cog. 
with  FlowJ 

FLOODGATE,  flud'gat,  n.  a  gate  for  letting 
water  rfoif  through,  or  to  prevent  it :  an 
opening  or  passage  :  an  obstruction. 

FLOODING,  flud'ing.  n.  an  extraordinary 
flow  of  blood  from  the  uterus. 

FLOODJtARK,  flud'mark,  n.  the  mark  oi 
line  to  which  the  tide  rises. 

FLOOR,  flor,  n.  that  part  of  a  building  or 
room  on  which  we  walk  ;  the  bottom  or 
lower  part,  consisting  in  modern  bouses 
of  boards,  planks,  pavement,  asphalte, 
etc.  :  a  platform  of  boards  or  planks  laid 
on  timbers,  as  in  a  bridge  ,  any  similar 
platform  :  a  story  in  a  building  ;  a  suite 
of  rooms  on  a  level  ;  as,  the  first  or  second 
floor :  (nant.)  that  part  of  the  bottom  of  a 
vessel  on  each  side  of  the  keelson  which 
is  most  nearly  horizontal  :  in  legislative 
assemblies,  the  part  of  the  house  assigned 
to  the  members.  (U.S.)— To  have  or  GET 
THE  FLOOR,  in  the  Ignited  States  Congress, 
to  have  or  obtain  an  opportunity  of  taking 
part  in  a  debate  :  equivalent  to  the  En- 
glish phrase,  to  be  in  possession  of  the 
hovse.  -'Mr.  T.  claimed  that  he  had  the 
floor." — Xeir  York  Herald.  [A.S.  flor, 
flore,  a  floor.  Cog.  Dut.  vloer,  a  floor  ; 
Grer.  flur,  a  field,  a  floor ;  W.  Uaur.  the 
ground,  the  floor  of  a  house  ;  Gael,  lar,  the 
ground,  earth-floor.] 

FLOOR,  flor,  v.t.  to  cover  with  a  floor  ;  to 
furnish  with  a  floor  ;  as,  to  floor  a  house 
with  pine  boards  :  to  strike  down  or  lay 
level  with  the  floor ;  to  beat  :  to  con- 
quer :  as,  to  floor  an  antagonist  :  (fig.) 
to  put  to  silence  by  .some  decisive  argu- 
ment, retort,  etc.;  to  overcome  in  any 
way  ;  to  overthrow  ;  "One  question  .  .  . 
floored  successively  almost  every  w  itness 
in  favor  of  abolition  to  whom  ft  was  ad- 
dressed."— Sat.  Rev.;  "The  express  ob- 
ject of  his  ■sisit  was  to  know  how  he 
could  knock  religion  over  and  floor  the 
Established  Church.'" — Dickens:  to  go 
through  ;  to  make  an  end  of;  to  finish; 
"I've  floored  my  little-go  work." — 
Hughes:  "I  have  a  few  bottles  of  old 
wine  left,  we  may  as  well  floor  them." — 
Mdcmillan's  Itag. 

FLOOR-^LOTH.  flor'-kloth,  n.  a  useful 
substitute  for  a  carpet,  frequently  made 
partly  of  hemp  and  partly  of  flax,  and 
saturated  with  a  wash  of  melted  size, 
and  various  coats  of  oil-paint,  and  orna- 
mented with  a  great  variety  of  patterns  : 
oU-cloth  for  covering  floors. 

FLOORING,  flor'ing,  n.  material  for  floors : 
a  platform. 

FLORA,  flo'ra,  n.pl.  the  whole  of  the 
plants  of  a  particular  country  :  a  cata- 
logue of  plants.  ['L.—flos,floris,  a  flower.] 

FLORAL,  flo'ral,  adj.  pertaining  to  i^ora 
or  to  floirers :  (hot.)  containing  the 
flower. 

FLORENCE,  flo'rens,  n.  a  kind  of  cloth  : 
a  kind  of  wine  from  Florence  in  Italy : 
a  gold  coin  of  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  of 
the  value  of  $1.50. —Florence  flask, 
a  globular  bottle  of  thin  transnareut 
glass,  witli  a  long  neck,  in  which  Flo- 
rence oil  is  exported. — Flokejcce  oil.  a 
superior  kind  of  olive-oU  prepared  at  Flo- 
rence, and   exported  in  Florence  flasks, 

FLORENTINE,  flo'ren-tin,  adj-  of  or  per- 
taining to  Florence.— Florextixe  work, 
a  kind  of  mosaic  work,  consisting  of 
precious  stones  and  pieces  of  marble,  so 
named  because  the  Florentines  were  dis- 
tinguished for  this  kind  of  work.— Flo- 
REXnXE  FRESCO,  a  kind  of  painting,  first 
practiced  at  Florence  during  the  flourish- 
ing period  of  Italian  art.  for  decorating 
walls.  —  Florextixe  lake,  a  pigment, 
formerly  used,  prepared  from  cochineal. 


FLORENTINE 


171 


FLUKE 


FLORENTINE,  flo'ren-tin,  w.  a  native  or 
inhabitant  of  Florence  :  a  kind  of  silk 
cloth. 

FLORESCENCE,  flo-res'ens,  n.  a  bursting- 
into  Jloiver :  (bof.)  the  time  when  plants 
flower.  [L.  florescens,  pr.p.  of  floresco, 
to  begin  to  blossom— ;/?oreo,  to  blossom— 
flos.  a  flower.] 

FLORET,  flS'ref,  7i.  a  little  flourer  ;  (bot.)  a 
separate  Uttle  flower  of  an  aggregate 
flower. 

FLORICULTURAL,  fl3-ri-kul'tar-al,  adj. 
relating  to  floriculture. 

FLORICULTURE,  flo'ri-kul-tur,  n.  the  cul- 
ture or  cultivation  of  flowers  or  flower- 
ing plants,  whether  in  open  beds  in  gar- 
dens, in  conservatories  or  greenhouses,  or 
in  rooms  in  dwelling-houses.  [L.  flos, 
floris,  a  flower,  and  cultura,  cultivation.] 

FLORICULTURIST,  flo-ri-kul'tur-ist,  n. 
one  interested  in  the  cultivation  of  flow- 
ers or  flowering  plants. 

FLORID,  flor'id,  adj.  bright  in  color: 
flushed  with  red  :  containing  flowers  of 
rhetoric  or  lively  figures:  richly  orna- 
mental. —  adv.  "Flor'idlt. — n.  Floe'id- 
KE6S.     [L.  floridus—flos.] 

FLORIFEROUS,  flo-rif'er-us,  adj..  liearing 
or  producing  flowers,  [h.  flos,  floris,  and 
fero.  to  bear.] 

FLORIFORM,  fl3'ri-form,  adj.  flower- 
shaped.    [L.  flos,  and  Form.] 

FLORIN,  flo'rin,  n.  a  name  given  to  dif- 
ferent coins  of  gold  or  silver,  of  different 
values,  and  to  monej-s  of  account,  in  dif- 
ferent countries.  The  English  florin  is 
50  cents ;  the  Austrain  gulden  or  florin 
of  the  present  day  about  the  saane  ;  the 
gulden  or  florin  of  Germany  40  cents  ; 
the  guilder  or  florin  of  Holland  40  cents. 
[Fr. — It.  Jiorino,  a  name  first  applied  to 
a  Florentine  coin,  because  it  was  stamped 
with  a  lily,  in  It.  flore,  from  L.  flos,  floris, 
a  flower.] 

FLORIST,  flor'ist,  n.  a  cultivator  of  flowers: 
one  wlio  writes  an  account  of  plants. 

FLOSCULAR,  flos'ku-lar,  FLOSCULOUS, 
flos'ku-lus,  adj.  composed  of  many  flos- 
cules  or  tubular  florets. 

FLOSCULE,  flos'kul,  n.  a  floret  of  an  aggre- 
gate flower.  [IL.  jlosmhis,  dim.  of  flos,  a, 
flower.] 

FLOSH,  flosh,  n.  in  metal,  a  hopper-shaped 
box  in  which  ore  is  placed  for  the  action 
of  the  stamps.  The  side  of  the  box  has  a 
shutter  which  is  raised  or  lowered  to 
allow  tlie  ore  to  escape  when  it  has 
acquired  tlie  desired  fineness.  [Probably 
connected  with  Ger.  flosse,  a  trough  in 
which  ore  is  washed.] 

f  LOSS,  flos,  11.  a  small  stream  of  water. 
[Local.  Akin  to  Ger,  fluss,  floss,  a  stream, 
fiiessen,  to  flow.] 

FLOSS,  flos,  n.  the  loose  downy  or  silky 
substance  in  the  liusks  of  certain  plants, 
as  the  bean  :  portions  of  silk  broken  off  in 
unwinding  it. — adj.  Floss'y.  [It.  floscio 
— L.  fluxus,  loose— :/J«o,  to  flow.] 

FLOSS-SILK,  flos'-silk,  n.  an  inferior  kind 
of  silk  made  from  floss,  or  ravelled  frag- 
ments of  fibre. 

FLOTAGE.    Same  as  Floatage. 

FLOTILLA,   flo-til'a,   n.   a  fleet  of    small 

ships.     [Sp.,  dim.  of  flota.  Fr.  flotte,  a 

fleet.] 

FLOTSAM,  flot'sam,  FLOTSON.  flot'son,  n. 

goods  lost  by  shipwreck,  and  found  float' 

ing  on  the  sea.     [See  JetSAM.] 

FLOUNCE,  flowns,  v.i.  to  move  abruptly 

or  impatiently :  to  plunge  and  struggle. 

— n.    an    impatient    gesture.      [O.    Sw. 

flwnsa.  Dut.  plonzen.  to  plunge  in  water.] 

FLOUNCE,  flowns,  n.   a  plaited  strip  or 

border  sewed  to  the  skirt  of  a  dress. — v.t. 

to  furnish  with  flounces.     [Fr.  fronds,  a 

plait ;  prob.  from  Low  L.  frontiare,  to 


wrinkle  the  brow — L.  frons,  frontis,  the 
brow.] 

FLOUNDER,  flown'der,  v.i.  to  struggle 
with  violent  motion.  [From  a  Low  Ger. 
root  found  in  Dut.  flodaeren.] 

FLOUNDER,  flown'der,  n.  a  small  flat  fish, 
generally  found  in  the  sea  near  the 
mouths  of  rivers.  [Ger.  fltuider,  Sw. 
flundra.] 

FLOUR,  flowr,  n,  the  finely-ground  meal 
of  wheat  or  other  grain :  the  fine  soft 
powder  of  any  substance. — v.t.  to  reduce 
mto  or  sprinkle  with  flour.  [Fr.  fleur 
(de  fariue,  of  meal),  fine  flour— L./os, 
floris.  a  floweij 

FLOUR-DRESSER,  flowr'-dres-er,  n.  a  cyl- 
inder for  dressing  flour,  instead  of  pass- 
ing it  through  bolting-cloths. 

FLOURISH,  flur'ish,  v.i.  to  thrive  lu.xmi- 
antly  :  to  be  prosperous  :  to  use  copious 
and  flowery  language  :  to  make  orn<v- 
mental  strokes  witli  the  pen. — ^Floub- 
ISHED  =  lived  (L..7?ori/iY). — v.t.  to  adorn 
with  flourishes  or  ornaments  :  to  swing 
about  by  way  of  show  or  triumph. 
[M.E.  florisslten — Fr.  fleurir,  from  L. 
jlore^eere,  to  blossom— ;/fos.] 

FLOURISH,  flur'isli,  n.  decoration  :  showy 
splendor  :  a  figure  made  by  a  bold  stroke 
of  the  pen :  the  wa\'ing  of  a  weapon  or 
other  thing  :  a  parade  of  words  :  a  mus- 
ical prelude.— Flourish  of  Trumpets,  a 
trumpet-call,  fan-fare,  or  prelude  for  one 
or  more  instruments  performed  on  the 
approiujli  of  any  person  of  distinction  ; 
hence,  any  ostentatious  preliminary  say- 
ings or  doings. 

FLOtTRISHING,  flur'ish-jng,  adj.  thriv- 
ing :  prosperous :  making  a  show. — adv. 
Flour'ishingly. 

FLOUT,  flowt,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  jeer,  mock,  or 
insult :  to  treat  with  contempt. — n.  a 
mock  :  an  insult.  [O.  Dut.  flvyten  (Dwt. 
fluiten),  to  play  the  flute,  to  jeer.] 

FLOW,  flo,  v.i.  to  run,  as  water :  to  rise, 
as  the  tide :  to  move  in  a  sti-eam,  as  air : 
to  glide  smoothly :  to  circulate,  as  the 
blood  :  to  abound :  to  hang  loose  and 
waving  :  (B.)to  melt. — v.t.  to  cover  \^-ith 
water.  [A.H.floxcan;  Ger.  fliessen,  akin 
to  L.  pluo,  to  rain,  Gr.  phleo,  to  swim. 
Sans.  jpZj;,  to  swim.] 

FLOW,  flo,  n.  a  stream  or  current :  the 
setting  in  of  the  tide  from  the  ocean  : 
abundance  :  copiousness :  free  expres- 
sion. 

FLOWER,  flow'er,  n.  the  blossom  of  a 
plant :  the  best  of  anything :  the  prime 
of  life  :  the  person  or  thing  most  chs- 
tiuguished  :  a  flgiu'e  of  speech. — v.t.  to 
adorn  with  figures  of  flowers. — v.i.  to 
blossom  :  to  flourish.  [O.  Fr.  flour,  Fr. 
fleur— L.  flos,  floris,  akin  to  Blow, 
Bloom.] 
FLOWER-BUD,  flow'er-bud,  n.  a  bud  with 

the  unopened  flower. 
FLOWERET,  flow'er-et,  ?(.  a  little  flower  : 

a  floret. 
FLOWERLESS,  flow'er-les,  adj.  (bot.)  hav- 
ing no  flowers. 
FLOWERS,  flo'erz,  n.2yl.  [B.)  in  Leviticus, 
menstrual    discharges.     [Fr.  fleur  —  L. 
flos,  a  flower.] 
FLOWERY,  flow'er-i,  adj.  full  of  or  adorned 
M-ith  flowers:    highly  embellished  with 
figurative    stj'le,   florid. —  ».    Flow'eri- 

NESS. 

FLOWING,  flo'ing,  adj.  moving  as  a  fluid  : 
fluent  or  smooth.  —  Flowdcg  sheets 
(7iaut.),  the  position  of  the  sheets,  or 
lower  corners  of  the  principal  sails,  when 
thej-  are  loosened  to  the  wind,  so  ns  to 
receive  it  into  their  cavities,  in  a  direc- 
tion more  nearlv  perpendicular  than 
when  thoy  are  close-hauled,  although 
more  obliquely  than  when  the  vessel  is 


saihng  before  the  wind. — adv.  Flow'isO'- 
LT. — -n.  FLOAv'rsG>rESS. 
FLOWN,  flon.  im.p.  of  Fly. 
FLUCTLTATE.  fluk'tu-at,  v.i.  to  float  back- 
ward and  forward :  to  roll  hither  and 
thither :   to  be  irresolute.      [L.  fluctuo, 
fluctuatus—fluctus,  a  wave— JZuOj  to  flow. 
See  Flow.] 
FLUCTUATION,  fluk-tu-a'shun,  n.  a  rising 
and  falling,  hke  a  n-ai-e :  motion  hither 
and  thither  :  agitation  :  unsteadiness,  as 
tlie  fluctuation  of  prices,  of  the  stock 
market,  of  opinion,  etc.:  in  med.  the  per- 
ceptible motion  given  to  pus  or  otiier 
fluids  by  pressure  or  percussion. 
FLUE,  fl'oo,  n.  a  passage  for  smoke  in   a 
chimnej-,  leading  from  the  fireplace  to 
the  top'of  the  chimney,  or  into  anotlier 
passage :  a  pipe  or  tube  for  conveying 
heat  to  water  in  certain  kinds  of  steam- 
boilers  :  a  passage  in  a  wall  for  the  pur- 
pose of  conducting  heat  from  one  part 
of  a  building  to  another.    [Comp.  O.  Fr. 
flue,   a  flowing,   from   L.  fluo,  to  flow. 
Skeat  takes  it'from  O.  Fr.  fleute,  a  flute, 
the  beak  of  a  retort.] 
FLUE,  floo,  v.i.  to  expand  or  splay,  as  the 

Jambs  of  a  window. 
FLUE,  floo,  n.  soft  down  or  fur :  very  fine 
hair :  flew.     [Probablv    connected    with 
fluff.  Ger.  flau,  soft.]  " 
FLUE.  floo.  n.  a  money  of  account  of  Mor- 
occo of  the  value  of  1-12  of  a  cent. 
FLUE-BOILER,    floo'-boil-er.  n.  a  steam- 
boiler  with    flues  running  through  the 
part  that  contains  the  water. 
FLUENCY,  floo'en-si,  n.  readiness  or  ra- 

piditv  of  utterance  :  voluliility. 
FLUENT,  floo'ent,  adj.  readv  in  the  use  of 
words:  voluble.— arfr.  FLti'ently.  [L. 
flueus,  fiitentis.  pr.p.  of  fluo,  to  flow.] 
FLUID,  floo'id.  adj.  consistiugof  jmrticles 
wliich  move  and  change  their  relative 
position  without  separation  on  the  slight- 
est pressure  :  capable  of  flowing :  liquid 
or  gaseous  :  as,  water  and  air  are  fluid 
substances. — FnHD  LENS,  a  lens  made  by 
confining  a  liquid  between  two  curved 
pieces  of  glass.  [L.  fluidus,  from  fluo,  to 
flow.] 
FLUID,  floo'id,  n.  a  body  whose  particles  on 
the  slightest  pressure  move  and  change 
their  relative  position  witliout  separa- 
tion :  a  body  which  yields  to  the  slightest 
pressure  :  a  liquid  or  gas  :  opposed  to  a 
solid ;  as.  air,  water,  blood,  chyle,  are 
fluids.  Fluids  are  divided  into  liquids, 
such  as  water  and  bodies  in  the  form  of 
water  ;  and  gaseous  bodies,  or  aeriform 
fluids.  Liquids  have  been  also  termed 
tion-elastic  fluids,  for  although  they  are 
not  altogether  void  of  elasticity,  they 
possess  it  only  in  a  small  degrep.  Air 
and  aeriform "  bodies  have  been  called 
elastic  fluids  on  account  of  their  gr-'at 
elasticity.— Fluid  of  Cotunnius,  a  thin 
gelatinous  fluid  found  in  the  bony  ca\-ity 
of  the  labyrinth  of  the  ear.  so  called  from 
the  anatomist  who  first  distinctly  de- 
scribed it.— Fluid  compass,  a  compass, 
the  card  of  whicli  revolves  in  a  bowl  of 
alcohol  on  which  it  floats. 
FLUIDITY,  flo6-id'i-ti.  )i.  the  quality  of  be- 
ing fluid,  or  capable  of  flowing :  that 
quahty  of  a  liody  wliich  renders  it  im- 
pressible  to  the  "slightest  force,  and  [■■y 
which  the  particles  easily  move  or  change 
their  relative  position  without  a  separa- 
tion of  the  mass:  a  liquid,  aeriform,  or 
araseous  state  :  opposed  to  solidit!/. 
FLUIDIZE,  floo'id-iz,  v.t.  to  convert  into  a 

fluid. 
FLUIDNESS.  floo'id-nes.  n.  the  state  of  be- 

inc  fluid  :  fluiditv  (which  see). 
FLUKE,  flook.  K."a  flounder  :  a  parasitic 
worm  in  sheep,  so  called  because  like  a 
miniature  flounder.  [A,  S./oc,a  flounder? 


FLUKE 


172 


FLYING-SQUIRREL 


FLUKE,  flook,  71.  the  part  of  an  anchor 
which  fastens  in  the  ground.  [Akin  to 
Ger.  j^fiiig,  a  plough,  Ice.  fleika,  to  tear.] 

FLUME,  floom,  7i.  the  channel  for  the  wa- 
ter that  drives  a  mill-wheel.  [A.S.y/«7/i, 
a  stream  ;  from  L.  flumen,  a  nv&i—fiuo, 
to  flowj^ 

n;.UMMKiY,  flum'er-i,  n.  an  acid  jelly 
made  from  the  husks  of  oats,  the  Scotch 
sowens :  anything-  insipid  :  empty  com- 
pliment. [W.  llyinry — Uymrig,  harsh,  raw 
— llym,  sharp,  severe.] 

FLUNG,  flung,  pa.t.  and  pa.j).  of  Fling. 

FLUNK,  flungk,  v.i.  to  fail,  as  in  a  lesson  : 
to  retire  through  fear :  to  back  out. 
"  Why,  little  one,  you  must  be  cracked, 
if  you  flunk  out  beWe  we  begin." — J.  C. 
Keal.  [Probably  a  form  of /iOit.  Comp. 
Scand.  flunk,  a  lazy  lounging  person,  to 


flunk,  to  squat  down.] 
J  ^^jj 

out. 


FLUNK,  flungk,  7i.  a  faOure    or  backing 


FLUNKDY,  FLUNKY,  flung'ki,  n.  a  male 
servant  in  livery :  a  term  of  contempt 
for  one  who  is  mean  and  base-spirited ; 
a  cringing  flatterer  and  servile  imitator 
of  the  aristocracy;  a  male  toady;  a  snob; 
"  I  don't  frequent  operas  and  parties  in 
London  like  you  young  flunkies  of  the 
aristocracy." — Thackeray :  a  term  among 
stockbrokers  for  a  person  who,  unac- 
quainted with  the  manner  in  which 
stocks  are  bought  and  sold,  and  deceived 
by  appearances,  makes  bad  investments 
or  loses  his  money.  [L.  Ger.  flunkem, 
to  flaunt;  Dut.  flonheren,  flinkeren,  to 
glitter ;  cf.  A.S.  idtenc.  proud.] 

FLUNKEYDOM,  FLUNKYDOM,  flungk'i- 
dum ,  n.  flunkeys  collectively :  the  grade 
or  condition  of  flunkevs. 

FLUNKEYISM,  FLUI^KYISM,  flung'ki- 
izm,  n.  the  character  or  quahty  of  a 
flunkey  :  servihty  :  toadyism. 

PLUOR,  floo'or,  n.  a  beautiful  mineral, 
often  crystallized,  and  usually  called 
FnfOR-SPAE. — adj.  Fluor'ic.  [A  name 
g^ven  by  the  alchemists  to  all  mineral 
acids  because  of  their  fluidity,  from  L. 
fltio,  to  flow.  ] 

FLUORINE,  iloo'or-in,  n.  an  elementary 
substance  allied  to  chlorine,  obtained 
chiefly  from  fluor. 

FLURRY,  flur'i,  n.  a  sudden  blast  or  gust  : 
agitation:  bustle. — v.t.  to  agitate:  — 
pr.p.  flurr'ying ;  pa.p.  flurr'ied.  [Per- 
haps conn,  with  FLUTTER,  FLIT.] 

FLUSH,  flus)i,  v.i.  to  flow  and  spread  sud- 
denly ;  to  rush ;  as,  blood  flushes  into 
the  face  :  to  come  in  haste  ;  to  start ;  to 
&y  out  suddenlj',  as  a  bird  disturbed  :  to 
become  suffused ;  to  become  suddenly 
red  ;  to  glow :  to  be  gay,  splendid,  or 
beautiful.  [Cf.  Dut.  fluysen  :  Prov.  Dan. 
fluse,  to  flow  with  violence  ;  O.H.Ger. 
fluizan,  to  flow.  The  word  blush  may 
have  had  some  influence  on  tlie  word.] 

FLUSH,  flush,  v.t.  to  cause  to  blush ;  to 
redden  suddenly  ;  to  cause  the  blood  to 
rush  suddenly  into  the  face  ;  to  color :  to 
elate  ;  to  elevate  ;  to  excite  the  spirits 
of  ;  to  animate  with  joy  :  to  wash  out 
or  cleanse  by  drenching  with  copious 
supphes  of  water  ;  as,  to  flush  a  sewer,  a 
lane,  etc.:  in  sporting,  to  cause  to  start 
up  or  fly  off  ;  to  spring ;  as,  to  /?"s/i  a 
woodcock. — To  FLUSH  UP,  in  brisk.aying, 
to  fiU  up  the  vertical  joints  of  brick  with 
mortar. 

FLUSH,  flush,  adj.  fresh  ;  full  of  vigor ; 
glowing  ;  bright :  rich  in  blossom ;  ex- 
uberant :  well  supplied  with  money ; 
having  lull  pockets ;  as,  to  be  quite 
fltish :  having  the  surface  even  or  level 
with  the  adjacent  surface  :  in  this  sense 
much  used  by  builders,  cai-penters,  etc., 
and  appUed  to  surfaces  which  are  so 
vJaced  ;  for  example,  the  panel  of  a  door 


is  said  to  be  flush,  when  fixed  level  with 
the  margin,  and  not  sunk  below  it :  in 
the  game  of  cribbage  or  poker  consisting 
of  cards  of  the  same  suit ;  as,  a  flush 
hand. — A  flush  deck  (naut.),  is  a  deck 
without  a  half-deck  or  forecastle.  [The 
origin  of  this  word  or  its  connection 
with  the  verb  is  not  very  clear.] 

FLUSH,  flush,  n.  a  sudden  flow  of  blood  to 
the  face  ;  or  more  generally,  the  redness 
of  face  which  proceeds  from  such  an 
afflux  of  blood  ;  as,  her  face  was  suffused 
with  a  crimson  flush  :  hence,  anj-  warm 
coloring  or  glow,  as  the  reddening  of  the 
sky  before  daybreak :  sudden  impulse  or 
excitement ;  sudden  thrill  or  shock,  as 
of  feeling ;  as,  a  flufh  of  joy :  bloom  ; 
growth  ;  abundance  :  a  rush  or  flow,  as 
of  a  jet  or  stream  of  water  :  in  the  game 
of  cribbage  or  poker,  a  run  of  cards  of  the 
same  suit :  a  flock  of  birds  suddenly 
started  or  flushed. 

FLUSH,  flush,  adv.  in  a  manner  so  as  to  be 
even  or  level  with. 

FLUSHING,  flush'ing,  n.  a  glow  of  red,  as 
in  the  face;  as,  the  disease  is  characterized 
by  frequent  flushings  of  the  face :  in 
weaving,  a  thread  which,  in  the  process 
of  twilling,  spans  several  threads  of  the 
warp  without  intersection ;  a  floating : 
a  kind  of  stout  woollen  cloth ;  "  Some 
stout  skipper  paces  his  deck  in  a  suit  of 
flushing." — C.  Reade. 

FLUSTER,  flus'ter, »!.,  hurrying,  confusion: 
heat. — v.i.  to  bustle:  to  be  agitated. — v.t. 
to  make  hot  and  confused.  [Perh.  from 
Scand.  flaustr,  hurry,  and  conn,  with 
Flutter.] 

FLUSTRA,  flus'tra,  n.  the  sea-mat.  It  is 
common  on  almost  every  coast,  and  is 
found  thrown  up  among  sea-weeds.  It  is 
flat  and  variously  divided,  of  a  pale  brown 
color,  and,  when  examined,  the  surface  is 
found  to  be  covered  with  a  kind  of  net- 
work of  quadrangular  cells,  ha\'ing  mi- 
nute teeth  at  the  angles.  When  living 
these  cells  are  fitted  with  polypi,  each 
ha^'ing  a  mouth  fringed  with  tentacles. 
On  account  of  its  peculiar  scent  the  sea- 
mat  is  sometimes  called  lemon  weed. 
[A.^.  flustrian,  to  weave.] 

FLUSTRATED,  flus'trat-ed,  adj.  more  or 
less  excited,  especially  as  if  bj'  drink  : 
elevated:  tipsy.  "  We  were  coming  down 
Essex  street  one  night  a  Uttle  flustrated, 
and  I  gave  him  the  word  to  alarm  the 
watch." — Steele. 

FLUSTRUM,  flus'trum,  n.  a  state  of  fluster 
or  agitation.  "  We  may  take  the  thing 
quietly,  without  being  in  a  flustrum." — 
Miss  Edgeicorth.    [Colloq.] 

FLUTE,  floot,  n .  a  masical  pipe  with  flnger- 
holes  and  keys  sounded  by  blowing:  a 
channel,  as  on  a  pillar,  called  also  Flut'- 
VSQ. — v.i.  to  play  the  flute. — v.t.  to  form 
flutes  or  channels  in.  [Fr.,  O.  Fr.  flaute. 
It.  flauto,  from  "L.  flo,  flatum,  to  blow.] 

FLUTER,  floot'er,  FLAUTIST,  flawt'ist,  n. 
a,  flute-player.] 

FLUTINA,  flu-te'na,  7i.  a  musical  instru- 
ment differing  little  from  the  accordion. 

FLUTTER,  flut'er,  v.i.  to  move  or  flap  the 
wings  without  flying  or  withshort  flights: 
to  move  about  with  bustle  :  to  vibrate  : 
to  be  in  agitation  or  in  uncertainty. — 
v.t.  to  throw  into  disorder. — n.  quick, 
irregular  motion  :  agitation  :  confusion. 
[A.S.  ^o^onan,  to  float  about,  iromflot, 
the  sea ;  cf.  Ger.  flattern.  Low  Ger. 
fluttei^n.'] 

iXUTTER-WHEEL,  flut'er-whel.  n.  a 
water-wheel  of  moderate  size  placed  at 
the  bottom  of  a  chute  ;  so  called  from  its 
rapid  motion. 

FLUVIAL,  fl66S4-al,  FLUVIATIC,  floo- 
vi-at'ik,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to  rivers  ; 
growing  or  Uving  in  streams  or  ponds. 


[L.  fluvialis.  fluviaticus — fluvius.  a  rivw 
— fluo,  to  flow.] 

FLUVIALIST,  flo6'\'i-al-ist,  n.  one  who  ex- 
plains geological  phenomena  by  the  ao« 
tion  of  existing  streams. 

FLUVIATIC,  fl6o-^•i-at'ik,  FLUVIATILE 
floo'\-i-a-tIl,  adj.  belonging  to  rivers:  pro- 
duced by  river  action :  growing  or  lir- 
ing  in  fresh-water  rivers  :  fluvial :  as. 
fluviatile  deposit,  fluviatile  plants.  [L. 
fluviaticus,  fluviatilis,  from  fluvius  '  a 
river,  from  fluo,  to  flow.] 

FLUVIOJIARINE,  floo-vi-6-ma-ren'  adj.  in 
geol.  a  term  appUed  to  such  deposits  as 
have  been  formed  in  estuaries  or  on  the 
bottom  of  the  sea  at  a  gi'eater  or  less 
distance  from  the  embouchure  by  rivers 
bearing  with  them  the  detritus  of  the 
land.  [L.  fljivius,  a  river,  and  marinus, 
marine,  from  mare,  the  sea.] 

FLUX,  fluks,  ?i.  act  oiflou~i7ig :  the  motion 
of  a  fluid  :  a  flow  of  matter  :  quick  sue 
cession  :  that  which  flows,  as  the  tide  : 
matter  discharged  :  state  of  being  hquid. 
— v.t.  to  melt.  [Ft. — L..  fluxus—flttc,  to 
flow.] 

FLUXATION,  fluks-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
fluxing  or  passing  away  and  giving  place 
to  another. 

FLUXIBLE,  fluks'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
fluxed  or  melted. — ji.  Fluxibil'ity. 

FLUXION,  fluk'shun, »;.  a  flowing  or  dis 
charge  :  a  difference  or  variation. 

FLY,  fli,  v.i.  to  move  through  the  air  on 
wings  :  to  move  swiftly  :  to  pass  away  : 
to  flee:  to  burst:  to  flutter. — v.t.  to 
avoid,  flee  from  :  to  cause  to  fly,  as  a 
kite: — jjr.p.  flj-^ing  ;  pa.t.  flew  (floo)- 
pa.p.  flown  (flon).  —  n.  a  small  insect 
with  two  transparent  wings,  esp.  the 
common  house-fly :  a  fish-hook  dressed 
^vith  silk,  etc.,  in  Imitation  of  a  fly :  a 
light  double-seated  carriage  :  (mech.)  a 
fly-wheel.  [A.S.  fleoga7i  :  Ger.  fliegen 
from  a  root  flug,  an  extension  of  flu^ 
which  is  conn,  with  root  jjhi,  to  swim.: 
Thus  Flt  is  akin  to  Flow.] 

FLYBLOW,  fll'blo^n.  the  egg  of  a,fly.—adj. 
Flyblown,  flfblon,  tainted  with  the  eggs 
which  produce  maggots.  [Prov.  E.  blots, 
eggs  of  maggots.] 

FLYBOAT,  fli'bot,  n.  a  long  narrow  swift 
boat  used  on  canals. 

FLY-CATCHER,  fli'-kach'er,  n.  a  small 
bird,  so  called  from  its  catching  flies 
whOe  on  the  wing. 

FLY-FISH,  fli'-fish,  v.i.  to  fish  with  flies, 
natural  or  artificial,  as  bait. — n.  Fly*- 
fish'ing. 

FLYING  DUTCHMAN,  fli'ing  duch'man, 
n.  a  legendary  Dutch  captain  who  for 
some  heinous  offence  was  condemned  to 
sail  the  sea,  beating  against  head  winds, 
till  the  day  of  judgment.  One  form  of 
the  legend  has  it  that  a  horrible  murder 
had  been  committed  on  board  his  ship ; 
another,  that  he  swoi-e  a  profane  oath 
that  he  would  weather  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  though  he  should  beat  there  till 
the  last  day.  He  sometimes  hails  vessels 
through  his  trumpet  and  requests  them 
to  take  letters  home  from  him.  The 
legend  is  supposed  to  have  originated 
in  the  sight  of  some  ship  reflected  from 
the  clouds. 

FLYING-FISH,  fli'ing-fish,  n.  a  fish  which 
can  leap  from  the  water  and  sustain  itself 
in  the  air  for  a  short  time,  by  its  long 
pectoral  fins,  as  iiflyi7ig. 

FLY-PAPER,  fli'-pa-per.  ?;.  a  kind  of  por 
ous  paper,  generally  impregnated  with 
arsenic,  for  destroying  fhes.  The  paper 
thus  prepared  is  simply  moistened  and 
spread  out  in  a  flat  dish,  and  by  sipping 
this  moisture  the  flies  are  killed. 

FLYING-SQUIRREL,  fli'ing-skwir'el,  n.  a 
squirrel  in  S.  Asia  and  N.  America,  which 


FLYLEAF 


173 


FOLIATION 


bEks  a  broad  fold  of  skin  between  its  fore 
and  hind  legs,  by  which  it  can  take  great 
leaps  in  the  air,  as  it  flying. 

FLYLEAF,  fli'lef,  n.  a  blank  leaf  at  the 
beginning  and  end  of  a  book. 

FLY-SLOW,  fli'-slo,  adj.  moving  slowly. 
{This  reading  occurs  only  in  one  of  the 
folio  editions  of  the  Poet  and  some  mod- 
em ones  ;  the  others  have  sly  slow.'] 

The  fly-slow  hours  shall  not  determinate 
The  dateless  limit  of  thy  dear  exile.  —  Shah. 

FLY-WHEEL,  fli'-whel,  w.  in  mech.  a  wheel 
with  a  heavy  rim  placed  on  the  revolving 
shaft  of  any  machinery  put  in  motion  by 
an  irregular  or  intermitting  force,  for  the 
purpose  of  rendering  the  motion  equable 
and  regular  by  means  of  its  momentum. 
fliis  effect  results  from  a  law  of  nature 
ttiat  all  bodies  have  a  tendency  to  con- 
tinue in  their  state  either  of  motion  or  of 
lest  until  acted  upon  by  some  extraneous 
force.  Thus  the  rim  of  a  iiy-wheel,  after 
a  few  revolutions,  acquires  a  momentum 
sufficient  to  cause  it  to  revolve  with  a 
velocity  depending  upon  the  resistance  of 
the  machinery  and  the  augmentations  and 
diminutions  of  the  impelling  power  suc- 
ceeding each  other  rapidly,  while  neither 
cause  acts  sufficiently  long-  to  either  aug- 
ment or  diminish  the  velocity  acquired 
in  any  considerable  degree  ;  and  hence  it 
remains  equable  or  nearly  so.  A  fly- 
wheel is  often  used  as  an  accumulator  of 
force ;  thus,  when  a  small  steam-engine 
sets  in  motion  a  very  large  fly-wheel,  the 
wheel  acts  as  a  reservoir  of  all  the  small 
pressures  which  have  been  communicat- 
ed to  it,  and  having  thus  concentrated 
them  can  apply  them  all  together  and  at 
once  when  some  great  effect  is  to  be  pro- 
duced. 

FO,  fo,  n.  the  name  under  which  Buddha 
is  worshipped  in  China.  This  name  (writ- 
ten also  Foe  and  Fohi)  seems  to  be  the 
nearest  approach  that  the  Chinese,  owing 
to  the  meagreness  of  their  articulations, 
can  make  to  the  real  sound,  Buddha. 

FOAL,  fol,  n.  the  young  of  a  mare  or  of  a 
she-ass. — v.i.  and  v.t.  to  bring  forth  a 
foal.  [A.S.  fola ;  Ger.  fohlen,  Gr.  polos ; 
L.  pulttis,  prob.  contr.  of  picellus,  dim. 
of  puer,  a  boy.  Sans,  putra,  a  son,  from 
root  pu,  to  beget.] 

FOAM,  fom,  n.,  froth :  the  bubbles  which 
rise  on  the  surface  of  liquors. — v.i.  to 
gather  foam  :  to  be  in  a  rage. — v.t.  (B.) 
(with  out) :  to  throw  out  with  rage  or 
violence. — adv.  Foam'ingly. — adj.  Foam'- 
LESS,  without  foam.  [A.S.  fam;  Ger. 
feim,  akin  to  L.  spxima — spito,  to  spit ; 
Sans,  phena,  froth.] 

FOAMY,  fom'i,  adj.  frothy. 

FOB,  fob,  n.  a  small  pocket  for  a  watch. 
[From  a  Low  Ger.  root,  found  only  in 
Prov.  Ger.  fuppe,  a  pocket.] 

FOCAL,  fo'kal,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to  a 
focus. 

FOCALIZE,  fo'kal-Iz,  v.t.  to  bring  to  a 
focus:  to  concentrate. 

FOCUS,  fo'kus,  n.  (optics)  a  point  in  which 
the  rays  of  hght  meet  after  reflection  or 
refraction,  and  cause  great  heat :  any 
central  point  •.-—p)l.  Fo'cusES  and  Foci 
(fo'si). — v.t.  to  bring  to  a  focus ;  pp.  fo'- 
cussed.     [L.  focus,  a  hearth.] 

FODDER,  fod'er,  n.,  food  for  cattle,  as  hay 
and  straw. — v.t.  to  supply  with  fodder. 
[A.S.  foder—foda,  food.]  ' 

FODDER,  fod'er,  n.  a  weight  by  which 
lead  and  some  other  metals  were  former- 
ly sold  in  England,  varying  from  19^  to 
24  cwts.  [A.S.  father,  a  load,  a  mass  ; 
Low  Oer.foder,foor;  Dut.  voeder ;  Ger. 
fvder,fulir,  a  cart-load.] 

FOE,  fo,  (I.  an  enemy:  an  ill-wisher.  [A.S. 
fah—fian,  fiogan,  to  hate.  See  Feud,  a 
quarrel.] 


FOEMAN,  f5'man,  n.  an  enemy  in  war. — 
pi.  Foe'men. 

FCETUS,  fe'tus.    See  Fetus. 

FOG,  fog,  n.  a  dense  watery  vapor  exhaled 
from  the  earth  or  from  rivers  and  lakes, 
or  generated  in  the  atmosphere  near  the 
earth.  There  is  a  constant  ascent  of 
watery  particles  from  the  surface  of  the 
earth  occasioned  by  the  evaporation  from 
masses  of  water  and  moist  bodies ;  and 
when  the  air  is  saturated  with  vapor  the 
watery  particles  which  continue  to  rise 
are  no  longer  dissolved,  but  remain  sus- 
pended in  vesicular  vapors,  which  form 
clouds  when  they  rise  to  a  great  height 
and  fogs  when  they  hover  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth.  Fogs  are  more  frequent 
at  those  seasons  of  the  year  when  there 
is  a  considerable  difference  of  temperature 
in  the  different  parts  of  the  day.  "  Have 
sucked  up  from  the  sea  contagious /ogrs." 
..."  Hover  through  the  fog  and  filthy 
air." — Shak.  [Wedgwood  compares  Dan. 
sne-fog,  a  snow-storm,  fyge,  to  drive  with 
the  wind,  Dan.  dial,  fiige,  to  rain  fine  and 
blow.  Ice.  fok,  snow-storm.] 

FOG,  fog,  FOGG  AGE,  fog's],  n.  grass 
which  grows  in  autumn  after  the  hay  is 
cut.  [Perh.  of  Celt,  origin,  as  in  W.  /«'(/, 
dry  grass,  Scot,  fog,  moss.] 

FOGBAl^K,  fog'bangk,  n.  a  dense  mass  of 
fog  sometimes  seen  at  sea  appearing  like 
a  bank  of  land. 

FOGGY,  fog'i,  adj.  misty :  damp  :  clouded 
in  mind,  stupid.  —  adv.  Fogq'ilt. — n. 
Fogg'iness. 

FOG-HORN,  fog'-horn,  n.  a  kind  of  horn 
kept  on  board  of  a  vessel  to  sound  as  a 
warning  signal  in  foggy  weather  :  specif- 
ically, a  sounding  instrument  for  warn- 
ing vessels  of  their  proximity  to  the 
coast  during  a  fog.  The  most  powerful 
of  these  horns  is  an  instrument  called  the 
siren,  or  siren  fog-horn,  after  the  acoustic 
instrimaent  of  that  name  ;  the  sound  be- 
ing produced  on  the  same  principle  as  in 
the  older  instrument,  by  means  of  a  disc 
with  twelve  radial  slits  made  to  rotate  in 
front  of  a  fixed  disc  exactly  similar,  a 
cast-iron  trumpet  20  feet  long  forming 
part  of  the  apparatus.  The  moving  disk 
revolves  2800  times  a  minute  and  in  each 
revolution  there  are  of  course  twelve 
coincidences  between  the  two  discs ; 
through  the  openings  thus  made  steam 
or  air  at  a  high  pressure  is  made  to  pass, 
so  that  there  are  actually  33,600  puffs  of 
steam  or  compressed  air  every  minute. 
This  causes  a  sound  of  very  great  power, 
which  the  trumpet  collects  and  com- 
presses, and  the  blast  goes  out  as  a  sort 
of  sound  beam  in  the  direction  required. 
This  fog-horn  can  be  heard  in  all  sorts  of 
weather  at  from  2i  to  3  miles,  and  in  an 
experiment  made  at  Trinity  House,  En- 
gland, under  favorable  circumstances, 
was  heard  16f  miles  out  at  sea. 

FOGLE,  fS'gl,  n.  a  pocket  handkerchief. 
"  '  If  you  don't  take /ogrZes  and  tickers,  .  . 
if  you  don't  take  pocket  handkechers  and 
watches,'  said  the  Dodger,  reducing  his 
conversation  to  the  level  of  Oliver's  ca- 
pacity, '  some  other  cove  will.'" — Dickens. 

FOG-SIGNAL,  fog'-sig'nal,  n.  an  audible 
signal  used  on  board  ship,  etc.,  during  a 
fog,  when  visible  signals  cease  to  be  of 
use. 

FOGY,  fo'gy,  n.  a  dull  old  fellow  :  a  per- 
son with  antiquated  notions.  [Ety.  un- 
known.] 

FOH,  fo,  int.  an  exclamation  of  abhorrence 
or  contempt.     [A  form  of  Faugh.] 

FOIBLE,  foi'bl,  n.  a  weak  point  in  one's 
character :  a  faiUng.  [O.  Ft.  foible, 
weak.     See  Feeei-e.] 

FOIL,  foil,  v.t.  to  defeat  :  to  puzzle  :  to 
disappoint : — pr.p.  foil'ing  ;  pa.p.  foiled'. 


— n.  failure  after  success  seemed  certain, 
defeat.  [Fr.  fouler,  to  stamp  or  crush- 
Low  L.  fullare—fullo,  a  fuller  of  cloth. 
See  Fuller.] 

FOIL,  foil,  n.  a  blunt  sword  used  in  feno* 
ing.  [So  called  because  blunted  or 
foiled.] 

FOIL,  foil,  n.  a  leaf  or  thin  plate  of  metal, 
as  tin-foil :  a  thin  leaf  of  metal  put  urt 
der  precious  stones  to  Increase  theii 
lustre  or  change  their  color :  anything 
that  serves  to  set  off  something  else. 
[Fi'.  feuille — L.  folium,  a  leaf.] 

FOIN,  foin,  v.i.  to  push  in  fencing.  [Pror. 
Fr.  fouiner,  to  catch  fish  with  a  spear, 
iroxafcniine,  a  fish-spear.] 

FOIN,  foin,  v.t.  to  prick  :  to  sting. 

FOIN,  foin,  n.  a  push  :  a  thrust. 

FOIN,  foin,  n.  a  small  ferret  or  weasel :  a 
kind  of  fur,  black  at  the  top  on  a  whit- 
ish ground,  taken  from  the  ferret  ojt 
weasel  of  the  same  name.  [Fr.  fouiae, 
a  beech-marten.] 

FOISON,  foi'zn,  n.  plenty  :  abundance. 
As  blossoming  time, 
That  from  the  seedness  the  bare  fallow  brings 
To  teeming /oison.—SAoJ;. 

[Fr. ;  Pr.  fusion  ;  from  L.  fusio,  fusionis, 
an  outpouring,  from  fiindo,  fusum,  to 
pour.] 

FOIST,  foist,  v.t.  to  bring  in  by  stealth  :  to 
insert  wrongfully:  to  pass  off  as  genuine, 
— n.  FoiST'EE.  [Orig.  to  break  wind  in  a 
noiseless  manner,  and  so  to  introduce 
stealthUy  something  afterwards  felt  to 
be  disagreeable,  from  Dut.  vysten,  to 
fizzle,  cog.  with  E.  Fizz.] 

FOLD,  fold,  jj.the  doubling  of  any  flexibte 
substance  :  a  part  laid  over  on  another  s 
that  which  infolds :  an  inclosure  for 
sheep :  a  flock  of  sheep  :  the  Church. — 
v.t.  to  lay  one  part  over  another  :  to  in- 
close :  to  inclose  in  a  fold.  [A.S.  fakl — 
fealdan,  to  fold  ;  Scot,  fauld,  Ger.  falte 
akin  to  L.  -plex,  in  duplex,  double,  Gr. 
-ploos,  in  diploos,  double.] 

FOLD,  in  composition  with  numerals- 
times,  as  in  Tenfold. 

FOLDAGE,  fold'aj,  n.  the  right  of  folding 
sheep. 

FOLDING,  fold'ing,  adj.  that  maybe  folded 
or  doubled. — n.  a  fold  or  plait :  the  keep- 
ing of  sheep  in  inclosures  on  arable  land, 

FOLIACEOUS,  fo-li-a'shus,  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  consisting  of  leaves  or  laminae.  [L. 
foliaceus— folium,  a  leaf.] 

FOLIAGE,  fo'li-aj,  n.,  leaves  :  a  cluster  oi 
leaves.  [Fr.  feuillage— feuille — L.  folium, 

FOLIAGED,  fo'li-ajd,  adj.  worked  like /o?i- 
age. 

FOLIAGE-PLANT,  fo'li-aj-plant,  n.  a  plant 
cultivated  in  gardens  or  hot-houses  for 
the  distinctive  character  and  beauty  of 
its  foliage. 

FOLIAGE-TREE,  foai-aj-tre,  n.  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  a  tree  with  broad 
leaves,  such  as  the  oak,  elm,  ash,  etc.,  as 
distinguished  from  a  needle-leaved  tree. 

FOLIATE,  fo'li-at,  v.t.  (orig.)  to  beat  into  a 
leaf :  to  cover  with  leaf-metal. 

FOLLATED,  fo'li-at-ed,  p.  and  adj.  spread 
or  covered  with  a  thin  plate  or  foil :  in 
mineral,  consisting  of  plates  ;  resembling 
or  in  the  form  of  a  plate  ;  lamellar  ;  as,  a 
foliated  fracture  ;  "  Minerals  that  con- 
sist of  grains,  and  are  at  the  same  time 
foliated,  are  called  gi-anularly/o/ia^ecZ." 
— Kinvan:  containing  foils;  us,  a. foliated 
arch. — Foliated  coal,  a  subspecies  of 
black  coal  occurring  in  the  coal  forma- 
tions, and  distinguished  bj'  its  lamellar 
concretions,  splendid  lustre,  and  easy 
frangibilit}'. 

FOLIATION,  fo-li-a'shun,  n.  in  hot.  the 
leafing  of  plants ;  vernation ;  the  dis- 
position of  the  nascent  leaves  within  the 


FOLIFEROUS 


174 


FOOT-AND-MOUTH  DISEASE 


bud  :  the  act  of  beating  a  metal  into  a 
thin  plate,  leaf,  or  foil :  the  act  or  opera- 
tion ot  spreading  foil  over  the  back  sur- 
face of  a  mirror  or  looking-glass  :  in  geol. 
tlie  property'  or  quality  in  certain  rocks, 
as  gneiss,  mica-schist,  and  other  meta- 
morphic  rocks,  of  dividing  into  lamina} 
or  plates  which  consist  each  of  a  distinct 
material,  and  which  are  generally  par- 
allel to  the  primitive  planes  of  stratifi- 
cation ;  "Cleavage  may  be  applied  to 
those  divisional  planes  which  render  a 
rock  fissile,  although  it  may  appear  to 
the  eye  quite  or  nearly  homogeneous ; 
foliation  may  be  used  for  those  alternat- 
ing layers  or  plates  of  different  minera- 
logical  nature,  of  which  gneiss  and  other 
metamorphic  schists  are  composed." — 
Darwin :  in  arch,  the  act  of  enriching 
with  ornamental  cusps,  as  In  the  tracery 
of  Gothic  windows;  the  ornaments  them- 
selves ;  feathering.  Tliis  style  of  orna- 
mentation is  based  on  the  form  of  natural 
fohage,  but  it  generally  exhibits  conven- 
tional rather  than  real  leaves  and  flowers. 
[L.  foliatio,  from  foliatiis,  leaved,  from 
foUiim.  a  leaf.] 

FOLIFEROUS,  fo-Ufer-us,  ac(j.,  bearing  or 
producing  leaves.  [L.  folium,  a  leaf,  and 
fero.  to  bear.] 

FOLIO,  fo'li-o,  n.  a  sheet  of  paper  once 
folded:  a  book  of  such  sheets:  Q)ool:-l:) 
a  page  in  an  account-book,  or  two  oppo- 
site pages  numbered  as  one. — adj.  per- 
taining to  or  containing  paper  only  once 
folded.  [Abl.  of  L.  foli^im,  the  leaf  of  a 
tree,  a  leaf  or  sheet  of  paper.] 

FOLIOLE,  fo'li-ol,  ?i.  (bot.)  a  single  leaflet 
of  a  compound  leaf.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  L. 
folium.l 

FOLIOUS,  fo'li-us.  adj.,  leafy:  (?)of.)  hav- 
ing leaves  mixed  with  the  flowers. 

FOLK,  fok,  n.  the  people  :  certain  people  : 
— gen.  used  in  jj?.  FOLK  or  FOLKS  (foks). 
[A.S.  folc:  Cter.volk;  aMn  perh.  to  E. 
fitll.  dev.  roll,  full.] 

FOLKLAND.  fok'land.Ji.  among  the  Anglo- 
Saxons,  public  land  as  distingiushed  from 
boc-land  (book -land),  i.e.,  land  granted 
to  private  persons  by  a  written  charter. 

FOLKLORE,  fok'lor,  n.,  lore  or  knowledge 
of  the  ancient  customs,  superstitions, 
etc.,  of  the  folk  or  people.  [The  name 
was  first  suggested  by  "W.  J.  Thorns 
(■Ambrose  Merton,')  in  lSi6. 

FOLKMOTE,  fok'mot,  j!.  an  assembly  of 
thepeople  among  the  Anglo-Saxons. 

FOLKTIIGHT,  fSk'rit,  n.  a  word  used  in  the 
laws  of  Edward  the  Elder,  of  England, 
declaring  the  same  equal  right,  law,  or 
justice  to  be  due  to  persons  of  all  de- 
grees: the  right  of  the  people  as  opposed 
to  that  of  the  privQeged  classes. 

FOLK-SPEECH,  folc'-.spech,  n.  the  dialect 
spoken  by  the  conamon  people  of  a  coun- 
try or  district,  as  distinguished  from  the 
speech  of  the  educated  people  or  from 
the  literary  language. 

FOLLICLE,  fol'i-kl,  n.  a  little  bag:  (anat.) 
a  gland:  (pot.)  a  seed-vessel.  [Fr. — ^L. 
follieuhis,  dim.  of  follis,  a  wind  ball  or 
bag.] 

FOLLOW,  fol'o,  v.t.  to  go  after  or  behind  : 
to  pursue  :  to  attend  :  to  imitate  :  to 
obey  :  to  adopt,  as  an  opinion  :  to  keep 
the  eye  or  mind  fixed  on :  to  pursue,  as 
an  object  of  desii-e  :  to  result  from  :  (B.) 
to  strive  to  obtain. — v.i.  to  come  after 
another :  to  result.— To  follow  ox  (B.), 
to  continue  endeavors. — Follow,  Sttc- 
CEED,  EssTiE.  Follow  and  succeed  are 
applied  to  persons  or  things  ;  ensue,  in 
modem  literature,  to  thing^  only.  Fol- 
low denotes  the  mere  going  in  order  in  a 
track  Or  line,  but  tells  nothing  of  the 
relative  positions,  in  respect  of  either 
place   or  ticoe,  of  the  indisiduals  ;  sitc- 


ceed,  implying  a  regular  .series,  denotes 
the  being  in  the  same  place  which  an- 
other has  held  immediatelv  before  ;  as, 
a  crowd  may  follow,  but  only  one  person 
or  event  can  succeed  to  another.  Ensue 
is  to  follow  close  upon,  to  follow  as  the 
effect  of,  or  on  some  settled  principle  of 
order ;  as,  nothing  but  suffering  can  en- 
sile from  such  a  com'se.  [A.S.  fylcgan, 
perh.  from  A.S,  folc,  folk,  a  crowd.  Ger. 
folgen.] 
FOLLOW-BOARD,  fol'o-bord,  n.  infoiiiid- 
ing,  the  board  on  which  the  pattern  for 
a  mould  is  laid  :  a  moulding-board. 
FOLLOWER,  fol'o-er,  n.  one  who  comes 
after ;  a  copier ;  a  disciple  :  in  much,  the 
part  of  a  machine  that  receives  motion 
from  another  pai-t :  in  the  steam-engine, 
the  cover  of  a  piston ;  the  cover  of  a 
stuffing-box. 
POLLOWTNG,  fol'5-ing,  n.  body  of  follow- 
ers or  retainers ;  a  sect  or  party  following 
the  lead  of  their  chief ;  body  of  adherents 
or  disciples ;  body  of  attendants  ; 

Wnlle  buivbers  with  important  face 
r>escribed  each  new-come  lord, 
Discussed  his  lineage,  told  liis  uame« 
Kis/oUotving  anii  his  feudal  fame. 

—Sir  W.Scott: 

vocation;  calling;  occupation ;  "  la  every 
age  men  in  general!  attend  more  to  their 
own  immediate  pursuits  and  fallowings 
than  to  the  .  .  .  claims  of  discontented 
factions." — Sharon  Turner. 

FOLLY,  fol'i,  ?i.  weakness  of  intellect ; 
imbecility  of  mind  ;  want  of  undei'stand- 
ing :  a  weak  or  absurd  act ;  an  incon- 
siderate or  thoughtless  procedm-e :  weak 
or  light-minded  conduct :  criminal  weak- 
ness ;  depravity  of  mind  or  actions  :  any 
object  plaimed  without  its  author  hav- 
ing the  means  of  bringing  it  to  a  success- 
ful completion,  such  as  a  magnificent 
mansion  whicli  exhausts  a  person's  capi- 
tal in  building,  or  would  ruin  him  in 
keeping  up  in  proper  style;  as,  "We 
know  indeed  how  this  scorn  will  embody 
itself  in  a  name  given  to  the  unfinished 
structure.  It  is  called  this  or  that  man's 
folly;  and  the  name  of  the  foolish  builder 
13  thus  kept  alive  for  long  after-years." — 
TrencJu     [Fr.  folic,  folly.    See  FooL.] 

FOMEXT,  fo-ment',  v.t.  to  bathe  with  warm 
water:  to  encom-age. — n.  Foment'er. 
[Fr. — L.  foment o—f omentum  for  fovi- 
mentum — foveo,  to  warm.] 

F05IE>rrA'riO:N',  ro-men-ta'shun,  to.  a 
bathing  with  warm  water :  a  lotion 
applied  bot:  encouragement. 

FONT),  fond,  adj.,  foolishly  tender  and 
lo^'ing■ ;  weakly  indulgent :  very  affec- 
tionate.— adv.  Foxd'ly. — n.  Footi'ness. 
[For /ouned,  pa.p.  of  M.^.fonnen,  to  act 
foolishly, /o)i,  a  fool ;  from  Ice.  f ana,  to 
be  foolish. — Fo^1>  OF,  relishing  highly.] 

FONDLE,  fondl,  v.t.  to  treat  with  fond- 
ness :  to  cai-ess. — ;;.  Fonti'LEE. 

FONDLING,  fond'ling,  n.  the  person  or 
thing  fondled. 

FONDtJS,  fong-du,  n,  a  term  applied  to 
that  kind  of  printing  of  calico,  paper- 
hangings,  etc.,  in  which  the  colors  are 
blended  into  each  other.  [Fr.  fondu,  pp. 
of  fondre.  to  melt,  to  soften,  to  blend, 
from  L.  fundo,  to  poui*  out,  to  cast,  to 
found.] 

FONT,  font,  FOUNT,  fownt,  n.  a  complete 
assortment  of  types  of  one  sort,  witn  all 
that  is  necessary  for  printing  in  that  kind 
of  letter.  [Ft.  fonte— fondre — 'L.fundere, 
to  cast.    See  FoinsT).] 

FONT,  font,  n.  the  vessel  used  in  chiuxhes 
as  the  repository  of  the  baptismal  water. 
When  baptism  by  immersion  was  prac- 
ticed the  baptistery  was  furnished  with 
a  basin  sufficiently  capacious  to  admit  of 
the  administration  oi  the  rite  according 
to  the  then  prevailing  forai.    When  affu- 


sion took  the  place  of  immersion  the  size 
of  the  basin  was  diminished,  and  assumed 
the  dimensions  familiar  to  the  tourist  in 
most  of  the  mediceval  chmxhes  in  Great 
Britain  and  upon  the  Continent.  The 
baptismal  font  consists  of  a  basin  or  cup 
hollowed  out  of  a  soUd  block  and  sup 
ported  upon  a  stem.  It  is  usually  of  stone 
sometimes  of  lead,  and  sometimes  o' 
copper  or  bronze.  In  general,  the  font. 
in  external  form  and  character,  followed 
the  prevailing  style  of  architecture  and 
ornamentation.  ^ATien  not  in  use  the 
font  was  covered.  Originailj-,  the  covers 
were  flat  movable  lids,  but  were  after- 
wards often  very  highly  ornamented,  and 
sometimes  carried  up  to  a  very  consider- 
able height  in  the  form  of  spires,  and 
enriched  with  a  varietv  of  little  but- 
tresses, pinnacles,  and  ot'lier  decorations. 
The  baptismal  font  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  the  hohj-water  fount,  wliich 
usually  stands  near  the  entrance  of  Ro- 
man Catholic  churches,  and  from  which 
persons  entering  sprinkle  their  forehead. 
[From  L.  fons,  fontis,  a  fountain.  The 
word  font  was  introduced  in  A.S.  direct 
from  the  L.,  among  other  L.  ecclesiastical 
terms.    See  FotTsT.] 

FOOD,  food,  n.  what  one  feeds  on  :  that 
which  being  digested  nourishes  the  body  : 
\\hatever  promotes  growth. — adj.  FOOD'- 
LESS,  without  food.  [A.S. /oda,  from  a 
root  jja,  to  nourish.] 

FOOD-VACUOLE,  food'-vak-u-ol,  n.  a  clear 
space  in  the  endosarc  of  protozoans.  It 
is  merely  of  a  temporary  character,  being 
produced  by  the  presence  of  particles  of 
food,  usually  with  a  little  water  taken 
into  the  body  along  with  the  food.  H.  A, 
Kichokon. 

FOOL,  fool,  n.  one  who  acts  stupidly  :  a 
person  of  weak  mind  :  a  jester :  (B.)  a 
wicked  person. — v.t.  to  deceive  :  to  treat 
with  contempt. — v.i.  to  play  the  fool :  to 
trifle.  [0.  Fr.  fol  (Fr.  fou).  It.  folic— h. 
follis,  an  air-bag,  a  grimace  made  by  puff- 
ing out  the  cheeks.] 

FOOLERY,  fool'er-i,  n,  an  act  of  folly  :  ha- 
bitual folh'. 

FOOL-FISH,  fool'-fish,  n.  a  name  applied 
to  the  long-finned  file-fish,  from  its  ridic- 
ulous manner  of  swimming-  with  a  wrig- 
gling motion,  its  bodj'  being  sunk  and  its 
mouth  just  on  a  level  with  the  water. 

FOOL-HARDY,  fool'-har'di,  adj.,  foolishly 
hardy  or  bold  :  rash  or  incautious. — n. 
Fool'-hae'dikess. 

FOOLISH,  fool'ish,  adj.  weak  in  intellect : 
wanting  discretion ;  ridiculous  :  marked 
with  foUy  :  deserving  ridicule :  (B.)  sin- 
ful, disregarding  Gfod's  laws. — adc.FoOL'- 

ISHLT. — n.  FOOL'ISHNESS. 

FOOLSCAP,  foolzTijip,  ji.  paper  of  a  cer- 
tain size,  so  called  n-om  having  original- 
ly borne  the  water-mark  of  a  foots  cap 
and  bells. 

FOOL'S-ERRAND,  foolz'-er'and,  n.  a  silly 
or  fruitless  enterprise :  search  for  what 
cannot  be  found. 

FOOL'S-PARADISE,  n.  deceptive  happi- 
ness :  vain  hopes :  unlawful  pleasure, 
"  If  ye  should  lead  her  into  a  fooVspara- 
dise,  it  were  a  gross  .  .  .  behavior.''— 
Shak. 

FOOT,  foot,  n.  that  part  of  its  body  at. 
which  an  animal  stands  or  walks  :  the 
lower  part  or  base  :  a  measure  ■=-  12  in. 
(firig.)  the  length  of  a  man's  foot :  foot- 
soldiers  :  a  di\'ision  of  a  line  of  poetry; — 
pi.  Feet  (fet). — v.i.  to  dance :  to  walk  : — 
pr.j).  foot'ing ;  pa.p.  foot'ed.  [A.S.  fot, 
pi.  fet ;  Ger.  fuss,  L.  pes,  pedis,  Gr. 
pons,  podos,  Sans.  pad.  from  root  pad, 
to  go.]  

FOOT-AND-MOUTH  DISEASE,  n.  eczema 
epizootica,  a  higlily  contagious  eczema- 


FOOTBALL 


175 


FORCED 


tous  affection  which  attacks  the  feet  and 
mouths  of  cattle,  manifesting  itself  by 
lameness,  indisposition  to  eat,  and  gen- 
eral febrile  symptoms,  with  ultimately 
eruptions  of  small  vesicles  on  the  parts 
affected,  and  general  indisposition  of  the 
anmial.  The  disease  occasionally  spreads 
to  the  udder  of  mUch-cattle,  and  it  is 
beUeved  that  it  may  be  communicated 
to  persons  who  drink  the  milk  of  cows  so 
affected. 
i'OOTBALL,  foot'bawl,  n.  a  ball  consisting 
of  an  inflated  ox-bladder,  or  a  hollow 
globe  of  india-rubber,  cased  in  leather,  to 
be  driven  by  the  foot ;  hence  (Jig.)  any 
object  subjected  to  many  vicissitudes  or 
ohanges  of  condition ;  "as,  he  was  the 
football  of  fortune  :  a  game  played  witli 
a  football  by  two  parties  of  players,  on  a 
large  level  piece  of  ground,  generally  ob- 
long in  shape,  and  having  in  the  middle 
of  either  of  the  ends  a  goal  formed  by 
two  upright  posts,  6  to  8  yards  apart, 
witli  a  bar  or  tape  extended  between 
them  at  the  height  of  8  or  10  feet  from 
tlie  ground.  There  are  various  styles  of 
playing  the  game,  but  the  two  recog- 
nized in  all  important  matches  are  the 
Rugby  game  and  the  Football  Associa- 
tion game.  In  both  games  tlie  main  ob- 
ject is  for  either  party  to  drive  the  ball 
(which  is  kicked  off  in  the  centre  of  the 
field)  through  the  goal  that  their  oppo- 
nents are  gfuarding,  and  thus  count  a 
goal  against  them.  In  the  Rugby  game 
the  goal-posts  are  18i  feet  apart,  and 
join^  by  a  cross-bar  at  a  height  of  10  feet 
from  the  ground  ;  and  to  score  a  goal  tlie 
ball  must  be  kicked  over  this  bai-  by  one 
of  the  opposite  side.  In  the  Assoc!  tion 
game  the  upright  poles  are  8  yards  apart, 
and  joined  at  S  feet  from  the  ground  by  a 
tape,  under  which  the  ball  must  pass  to 
secure  a  goal.  The  Rugby  game  is  much 
rougher  and  less  scientific  than  the  Asso- 
ciation game,  which  discoui-ages  rough 
play  and  relies  mainly  on  the  skillful 
manoeuvring  of  the  ball  with  the  feet,  it 
being  forbidden  to  touch  the  ball  with 
the  hands,  while  by  the  Eugby  rules  the 
player  may  catch  the  ball  in  his  hands, 
run  with  it,  and  kick  it  dropping.  When 
a  goal  is  made,  or  at  some  other  ai^ 
ranged  interval,  the  parties  change 
ground  for  the  next  struggle,  so  that  any 
inequalities  of  situation  may  be  balanced- 
The  sport  has  lately  gained  considerable 
popularity  in  this  country. 

FOOTBOY,  foot'boy,  n.  an  attendant  in 
livery. 

FOOTBRIDGE,  footTjrij,  n.  a  narrow  bridge 
for  foot-passengers. 

FOOTFALL,  foot'fawl,  n.  a  setting  the  foot 
on  the  ground  :  a  footstep. 

FOOT-GUARDS,  foof-gardz,  n.pL  guards 
that  serve  on  foot,  the  elite  of  the  British 
foot-soldiers. 

FOOTHOLD,  foot'h5ld,  n.  space  on  wliich 
to  plant  the  feet :  that  which  sustains 
the  feet. 

FOOTING,  foot'ing,  n.  place  for  tlie  foot  to 
rest  on:  firm  foundation:  position;  settle- 
ment :  tread  :  dance  :  plain  cotton  lace  ; 
the  act  or  result  of  adding  up  a  column 
of  Bgm-es  :—pl.  totals  from  such  adding. 

FOOTLIGHT,  foot'Ut,  «.  one  of  a  row  of 
lights  in  front  of  and  on  a  level  with  the 
stag'e  in  a  theatre,  etc 

FOOTMAN,  foot'man,  n.  (orig.  aod  B.)  a 
soldier  who  serves  on  foot :  a  runner :  a, 
servant  or  attendant  in  livery  :  —  pi. 
Foot'jien. 

FOOTMARK,  foot'mSxk,  FOOTPRINT, 
foot'print,  n.  the  mark  or  print  of  a  foot : 
a  track. 

FOOTPAD,  foot'pad,  n.  a,  highwayman  or 


robber    on  foot,  who  frequents  public 
paths  or  roads.  JTOOT,  and  Pad,  a  path.] 

FOOT-PASSENGER,  foot'-pas'en-jer,  n. 
one  who  travels  on  foot. 

FOOT-POUND,  foot'-po■i^^ld,  n.  the  force 
needed  to  raise  one  pound  weight  the 
height  of  one  foot  —  the  usual  unit  in 
measuring  mechanical  force. 

FOOTROT,  foot'rot,  n.  a  disease  in  the  feet 
of  sheep,  the  more  common  form  of 
which  is  an  inordinate  growth  of  hoof, 
which  at  the  toe,  or  round  the  margin, 
becomes  turned  down,  cracked,  or  torn, 
thus  affording  lodgment  for  sand  and 
dirt.  In  the  second  form  of  the  disease 
the  foot  becomes  hot,  tender,  and  swol- 
len; there  are  ulcerations  between  the 
toes,  followed  by  the  sprouting  of  proud 
flesh. 

FOOTRULE,  foot'rool,  n.  a  rule  or  meas- 
ure a  foot  in  length. 

FOOT-SOLDIER,  foot'-sol'jer,  n.  a  soldier 
that  serves  on  foot. 

FOOTSTALK,  foot'stawk,  n.  (bat.)  the  Ut- 
tle  stalk  at  the  foot  of  and  supporting 
a  leaf. 

FOOTSTALL,  foot'stawl,  n.  a  woman's 
stirrup :  in  arch,  the  plinth  or  base  of  a 
pillar.  [Foot,  and  Prov.  E.  stall,  a  case 
for  the  finger.] 

FOOTSTEP,  foot'step,  n.  the  step  or  im- 
pression of  the  foot :  a  track :  trace  of  a 
course  pursued  '.—pi.  Foot'steps,  course  : 
example. 

FOP,  fop,  n.  an  affected  dandy.  [Dut. 
foppen,  to  cheat,  mock,  fopper,  a  wag.l 

FOPLING,  fop'ling,  n.  a  vain,  affected 
person. 

FOPPEET,  fop'er-i,  n.  vanity  in  dress  or 
manners :  affectation  :  folly. 

FOPPISH,  fop'ish,  adj.  vaui  and  showy  in 
dress :  affectedly  refined  in  manners. — 
adv.  FOPP'ISHLY. — n.  FOPP'ISHNESS. 

FOR,  for,  prep,  in  the  place  of:  for  the 
sake  of  :  on  account  of :  in  the  direction 
of :  with  respect  to  :  beneficial  to  :  in 
quest  of:  notwitlistanding,  in  spite  of: 
in  recompense  of:  during. — As  FOE,  as 
far  as  concerns.  [A.S.  for;  Ger.  fur, 
for,  akin  to  L.  and  Gr.  jpro.  Sans,  pra, 
before  in  place  or  time.] 

FOR,  for,  conj.  the  word  by  which  a  reason 
is  introduced  :  because  :  on  the  account 
that. — Foe  at.t.  (New  Test.),  notwith- 
standing.— FoE  TO  (B.),  in  order  to. 

FOE-,  a  prefl-\  liaving  generally  the  inten- 
sive force  of  the  Ger.  ver,  signifying 
greatly,  completely,  utterly,  as  in  for- 
wearied,  wearied  out ;  /orwounded.  se- 
verely wounded  ;  forlorn,  utterly  lorn  or 
lonely;  sometimes  it  has  the  force  of  a 
aegative  or  privative;  as  in /orbid, which 
means  to  bid  a  thing  not  to  be  done;  for- 
swear,  to  swear  not  to  do  or  have  noth- 
ing to  do  with  (though  in  these  examples 
also  it  might  be  explained  as  an  inten- 
sive); sometimes  it  means  amiss  or  badly, 
as  in  /oredeem  for  /ordeem,  to  judge 
badly  of;  O.K.  /orshapen,  misshaped. 
In  most  E.  words  It  is  cognate  with  Ger. 
ver-,  O.H.  Ger.  far-,  Goth,  fror,  L.  jter-, 
Gr.  jKira,  par- ;  but  in  some  cases,  when 
it  comes  from  the  Fr.,  as  in  forfeit,  it  is 
from  the  L.  foris,  abroad,  away.  As 
fore-  is  sometixues  used  for  for-,  so  /or- 
is sometimes  used  for  fore-,  in  the  sense 
of  precedence ;  as,  /orward. 

FORAGE,  for'aj,  «.,  fodder,  or  food  for 
horses  and  cattle :  provisions  :  the  act 
of  foraging. — v.i.  to  go  about  and  forcibly 
carry  off  food  for  horses  and  cattle,  as 
soldiers.— v.f.  to  phmder.— k.  Foe'agee. 
[Fr.  fourrage— 'Low  L.  foragium—fod- 
ruM,  which  is  from  a  Teut.  root  found 
in  Ger.  f utter,  E.  fodder,  O.  Dan.  foder. 
See  FOPDER,  Foray.] 
F0EA3IEN,  fo-ra'mou,  u.  a  small  opening: 


—pi.  FoBAMiNA,  fo-ram'i-na.    [L.— /orc^ 

to  pierce.] 
FORAMIN  ATED,  f  o-ram'i-nat-ed,FORAin. 

NOUS,  fo-ram'i-nus,  adj.    pierced    with 

small  holes :  porous. 
FORASMUCH,  for'az-much,  conj.  because 

that. 
FORAY,  for'a,  n.  a  sudden  incursion  into 

an  enemy's  country.    [A  Lowland  Scotch 

form  of  Forage.] 
FORAY,  for'a,  v.t.  to  ravage :  to  pillage. 

[A  form  of  FORAGE.] 
FORAYER,  for'a-er,  n.  one  who  takes  part 

in  a  foray  :  a  marauder. 

They  niieht  not  choose  the  lowland  road, 
For  the  Meree  forayers  were  abroad. 

—Sir  W.  Scott. 

FORBADE,  for-bad',  pa.t.  of  FOEBID. 
FORBEAR,  for-bar',  v.i.  to  keep  one's  self 
in  check :  to    abstain. — v.t.    to    abstain 
from  :  to  avoid  voluntarily :  to  spare,  to 
withhold.  \For-,  prefix,  away,  and  Bear. 
See  list  of  prefixes.] 
FORBEAR,    for'ber,    n.    a  forefather:  an 
ancestor.     [Scotch.] 
So  may  they,  like  their  great  forbears. 
For  many  a  year  come  tlirougb  the  shears. 

— Burns. 

FORBEARANCE,  for-bar'ans,  n.  exercise 
of  patience  :  command  of  temper  :  clem- 
ency. 

forbearing;  for-bar'mg,  adj.  long-suf- 
fering :  patient. — adv.  Foebeae'ingly. 

FORBID,  for-bid',  v.t.  to  prohibit :  to  com- 
mand not  to  do.  [For-,  prefix,  away, 
and  Bid.] 

FORBIDDEN,  for-bid'n,  adj.  proldbited: 
unlawful. 

FORBIDDING,  for-bid'ing,  adj.  repulsive  : 
raising  dishke  :  unpleasant. 

FORBIDDINGNESS,  for-bid'ing-nes,  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  forbidding  or  re- 
pulsive ;  repuisiveneBS.     Richardson. 

FORCE,  f5rs,  n.  strength,  power,  energy  J 
efficacy :  validity  :  influence  :  vehemence : 
violence  :  coercion  or  compulsion  :  mili- 
tary or  naval  strength  (often  in  plural) : 
an  armament :  {mech.)  that  which  pro- 
duces or  tends  to  produce  a  change  in  a 
body's  state  of  rest  or  motion. — Mechani- 
cal FORCE,  the  power  which  produces  or 
tends  to  produce  motion,  or  an  alteration 
in  the  direction  of  motion.  Mechanical 
forces  are  of  two  sorts  ;  one  of  a  body  at 
rest,  being  the  same  as  pressure  or  ten- 
sion ;  the  other  of  a  body  in  motion,  being 
the  same  as  impetus  or  monientum.  The 
degree  of  resistance  to  any  motion  may 
be  measm-ed  by  the  active  force  required 
to  overcome  that  resistance,  and  hence 
writers  on  mechanics  make  use  of  the 
terms  resisting  forces  and  retarding 
forces.  When  two  forces  act  on  a  body 
in  the  same  line  of  direction,  the  result- 
ing force,  or  resultant  as  it  is  called,  will 
be  the  suin  of  both  forces.  If  they  a^t  in 
opposite  directions,  the  body  will  remain 
at  rest  if  the  forces  be  equal ;  or,  if  the 
forces  be  unequal,  it  will  move  with  a 
force  equivalent  to  their  difference  in  the 
direction  of  the  greater.  If  the  lines  of 
direction  make  an  angle  with  each  other, 
the  resultant  will  be  a  mean  force  in  an 
intermediate  dii-ection.  [Fr. — Low  L. 
forcia,  fortia—h.  fortis,  strong.] 

FORCE,  f6rs,  v.t.  to  draw  or  push  by  main 
strength :  to  compel :  to  constrain  :  to 
compel  by  strength  of  evidence  :  to  take 
by  violence:  to  ravish:  (Iwrt.)  to  cause 
to  grow  or  ripen  rapidly. 
FORCE,   fors,  FOSS,   fos,  n.  a  waterfall. 

rScand.,  as  in  Ice. /oss,  formerly /o<'s.] 
FORCE,  fors,  v.t.  (cookery)  to  stuff,  as  a 

fowl.     [A  corr.  of  Farce.] 
FORCED,  forst,  p.  and  adj.  accomplished 
by    great    effort,    as    a    forced    march; 
strained,  excessive,  unnatural. 


FORCEFUL 


176 


FOREMAST-MAN 


FORCEFUL,  fors'fool,  adj.  fiiU  of  force  or 
might  :  driven  or  acting  with  power. — 
adv.  Force'fully. 

FORCELESS,  fors'les,  adj.  weak. 

FORCEMEAT,  fors'met,  ?i.,  meat  chopped 
fine  and  highly  seasoned,  used  as  a  sttiff- 
ing  or  alone. 

FORCEPS,  for'seps,  n.  a  pair  of  tongs, 
pincers,  or  pliers  for  holding  anything 
hot  or  otherwise  difficult  to  be  held  with 
the  hand.  FL.  formus,  hot,  and  capio,  to 
hold.] 

FORCE-PUMP,  fors'-pump,  FORCING- 
PUMP,  fors'ing-pump,  n.  a  pump  which 
delivers  the  water  under  pressure,  so  as 
to  eject  it  forcibly  or  to  a  great  eleva- 
tion, in  contradistinction  to  a  lift-pump 
Sn  which  the  water  is  Ufted  and  simply 
runs  out  of  the  spout. 

FORCIBLE,  fors'i-bl,  adj.  active  :  impetu- 
ous :  done  bj'  force  :  efficacious  :  impres- 
sive.— n.    FOKC'lBLENESS.  —  adv.    FORC'- 

LBLY. 

FORCIBLE-FEEBLE,  fors'i-bl-fe-bl',  adj. 
striving  to  be  or  appear  vigorous,  or  aim- 
ing at  vigor,  but  in  reality  feeble :  as, 
a,  forcible-feeble  style.  "  Epithets  which 
are  in  the  bad  taste  of  the  forcible- 
feeble  school." — North  British  Review. 
[From  one  of  Shakespeare's  characters 
named  Feeble,  whom  FalstaS  describes  as 
"  most  forcible  Feeble  .  .  .  Valiant  as 
wrathful  dove  or  most  magnanimous 
mouse."] 

FORCIBLE-FEEBLE,  fors'i-bl-fe-bl,  n.  a 
feeble  person,  usually  a  writer,  who 
wants  to  appear  vigorous.  "  When  the 
vrriter  was  of  opinion  he  had  made  a 
point,  you  may  be  sure  the  hit  was 
in  italics,  that  last  resource  of  the  forci- 
bie-feebles. " — Disraeli. 

FORCING,  fors'ing,  n.  (hort.)  the  art  of 
hastening  the  growth  of  plants. 

PORCIPATED,  for'si-pat-ed,  adj.  formed 
and  opening  like  a  forceps.  [L.— /creeps, 
forcipis.] 

FORD,  ford,  n.  a  place  where  water  mky  be 
crossed  on  foot. — v.t.  to  cross  water  on 
foot. — adj.  Ford' ABLE.  [A.S.  faran,  to 
go ;  Ger.  furt^ahren,  to  go  on  foot ; 
akin  to  Gr.  poros  —  root  of  perao,  to 
cross,  and  to  E.  Fare,  Ferry,  and  Far.] 

FORDO,  for-doo',  FOREDO,  for-doo',  v.t.  to 
destroy :  to  undo  :  to  ruin  ;  * 

He  hath  commission  from  thy  wife  and  me 
To  han^  Cordelia  in  the  prison,  and 
To  lay  the  blame  upon  her  own  despair. 
That  she /ordid  herself. — Shak.: 
to  exhaust,  overpower,  or  overcome,  as 
by  toil  ; 

For  there,  with  bodily  anguish  keen. 
With  Indian  heats  at  last  fordone^ 
With  public  toil  and  private  teen. 

Thou  sank'st  alone.— Jfart.  Arnold. 
[J^or,  intens.,  and  do.] 

fOEE,  for,  adj.,  in  front  of :  advanced  in 
position:  coming  first. — adv.  at  the  front: 
in  the  first  part:  previously.  [A.S.  radi- 
cally the  same  as  For,  jyrep.  But  both 
must  be  carefully  distinguished  from  pre- 
fix -for  (Ger.  ver-  in  vergessen,  L.  per). 
See  list  of  Prefixes.] 

FORE,  for,  conj.  before.  [Contracted  from 
before.'\ 

Not  a  month 
Fore  your  queen  died  she  was  more  worth  such 

gazes 
Than  what  you  h)ok  on  now. — Shak. 

FORE,  for,  n.  a  word  used  only  in  the 
phrase  to  the  fore,  alive:  remaining  still 
in  existence  :  present :  not  lost,  worn  out 
or  spent,  as  money  etc.  "While  I  am  fo 
the  fore." — TT'.  Collins.  "How  many 
captains  in  the  regiment  had  two  thou- 
sand pounds  to  the  fore." — Thackeray. 

SOREARM,  for'arm,  n.  the  forepart  of  the 
arm,  or  that  between  the  elbow  and  the 
wrist. 

FOREARM,  for-arm',  v.t.  to  arm  or  pre- 
pare beforehand. 


FOREBODE,  for-bod',  v.t.  to  feel  a  secret 
sense  of  something  future,  esp.  of  evU. 
— n.  Forebod'er.    [See  Bode.] 

FOREBODEMENT,  for-bod'ment,  n.  feel- 
ing of  coming  evil. 

FOREBODING,  for-bod'ing,  n.  a  boding  or 
perception  beforehand :  apprehension  of 
coming  evil. 

FORE-CABIN,  for'-ka-bin,  n.  the  cabin  in 
the  forepart  of  a  vessel,  with  accommo- 
dation inferior  to  that  of  the  aft-cabin 
or  saloon. 

FORECAST,  for-kast',  v.t.  to  contrive  or 
reckon  beforehand  :  to  foresee. — v.i.  to 
form  schemes  beforehand. 

FORECAST,  for'kast,  n.  a  previous  con- 
trivance :  foresight. 

FORECASTER,  for-kast'er,  n.  one  who 
foresees  or  contrives  beforehand. 

FORECASTING,  for'kast-ing,  n.  act  of  one 
who  forecasts  :  the  act  of  one  who  con- 
siders and  provides  beforehand :  antici- 
patory planning.     Coleridge. 

FORECASTLE,  for'kas-l  or  fok'sl,  n.  a 
foredeck,  raised  above  the  maindeck : 
more  commonly  the  forepart  of  the  ship 
under  the  maindeck,  the  quarters  of  the 
crew  :  (orig.)  that  part  of  the  upper  deck 
of  a  ship  before  the  foremast,  so  called 
from  the  small  turret  or  castle  near  the 
prow  in  ancient  vessels. 

FORECLOSE,  for-kloz',  v.t.  to  preclude  :  to 
prevent  :  to  stop.  [Fr.  forclos,  pa.p.  of 
forclore,  to  exclude — L.  foris,  outside, 
and  clatido,  claiisus,  to  shut.] 

FORECLOSURE,  for-kloz'ur,  Ji.  a  foreclos- 
ing :  (laic)  the  depri\ang  a  mortgager  of 
the  right  of  redeeming  a  mortgaged 
estate  :  in  many  if  not  most  of  the 
States  of  the  Union  the  foreclosure  and 
sale  are  followed  by  one  year,  during 
which  equity  of  redemption  remains  to 
the  mortgager. 

FORECONDEMN,  for-kon-dem',  v.t.  to  con- 
demn beforehand.  "What  can  equally 
savor  of  injustice  and  plain  arrogance  as 
to  prejudice  and /orecojidemji  his  adver- 
sary."— Milton. 

FOREDATE,  for-dat',  v.t.  to  date  before 
the  true  time. 

FOREDECK,  for'dek,  n.  the  /orepart  of  a 
deck  or  ship. 

FOREND,  for'end,  n.  the  end  that  goes 
first  or  that  is  forward. 

FOREFATHER,  for'fa-<7jer,  n.  an  ancestor. 
[Fore,  and  Father.] 

FOREFEND,  for-fend',  v.t.  to  ward  off, 
avert.  [Properly  forfend,  from  the  pre- 
fix/or-, and  -fend,  an  abrev.  of  defend. 
See  prefix  For-.] 

FOREFINGER,  for'fing-ger,  n.  the  finger 
before  the  others,  or  next  the  thumb. 

FOREFOOT,  for'foot,  n.  one  of  the  feet  of 
an  animal  in  front  or  next  the  head. 

FOREFRONT,  for'frunt,  n.  the  foremost 
part  or  place :  as,  the  forefront  of  a 
building,  or  of  a  battle. 

FOREGAME,  for'gam,  n.  a  first  game : 
first  plan. 

FOREGANGER,  for'gang-er,  ?!.  {naut.)  a 
short  piece  of  rope  grafted  to  the  shank 
of  a  harpoon,  to  which  the  line  is  at- 
tached when  the  harpoon  is  used. 

FOREGATHER,  f6r-ga<7i'er,  v.i.  same  as 
Forgather.  "  Dickens,  Carlyle,  and  my- 
self foregathered  vrith  Emerson." — John 
Foster. 

FOREGIFT,  for'gift,  n.  in  lau;  a  premium 
paid  by  a  lessee  when  taking  his  lease. 

FOREGIRTH,  for-gerth,  n.  a  girth  or  strap 
for  the  forepart,  as  of  a  horse  :  a  martin- 
gale. 

FOREGO,  for-go',  v.t.  to  go  before,  pre- 
cede :  chiefly  used  in  its  pr.p.  forego  ing 
and  pa.p.  foregone'. — w.  Forego'er. — A 
foregone  conclusion   is   a   conclusion 


come  to  before  examination  of  the  evi. 
dence.     [Fore,  and  Go.] 

FOREGO,  for-go',  v.t.  to  give  up:  to  for- 
bear the  use  of.  [Should  have  been 
forgo,  A.S.  forgan,  to  pass  over,  from 
the  A.S.  prefix  for-,  away,  and  gan,  to 
go.    See  prefix  For-.] 

FOREGROUND,  for'grownd,  n.  the  ground 
or  space  which  seems  to  lie  befwe  the 
figures  in  a  picture. 

FOREHAND,  for'hand,  n.  the  part  of  a 
horse  which  is  in  fi'ont  of  its  rider. — 
adj.  taken  in  hand  or  done  be/ore  needed. 

FOREHANDED,  for'hand-ed,  adj.,  fore- 
hand: seasonable:  formed  in  the  fore- 
parts. 

FOREHEAD,  for'ed,  n.  the  /orepart  of 
the  head  above  the  eyes,  the  brow. 

FOREHEW,  for-hu'  v.t.  to  hew  or  cut  in 
front.     Sackville. 

FORE-HOLD,  for'-hold,  n.  the  front  or  for- 
ward part  of  the  hold  of  a  ship. 

FOREHOLDING,  for-hold'ing,  n.  predic- 
tion :  ominous  foreboding :  superstitious 
prognostication.  L'Estrange.  [Fore  and 
Holding,  from  hold.] 

FOREHOOD,  for'hood,  n.  in  ship-buUding, 
one  of  the  most  forward  of  the  outside 
and  inside  planks. 

FOREHOOK,  for'hook,  n.  (naut.)  a  piece 
of  timber  placed  across  the  stem  to  unite 
the  bows  and  strengthen  the  forepart  of 
the  ship:  a  breasthook. 

FOREIGN,  for'in,  adj.  belonging  to  an- 
other coimtry :  from  abroad :  not 
belonging  to,  unconnected  :  not  appro 
priate.  [Fr.  forain — Low  L.  foranem — 
foras,  out  of  doors.     See  DoOR.] 

FOREIGNER,  for'in-er,  n.  a  native  of  an- 
other country. 

FOREJUDGE,  for-juj',  v.t.  to  judge  before 
hearing  the  facts  and  proof  :  in  late,  to 
expel  from  a  court  for  malpractice  or 
non-appearance.  When  an  attorney  is 
sued  and  called  to  appear  in  court,  if  he 
declines  he  is  forejudged,  and  his  name  is 
struck  from  the  rolls. 

FOREJUDGER,  for-juj-er,  n.  in  laic,  a  judg- 
ment by  which  a  man  is  deprived  or  put 
out  of  the  thing  in  question  :  a  judgment 
of  expulsion  or  banishment. 

FOREKING,  for'king,  n.  a  predecessor  on 
the  throne. 
Thy  fierce  forekings  had  clenched  their  pirate 

hides 
To  the  bleak  church  doors. — Tennyson. 

FOREKNOW,  for-no',  v.t.  to  know  before- 
rifitid  *  to  foi*^spp 

FOREKNOWLEDGE,  for-nol'ej,  n.  knowl- 
edge of  a  thing  before  it  happens. 

FORELAND,  for'land,  n.  a  point  of  land 
running  forward  into  the  sea. 

FORELOCK,  for'lok,  n.  the  lock  or  hair 
that  grows  from  the  forepart  of  the  hejid: 
(naut.)  a  Uttle  flat  pointed  wedge  of  iron 
used  at  the  end  of  a  bolt  to  retain  it  firmly 
in  its  place. — To  take  time  by  the  fore- 
lock, to  make  prompt  use  of  anjiihing  : 
to  let  no  opportunity  escape. 

FOREMAN,  for'man,  n.  (pi.  Foremen,  for'- 
men),  the  first  or  chief  man:  particularly, 
(a)  the  chief  man  of  a  jury  who  acts  as 
their  speaker,  (b)  the  chief  of  a  set  of 
hands  employed  in  a  shop  or  on  works 
of  any  kind,  who  superintends  the  rest : 
an  overseer  :  a  superintendent. 

FOREMAST,  for'mast,  the  mast  of  a  ship 
or  other  vessel  which  is  placed  in  the 
forepart  or  forecastle  and  carries  the 
foresail  and  foretop-sail  yards. 

FOREMAST-MAN,  for'mast-man,  n.  a  com- 
mon sailor:  a  man  before  the  mast.  "  The 
Adventure  galley  took  such  quantities  of 
cotton  and  silk,  sugar  and  cofl'ee,  cinna- 
mon and  pepper,  that  the  very  foremast- 
men  received  from  a  hundred  to  two 
hundred  pounds  each." — Macaulay. 


FOREMENTIONED 


177 


FORGET-ME-NOT 


FOREMENTIONED,  f5r-men'shund,  adj. 
mentioned  before  in  a  writing  or  dis- 
course. 

FOREMOST,  for'most,  adj.  (superl.  of  Fore) 
first  in  place  :  most  advanced  :  first  in 
rank  or  dignity.  [A.S. /or?«a,  first  superl. 
of  fore,  and  superl.  suffix  -st.  It  is 
therefore,  a  double  superl.  ;  the  old  and 
correct  form  was  formest,  which  was 
!  wrongly  divided  for-mest  instead  of  form- 
est, and  the  final  -mest  was  mistaken  for 
-most.'] 

FORENAMED,  for'namd,  adj.  mentioned 
before. 

FORENOON,  for'nSOn,  n.  the  part  of  the 
day  before  noon  or  mid-day. 

FORENOTICE,  for-no-tis,  n.  notice  of  any- 
thing before  it  happens. 

FORENSIC,  fo-ren'sik,  FORENSICAL,  fo- 
ren'sik-al,  adj.  belonging  to  courts  of 
judicature,  or  to  public  discussion  and 
debate  :  used  in  courts  or  legal  proceed- 
ings, or  in  public  discussions  :  appropriate 
to  an  argument :  as,  a  forensic  term  : 
forensic  eloquence  or  disputes. — ^Foren- 
sic MEDICINE,  the  science  which  applies 
the  principles  and  practice  of  the  differ- 
ent branches  of  medicine  to  the  elucida^ 
tion  of  doubtful  questions  in  a  court  of 

i'ustiee  :   medical  jurisprudence.     [From 
J.  forensis,  from  forum,  a  court.] 

FORENSIC,  fo-ren'sik,  n.  in  some  American 
colleges,  a  written  argument  by  a  student 
maintaining  either  the  affirmative  or 
negative  of  a  given  question.    Worcester. 

FORE-ORDAIN,  for-or-dan',  v.t.  to  arrange 
or  appoint  beforehand :  to  predestinate  : 
to  predetermine. — n.  Fore-ordina'tion. 

FOREPART,  for'part,  n.  the  part  before 
the  rest :  the  front :  the  beginning  :  (B.) 
the  bow  of  a  ship. 

*X3RE-PASSAGE,  for'pas-aj,  n.  (naut.)  a 
/     passage  made  in  the  fore-cabin  or  inferior 
part  of  a  vessel :  generally  equivalent  to 
a  .steerage  passage. 

SXDREPAYMENT,  for-pa'ment,  n.  payment 
beforehand:  prepayment.  "I  had  £100 
of  him  in  forepayment  for  the  first  edition 
of  Espriella." — Southey, 

FORERANK,  for'rangk,  n.  the  rank  which 
is  before  all  the  others :  the  front. 

FORE-RESEMBLE,    for-re-zem'bl,  v.t.  to 
prefigure.     "Christ  being  as  well  king 
as  priest  was  as  well  fore-resembled  by 
the  kings  then  as  by  the  high  priest. 
— Milton. 

FORERUN,  for-run',  v.t.  to  run  or  come 
before :  to  precede. 

FORERUNNER,  for-run'er,  n.  a  runner  or 
messenger  sent  before :  a  sign  that  some- 
thing is  to  follow. 

FORESAIL,  for'sal,  n.  a  sail  attached  to 
the  /ore-yard  on  the  foremast. 

FORESEE,  for-se',  v.t.  or  vA.  to  see  or 
know  beforehand. 

FORESHADOW,  for-shad'o,  17.  t  to  shadow 
or  typify  beforehand. 

FORESHAPE,  for-shap',  v.t.  to  shape  or 
mould  beforehand  :  to  prepare  in  ad- 
vance. "  So  foreshape  the  minds  of 
men." — Sir  H.  Taylor. 

FORESHIP,  for'ship,  n.  (J5.)  the  bow  or 
/ocepart  of  a  ship. 

FORESHORE,  for'shor,  n.  the  part  imme- 
diately before  the  shore :  the  sloping 
part  of  a  shore  included  between  the 
high  and  low  water  marks. 

FORESHORTEN,  for-short'en,  v.t.  {in  a 
picture)  to  represent  the  shortened  ap- 
pearance of  an  object  projecting  for- 
ward.— n.  FORSHORTENING  (ill  painting), 
the  representation  of  the  shortened  ap- 
pearance of  an  object  projecting  for- 
ward. 

fORESHOT,  fox^shot,  n.  the  first  portion 
of  Uquid  that  comes  over  in  the  distillar 


tion  of  low  wines.  It  is  a  milky  liquid 
abounding  in  fusel-oil. 

FORESHOW,  for-sho',  v.t.  to  sliow  or  rep- 
resent beforehand  :  to  predict. 

FORESIDE,  for'sid,  n.  the  side  towards  the 
front. 

FORESIGHT,  for'sit,  n.  act  of  foreseeing: 
wise  forethought,  prudence. 

FORESKIN,  for'skin,  n.  the  skin  that 
covers  the  glans  penis. 

FOREST,  for'est,  n.  a  large  uncultivated 
tract  of  land  covered  with  trees  and 
underwood :  woody  ground  and  rude 
pasture. — adj.  pertaining  to  a  forest : 
silvan  :  rustic. — v.t.  to  cover  with  trees. 
(O.  Fr.  forest,  Fr.  foret — Low  L.  foresta, 
which  in  mediaeval  writers  is  the  open 
wood,  as  opposed  to  the  pareus  (park) 
or  waUed-in  wood — forestis,  out  of,  not 
shut — L.  foris,  out  of  doors — fores,  doors. 
[See  Foreign  and  DoOR.] 

FORESTAL,  for'est-al,  pertaining  to  a  for- 
est :  as,  forestal  rights. 

FORESTALL  for-stawl',  v.t.  to  take  too 
early  action  regarding  something ;  to 
anticipate  :  to  take  possession  of  in  ad- 
vance of  something  or  somebody  else  ; 
to  hinder  by  pre-occupation  or  preven- 
tion ;  to  influence  before  the  means  or 
the  opportunity  for  a  right  opinion  or 
judgment :  in  law,  to  obstruct  or  stop 
up,  as  a  way ;  to  intercept  on  the  road. 
— ^To  forestat.t.  the  market,  to  buy  up 
merchandise  on  its  way  to  market  with 
the  intention  of  selling  it  again  at  a 
higher  price,  or  to  dissuade  persons  from 
bringing  their  goods  there,  or  to  persuade 
them  to  enhance  the  price  when  there. 
This  was  an  offence  at  law  up  till  1844. 
[A.S.  forestal len.    See  Stall.] 

FORE-STALL,  for'-stawl,  n.  the  look-out 
man  who  walks  before  the  operator  and 
his  victim  when  a  garrote  robbery  is  to 
be  committed. 

FORESTALLER,  fSr-stawl'er,  n.  one  who 
forestalls  :  a  person  who  purchases  mer- 
chandise before  they  come  to  the  market 
witli  a  view  to  raise  the  price. 

FORESTAY,  for'sta,  n.  (naut.)  a  large 
strong  rope  reaching  from  the  foremast 
head  toward  the  bowsprit  end  to  sup- 
port the  mast. 

FORESTER,  for'est-er,  n.  one  who  has 
charge  of  a  forest :  an  inhabitant  of  a 
forest :  a  member  of  one  of  the  fraternal 
organizations  in  the  U.S. 

FORETASTE,  for-tast',  v.t.  to  taste  before 
possession  :  to  anticipate. 

FORETASTE,  for'tast,  n.  a  taste  before- 
hand :  anticipation. 

FORETELL,  for-tel',  v.t.  to  tell  before:  to 
prophesy. — v.i.  to  utter  prophecy. — n. 
Foretell'er. 

FORETHOUGHT,  fSr'thawt,  n.  thought  or 
care  for  the  future :  provident  care. 

FORETIME,  for'tim,  n.  a  time  previous  to 
the  present  or  to  a  time  alluded  to  or 
implied.     Gladstone. 

FORETOKEN,  for'to-kn,  n.  a  token  or  sign 
beforehand. 

FORETOKEN,  for-to'kn,  v.t.  to  signify  be- 
forehand. 

FORETOOTH,  for'tSoth,  n.  a  tooth  in  the 
forepart  of  the  mouth  :—pl.  FORETEETH, 
for'teth. 

FORETOP,  for'top,  n.  (naut.)  the  platform 
at  the  head  of  the  foremast. 

FORETOP-MAN,  for'top-man,  n.  (iiaut.)  a 
man  stationed  in  the  foretop  in  readiness 
to  set  or  take  in  the  smaller  sails,  and  to 
keep  the  upper  rigging  in  order. 

FORETOPMAST,  for-top'mast,  n.  in  a 
ship,  the  mast  erected  at  the  top  of  the 
foremast,  and  at  the  top  of  which  is  the 

"ForETOP-GALL' ANT-MAST. 

FOREVER,  for-eVer,  adv.  for  ever,  for  all 


time  to  come :  to  eternity :  through 
endless  ages. 

FOREWARN,  for-wawrn',  v.t.  to  warn  be- 
forehand :  to  give  previous  notice. — n. 
Forewakn'ing,  warning  beforehand. 

FOREWOMAN,  for'woo-man,  n.  a  woman 
who  is  chief  :  the  head  woman  in  a  work- 
shop or  in  a  department  of  an  establish- 
ment. 

FOREWORD,  for'werd,  n.  a  preface  or  in-^ 
troduction  to  a  Uterary  work  :  a  word  of 
recent  introduction  and  seldom  used. 
[Suggested  by  Ger.  vorwort,  preface.] 

FOREWORLD,  for'werld,  n.  a  previous 
world :  specifically,  the  world  before  the 
flood.  Southey. 

FOREWORN,  for-worn',  p.  worn  out: 
wasted  or  obliterated  by  time  or  use. 
"  Old  forewom  stories  almost  forgotten." 
— Brydges.  [Fore,  for  for,  utterly,  and 
Worn.] 

FOREYARD,  for'yard,  n.  (naut.)  the  yard 
on  the  foremast  of  a  vessel. 

FORFAIRN,  for-farn',  p.  and  adj.  forlorn  : 

destitute :    worn  out :    jaded.    (Scotch.) 

And  tho' wi  crazy  eild  I'm  sair /or/'aim, 

I'll  be  a  brig,  when  ye're  a  shapeless  cairn. — Bunit. 

[A.S.  forfaren,  pp.  otforfaran.] 

FORFEIT,  for'fit,  v.t.  to  lose  the  right  to 
by  some  fault  or  crime  -.—pr-p.  for'feit- 
ing;  pa.p.  for'feited. — n.  that  which  is 
forfeited  :  a  penalty  for  a  crime  :  a  fine : 
something  deposited  and  redeemable. — 
adj.  Foe'eeitable.  [Fr.  forfaire,  for- 
fait — Low  L.  forisfacere,  forisfactum,  to 
do  beyond  what  is  permitted,  to  offend — 
foris,  out  of  doors,  beyond,/acere,  to  do.] 

FORFEITURE,  for'fit-ur,  n.  act  of  forfeit- 
ing :  state  of  being  forfeited :  the  thing 
forfeited. 

FORGAT,  for-gat'  —forgot  —  old  pa.t.  of 
Forget. 

FORGE,  forj,  n.  the  workshop  of  a  faber 
or  workman  in  hard  materials  :  a  fur- 
nace, esp.  one  in  which  iron  is  heated  :  a 
smithy :  a  place  where  anything  is  shaped 
or  made. — v.t.  to  form  by  heating  and 
hammering  :  to  form  :  to  make  falsely : 
to  fabricate  :  to  counterfeit. — v.i.  to  com- 
mit forgery.  [Fr.  forge,  Prov.  farga — 
"Li.  fabrica — faber,  a  workman.] 

FORGER,  forj'er,  n.  one  who  forges  or 
makes :  one  guilty  of  forgery. 

FORGERY,  forj'er-i,  n.  fraudulently  mak- 
ing  or  altering  any  writing :  that  which 
is  forged  or  counterfeited. 

FORGET,  for-get',  v.t.  to  lose  or  put  away 
from  the  memory:  to  neglect:— |pr. p.  for- 
gett'ing;  pa.t.  forgot';  pa.p.  forgot',  for- 
gott'en.  [A.S.  forgitan — for-,  prefix, 
away,  ana  gitan,  to  get.] 

FORGETABLE,  FORGETTABLE,  for-get'- 
a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be  forgotten :  liable 
to  escape  the  memory. 

FORGETFUL,  for-get'fool,  adj.  apt  to  for- 
get ;  easily  losing  remembrance ;  as,  a 
forgetful  man  should  use  helps  to 
strengthen  his  memory:  heedless ;  care- 
less ;  neglectful ;  inattentive  :  causing 
to  forget ;  inducing  oblivion ;  oblivious  ; 
as,  forgetful  draughts;  "The  forgetful 
wine." — J.  Webster. 

FORGETFULLY,  for-get'fool-i,  adv.  in  a 
forgetful  manner. 

FORGETFULNESS,  for-get'fool-nes,  n.  the 
quality  of  being  forgetful,  or  of  losing 
the  remembrance  or  recollection  of  a 
thing  ;  proneness  to  let  shp  from  the 
mind  :  loss  of  remembrance  or  recoUec 
tion  ;  a  ceasing  to  remember  ;  oblivion  s 
neglect  ;  negligence  ;  careless  omission  ; 
inattention. 

FORGET-ME-NOT,  for-get'-me-not',  n.  a 
small  herb  with  beautiful  blue  flowers, 
regarded  as  the  emblem  of  friendship : 
a  keepsake. 


FORGETTER 


178 


FORSOOTH 


FORGETTER,  for-get'er,  n.  one  who  for- 
gets :  a  heedless  person. 

PORGETTINGLY,  for-get'ing-li,  adv.  by 
forgettinir  or  forgetfulness. 

FORGE-WATER,  fori'-waw-ter,  n.  in  med. 
water  in  which  a  blacksmith  has  dipped 
his  hot  irons — a  popular  remedy,  as  a 
lotion,  for  aphth»,  etc.,  and  also  drunk 
as  a  chalybeate.  It  contains  sulphate  of 
iron. 

PORGIE,  for-ge',  v.t.  to  forgive.  'He 
saved  me  frae  being  ta'en  to  Perth  as  a 
witch. — Forgie  them  that  wad  touch  sic 
a  puir  silly  auld  body."— Sir  W.  Scott. 
(Scotch.) 

FORGING,  forj'ing,  n.  the  process  of  ham- 
mering red-hot  iron  into  any  required 
shape :  the  act  of  counterfeiting :  the 
thing  forged  ;  a  piece  of  forged  work  in 
metal  :  a  general  name  for  a  piece  of 
hammered  iron  or  steel. 

FORGIVE,  for-giv',  v.t.  to  pardon  :  to  over- 
look an  offence  or  debt.  [A.S.  forgifan 
— for-,  prefix,  away,  and  gifan,  to  give  ; 
cf.  Ger.  ver-geben.] 

FORGI\T)NESS,  for-giVnes,  n.  pardon : 
remission  :  disposition  to  pardon. 

FORGIVING,  for-gi\-'ing.  adj.  ready  to 
pardon  :  merciful :  compassionate. 

FORK,  fork,  n.  an  instrument  ^\'ith  two  or 
more  prongs  at  the  end  :  one  of  the  points 
or  divisions  of  anything  fork-like  :  the 
bifurcated  part  of  the  human  frame,  the 
legs.  "Lord  Cardigan  had  so  good  a 
stature  that,  although  somewhat  long  in 
the  fork,  he  yet  sat  rather  tall  in  the 
saddle." — Kinglake :  in  pi.  the  branches 
into  which  a  road  or  river  divides,  also 
the  point  of  separation. — I'.i.  to  divide 
into  two  branches,  as  a  road  or  tree  :  to 
shoot  into  blades,  as  corn. — v.t.  to  form 
as  a  fork  :  to  pitch  with  a  fork.  [A.S. 
fore — L.  furca.] 

FORK-BEAM,  fork'-bem,  n.  (naut.)  a  short 
beam  introduced  to  support  the  deck  of  a 
vessel  where  there  is  no  framing. 

FORK-CHUCK,  fork'-chuk,  n.  an  append- 
age to  a  turning-lathe,  so  called  from  that 
part  which  screws  on  the  mandril  having 
on  the  outer  side  a  square  hole  in  which 
forked  pieces  of  iron  of  different  sizes,  ac- 
cording to  the  strength  required,  are 
placed  when  in  use. 

FORKED,  forkt,  adj.  opening  into  two  or 
more  parts,  points,  or  shoots  ;  darting 
forth  in  sharp  points  ;  jagged  ;  furcated  ; 
as,  a  forked  tongue,  the  forked  light- 
ning :  having  two  or  more  meanings  ; 
pointing  more  than  one  way ;  ambigu- 
ous ;  equivocal ; 

MeD  of  your  lar^e  profession,  .  .  . 
That  with  most  quick  a^Uty,  could  turn, 
And  re-turn  ;  make  Icnots  and  undo  them  ; 
Give  forked  counsel. — B.  Joiis&n. 

FORLORN,  for-lorn',  adj.  quite  lost :  for- 
saken :  wretched.  [A.S.  forloren,  pa.p. 
of  forleosan,  to  lose— /or,  away,  and  leo- 
san,  to  lose  ;  Ger.  verloren,  pa.p.  of  ver- 
lieren.  to  lose.] 

FORLORN-HOPE,  for-lorn'-hop,  n.  a  body 
of  soldiers  selected  for  some  service  of 
uncommon  danger.  [From  the  Dut. 
verloren  hoop,  the  forlorn  or  lost  troop. 
See  Hope.] 

FORM,  form,  n.  shape  of  a  body:  the 
boundary-line  of  an  object :  a  model : 
a  mould  :  mode  of  arrangement :  order  : 
regularity  :  system,  as  of  government : 
beauty  or  elegance :  established  prac- 
tice :  ceremony  :  (print.)  the  tj^je  from 
which  an  impression  is  to  be  taken  ar- 
ranged and  secured  in  a  chase  :  (in  the 
fol.  senses  pron.  form)  a  long  seat,  a 
bench  :  (in  schooh)  the  pupils  on  a  form, 
a  class :  the  bed  of  a  hare,  which  takes 
its  shape  from  the  animal's  bodj-.  PFr- 
forme — L.  forma— fero,  to  bear,  like 
fades,  appearance,  from/acto,  to  make.] 


FORM,  form,  v.t.  to  give  form  or  shape 
to :  to  make  :  to  contrive :  to  settle,  as 
an  opinion  :  to  combine  :  to  go  to  make 
up  :  to  estabUsh  :  (gram.)  to  make  by 
derivation. — v.i.  to  assume  a  form. 

-FORM,  a  Latin  termination  denoting  hke, 
in  the  form  of ;  as.  vermi/orni,  worm- 
like, falci/orm,  scythe -like,  ensiform, 
sword-like,  ovi/o)'w,  in  the  form  of  an 
egg,  etc.     [L.  forma,  form,  shape.] 

FORMAL,  form'al,  adj.  according  to  form 
or  estabUshed  mode  :  ceremonious  :  me- 
thodical :  having  the  form  only  :  ha\'ing 
the  power  of  making  a  thing  what  it  is  : 
essential :  proper. — adi'.  Form' ally. 

FORMALISM,  form'al-izm,  n.  a  resting  in 
the  mere  external/oniis  of  religion. 

FORMALIST,  form'al-ist,  n.  one  who  is 
content  with  the  mere  forms  of  religion. 

FORMALITY,  for-mal'i-ti,  n.  the  precise 
observance  of  forms  or  ceremonies :  es- 
tablished order.     [L.  formalitas—forma.1 

FORMATION,  for-ma'shun,  )i.  the  act  of 
forming  or  making ;  the  act  of  creating 
or  causing  to  exist ;  the  operation  of  com- 
posing, by  bringing  materials  together, 
or  of  shaping  and  giving  form  ;  genera- 
tion ;  production ;  as,  the  formation  of 
the  earth  ;  the  formation  "of  a  state  or 
constitution  ;  the  formation  of  ideas  : 
the  manner  in  which  a  thing  is  formed  ; 
as,  the  peculiar  formation  of  the  heart : 
in  geol.  any  series  of  rocks  referred  to  a 
common  origin  or  period,  whether  they 
consist  of  the  same  or  different  materials. 
Geological  strata  are  dirtded  into  cer- 
tain groups  of  one  era  of  deposition, 
sometimes  ot  very  dissunUar  mineralogi- 
cal  character,  but  inclosing  the  same 
fossil  species ;  as,  the  Carboniferous, 
OoUtic,  Cretaceous,  Silurian,  Laurentian, 
etc., formations :  (milit.)a.n arrangement 
of  troops,  as  iu  a  square,  column,  etc. 
[Fr.,  from  L.  format io.] 

FORMATm:,  form'a-tiv,  adj.  giving  form  ; 
having  the  power  of  giving  form  ;  plastic  ; 
as,  "  The  meanest  plant  cannot  be  raised 
without  seeds  by  anj'  formative  power 
residing  in  the  soil.'' — Bentley :  in  gram. 
serving  to  form  ;  derivative  ;  inflexional  ; 
as,  a  termination  merely  formative. 

FORMER,  form'er,  adj.  (comp.  of  Fore)  be- 
fore in  time  or  order  :  past  :  first  men- 
tioned. [A.S.  forma,  first,  superl.  of /ore, 
and  comp.  suffix  -er.] 

FORMER,  form'er,  n.  one  who  forms  or 
makes. 

FORMERLY,  form'er-ii,  adv.  in  former 
times :  heretofore. 

FORMIC,  for'mik,  adj.  pertaining-  to  ants, 
as  formic  acid,  originally  obtained  from 
ants.     [L.  formica,  an  ant.] 

FORMICARY,  for'mi-ka-ri,  n.  a  colony  of 
ants :  an  ant-hill. 

FORMICATE,  for'mi-kat,  adj.  resembling 
an  ant. 

FORMICATION,  for-mi-ka'shun,  n.  a  sen- 
sation like  that  of  ants  creeping  on  the 
skin.  [L.  formicatio — formicare,  to 
creep  like  an  ant— /o?'m!ca.] 

FORMIDABLE,  for'mi-da-bl,  adj.  causing 
fear :  adapted  to  excite  fear. — adv.  FOR- 

MIDABLT.  —  n.      FOR'MIDABLENESS.        [Ft. 

— L-  formidabilis—formido,  fear.] 
FORSriJLA,     form'u-la,    ?!.    a    prescribed 
form  :  a  formal  statement  of  doctrines  : 
(math.)  a  general  expression  for  solving 
problems  :  (chetn.)  a  set  of  symbols  ex- 
pressing the  components  of  a  body  : — pi. 
FOKMULM,     form'Q-le,  Form'ttlas.      [L., 
dim,  of  for  ma. J 
FORMDLARISTIC,    form-u-ler-ist'ik,   adj. 
pertaining  to  or  exhibiting  formulariza- 
tion.     Emerson. 
FORMULARIZA'nON,  form-u-ler-iz-a'- 
shun,  n.    the   act   of   formularizing :    a 


formularized  or  formulated  statement 
or  exhibition.     C.  Kingsley. 

FORMULARIZE,  form-ti'ler-iz.  v.t.  to  re- 
duce to  a  formula  :  to  formulate  :  to  ex- 
press tersely  and  clearly  in  systematic 
form.  "  It  is,  therefore"  to  be  "regretted 
that  the  commissioners  as  a  body  have 
not  formularized  an  opinion  on  a  s'ubject 
that  was  within  their  jurisdiction,  and 
which  was  examined  by  them  at  great 
length  and  with  evident  care." — Satur. 
Rev. 

FORMULARY,  form'iS-lar-i,  n.  a  formula. • 
a  book  of  formulaj  or  precedents. — adj. 
prescribed  :  ritual :  closely  adhering  to 
formulas  :  formal.  Carly\e.  [Fr.  form- 
ulaire — L.  formula.'] 

FORMULATE,  forn/u-lat.  FORMULIZE, 
form'ii-liz,  i\t.  to  reduce  to  or  express  in 
a  formula  :  to  state  or  express  in  a  clear 
or  definite  form. 

FORMULATION,  form-u-la'shun,  n.  the  act 
or  process  of  formulating,  or  of  reducing 
to  or  expressing  in  a  formula. 

FORNICATE,  for'ni-kat,  FORNICATED, 
for'ni-kat-ed,  adj.,  arched  :  (hot.)  arching 
over.  [L.  forr.icor,  fornicatxis— fornix, 
fornicis.  an  arch.] 

FORNICATE,  for'ni-kat,  r.i.  to  commit 
lewdness  :  to  have  unlawful  sexual  inter- 
course. [L.  fornicor,  fornicattis—fornix, 
an  arch,  a  vault,  a  brothel.] 

FORNICATION,  for-ni-ka'shun,  n.  sexual 
intercourse  between  unmarried  persons  : 
(B.)  adulterv,  incest,  and  frequently  idola- 
try. 

FORNICATOR,  for'ni-ka-tor,  n.  an  un- 
mai'ried  person  guilty  of  lewdness:— /em. 
Fornicatress,  for'ni-ka-tres.  [L.  forni- 
cator, and  fomicatrix— fornicor.] 

FORSAKE,  for-sak*,  v.t.  to  desert:  to  aban- 
don -.^pr.p.  forsak'ing  ;  pa.t.  forsook'  ; 
pa.p.  forsak'en.  —  Forsake,  Desert. 
Abandon.  Forsake  is  applied  to  leaving 
that  which  natural  affection  or  a  sense  of 
duty  should  have  led  us  to  remain  by ; 
as,  to  forsake  our  home,  friends,  or  coun- 
try ;  a  bird  forsakes  its  nest.  ""When 
my  father  and  my  mother  forsake  me, 
then  the  Lord  will  take  me  up."-Ps.  xxvii. 
10.  (In  the  passii^e  it  often  means  left 
desolate,  forlorn: — 

When  he  is  forsaken. 

Withered  and  shaken. 

What  can  an  old  man  do  but  die. — Hood.) 

Desert  may  sometimes  be  synonymous 
with  forsake,  but  it  usually  imphes  a 
greater  degree  of  culpability  and  the  in- 
fringement of  some  legal  obligation  :  as, 
to  desert  one's  wife  and  children  ;  to  de- 
sert one's  regiment.  Abandon  is  to  leave 
and  give  up  finally  and  completely  :  as, 
to  abandon  e^'il  courses  ;  but  generally  it 
imphes  the  laying  aside  of  Eul  care  and 
concern  for  an  object,  especially  when 
danger  threatens  it,  or  when  longer  con- 
nection might  prove  dan^rous  to  our- 
selves ;  as,  to  abandon  a  hopeless  enter- 
prise, or  a  sinking  ship.  [A.S.  forsacan 
—for-,  away,  and  O.  E.  sake,  dispute, 
strife — A.S.  sacan,  to  strive.    See  Sake.] 

FORSOOTH,  for-sooth',  adv.  in  truth  :  in 
fact :  certainly:  very  well — often  used 
ironically.  It  was  once  a  word  of  honor 
or  highly  polite  address  to  a  woman. 
"A  fit  man,  forsooth,  to  govern  a 
realm."  —  Hayward.  "  Carry  not  too 
much  underthought  betwixt  yourself 
and  them,  nor  your  city  mannerly  word 
(forsooth),  use  it  not  too  often  in  any 
case ;  but  plain,  ay,  madam,  and  no. 
madam."  —  B.  Jonson.  [A.S.  forsoth— 
for  and  sooth,  that  is,  for  or  in  truth.] 

F5RS00TH,  for-s66th'.  v.t.  to  use  the  word 
forsooth  to  :  hence,  to  address  in  a  high- 
ly pohte  and  ceremonious  manner.  "  "The 
captain  of  the  Charles  had  forsoothed 


FORSOOTH 


179 


FOUL 


her,  though  he  knew  her  well  enough, 
and  she  him." — Pepys. 

FORSOOTH,  for-sooth',  n.  a  man  given  to 
using  the  word  forsooth  to  a  ladj' :  hence, 
a  man  very  polite  and  ceremonious  to 
ladies.  "You  sip  so  like  a  forsooth  of 
the  city." — B.  Jonson. 

FORSWilAR,  for-swar',  v.t.  to  deny  upon 

oath.— (B.)  To   FORSWEAE  ONE'S  SELF,  to 

swear  falselj',  to  commit  perjury.  [For-, 
away,  and  Swear.] 

FORT,  fort,  n.  a  smaLl  fortress.  [Fr.— L. 
fortis,  strong.] 

FORTALICE,  fort'al-is,  n.  a  small  out- 
work of  a  fortification.  [O.  Fr.  fortetesce 
— Low  L.  fortalitia— fortis.'] 

FORTE,  fort,  n.  one's  strong  point,  that  in 
which  one  excels.     [Same  as  below.] 

FORTE,  for'ta,  adv.  (mus.)  strongly,  with 
emphasis,  loud.     [It.  forte — L.  fortis.] 

FORTH,  forth,  adv.,  before  or  forward  in 
place  or  order :  in  advance  :  onward  in 
time  :  out  into  view  :  abroad  :  {B.)  out. 
[A.S.  forth;  Dut.  voort,  forward,  Ger. 
fort,  on,  further,  radically  the  same  as 
For.  Fore.] 

FORTHCOMING,  fortli'kum-ing,  adj.  just 
coming  forth :  about  to  appear. 

FORTHWITH,  forth-wiWi',  adv.  immedi- 
ately :  without  delay. 

FORTIETH,  for'ti-eth,  adj.  the  fourth 
tenth. — n.  a  fortieth  part.  [A.S.  feower- 
tigotha.] 

FORTIFICATION,  for-ti-fl-ka'shun,  «._  the 
art  of  strengthening  a  militai'y  position 
by  means  of  defensive  works  :  that  which 
fortifies. 

FORTIFY,  for'ti-fl,  v.  t.  to  strengthen 
against  attack  with  forts,  etc.:  to  in- 
vigorate :  to  confirm :  to  increase  the 
alcoholic  strength  of  by  means  of  adven- 
titious spirit ;  as,  to  fortify  port-wine 
with  brandy.— jia.j).  for'tifled. — n.  For'- 
TIFEER.  [Fr.  fortifier — Low  L.  fortificare 
—fortis,  sti-ong,  facio,  to  make.] 

FORTISSIMO,  for-tis'i-mo,  adv.  {mus.)  very 
sti'ong  or  loud.  [It.,  superl.  of/orte.  See 
Forte,  adv.] 

FORTITUDE,  for'ti-tud,  n.  that  strength 
of  mind  wliich  enables  one  to  meet  danger 
or  endure  pain  with  calmness.  [L.  forti- 
tudo — fortis.] 

FORTNIGHT,  fort'nit,  n.  two  weeks  or 
fourteen  days.  [Contr.  ot fourteen  nights.] 

FORTNIGHTLY,  fort'mt-U,  adj.  and  adv. 
once  a  fortnight. 

FORTRESS,  for'tres,  n.  a.  fortified  place :  a 
defence.  [Fr.  forteresse,  another  form  of 
fortelesce,  which  see  under  Fortaiice.] 

FORTUITOUS,  for-tu'i-tus,  adj.  happening 
by  chance  or  accident. —  adv.  Fortu- 
itously.—  ns.  FORTU'lTOUSNESS,  FORTU'- 
irv.     [L.  fortuitus,  casual.] 

FORTIINA,  for-tu'na,  n.  in  Rom.  myth,  the 
goddess  of  fortune  •-  a  small  planet  or 
asteriod  between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and 
Jupiter,  discoverc'(i  August  23,  1853,  by 
Professor  Hind. 

FORTUNATE,  for'+.u-nat,  adj.  coming  by 
good  luck  or  favoi-able  chance  ;  bring- 
ing some  unexpected  good  ;  presaging 
happiness  ;  auspicious  ;  as,  a  fortunate 
event ;  a  fortunate  concurrence  of  cir- 
cumstances ;  a  fortunate  ticket  in  a  lot- 
tery :  lucky  ;  successful ;  receiving  some 
unforeseen  or  unexpected  good,  or  some 
good  which  was  not  dependent  on  one's 
own  skill  or  efforts  ;  as,  a  fortunate  ad- 
venturer, in  a  lottery  ;  I  was  most  for- 
tunate thus  unexpectedly  to  meet  my 
friend.— Fortunate,  Successful,  Pros- 
perous. Fortunate  applies  to  that  which 
is  deemed  beyond  human  conti-ol ;  success- 
ful denotes  that  effective  human  effort 
has  been  made  to  gain  the  object ;  pros- 
perous has  very  much  the  meaning  of  suc- 
cessful, but  is  applied  rather  to  a  series 


of  things  than  a  single  event ;  we  say,  a 
succe-'isful  enterprise,  a.  prosperotis  hne  of 
business,  a  fortunate  circumstance.  [L. 
fortunatus,  pp.  of  fortuno,  to  make  for- 
tunate or  prosperous.     See  FORTUNE.] 

FORTUNATELY,  for'tu-nat-li,  adv.  in  a 
fortunate  manner  :  luckily  :  successfully  : 
happi)v. 

FORTUNATENESS,  for'tQ-nat-nes,  n.  good 
luck  :  success  :  happiness. 

FORTUNE,  for'tijn,  n.  whatever  comes  hy 
lot  or  chance  :  luck  :  the  arbitrary  order- 
ing of  events :  the  lot  that  falls  to  one 
in  life  :  success  :  wealth.  [Fr. — L.  fort- 
una,  a  lengthened  form  oifors,  fortis, 
chance,  from  fero,  to  bear,  and  lit.  mean- 
ing, that  which  is  produced.] 

FORTUNE,  for'tun,  v.t.  to  make  fortunate. 
Chaucer:  to  dispose  of,  fortunately  or 
not.  Shak. :  to  foretell  the  fortune  or  lot 
of  ;  to  presage.  I>ryden ;  Shak. 

FORTUNE,  for'tun,  v.i.  to  befall  :  to  fall 
out :  to  happen  :  to  come  casually  to 
pass.  ' '  They  attempted  to  remonstrate, 
but  were  warned  to  beware,  lest  'it 
might  fortune  to  cost  some  their  heads.' " 
— Hallam. 

FORTUNED,  for'tund,  adj.  supplied  by 
fortune:  used  in  composition.  "The 
{all-fortuned  Cajsar. " — Shak. 

FORTUNE-HUNTER,  for'tun-hunt'er,  n. 
a  man  who  hunts  for  a  marriage  with  a 
woman  ot  fortune. 

FORTUNELESS,  for'tun-les,  adj.  without 
a  fortune  :  luckless. 

FORTUNE-STEALER,  for'tun-stel-er,  ?i. 
one  who  steals  an  heiress. 

FORTUNE-TELL,  for'tun-tel,  v.i.  to  tell, 
or  pretend  to  tell,  the  future  events  of 
one's  life  :  to  reveal  futurity.  Shak. 

He  tipples  palmistry,  and  dines 

On  all  her  fortune-ieUing  lines. — Cleaveland. 

FORTUNE-TELLER,  for'tun-tel'er,  n.  one 
who  pretends  to  foretell'  one's  fortune. — 
n.  For'tune-tell'ing. 

FORTY,  for'ti,  adj.  and  n.  four  times  ten. 
[A.S.  feowertig—feoicer,  four,  tig,  ten.] 

FORUM,  fo'rum,  n.  (fig.)  a  market-place, 
esp.  the  market-place  in  Rome,  where 
public  business  was  transacted  and  ju-stice 
dispensed :  the  courts  of  law  as  opp.  to 
the  Parliament,  Congress  or  Legislature: 
in  the  U.S.  any  tribunal  of  public  discus- 
sion— having  received  this  meaning  by 
virtue  of  the  theory  that  tlie  people  decide 
all  questions  discussed.  [L. ,  aldn  to  foras, 
out  of  doors.    See  Door  and  Foreign.] 

FORWARD,  for'ward,  FORWARDS,  for'- 
wardz,  adv.,  towards,  what  is  before  or 
in  front :  onward  :  progressively.  [A.S. 
foreweai-d— foresaid iveard,  sig.  direction. 
Forwards — M.E.  forwardes,  was  orig.  the 
gen.  form  (cf.  Ger.  voriodrts).] 

FORWARD,  for'ward,  adj.  near  or  at  the 
forepart :  in  advance  of  something  else  : 
ready:  too  ready:  presumptuous:  earnest: 
early  ripe.— adv.  For'wardly. — n.  Fok'- 

WABDNESS. 

FORWARD,  for'ward,  v.t.  to  advance  ;  to 
help  onward  ;  to  promote ;  to  acceler- 
ate ;  to  quicken  ;  to  hasten  ;  as,  to  for- 
loard  a  good  design  ;  to  forward  the 
growth  of  a  plant ;  to  forward  one  in 
improvement :  to  send  forward  ;  to  send 
toward  the  place  of  destination ;  to 
transmit;  as,  to  fonoard  a  letter  or  de- 
spatches :  in  bookbinding,  to  prepare  for 
the  finisher,  as  a  sewed  book,  by  putting 
a  plain  cover  on. 

FORWARDER,  for'ward-er,  n.  one  who 
promotes  or  advances  in  progress  :  one 
who  sends  forward  or  transmits  goods  ;  a 
forwarding  merchant  :  in  bookbinding, 
one  who  does  the  plain  covering  of  a 
sewed  book,  and  prepares  it  for  the  fin- 
isher. 

FORWARDING,  for'ward-ing,  p.  and  adj. 


advancing  :  promoting  :  aiding  in  prog, 
ress  :  accelerating  in  growth  :  sending 
onward  :  transmitting.  —  Forwardino 
MERCHANT,  a  merchant  whose  business 
it  is  to  receive  and  forward  goods  for 
others. — Forwarding  note,  a  note  iu 
which  a  description  of  goods  or  a  parcel 
is  entered  with  the  name  of  consignee 
and  his  place  of  residence  and  name  of 
consignor  to  be  sent  along  with  goods, 
etc.,  conveyed  by  a  carrier. 

FORWARDING,  foi-'ward-ing,  n.  the  act  or 
business  of  sending  forward  merchandise, 
etc.  :  in  bookbinding,  the  operation  i.l 
plain  covering  a  sewed  book,  and  prep^ir- 
ing  it  for  the  finisher. 

FOSSE,  FOSS,  fos,  m.  (fort.)  a  moat  or 
trench  in  front  of  a  fortified  place.  [Fr. 
fosse,  L.  fossa — fodio,  fosstim,  to  dig.] 

FOSSIL,  fos'sU,  adj.  dug  out  of  the  earth  ; 
as,  fossil  coal,  fossil  salt :  pertaining  to 
or  resembling  fossils  ;  changed  into 
stone  ;  petrified  ;  as,  fossil  shells,  bones, 
or  wood.  [Fr.  fossile,  L.  fossilis,  from 
fodio,  fossum,  to  dig.] 

FOSSIL,  fos'sil,  n.  a  word  which  in  its 
widest  and  literal  sense  means  whatever 
is  dug  out  of  the  earth,  so  that  it  in- 
cludes all  minerals  and  rocks,  as  well  as 
the  organic  remains  embedded  in  rocks, 
the  former  being  the  native  fossils,  the 
latter  the  extraneous  fossils  of  older 
writers.  It  is  now,  however,  restricted 
to  designate  the  petrified  forms  of  plants 
and  animals  which  occur  in  the  strata 
that  compose  the  surface  of  our  globe. 
Most  of  these  fossil  species,  many  of  the 
genera,  and  some  of  the  families,  are  ex- 
tinct. When  these  remains  are  only  par- 
tially fossilized,  and  occur  in  superficial 
or  recent  deposits,  the  term  sub-fossil  is 
employed. 

FOSSILlFEROUS,  fos-il-if er-us,  adj.  bear- 
ing or  containing  fossils.  [L.  fossilis, 
and  fero,  to  bear.] 

FOSSILIST,    fos'il-ist,   n.    one    skilled    in 


FOSSILIZE,  fos'il-Iz,  v.t.  to  convert  into 
a  fossil. — v.i.  to  be  changed  into  a  stony 
or  fossil  state.  —  n.  Fossiliza'tion,  a 
changing  into  a  fossil. 

FOSSORIAL,  fos-or'i-al,  adj.  {zool.)  digging, 
burrowing. 

FOSTER,  fos'ter,  v.t.  to  bring  up  or  nurse : 
to  encourage. — n.  Fos'teree.  [A.S.  fos- 
trian,  to  nourish,  fostre,  a  nurse,  fostor 
(=fod-stor),  food.     See  Food.] 

FOSTER-BROTHER,  fos'ter-bruWi'er,  n.  a 
male  child,  fostered  or  brought  up  with 
another  of  different  parents. 

FOSTERr-CHILD,  fos'ter-chlld,  n.  a  child 
nursed  or  brought  up  by  one  who  is  not 
its  parent. 

FOSTER-PARENT,  fos'ter-pa'rent,  n.  one 
who  rears  a  chUd  in  the  place  of  its  pa- 
rent. 

FOTHER,  io'ther,  v.t.  to  endeavor  to  stop, 
as  a  leak  in  the  bottom  of  a  ship,  while 
afloat,  by  letting  down  a  sail  by  the  cor- 
ners and  putting  chopped  yarn,  oakum, 
wool,  cotton,  etc.,  between  it  and  the 
ship's  sides.  [A.S.  f drier,  fodder,  food,  a 
covering  or  case;  cf.  Ger.  fiittern,  to 
feed,  to  line,  to  case,  from  flitter,  lining 
food,-  fodder.] 

FOUGASSE,  foo-gas',  n.  {mil.)  a  small  mine 
from  six  to  twelve  feet  underground. 
[Fr. — Ij.  focus,  hearth,  fire.] 

FOUGHT,  fawt,  pa.f.  andna.p.  of  Fight. 

FOUL,  fowl,  adj.  filthy  :  loathsome :  pro- 
fane :  impure :  stormy  :  unfair :  run- 
ning against :  entangled. — adv.  Foul'lt. 
—n.  Foul'ness.  [A.S.  ful,  akin  to 
Scand.  ful,  Ger.  faul,  Goth,  fuls;  all 
from  root  pit,  to  stink.    See  Putrid.] 


FOUL 


180 


FRAGILITY 


'•<OVL,  fowl,  v.t.  to  make  foul :  to  soil.— 
I'.i.  to  come  into  collision  ■.—pr.p.  foul'- 
ing ;  pa.p.  fouled'. 

TOUL,  fowl,  n.  the  act  of  fouling,  collid- 
ing, or  otherwise  impeding  due  motion  or 
progress  :  specLQcally,  in  a  racing  con- 
test, the  impeding  of  a  competitor  by 
collision,  jostling,  or  the  like :  in  base- 
ball,  a  batted  ball  which  first  strikes 
the  ground  not  a  sufficient  distance  in- 
side one  of  the  lines  drawn  from  the  home 
base  to  the  first  and  the  third  bases. 

FOUL-MOUTHED,  fowV-mov/thd,  adj.  ad- 
dicted to  the  use  of  foul  or  profane 
language. 

FOUMART,  fOS'mart,  n.  the  polecat. 
[Prom  A.S.  fiU,  foul,  and  Fr.  marte  or 
martre,  a  marten.  See  FoiTL  and  Mar- 
ten J_ 

FOUNT),  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  FlKD. 

FOUND,  fownd,  v.t.  to  lay  the  bottom  or 
foundation  of :  to  establish  on  a  basis  : 
to  originate  :  to  endow.  [Fr.  fonder — 
L.  fundo,  fundatus,  to  toimd— fundus, 
the  bottom.    See  Bottom.] 

FOUND,  fownd,  v.t.  to  form  by  melting 
and  pouring  into  a  mould  :  to  cast.  [Fr. 
fondre — ^L.  fundo,  fusus,  to  pour.  Cf. 
Fuse.] 

FOUNDATION,  fownd-a'shim,  n.  the  act 
of  founding :  the  base  of  a  building :  the 
groundwork  or  basis  :  a  permanent /Mwd 
for  the  support  of  anything. — n.  Founda'- 
TlONEB,  one  supported  from  the  funds  or 
foundation  of  an  institution. 

FOUNDER,  fownd'er,  n.  one  who  melts 
and  casts  metal,  as  a  brassfounder. 

FOUNDER,  fownd'er,  n.  one  who  founds, 
establishes,  or  originates :  an  endower : — 
fern.  Found'eess. 

FOUNDER,  fownd'er,  v.t.  to  go  to  the  bot- 
tom: to  fill  with  water  and  sink. — v.t. 
to  disable  by  injuring  the  feet,  of  a 
horse.  [Fr.  foiidre—fond — L.  fundus, 
the  bottom.] 

TOUNDER,  fownd'er,  n.  in  farriery,  {a'f  a 
lameness  occasioned  by  inflammation 
within  the  hoof  of  a  horse :  (b)  an  in- 
flammatory fever  of  the  body,  or  acute 
rheumatism. 

FOUNDEROUS,  fownd'er-us,  adj.  causing 
to  founder,  go  lame,  or  be  used  up.  "I 
have  travelled  through  the  negociation, 
and  a  sudfounderoiis  road  it  is."' — Burke. 

FOUNDING,  fownd'ing,  n.  metaX-casting. 

FOUNDLING,  fownd'ling,  n.  a  little  child 
found  deserted. 

FOUNDLING-HOSPITAL,  fowndling- 
hos'pit-al,  n.  a  hospital  at  which  children 
deserted  by  then*  parents  and  found  by 
strangers  are  brought  up. 

FOUNDRY,fownd'ri,  FOUNDERY,  f  ownd'- 
er-i,  n.  the  art  of  founding  or  casting : 
the  house  where  founding  is  carried  on. 

FOUNT,  fownt,  FOUNTAIN,  fownt'an,  w. 
a  spring  of  water,  natural  or  artificial : 
the  structure  for  a  jet  of  water:  the 
source  of  anything. — Holy  water  fount, 
the  stone  basin  or  receptacle  for  holy 
water  in  Roman  Catholic  churches.  [Fr. 
fontaine,  O.Fr.  font — Low  L  fontana — 
fontanus,  adj.,  from  L.  fons,  fontis,  a 
spring— /«ndo,  to  pour.] 

FOUNTAIN-HEAD,  fownt'an-hed,  n.  the 
head  or  source  of  a.  fountain:  the  begin- 
ning. 

f*'OUNTAINLESS,  fownt'an-les,  adj.  hav- 
ing no  fountain  :  wanting  a  spring. 
a  barren  desert  fountairiless  and  dry. — Wlton. 

FOUNTAIN-PEN,  fownt'an-pen,  n.  a  writ- 
ing pen  with  a  reservoir  for  furnishing 
a  continuous  supply  of  ink. 

FOUNTAIN-TREE,  fownt'an-trS,  n.  a  pop- 
ular name  of  the  Indian  cedar,  from  the 
large  quantity  of  turpentine  which  it 
yields  :  a  popular  name  for  a  BrazUian 


tree,  the  young  twigs  of  which  yield, 
when  shaken,  a  clear  drinkable  fluid. 

FOUNTFUTj,  fownt'fool,  acy.  full  of  springs: 
as^ountful  Ida. 

FOUR,  for,  adj.  and  n.  two  and  two.  [A.S, 
feower ;  Ger.  vier,  Goth,  fidvor,  L.  qua- 
tuor,  Gr.  tettares,  pisures.  Sans.  chatvar.J 

FOURCHETTE,  foor-shet',  n.  in  anat.  (o) 
the  thin  posterior  commissure  by  which 
the  labia  majora  of  the  pudendum  unite 
together  ;  (b)  the  united  clavicles  or  mer- 
ry-thought of  birds  :  in  surg.  an  instru- 
ment used  to  raise  and  support  the 
tongue  during  the  operation  of  dividing 
the  frsenum  :  in  glovemaking,  the  piece 
between  the  two  fingers  to  which  the 
front  and  back  portions  are  sewed.  [Fr., 
a  fork,  a  table-fork.] 

FOURFOLD,  for'fold,  a4j.  folded  four 
times :  multiplied  four  times.  fFotTE 
and  FOLD.l^ 

FOUR-FOOTED,  for'-foot'ed,  adj.  having 
four  feet. 

FOURIERISM,  foo'ri-er-izm,  n.  the  system 
propounded  by  Charles  Fourier,  a  French- 
man. According  to  him  all  the  world 
was  to  be  subdivided  into  phalitn^iipnes 
or  associations,  consisting  of  1800  mem- 
bers, each  group  occupying  a  common 
edifice,  and  all  enjoying  the  fruit  ol  their 
labors  in  common.  Though  talent  and 
industry  were  to  be  rewarded,  no  one 
was  to  be  allowed  to  be  indigent,  or  de- 
barred from  a  certain  amount  of  luxury 
and  amusement.  A  universal  language 
was  to  be  established,  while  the  several 
groups  were  to  be  associated  together 
under  a  central  government,  like  the 
Cantons  of  Switzerland  or  the  States  of 
America.  Fovirierism  is  one  of  the  spe- 
cific forms  of  Communism. 

FOURIERIST,  f6o'ri-er-ist,  FOURIERITE, 
foo'ri-er-Tt,  n.  an  adherent  of  the  system 
propounded  by  Charles  Fourier  of  Besan- 
con. 

FOURSCORE,  for'skor,  adj.  four  times  a 
score— 80. 

FOURSQUARE,  for'skwar,  adj.  having 
four  equal  sides  and  angles  :    square. 

FOURTEEN,  for'ten,  adj.  and  n.  four  and 
ten.  

FOURTEENTH,  for'tenth,  adj.  and  n. 
fourth  or  the  fourth  after  the  tenth. 
[A.S.  feowerteotlM— feower  and  teotha, 
tenth  .1 

FOURTH,  fSrth,  adj.  next  after  the  third. 
— n.  one  of  four  equal  parts.  —  THE 
Fourth,  in  U.S.,  Independence  Day, 
July  4th.  —  adv.  Fourth'ly.  [A.S. 
feortha.} 

FOWL,  fowl,  n.  a  bird :  a  bird  of  the  barn- 
door or  poultry  kind,  a  cock  or  hen  :  the 
flesh  of  fowl  -.—pi.  Fowls  or  Fowl.— v.t. 
to  kill  fowls  by  shooting  or  snaring. — ru 
Fowl'er,  a  sportsman  who  takes  wild- 
fowl. [A.S.  fugel ;  Ger.  vogel.  Ice.  fugl : 
connection  with  A.S.  Jloegan,  E.fly,  etc., 
is  improbable.] 

FOWLING-PIECE,  fowl'ing-pes,  n.  a  light 
gun  for  small-shot,  used  in  fowling. 

FOX,  foks,  n.  an  animal  of  the  dog  family, 
noted  for  cunning :  any  one  notorious  for 
cunning.     [A.S. ;  Ger.  fuehs.] 

FOXGLOVE,  foks'gluv,  n.  a  bienm'al  plant 
with  glove-like  flowers,  whose  leaves  are 
used  as  a  soothing  medicine.  [A.S.  foxes 
glofa;  cf.  Norw.  revhanskje,  foxglove, 
from  rev,  a  fox.1 

FOXHOUND,  foks'hownd,  n.  a  hound  for 
chasing  foxes:  a  variety  of  hound  in 
which  are  combined,  in  the  highest  de- 
gi-ee  of  excellence,  fleetness,  strength, 
spirit,  fine  scent,  perseverance,  and  sub- 
ordination. The  foxhound  is  smaller  than 
the  staghound,  its  average  height  being 
from  20  to  33  inches.     It  is  supposed  to 


be  a  mixed  breed  between  the  staghound 
or  the  bloodhound  and  the  greyhound. 
It  is   commonly  of  &  white  color  with. 
patches  of  black  and  tan. 

FOXTROT,  foks'trot,  n.  a  pace,  as  of  a 
horse,  generally  consisting  of  a  short 
series  of  steps,  usually  adopted  in  break, 
ing  from  a  walk  into  a  trot,  or  in  slack 
ening  from  a  trot  to  a  walk. 

FOXY,  foks'i,  adj.  of  foxe« :  cunning  ; 
(paint.)  having  too  much  of  the  reddish^ 
brown  or  fox-color. 

FOYER,  fwaw-ya,  n.  a  saloon  :  speciflcally, 
in  theatres,  operarhouses,  etc.  (a)  aorush- 
room  ;  (b)  a  green-room.     [Fr.] 

FRACAS,  fra-ka',  n.  uproar  :  a  noisy  quar- 
rel. [Fr.,  from  fraeasser,  to  break — It. 
fracassare—fra,  among,  and  cassare,  Fr. 
casser,  to  break — L.  guassare,  to  shake.] 

FRACTION,  frak'shun,  n.  a  fragment  or 
very  small  piece :  {arith.)  one  or  more  of 
the  equal  parts  of  a  unit ;  if  equal  to  or 
greater  than  1,  an  improper  fraction  ;  if 
less  than  one,  a  proper  fraction :  also, 
one  cf  the  equal  parts  of  a  unit,  as  one- 
haA',  one-third,  etc.  [Fr. — L.  fractio — 
frango,  fraetus,  to  breaK,  from  root /rag, 
whence  Gr.  rhegnumi,  to  break.] 

FRACTIONAL,  frak'shun-al,  adj.  belong- 
ing to  or  containing  a  fraction  or  frac- 
tions.— Fractional  currency,  the  small 
coins  or  paper-money  of  lower  value  than 
the  monetary  unit  of  a  country. 

FRACTIONARY,  frak'shun-a-ri,  adj.  frac- 
tional :  pertaining  to  a  fraction  or  small 
portion  of  a  thing ;  hence,  subordi- 
nate :  unimportant.  '  Our  sun  may, 
therefore,  be  only  one  member  of  a  high- 
er family — taking  his  part,  along  with 
millions  of  others,  in  some  loftier  system 
of  mechanism,  by  which  they  are  all  sub- 
jected to  one  law,  and  to  one  arrange 
ment— describing  the  sweep  of  such  ac 
orbit  in  space,  and  completing  the 
mighty  revolution  in  such  a  period  of 
time  as  to  reduce  our  planetary  seasons 
and  our  planetary  movements  to  a  very 
humble  and  fractionary  rank  in  the 
scale  of  a  higher  astronomy." — Dr.  Chal- 
mers. 

FRACTIOUS,  frak'shus,  adj.  ready  to  breaJe 
out  in  a  passion  :  cross. — adv.  Frac'- 
TIOUSLY.— n.  Feac'tiousness.  [See  Frac- 

TION.] 

FRACTURE,  frak'tur,  n.  a  breakage;  a 
breach  in  a  body,  especially  caused  by 
violence ;  a  rupture  of  a  solid  body :  in 
surg.  the  breaking  of  a  bone  ;  a  frac- 
ture is  simple  or  compound — simple  when 
the  bone  only  is  divided  ;  compound  when 
the  bone  is  broken,  with  a  laceration  of 
the  integuments  ;  a  fracture  is  termed 
transverse,  longitudinal,  or  oblique,  ac- 
cording to  its  direction  in  regard  to  the 
axis  of  the  bone :  in  mineral,  the  man- 
ner in  which  a  mineral  breaks,  and  by 
which  its  texture  is  displayed  ;  the  broken 
surface  ;  as,  a  compact  fracture ;  a  fi- 
rous  fracture ;  foliated,  striated,  or  con- 
choidal  fracture,  etc.  f Fr. ;  L.  fractura, 
from  frango,  fractum,  to  break.] 

FRACTURE,  frak'tur,  v.t.  to  break:  to 
burst  asunder :  to  crack  :  to  separate  the 
continuous  parts  of:  as,  to  fracture  a 
bone,  to  fracture  the  skull. 

FR-<ENUM,  fre'num,  n.  (pi.  Fr.ena,  fre'na) 
in  anat.  a  ligament  which  checks  or  re- 
strains the  motion  of  a  part ;  as,  the 
frcenum  linguce,  a  fold  of  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  mouth,  which  binds 
down  the  tongue.     [L.,  a  bridle.] 

FRAGILE,  ir&]'\l,  adj.,  easily  broken:  frail- 
delicate.     [L.  fragilis — from  frango,  to 

nTPHK  \ 

FRAGILITY,  fra-jil'i-tl,  n.  the  state  of  bft- 
ing  fragile. 


FEAGMENT 


181 


FRAUNHOFER'S  LINES 


FRAGMENT,  frag'tneot,  n.  a  piece  broken 
off:  an  unfinished  portion. — adj.  FRAG- 
MENT'AL.     [See  Fraction.] 

FRAGMENTARINESS,  frag-ment-a-ri-nes, 
n.  tlie  state  or  quality  of  being  fragment- 
ary :  want  of  continuity :  brolienness. 
Oeorge  Eliot. 

FRAGMENTARY,  frag'ment-ar-i,  adj.  con- 
sisting of  fragments  or  pieces  :  brolien. 

FRAGOR,  fra'gor,  n.  a  loud  and  sudden 
sound :  the  report  of  anytiiing  burst- 
ing :  a  loud  harsli  sound  :  a  crasii.  Watts. 
[L.,  abrealring,  a  crashing,  tvova  frango, 
to  brealr.l 

FRAGOR,  fra'gor,  n.  a  strong  or  sweet 
scent.  Sir  T.  Herbert.  [From  L.  fragro, 
to  emit  a  scent.] 

FRAGRANCE,  fra'grans,  n.  pleasantness 
of  smell  or  perfume  :  sweet  or  grateful 
influence. 

FRAGRANT,  fra'gi-ant,  adj.  sweet-scented. 
— adv.  Fea'grantly.  [L. /ragrraMS,/j-a- 
grantis,  pr.p.  of  fragro,  to  smell.] 

FRAIL,  fral,  adj.  wanting  in  strength  or 
firmness  :  weak. — n.  Frail'ness.  [Fr. 
frele;  from  h.  fragilis.     See  Fragile.] 

FRAILTY,  fral'ti,  n.  weakness  :  infirmity. 

FRAME,  fram,  v.t.  to  form  :  to  shape  :  to 
construct  by  fitting  the  parts  to  each 
other  :  to  plan  :  to  constitute  :  to  put  a 
border  on  :  (B.)  to  contrive.  [A.S.  frem- 
man,  to  promote  or  make — /roj/Jiforward, 
strong,  excellent ;  conn,  with  Ger.  fromm, 
kind,  pious,  Goth./rjtwia,  first, L. primus.] 

FRAME,  fram,  n.  the  form  :  a  putting  to- 
gether of  parts :  a  case  made  to  inclose 
or  support  anything  :  the  skeleton  :  state 
of  mind. 

FRAMER,  fram'er,  n.  he  who  forms  or 
constructs :  one  who  makes  fram.es  for 
pictures,  etc. 

FRAMEWORK,  fram'wurk,  n.  the  work 
that  forms  the  frame:  the  skeleton  or 
outline  of  anything. 

FRAMING,  fram'ing,  n.  the  act  of  con- 
structing :  a  frame  or  setting. 

FRAMING -CHISEL,  fram'ing-chiz-el,  n. 
in  carp,  a  heavy  chisel  used  for  making 
mortises. 

F  R  A  M  M 1 T ,  f  ram'it,  adj.  estranged. 
(Scotch.) 

And  monie  a  friend  that  kissM  his  caup, 
Is  now  a  frammit  wight. — Burns. 

FRAMPEL,  fram'pel,  FRAMPOLD,  fram'- 
pold,  adj.  unruly  :  forward  :  evil-condi- 
tioned :  peevish  :  rugged  :  quarrelsome. 
Written  also  Frampal,  Frampul.  (Old 
English  and  Scotch.)  "  Is  Pompey  grown 
so  malapert,  so  frampel." — Beau.  &  Fl. 
"He's  a  very  jealousy  man  ;  she  leads  a 
verjframpold  Hfe  with  him,  good  heart  1" 
— Shak.  [Perhaps  compounded  of  A.S. 
fram,  eager,  zealous,  firm,  which  in 
composition  sometimes  means  very,  ex- 
tremely (framwts,  very  wise),  and  E. 
bold.] 

FRANC,  frangk,  n.  the  name  given  to  two 
ancient  coins  in  France,  one  of  gold  and 
the  other  of  silver — the  value  of  the  gold 
franc  was  about  $2.50  ;  the  silver  franc 
was  in  value  a  third  of  the  gold  one  :  a 
French  silver  coin  and  money  of  account 
which  since  1795  has  formed  the  unit  of 
the  French  monetary  system,  and  has 
also  been  adopted  as  the  unit  of  currency 
by  Switzerland  and  Belgium  ;  it  is  of  the 
value  of  19.3  cents,  gold  standard,  and  is 
divided  into  100  centimes.  [Fr.,  from  the 
device  Francorum  rea;,king  of  the  French, 
on  the  coin  when  first  struck  by  King 
John  of  England,  in  1360.] 

FRANCHISE,  fran'chiz,  n.  a  privilege  or 
right  granted  by  municipalities  to  street 
railroad  corporations,  etc.:  the  right  of 
voting.    [Fr.,  fi-om  franc,  franche,  free.] 

FRANCHISE,  fran'chiz,  v.t.  to  enfranchise: 
to  give  one  the  franchise. 


FRANCISCA,  fran-sis'ka,  FRANCISQUE, 
fran-sesk',  n.  in  archoeol.  the  ancient 
Prankish  battle-axe,  differing  cliiefly 
from  the  more  modern  kind  in  the  angle 
at  which  it  was  joined  with  the  handle. 

FRANCISCAN,  fran-sis'kan,  adj.  belong- 
ing to  the  order  of  St.  Francis  in  the  R. 
C.  Church. — n.  a  monk  of  this  order.  [L. 
Franciscus,  Francis.] 

FRANGIBLE,  fran'ji-bl,  adj.  easily  broken. 
— n.  Frangibil'ity.    [See  Fraction.] 

FRANK,  frangk,  n.  a  member  of  the  an- 
cient German  tjtibe  or  aggregate  of 
tribes  which  overthrew  the  Roman  do- 
minion in  Gaul  and  gave  origin  to  the 
name  France  ;  a  native  of  Franconia :  a 
name  given  by  the  Turks,  Greeks,  and 
Arabs  to  any  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
western  parts  of  Europe,  English, 
French,  Italians,  etc.:  a  Fi-ench  coin. 
[See  Franc.  ] 

FRANK,  frangk,  n.  a  letter  sent  by  mail 
free  of  postage  :  also,  that  wliich  makes 
a  letter  free,  as  the  signature  of  a  person 
possessing  the  privilege.  The  privilege 
of  giving  franks  for  letters  was  enjoyed 
within  certain  limits  by  all  members  of 
the  British  parliament  till  1840,  when  it 
was  abolished  by  the  act  which  estab- 
lished the  penny  postage.  The  Frank- 
ing privilege  at  one  time  gave  rise  to 
serious  scandals  in  Congress.  No  letters 
are  free  now  except  those  referring  to 
strictly  public  business,  transmitting 
public  documents,  etc. 

FRANK,  frangk,  adj.  open  or  candid  in  ex- 
pression.— v.t.  to  send  free  of  expense,  as 
a  letter. — adv.  Frantc'ly  (New  Test.)  gra- 
tuitously.— n.  Frank'ness.  [Fr.  franc — 
Low  L.  francus — O.  Ger.  franko,  one  of 
the  tribe  called  Franks,  a  free  man.] 

FRANKINCENSE,  frangk'in-sens,  n.  a 
sweet-smelling  vegetable  resin  issuing 
from  a  tree  in  Arabia,  and  used  in  sacri- 
fices. [O.  Fr.  franc  eneens,  pure  incense. 
See  Frank  and  Incense.] 

FRANKLIN,  frangk'lin,  n.  a  freeholder  : 
a  yeoman :  latterly  a  small  landholder, 
but  in  Chaucer's  time  a  much  more  im- 
portant personage,  being  distinguished 
from  the  common  freeholder  by  the 
greatness  of  his  possessions,  and  the 
holding  of  the  dignities  of  sheriff,  knight 
of  the  sliire,  etc. 

Not  swear  it,  now  I  am  a  gentleman  ? 
Let  boors  and  franklins  say  it,  1*11  swear  it. 

—Shak. 

[O.  Fr.  frankeleyn,  francheleyn,  from 
franc.  Low  L.  francus,  francMus,  free, 
and  term.  -Ung.'] 

FRANKLINIC,  frangk-lin'ik,  adj.  in  elect. 
a  term  applied  to  electricity  excited  by 
friction  :  frictional.  [From  the  distin- 
guished natural  philosopher  and  states- 
man Benjamin  Franklin.} 

FRANKLINITE,  frangk'lin-It,  n.  a  mineral 
compound  of  iron,  zinc,  and  manganese, 
found  in  New  Jersey,  and  named  from 
Dr.  Franklin. 

FRANK-MARRIAGE,  frangk'-ma-rij,  n. 
in  English  law,  an  estate  of  inheritance 
given  to  a  person,  together  with  his  wife 
(being  a  daughter  or  near  relative  of  the 
donor),  and  descendible  to  the  heirs  of 
their  two  bodies  begotten.  [This  tenure 
is  now  grown  out  of  use  in  England,  but 
is  still  capable  of  subsisting.] 

FRANK-PLEDGE,  frangk'-plej,  n.  in  En- 
glish law,  a  pledge  or  surety  for  the  good 
behavior  of  freemen:  specifically,  an  early 
English  system  by  which  the  members  of 
each  decennary  or  tithing,  composed  of 
ten  households,  were  made  responsible 
for  each  other,  so  that  if  one  of  them 
committed  an  offence  the  other  nine  were 
bound  to  make  reparation.  "The  bar- 
barous plan  of  frank-pledge,   known  to 


our  Saxon  ancestors,  is  also  a  part  of  the 
Japanese  law." — Brougham. 

FRANTIC,  fran'tik,  adj.  mad,  fm-ious : 
wUd. — adv.  Fran'tically.  [Fr.  frini- 
tique — L.  phreneticvs — Gr.  plirenetikos, 
mad,  suffering  from  phrenitis  or  inflam- 
mation of  the  brain — Gr.  phren,  the  heart, 
mind.     See  Frenzy.] 

FRATER-HOUSE,  fra'ter-hous,  FRATE- 
RY,  fra'te-ri,  n.  in  arch,  an  apartment  in 
a  convent  used  as  an  eating  room  :  a  re- 
fectory. [L.  f  rater,  a  brother — Ut.  breth- 
ren's house  or  haU.] 

FRATERNAL,  fra-ter'nal,  adj.  belonging 
to  a  brother  or  brethren  :  becoming  broth- 
ers.— adv.  Fratee'nally.  [Fr. — Low  L. 
fratemalis — frater,  a  brother,  akin  to  E. 
brother,  Gr.  phrater,  a  clansman  ;  Sans. 
bhratri.] 

FRATERNITY,  fra-ter'ni-ti,  n.  the  state  of 
being  brethren :  a  society  formed  on  a 
principle  of  brotherhood.      [Fr. — L.  fra- 

tGVilitciS  1 

FRATERNIZATION,  fra-ter-niz-a'shun,  n. 
the  associating  as  brethren. 

FRATERNIZE,  fi-at'er-mz,  v.i.  to  associate 
as  brothers  :  to  seek  brotherly  fellowship. 
— )(.  Frat'ernizer. 

FRATERY,  fra'ter-i,  n.  see  Frater-House. 

PRATRICELLI,  fra'tri-sel-ll,  FRATRICEL- 
LIANS,  fra-tri-sel'li-anz,  n.pl.  (eccles.)  a 
sect  of  schismatic  Franciscans  estab- 
lished in  Italy  ir.  1294.  They  claimed  to 
be  the  only  true  church,  and  denounced 
the  pope,  whose  authority  they  threw 
off,  as  an  apostate.  They  made  all  per- 
fection consist  in  poverty,  forbade  oaths, 
and  discountenanced  marriage,  and  were 
accused  by  their  opponents  of  verj^  lewd 
practices.  The  sect  is  said  to  have  con- 
tinued till  the  Reformation,  which  they 
embraced.  [Low  L.  fratricelli,  little 
brothers.]  ' 

FRATRICIDE,  frat'ri-sid,  n.  one  who  kills 
his  brother  :  the  murder  of  a  brother. — 
adj.  Frat'ricidal.  [Fr.— L.  frater,  f ra- 
ins, and  ca2do,  to  kill.] 

FRAUD,  frawd,  n.  deceit :  imposture  :  a 
deceptive  trick.  [Fr. — L.  fraus,  fraudis, 
fraud.] 

FRAUDFUL,  frawd'fool,  adj.  deceptive  : 
treacherous. — adv.  Fraud'folly. 

FRAUDLESS,  frawd'les,  adj.  without 
fraud. 

FRAITDULENCE,  frawd'u-lens,  FRAUD- 
ULENCY,  frawd'u-len-si,  n.  the  being 
dishonest  or  deceitfiJ. 

FRAUDULENT,  frawd'u-lent,  adj.  using, 
containing  or  obtained  by  fraud :  dis- 
honest.— Fraudulent  bankruptcy,  in 
Scots  law,  the  willful  cheating  of  credi- 
tors by  an  insolvent  person  ;  a  bank- 
ruptcy in  which  the  insolvent  is  acces- 
sory to  the  diminution,  by  alienation, 
abstraction,  or  concealment  of  the  funds 
divisible  among  his  creditors,  with  a 
fraudulent  intent,  and  with  the  knowl- 
edge that  the  legal  rights  of  the  credi- 
tors are  thereby  infringed.— adi'.  Fraud'- 
ULENTLY.     [O.  Fl-. — L.  fraudulentus.'] 

FRAUGHT,  frawt,  adj.,  freighted:  laden: 
filled.  [Swed.  frakta,  to  load  ;  allied  to 
Dut.  vracht,  a  cargo,  Ger.  frachten,  to 
load.] 

FRAUNHOFER'S  LINES,  froun'ho-ferz 
irnz,  n.i)l.  the  dark  lines  observed  cross- 
ing a  very  clear  solar  spectrum  at  right 
angles  to"  its  length,  first  discovered  by 
WoUaston,  but  named  after  Fratinhofer 
a  Bavarian  optician  who  first  thorough- 
Ij'  investigated  them.  They  are  caused 
by  the  absorption  of  portions  of  the  rays 
emitted  from  the  incandescent  body  of 
the  sun  in  their  passage  through  the 
gases  and  vapors,  as  those  of  iron,  etc. 
This  absorption  takes  place  from  the  re- 
markable property   possessed  by    gases 


FRAY 


182 


FRENZY 


and  vapors  of  retaining  those  portions 
of  a  ray  of  light  passing  through  them 
from  an  incandescent  soUd  or  liquid 
bodj',  which  they  themselves  would  emit 
if  incandescent.  The  discovery  of  these 
lines  led  to  the  invention  and  use  of  the 
spectroscope,  to  the  science  of  spectro- 
scopy, and  to  all  the  discoveries  due  to 
that  wonderful  science. 

FRAY,  fra,  n.  an  affraj.—v.t.  (B.)  to  fright- 
en.   [See  Affray.] 

FRAY,  fra,  v.t.  to  wear  off  by  rubbing.  [Fr. 
frayer — L.  fricare,  to  rub.] 

FREAK,  frek,  n.  a  sudden  caprice  or  fancy: 
sport.  [A.S.  free,  bold,  rasn ;  Ger.  frech. 
Ice.  frekr.] 

FREAK,  frek,  v.t.  to  spot  or  streak:  to 
variegate.  [From  a  root  found  in  Ice. 
freknur,  Dan.  fregne,  which  in  pi.  = 
Freckles.] 

FREAKISH,  frek'ish,  adj.  apt  to  change 
the  mind  suddenly  :  capricious.  —  adv. 
Freak'ishly. — n.  Freak  ishness.  [See 
Freak,  ?i.] 

FRECKLE,  frek'l,  v.t.  to  spot :  to  color 
with  spots. — n.  a  yellowish  spot  on  the 
.skin  :  any  small  spot. — adj.  Freck'ly, 
full  of  freckles.     [Dim.  of  Freak,  v.t.] 

FREE,  fre,  adj.  not  Dound  :  at  libertj' :  not 
under  arbitrary  government :  set  at  lib- 
erty :  guiltless  ;  frank  :  lavish  :  not  at- 
tached :  exempt  (fol.  hy  from):  having  a 
franchise  (fol.  by  of):  gratuitous:  imo- 
raatic,  as  a  translation. — adv.  Free'ly. — 
n.  Free'ness.     [A.S.  freo ;  Ger.  frei,  Ice. 

FREE,  fre,  v.t.  to  set  at  liberty  :  to  deliver 
from  wliat  confines  :  to  rid  (fol.  by  from 
or  of): — pr.p.  free'ing  :  pa.jJ  freed . 

FREE-AGENCY,  fre'-a'jen-si,  71.  state  or 
power  of  acting  freely,  or  without  neces- 
sity or  constraint  upon  the  will.  —  n. 
Feee'-a'gent. 

FREEBOOTER,  fre'boot-er,  n.  one  who 
roves  about  freely  in  search  of  booty :  a 
plunderer.     [See  BOOTY.] 

FREE-CHAPEL,  fre'-cha-pel,  11.  in  En- 
gland, a  chapel  founded  by  the  king  and 
not  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
ordinary.  The  king  may  also  grant 
license  to  a  subject  to  found  such  a  cha- 
pel. 

FREE-CHARGE,  fre'-charj,  ?i.  in  electrical 
experiments  with  the  Leyden  jar  or  bat- 
tery, a  term  applied  to  that  part  of  the 
induced  electricity  which  passes  through 
the  air  to  surrounding  conductors. 

FREE  CHURCH,  fre  cherch,  v.  that  eccle- 
siastical body,  called  more  fully  the  Free 
Church  of  Scotland,  which,  on  the 
disruption  of  the  Established  Church  of 
Scotland  in  May,  1843,  was  founded  by 
those  who  left  her  communion,  the  title 
being  designed  to  indicate  that  they,  as 
a  religious  body,  while  the3'  claimed  to 
be  the  Church  of  Scotland,  were  no 
longer  subject  to  the  control  or  inter- 
ference of  the  state,  as  in  tlie  case  of 
the  Established  Church. 

FREE-CITY,  fre'-si-ti,  FREE)-TOWN,  fre'- 
town,  n.  a  city  having  an  independent 
government  of  its  own  and  virtually 
forming  a  state  by  itself :  a  name  given 
to  certain  cities,  principally  of  Germanj', 
which  were  really  small  republics,  di- 
reatly  connected  with  the  German  Em- 
pire, and  hence  often  called  Imperial 
Cities.  They  were  once  numerous,  but 
are  now  reduced  to  three,  viz.,  Ham- 
burg, Lubeck,  and  Bremen. 

FREEDMAN,  fred'man,  n.  a  man  who  has 
been  a  slave,  and  has  been  freed  or  set 
free. 

FREEDOM,  fre'dum,  n.  liberty  :  frankness: 
separation  :  privileges  connected  with  a 
city  :  improper  familiarity  :  license. 

FREE-HAjSTD,  fr5'-hand,a(:/}.  a  term  applied 


to  drawing,  in  which  the  hand  is  not 
assisted  by  any  guiding  or  measuring 
instruments,  such  as  compasses,  rulers, 
schIgs   etc 

FREE-HANDED,  fre'-hand'ed,  adj.  open- 
handed  :  libera). 

FREE-HEARTED,  fre'-hiirt'ed,  adj.  open- 
hearted  :  liberal. 

FREEHOLD,  fre'hold,  n.  a  property  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  held  free  of 
duty  except  to  the  sovereign. — n.  Free'- 
holder,  one  who  possesses  a  freehold. 

FREE-LANCE,  fre'-lans,  n.  a  member  of 
one  of  those  companies  of  knights  and 
men-at-arms  who  wandered  from  place 
to  place,  after  the  crusades,  selling  their 
services  to  the  highest  bidder.  They 
played  their  most  conspicuous  part  in 
Italy,  where  they  were  called  Condot- 
tieri.  Figuratively  applied  to  literary 
men  and  others  whose  service  is  not  con- 
stant in  its  location  or  purpose. 

FREEMAN,  fre'man,  n.  a  man  who  is  free 
or  enjoys  liberty  :  in  some  monarchical 
countries,  one  who  holds  a  particular 
franchise  or  privilege  :^pl.  Free'men. — 
Freeman's  roll,  an  official  list  of  per- 
sons entitled  to  vote  in  the  election  of 
members  of  parliament  for  English  bor- 
oughs, and  who  would  have  been  en- 
titled to  vote  under  such  conditions  as 
were  abolished  by  6  and  7  Vict,  xviii.:  as 
opposed  to  burgess  roll,  which  includes 
all  qualified  voters  whatever. 

FREEMARTIN,  fre'mar-tin,  n.  a  cow-calf 
twin  born  with  a  bull-calf.  It  is  gener- 
ally barren,  and  in  this  case  on  dissection 
is  found  to  have  parts  of  the  organs  of 
each  sex,  but  neither  perfect. 

FREEMASON,  fre'ma-sn,  n.  a  member  of  a 
society  or  organization  for  the  promotion 
of  freemasonry. 

FREEMASONIC,  fre-ma-son'ik,  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to,  or  resembling  freemasonry. 
"  That  mysterious  undefinable  freema- 
sonic  signal,  which  passes  between 
women,  by  which  each  knows  that  the 
other  hates  her." — Tliackeray. 

FREEMASONRY,  fre'ma-sn-ri,  n.  a  term 
applied  to  the  organization  of  a  society 
calling  themselves  free  and  accepted 
maso7is,  and  all  the  mysteries  therewith 
connected.  This  society,  if  we  can  reckon 
as  one  a  number  of  societies,  many  of 
which  are  unconnected  with  each  other, 
though  they  have  the  same  origin  and  a 
great  similarity  in  their  constitution,  ex- 
tends over  almost  all  the  countries  of  Eu- 
rope, many  parts  of  America,  and  some 
other  parts  of  the  globe.  According  to 
its  own  peculiar  language  it  is  founded 
on  the  practice  of  social  and  moral  vu'tue. 
It  claims  the  character  of  charity,  in  the 
most  extended  sense  ;  and  brotherly  love, 
reUef,  and  truth  are  inculcated  in  it. 
Fable  and  imagination  have  traced  back 
the  origin  of  freemasonry  to  the  Roman 
Empire,  to  the  Pharaohs,  the  temple  of 
Solomon,  the  tower  of  Babel,  and  even  to 
the  building-  of  Noah's  ark.  In  reality  it 
took  its  rise  in  the  middle  ages  along  with 
other  incorporated  crafts.  Skilled  masons 
moved  from  place  to  place  to  assist  in 
building  the  magnificent  sacred  struct- 
ures—  cathedrals,  abbeys,  etc. — which 
had  their  origin  in  these  times,  and  it 
was  essential  for  them  to  have  some  signs 
by  which,  on  coming  to  a  strange  place, 
they  could  be  recognized  as  real  crafts- 
men and  not  impostors. 

FREE-PUBLICHOUSE,  fre-publik-hows, 
71.  a  public-house  in  Great  Britain  not 
belonging  to  a  brewer,  the  landlord  of 
which  has  therefore  liberty  to  brew  his 
own  beer,  or  purchase  where  he  chooses. 

FREE-SCHOOL,  fre'-skool,  n.  a  school 
supported  by  funds,  etc.,  in  which  pu- 


pils are  taught  without  paying  for  tui-. 
tion  ;   as.  the  free-schools  of  ths  U.S. 

FREE-SOCAGE,  fre'-sok-aj,  ?(.  in  lav,  a 
species  of  tenure  of  lands :  common 
socage.    [See  Socage.] 

FREE-SOIL,  fre'-soU,  adj.  a  term  applied 
to  a  party  or  the  principles  of  a  party 
in  the  U.S.,  before  the  Civil  War,  who 
advocated  the  non-extension  of  slavery; 
as,  tlie  free-soil  platform,  the  free-soil 
pai'tv. 

FREE^SOILER,  fre'-soil-er,  n.  in  the  U.S., 
one  who  advocated  the  non-extension  of 
slaverv. 

FREE-SOILISM,  fre'-soil-izm,  n.  the  prin- 
ciples of  free-soilers. 

FREE-SPIRITS,  fre'-spir-its,  n.pl.  a  sect  of 
heretics  whicli  originated  in  Alsace  in 
the  thirteenth  century,  and  quickly  be- 
came disseminated  over  Italy,  France, 
and  German}'.  They  claimed  "freedom 
of  spirit,"  and  based  their  claims  on 
Rom.  viii.  3-14:  "The  law  of  the  spirit 
hath  made  me  free  from  the  law  of  sin 
and  death."  Thence  they  deduced  that 
they  could  not  sin,  and  lived  in  open 
lewdness,  going  from  place  to  place  ac- 
companied by  women  under  the  same  of 
* '  sisters." 

FREESPOKEN,  fre'sp6k-n,  adj.  accus- 
tomed to  speak  without  reserve. 

FREESTONE,  fre'ston,  n.  stone  composed 
of  sand  or  grit.  [So  called  because  it 
can  be  freely  cut.] 

FREETHINKER,  fre'thingk-er,  n.  one  who 
professes  to  be  free  from  common  modes 
of  thinking  in  religion:  one  who  discards 
revelation. — n.  FREE'THiNKlNa,  the  habit 
of  mind  of  a  freethinker. 

FREE-TRADE,  fre'-trad,  n.,  free  or  un- 
restricted trade:  free  interchange  of 
commodities. 

FREE-WILL,  fre'--svil,  n.,  freedom  of  the 
u'ill  from  restraint  :  Uberty  of  choice. — 
adj.  spontaneous. 

FREEZE,  frez,  v.i.  to  become  ice  or  like  a 
solid  body. — v.t.  to  harden  into  ice  :  to 
cause  to  shiver,  as  vnih  terror  : — pr.p. 
freez'ing  -fpa.t.  froze  ipa.p.  froz'en.  [A.S. 
freosan  ;  Dut.  vriezen,  Ger.  frieren,  to 
freeze.] 

FREEZING-MIXTURE,  frez'ing-miks-tur, 
n.  a  mixture  such  as  produces  a  degree 
of  cold  sufficient  to  freeze  liquids.  A  very 
great  degree  of  cold  is  produced  by  mix- 
ing snow  with  certain  salts.  A  mixture 
of  three  parts  of  snow  with  four  parts  of 
crystallized  cliloride  of  calcium  produces 
a  degree  of  cold  which  sinks  the  ther- 
mometer to  54°  below  zero  Fahr. 

FREEZING-POINT,  frez'ing-point,  n.  the 
temperature  at  which  water  fi'eezes, 
marked  32°  on  the  Fahrenheit  thermom- 
eter, and  0°  on  the  Centigrade. 

FREIGHT,  frat,  n.  the  lading  or  cargo,  esp. 
of  a  sliip  :  merchandise,  live  stock  and 
produce  transported  on  other  than  fast 
express  trains  on  American  railways : 
the  cliarge  for  transporting  goods  by 
water,  or  by  rail. — v.t.  to  load  a  ship. — 
n.  Freight  AGE,  money  paid  for  freight. 
— n.  Freight'er,  one  who  freights  a  ves- 
sel. [A  late  form  of  Fraught,  from  Fr. 
fret—O.  Ger.  freht  (Ger.  fracht).] 

FRENCH,  frensh,  adj.  belonging  to  France 
or  its  people. — n.  the  people  or  language 
of  France. 

FRENETIC,  fre-net'ik,  FRENETICAL,  fre. 
net'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to  or  affecting  the 
brain.  "  Sometimes  he  shuts  up,  as  in 
freiifitick  or  infectious  diseases." — Milton. 

FRENETICALLY,  fre-net'ik-al-i.  adv.  in  a 
frenetic  or  frenzied  manner  :  frantically. 
"  All  mobs  .  .  .  work  frenetically  with 
mad  fits  of  hot  and  cold."— Car/j/Ze. 

FRENZY,  fren'zi,  n.  violent  excitement 
approaching  to  madness  :   mania. — adj. 


FKEgUENCr 


183 


FRISIAN 


J<'ren'zied.  Fren'zical,  partakingr  of 
frenzy.  [Through  Fr.  and  L.,  from Xate 
Or.  phrenesiS'^Gr.  plirenltis,  inflammar> 
tion  of  the  brain— p/jren,  the  heart,  the 
mind.] 

JTREQUENCY,  fre'kwen-si,  n.  repeated  oc- 
currence of  anything. 

IfREQUENT,  fre'^kwent,  adj.  coming  or  oc- 
corring  often. — adv.  Fke'quentlt. — n. 
Fre'quentness.  [L.  frequens,  frequentis, 
allied  to  the  root  of  Faece.] 

f>'REQUENT.  fre-kweut',  v.t.  to  visit  often. 
— n.  Frequejjt'er. 

FREQUENTATION,  fre-kwent-a'shim,  n. 
the  act  of  visiting  often. 

FREQUENTATIVE,  fre-kwentViiv,  adj. 
(gram.)  denoting  the  frequent  repetition 
of  an  action. — n.  (ffram.)  a  verb  express- 
ing this  repetition. 

FRESCO,  fres'ko,  n.  a  painting  executed 
on  plaster  wliile  wet  or  fresh. — v.t.  to 
paint  in  fresco  : — pr.p.  fres'coing ;  pa.p. 
fres'coed.    [It.  fresco,  fresh.  See  Fresh.] 

FRESH,  fresh,  adj.  in  a  state  of  activity 
and  health  :  new  and  strong :  recently 
produced  or  obtained  :  untried  :  having 
renewed  vigor  :  healthy  :  not  salt. — adv. 
Fsesh'ly.— n.  Feesh'iJess.  [A.S. /ersc; 
cog.  with  Dut.  versch,  Qer.  frisch,  O.  Qer. 

{risg,  from  which  come  Fr.frais,fratsche, 
t.  fresco.] 
SBESH,  fresh,  n.  a  freshet ;  a  spring  of 
fresh  water ; 

He  shall  drink  nought  but  brine ;  for  I'll  not  show 

him 
Where  the  quick /resAes  are. — SJiak.: 

a  flood  ;  an  overflowing  ;  an  inundation : 
«ipen  weather  ;  a  day  of  open  weather : 
a  thaw  (Scotch): — pi.  in  the  IT.  S.,  the 
mingling  of  fresh  water  with  salt  in  rivers 
or  bays,  or  the  increased  current  of  an 
ebb-tide  caused  by  a  flood  of  fresh  water 
tiowing  into  the  sea. 

i^RESHEN,  fresh'n,  v.t.  to  make  fresh  :  to 
take  the  saltness  from. —  v.i.  to  grow 
fresh  :  to  grow  brisk  or  strong. 

FRESHET,  fresh'et,  n.  a  pool  or  stream  of 
(resli  water:  the  sudden  overflow  of  a 
river  from  rain  or  melted  snow — used  in 
•this  sense  by  old  Eii.ylish  authjrs  and  re- 
introduced in  the  Unit'  d  States.  fBVom 
Fresh,  with  dim.  suffix  -et.\ 

FRESHMAN,  fresh'man,  n.  one  in  the  rudi- 
ments of  knowledge,  esp.  a  university 
student  in  his  iirst  year. 

FRESISON,  fre-si'son,  n.  in  logic,  a  mode 
in  the  fourth  figure  of  syllogisms  con- 
sisting of  a  universal  negative  major 
premise,  a  particular  affirmative  minor 
premise,  and  a  particular  neg-ative  con- 
clusion.    [A  mnemonic  wordT] 

?RET,  fret,  v.t.  to  wear  away  by  rubbing : 
to  eat  Into  :  to  vex. — v.i.  to  wear  away : 
to  vex  one's  self :  to  be  peevish : — pr^p. 
frett'ing  ;  pa.p.  frett'ed. — n.  agitation  of 
the  surface  of  a  liquid  :  irritation  :  ill- 
hiunor.  [A.S.  f  retail,  to  gnaw— /or-,  in- 
tensive prefix,  and  etan,  to  eat.] 

B'RET,  fret  (S.)  pa.p.  of  Feet,  to  wear 
awaj-. 

FEET,  fret,  n.  the  worn  side  of  the  bank  of 
a  river.     [From  Feet,  to  wear  away.] 

PRET,  fret,  v.t.  to  ornament  with  raised- 
work  :  to  variegate  •.—pr.p.  frett'ing ; 
}m.p.  frett'ed.  [A.S.  frcetwian,  Goth. 
fratvian,  to  adorn.] 

iffJET,  fret,  n.  [lit.)  the  interlacing  of  bars 
Of  fillets  of  iron :  (arch.)  an  ornament 
consisting  of  small  fillets  intersecting 
each  other  at  right  angles :  (her.)  bars 
crossed  and  interlaced. — adj.  Frett'ed, 
ornamented  with  frets.  [O.  Fr.  frete,  a 
ferrule — It.  ferrata,  the  grating  of  a 
window — L.  ferrum,  iron.] 

FRET,  fret,  n.  a  short  wire  on  the  finger- 
board of  a  guitar  or  other  instrument.— 


v.t.   to  furnish  with  frets.      [Prob.  the 
same  word  as  the  above.] 
FRETFUL,    fret'fool,  adj.   ready  to  fret : 
peevish. — adv.   FRET'njLX.T. — n.    Ftor'- 

FULNESS. 

FRETTING,  fret'ing,  adj.,  wearing  out: 
vexing. — n.  peevishness. 

FRETWORK,  fret'wurk,  n.  work  adorned 
with  frets  :  raised-work. 

FRIABLE,  fifa-bl,  adj.  apt  to  crumUe: 
easily  reduced  to  powder  :  pumice  and 
calcined  stones  are  very  friable. — ns. 
Fri'ableness,  Friabil'itt.  [Ft.— L.  fri- 
abilis—friOffriatum,  to  crumble.] 

FRIAR,  frTer,  n.  in  the  R.  C.  Church,  an 
appellation  common  to  the  members  of 
all  religious  orders,  but  more  especially 
to  those  of  the  four  mendicant  orders, 
viz.  (1)  Jlinors,  Gray  Friars,  or  Francis- 
cans ;  (2)  Augustines ;  f3)  Dominicans  or 
Black  Friars ;  (4)  White  Friars  or  Car- 
melites :  in  printing,  a  white  patch  on  a 
Jiage  which  has  not  received  the  ink. 
Fr.  fr^re,  a  brother.  Contr.  from  L. 
ratei:  See  Brothee.] 
lARY,  frfar-i,  n.  a  monastery  or  resi- 
dence of  friars. 

FRIBBLE,  fribl,  v.i.  to  trifle.— n.  a  trifler. 
iPerh.  from  Fr.  frivole  —  L.  frivolus, 
triflingj 

FRICANDEAU,  frek-Sng-do,  FRICANDO, 
frik-an-do',  n.  properly  a  fricassee  of  veal, 
but  applied 'to  various  preparations  of 
veal.     [Fr.  frieandeau.] 

FRICASSEE,  frik-as-se',  n.  a  dish  made  of 
fowls  cut  into  pieces  and  cooked  in  sauce. 
— v.t.  to  dress  as  a  fricassee : — pr.2}.  fricas- 
see'ing;  pa.p.  fricasseed'.  [Fr.  fricassee — 
fricasser,  of  which  the  orig.  is  unknown; 
peril,  from  frico,fricare,  to  rub.] 

FRICTION,  frik'shun,  7).  the  act  of  rubbing 
the  surface  of  one  body  against  that  of 
another  ;  attrition  ;  as,  many  bodies  by 
friction  emit  light,  and /rieiion  generates 
or  evolves  heat :  in  mech.  the  effect  of 
rubbing,  or  the  resistance  which  a  mov- 
ing body  meets  with  from  tlie  surface  on 
which  it  moves.  Friction  arises  from  the 
roughness  of  the  surface  of  the  body 
moved  on  and  that  of  the  moving  body. 
No  such  tiling  can  be  found  as  perfect 
smoothness  of  surface  in  bodies.  In 
every  case  there  is,  to  a  less  or  greater 
extent,  a  roughness  or  unevenness  of  the 
parts  of  the  surface,  arising  from  peculiar 
texture,  porosity,  and  other  causes,  and 
therefore  wlien  t\vosui'faces  come  togeth- 
er the  prominent  parts  of  the  one  fall  into 
the  cavities  of  the  other.  This  tends  to 
prevent  or  retard  motion,  for  in  dragging 
the  one  body  over  the  other  an  exertion 
must  be  used  to  lift  the  prominences  over 
the  parts  which  oppose  them. — Coeffi- 
cient OF  FRICTION,  the  coefficient  of  fric- 
tion for  any  two  surfaces  is  the  ratio  that 
subsists  between  the  force  necessary  to 
move  one  of  these  surfaces  horizontally 
over  the  other,  and  the  pressure  between 
the  two  surfaces.  Thus  the  coeflicient  of 
friction  for  oak  and  cast-iron  is  38 :  100, 
or  -SS.  [Fr. ;  L.  frictio,  from  frico, 
frictum.  to  rub,  to  rub  down.] 

FRICTIONAL,  frilc'shun-al,  adj.  relating  to 
friction  :  moved  by  friction  :  produced 
by  friction  :  as,  frictional  electricity. — 
Fkictional  gearing  -  vtheels,  wheels 
which  catch  or  bite,  and  produce  motion 
not  by  teeth  but  by  means  of  friction. 
With  the  view  of  increasing  or  diminish- 
ing the  friction  the  faces  are  made  more 
or  less  V-shaped. 

FRICTION-BALLS,  frik'shun-bawlz,  n.pl. 
balls  placed  under  a  heavy  object  to 
reduce  the  friction,  while  that  object  is 
moving  horizontally.  Some  forms  of 
swing-bridges  have  such  balls  placed  un- 
der them. 


FRIDAY,  frfda,  n.  the  sLxth  day  of  the 
week.  [A.S.  Frigedceg—Frig,  Ice.  Frigg, 
the  wife  of  the  god  Odin,  and  dceg,  day.] 

FRIEND,  frend,  n.  one  loving  or  attached 
to  another :  an  intimate  acquaintance  ; 
a  favorer  :  one  of  a  society  so  called. 
[A.S.  freond,  pr.p.  offreon,  to  love.] 

FRIENDLESS,  frend'les,  adj.  without 
friends  :  destitute. — n.  Friend'lessness, 

FRIENDLY,  frend'li,  adj.  like  a  friend: 
having  the  disposition  of  a  friend : 
favorable. — n.  Fmend'liness. 

FRIENDSHIP,  frend'ship,  n.  attachment 
from  mutual  esteem :  friendly  assist- 
ance. 

FRIEZE,  frez,  n.  a  coarse  woollen  cloth 
with  a  nap  on  one  side. — adj.  Friezed', 
having  a  nap.  [Fr.  frise ;  prob.  from 
Dut.  Vriesland,  Friesland,  whence  the 
cloth  came.] 

FRIEZE,  frez,  n.  (arch.)  the  part  of  the 
entablature  ol  a  column  between  the 
architrave  and  cornice,  often  ornamented 
with  figures.    [Fr.  ;  of  dub.  origin.] 

FRIGA,  frig'a,  TRIGGA,  frig'ga,  n.  in 
Seand.  myth,  the  wife  of  Odin,  a  goddess 
corresponding  in  some  respects  to  the. 
Aphrodite  of  the  Greeks  and  Venus  of 
the  Romans.  Called  also  Freya.  See 
Fetday.  [Grimm  has  shown  that  this 
name  is,  if  not  strictly  synonymous,  at 
least  Svery  nearly  allied  to  that  of  the 
Scandinavian  goddess  Freyja  (with  whom 
indeed  Frigga  is  often  confounded),  and 
explains  it  to  mean  the  Free,  the  Beau- 
teous, the  Winsome,  connecting  it  with 
E.  Free,  and  also  Friend.] 

FRIGATE,  frig'at,  n.  a  quick-sailing  ship- 
of-tvar  of  second-rate  power.  [Fr.  fre^ 
gate — It.  fregata  ;  of  dub.  originri 

FRIGATE-BIRD,  frig'at-berd,  n.  a  large 
tropical  sea-bird,  with  very  long  wings, 
prob.  named  from  its  rapid  flight. 

FRIGATOON,  frig-a-toon',  n.  a  small  Vene- 
tian  vessel. 

FRIGHT,  frit,  n.  sudden  fear:  terror.  [A.S. 
fyrhtu,  akin  to  Ger.  furcht,  fear.] 

FRIGHT,  frit,  FRIGHTEN,  frit'n,  v.t.  to 
make  afraid  :  to  alarm. 

fHIGHTFUL,  frit'fool,  adj.  full  of  what 
causes  fear ;  terrible  :  shocking. — adv. 
Fright'fullt. — n.  Fright'fulness. 

FRIGID,  frij'id,  adj.  frozen  or  stiffened  with 
cold :  cold :  without  spu-it  or  feeling ; 
unanimated. — adv.  Feig'idlt. — n.  Frig'. 
IDNESS.  [L.  frigidus—frigeo,  to  be  cold 
—frigus,  cold  ;  akin  to  Gr.  rhigos,  cold. 
See  Freeze.] 

FRIGIDITY,  frij-id'i-ti,  n.  coldness :  cold- 
ness of  affection  :  want  of  animation. 

FRIGORIFIC,  frig-or-ifik,  adj.,  causing 
cold.  [L.  frigus,frigoris,  cold,  and  facio, 
to  cause.] 

FRILL,  fril,  v.i,  to  ruffle,  as  a  hawk  its 
feathers,  when  shivering. — v.t.  to  furnish 
with  a  frill.  fO.Fr.  friller,  to  shiver — O. 
Fr.  frilleux,  chilly — L.  frigidulus,  some- 
what cold— -frigidus.    See  Frigid.] 

FRILL,  frU,  n.  a  ruffle ;  a  ruffled  or  crimped 
edging  of  linen. 

FRINGE,  frinj,  n.,  loose  threads  forming  a 
border  :  the  extremity :  in  optics,  one  olt 
the  colored  bands  of  light  in  the  phe« 
nomena  of  diffraction. — v.t.  to  adorn 
with  fringe  :  to  border. — adj.  Fringe'- 
LESS.  [Fr.  f range  (cf.  Wal.  frimbie,  fim- 
brie) — L.  fimbria,  threads,  fibres,  akin  to 
fihra,  a  fibre.] 

FRINGY,  frin/i,  adj.  ornamented  with 
fringes. 

FRIPPERY,  frip'er-i,  n.,  worn-out  clothes  : 
the  place  where  old  clothes  are  sold ; 
useless  trifles.  [Fr.  friperie — friper,  to 
wear  ;  of  doubtful  origin.] 

FRISIAN,  friz'i-an,  n.  an  inhabitant  or  na- 
tive of  Friesland  ■  the  language  of  Fries- 
land  ;  Friese. 


FRISIAN 


184 


FRONTIER 


FRISIAN,  friz'J-an,  ckW.  of  or  pertaining  (» 

Friesland  or  its  inhabitants  :  Friesio. 

FRISK,  frisk,  v.i.  to  gambol :  to  leap  play- 
fully.—re.  a  frolic— K.  Frisk'ee.  [0.  Fr. 
f risque;  Low  L.  friscus — root  of  Gter. 
frisch.    See  Feesh.] 

PRISKET,  frisk'et,  n.  {print.)  the  light 
frame  which  holds  a  eneet  of  paper  De- 
fore  it  is  laid  on  the  form  for  impres- 
sion, so  called  from  the  quickness  of  its 
motior.     [Fr.  frisqitette—O.  Fr.  frisqueA 

IfRISKl,  frisk*!,  ad},  lively  :  jumping  with 
gaiety  :  frolicsome. — adv.  Feisk'ILY. — n-. 
Rsisk'djess. 

FRISUEE,  fre-zOOi',  n.  a  curling  or  crisp- 
'  .g  of  the  hair.  Smollett.    [Fr.] 

Jlr  JT,  frit,  n.  in  the  manufacture  of  glass, 
the  matter  of  which  glass  is  made  after 
it  has  been  calcined  or  baked  in  a  fur- 
nace. It  consists  of  silex  and  metallic 
alkali,  occasionally  with  other  ingredi- 
ents. |[Fr.  fritte.  It.  fritta,  from  frit, 
fritto,  fried,  pp.  ot  frire,  friggere,  to  fry, 
from  L.  frigo,  frictum,  to  roast,  to  fry.] 

FRIT,  frit,  v.t.  to  expose  to  a  dull  red  neat 
for  the  purpose  of  expelling  moisture 
and  carbonic  acid,  as  materials  for  mak- 
ing glass  :  to  fuse  partially. 

FRITH,  frith,  FIRTH,  ferth,  n.  a  narrow 
arm  of  the  sea ;  an  estuary  ;  the  open- 
ing of  a  river  into  the  sea ;  as,  the 
fnth  of  Forth  or  of  Clyde :  a  kind  of 
wear  for  catching  fish ;  a  kind  of  net. 
fScandinaWan :  frith  is  by  metathesis 
for  firth,  Ice.  fjorthr,  Dan.  and  ii.  fjord, 
an  arm  of  the  sea.  L.  f  return,  a  strait, 
may  have  affected  the  spelling  of  the 
English  word,  there  being  an  old  word 
fret,  from  f return.  Cf .  also  Gael,  frith, 
Bcaail,  frith-nihuir,  a  little  sea,  an  estu- 
ary ;  the  Scandinavian  word  being  from 
another  root.] 

8?11ITH,  frith,  n.  a  forest ;  a  woody  place ; 
"Over  holt  and  heath,  as  thorough  frith 
and  fell." — Drayton :  a  small  flela  teken 
out  of  a  common.    [W.  ffridd,  a  forest.] 

MUTTER,  frit'er,  n.  a  piece  of  meat  fried  : 
a  kind  of  pancake  :  a  fragment. — v.t.  to 
break  into  fragments  :  to  waste  away  by 
degrees.  [Fr.  friture— frire,  to  fry— L. 
frigere,  fnctum,  to  fry.  J 

FRIVOLITY,  fri-vol'i-ti,  «.  acts  or  habits 
of  trifling  :  levity. 

FRIVOLOUS,  friv'ol-us,  adj.  trifling:  slight: 
silly.— odi'.  Feiv'olouslt.— «.  FeiVo- 
LOUSNESS.  [L.  frivolus,  which  orig. 
seems  to  have  meant  rubbed  away — L. 
friare,  fricare,  to  rub.] 

FRIZZ  or  FRIZ,  friz,  v.t.  to  curl :  to  ren- 
der rough  and  tangled. — n.  a  curl.  [Fr. 
friser,  to  curl ;  perh.  from  root  of  Frieze, 
the  cloth,  and  so  meaning  to  raise  the 
nap  on  cloth.] 

FRIZZLE,  friz'!,  v.t.  to  form  in  small  short 
curls.    [Dim.  of  Feizz.] 

FRO,  ItQ, adv.,  from:  back  or  backward, 
[A  shortened  iorm  ot  from;  but  perh, 
directly  derived  from  Ice.  fra,  from.] 

FROCK,  frok,  n.  a  monk's  cowl :  a  loose 
upper  garment  worn  by  men  :  a  gown 
worn  by  females.  [Fr.  froc,  a  monk's 
cowl — ^Low  L.  frocus — L.  Uoceus,  a  flock 
of  wool ;  or  more  prob.  (ace.  to  Brachet 
and  Littr6)  from  I«w  L.  hrocus — O.  Ger. 
hroch  (Gter.  rock),  a  coat.] 

jfROCKED,  frokt,  adj.  clothed  in  a  frock, 

ifROG,  frog,  n.  the  common  English  name 
of  the  animals  belonging  to  the  genus 
Rana,  a  genus  of  amphibians,  having  four 
legs  with  four  toes  on  the  fore  feet  and 
Ive  on  the  hind,  more  or  less  webbed,  a 
naked  boby,  no  ribs,  and  no  tail.  Ow- 
ing to  the  last  peciiliarity  frogs  belong 
to  the  order  of  amphibians  known  as 
Anoura.  Frogs  are  remarkable  for  the 
transformations  they  undergo  before  ar- 
riving   at    maturity.    The  young   frog. 


which  is  named  a  tadpole,  lives  entirely 
in  water,  breathes  by  external  and  then 
by  internal  gills,  has  no  legs,  a  long  tail 
furnished  with  a  membranous  fringe  like 
a  fin,  and  a  homy  beak,  which  falls  off 
on  the  animal  passing  from  the  tadpole 
to  the  frog  state,  while  the  tail  is  ab- 
sorbed and  legs  are  developed.  The  mar 
ture  frog  breathes  by  lungs,  and  cannot 
exist  in  water  without  coming  to  the 
surface  for  air.  The  only  British  species 
is  the  common  frog  {R.  temporaria),  but 
the  tribe  is  very  ■numerous,  other  va- 
rieties being  the  edible  frog  {R.  esciilenta) 
ot  the  south  of  Europe,  eaten  in  France 
and  South  Germany,  the  hind  qijarters 
being  the  part  chiefly  used ;  the  bull- 
frog of  America  (R.  pipiens),  8  to  13 
inches  long,  so  named  from  its  voice  re- 
sembling the  lowing  of  a  bull ;  the  black- 
smith frog  of  Janeiro  ;  the  Argus  frog  of 
America,  etc.  The  tree-frogs  belong  to 
the  genus  Hyla,  (See  Tree-frog.)  Frogs 
lie  torpid  in  winter,  swim  with  rapidity, 
and  move  by  long  bounds,  being  able 
from  the  power  of  the  muscles  of  their 
hind-legs  to  leap  many  times  their  own 
length.  Their  eggs  or  spawn  are  to  be 
seen  floating  in  ponds  and  other  stagnant 
waters  in  large  masses  of  gelatinous 
matter.  [A.S.  frocga,  froga,  jroso,  frox; 
Cf.  Dut.  vorsch,  Qer.  frosch,  Dan.  fro, 
N.  frosk.] 

FROG,  frog,  n.  an  ornamental  fastening  for 
a  frock  or  gown,  generally  in  the  form  of 
a  tassel,  or  spindle-shaped  button  covered 
with  silk  or  other  material,  which  is 
passed  through  a  loop  on  the  breast  op- 
posite to  that  to  which  it  is  attached, 
thus  fastening  the  two  breasts  together : 
the  loop  of  the  scabbard  of  a  bayonet  or 
sword :  in  farriery,  a  sort  of  tender  horn 
that  grows  in  the  middle  of  the  sole  of  a 
horse's  foot,  at  some  distance  from  the 
toe,  dividing  into  two  branches,  and  run- 
ning toward  the  heel  in  the  form  of  a 
fork  :  in  the  United  States,  a  tri^uigular 
support  or  crossing  plate  for  the  wheels 
of  railway  carriages,  where  one  line 
branches  off  from  another  or  crosses  it  at 
an  obUque  angle.  [Port,  froco,  a  flock  of 
wool  or  of  silk.] 

FROLIC,  frol'ik,  adj.  merry  :  pranky.— ^. 
gaiety  :  a  wild  prank  :  a  merry-making. 
— v.i.  to  play  wild  pranks  or  merry  tricks : 
to  gambol:— pr.p.  frol'icking ;  pa.p.  frol'- 
icked.  [Dut.  vrolijk,  merry,  from  a  root 
preserved  in  Gfer.  froh^  and  suffix  -lyb 
(— E.  like,  ly) ;  cf.  Ger.  frShlich,  joyful, 


F^UC 


iOLICSOME,  frol'ik-sum,a<^".  gay :  sport- 
ive.—n.  Feol'icsomeness. 
FROM,  from,  prep,  out  of  the  neighbor- 
hood of :  lessening  or  losing  proximity  to: 
leaving  behind  :  by  reason  of  :  out  of  :  by 
aid  of :  denoting  source,  beginning,  dis- 
tance, absence,  privation,  or  departure, 
sometimes  literally  and  sometimes  figu- 
ratively :  the  antithesis  and  correlative 
of  from  is  to ;  as,  it  is  SO  miles  from  the 
one  place  to  the  other  ;  he  tooK  a  knife 
from  his  pocket ;  light  emanates  from 
the  sun  ;    separate  the  sheep  from  the 

floats ;  we  all  come  from  Adam  ;  mat- 
ers are  getting  from  bad  to  worse  ;  the 
merit  of  an  action  depends  ujjon  the 
spirit /;-om  which  it  proceeds  ;  I  judge  of 
him  from,  my  personal  knowledge.  From 
sometimes  is  equivalent  to  aicay  from, 
remote  from,  in  the  sense  of  inconsistent 
with.  "Anything  so  overdone  is  from 
the  purpose  of  playing." — Shak.  It  is 
joined  with  adverbs  and  prepositions  j 
as,  from  above  or  from  heloio  the  bridge 
—from  the  part  or  locality  above,  from 
the  part  or  locality  below  the  bridge. 
In  certain  cases  the  preposition  from  is 


less  logically  placed   before    an   adverb 
which  it  does  not  govern,  but  which  be, 
longs  to  some  verb  in  the  sentence  ;  as 
in  the  phrases  from  forth,  from  oid ; 
Sudden  partings  such  as  press 
The  ate  from  out  young  henrts.— Byron. 

[A.S.  from,  fram,  O.  Sax.  Ice.  O.  H.  Ger 
and  Choth  fram;  O.E.  and  dial. /ro,/ra, 
frae;  cog.  with  L.  peren  in  perendie. 
the  day  after  to-morrow,  Gr.  peran,  be 
yond,  and  Sans,  paravi.  Alhed  to  fat^ 
forth,  etc.] 

FROND,  frond,  n.  a  leafy  branch  or  stalk, 
esp.  the  fern.    [L.  frons,  frondis,  a  leaf.] 

FRONDE,  frongd,  n.  the  name  of  a  party 
in  France,  wno,  during  the  minority  ot 
Loius  XIV.,  waged  civil  war  against  the 
court  party  on  account  of  the  neavyfls- 
cal  impositions  laid  on  the  people.  [Fr., 
a  sUng.    See  Feondeue.] 

FRONDESCENCE,  fron-des'ens,  n.  act  ot 
putting  forth  leaves :  the  season  for  put- 
ting forth  leaves.  [L.  frondesceiu—fron- 
desco,  to  grow  leafy.] 

FRONDEXJR,  frong-5er',  n.  a  member  ot 
the  Fronde,  so  named  from  a  witty  mem- 
ber having  stated  in  the  French  Parlia- 
ment, in  sarcastic  reference  to  the  fear 
in  which  its  members  held  the  minister, 
Mazarin,  that  they  were  like  the  boys 
who  slung  stones  at  each  other  in  the 
streets  of  Paris  when  the  policeman  waa 
absent,  but  who  dispersed  on  his  appear- 
ance :  generally,  in  Europe,  an  opponent 
of  the  party  in  power  ;  a  member  of  the 
opposition. 

FRONDIFEROUS,  fron-dif  er-us,  adj.,  bear- 
ing or  prodncing  fronds.  Pj.  frons,  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

FRONT,  frunt,  n.  the  forehead :  the  whole 
face :  the  forepart  of  anything :  the 
most  conspicuous  part :  boldness  :  im 
pudence. — In  front  of,  before. — adj.  of 
relating  to,  or  in  thfe  front. — v.t.  to  stand 
in  front  of  or  opposite  :  to  oppose  face 
to  face. — v.i.  to  stand  in  front  or  fore- 
most :  to  turn  the  front  or  face  in  any 
direction.  [Fr. — L.  frons,  frontis,  the 
forehead  ;  allied  to  Brow.] 

FRONTAGE,  frunt'aj,  n.  the  front  part  ot 
a  building. 

FRONTAL,  front's!,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to 
the  front  or  forehead. — n.  a  front-piece  : 
something  worn  on  the  forehead  or  face  : 
iareh.)  a  pediment  over  a  door  or  vrindow, 
[Fr. — L.  frontale — frons,  a  front  oma- 
ment  for  horses.] 

FRONTED,  frunt'ed,  adj.  formed  with  a 
front. 

FRONTIER,  fron'ter,  n.  that  part  of  a 
country  which  fronts  or  faces  another 
coimtry  ;  the  confines  or  extreme  part  of 
a  country  bordering  on  another  country ; 
the  marches  ;  the  border  :  a  fort ;  a  for- 
tification ;  "  Ot  paUisadoes,  frontiers, 
parapets." — Shak.:  the  forehead;  "Then 
on  the  edges  of  their  bolster'd  hair,  which 
standeth  crested  round  their  frontiers, 
and  hangeth  over  their  faces.'" — Stiibbes. 
[Fr.  fronti&re,  a  frontier,  a  border.] 

FRONTIER,  fron'ter,  adj.  of  or  pertaining 
to,  or  acquired  on  a  frontier :  Ij-ing  oc 
the  exterior  part:  bordering:  contermi- 
nous; as,  a /rowh'er town.  "  Frontier  ex' 
perience."— T7.  Irving.  "  Tliey  thus  rfr 
mained  till  new  dangers  made  it  expedj' 
ent  for  Russia  to  reassemble  them,  and 
she  formed  a  frontier  miUtia  of  theix 
tribes. " — Brougham. 

FRONTIER,  fron'ter,  v.i.  to  form  or  con- 
stitute a  frontier ,  to  possess  territories 
bordering  on  or  constituting  a  frontier— - 
with  on  or  ripon. 

FRONTIER,  fron'ter,  v.t.  to  place  on  the 
frontier  :  to  guard  or  invest  on  the  froD' 
tier.  "  Now  that  it  is  no  more  a  bordeif 
nor  frontiered  with  enemies." — Spenser, 


FRONTISPIECE 


185 


FUEL 


FRONTISPIECE,  front'i-spes,  n.  the  prin- 
cipal front  or  face  of  a  building ;  a 
figure  or  engraving  in  front  of  a  book. 
[Fi\ — Low  L.  froimspidum—frons,  and 
specio,  to  see  ;  not  conn,  with  Piece.] 

FEONTLESS,  frunt'Ies,  adj.  void  of  shame 
or  modesty. 

FEONTLESSLY,  fruntles-li,  adv.  in  a 
frontless  manner:  with  shameless  ef- 
frontery :  shamelessly.  "  The  worse 
depraving  the  better ;  and  that  so  front- 
lessly,  that  shame  and  justice  should  fly 
the  earth  for  them." — Chapman. 

FRONTLET,  fruntlet,  n.  a  frontal  or  brow- 
band  :  a  flUet  or  band  worn  on  the  fore- 
head. Deut.  vi.  8.  ¥oT  the  Jeiinsh  front- 
let, see  Phylactery:  (jig.)  the  look  or 
appearance  of  the  forehead. 

How  now,  daughter,  what  makes  that  frmitlet  on  ¥ 

Methinks  you  are  too  much  of  late  T  the  frown. 

^Shak ; 

in  ornith.  the  margin  of  the  head  behind 
the  bai  of  birds,  generally  clothed  with 
rigid  bristles. 

FRONTON,  fron'ton,  n.  in  arcJi.  a  pedi- 
ment. "  If  once  you  can  carve  one 
fronton  such  as  you  have  here,  I  tell  you, 
you  would  be  able  ...  to  scatter  cathe- 
drals over  England." — Ruskin.    [Fr.] 

FROST,  frost,  ?i.  the  state  of  the  atmos- 
phere in  which  water  freezes:  frozen 
dew,  also  called  hoar-frost. — v.t.  to  cover 
with  anything  resembling  hoar-frost. 
[A.S.  forst—freosan ;  cf.  Ger.  frost, 
Goth,  frius.'l 

FROST-BITE,  frost'-bit,  n.  the  freezing  or 
depression  of  vitality  in  a  part  of  the 
body  by  exposure  t(  jold. 

FROST-BITTEN,  frost'-bit'n,  adj.  bitten  or 
affected  by  frost. 

FROST-BOUND,  frost'-bownd,  adj.  bound 
or  confined  by  frost. 

GHOSTING,  frosting,  n.  the  composition, 
resembling  hoa,v-frost,  used  to  cover 
eake,  etc. 

IPROST-NAIL,  frost'-nal,  n.  a  nail  driven 
■ito  a  horseshoe  to  prevent  the  horse 
from  shpping  on  ice. 

FROST-SMOKE,  frost'-smok,  n.  a  thick 
fog  resembling  smoke,  arising  in  high 
latitudes  from  the  surface  of  the  sea 
when  exposed  to  a  temperature  much 
below  freezing-point.  When  the  ther- 
ajometer  is  down  to  zero,  Fahr.,  the  fog 
ttas  close  on  the  water  in  eddying  white 
wreaths.  "  The  brig  and  the  ice  round 
her  are  covered  by  a  strange  black  ob- 
scurity ;  it  is  the  frost-sniohe  of  Arctic 
winters. " — Kane. 

FROSTWEED,  frost'wed,  FROSTWORT, 
frost'wert,  n.  in  the  United  States,  the 
popular  name  of  a  plant  (Helianthenium 
eaiiadense),  sometimes  used  in  medicine 
as  an  astringent  and  aromatic  tonic.  It 
is  so  called  because  late  in  autumn  crys- 
tals of  ice  shoot  from  the  cracks  of  the 
bark  of  its  root.    Called  also  Rock-rose. 

FROST-WORK,  frost'-wurk,  n.,  xcorh  re- 
sembling hoar-/rosf  on  shrubs. 

FROSTY,  frost'i,  adj.  producing-  or  con- 
taining frost :  chill  in  affection  :  frost- 
like. — adv.  Frost'ily. — n.  Frost'iness. 

FROTH,  froth,  n.  the  foam  on  liquids 
caused  by  boihng,  or  any  agitation :  fig., 
an  empty  show  in  speech :  any  light 
■latter. — v.t.  to  cause  froth  on. — v.i.  to 
throw  up  froth.  [Scand.,  as  in  Ice. 
fraud,     froda,     Dan.     fraade,    Swed. 


fragda.'] 
mOTI 


THY,  froth'i,  adj.  full  of  froth  or 
foam  :  empty :  unsubstantim.  —  adv. 
Froth'ily. — n.  Froth'iness. 
FROUNCE,  frowns,  v.i.  {phs.)  to  frown  or 
wrinkle  the  hrow. — v.t.  to  plait :  to  curl : 
to  wrinkle  up  :  to  frown. — n.  a,  plait  or 
curl.     [Fr.  fronoer—L.  frons,  frontis. 


the  brow.  See  Flounce,  «.,  of  which  it 
is  an  older  form.] 

FROWARD,  fro'ward,  adj.  self-willed  :  per- 
verse :  unreasonable : — opp.  to  Toward. 
— adv.  Fro'wardly. — jj.  Fro'wardness. 
[Scand.  Eng.  for  A.S.  from,  away,  averse, 
and  affix  ward.^ 

FROWN,  frown,  v.i.  to  wrinkle  the  brow, 
as  in  anger  :  to  look  angry. — v.t.  to  repel 
by  a  frown. — n.  a  wrinkling  or  contrac- 
tion of  the  brow  in  displeasure,  etc.  :  a 
stern  look. — adv.  Frown'ingly.  [From 
a  Fr.  frogner  in  se  refrogner,  to  knit  the 
brow  ;  orig.  unknown.] 

FROWSY,  frow'si,  adj.  fetid :  iU-scented  : 
dingv. 

FROZEN,  f  rOz'n,  pa.p.  of  Freeze. 

FRUCTESCENCE,  fruk-tes'ens,  n.  the  time 
for  the  ripening  of /ruii.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
fruetesco,  to  bear  fruit— /a*MciJts,  fniit.] 

FRUCTIFEROUS,  fruk-tifer-us,  adj,  bear- 
ing fruit.  [L.  fnictifer—fructus,  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

FRUCTIFICATION,  fruk-ti-fl-ka'shua,  n. 
act  of  fructifying,  or  producing  fruit : 
{bot.)  all  the  parts  that  compose  the 
flower  and  fruit. 

FRUCTIFY,  fruk'ti-n,  v.t.  to  make  fruit- 
ful :  to  fertilize. — v.i.  to  bear  fruit.  [L, 
fructifico — fructus,  audi  facia,  to  make.] 

FRUCflST,  f ruk'tist,  n.  one  who  classifies 
plants  by  theu-  fruit.     Rees'  Cyc. 

FRUCTOSE,  fruk'tos,  n.  in  ehein.  sugar  of 
fruit,  a  sugar  consisting  partly  of  cane- 
sugar  and  partly  of  inverted  sugar,  an 
uncrystallizable  sugar,  identical  in  com- 
position and  optical  rotatory  power  with 
the  mixture  of  levo-glucose  and  dextro- 
glucose  obtained  from  cane-sugar  by  the 
action  of  acids. 

FRUCTUARY,  fruk'tu-a-ri,  n.  one  who  en- 
joys the  produce  or  profits  of  anything. 
"  Kings  are  not  proprietors  nor  fructua- 
ries." — Prynne. 

FRUGAL,  froo'gal,  adj.  economical  in  the 
use  of  means :  thrifty. — adv.  Fru'gally. 
[Fr. — L.  frugulis—frugi,  temperate,  fit 
Tor  food— fr^ix.t'rugis,  fruit.] 

FRUGALITY,  frOo-gal'i-ti,  ?i.  prudent 
economy  :  tlirift. 

FRUGIFEROUS,  froo-jifer-us,  adj.,  fruit- 
bearing.  [L.  frux,  frugis,  fruit,  and  fero, 
to  bear.] 

FRUGIVOROUS.f  roo-jiv'o-rus,  adj.  .feeding 
on  fruits  or  seeds.  [L.  frux,  frugis,  and 
voro,  to  eat.] 

FRUIT,  froot,  n.  the  produce  of  the  earth, 
wliicii  &-upplies  the  wants  of  men  and 
animals  :  tlie  part  of  a  plant  which  con- 
tains the  seed  :  the  offspring  of  animals : 
product,  consequence,  effect,  advantage. 
\0.  Fv.fruict,  Fr.  fruit— h.  fructus,  from 
fruor,  fructus,  to  enjoy.] 

FRUITAGE,  froot'aj,  n.,  fruit  collectively : 
fruits. 

FRUIT- CULTURE,  froot'-kul-tOr,  n.  the 
systematic  cultivation,  propagation,  or 
rearing  of  fruit  or  fruit-trees. 

FRUITERER,  froot'er-er,  n.  one  who  deals 
infnut. 

FRUITERY,  froot'er-i,  n.  a  place  for  stor- 
ing fruit:  fruitage. 

FRXJIT-FLY,  f  roOt'-fll,  n.  a  small  black  fly 
found  among  fi-uit-trees  in  spring. 

FRUITFUL,  froot'fool,  adj.  producing 
fruit  abundantly  :  productive.  —  adv. 
Fruit'fully. — n.  Fruit'fulness. 

FRUIT-GATHERER,  froot'-ga«t-er-er,  n. 
one  who  gathers  fruit :  a  sort  of  long- 
handled  scissors,  provided  with  a  spring 
to  keep  them  open,  used  for  gathering 
fruit  situated  beyond  the  reach  of  the 
arm. 

FRUITION,  fro5-ish'un,  n.,  enjoyment : 
use  or  possession  of  anything,  esp.  ao- 
oompauied  with  pleasure.  [O.  5V.  fnU- 
tion,  from  L.  fruor,  to  enjoy.] 


adj.  barren :  with 
-adv.  Fbuit'lessl^, 


FRUITLESS,  froot'les, 
out  profit :  useless.- 
—n.  FROTr'LESS>rEss. 

FRUIT-PIGEON,  froot'-pi-jon,  n.  the  name 
given  to  the  pigeons  of  the  genus  Car" 
pophagus,  birds  of  very  brilliant  plu- 
mage, occurring  in  India,  the  warmeii 
parts  of  Australia,  etc.  During  the 
breeding  season  a  curious  gristly  knob 
grows  on  the  base  of  the  upper  mandible 
of  some  of  the  species,  and  soon  after 
disappears.  Thej'  are  so  called  because 
they  feed  entirely  on  fruit. 

FRUMENTACEOUS,  f  roo-men-ta'shus,  adj. 
made  of  or  resembUng  wheat  or  other 
grain.  [L. frunientaceus—frumentum,  for 
fnigimentum,  corn — frux.  frugis,   fruit,] 

FRUMENTATION,  froo-men-tii'shun,  n. 
among  the  Romans,  a  largess  of  grain  be- 
stowed on  the  people  to  quiet  them  when 
uneasy  or  turbulent.  [L.  frumentatio, 
from  frumenfum,  corn.] 

FRUMENTY,  froo'men-ti,  FURMENTY, 
fur'men-ti,  n.  food  made  of  wheat  boiled 
in  milk.  [O.  Fr.  froumente,  wheat  boiled 
—froument — L.  fnimentum.'] 

FRUSH,  frush,  adj.  easily  broken  :  brittle: 
short :  crisp.  "  Rotten  sticks  axe  frush." 
— Prof.  Wilson. 

FRUSH,  frush,  n.  noise  made  by  objects 
coming  into  coUision  and  being  crushed. 
Horrible  uproar  and  frush 
Of  rocks  that  meet  in  hsXtXQ. —Southey. 

FRUSH,  frush,  n.  the  frog  of  a  horse's 
foot :  a  disease  in  that  part  of  a  horse's 
foot.    [Ger.  frosch.    See  Feog,  a  reptile.] 

FRUSTRATE,  frus'trat,  v.t.  to  make  i-ain 
or  of  no  effect :  to  bring  to  nothing :  to" 
defeat.  [L.  frustro,  fi-ustratus—fnistra, 
without  effect,  in  vain.] 

FRUSTRATE,  frus'trat  (obs.),  pa.n.  of 
Frustrate. 

FRUSTRATION,  frus-tra'shun,  n.  disap 
pointment :  defeat.     [L.  frustratio.  \ 

FRUSTUM,  frus'tum,  n.  a  piece  or  slice  of 
a  solid  body  :  the  part  of  a  cone,  w  hich 
remains  when  the  top  is  cut  off  by  a 
plane  parallel  to  the  base.  [L.  frustum, 
a  piece,  a  bit.] 

FRUTESCENT.  froo-tes'ent,  adj.  becoming. 
shrubby,   or  like  a  shrub.     [L.  frutex, 
fruficis,  a  shrub.] 

FRUTICOSE,  froo'ti-kos,  FRUTICOUS, 
froo'ti-kus,  adj.,  shrub-like  :  shrubby. 
[L.  fruticosus— frutex.] 

FRY,  fri,  v.t.  to  dress  food  with  oil  or  fat 
in  a  pan  over  the  fire  : — pr.p.  fry'ing  ; 
pa.p.  fried. — v.i.  to  undergo  the  action  of 
heat  in  a  frying-pan  :  to  simmer. — n.  a 
dish  of  anything  fried.  [Fr.  frire—  L. 
frigo;  cf.   Gr.  phrygo.  Sans,   blirij,   to 

fry.] 

FRY,  fri. ';).  aswarm  of  fishes  just  spawned: 
a  number  of  small  things.  [Fi\  frai, 
frayer,  act  of  fertilizing  in  fislies,  from 
L.  fricare,  to  rub ;  but  cf.  Goth,  fraiv. 
Ice.  frio,  seed,  egg.] 

FUCHSIA,  fu'shi-a,  n.  a  plant  with  long 
pendulous  red  flowers,  originally  na- 
tives of  S.  America.  [Named  after 
Leonard  Fuchs,  a  German  botanist  of 
the  16th  century.] 

FUCHSINE,  fooks'in,  n.  a  beautiful  ani- 
line color  :  magenta.  [From  resembling 
the  fuchsia  in  color.] 

FUDGE,  fuj,  int.  stuff :  nonsense :  an  ex^ 
clamation  of  contempt.  [From  the 
sound  ;  cf.  Prov.  Fr.  fuche,  Ger.  futsch.} 

FUEGIAN,  fu-e'ji-an,  adj.  belonging  to 
Tierra  Del  Fuego. 

FUEGIAN,  fu-e'ji-an,  ??.  a  native  or  inhab- 
itant of  Tierra  del  Fuego. 

FUEL,  fu'el,  n.  anything  that  feeds  a  flre : 
whatever  supports  heat,  excitement,  oip 
energy.  [0.  Fr.  fouaille — Low  L.  foal 
lia,  fuel— Low  L.  focale — L.  focus,  a  fire- 
place.] 


FUERO 


186 


FUNAMBULIST 


IrtTERO,  f56-er'i3,  n.  a  Spaaish  term  hav- 
ing such  significatioos  as — a  code  of  law, 
a  charter  of  piivileg-es,  a  castom having 
the  force  of  law,  a  declaration  by  a  mag- 
istrate, the  seat  or  jui-isdiction  of  a  tri- 
bunal.—Fixeeo  JUZGO,  a  code  of  Spanish 
law,  said  to  be  the  most  ancient  in 
Europe.    [Sp.,  from   L.  forum   (which 

ATGACIOCrS,  fu-ga'shus,  adj.  apt  to  Jlee 
away,  fleeting. —Jis.  FuaA'CIOUS>nESS, 
FUGAC'ITT.  ri..  fugax,  fugacis,  from 
fitffio;  Qr.  pheugo,  to  flee,  Sans,  bhuj, 
to  bend.] 

FUG1E-\VARRANT,  fuj'i-wo-rant,  n.  in 
Scots  law,  a  warrant  granted  to  appre- 
hend a  debtor,  against  whom  it  is  sworn 
that  he  intends  to  flee  in  order  to  avoid 
payiiient. 

3XTG1LE,  fuj'il,  n.  in  med.  (a)  the  cerumen 
of  the  ear ;  (b)  a  nebulous  suspension  in, 
OP  a  deposition  from,  the  urme ;  (c)  an 
abscess,  specifically  an  abscess  near  the 
eai\ 

FUGITIVE,  fflj'i-tiv,  adj.  apt  to  ^  away: 
uncertain  :  volatile  :  perishable  :  tempo- 
rary.— n.  one  who  flees  or  has  fled  from 
his  station  or  country:  one  hard  to  be 
caught. —  ady.  Fno'lTlVELY.— re.  FuG'l- 
TIVENESS.  [Fr.— L.  fiigitivus,  from  fugio, 
to  flee.  J 

FUGLEMAN,  fu'gl-man,  n.  (lit.)  a  wing- 
man,  a  soldier  who  stands  before  a  com- 
pany at  drUl  as  an  example.  [Qer.flil- 
gdmann,  the  leader  of  a  wing  or  file — 
jiiigel,  a  wing.] 

FtJGUE,  fug,  n.  (mus.)  a  composition  in 
which  the  parts  follow  or  pursue  one 
another  at  certain  distances.  [Fr. — It. 
Juga,  from  L.  fuga,  flight.] 

tTTGUIST,  fug'ist,  n.  one  who  writes  or 
plays  fugues. 

.TULCRUM,  ful'krum,  n.  (mech.)  the  prop 
or  fixed  point  on  which  a  lever  moves : 
a  prop  '.—pi.  FtTL'Clu.  or  Fui<'CRDMS. — 
Fulcrum  forceps,  an  instrument  used 
by  dentists,  and  consisting  of  a  forceps 
in  which  one  beak  is  furnished  with  a 
hinged  metal  plate,  padded  with  india- 
rubber,  which  rests  against  the  gum, 
while  the  other  beak  has  the  usual  tooth 
or  gouge  shape.  fL.  fvlcrum,  a  prop, 
from  fiilcio,  to  prop.] 

FULFILL,  fool-fll',  v.t.  to  complete :  to  ac- 
complish :  to  carry  into  etfect  •.—pr.p. 
fulfiU'ing ;  pa.p.  fulfilled'.  —  a.  FCL- 
fill'er. 

^TJLFILLMENT,  fool-fll'ment,  n.  fiiU  per- 
formance: completion:  accomplishment. 

FULGENT,  ful'jent,  ad/.,  shining :  bright : 
dazzling.— ady.  Ful'genti.Y. — n.  Fui.'- 
GESCY.  [L.  fidgens,-entis,^v.p.  of  fidgeo, 
to  flash,  to  shine.] 

FULGUEANT,  ful'gur-ant,  adj.  lightening. 
Sir  T.  More. 

FULGURATE,  ful'gur-at,  v.i.  to  flash  as 
lightning.     [See  Fdlgtiration.] 

FULGURATION,  ful-gur-il'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  lightening,  or  flashing  with  light ;  in 
assaying,  the  sudden  brightening  of  the 
melted  globules  of  gold  and  silver  in  the 
cupel  of  the  assayer,  when  the  last  film 
of  vitreous  lead  or  copper  leaves  their 
surface.  [L.  fulguratio,  from  fulguro, 
f'ilguratun,to  lighten,  tvoa^fulgur,  hght- 

rULGURITE,  ful'gur-it,  n.  any  rockv  sub- 
stance that  has  been  fused  or  ^iti-ified  by 
liglituing.  More  strictly,  a  vitrified  tube 
of  sand  formed  by  lightning  penetrating 
the  solid  ground,  and  fusing  a  portion  ol 
the  materials  through  which  it  passes. 

STJLGUROUS,  ful'gu-rus,  adj.  fla.shing  like 
lightning.  -'A  fulgurous  impetuosity 
almost  beyond  human." — Carli/!e. 

FULIGINOUS,  fu-lij'i-nus,  adj.  sooty: 
smoky.     [L.  fuligiHosics—fuligo,  soot.J 


FULL,  fool,  adj.  having  ail  it  can  contain  : 
having  no  emi)tv  space :  abundantly 
supplied  or  furnished  :  abounding :  con- 
taining the  whole  matter :  complete  : 
perfect :  strong :  clear.  —  n.  complete 
measure  .  highest  degi'ee  :  the  whole  : 
tune  of  full-moon.— ^lFull'ness  or  iVL'- 
NESS.  [A.S.  full ;  Goth,  fulls,  Ice.  fullr, 
Ger.  voH,  L.  plenus,  Gr.  pleos.   See  Fill.] 

FULL,  fool,  adv.  quite :  to  the  same  de- 
gree :  with  the  whole  effect :  completely. 

FULL,  fool,  v.t.  (obs.)  to  bleach  or  whiten 
cloth. — n.  Full'ee,  a  bleacher  or  cleanser 
of  cloth.  [Through  A.S. /«Z/ian,  to  whiten 
as  a  fuller,  from  L.  fidlo,  a  fuller.] 

FULL,  fool,  v.t.  to  press  or  pound  cloth  in 
a  mill :  to  scour  and  thicken  in  a  mUl. — 
n.  Full'ee.  [Tlirough  Fr.  fouler,  to 
tread,  to  full  or  thicken  cloth,  from  L. 
fullo,  a  cloth-fuller.] 

FULLAM,  FULHAM,  fool'am,  n.  an  old 
cant  word  for  false  dice,  named  from 
Fulliam,  a  suburb  of  London,  which,  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  EUzabeth,  was  the 
most  notorious  place  for  black-legs  in  ail 
England ;  those  made  to  throw  the  high 
numbers,  from  five  to  twelve,  were  called 
"high,"  and  those  to  throw  the  low 
numbers,  from  ace  to  four,  "  low." 

For  gourd  ami  fuHam  holds. 
And  "  high  "  and  "  low  "  beguile  the  rich  and  poor. 

— Shak.  : 

hence,  a  sham ;  a  make-believe.     "  Fiil- 
Txams  of  poetic  fiction." — Hudibras. 

FULL-BLOWN,  fool'-blon,  adj.  blown  or 
fully  expanded,  as  a  flower. 

FULL-BOTTOMED,  fool'-bot'umd,  adj. 
ha\'infr  a  full  or  larg°  bottom,  as  a  wig. 

FULLER'S-EARTH.  fool'erz-erth,  n.  a  soft 
earth  or  clay,  capable  of  absorbing  grease, 
used  in  fulling  or  bleaching  cloth. 

FULL-FACED,  fool'-fast,  adj.  having  a 
full  or  broad  face. 

FULL-HEARTED,  fool'-hart'ed,  adj.  full 
of  heart  or  courage  :  elated. 

FULLING-AULL,  fool'ing-mil,  n.  a  mill  for 
fulling  cloth  by  means  of  pestles  or 
stampers,  which  beat  and  press  it  to  a 
close  or  compact  state,  and  cleanse  it. 
The  pi'incipal  parts  of  a  fulling-mill  are 
the  wheel,  with  its  trundle,  which  gives 
motion  to  the  tree  or  spindle,  whose 
teeth  communicate  that  motion  to  the 
pestles  or  stampers,  which  fall  into 
troughs,  wherein  the  cloth  is  put,  with 
fulleVs-earth,  to  be  scoured  and  thick- 
ened  bv  this  process  of  beating. 

FULIr-ORBED,  fool'-orbd,  adf.  having  the 
orb  or  disc  fully  illuminatecl,  as  the  full- 
moon :  round. 

FULLY.  foolU,  adv.  completely :  entirely. 

FULMAU,  ful'mar,  v.  a  species  of  petrel 
Inhabiting  the  Shetland  Isles  and  other 
northern  "regions,  valuable  for  its  down, 
feathers,  and  oil.  [Named  from  the  fold. 
smell  of  its  oil.    See  Foumart.] 

FULMINATE,  fnl'min-at,  v.i.  to  thunder 
or  make  a  loud  noise :  to  issue  decrees 
with  violence. — i\f.  to  cause  to  explode  : 
to  send  forth,  as  a  denunciation.  [Lit.  to 
hurl  lightning,  L.  fidminn,  fidminatus— 
fidmen  {f or  fulgimen),  Ughtaing—ftdgeo, 
to  shine. ]^ 

FULMINATE,  ful'min-at,  n.  a  compound 
of  fulminic  acid  -with  mercurv,  etc. 

FULMINATION,  ful-min-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
fulminating,  thundering,  orissuingforth: 
a  chemical  explosion  ;  a  denunciation. 

FULMINE,  ful'min,  i\t.  to  thunder;  to  ful- 
minate ;  to  give  utterance  to  in  an  au- 
thoritative or  vehement  manner ; 

Warming  with  her  theme 
She  fulmined  out  her  scorn  of  laws  Salique. 

—Tennyson ; 

to  shoot  or  dart,  as  lightning ; 
.\nd  ever  and  anon  the  ro&y  red 
Flasht  throufrh  her  fare  as  It  had  been  a  flake 
Of  llghtntag  tlirough  bright  hever  fulmined. 

—Spemer, 


FULMINE,  ful'min,  v.i.  to  thunder:  to 
sound  like  thunder  :  to  fulminate  :  to 
speak  out  boldly  and  with  reeistleas 
power,  or  with  supreme  authority. 

A  very  Cicerone— yet,  alas. 

How  unUke  him  wbo/u2»tine<i  in  old  Rome  I 

— Kogen. 

FULMINIC,  ful-min'ik,  adj.  pertaining  t« 
an  acid  used  in  preparing  explosive  com* 
pounds. 
FULSOME,  ful'sum,  adj.  cloying  :  nau6e< 
ous :  offensive :  gross :  disgustingly 
fawning. — adv.  Ful'SOMely. — n.  FuL  - 
SOMENESS.  [A.S.  ful,  full,  in  the  sense 
of  producing  satiety,  and  then  disgust, 
and  affix  -soHie.] 

FULVOUS,  ful'vus,  FULVID,  ful'vid,  adj. 
deep  or  dull  yellow :  tawny.  [L.  fidvus, 
deep  3-ellow,  tawny.] 

FUM,  fum,  FUNG,  fung,  n.  the  Chinese 
phoenix,  one  of  the  four  symbolical  ani- 
mals supposed  to  preside  over  the  des- 
tinies of  the  Chinese  Empire. 

FUMAROLE,  fum'a-rol,  n.  a  smoke-hole  in 
a  volcano  or  sulphur-mine.  [It.  fuma- 
Tola — L.  fum.iis.] 

ETJMBLE,  fum  hi,  v.i.  to  grope  about  awk- 
wardly :  to  do  anything  awkwardly :  to 
handle  much. — v.t.  to  manage  awkward- 
ly.— n.  Fum'bler.  [From  Dixt.  fommele^i, 
to  fumble  or  grabble  ;  cf.  Dan.  famle. 
Ice.  falma,  to  grope  about ;  all  come 
from  the  root  of  A.S.  folm,  the  pahn  of 
the  hand.    Cf.  Palm. J 

FUME,  fum,  n.,  smolce  or  vapor  :  any  volar 
tile  matter :  heat  of  mind,  rage  :  any- 
thing unsubstantial,  vain  conceit :  the 
incense  of  praise :  hence,  inordinate  flat- 
tery. "  "To  smother  him  with  fumes  and 
eulogies  .  .  .  because  he  is  rich." — Bur- 
ton.— v.i.  to  smoke  :  to  throw  off  vapor  : 
to  be  in  a  rage :  to  worship  as  by  offering 
incense  to :  hence,  to  Uatter  excessively. 
"  They  demi-deify  and  fume  him  so."— 
Couper.  [Fr. — L.  fumus,  smoke,  from 
root  d/i ft,  to  blow,  whence  Dust.] 

FUMETTE,  fQ-met',  n.  the  scent  of  meatj 
as  venison  or  game  when  kept  too  long : 
the  scent  from  meats  cooking.  "  Unless 
it  had  the  right  fumeite."  —  Su~ift ; 
"There  are  such  steams  from  savory 
pies,  such  a  fumette  from  plump  par- 
tridges and  roasting  pigs,  that  I  think  I 
can  distinguish  them  as  easily  as  I  know 
a  rose  from  a  pink." — R.  M.  Jephson. 
[Fr.fumet,  from  li-fum^ts,  smoke,  fume.] 

FUMIFEROUS,  fum-ifer-us,  adj.  produc- 
ing  fumes  or  smoke.  [L.  fumifer— fumus, 
and  fero,  to  bear,  to  produce.] 

FUMtFUGIST,  fum-if'u-jist,  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  drives  away  smoke  or  fumes. 
Dr.  Allen.  [L./itmus,  smoke,  and  fugo, 
to  drive  away.] 

FUMIGATE,  fiim'i-gat,  v.t.  to  expose  to 
smoke  or  gas,  esp.  for  disinfecting :  to 
perfume.  [L.  fumigo,  fumigatus— fumus, 
and  -ig  =  -an,  the  base  of  ago,  to  drive.] 

FUMIGATION,  fum-i-ga'shun,  k.  act  of 
fumigating  or  of  applying  purifying 
smoke,  etc.,  to. 

FUMITORY,  fum'i-tor-i,  n.  a  plant  of  a 
disagreeable  smell.  [O.Fr.  fume-terre, 
earth-smoke  —  L.  fumus,  smoke,  and 
terra,  earth.] 

FUMOUS.  fQm'us,  FUMY,  fum'i,  adj  pro- 
ducing fumes. 

FUN,  fiin,  n.  merriment :  sport.  [Ety- 
dub. ;  not  an  old  word  ;  ace.  to  Skeat, 
prob.  imported  from  the  Irish,  in  whick 
occurs/onji,  dehght.] 

FUN  AMBULATE,  fu-nam'bu-lat,  v.i.  to 
u-alk  or  dance  on  a  rcype.—n.  Funajibula'- 
TioN.  [Sp. — L.  funis,  a  rope,  and  ambulo, 
to  walk.    See  Amble.] 

FUNAMBULIST,  f u-nam'bu-hst,  n.  a  rope- 
dancer. 


FUNCTION 


isr 


FURTHER 


FUNCTION,  fungk'shun,  n.  the  doing  of  a 
thing  :  duty  peculiar  to  any  office  or  pro- 
fession :  the  iieculiar  office  of  any  part  of 
the  body  or  mind  :  power :  {math.)  a  quan- 
tity so  connected  vnXh  another  that  any 
change  in  the  one  changes  tlie  other. — 
VrrAL  FUNCTIONS,  functions  immediately 
necessary  to  life,  as  those  of  the  brain, 
heart,  lungs,  etc. — Natural  or  vegeta- 
tive FUNCTIONS,  functions  less  instantly 
necessary  to  life,  as  digestion,  absorption, 
assimilation,  expulsion,  etc.  —  Animal 
FUNCTIONS,  those  which  relate  to  the  ex- 
ternal world,  as  the  senses,  voluntary 
motions, etc. — The  equivalence  of  func- 
tions, a  communist  term  implying  that 
no  man's  labor  ought  to  be  remunerated 
at  a  higher  rate  than  that  of  any  other 
man,  wliatever  be  the  difference  of  ca- 
pacity or  production.  [O.  Fr. — L.  fune- 
tio,  from  fungor,  functus,  to  perform.] 

FUNCTION,  fungkshun,  v.i.to  perform  or 
discharge  a  function  :  to  act.  Also  Func- 
tionate. 

FUNCTIONAL,  fungk'shun-al,  adf  per- 
taining  to  or  performed  by /wjiciions: — 
opp.  to  Organic  or  Structural. — adv. 
Func'tionally. 

FUNCTIONARY,  fungk'shun-ar-i,  n.  one 
who  discharges  any  function  or  duty  : 
one  who  holds  an  office. 

FUND,  fund,  w.  a  sum  of  money  on  which 
some  enterprise  is  founded  or  expense 
supported  :  a  supply  or  source  of  money : 
a  store  laid  up  :  supply  i—pl.  permanent 
debts  due  by  a  government  and  pajnng 
interest :  British  Consols,  whose  principal 
is  never  paid,  are  an  example  of  such 
funds.  We  have  no  such  national  debt  in 
this  country. — Sinking  fund,  a  fund  or 
stock  set  apart,  generally  at  certain  in- 
tervals, for  the  reduction  of  a  debt  of  a 
government  or  corporation. — v.t.  to  form 
a  debt  into  a  stock  charged  with  interest : 
to  place  money  in  a  fund.  [Fr.  fond, 
from  L.  fundus,  the  bottom.  See  Found, 
to  lav  the  bottom  of.] 

FUND'AMENT,  fund'a-ment,  n.  the  lower 
part  or  seat  of  the  body.  [Fr. — L.  fiinda- 
mentuin,  from  fundus.] 

FUNDAMENTAL,  f  un  -  da  -  menf  al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  serving  for  the  foun- 
dation :  essential :  important. — n.  that 
which  serves  as  a  foundation  or  ground- 
work :    an  essential. — adv.  Fund.oient'- 

ALLT. 

t'UNDING,  fund'ing,  p.  and  adj.  providing 
a  fund  for  the  payment  of  interest  on  a 
debt :  converting  loans  to  a  government 
into  funds  bearing  a  fixed  rate  of  interest. 
— Funding  system,  the  manner  in  which 
governments  give  security  to  public 
loans,  by  forming  funds  secured  by  law 
for  the  payment  of  the  interest  until  the 
state  reduces  the  whole. 

f'^U'NERAL,  fu'ner-al,  n.,  burial :  the  cere- 
mony, etc.,  connected  with  burial. — adj. 
pertaining  to  or  used  at  a  burial.  [Low 
L.  funeralis — L.  funus,  funeris,  a  funeral 
procession.] 

FUNEREAL,  fu-ne're-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  suiting  a  funeral :  dismal :  mournful. 
[L.  funereus.'] 

FUNGACEOUS,  fung'ga-shus,  adj.  per- 
taining or  i-elating  to  the  order  of  Fungi. 

t"UNGI,  fun'ji,  n.pl.  a  large  natural  order 
of  acotyledoaous  or  crj'ptogamous  plants, 
5000  being  known,  varying  greatly  in  size, 
toi-m,  color,  and  consistence.  Under  the 
name  fungus  botanists  comprehend  not 
only  the  various  races  of  mushrooms, 
toadstools,  and  similar  plants,  but  a 
large  number  of  microscopic  plants 
growing  upon  other  plants,  and  sub- 
stances which  are  known  as  moulds, 
miWew,  smut,  rust,  brand,  drv-rot,  etc. 
Fungi  agree   with  algse  and  lichens  in 


their  cellular  structure,  which  is,  with 
very  few  exceptions,  void  of  anything 
resembling  vascular  tissue,  but  differ 
from  them  in  deriving  their  nutriment 
from  the  body  on  which  tliey  grow,  not 
from  the  medium  by  which  tney  are  sur- 
rounded. Thej'  are  among  the  lowest 
forms  of  vegetable  life,  and,  from  the 
readiness  with  which  they  spring  up  in 
certain  conditions,  their  germs  are  sup- 
posed to  be  floating  in  the  atmosphere 
in  incalculable  nunibers.  Some  diseases 
are  produced  by  fungi.  Fungi  differ 
from  other  plants  in  being  nitrogenous 
in  composition,  and  in  inhaling  oxygen 
and  giving-  out  carbonic  acid  gas.  [L., 
T)l.  of  fungus,  a  mushroom.] 

FUNGOID,  funofgoid,  adj.  resembling  a 
mushroom.  [L.  fungus,  and  Gr.  eidos, 
appearance.] 

FUNGOUS,  fung'gus,  adj.  of  or  like  fun- 
gus :  soft :  spongy  :  growing  suddenly  : 
ephemeral. 

FUNGUS,  fung'gus,  n.  a  member  of  the  or- 
der of  acotyledonous  plants  called  Fungi 
(which  see) :  in  med.  (a)  a  spongy  morbid 
excrescence,  as  proud  flesh  formed  in 
wounds  ;  (b)  a  minute  incrustation  and 
alteration  of  the  skin  dependent  on  the 
growth  of  vegetable  parasites,  as  favus, 
ring-worm,  etc. 

FUNICLE,  fQ'ni-kl,  n.  a  small  cord  or  ligar 
ture :  a  fibre.  [L.  funiculus,  dim.  of 
funis,  a  cord  or  rope.] 

FUNICULAR,  fu-nik'u-lar,  adj.  consisting 
ot  a,funicle. 

FUNNEL,  fun'el,  n.  a  tube  or  passage  for 
the  escape  of  smoke,  etc. :  an  instru- 
ment for  pouring  fluids  into  close  ves- 
sels, as  bottles,  etc.  [Ety.  dub. ;  perh. 
from  W.  ffynel,  air-hole— ffmii,  breath ; 
or  from  L.  in-fundibulum — fundo,  to 
pour.] 

FUNKY,  fun'i,  adj.  full  of  fun:  droll.— 
adv.  Funn'ily. 

ETJR,  fur,  n.  the  short,  fine  hair  of  certain 
animals:  their  skins  with  the  fur  pre- 
pared for  garments :  a  fur-like  coating 
on  the  tongue,  the  interior  of  boilers, 
etc. — v.t.  to  line  with  fiu" :  to  cover  with 
morbid  fur-like  matter  :—pr.p.  furr'ing ; 
pa.p.  furred'.  [O.  Fr.  fourre,  Fr.  four- 
reau  (cf.  Sp.  forro.  It.  fodero,  lining) — 
Teut.  root  found  in  Goth,  fodr,  Ger.  f  ut- 
ter, a.  case  or  sheath.] 

FURBELOW,  fur'be-lo,  n.  (lit.)  a  plait  or 
flounce:  the  fringed  border  of  a  gown 
or  petticoat.  (|Fr.,  It.,  and  Sp.  fatbala  ; 
of  unknown  origin.  The  word  simulates 
an  English  form— fur-below.] 

FURBISH,  fur'bish,  v.t.  to  purify  or  polish: 
to  rub  up  until  bright.  [Fr.  fourbir — O. 
Ger.  f  urban,  to  purify.] 

FURCATE,  fur'kat,  adj.,  forked :  branch- 
ing like  the  prongs  of  a  fork.  [L.,from 
furca,  a  fork.] 

FURCATION,  fur-ka'shun,  n.  a  forking  or 
branching-  out. 

FURFURACEOUS,  fur-fu-ra'shus,  adj., 
branny :  scaly  :"  scurfy.  [L.  furfuraceus 
— furfur,  bran.] 

FUEIBUND,  fu'ri-bund,  adj.  furious  :  rag- 
ing: mad.  "Poor  Louison  Chabray  .  .  . 
has  a  garter  round  her  neck,  and  furi- 
tnind  Amazons  at  each  end."— Carfj/Ze. 
[L.  furibundus.] 

FuRIOSO,  fu-ri-o  so,  n.  a  violent,  raging, 
furious  person.  "  A  \iolent  man  and  a 
furioso  was  deaf  to  all  this." — Bp.  Racket. 

FURIOUS,  fu'ri-us,  adj.  full  of  fury:  mad: 
violent.— ad!\  Fi/riously.- n.  FifRlOUS- 
NESS.  [Fr.  furieiix — L.  furiosus—furia, 
rage.    See  Fury.] 

FURL,  furl,  v.t.  to  draw  or  roll  up,  as  a 
sail.  [Contr.  of  obs.  furdle,  from  Far- 
del, n7\ 

FURLONG,  fur'long,  n.  40  poles :  the  ith 


of  a  mile.  [A..S.  furlang,  lit. the  "length 
of  a  furrow"-  -furh,  furrew,   long,  long.] 

FURLOUGH,  furlo,  n.,  leave  of  absence.— 
v.t.  to  grant  leave  of  absence.  [From 
Dut.  verlof,  where  ver  -=  E.  for-,  inten- 
sive, and  to/-="  E.  leave  ;  cog.  Ger.  I'er- 
laub — root  of  erlauben,  to  give  leave  to.] 

FURMENTY.    See  Frument\-. 

FURNACE,  fur'nas,  n.  a  time  or  place  of 
grievous  aSiiction  or  torment ;  as,  the 
furnace  of  affliction :  a  place  where  a 
vehement  fire  and  heat  may  be  made 
and  maintained,  as  for  melting  ores  or 
metals,  heating  tlie  boiler  of  a  steam- 
engine,  warming  a  house,  baking  pot- 
tery or  bread,  and  other  such  purposes. 
Furnaces  are  constructed  in  a  great  va- 
riety of  ways,  according  to  the  different 
purposes  to  which  they  are  appUed.  In 
constructing  furnaces  the  following  ob- 
jects are  kept  in  view :— (1)  To  obtain 
the  greatest  quantity  of  heat  from  a 
given  quantity  of  fuel.  (2)  To  prevent 
the  dissipation  of  the  heat  after  it  is  pro- 
duced. (3)  To  concentrate  the  heat  and 
direct  it  as  much  as  possible  to  the  sub- 
stances to  be  acted  upon.  (4)  To  be  able 
to  regulate  at  pleasure  the  necessary 
degree  of  heat  and  have  it  wholly  under 
the  operator's  management.  An  air  fur- 
nace is  one  in  which  tlie  flames  are 
urged  only  by  the  natural  draught ;  a 
blast  furnace,  one  in  which  the  heat  is 
intensified  by  the  injection  of  a  strong 
current  of  air  by  artificial  means  ;  a  re- 
verberatory  furnace,  one  in  which  the 
flames  in  passing  to  the  chimney  are 
thrown  down  by  a  low-arched  roof  upon 
the  objects  which  it  is  intended  to  ex- 
pose to  their  action.  [Fr.  fournaise — li. 
fornax — furnus,  an  oven.] 

FURNACE-BRIDGE,  fur'nas-brij,  n.  a  bar- 
rier  of  firebricks,  or  an  iron  plate  cham- 
ber filled  with  water  thrown  across  a 
furnace  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  fire- 
bars, to  prevent  the  fuel  being  carried 
into  the  flues,  and  to  quicken  the  draught 
by  contracting  the  area. 

FURNISH,  fur'nish,  v.t.  to  jit  up  or  sup- 
ply completely,  or  with  what  is  necessary: 
to  equip. — n.  Fur'nisher.  [Fr.  fotirnir 
— O.  Ger.  f}'umja7i,  to  do,  to  perfect.] 

FURNITURE,  fur'ni-tur,  n.  movables, 
either  for  use  or  ornament,  with  which  a 
house  is  equipped:  equipage:  decorations. 
[Fr.  foitrniture.] 

FURRIER,  fur'i-er,  n.  a  dealer  in  furs  and 
fur-goods. 

FURRIERY,  fur'i-er-i,  n.,furs  in  general : 
trade  in  fms. 

FURRINGS,  fur'in^z,  n.pl.  in  carp,  slips  of 
timber  nailed  to  joists  or  raftevs  in  order 
to  bring  them  to  a  level  and  to  range 
them  into  a  straight  surface,  when  the 
timbers  are  sagged  either  by  casting  or 
by  a  set  which  they  have  obtained  by 
their  weight  in  tlie  course  of  time. 
Written  also  Firrings. 

FURROW,  fur'o,  n.  the  trench  made  by  a 
plough :  any  trench  or  groove  :  a  wrinkle 
on  the  face.  —  v.t.  to  form  furrows  in  :  to 
groove  :  to  wrinkle.  [A.S.  furh  ;  cog 
with  Gev.furche;  and  ct.  L.  porca,  a  sow, 
a  ridge.] 

FURRY,  fur'i,  adj.  consisting  of,  covere<J 
with,  or  dressed  injur. 

FURTHER,  fur'Wer,  adv.  to  a  greater  dis- 
tance or  degree  :  in  addition. — adj.  more 
distant:  additional.  [A.S.  furthur,  either 
a  comp.  of  furth  (=forth),  or  more  prob. 
of  fore,  with  comp.  suffix  -thor  or  -thur, 
which  corresponds  to  Goth,  -thar  =  Gr. 
-ter  (in  proteros)  =.  Sans.  -tara.  Ct. 
After  1 

FURTHER,  fur'f/ier,  v.t.  to  help /onrarrf, 
promote.     [X.Si.  fyrthran.] 


FURTHERANCE 


188 


GADFLY 


FURTHERANCE,  fur'rter-ans,  n.  a  helping 
forward. 

njRTHERMORE,  fur'iAer-mor,  adv.  in 
addition  to  what  has  been  said,  moreover, 
besides. 

FURTHERMOST,  fur'f;ier-m3st,  a^.,  most 
further :  most  remote. 

FURTHEST,  txir'thest,  adv.  at  the  greatest 
distance. — adj.  most  distant.  [A  superl. 
either  of  furth  (=forth),  or  more  prob. 
ot  fore.    See  Fdethee.] 

iTURTIVE,  fm^tiv,  adj.  stealthy  :  secret.— 
ody.  Fxm'TiVELY.  [Fr.—L.furtivus—fur, 
a  thief.] 

FURY,  fu'ri,  n.,  rage  :  violent  passion  : 
madness :  (myth..)  one  of  the  three  god- 
desses of  vengeance  :  hence,  a  passionate, 
Tiolent  woman.  [Fr.  furie—L.  furia— 
furo,  to  be  angry.] 

FURZE,  fiu-z,  n.  the  whin  or  gorse,  a  prick- 
ly evergreen  bush  ^vith  beautiful  yellow 
fiowers,  so  called  from  the  likeness  of  its 
spines  to  those  of  the  ^r-tree.  [A.S.  fyrs; 
cog.  with  Gael,  preas,  a  brier.  J 

FURZY,  furz'i,  adj.  overgrown  with  furze. 

FUSCOUS,  fus'kus,  adj.  brown :  dingy. 
[L.  fuscus,  akin  to  furvus  (for  fus-vus).] 

FUSE,  fuz,  v.t.  to  melt :  to  liquefy  by  heat. 
— v.i.  to  be  melted  :  to  be  reduced  to  a 
hquid  :  in  American  politics,  a  new  po- 
litical party  is  sometimes  said  to  fuse 
iTith  one  of  the  two  old  organizations. 
[L.  fundo,  fusum,  to  melt.] 

FUSE,  fuz,  n.  a  tube  filled  with  combusti- 
ble matter  for  firing  mines,  discharging 
shells,  etc.     [A  corr.  of  FUSIL.J 

FUSEE,  fu-ze',  n.  a  match  or  cigar  light : 
a  fuse  :  a  fusil. 

FUSEE,  fti-ze',  n.  the  spindle  in  a  watch  or 
•lock  on  which  the  chain  is  wound.     [Fr. 
fusee,    a    spindleful,   from    L.   fusus,  a 
^pindle.]^ 

t'TTSEL-OrL,  fu'zel-oil,  n.  a  nauseous  oU 
in  spirits  distiUed  from  potatoes,  barley, 
etc.     [Ger.  fusel,  bad  spirits.] 

STTSIBLE,  fuz'i-bl,  a(^'.  that  may  be  fused 
or  melted. — n.  Fdsebil'ity. 

FUSIL,  fOz'il,  n.  a  light  musket  or  firelock. 
rPr.  fusU,  a  fUnt,  musket,  same  as  It. 
foeile — Low  L.  focile,  steel  (to  strike  Are 
wdth),  dim.  of  focus,  a  fireplace.] 

JTUSILADE,  fuz'il-ad,  n.  a  simultaneous 
discharge  of  firearms.  —  v.t.  to  shoot 
down  by  a  simultaneous  discliarge  of 
firearms.     [Fv.— fusil,  a  musket.] 

FUSILIER,  FUSILEER,  fu-zil-er',  n.  (orig.) 
a  soldier  armed  with  a  fusU,  but  now 
armed  like  other  infantry. 

rUSrNG-POESrr,  fOz'mg-polnt,  n.  the 
temperature  at  which  any  soUd  sub- 
stance is  fused — that  is,  becomes  liquid. 

FUSION,  fu'zhun,  n.  act  of  melting :  the 
state  of  fluidity  from  heat ;  a  close  union 
of  things,  as  if  melted  together :  poUtical 
mnion  of  parties.  [See  Fuse.] — POINT  OF 
FUSION  OF  METALS,  the  degree  of  heat  at 
which  they  melt  or  liquefy.  This  point 
is  very  different  for  different  metals. 
Thus  potassium  fuses  at  136°  Fahr.,  bis- 
muth at  504°,  lead  at  619",  zinc  at  680°, 
sUver  1833°,  gold  2282°.  Malleable  hon 
requires  the  highest  heat  of  a  smith's 
forge  (2912°) ;  while  cerium,  platinum, 
and  some  other  metals  are  infusible  in 
the  heat  of  a  smith's  forge,  but  are  fusi- 
ble before  the  oxyhydrogen  blow-pipe. 
fUSS,  fus,  71.  a  bustle  or  tmnult :  haste, 
flurry.  —  adj.  Fuss'Y. — adv.  Fuss'ilt. 
[A.S.  /MS,  ready,  prompt  to  find— /««- 
aian,  to  strive  alter— findan,  to  flndj 
^USTET,  fus'tet,  n.  the  wood  of  the  Ven- 
ice sumach  :  a  dyestuff.  [Fr.  fustet,  dim. 
of  O.  Fr.  fust — Li.  fustis  a  stick,  in  Low 
L.  a  tree.] 
STJSTIAN,  fust'yan,  n.  a  kind  of  coarse, 
twilled  cotton  cloth :  a  pompous  and  un- 
■atural  style  of  writing   or  speaking: 


bombast. — acU.  made  of  fustian  :  bom- 
bastic. [0.  rr.  fustaine,  Fr.  futaine — 
It.  fustagno — Low  L.  fustaneum.  from 
Fostat  (a  suburb  of  Cairo)  in  Egypt, 
where  first  made.] 

FUSTIC,  fus'tik,  n.  the  wood  of  a  W.  In- 
dian tree,  used  as  a  dyestuff.  [Fr.  fustoe 
— L.  fustis.] 

FUSTIGATION,  fus-ti-ga'shun,  n.  a  beat- 
ing with  a  stick.  IL.  fustigo,  fustigatus, 
to  Deat  with  a  stick— /usfjs,  a  stick.) 

FUSTY,  fust'i,  adj.  (lit.)  smelling  of  the 
wood  of  the  cask,  as  wine  :  ill-smeUing. 
— 71.  Fust'iness.  [O.  Fr.  fv^t,  wood  of  a 
cask — L.  fustis.] 

FUTILE,  fh'tU,  adj.  useless ;  unavailing : 
trifling. — adv.  Fu'tilely.  [Fr.— L.  fu- 
tilis—fud,  root  of  fundo,  to  pour.] 

FUTILITAEIAN,  tu-til-i-ta'ri-an,  n.  a  per- 
son given  to  useless  or  worthless  pur- 
suits. Sotithey.  [A  word  formed  on  the 
type  of  utilita7~ian,  and  involving  a  sneer 
at  the  philosophic  school  so  called.] 

FUTILITARIAN,  ffl-til-i-ta'ri-an,  adj.  de- 
voted to  worthless  or  useless  pursuits, 
aims,  or  the  like.  "  The  utUitarian  phil- 
anthropist (Bentham)  or  the  futilitarian 
misanthropist  (Carlye)."  —  Fitzedivard 
Hall. 

FUTILITY.  fQ-til'i-ti,  n.  uselessness. 

FUTTOCKB,  fut'uks,  n.pl.  a  curved  timber 
forming  part  of  one  of  the  ribs  of  a  ship. 
[Perh.  corrupted  from  foot-hooks.] 

FUTURE,  fut'ur,  adj.,  about  to  be :  that  is 
to  come :  (gram.)  expressing  what  will 
be. — 71.  time  to  come.  [L.  futurus,  tut. 
p.  of  esse,  to  be.] 

FUTURIST,  fut'iir-ist,  n.  one  who  has  re- 
gard to  the  future :  one  whose  main  in- 
terest lies  in  the  future  :  an  expectant : 
in  theol.  one  who  holds  that  the  prophe- 
cies of  the  Bible  are  yet  to  be  fulfilled. 

FUTURITY,  fut-ur'i-ti,  n.  time  to  come: 
an  event  or  state  of  being  yet  to  come. 

FUZZ,  fuz,  v.i.  to  fly  off  in  minute  parti- 
cles with  a  fizzing  sound  like  water  from 
hot  iron. — n.  fine  light  particles,  as  dust. 
— n.  Fuzz'baUj,  a  kind  of  fungus,  whose 
head  is  full  of  a  fine  dust.  [AMn  to  Fizz ; 
Ger.  pfuschen,  to  fizz.] 

'FY,_ fi,  int.    Same  as  Fm. 

FYLFOT,  fil'fot,  n.  a  peculiarly-formed 
cross,  supposed  to  have  been  introduced 
into  Europe,  about  the  sixth  century, 
from  India  or  China,  where  it  was  em- 

Sloyed  as  a  mystic  symbol  among  re- 
gions devotees  ;   it  was  often  used  in 
decoration  and  embroidery  in  the  middle 

ages.  

FYRD.  ferd,  FYRDUNG,  fer'dung,  ii.  in 
old  Eng.  hist,  the  mUitary  array  or  land 
force  of  the  whole  nation,  comprising  all 
males  able  to  bear  arms  :  a  force  resem- 
bling tbe  German  landwehr  of  to-day. 
[A^i 


G 

GAB,  gab,  n.  in  steam-engines,  the  name 
given  to  the  hook  on  the  end  of  the  ec- 
centric rod  opposite  the  strap. 

GABARAGE,  ga'ber-aj,  n.  coarse  packing- 
cloth:  a  term  formerlj'  used  for  the 
wrappers  in  which  Irish  goods  were 
packed. 

GABARDINE,  gab-ar-den',  GABERDINE, 
gab  ar-din,  ii.  a  coaise  frock  or  loose 
upper  garment :  a  mean  dress.  [Sp, 
gabardma — Sp.  gaban,  a  kind  of  great- 
coat, ot  which  ety.  dub.l 

GABBLE,  gabl,  v.i.  to  talk  inarticulately : 
to  chatter :  to  cackle  like  geese. — ns, 
Gabb'lek,  Gabb'iinq.  [Prob.  from  Ice. 
gabba;  cf.  Fr.  gaber,  Dut.  gabberen,  to 


joke,  and  many  other  forms,  which  art 

aU  imitative.] 

GABBLEMENT,  gab'l-ment,  Ji.  the  act  ot 
gabbling :  inarticulate  sounds  uttered 
with  rapidity :  chattering.  Carlyle. 

GABEL,  ga'bel,  GABELLE,  ga-bel,  n.  a 
tax,  impost,  or  excise  duty :  partict' 
larly,  in  France,  a  tax  on  salt.  "  The 
gabels  of  Naples  are  very  high  on  oil, 
wine,  tobacco,  and  indeed  on  almost 
everything  that  can  be  eaten,  drank,  or 
worn." — Addison.  [Fr.  gabelle.  Pr.  ga- 
bela,  gabella,  It.  gabella,  and  O.  It.  ca^ 
bella,  caballa,  Sp.  gabela,  from  Ar.  kabd- 
la,  tax,  impost.    See,  however.  Gavel.] 

GABELLMAN,  gaTsel-man,  n.  a  tax  cm- 
lector  :  a  gabeler.  "  Gabelhnen  and  ex 
cisemen." — Carlyle.     [See  Gabet,.] 

GABERLXJNZIE,  ga-ber-lun'zi,  ?;.  a  men- 
dicant :  a  poor  guest  who  cannot  pay  for 
his  entertainment.  (Scotch.)  [A  contr, 
for  gaberlunzie-man,  from  Scot,  gaber- 
lunzie,  a  wallet,  and  that  compounded  of 
a  contr.  of  gabardine,  and  lunzie,  a  Scot, 
form  of  loin,  the  wallet  resting  on  the 
loins.] 

GABIAN,  ga'bi-an,  adj.  a  term  applied  to  a. 
variety  of  petroleum  or  mineral  naphtha 
exuding  from  the  strata  at  Gabian,  a 
village  in  the  department  of  Herault, 
France. 

6ABILLA,  ga-bU'a,  n.  a  finger  or  parcel  ot 
tobacco  in  Cuba,  consisting  of  about 
thirty-six  to  forty  leaves.  The  bales  are 
usually  made  up  of  80  hands,  each  of 
4  gabillas.    Simmonds. 

GABION,  ga'bi-un,  n.  (fort.)  a  bottomless 
basket  of  wicker-work  filled  with  earth, 
used  for  shelter  from  the  enemy's  fire, 
[Fr. — It.  gabbione,  a  large  cage— jrabbMi; 
— L.  cavea,  a  hollow  place — cavus,  hoi 
low.] 

GABIONNADE,  ga-bi-vm-ad',  7i.  a  line  oi 
gabions  thrown  up  as  a  defence. 

GABLE,    ga'bl,  n.  (arch.)  the    triangular 

Eart  of  an  exterior  wall  of  a  building 
etween  the  top  of  the  side-walls  anc 
the  slopes  of  the  roof.  [Perh.  of  Celt, 
origin,  as  in  Ir.  gabhal,  a  fork  or  gable ; 
cf.  Ger.  giebel.  a  gable,  gabel,  a  fork.] 

GABLET,  gaTjlet,  n.  a  small  gable  or 
canopv.  

GAB-LEVER,  gable-ver,  GAB-LIFTER, 
gab'-lift-er,  n.  in  steam-engines,  a  contriv- 
ance for  lifting  the  gab  fi'om  the  wrist 
on  the  crank  of  the  eccentric  shaft  in 
order  to  disconnect  the  eccentric  frona 
the  valve  gear. 

GABLOCK,  gablok,  n.  a  false  spur  fitted 
on  to  the  heel  of  a  gamecock  to  make  it 
more  effective  in  fighting.     Craig. 

GABRIELITE,  ga'bri-el-It,  n.  (eccles.)  one 
of  a  sect  of  j*  nabaptists  in  Pomerania,  se 
called  from  one  Gabriel  Scherling. 

GABY,  ga'bi,  n.  a  simpleton.  [Fi-om  » 
Scand.  root  seen  in  Ice.  gapi — gapa,  to 
gape.    See  Gape.] 

GAD,  gad,  n.  a  wedge  of  steel :  a  graver : 
a  rod  or  stick :  in  old  Scotch  prisons  a 
round  bar  of  iron  crossing  the  condemned 
cell  horizontally  at  the  height  ■-n'  about  S 
inches  from  the  floor,  and  strc  ngly  buUt 
into  the  wall  at  either  end.  "he  ankles 
of  the  prisoner  sentenced  to  death  were 
secured  within  shackles  which  were  con- 
nected, by  a  chain  about  4  feet  long,  with 
a  large  iron  ring  which  travelled  on  the 
gad. — Upon  tttf.  gad,  upon  the  spur  or 
impulse  of  the  moment.  Shak.  [Prob. 
from  Scand.  gaddr,  a  goad,  and  cog.  with 
A.S.  gad,  a  goad.] 

GAD,  gad,  v.i.  to  rove  about  restlessly,  like 
cattle  stung  by  the  gadfly  :—pr.p.  gadd'- 
ingjpa.p.  gadd'ed. 

GADFLY,  gad'fli,  «.  a  fly  which  pierces  the 
skin  of  cattle  in  order  to  deposit  its  eggs : 
one  who  is  constantly  going  about,   a 


GAELIC 


189 


GALIOT 


seeker  after  pleasure  or  gaiety,  a  gad- 
about. "Harriet  may  turn  gadfly,  and 
never  be  easy  but  when  she  is  forming 
parties." — Richardson.  [From  Gad,  n., 
and  Fly.] 

HAELIC,  ga'lik,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
Oaels  or  Scottish  Highlanders. — n.  the 
northern  or  Gadhelic  brancii  of  the  Celtic 
family  of  languages,  embracing  the  Irish, 
the  Highland-Scottish,  and  the  Manx : 
(more  commonly)  the  Highland-Scottish 
dialect.  [Prob.  orig-inally  a  Celtic  word, 
of  which  the  Latinized  form  is  Gallus. 
The  O.  Grer.  word  ivalh  or  walah  (E 
Welsh),  appUed  by  the  Teutons  to  their 
neighbors,  is  not  found  till  the  8th  cent., 
and  is  merely  a  form  of  L.  Gallus,  a 
Gaul,  a  stranger  or  foreigner.  See 
Welsh.] 

»>AFF,  gaf,  n.  a  boat-hook  or  fishing-spear: 
a  kind  of  boom  or  yard.  [Fr.  gaffe,  from 
a  Celt,  root  found  in  Irish  gaf,  a  hook — 
root  gabh,  to  take  ;  alhed  to  L.  capio,  E. 
Have.] 

GAFF,  gaf,  v.t.  in  angling,  to  strike  or  se- 
cure by  means  of  a  gaff-hook,  as  a  salmon. 

GAFFER,  gaf'er,  n.  {prig.)  a  word  of  re- 
spect applied  to  an  old  man,  now  expres- 
sive of  familiarity  or  contempt.  [Contr. 
of  gramfer,  the  West  of  England  form 
of  Grandfather.    See  Gajbier.] 

GAFFSMAN,  gafs'man,  n.  an  attendant  on 
an  angler  who  aids  in  landing  the  fish  by 
means  of  a  gaff-hook.  "The  attendant 
gaffstnan  stands  or  crouches,  with  a 
sharp-pointed  steel  hook  attached  to  a 
short  ashen  staff  called  a  gaff,  waiting 
his  opportunity." — Eney.  Brit. 

GAG,  gag,  v.t.  to  forcibly  stop  the  mouth  : 
to  sUence.^^.p.gagg'ing;  pa.p.  gagged'. 
— n.  something  thrust  into  the  mouth  or 
put  over  it  to  enforce  silence.  [Ety. 
dub.;  prob.  imitative.] 

GAGE,  gaj,  n.  a  pledge :  security  for  the 
fulfillment  of  a  promise :  something 
thrown  down  as  a  challenge,  as  a  glove. 
— v.t.  to  bind  by  pledge  or  security.  .[Fr. 
gage — gager,  to  wager — Low  L.  vadium, 
which  is  either  from  L.  vas,  vadis,  a 
pledge,  or  from  a  Teut.  root  found  in 
Goth,  vadi,  A.S.  wed,  a  pledge,  Ger. 
icette,  a  bet ;  the  two  roots,  however, 
are  cog.    See  Bet.] 

GAGE,  gaj,  v.t.  to  measure.  Same  as 
Gauge. 

GAIDHEAL,  ga'el  or  gal,  n.  (pi.  Gaidheil, 
ga'U  or  gal),  one  of  the  Gadhelic  branch 
of  the  Celtic  race. 

GAIETY,  ga'e-ti,  n.  merriment :  finery : 
show. 

GAILY,  ga-li,  adv.  in  a  gay  manner.  [See 
Gay.] 

GAIN,  gan,  v.t.  to  obtain  by  effort :  to 
earn  :  to  be  successful  in  :  to  draw  to 
one's  own  party :  to  reach  :  {Neio  Test.) 
to  escape. — ?i.  that  which  is  gained : 
profit : — opp.  to  Loss.  [M.E.  gainen,  to 
profit,  from  the  Scand.,  in  Ice.  gagn,  Dan. 
gavn,  gain.  The  word  is  quite  independ- 
ent of  Fr.  gagner,  with  which  it  has  been 
confused.] 

GAIN  AGE,  gan'aj,  n.  in  old  law,  (a)  the 
gfain  or  profit  of  tilled  or  planted  land 
raised  by  cultivating  it ;  (6)  the  horses, 
oxen,  and  furniture  of  the  wain,  or  the 
instruments  for  carrying  on  tillage, 
which,  when  a  villain  was  amerced, 
were  left  free,  that  cultivation  might  not 
be  interrupted.  Burrill. 

GAIN-DEVOTED,  gan'-de-vot-ed,  ad/,  de- 
voted to  the  pursuit  of  gain.  "  Qam-de- 
voted  cities." — Cowper. 

GAINER,  gan'er,  n.  one  who  grains  profit, 
etc. 

GAINFUL,  gan'fool,  adj.  productive  of 
wealth  :  advantageous. — adv.  Gain'fuIj- 
LY, — n.  Gain'fdlness. 


GAININGS,  gan'ingz,  n.pl.  what  have  been 
gained  or  acquired  by  labor  or  enter- 
prise. 

GAINLESS,  gan'les,  adj.  unprofitable. — n. 
Gain'lessness. 

GAINSAY,  gan'sa  or  gan-sa',  v.t.  to  say 
something  against :  to  deny  :  to  dispute. 
— n.  Gain'sayer  (B.),  an  opposer.  [A.S. 
gegn,  against,  and  Say.] 

GAINSAY,  gan'sa,  n.  opposition  in  words  : 
contradiction.  "An  air  and  tone  admit- 
ting of  no  gainsay  or  appeal." — Irving. 

GAIRISH.    See  Garish. 

GAIT,  gat,  n.,  loay  or  manner  of  walking. 
[Ice.  gata,  a  way.] 

GAITER,  gat'er,  n.  a  covering  of  cloth 
fitting  down  upon  the  shoe.  [Fr.  guetre, 
guestre.J 

GAL,  gal,  GALL,  gawl,  a  Celtic  prefix  or 
suffix,  which,  when  it  enters  into  a  name, 
implies  the  presence  of  foreigners.  It  is 
believed  to  have  been  first  applied  to  a  col- 
ony of  Gauls,  whence  it  came  to  denote 
foreigners  in  general.  Thus,  Donegal 
Dun-na-n  Gall)  means  the  fortress  of  the 
foreigners — in  this  case  known  to  have 
been  Danes.  GalbaWy  in  Limerick,  and 
(?aZwally  in  Down,  mean  English  town. 
BallynagraZZ  is  the  town  of  the  English- 
men ;  Clonegall,  the  meadow  of  the  En- 
glishmen. 

GALA,  gUfla,,  n., show:  splendor:  festivity, 
as  a  gala-day.  [Fr.  gala,  show — It.  gala, 
finery ;  from  a  Teut.  root  found  In  A.S. 
gal,  merry.] 

GALACTIA,  ga-lak'ti-a,  n.  in  med.  (a)  a  re- 
dundant flow  of  milk  either  in  a  female 
who  is  suckling  or  in  one  who  is  not,  and 
which  may  occur  without  being  provoked 
by  suckling  ;  (6)  a  morbid  flow  or  defi- 
ciency of  milk.  Dr.  Good.  [From  Gr. 
gala,  galaktos,  milk.] 

GALACTIC,  ga-lak'tik,  adj.  of  or  belonging 
to  milk  ;  obtained  from  milk  ;  lactic  :  in 
astron.  an  epithet  first  applied  by  Sir 
John  Herschel  to  that  great  circle  of  the 
heavens  to  which  the  course  of  the  Milky 
Way  apparently  most  nearly  conforms. 
—  Galactic  poles,  the  two  opposite 
points  of  the  heavens,  situated  at  90° 
from  the  galactic  circle.  [Gr.  galaktikos, 
milky,  from  gala,  galaktos,  milk.] 

GALACTODENDRON,  ga-lak-to-den'dron, 
n.  a  generic  name  given  by  some  au- 
thors to  the  cow-tree  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, now  generally  referred  to  the  genus 
Brosimum,  Galactodendron  being  used  as 
the  specific  name.  See  Cow-tree.  [Gr. 
gala,  galaktos,  milk,  anddendron,  a  tree.] 

GALACTOGOGTJE,  ga-lak'to-gog,  GALAC- 
TAGOGUE,  ga-lak'ta^gog,  n.  a  medicine 
which  promotes  the  secretion  of  milk  in 
the  breast.  [Gr.  gala,  galaktos,  milk, 
and  ago,  to  induce.] 

GALACTOMETER,  ga-lak-tom'et-er,  n.  an 
instrument  to  test  the  quality  of  milk, 
that  is,  the  percentage  of  cream  yielded 
by  it :  a  lactometer.  [Gr.  gala,  galaktos, 
milk,  and  metron,  a  measure.] 

GALACTOPHAGIST,  ga-lak-tof'a-jist,  n. 
one  who  eats  or  subsists  on  milk. 
Wright.  [Gr.  gala,  galaktos,  milk,  and 
phago,  to  eat.] 

GALACTOPHAGOUS,ga-lak-tof'a-gus,ady. 
feeding  on  milk.     Dunglisoii. 

GALACTOPHORITIS,  ga-lak-to-fo-ri'tis,  n. 
in  pathol.  inflammation  of  the  galac- 
tophorous  ducts  :  sometimes  inaccurate- 
ly used  for  ulceration  of  the  top  of  the 
nipples  towards  tlieir  orifices.  Dunglison. 
[Gr.  gala,  galaktos,  milk,  phero,  to  carry, 
and  term,  itis,  denoting  inflammation.] 

GALACTOPHOROUS,ga-lak-tof'or-us,aci/. 
producing  milk.  [Gr.  galaktophoros — 
gala,  galaktos,  milk,  and  phero,  to  bear, 
to  produce.] 

GALACTOPOIETIC,ga-lak.to-poi-et'ik,ady. 


or  n.  a  term  applied  to  substances  which 
increase  the  flow  of  milk.  Brande.  [Gr, 
gala,  galaktos,  milk,  and  poietikos,  capa- 
ble of  making,  from  poieo,  to  make.] 

GALAXY,  gal'ak-si,  n.  the  Milky-Way,  or 
the  luminous  band  of  stars  stretching 
across  the  heavens  :  any  splendid  assem- 
blage. [Through  Fr.  and  L. .  from  Gr  ga 
laxrias — gala,  galaktos,  akin  to  L.  lac 
lactis,  milk.] 

GALBANITM,  gal'ban-um,  GALBAN,  gad'- 
ban,  n.  a  resinous  juice  obtained  from  an 
Eastern  plant,  used  in  med.  and  in  the 
arts,  and  by  the  Jews  in  the  preparation 
of  the  sacred  incense.  [L. — Gr.  chalbane 
— Heb.  chelbenah,  from  cheleb,  fat.] 

GALE,  gal,  J!,  a  strong  wind  between  a  stiff 
breeze  and  a  storm.  [Prob.  from  Scand., 
as  in  Dan.  gal,  mad,  Norw.  galen,  raging.] 

GALE,  gal,  n.  the  wild  myrtle,  a  shrub 
found  in  bogs.  [Prov.  E.— A.S.  gagel ; 
Scot,  ganl,  Dut.  gagel.] 

GALEATED,  ga'le-at-ed,  adj.,  helmeted: 
having  a  flower  Uke  a  helmet,  as  the 
monk's-hood.  [L.  galeatus  —  galea,  a 
helmet.] 

GALENA,  ga-le'na,  n.  native  sulphuret  of 
lead.  [L.  galena,  lead-ore^ — Gr.  galenS, 
calmness :  so  called  from  its  supposed 
efficacy  in  allaying  disease.] 

GALENIC,  ga-len'ik, GALENICAL,  ga-len'- 
ik-al,  adj.  relating  to  Galen,  the  cele- 
brated physician  (born  at  Pergamus  in 
Mysia,  a.d.  130),  or  his  principles  and 
method  of  treating  diseases.  The  galenic 
remedies  consist  of  preparations  of  herbs 
and  roots,  bj'  infusion,  decoction,  etc. 
The  chemical  remedies  consist  of  prepa- 
rations by  means  of  calcination,  diges- 
tion, fermentation,  etc. 

GALENISM,  ga'len-izm,  n.  the  doctrines  of 
Galen. 

GALENIST,  ga'len-ist,  n.  a  follower  ot 
Galen. 

GALILEAN,  ga-li-le'an,  n.  a  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Galilee,  in  Judea :  one  of  a 
sect  among  the  Jews,  who  opposed  the 
payment  of  tribute  to  the  Romans. 

GALILEAN,  ga-li-le'an,  adj.  in  geog.  re- 
lating to  Galilee.  "The  pilot  of  the 
Galilean  lake." — Milton. 

GALILEAN,  ga-li-le'an,  adj.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to,  or  invented  by  Galileo,  the  Italian 
astronomer ;  as,  the  Galilean  telescope. 

GALILEE,  ga'li-le,  n.  a  portico  or  chapel 
annexed  to  a  church,  used  for  various 
purposes.  In  it  public  penitents  were 
stationed,  dead  bodies  deposited  pre- 
viously to  their  interment,  and  religious 
processions  formed  ;  and  it  was  only  in 
the  galilee  that  in  certain  religious 
houses  the  female  relatives  of  the  monks 
were  allowed  to  converse  with  them,  or 
even  to  attend  divine  service.  When  a 
female  made  an  application  to  see  a 
monk  she  was  directed  to  the  porch, 
usually  at  the  western  extremity  of  the 
church,  in  the  words  of  Scripture,  "He 
goeth  before  you  into  Galilee :  there 
shall  you  see  him."  The  only  English 
buildings  to  which  the  term  galilee  is 
applied  are  those  attached  to  the  cathe- 
drals of  Durham,  Ely,  and  Lincoln.  The 
galilee  at  Lincoln  Cathedral  is  a  porch 
on  the  west  side  of  the  south  transept ; 
at  Ely  Cathedral  it  is  a  porch  at  the  west 
end  of  the  nave ;  at  Durham  it  is  a  large 
chapel,  dedicated  to  the  Virgin,  at  the 
west  end  of  the  nave,  built  chiefly  for 
the  use  of  the  women,  who  were  not 
allowed  to  advance  further  than  the 
second  pillar  of  the  nave.  This  last  was 
also  used  as  the  bishop's  consistory  court. 
[Named  after  the  scriptural  "  Galilee  of 
the  Gentiles."     See  definition.] 

GALIOT,  GALLIOT,  gal'i-ut,  n.  a  small 
galley    or    brigantine :    a    Dutch  vessel 


GALL 


190 


GAMIN 


earrjing  a  mainmt^t,  a  mizzen-mast, 
and  a  large  gaff-mainsail.  [Fr.,  dim.  of 
galee,  a  gaUey.] 

QAUj,  gawl,  »!.  the  greenish-2/eWoic  fluid 
secreted  from  the  liver,  called  bile  :  bit- 
terness :  malignity.  [A.S.  gealla,  gall ; 
allied  to  Ger.  galle,  Gfr.  cliole,  L./et— all 
from  the  same  root  as  E.  yellow,  Ger. 
gelb,  Li.  helvus.] 

liAIiL,  gawl,  v.t.  to  fret  or  hurt  the  skin 
by  rubbing  :  to  annoy  :  to  enrage. — n.  a 
wound  caused  by  rubbing.  [O.  Fr.  galle, 
a  fretting  of  the  skin— L.  callus,  hard 
thick  skin.]  

GALL,  gawl,  GALL-NUT,  gawl'-nut,  n.  a 
light  nut-like  ball  which  certain  insects 
produce  on  the  oak-tree,  used  in  dyeing. 
[Fr.  galle — L.  galla,  oak-apple,  gall-nut.] 

GALLANT,  gal'ant,  adj.  (prig.)  gay,  splen- 
did, magnificent  (B.) :  brave  :  noble. — 
adv.  Gall'antlt. — n.  Gall'antness.  [Fr. 
galant ;  It.  galante — gala.    See  Gala.] 

GALLANT,  gal-ant',  adj.  courteous  or  at- 
tentive to  ladies  :  like  a  gallant  or  brave 
man. — n.  a  man  of  fashion  :  a  suitor :  a 
seducer. — v.t.  to  attend  or  wait  on,  as 
a  lady. 

GALLANTRY,  gal'ant-ri,  n.  bravery :  in- 
trepidity :  attention  or  devotion  to  lar 
dies,  often  in  a  bad  sense. 

GALLA-OX,  gana-oks,  n.  a  varietj'  of  tlie 
ox,  a  native  of  Abyssinia,  remarkable 
for  the  size  of  its  horns,  which  rise  from 
the  forehead  with  an  outward  and  then 
an  inward  curve,  so  as  to  present  a 
very  perfect  model  of  a  IjTe.  It  has 
also  a  hump  on  the  shoulders.  Called 
also  Sanga. 

GALLEON,  gal'i-un,  n.  a  large  Spanish 
vessel  with  lofty  atem  and  stern.  [Sp. 
galeon — Low  L.  galea  ;  cf.  Gaixet.] 

GALLERY,  gal'er-i,  n.  a  balcony  sur- 
rounded by  rails  :  a  long  passage  :  the 
upper  floor  of  seats  in  a  church  or 
theatre  :  a  room  for  the  exliibition  of 
works  of  art :  (fort.)  a  covered  passage 
cut  through  the  earth  or  masonry. 
[Fr.  galerie — ^It.  galleria  —  Low.  L.  gal- 
eria,  an  ornamental  hall :  perhaps  from 
Gala.] 

OALLEY,  gal'i,  n.  a  long,  low-built  ship 
with  one  deck,  propelled  by  oars :  (on 
board  ship)  the  place  where  the  cooldng 
is  done  :  a  kind  of  boat  attached  to  a 
ship-of-war :  (print.)  the  frame  which 
receives  the  type  from  the  composing- 
stick.  [O.  Fr.  gaUe  —  Low  L.  galea; 
origin  unknown.] 

GALLEY-FOIST,  GALLY-FOIST,  gal'i- 
foist,  n.  a  barge  of  state :  sometimes 
specifically  appUed  to  the  bai-ge  in  which 
the  Lord  Mayor  of  London  went  in  state 
to  Westminster.  "  Rogues,  hell-hounds, 
stentors,  out  of  mv  doore,  you  sons  of 
noise  and  tumult,  tegot  on  an  ill  May- 
day, or  when  the  galley-foist  is  afloat  to 
Westminster." — B.  .Tonson.  [Gallet  and 
Foist,  a  kind  of  liqht  ship.] 

GALLEY-HALFPENNY,  gal'i-hafpen-i, 
71.  a  base  coin  in  circulation  in  the  time 
of  Henry  IV.,  so  called  from  being 
brought  to  England  surreptitiously  In 
the  galleys  which  carried  merchandise 
from  Genoa. 

GALLEY-SLAVE,  gal'i-slav,  n.  one  con- 
demned for  crime  to  work  like  a  slave  at 
the  oar  of  a  galley. 

©ALLEY-STICK,  gal'i-stik,  n.  a  long  taper- 
ing stick,  the  Ijreadth  of  which  is  less 
than  the  height  of  types,  placed  beside  a 
column  of  type  in  a  galley,  in  order  that 
the  type  may  be  locked  up  or  wedged  in 
place  by  quoins. 

GALLI,  gaTlI,  n.pl.  in  Rom.  antiq.  the 
priests  of  Oybele  at  Rome. 

GALLIAMBIC,  gal-U-am'bik,  adj.  in  pros. 
A  term  applied  to  a  kind  of  verse  con- 


sisting of  two  iambic  dimeters  catalectic, 
the  last  of  which  wants  the  final  syllable. 
[L.  galliambus,  a  song  used  by  the  priests 
of  Cybele — Gallus,  a  name  apphed  to 
these  priests,  and  iambus.] 

GALLIARD,  gal'yard,  )i.  a  lively  dance. 
[From  the  Sp.  gallardo,  hvely,  gay.] 

GALLIC,  gal'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  Gaul  or 
France.     [L.  Oallicus — Oallia,  Gaul.] 

GALLIC  ACED,  gal'ik  as'id,  n.  a  crystalline 
substance  obtained  from  gra?i-nuts,  mango 
seeds,  etc. 

GALLICANISM,  gal'i-kan-izm,  n.  the  prin- 
ciples or  policy  of  the  party  in  the  Roman 
Cathohc  Church  of  France  who  strive  to 
maintain  the  ancient  pri^^leges  of  their 
church,  and  to  defend  it  from  the  ag- 
gressions of  Ultramontanism. 

GALLICISM,  gal'i-sizm,  n.  a  mode  of 
speech  peculiar  to  the  French  :  a  French 
idiom.       

GALLIGASKJNS,gal-i-gas'kinz,  w.p?.large, 
open  hose  or  trousers :  leggings  worn  by 
sportsmen.  [Prob.  a  corr.  o^  Fr.  Cfre- 
guesques,  Grecians.] 

GALLINACEOUS,  gal-in-a'shus,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  order  of  birds  to  which 
the  domestic  fowl,  pheasant,  etc.,  be- 
long.    VL.  gallina,  a  hen — gallus,  a  cock.] 

GALLIOT.    SeeGALIOT. 

GALLIPOT,  gal'i-pot,  n.  a  small  glazed 
pot  for  containing  medicine.  [Corr.  of 
O.  Dut.  gleypot,  a  glazed  pot — Dut.  gleis, 
glazed.] 

GALLON,  gal'un,  n.  the  standard  measure 
of  capacitj'  =■  4  quarts.  [O.  Fr.  gallon 
(Fr.jale),  a  bowl.]^ 

GALLOON,  ga-loon',  n.  a  kind  of  lace  :  a 
narrow  ribbon  made  of  silk  or  worsted, 
or  of  both.     [Sp.  galon — gala,  finery  .J 

GALLOP,  gulup,  v.i.  to  ?ecfp  in  runmng  : 
to  ride  at  a  galloping  pace. — n.  the  pace 
at  which  a  horse  runs  when  the  forefeet 
are  lifted  together  and  the  hind  feet  to- 
gether :  a  quick  dance  (in  this  sensepron. 
gal-op').  [Fr.  galoper,  from  a  Teut.  root 
found  in  Goth,  gahlaupan,  Ger.  laufen, 
A.S.  gehleapan,  to  leap.] 

GALLOP ADE,  gal-up-ad',  n.  a  quick  kind 
of  dance — then,  the  music  appropriate  to 
it. — v.i.  to  perform  a  gallopade.     [Fr.] 

GALLOWAY,  gal'o-wa,  n.  a  small  strong 
horse  orig.  from  Galloway  in  Scotland. 

GALLOWGLASS,  GALLOWGLAS,  gal'o- 
glas,  11.  an  ancient  heavy-armed  foot- 
soldier  of  Ireland  and  the  Western  Isles : 
— opp.  to  Keene,  a  light-armed  soldier. 

The  merciless  Macdoawald  .  .  .  from  the  western 
isles, 

Of  kernes  and  gdUovx)} asses  is  supplied. — Shdk. 

[Ir.  gaUoglach,  a  heavy-armed  soldier — 
gall,  foreign,  and  ogi?ac/i,ayouth,  vassal, 
soldier,  fi-om  og,  young,  and  adjectival 
termination  lach.  The  Irish  armed  their 
gallowglasses  after  the  model  of  the  En- 
glish early  mUitary  settlers.] 

GALLOW-GRASS,  gal'o-gras,  ?!.  an  old 
cant  name  for  hemp,  as  furnishing  hal- 
ters for  the  gibbet. 

GALLOWS,  gal'us,  n.  an  instrument  on 
which  criminals  are  executed  by  hanging. 


[A.S.  galga ;  Ger.  galgen.'l 
JALOC 


GALOCHE,  GALOSH,  ga^losh',  n.  a  shoe 
or  slipper  worn  over  another  in  wet 
weather.  [Fr.  galoche,  of  which  etj'. 
dub. ;  either  from  L.  gallica,  a  slipper, 
from  Gallictis,  pertaining  to  Gaul,  or 
from  L.  calopedia,  a  wooden  shoe — Gr. 
kalopodion,  <Bm.  of  kalopous,  kalapous, 
a  shoemaker's  last — kalon,  wood,  and 
jwus,  the  foot.] 

GALVANIC,  gal-van'ik,  adj.  belonging  to 
or  exhibiting  galvayiism. 

GALVANISM,  gal'van-izm,  n.  a  branch  of 
the  science  of  electricity,  which  treats  of 
electric  currents  produced  by  chemical 


agents.     [From  Galvani  of  Bologna,  th^ 
discoverer,  1737-98.] 

GALVANIZE,  gal'van-Iz,  v.t.  to  affect 
with  galvanism. — n.  Gal'vanist,  one 
skilled  in  galvanism. 

GALVANOMETER,  gal-van-om'et-er,  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuringthe  strength 
of  galvanic  currents.  [Galvani,  and  Gr, 
metron,  a  measure.] 

GALVANOPLASTIC,  gal-van-5-plast'ik, 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  art  or  process  of 
electrotyping :  as,  the  galvanoplastic art, 
that  is,  electrotypv. 

GALVANOSCOPE,  gal-van'o-skop,  n,  an 
instrument  for  detecting  the  existence 
and  direction  of  an  electric  current.  A 
magjnetic  needle  is  agalvanoscope.  [Gal- 
vanism,  and  Gr.  skopeo,  to  examine/] 

GALVANOSCOPIC,  gal-van-o-skop'ik,  adj. 
of  or  pertaining  to  a  galvanoscope. 

GAMA--GRASS,  ga'ma-gras,  n.  a  species 
of  grass  (Tripsacum  dactyloides),  a  tall, 
stout,  and  exceedingly  productive  grass 
cultivated  in  Mexico,  the  Southern  States, 
the  West  Indies,  and  to  some  extent  in 
Europe,  said  to  admit  of  being  cut  six 
times  in  a  season.  It  bears  drought  re- 
markably well.  T.  monostachyon  (the 
CaroUna  gama-grass)  is  the  oiilj'  other 
species  known. 

GAJVIBAJDO,gam-ba'do,;j.a  leather  covering 
for  the  legs  to  defend  them  from  mud  in 
riding.     [It.  gamba,  the  leg.] 

GAMBLE,  gam'bl,  v.i.  to  play  for  money 
in  games  of  chance. —  v.t.  to  squander 
away. — w.  GAil'BLEE. 

GAIiIBOGE,  gam-booj'  or  gam-boj',  n.  a 
yellow  gum-resin  used  as  a  pigment  and 
in  medicine.  [So  named  from  Cambodia, 
in  Asia,  where  it  is  obtained.] 

GAMBOL,  gam'bol,  v.i.  to  leap  or  skip  :  to 
frisk  or  dance  in  sport  i—pr.j).  gam'boling; 
pa.p.  gam'boled. —  n.  a  skipping  :  play- 
fulness. [Fr.  gambade,  a  gambol,  from 
gambe,  old  form  of  Fr.jambe,  the  leg — 
Low  L.  gamba,  a  thigh.] 

GAJUBREL,  gam'brel,  GAMBRIL,  gam'- 
bril,  n.  the  hind-leg  of  a  horse  :  a  stick 
crooked  like  a  horse's  leg,  used  by  butch- 
ers for  suspending  animals  while  dress- 
ing them.  "Spied  two  of  them  hung-  out 
at  a  stall,  with  a  gambril  thrust  from 
shoulder  to  shoulder,  hke  a  sheep  that 
was  new-flayed . " — Ch apman.  — Gajibrel 
ROOF,  a  hipped  roof  :  a  mansard  or  curved 
roof.     [From  It.  gamba,  the  leg.] 

GAMBREL,  gam'brel,  GAMBRIL,  gam'bril, 
v.t.  to  tie  or  hang  up  by  means  of  agam- 
bri!  thrust  through  the  legs.  "  I'll  .  .  . 
carry  you  gambrell'd  like  a  mutton. " 
—Beau  d-  Ft. 

GAMBROON,  gam-broon',  n.  in  manuf.  a 
kind  of  twiUed  linen  cloth,  used  for  lin- 
ings. 

GAME,  gam,  n.,  sport  of  any  kind:  an  exer- 
cise for  amusement:  the  stake  in  a  game: 
wild  animals  protected  by  law  and  hunted 
by  sportsmen.  [A.S.  gamen,  play  ;  cog. 
with  Ice.  gaman,  Dan.  gammen,  O.  Ger. 
gaman,  mirth,  joy.] 

GAME,  gam,  v.i.  to  play  at  any  game  :  to 
play  for  money,  to  gamble. — n.  GAM'rs'G, 
the  practice  of  playing  for  money. 

GAJIECOCK,  gam'kok,  n.  a  cook  trained 
to  fight. 

GAMEKEEPER,  gam'kep-er,  n.  one  who 
keeps  or  has  the  care  of  game. 

GAME-LAWS,  gam'-lawz,  n.^jl.  laws  ro- 
lating  to  the  protection  of  certain  ani 
mals  called  game. 

GAMESOME,  gam'sum,  adj.  plaj-ful. 

GAMESTER,  gam'ster,  n.  one  viciously  ad- 
dicted to  gamiiig  or  playing  for  money 
a  gambler. 

GAMIN,  gam'in,  ga-mang,  n.  a  neglected 
street  boy :  an  Arab  of  the  streets. 
"The  word  gamin  was   printed  for  the 


GAMMER 


191 


GARNITURE 


first  time,  and  passed  from  the  populace 
into  literature  in  1834.  It  made  its  first 
appeai-ance  in  a  work  called  Claude 
Ouett.r  ■  the  scandal  was  great  but  the 
■word  has  remained.  .  .  .  The  gamin  of 
Paris  at  the  present  day,  like  the  Grascu- 
lus  of  Rome  in  former  time,  is  the  youth- 
ful people  with  the  wrinkle  of  tlie  old 
world  on  its  forehead." — Trans,  of  Victor 
Hugo.  "  In  Japan  the  gamins  run  after 
you  and  say,  '  Look  at  the  Chinaman.' " 
— Laurence  OHphant.     [Fr.] 

GAMMER,  gam'er,  n.  an  old  woman — the 
correlative  of  Gaffer.  [Contr.  of  gram- 
mer,  the  West  of  England  form  of 
Grandmother.    See  Gaffer.] 

GAMMON,  gam'un,  n.  the  leg  or  thigh  of 
a  hog  pickled  and  smoked  or  3ried. — 
v.t.  to  cure,  as  bacon  : — pr.jp.  gamm'on- 
ing  ;  pa.p.  gamm'oned.  [O.  Fr.  ganibon, 
old  form  of  jambon,  a  ham.] 

GAMMON,  gam'un,  n.  a  hoax:  nonsense. — 
v.t.  to  hoax,  impose  upon.  [A.S.  gamen, 
a  game.     See  Game.] 

GAMUT,  gam'ut,  n.  the  musical  scale  :  the 
scale  or  compass  of  wind  instruments. 
[So  called  from  the  Gr.  gamma,  which 
stood  first  in  the  scale  invented  by  Guy 
of  Ai'ezzo,  and  thus  gave  its  name  to 
the  whole  scale  ;  and  L.  ut,  the  syllable 
used  in  singing  the  first  note  of  the 
scale.] 

GAN,  gan,  v.  an  old  English  auxiliary 
equivalent  to  did.  "  Melting  in  teres, 
then  gan  shee  thus  lament." — Spenser. 
[A  contr.  of  BEGAN,  or  from  a  simple 
A.S.  ginnan.  A  form  can  was  used  in 
the  same  way.] 

GANCH,  gansh,  GAXJNCH,  gawnsh,  v.t. 
to  drop  from  a  high  place  on  hooks,  as 
the  Turks  do  malefactors,  by  way  of 
punishment.  "  Take  him  away,  ganch 
him,  impale  him,  rid  the  world  of  such 
a  monster." — Dryden.  [Fr.  ganche.  It. 
gancio,  a  hook.] 

GANDER,  gan'der,  n.  the  male  of  the 
goose.  [A.S.  gandra,  from  older  form 
ganra,  with  inserted  d.    See  GtoOSE.] 

GANG,  gang,  n.  a  number  of  persons  going 
together  or  associated  for  a  certain  pur- 
pose, usually  in  a  bad  sense.  [A.S.— 
gangan,  to  go.] 

GANGBOARD,  gang'bord,  n.  a  board  or 
plank  on  which  passengers  may  go  or 
walk  into  or  out  of  a  ship. 

GANGLIAC,  gang'g-li-ak,  GANGLIONIC, 
gang-gli-on'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  gang- 
lion. 

GANGLION,  gang'gli-ofl,  n,  a  tumor  in  the 
sheath  of  a  tendon :  a  natural  enlarge- 
ment in  the  course  of  a  nerve :  —  pi. 
Gang'lia  or  Gang'uons.    [Gr.] 

GANGLIONICA,  gang-^U-on'ik-a,  n.pl.  in 
med.  a  class  of  medicinal  agents  which 
affect  the  sensibility  or  muscular  mo- 
tion of  parts  supplied  by  the  ganglionic 
or  sympathetic  system  of  nerves.  [Gr. 
ganglion,  a  tumor.] 

GANGLIONITIS,  gang-gli-on-i'tis,  n.  in 
pathol.  inflammation  of  a  nervous 
ganglion.  Sometimes  used  for  inflam- 
mation of  a  lymphatic  ganglion.  [Gr. 
ganglion,  a  tumor.] 

GANGRENE,  gang'gren,  n.  loss  of  vitality 
in  some  part  of  the  body:  the  first  stage 
in  mortification. — v.t.  to  mortify. — v.i.  to 
become  putrid.  [Fi-.— L.  gangrcena—Qr. 
ganggraina,  irorc  graino,  to  gnaw.] 

GANGRENOUS,  gang'gren-us,  adj.  morti- 
fied. 

GANGWAY,  gang'wa,  n.  a  passage  or  ivay 
by  which  to  go  into  or  out  of  any  place, 
esp.  a  ship  :  {naiit.)  a  narrow  platform  of 
planks  along  the  upper  part  of  a  ship's 
side.     [A.S.  gang,  and  Way.] 

GANGW^EK,  gang'wek,  GANGTIDE, 
gang'tid,  n.  Rogation  week,  when  pro- 


cessions are  made  to  survej-  the  bounds 
of  parishes.  "  It  (birch)  serveth  well  .  .  . 
for  beautifying  of  streets  in  the  crosse  or 
gangii'eek,  and  such  like." — Gerard. 

GANNET,  gan'et,  n.  a  web-footed  fowl 
found  in  the  northern  seas.  [A.S.  ganot, 
a  sea- fowl,  from  root  of  Gaxder.] 

GANOID,  gan'oid,  n.  one  of  an  order  of 
fishes  having  shining  scales,  enamelled 
and  angular,  as  the  sturgeon,  [Gr.  ganos, 
splendor,  eidos,  form,] 

GANTEINE,  gan'te-In,  n.  a  saponaceous 
composition,  used  to  clean  kid  and  other 
leather  gloves,  composed  of  small  shav- 
ings of  cui'd  soap  1  part,  water  3  parts, 
and  essence  of  citron  1  part.  [Fr.  gant, 
a  glove,]_ 

GANTLET,  n.  a  glove.    Same  as  Gaxtstlet. 

GANTLET,  gant'let,  n.  a  military  punish- 
ment inflicted  on  criminals  for  some 
heinous  offence,  said  to  have  been  intro- 
duced by  Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden. 
It  was  executed  in  this  manner  :  soldiers 
were  arranged  in  two  rows,  face  to  face, 
each  armed  with  a  switch  or  instrument 
of  punishment ;  between  these  rows,  the 
offender,  stripped  to  his  waist,  was  com- 
pelled to  pass  a  certain  number  of  times, 
and  each  man  gave  him  a  stroke.  A 
similar  punishment  was  used  on  board  of 
ships. — To  RtJN  THE  GAKTLET,  to  undergo 
the  punishment  of  the  gantlet :  hence,  to 
go  through  much  and  severe  criticism, 
controversj',  or  ill-treatment.  "Win- 
throp  ran  the  gantlet  of  daily  slights  from 
his  neighbors,"  —  Palfrey.  fNasalized 
from  Sw.  gatlopp,  from  gata,  a  street,  a 
line  of  soldiers,  and  lopp,  a  course  ;  Dut. 
loopen  ;  Scand.  lonp,  to  run.] 

GAOL,  JAIL,  jal,  n.  a  prison, — n.  G.iOL'EE, 
Jail'er,  one  who  has  charge  of  a  gaol  or 
of  prisoners,  called  also  a  turnkey,  [O. 
Fr.  gaiole,  Fr.  geole — Low  L,  gabiola,  a 
cage,  dim.  of  Low  L,  gabia,  a  cage, 
which  is  a  corr,  of  cavea,  a  cage,  coop, 
lit.  a  hollow  place — L.  caviis,  hollow. 
See  Cage.] 

GAP,  gap,  v.t.  to  notch  or  jag  :  to  cut  into 
teeth  like  those  of  a  saw.  "  A  cut  with 
a  gap'd  knife." — Sterne  :  to  make  a  break 
or  opening,  as  in  a  fence,  wall,  or  the 
like. 
Ready  I  take  aim  at  their  leader — their  masses 
are  gapp'd  with  our  grrape. — Tennys(yti. 

GAP,  gap,  n.  an  opening  made  by  rupture 
or  parting- :  a  cleft :  a  passage,  [From 
Gape,] 

GAPE,  gap,  v.i.  to  open  the  mouth  wide : 
to  yawn :  to  stare  with  open  mouth :  to 
be  open,  like  a  gap, — n.  act  of  gaping  : 
width  of  the  mouth  when  opened  :  a  fit 
of  yawning.  "Another  hour  of  music 
was  to  give  delight  or  the  gapes,  as  real 
or  affected  taste  for  it  prevailed." — Miss 
Austen.  [A,S.  geapan,  to  gape ;  Ice. 
gapa,  to  open,] 

GAPER,  gap'er,  n.  one  who  gapes. 

GAPING-STOCK,  gap'ing-stok,  n.  a  i)er- 
son  or  thing-  that  is  an  object  of  open- 
mouthed  wonder,  curiosity,  or  the  like. 
"  I  was  to  be  a  gaping-stock  and  a  scorn 
to  the  -N'oung  volunteers," — Godwin. 

GAP-TOOTHiED,  gap'-tootht,  adj.  having 
gaps  or  interstices  between  the  teeth. 

GAR,  gar,  GARFISH,  gai-'fish,  n.  a  long, 
slender  fish  with  a  pointed  head,  [A.S. 
gar,  a  dart.] 

GARB,  garb,  n.  fashion  ol  dress  :  external 
appeai-ance,  [O.  Fr.,  f  -om  O.  Ger.  gar- 
awi,  preparation,  dress,  O,  Ger.  garo, 
ready ;  cf.  A.S.  gearu,  ready,  E.  Yaee.] 

GARB,  garb,  v.t.  to  dress  :  to  clothe. 
These  black  dog -Dons 
Garb  themselves  bravely. — Tennyson, 

GARBAGE,  gar'baj,  n.  refuse,  as  the 
bowels  of  an  animal,  [Prob.  from  Gar- 
ble,] 

GARBLE,  gar'bl,  v.t.   to  select  out  of   a 


book  or  writing  what  may  serve  our 
own  purpose,  in  a  bad  sense  :  to  muti- 
late or  corrupt, — n.  Gae'bler,  one  who 
garbles  or  selects,  [O,  Fr, — Sp.  garbiUar, 
to  sift — garbillo,  a  sieve  ;  of  dub,  origin.) 

GARDEN,  gar'dn,  n.  a  piece  of  ground  on 
which  flowers,  etc.,  are  cultivated. — i:i, 
to  work  in  a  garden  :  to  practice  garden 
ing.  [O.  Fr.  gardin,  Fr.  jar-din,  fron? 
root  of  G«r.  garfen,  A.S.  geard,  E.  yard 
Goth,  gards.j 

GARDENING,  gar'dn-mg,  n.  the  art  of 
laying-  out  and  cultivating  gardens. — h, 
Gab'dener,  one  who  cultivates  or  has 
charge  of  a  garden. 

GARDEN-PARTY,  gar'dn-par-ti,r^.  a  select 
company  invited  to  an  entertainment 
held  on'  the  lawn  or  in  the  garden  at- 
tached to  a  private  residence. 

GARGLE,  gar'gl,  v.t.  to  make  a  liquid  g-iir- 
gle  or  bubble  in  the  throat,  without 
swallowing  it :  to  wash  the  throat,  pre- 
venting the  liquid  from  going  down  by 
expelling  air  against  it, — n.  a  preparation 
for  washing  the  throat.  [Fr,  gargouiller 
—  gargotiille,  the  weasand  or  throat. 
See  Gargottle.] 

GARGOYLE.  gar'goU,  n.  a  projecting 
spout,  conveying  the  water  from  the 
roof-gutters  of  buildings,  often  repre- 
senting human  or  other  figures.  [Fr. 
gargouille,  the  throat,  mouth  of  a  spout, 
dim.  fi'om  root  garg  or  gorg  in  Gorge,] 

GARISH, gar'ish,  adj.  showj-:  gaudy. — adv. 
Gar'ishly. — n.  Gar'ishness.  [0!e.  gare, 
to  stare  ;  a  form  of  M,E,  gasen,  whence 
Gaze,  which  see.] 

GARLAND,  gar'land,  n.  a  -wreath  of  flowers 
or  leaves  :  a  name  for  a  book  of  extracts 
in  prose  or  poetrj', — v.t.  to  deck  with  a 
garland,  [O,  Fr,  garlande ;  origin  doubt- 
ful,] 

GARtiC,  gar'lik,  n.  a  bulbous-rooted  plant 
having  a  pungent  taste,  used  as  seasoning. 
— adj.  Gak'ucky,  like  garlic,  ["  SpeaV- 
leek"  or  "  spear-plant,"  from  the  shape 
of  its  leaves,  from  A,S,  garleac — gar,  a 
spear,  and  leac,  a  leek,  plant,] 

GARLIC-EATER,  garlik-et-er,  n.  used  by 
Shakespeare  in  Coriolanus  in  the  sense 
of  a  low  fellow,  from  the  fact  that  garlic 
was  a  favorite  viand  in  Greece  and  Rome 
among  tlie  lower  orders, 

GARMENT,  gar'ment,  n.  any  article  of 
clothing,  as  a  coat  or  gown.  [O,  Fr. 
garnimeut — garnir,  to  furnish.] 

GAJRNER,  gar'ner,  n.  a  granai-j'  or  place 
where  grain  is  stored  up. — v.t.  to  store  as 
in  a  garner,  [O.  Fr.  gernier  (Fr.  grenier) 
— L,  granaria,  a  granary — granum,  a 
grain.     See  Grauary.] 

GARNET,  gar'net,  n.  a  precious  stone  re- 
sembling the  grains  or  seeds  of  t\ie  pome 
granate :  (naut.)  a  sort  of  tackle  fixed  to 
the  mainstay  in  ships.  [Fr.  grenaf — L. 
ipomum)  granatum,  grained  (apple),  the 
pomegranate — granum,  a  grain,] 

GARNISH,  gar'nish,  v.t.  to  furnish  :  to 
adorn  :  to  surround  -with  ornaments,  as  a 
dish,  [Fr.  garnir,  to  furnish,  old  form 
guarnir,  irarnir,  to  Vi-arn,  defend — from 
a  "Teut,  root  found  in  A.S.  icarnian,  Ger, 
warnen,  E,  warn,] 

GARNISH,  gar'nish,  GAllNISHMENT, 
gar'nish-ment,  n.  that  which  garnishe.' 
or  embellishes  :  ornament. 

GARNISHER,  gar'nish-er,  n.  one  -who  gar 
nishes^ 

GARNITURE,  gar'nit-iir,  v.  ornamental 
appendages  :  furniture  :  dress  :  embel- 
lishments. "The  pomp  of  groves  and 
garniture  of  fields.' — Beattie.  "  Her  ed- 
ucation in  youth  was  not  much  attended 
to  ;  and  she  happily  missed  all  that  train 
of  female  garnititre  which  passeth  by  the 
name  of  accompUshi-nents,'" — Lamb. 


GAROOKUH 


192 


GAUCHO 


3AB00KUH,  ga-roolia,  »i.  a  vessel  met 
with  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  trading 
often  as  far  as  the  Malabar  coast.  In 
length  it  varies  from  50  to  100  feet,  and 
is  remarkable  for  the  keel  being  only  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  boat.  It  sails 
well,  but  carries  only  a  small  cargo,  and 
is  more  suitable  for  fishing  than  for  trad- 
ing purposes. 

Li-AERET,  gar'et,  n.  a  room  next  the  roof 
of  a  house.  [O.  Fr.  garite,  a  place  of 
safety — O.  Fr.  garir,  Fr.  guirir,  from  a 
Teut.  root  found  in  Ger.  weliren,  Goth. 
varjmi,  A.S.  rcarian,  to  defend,  E.  wary, 
warnSl 

GAERETEER,  gar-et-er',  n.  one  who  lives 
in  a  garret :  a  poor  author. 

QAHRISON,  gar'i-sn,  n.  a  supply  of  sol- 
diers for  guarding  a  fortress  :  a  fortified 
place. — i\t.  to  furnish  a  fortress  with 
troops  :  to  defend  by  fortresses  manned 
with  troops.  [Fr.  gamison — ganiir,  to 
furnish.     See  Gaknish.] 

QAEROTE.  ga-rot',  v.i.  to  cheat  in  card- 
playing  by  concealing  certain  cards  at 
the  back  of  the  neck  :  a  mode  of  cheat- 
ing practiced  among  card-sharpers. 

QARROTER,  ga-rot'er,  n.  one  who  com- 
mits the  act  of  garroting. 

GARROTE-ROBBERY,  ga-rot'-rob-er-i,  n. 
a  robbery  committed  by  means  of 
garroting  or  compressing  the  victim's 
windpipe  till  he  becomes  insensible. 
This  crime  is  usually  effected  by  three 
accomplices  —  the  fore  -  stall  or  man 
who  walks  before  the  intended  vic- 
tim, the  back-stall  who  walks  behind 
the  operator  and  his  victim,  and 
the  nasty -man,  the  actual  perpetra- 
tor of  the  crime.  The  purpose  of  the 
stalls  is  to  conceal  the  crime,  give 
alarm  of  danger,  carry  off  the  booty, 
and  facilitate  the  escape  of  the  nasty- 
man. 

i/ARROTTE,  gar-rot',  GARROTE,  gar-r5t', 
n.  a  Spanish  mode  of  strangling  crimi- 
nals with  a  cord  plaxjed  over  the  neck 
and  twisted  tight  by  a  stick :  the  brass 
collar  afterwards  used  in  strangling. — 
v.t.  to  strangle  by  a  brass  collar  tight- 
ened by  a  screw,  whose  point  enters  the 
spinal  marrow  :  to  suddenly  render  in- 
sensible by  semi-strangulation,  and  then 
to  rob  : — pr.p.  garrott'ing,  garrot'ing ; 
pa.2}.  garrott  ed,  garrot'ed.  [Sp.  garrote, 
a  cudgel,  a  packing-stick ;  of  uncertain 
origin.] 

GARROTTER,  gar-rot'er,  GARROTER, 
gar-rot'er,  7i.  one  wlio  garrottes. 

GARRULITY,  gar-ul'i-ti,  GARRULOUS- 
NESS,  gar'u-lus-nes,  n.  talkativeness '. 
loquacity. 

GARRULOUS,  gar'u-lus,  adj.  talkative. 
[L.  garriilus — root  of  garrio,  to  chatter.] 

GARTER,  gar'ter,  n.  a  string  or  band  used 
to  tie  the  stocking  to  the  leg :  the  badge 
of  the  highest  order  of  knighthood  in 
Great  Britain,  called  the  Order  of  the 
CJarter. — v.t.  to  bind  with  a  garter. 
[Norm.  Fr.  gartier,  Fr.  jarretieres — 
jarref.  the  ham  of  the  leg,  from  Bret. 
gar  (W.  gar),  the  shank  of  the  leg.] 

GAS,  gas,  n.  in  popular  language,  coal  gas: 
in  chem.  an  elastic  aeriform  fluid,  a  term 
originally  synonymous  with  air,  but  af- 
terwards rescricted  to  such  bodies  as 
were  supposed  to  be  incapable  of  being 
-educed  to  a  liquid  or  soUd  state.  Un- 
de  ■  this  supposition  gas  was  defined  to 
be '-a  term  appUed  to  all  permanent- 
ly elastic  fluids  or  airs  difl'ering  from 
common  air."  Since  the  liquefaction 
of  gases  by  Faraday,  effected  by  com- 
bining the  condensing  powers  of  me- 
chanical compression  with  that  of  very 
considerable  depression  of  temperature, 
the  distinction  between  gas  and  vapor. 


viz.,  that  the  latter  could  be  reduced  to 
a  liquid  or  solid  condition  by  reduction 
of  temperature  and  increase  of  pressure, 
while  gas  could  not  be  so  altered,  is  no 
longer  tenable,  so  that  the  term  has  re- 
sumed nearly  its  original  signification, 
and  designates  any  substance  in  an  elas- 
tic aeriform  state.  Gas  may  now  be  de- 
fined to  be  a  substance  possessing  the 
condition  of  perfect  fluid  elasticity,  and 
presenting,  under  a  constant  pressure, 
a  uniform  state  of  expansion  for  equal 
increments  ot  temperature,  being  dis- 
tinguished by  this  last  property  from 
vapor,  which  does  not  present  such  a 
rate  of  uniform  expansion.  Oases  are 
distinguished  from  liquids  by  the  name 
of  elastic  fluids  ;  while  liquids  are  termed 
non-elastic,  because  they  have,  compara- 
tively, no  elasticity.  But  the  most 
prominent  distinction  is  the  following  : 
— Liquids  are  compressible  to  a  certain 
degree,  and  expand  into  their  former 
state  when  the  pressure  is  removed ; 
and  in  so  far  they  are  elastic,  but  gases 
appear  to  be  in  a  continued  state  of 
compression,  for  when  left  unconflned 
they  expand  in  every  direction  to  an  ex- 
tent which  has  not  hitherto  been  deter- 
mined. [A  word  invented  by  Van  Hel- 
mont,  a  chemist  of  Flanders,  1577-1644  ; 
the  form  of  the  word  was  prob.  sug- 
gested by  Flem.  geest,  Ger.  geist,  spirit.] 

GASALIER,  gas-a-ler',  n.  a  hanging  frame 
witli  branches  for  gas-Jets. 

GASCONADE,  gas-kon-ad',  n.  a  boasting 
or  bragging  like  a  Ga-scon :  bravado. — 
v.i.  to  brag  or  boast. — ns.  GASCONAD'rNG, 
Gascon-u/ee.  [Gascon,  a  native  of  Gas- 
cony  in  France — a  province  whose  inhabi- 
tants are  noted  for  boasting.] 

GAS-CONDENSER,  gas'-kon-den-ser,  n. 
a  part  of  the  apparatus  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  illuminating  gas,  con- 
sisting of  a  series  of  convoluted  pipes 
surrounded  by  water,  in  passing  through 
which  the  gas  is  freed  from  the  tar  it 
brings  with  it  from  the  retort. 

GASCROMH,  gas'krom,  n.  a  long  pick, 
with  a  cross-handle  and  projecting  foot- 
piece,  used  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland, 
for  digging  in  stony  ground,  when  no 
other  instrument  can  be  introduced.  Sir 
W.  Scott.  [Gael,  cas,  a  foot,  and  crorn, 
crooked — crooked  foot.] 

GASEOUS,  gaz'e-us,  adj.  in  the  form  of 
gas  or  air. 

GAS-FITTER,  gas'-flt'er,  n.  oue  who  fits  up 
the  pipes  and  brackets  for  g'as-lighting, 

GASH,  gash,  v.t.  to  make  a  deep  hack  or 
cut  into  anything,  esp.  into  flesh. — n.  a 
deep,  open  wound.     [Ety.  dub.] 

GASHLINESS,  gashai-nes,  n.  the  condi- 
tion or  quality  of  being  gashly  or  ghastly: 
horribleness  :  dreadfulness  :  dismalness. 
"The  general  dullness  {gashliness  was 
Mrs.  Wickam's  strong  expression)  of  her 
present  life." — Dickens. 

GASHLY,  gashli,  adj.  calculated  to  inspire 
teri'or  :  ghastly  :  horrible  :  dreadful  : 
dismal.     Sterne. 

GASIFY,  gas'i-fi,  i\t.  to  convert  into  gas : 
—pr.p.  gas'ifjing  ;  pa.2}.  gas'ified. — n. 
Gasifica'tion.  [Gas,  and  L.  facio,  to 
make.] 

GAS-METER,  gas'-met-er,  n.  an  instrument 
through  which  the  gas  is  made  to  pass, 
in  order  to  ascertain  the  number  of  cubic 
feet  which  art  consumed  in  a  given  time 
in  a  particular  place.  Of  this  instrument 
there  are  two  classes,  the  wet  and  the 
dry.  The  wet  meter  is  composed  of  an 
outer  box  about  three-fifths  filled  with 
water.  Within  this  is  a  revolving  four- 
chambered  drum,  each  chamber  being 
capable  of  containing  a  definite  quantity 
of  gas,  which  is  admitted  through  a  pipe 


in  the  centre  of  the  meter,  and,  owing  to 
the  arrangement  of  the  partitions  of  the 
chambers,  causes  the  drum  to  maintain 
a  constant  revolution.  This  sets  in  mo- 
tion a  train  of  wheels  carrjing  the  hands 
over  the  dials  which  mark  the  quantity 
of  gas  consumed.  The  dry  meter  consists 
of  two  or  three  chambers,  each  divided 
by  a  flexible  partition  or  diaphragm,  by 
the  motion  of  which  the  capacity  on  one 
side  is  diminished  while  that  on  the  other 
is  increased.  By  means  of  slide-valves, 
like  those  of  a  steam-engine,  worked  by 
the  movement  of  the  diaphragms,  the  gas 
to  be  measured  passes  alternately  in  and 
out  of  each  space.  The  contractions  and 
expansions  set  in  motion  the  clockwork, 
which  marks  the  rate  of  consumption. 
The  diaphragms  in  all  the  chambers  are 
so  connected  that  they  move  in  concerts 

GASOLENE,  gas'o-len,  n.  a  volatile  fluid 
distilled  fromnaphtha,  [E.  gas,  and  L. 
oleum,  oil.] 

GASOMETER,  gaz-om'et-er,  n.  an  instru^ 
ment  for  measuring  gas  :  a  place  for  hold- 
ing gas.  [Gas,  and  Gr.  metron,  a  meas- 
ure.] 

GASP,  gasp,  v.i.  to  gape  in  order  to  catch 
breath :  to  breathe  laboriously  or  con- 
vulsively.— n.  the  act  of  opening  the 
mouth  to  catcli  the  breath :  a  painful 
catching  of  the  breath.  [Ice.  geispa,  to 
yawn ;  thus  gaspa  stands  for  gapsa,  an 
extension  of  Ice.  gapa,  to  gape  ;  hence 
Gasp  is  etymologically  a  freq.  of  Gape.] 

GASTRIC,  gas'trik,  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  belly  or  stomach. — Gastric  juice,  a 
thin  pellucid  liquor,  separated  by  a  pecul- 
iar set  of  secretories  in  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  stomach,  which  open  upon 
its  internal  tunic.  It  is  the  principal 
agent  in  digestion,  and  contains  pepsin 
as  its  characteristic  compound.  In  the 
empty  stomach  it  is  neutral,  but  during 
digestion  it  becomes  acid,  from  the  sepa- 
ration of  free  hydrochloric  acid.  [From 
Gr.  gaster,  the  belly  or  stomach.] 

GASTROLITH,  gas'tro-lith,  n.  a  concre- 
tion found  in  the  stomach  :  specifically, 
one  of  those  concretions  called  crab's  eyet 
formed  in  the  stomach  of  the  crayfish. 
[Gr.  gaster,  the  belly,  and  lithos,  a  stone.] 

GASTRONOJrY,  gas-tron'om-i,  n.  the  art 
or  science  of  good  eating.  [Gr.  gaster,  and 
nomos,  a  rule.] 

GAT,  gat  (B.),  pa.t.  of  Get. 

GATE,  gat,  n.  a  passage  into  a  city,  in- 
closure,  or  any  large  building :  a  fram« 
in  the  entrance  into  any  inclosure :  an 
entrance.  [A.S.  geat,  a  way,  a  gate; 
cog.  forms  exist  in  all  the  Teut.  lan- 
guages.] _ 

GATED,  gat'ed,  adj.  furnished  with  gates. 

GATEWAY,  gat'wa,  n.  the  way  through  a 
gate  :  a  gate  itself. 

GATHER,  gaf/i'er,  v.t.  to  collect :  to  ac- 
quire :  to  plait :  to  learn  by  inference. — • 
v.i.  to  assemble  or  muster  :  to  increase  : 
to  suppurate. — n.  a  plait  or  fold  in  cloth, 
made  by  drawing  the  thread  through. 
[A.S.  gaderian — A.S.  gaed,  company.] 

GATHERER,  gaf;i'er-er,  n.  one  who  col- 
lects :  a  gleaner. 

GATHERING,  ga<7i'er-ing,  n.  a  crowd  or 
assembly :  a  tumor  or  collection  o{ 
matter. 

GATHERING-HOOP,  gaft'er-ing-hoop,  ». 
a  hoop  used  bj'  coopers  for  drawing  in 
the  ends  of  the  staves  of  a  barrel  or  cask 
so  as  to  admit  of  the  permanent  hoop 
being  slipped  on. 

GATLING-GUN,  gatling-gun,  n.  an  Amer- 
ican form  of  the  mitrailleuse,  so  named 
from  the  inventor.     [See  MITRAILLEUSE.] 

GAUCHO,  ga-o'cho,  ?;.  a  native  of  the  La 
Plata  pampas,  of  Spanish  descent,  noted 
for  marvellous  horsemanship. 


GAUDY 


193 


QEMMARY 


OAUDY,  gawd'i,  adj.  showy :  gay.— adv. 
Gaud'ily.  —  n.  Gaud'iness,  showiness. 
[M.E.  gaude,  an  ornament ;  from  L.  gratt- 
dium,  joy — gaudere.l^ 

QAUGE,  gaj,  v.t.  to  measure  or  to  ascer- 
tain the  contents  of ;  to  ascertain  the 
capacity  of,  as  a  pipe,  puncheon,  hogs- 
head, barrel,  tierce,  keg,  etc.:  to  meas- 
ure in  respect  to  proportion,  capability, 
or  power,  or  in  respect  to  character  or 
behavior ;  to  take  cognizance  of  the  ca- 
pacity, capability,  or  power  of;  to  ap- 
praise :  to  estimate ;  as,  I  gauged  his 
character  very  accurately.  "  The  vanes 
nicely  gauged  on  each  side." — Derham. 
You  shall  not  gauge  me 
By  what  we  do  to-night.— SAafc. 

fO.  Fr.  ganger,  perhaps  of  the  same 
origin  with  gallon,  and  signifying  to  find 
the  number  of  measures  in  a  vessel ;  or, 
as  Diez  suggests,  from  L.  cequalis,  equal, 
cequaliftcare,  to  make  equal,  through 
such  forms  as  igalger,  egauger,  gauger.'\ 

SAUGE,  gaj,  n.  a  standard  of  measure  ;  an 
instrument  to  determine  the  dimensions 
or  capacity  of  anything ;  a  standard  of 
any  kind  ;  a  measure  ;  means  of  estimat- 
ing ;  "  Timothy  proposed  to  his  mistress 
that  she  should  entertain  no  servant  that 
was  above  four  foot  seven  inches  high, 
and  for  that  purpose  had  prepared  a 
gauge,  by  which  they  were  to  be  meas- 
lu-ed." — Arhuthnot:  specifically,  the  dis- 
tance between  the  rails  of  a  railway;  also, 
the  distance  between  the  opposite  wheels 
of  a  carriage  :  naut.  (a)  tiie  depth  to 
which  a  vessel  sinks  in  the  water;  (&)  the 
position  of  a  ship  with  reference  to  an^ 
other  vessel  and  to  the  wind  ;  when  to 
the  windward,  she  is  said  to  have  the 
weather-gauge,  when  to  the  leeward,  the 
lee-gauge :  in  build,  the  length  of  a  slate 
or  tile  below  the  lap  :  in  plastering,  (a) 
the  quantity  of  plaster  of  Paris  used  with 
common  plaster  to  accelerate  its  setting; 
(6)  the  composition  of  plaster  of  Paris  and 
other  materials,  used  in  finishing  plas- 
tered ceilings,  for  mouldings,  etc.:  in 
type-founding,  a  piece  of  hard  wood  vari- 
ously notched,  used  to  adjust  the  dimen- 
sions, slopes,  etc.,  of  the  various  sorts  of 
letters  :  in  joinery,  a  simple  instrument 
ms/de  to  strike  a  line  parallel  to  the 
straight  side  of  a  board,  etc.:  in  the  air- 
pump,  an  instrument  of  various  forms, 
which  points  out  the  degree  of  exhaustion 
in  the  receiver  ;  the  siphon-gauge  is  most 
generally  used  for  this  purpose. 

G AUGER,  gaj'er,  n.  an  excise  officer  whose 
business  is  to  gauge  or  measure  the  con- 
tents of  casks. 

GAUGING,  gaj'ing,  n.  the  art  of  measuring 
casks  containing  excisable  liquors. 

GAUL,  gawl,  71.  a  name  of  ancient  France  : 
an  inhabitant  of  Gaul. — adj.  Gaul'ish. 
[L.  Gallia.'] 

GAUNT,  gant,  adj.  thin  :  of  a  pinched  ap- 
pearance.— adv.  Gaunt'ly. — n.  Gaunt'- 
NESS.     [Ety.  dub.] 

GAUNTLET,  gant'let,  n.  the  iron  glove  of 
armor,  formerly  thrown  down  in  chal- 
lenge :  a  long  glove  covering  the  wrist. 
[Fr.  gantelet — gant,  from  a  Teut.  root ; 
of.  Ice.  vottr,  a  glove,  Dan.  vanteA 

GAUR,  gour,  n.  a  Persian  priest.  Cruthrie. 

GAUR,  GOUR,  gour,  n.  one  of  the  largest 
of  all  the  members  of  the  ox  tribe  (Bos 
gaurus),  inhabiting  the  mountain  jungles 
of  India,  remarkable  for  the  extraordi- 
nary elevation  of  its  spinal  ridge,  the 
absence  of  a  dew-lap,  and  its  white 
"  stockings,"  which  reach  above  the 
knee,  and  so  fierce  when  roused  that 
neither  tiger,  rhinoceros,  nor  elephant 
dare  attack  it.  The  hide  on  the  shoul- 
ders and  hind-quarters  is  sometimes  nearly 
2  inches  in  thickness  evan  after  beis^ 

M 


dried,  and  is  therefore  much  valued  for 
the  purpose  of  being  manufactured  into 
shields.  The  animal  is  supposed  to  be 
incapable  of  domestication.  [A  Hindo- 
stanee  name.] 

GAUSABEY,  gou'sa-ba,  n.  a  village  com- 
mittee or  petty  court  in  Ceylon,  to  which 
aU  disputes  respecting  rice  cultivation, 
water  rights,  cattle  trespass,  etc.,  are  re- 
ferred for  decision. 

GAUZE,  gawz,  n.  a  thin,  transparent  fa- 
bric, orig.  of  silk,  now  of  any  fine  hard- 
spun  fibre. — adj.  Gacz'y,  Uke  gauze.  [Fr. 
gaze — Qaza  in  Palestine,  whence  it  was 
first  brought.] 

GAVE,  gav,  pa.t.  of  Give. 

GAVELKIND,  gav'el-Mnd,  n.  tenure  by 
which  lands  descend  from  the  father  to 
all  the  sons  in  equal  portions.  [Celt. ; 
Ir.  gabhail,  a  tenure,  cine,  a  race.] 

GAVIAL,  ga'vi-al,  n.  a  genus  of  the  order 
Crocodilia,  characterized  by  tlie  narrow, 
elongated,  almost  cylindrical  jaws,  which 
form  an  extremely  lengthened  muzzle. 
The  cervical  and  dorsal  shields  are  con- 
tinuous. The  teeth  are  all  of  equal 
length,  and  the  feet  completely  webbed. 
The  only  species  now  living  occurs  in 
Southern  and  Eastern  Asia.  It  feeds  on 
fish.  [The  name  of  the  animal  in  Hindo- 
stan.l 

GAVOTTE,  ga-vot',  n.  a  lively  kind  of 
dance,  somewhat  like  a  country-dance, 
orig.  a  dance  of  the  Gavotes,  the  people 
of  Gap,  in  the  Upper  Alps. 

QAWK,  gawk,  n.  a  cuckoo  :  a  simpleton : 
a  tall,  awkward  fellow.— ad/.  Gawk'y, 
like  a  cuckoo,  awkward.  [A.S.  geac; 
Scot,  gowk,  Oer.  gauch,  cuckoo,  a  simple- 
ton.   See  Cuckoo.] 

GAY,  ga,  adj.,  lively:  bright:  sportive, 
merry :  showy. — adv.  Gai  LY  or  Gay'ly. 
[Fr.  gai  ;  prob.  from  root  of  Ger.  jahe, 
quick,  lively.] 

GAYAL,  GYaL,  gi'al,  n.  a  species  of  ox 
(Bos  frontalis)  found  wild  in  the  mount- 
ains of  Northern  Burmah  and  Assam, 
and  long  domesticated  in  these  countries 
and  in  the  eastern  parts  of  Bengal.  The 
head  is  very  broad  and  flat  in  the  upper 
part,  and  contracts  suddenly  towards  the 
nose  ;  the  horns  are  short  and  slightly 
curved.  The  animal  has  no  proper  hump, 
but  on  the  shoulders  and  fore  part  of  the 
back  there  is  a  sharp  ridge.  The  color  is 
chiefly  a  dark  brown.  Its  milk  is  exceed- 
ingly rich,  though  not  abundant. 

GAY-DIANG,  ga'-di-ang,  w.  a  vessel  of 
Anam,  generally  -with  two,  but  in  fine 
weather  with  three  masts,  carrying  lofty 
triangular  sails.  It  has  a  curved  deck, 
and  in  construction  somewhat  resembles 
a  Chinese  junk.  These  vessels  carry 
heavy  cargoes  from  Cambodia  to  the  Gulf 
of  Tonquin. 

GAYETY,  ga'e-ti,  w.  same  as  GaIETT. 

GAZE,  gaz,  v.i.  to  look  fixedly. — n.  a  fixed 
lodk  :  a  look  of  prolonged  attention :  the 
object  gazed  at.  [From  a  Scand.  root 
preserved  in  Swed.  ga^a,  to  stare ;  akin 
to  the  Goth,  base  gais.  See  AGHAST 
and  Ghastly.] 

GAZEE,  garze',  n.  one  who  is  gazed  at. 
"  Relieve  both  parties — ^gazer  and  go- 
zee." — De  Quincey. 

GAZELLE,  GAZEL,  ga-zel',  n.  a  small 
species  of  antelope  with  beautiful  dark 
eyes,  found  In  Arabia  and  N.  Africa. 
[Fr. — Ar.  gliazal,  a  wild-goat.] 

GAZETTE,  ga-zet',  n.  a  newspaper:  the 
British  and  Continental  official  news- 
paper.— v.t.  to  publish  in  a  gazette  : — 
f<r.p.  gazett'ing ;  j)a.p.  gazett'ed.  [Fr.^^ 
t.  gazzetta,  a  Venetian  coin  worth  aboui 
li  cents,  the  sum  charged  for  a  reading 
of  the  first  Venetian  newspaper,  a  writ- 
ten  sheet   which   appeared   about   the 


middle  of  the  16th  century  during  th« 
war  with  Soliman  II.  ;  or  from  It.  gaz- 
zetta, in  the  sense  of  a  magpie  =  a 
chatterer.] 

GAZETTEER,  gaz-et-ei-',  n.  (orig.)  a  writer 
for  a  gazette :  a  geographical  dictionary. 

GAZING-STOCK,  gaz'ing-stok,  n.  some 
thing  stuck  uj^  to  be  gazed  at :  a  persoD 
exposed  to  public  view  as  an  object  of 
cm-iosity  or  contempt. 

GEAR,  ger,  n.  dress  :  harness :  tackle ', 
(mech.)  connection  by  means  of  tootheo? 
wheels. — v.t.  to  put  in  gear,  as  machinery.. 
[A.S.  gearwe,  preparation — gearu,  ready 
Yaee  is  a  doublet :  also  Garb.] 

GEARING,  ger'ing,  «. .harness:  (mech.)  a 
train  of  toothed  wheels  and  pinions. 

GEESE,  plural  of  GooSE. 

GEHENNA,  ge-hen'na,  n.  a  term  used  in 
the  New  Testament  as  equivalent  to  hell, 
place  of  fire  or  torment  and  punishment 
and  rendered  by  our  translators  by  hell 
and  hell-fire.  Matt,  xviii.  9  ;  xxiii.  15. 
The  pleasant  valley  of  Hinnom— Tophet  thenoe 
And  black  Gehenna  called— the  type  of  hell. 

— Milton, 

[L.  gehenna,  Gr.  geenna,  from  the  Heb. 
ge-hinom,  the  valley  of  Hinom,  in  which 
was  Tophet,  where  the  Israelites  some- 
times sacrificed  their  children  to  Moloch 
(3  Kings  xxiii.  10).  On  this  account  the 
place  was  afterwards  regarded  as  a  place 
of  abomination  and  became  the  recep- 
tacle for  the  refuse  of  the  city,  perpetual 
fires  being  kept  up  in  order  to  prevent 
pestilential  effluvia.] 

GELASTIC,  je-las'tik,  adj.  calculated  or 
fit  for  raising  laughter.  "Dilating  and 
expanding  the  gelastic  muscles." — Tom. 
Broum.  [Gr.  gelastikos,  pertaining  to 
laughter,  gelastes,  a  laughter,  from 
gelao,  to  laugh.] 

GELASTIC,  je-las'tik,  n.  something  capa- 
ble of  exciting  smiles  or  laughter, 
"Happy  man  would  be  his  dole  who, 
when  he  had  made  up  his  mind  in  dis- 
mal resolution  to  a  dreadful  course  of 
drastics,  should  find  that  gelastics  had 
been  substituted,  not  of  the  Sardonian 
kind." — Southey. 

GELATIN,  GELATINE,  jel'a-tin,  n.  an 
animal  substance  which  dissolves  in  hot 
water  and  forms  a.  jelly  when  cold.  [Fr. 
— L.  gelo,  gelatum,  to  freeze — gehi.  frost.] 

GBLATINATE,  je-lat'in-at,  GELATINIZE, 
je-lat'in-iz,  v.t.  to  make  into  gelatine  or 
jeUy. — v.i.  to  be  converted  into  gelatine 
or  jelly. — n.  Gelatina'tion. 

GELATINOUS,  je-lat'in-us,  adj  resembling 
or  formed  into  jelly. 

GELD,  geld,  v.t.  to  emasctdate  or  castratet 
to  deprive  of  anything  essential :  to  de- 
prive  of  anything  obscene  or  objection- 
able. — n.  Geld'er.  [Scand.,  as  in  Ice^ 
gelda,  Dan.  gilde.    See  CmiaoN.] 

GELDING,  geld'ing,  Ji.  act  of  castrating  ; 
a  castrated  animal,  especially  a  horse. 

GELID,  jel'id,  adj.,  icy  cold :'  cold. — adv, 
Gel'idly.  —  ns.  Gel'idness,  Geud'ity, 
JX.  gelidus — gelu.] 

GEM,  jem,  n.  (lit.)  leaf-bud:  any  precious 
stone,  especially  when  cut :  anything 
extremely  valuable  or  attractive. — v.t. 
to  adorn  with  gems  -.—pr.p.  gemm'ing ; 
pa.p.  gemmed'.  [Fr.  gemme — L.  gemma , 
a  bud  ;  alUed  to  Gr.  gemo,  to  be  full.] 

GEMINI,  jem'i-nl,  n.pl.  the  twins,  a  con. 
stellation  containing  the  two  bright 
stars  Castor  and  Pollux.  [L.,  pi.  of 
geminus,  twin-born,  for  genminus — gen. 
root  of  gigno,  to  beget.] 

GEMINOUS,  jem'in-us,  adj.  (bot.)  double 
in  pairs. 

GEMMARY,  jem'a-ri,  6EMMERY,  jem- 
er-i,  n.  a  depositary  for  gems  ;  a  jewel- 
house.  Blount:  that  branch  of  knowledge 
which  tieats  of  gems  or  precious  stones. 


GEMMATE 


194 


GENIUS 


"  In   painting'  and  gemmary  Fortunato, 

like  his  countrymen,  was  a  quack." — Poe. 

GEMMATE,  jeni'at,  adj.  (bot.)  having  biids. 

[L.  ijemmatus,  pa.p.  ot  gemmo,  to  bud — 

GEMMATION,  jem-ma'shun,  n.  (bot.)  act 
or  time  of  budding :  arrangement  of  buds 
on  the  stalk. 

GEMMIFEROUS,  jem-mif'er-us,  adj.,  pro- 

>i    cluciiig  buds.     [L.  gemmifei — gemma,  and 

'    fevo.  to  beaiO 

GEMMIPAROUB,  jem  -  mip'ar  -  us,  adj 
(zool.)  reproducing  by  buds  growing  on 
the  body.  fL.  gemma,  a  bud,  pario,  to 
bring  forth.] 

GEMMULE,  jein'ul,  n.  a  little  gem  or  leaf- 
biul.    [Fr.— L.  gemmula,  dim.  of  gemma.'] 

GE^ISBOK,  gemz'bok,  n.  Oryx  Gazella,  the 
name  given  to  a  splendid  variety  of  the 
antelope,  inhabiting  the  open  plains  of 
South  Africa,  having  somewhat  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  hoi-se,  with  remarkably 
fine,  straight,  sharp-pointed  horns,  with 
which  it  is  said  to  foil  even  the  lion.  [Ger. 
3«/iis6ocfc.the  male  or  buck  of  the  chamois, 
from  geinse.  chamois,  and  bock,  buck.] 

GEM-SCULPTUEE,  jem'-skulp-tur.  n.  the 
art  of  Utliogh'ptics  :  the  art  of  represent- 
ing designs  upon  precious  stones,  either 
in  raised  work  or  by  figures  cut  into  or 
below  the  surface.  Stones  cut  according 
to  the  former  method  are  called  cameos 
(wliieh  see),  and  those  cut  according  to 
the  latter  intaglios. 

GENAPPE,  je-nap',  7i.  a  worsted  yam 
whose  smoothness  enables  it  to  be  con- 
veniently combined  with  silk,  and  so  well 
adapted  for  braids,  fringes,  etc.  [From 
Oenappe.  in  Belgium,  where  it  was  origi- 
nally manufactured.] 

GENDARME,  zhang-darra,  n.  the  name  of  a 

5    private  in  the  armed  police  of  Fi-ance  in 

our  day  :  but  in  former  times  the  appella- 

\  tion  of  gens  d'armes  or  gendarmes  was 
conllned  to  the  flower  of  ths  Fi-ench 
army,  composed  of  nobles  or  noblesse, 
and  "armed  at  all  points.  The  present 
gendarmerie  of  France  are  cliarged  with 
the  maintenance  of  its  police  and  the 
execution  of  its  laws.  The  gendarmes 
are  all  picked  men ;  they  are  usually 
taken  from  the  regular  forces,  and  are 
of  tried  courage  or  approved  conduct. 
There  are  horse  gendarmes  and  foot  gen- 
darmes. They  are  formed  into  small  par- 
ties called  brigades ;  and  the  union  of  a 
number  of  these  forms  a  departmental 
company.  [Fr.,  from  the  pi.  gensd'armes, 
men-at-arms.] 

GENDER,  jen'der,  v.t.  to  begrt.—v.i.  (B.) 
to  copulate.    [Aji  abbrev.  of  Engender.] 

GENDER,  jen'der,  n.,  kind,  esp.  with  re- 
gard to  sex:  (gram.)  the  distinction  of 
nouns  ace.  to  sex.  [Fr,  genre — L.  geims, 
generis,  a  kind,  kin.] 

GENEALOGICAL,  jen-e-a-loj'ik-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  exhibiting  the  genealogy 
or  pedigree  of  families  or  persons. — adv. 
Genealoo'icaixy. 

GENEALOGIST,  jen-€-al'o-jist,  ii.  one  who 
studies  or  traces  genealogies  or  descents. 

GENEALOGY,  jen-e-al'o-ji,  n.,  history  of 
tlie  descent  of  families  :  the  pedigree  of 
a  particular  person  or  family  :  progeny  ; 
offspring;  generation.  "  The  family  con- 
sisted of  an  old  gray-headed  man  and  his 
wife,  with  Ave  or  six  sons  and  sons-in- 
law,  and  their  several  wives,  and  a 
joyons  genealogy  out  of  them." — Sterne. 
[Fr. — L. — Gr.  genealogia — genea,  birth, 
descent,  and  -logia,  an  account— ^egetre, 
to  speak  of.     See  GE>rus  and  Logic] 

GENERA.    See  Genus. 

GENERAL,  jen'er-al,  adj.  relating  to  a 
gentis  or  whole  class :  including  many 
species :    not    special :    not    restricted : 


common  :  prevalent :  pubUc  :  loose  : 
vague.     [Fr. — L.  generalis — genus.] 

GENERAL,  jen'er-al,  n.  the  whole  or  chief 
part  :  an  officer  wlio  is  head  over  a 
whole  department  :  a  military  officer 
who  commands  a  body  of  men  not  less 
than  a  brigade ,  tiie  chief  commander 
of  an  army  in  service  :  iu  ths  R.  C. 
Church,  the  head  of  a  religious  ordsr. 
responsible  only  to  the  Pope. 

GENERALIZATION,  jen-er-al-i-za  shun,  n. 
act  oi  generalizing  or  of  comprehending 
undsr  a  common  name  several  objects 
iesembling  each  other  in  soms  part  of 
til  sir  nature. 

GENERALIZE,  jen'er-al-Iz,  v.t.  to  make 
general :  to  reduce  or  to  include  under 
a  gemm  or  general  term  :  to  infer  from 
one  or  a  few  the  nature  of  a  whole 
class.     [Fr.  generaliser — genial.] 

GENERALISSIMO,  jen-er-al-is'i-mo,  v.  the 
diief  general  or  commander  of  an  army 
of  two  or  more  di\'isions,  or  of  separate 
arm.ss.     [It.] 

GENERALrTY,  jan-er-al'i-ti,  n.  state  of 
being  general  or  of  including  particu- 
lars :  th3  main  part  :  the  greatest  part. 
[Fr.— L.  gsneralitas.] 

GENERALLY,  jen'er-al-i,  adv.  in  general : 
commonly  ■  extensively :  most  frequent- 
ly :  in  a  general  way  :  without  detail  ; 
(B.)  collectively,  together :  (Pr.  Bk  ] 
without  restriction  or  limitation. 

GENERALSHIP,  jen'er-al-ship,  n.  the  office 
or  skill  of  a  general  or  miUtaxy  officer  s 
military  skill. 

GENERANT.  jsn'er-ant.  n.  the  power  that 
gr«/ierafes  or  produces.  [L.,  pr.p.  of  grew  ■ 
ero.  to  generate.] 

GENERATE,  jen'er-at,  v.t.  to  produce  one's 
kind :  to  bring  into  life  :  to  originate. 
[L.  genero,  generatus — genus,  a  kind.] 

GENERATION,  jen-er-a'shun,  n.  a  produc- 
ing or  originating  :  that  which  is  gen- 
erated :  a  single  stags  in  natural  descent : 
the  people  of  tha  same  age  or  period  : 
race  -.^pl.  (B.)  gensalogj',  history.  [Fr. 
— L.  generatio.J 

GENERATIVE,  jener-a-tiv,  adj.  having 
the  power  of  generating  or  producing : 
prolific. 

GENERATOR,  jen'er-a-tor,  «.  begetter  or 
producer  :  the  principal  sound  in  music  : 
a  vessel  or  chajnber  in  which  something 
is  generated ;  as,  the  generator  of  a 
steam-engine,  or  in  gas-making  appara- 
tus.    [L.] 

GENERIC,  je-ner'ik,  GENERICAL,  je-ner'- 
ik-al,  adj.  marking  or  comprehending  a 
genus. — adv.  Genee'ically  [Ft.  gene- 
rig^ie.] 

GENEROSITY,  jen-er-os'i-ti,  n.  nobleness 
or  Uberality  of  nature.  [Fr.  ginerositi 
— L.  genercsitas.] 

GENEROUS,  jen'er-us,  adj.  of  a  nobis  nat- 
ure :  courageous  :  hberal :  invigorating 
in  its  nature,  as  wine. — adv.  Gen'eeous- 
LT. — n.  Gen'eeousness.  [Lit.  and  orig. 
of  a  high  or  noble  genus  or  family.  O. 
Fr. — L.  generosus — genus,  birth.] 

GENESIS,  jen'e-sis,  re.,  generaticm,  crea- 
tion,lov  production  :  the  first  book  of  ths 
Bible,  so  called  from  its  containing  an 
account  of  the  Creation.  [L.  and  Gr.— 
Gr.  gignomai — obs.  geno,  to  beget.] 

GENET.     Same  as  Jennet. 

GENET,  GENETTE,  je-net',  n.  tht  Viverr? 
genetta,  a  carnivorous  animal  belonging 
to  the  family  Viverridae  (civets  and 
genets).  The  genet  is  a  native  of  the 
western  parts  of  Asia,  and  is  about  the 
size  of  a  very  small  cat,  but  of  a  longer 
form,  with  a  sharp-pointed  snout,  upright 
ears,  and  a  very  long  tail.  It  has  a  very 
beautiful  soft  fur.  and,  like  the  civet, 
produces  an  agreeable  perfume.    It  is  of 


a  mild  dispositiDii ,  and  easUy  tamed.  [Low 
L.  geneta.  Sp.  gineia,  from  Ar.  djerneit] 

GENEVA,  je-ne'va,  /(.  c\  cpirit  distilled  from 
grain  and  flavored  with  juniper-herrisa, 
also  called  Hollands.  \¥r..  geniivre — L 
jtiniperus,  the  juniper  ;  corrupted  to 
Oeneva  by  confusion  with  the  town  of 
that  name.    See  Gin.] 

GENLIL,  je'ni-al,  adj.  cheering :  merry  - 
kindly:  sympathetic :  healthful. —  adv, 
Ge'nially.  [Tt. — ^L.  genialis,  from  genius, 
the  spirit  or  social  enjoyment.] 

GENLVLITY,   je-ni-al'i-ti,  GENIALNESS, 
je'ni-al-nes,  n.  quality  of  being  genial 
gaiety :  cheerfulness. 

GENICULATE,  je-nik-'u-lat,  GENICULAT 
ED,  je-nik'u-lat-ed,  adj.  (bot.)  bent  abrupt 
ly  like  the  knee :  jointed  :  knotted. — n. 
Genicijla'tion.  [L.  geniculatus — genic^i- 
lnv>,  a  little  knee — gemi.  the  knee.] 

GENIOPLASTY,  je-ni'o-plas-ti,  n.  in  surq. 
the  operation  of  restoringthe  chin,  [Gr 
geneion,  the  chin,  and 2)lass6,  to  form.] 

GENITAL,  jen'i-tal,  adj.  belonging  to  gre>i- 
eration,  or  the  act  of  producing.  [Fr. — 
L.  genitalis — gigno-  genitus,  to  beget.  Sec 
Genus.] 

GENITALS,  jen'i-talz,  n.pl.  the  exterior  or- 
gans of  generation. 

GENmVE,jen'it-iv,ad/.ingrram.  pertaining 
to  or  indicating  origin,  source,  possession, 
and  the  like  :  a  term  applied  to  a  case  in 
the  declension  of  nouns,  adjectives,  pro- 
nouns, etc.,  in  English  called  the  posses 
sive  case,  or  to  the  relation  expressed  by 
such  a  case  ;  as,  patris,  "  of  a  father,  a 
father's,"  is  the  genitive  case  of  the  Latin 
noun  pater,  a  father.  [L.  genitivus,  from 
-  gigno,  genitum,  to  beget.  The  L.  casus 
genitivus,  genitive  case,  was  a  mistrans 
lation  of  the  Gr.  genike  ptosis,  general 
case.    See  extract  under  next  article.] 

GENITIVE,  jen'it-iv,  ?;.  in  gram,  a  case  in 
the  declension  of  nouns,  adjectives,  pro- 
nouns, participles,  etc.,  expressing  in  the 
widest  sense  the  genus  or  kind  to  which 
something  belongs,  or  more  specifically 
source,  origin,  possession,  and  the  like  ; 
in  English  grammar,  the  possessive  case 
See  extract.  "The  Latin  genitivus  is  a 
mere  blunder,  for  the  Greek  word  genike 
could  never  mean  genitivus.  .  .  .  Oenike 
in  Greek  had  a  much  ^vider,  a  much  more 
philosophical  meaning.  It  meant  casMi> 
generalis,  the  general  case,  or  rather  the 
case  which  expresses  the  genus  or  kind 
This  is  the  real  power  of  the  genitive.  Ti 
I  say  '  a  bird  of  the  water, "  of  the  water ' 
defines  the  genus  to  which  a  certain  bird 
belongs ;  it  refers  to  the  genus  of  water 
birds.  '  Man  of  the  mountains '  means  a 
mountaineer.  In  phrases  such  as  '  son 
of  the  father'  or  '  father  of  tlie  son,'  the 
genitives  have  the  same  effect.  They 
predicate  something  of  the  son  or  of  the 
father,  and  if  we  distinguished  between 
the  sons  of  the  father  and  the  sons  of 
the  mother,  the  genitives  would  mark  the 
class  or  genus  to  which  the  sons  respect- 
ivelj'  belonged." — Max  MiiUer. 

GENIUS,  je'ni-us  or  jen'^iis,  n.  a  good  or 
exi\  spirit,  supposed  by  the  ancients  to 
preside  over  every  person,  place,  ana 
thing,  and  esp.  to  preside  over  a  man'.* 
destiny  from  his  lyirth  :—pl.  Genu,  je' 
ni-i.  [L.  ge^nus — gigi^o,  genitus,  to  beget 
produce.     See  Genus.] 

GENIUS,  jen'jnis  or  je'ni-us,  n.  the  special 
inborn  faculty  of  any  individual :  special! 
taste  or  disposition  qualifying  for  a  par 
tioular  employment :  superior  inborn 
power  of  mind  :  a  man  having  such 
power  of  mind  :  peculiar  constitution  or 
character  of  anything  : — pi.  GENIUSES; 
jen'yus-ez.— Genius,  Wisdom,  AbujtieS; 
TuiNTs,  Pakts,  Ingenuttt,  Capacity^ 
C!'.".'VERNESS.      '   Genius  is  the  nower  oi 


GiLNNET 


195 


GEORGIAN 


.  nerw  combination,  and  may  be  ghown  in 
a  campaign,  a  plan  of  policj-,  a  steam- 
engine,  a  system  of  philosophy,  or  an 
epic  poem.  It  seems  to  require  serious- 
ness and  some  dignity  iu  the  pui'pose. 
...  In  weaving  togetiier  the  parts  of 
an  argument,  or  the  incidents  of  a  tale, 
it  receives  the  inferior  name  of  inge- 
nuity. Wisdom  is  the  liabitual  employ- 
ment of  a  patient  and  comprehensive 
understanding  in  combining  various  and 
remote  means  to  promote  the  happiness 
of  mankind.  .  .  .  Abilities  may  be  ex- 
erted in  conduct  or  in  the  arts  and 
sciences,  but  rather  in  the  former.  .  .  . 
Talents  are  the  power  of  executing  well 
a  conception,  either  original  or  adopted. 
.  .  .  Parts  have  lost  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  their  dignity.  They  were  used  in 
the  last  century  perhaps  almost  in  the 
sense  iu  which  we  now  rather  employ 
talents.  .  .  .  Capacity  is  a  power  of  ac- 
quii'ing.  It  is  most  remarkable  in  the 
different  degrees  of  facility  with  which 
different  men  acquire  a  language." — Sir 
J.  Mackintosh.  To  the  above  it  may  be 
added  that  properly  capacity  is  passive 
power,  or  the  power  of  receiving,  while 
ability  is  active  power,  or  the  power  of 
doing.  Cleverness  designates  mental  dex- 
terity and  quickness,  and  is  evidenced  by 
facility  in  acquiring  a  new  subject,  or  by 
happy  smartness  iu  expressing  one's  con- 
ceptions. 

GENNET.     Sanje  as  Jejtnet. 

GENRE-PAINTING,  zhongr-pant'ing,  n. 
(paint.)  the  general  name  applied  to  all 
compositions  with  figures  that  are  not 
specifically  landscapes  or  historical  paint- 
ings. [Fr.  genre,  kind,  sort — L.  genus. 
Cf.  Gender.] 

GENT,  jent,  n.  familiar  abbrev.  of  Gen- 
tleman :  one  who  apes  the  gentleman. 

GtENTEEL,  jen-tel',  adj.  well-bred:  graceful 
in  manners  or  in  form. — adv.  Genteel'- 
LY. — n.  Genteel'ness,  same  as  Gentility. 
[Lit.  belonging  to  a  noble  race  or  family, 
trom  Fr.  gentil — L.  gentilis — gens,  a  Ro- 
man clan  or  family — gen,  root  of  Gr.  gig- 
nomai,  to  beget.  See  Genus.] 
■GENTIAN,  jen'shan,  n.  a  plant  the  root  of 
which  is  used  in  medicine,  said  to  have 
been  brought  into  use  by  Gentius,  king 
of  Illyria,  conquered  by  the  Romans  in 
167  B.C. 

GENTILE,  jen'tn,  n.  (B.)  any  one  not  a 
Jew  :  a  heathen. — adj.  belonging  to  any 
nation  but  the  Jews  :  {gram.}  denoting 
a  race  or  country.  [L.  gentilis — gens, 
a  nation  ;  the  Jews  spoke  of  those  who 
did  not  acknowledge  their  religion  as  the 
nations.] 

GENTILITY,  jen-til'i-ti,  n.  good  birth  or 
extraction  :  good  breeding  :  politeness  of 
manners. 

GENTLE,  jent'l,  adj.  well-born  :  mild  and 
refined  in  manners  :  mild  in  disposition  : 
amiable:  soothing. — adv.  Gent'ly. — n. 
Gent'leness.  [Fr. — L,.  gent  iUs'.  See  Gen- 
teel.] 

GENTLE,  jen'tl,  n.  the  maggot  of  the 
blue-bottle  used  as  bait  in  angling. 
[Ety.  dub.l 

GENTLEFOLKS,  jen'tl-foks,  n.pl,  folk  of 
good  family  or  above  the  ^idgar.  [See 
Folk.] 

GENTLEMAN,  jen'tl-man,  n.  a  man  of 
gentle  or  good  birth  :  in  England,  one 
who  without  a  title  wears  a  coat  of 
arms  ;  every  man  above  the  rank  of  yeo- 
man, including  the  nobilitj- ;  one  above 
the  trading  classes  ;  an  officer  of  the 
royal  household  :  in  the  broadect  sense, 
a  man  of  refined  manners  and  good 
behavior  : — in  pi.  a  word  of  address  : — 
pi.   Gen'tlemen  -.—fem.   Gen'tlewoman. 

GENTLEMANLIKE,  jen'tl-man-llk,  GEN- 


TLEMANLY,   jen'tl-man-li,    adj.    well- 
bred,  refined,  generous. — n.  Gen'tleiiajn- 

LINESS. 

GENTLEMAN  -  PENSIONER,  jen'tl-man- 
pen-shun-er,  n.  iu  England,  one  of  a  band 
of  forty  gentlemen,  entitled  esquires, 
whose  office  it  is  to  attend  the  sover- 
eign's person  to  and  from  the  chapel 
royal,  and  on  other  occasions  of  solem- 
nity.    They  aure  now  called  Gentlemen- 

AT-AEMS. 

GENTRY,  jen'trl,  n.  the  class  of  people 
between  the  nobility  and  the  vulgar. 
[M.  E.  gentrie  is  a  corr.  of  an  older  form 
gentrise,  from  O.  Fr.  genterise,  gentilise, 
which  was  formed  from  adj.  gentil,  gen- 
tle, like  noblesse  from  noble.'] 

GENUFLECT,  je'nu-flekt,  v.i.  to  kneel,  as 
in  worsliip  :  to  make  a  genuflection  or 
genuflections.  

GENTJFLECTION,  GENUFLEXION,  jen- 
Q-flek'shun,  n.  act  of  bending  the  knee, 
esp.  in  worship.  [Fr. — L.  genu,  the  knee, 
Jlexio,  a  heu&ing—jlecto,fleocum,  to  bend.] 

GENTJINE,  jen'u-in,  adj.  natural,  not  spu- 
rious or  adulterated :  real :  pure. — adv. 
Gen'uinely.  —  n.  Gen'uineness.  [Fr. ; 
L.  genuinus — gigno,  genitals,  to  beget,  to 
be  born.] 

GENUS,  je'nus,  n.  (pi.  Genuses  or  Genera, 
ie'nus-ez,  je'ne-ra),  in  logic,  that  which 
has  several  species  under  it ;  a  class  of  a 
greater  extent  than  species  ;  a  universal 
which  is  predicable  of  several  things  of 
different  species  ;  a  predicable  which  is 
considered  as  the  material  part  of  the 
species  of  which  it  is  affirmed  :  in  natural 
science,  an  assemblage  of  species  possess- 
ing certain  characters  in  common,  by 
which  they  are  distinguished  from  all 
others ;  it  is  subordinate  to  tribe  and 
family;  a  single  species,  possessing  cer- 
tain peculiar  characters  which  belong  to 
no  other  species,  may  also  constitute  a 
genus,  as  the  camelopaid  and  the  flying 
lemur :  in  music,  the  general  name  for 
any  scale.— Subaltern  genus,  in  logic, 
that  which  is  capable  of  being  a  species 
in  respect  of  a  higher  genus,  as  quad/- 
ruped  in  respect  of  mammal. — Summtjm 
GENUS,  in  logic,  the  highest  genus  ;  a  ge- 
nus which  is  not  considered  a  species  of 
anything,  as  being.  [L.;  Gr.  genos,  race, 
family,  from  root  gen.  Sans,  jan,  to  be- 

fet.  Cog.  Gael,  gin,  to  beget ;  Gael,  and 
r.  gein,  offspring ;  A.S.  eyn,  kin,  race ; 
E.  kin,  kind.  From  same  root  are  gentle, 
genteel,  general,  genius,  generous,  genesis, 
genial,  genital,  gemiine,  etc.] 

GEOCENTRIC,  je-o-sen'trik,  GEOCEN- 
TRICAL,  je-o-sen'trik-al,  adj.  having 
the  earth  for  its  centre :  {astr.)  as  seen  or 
measured  from  the  earth. — adj.  Geocen'- 
TRICALLY.  [Gtr.  ge,  the  earth,  and  ken- 
tron,  a  centre.] 

GEODE,  je'od,  n.  (min.)  a  rounded  nodule 
of  stone  with  a  hollow  interior.  [Gr. 
geodes,  earth-like,  earthen — ge,  earth, 
eidos,  form.] 

GEODESIC,  je-o-des'ik,  GEODESICAL, 
je-o-des'ik-al,  GEODETIC,  je-o-det'ik, 
GEODETIC AL,  je-o-det'ik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  determined  by  geodesy. 

GEODESY,  je-od'e-si,  n.  a  science  whose 
object  is  to  measure  the  earth  and  its 
parts  on  a  large  scale.  [Fr.  geodesic— 
Gr.  geodaisia  —  ge,  the  earth,  daid,  to 
divide.] 

GEOGENY,  je-oj'e-ni,  n.  that  branch  of 
natural  science  which  treats  of  the 
formation  of  the  earth :  geogony. 
"  Geology  (or  rather  geogeny  let  us  call 
it,  that  we  may  include  all  those  min- 
eralogical  and  meteorological  changes 
that  the  word  geology,  as  now  used, 
recognizes  but  tacitly)  is  a  specialized 
part   of   this   special  astronomy."  —  B. 


earth,  and  gen,  root 

no'sis,  n.  a  knowledge 
He  has  no  bent  tow 
or  tlie  enlargement  of 


Spencer.     [Gr.  ge, 
of  genesis,  etc.] 
GEOGNOSIS,  je-og- 
of    the   eai'th.     " 
ards  exploration, 
our  geognosis." — George  Eliot.     [Gr.  ge, 
earth,  and  gnosis,  a  knowing.] 
GEOGNOSY,  je-og'no-si,  n.  a   branch    of 
geology  which  explains  the  actual  min- 
eral structure  of  the  earth  without  in- 
quiring into  its  history  or  the  mode  of 
its  formation. — n.  Ge'ognost.— arij.  Ge- 
ognost'tc.     [Fr.    geognosie — Gr.   ge,  the 
earth,  and  gnosis,  knowledge — gignosko, 
to  know.] 
GEOGONY,  je-og'o-ni,  n.  the  doctrine  of 
the    production   or    formation    of    the 
earth.— adj.  Geogon'ic.     [Fr.  geogonic— 
Gr.    ge,    the    earth,  go7ie,  generation — 
geno,  gignomai,  to  be  born,  produced.] 
GEOGRAPHER,  je-og'ra-fer,  n.  one  who  is 
versed  in,  or  who  writes  on  geography. 
GEOGRAPHIC,    je-o-grafik,    Geograph- 
ical, je-o-graf'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to  geog- 
raphy.— adv.  Geograph'icauly. 
GEOGRAPHY,   je-og'ra-fl,  n.  the  science 
which  describes  the  surface  of  the  earth 
and  its  inhabitants :  a  book  containing 
a  description  of  the  earth.     [Fr. — L. — 
Gr.  geographia — ge,  the  earth,  graphs,  a 
description — grapho,    to    write,    to    de- 
scribe.] 
GEOLATRY,  je-ol'a-tri,  n.  earth-worship 
or  the  worship  of  terrestrial  objects.  ' '  To 
this  succeeded  astrolatry  in  the  East,  and 
geolatry  in  the  "West." — -Sir  G.  Cox.  [Gr. 
ge,  earth,  and  latreia,  worship.] 
GEOLOGICAL,  je-o-loj'ik-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to   geology. — adv.    Geologically. 
[Fr.  geolbgique.] 
GEOLOGIST,  je-ol'o-jist,  n.  one  versed  in 

geology. 
GEOLOGIZE,  je-orp-jiz,  v.i.  to  study  geol- 
ogy'- 
GEOLOGY,   je-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  science  that 
treats  of  the  structure  and  history  of  the 
earth,  of  the  changes  it  has  undergone, 
and  their  causes,  and  of  the  plants  and 
animals  imbedded  in  its  crust.    [Fr.  giol- 
ogie—Gr.   ge,    the    earth,   logos,    a    dis- 
course.] 
GEOMANCER,  je'o-man-ser,  n.  one  skilled 

in  geomancy. 
GEOMANCY,    je'o-man-si,  n.,    divination 
by  figures  or  lines  drawn  on  the  earth, 
[Fr.  geomancie — Gr.  ge,  the  earth,  and 
manteia,  divination.] 
GEOMANTIC,  je-o-man'tik,  adj.  pertaining 

to  geomancy. 
GEOMETER,    je-om'e-ter,    GEOIETRIC- 
lAN,  je-om'e-trish-yan,  n.  one  skilled  in 

feometry. 
OMETRIC,  je-o-met'rik,  GEOMETRIC- 
AL,  je-o-met'rik-al,   adj.    pertaining  to 
geometry  :  according  to  or  done  by  ge- 
ometry.— adv.  Geomet'rically. 

GEOMETRY,  je-om'e-tri,  n.  the  science 
of  measurement  :  tliat  branch  of  mathe- 
matics which  treats  of  magnitud""  and  its 
relations.  [Fr. — L. — Gr.  geometria — geo- 
metreo,  to  measure  land — ge,  the  earth, 
metreo,  to  measure.] 

GEOPHAGOUS,  je-of'a-gus,  adj.  earth-eat- 
ing' ;  as,  geophagous  tribes. 

GEOPONIC,  je-o-pon'ik,  GEOPONICAl,, 
je-o-pon'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  tilling 
the  earth  or  to  agriculture.  [Fr.  geopo- 
nique — Gr.  geoponikos — gc,  the  earth — 
ponos,  labor — penomai,  to  labor.] 

GEORAMA,  je-o-ra'ma  or  je-o-ra'ma,  n.  a 
spherical  chamber  with  a  general  vieiv  of 
the  earth  on  its  inner  surface.  [Gr.  ge, 
the  earth,  horama,  a  view — horao,to  see.] 

GEORGIAN,  jorj'i-an,  adj.  relating  to  the 
reigns  of  the  four  Georges,  kings  of  Great 
Britain. 


GEORGIC 


196 


GIMLET 


GEORGIC,  jorj'ik,  GEORGICAL,  jorj'ik-al, 
adj.  relating  to  agriculture  or  rustic  af- 
fairs.    [L.  georgicus,  Gr.  georgikos—geor- 
gia,  agriculture — ge,  the  earth,  and  ergon, 
a  work.l 
GEORGIC,  jorj'ik,  7i.  apoem  on  husbandry. 
GERAH,  ge'ra,  n.  (B.)  the  smallest  Hebrew 
weight  and  coin,  l-20th  of  a  shekel,  and 
worth  about  3  cents.      [Heb.   gerah,  a 
bean.] 
GERANIUM,   je-ra'ni-um,   n.   a  genus  of 
plants  with  seed-vessels  like  a  crone's  bill. 
[L.— Gr.  geranion—geranos,  a  crane.] 
GERFALCON,    jer'fa\v-kn,    11.    same    as 

Gyrfalcon. 
GERM,   jerni,  n.   rudimentary  form  of  a 
living  thing,  whether  a  plant  or  animal : 
(bot.)  the  seed-bud  of  a  plant :  a  shoot : 
that  from  which  anything  springs,  the 
origin  :  a  first  principle.     [Fr.  germe—h. 
germen.  a  bud.] 
GERMAN,  jer'man,  GERMANE,  jer-man', 
adj.  of  the  first  degree,  as  cousins-german: 
closely  allied.     [Fr.— L.  germanus,  prob. 
for  germin-anus — germen,  bud,  origin.] 
GERMAN,  jer'man,  n.  a  native  of  Germany: 
the  G<;rman  language  -.—pi.  Ger'mans.— 
adj.  of  or  from  Germany.     [L.  Germani, 
variously  given  as  meaning  "the  shout- 
ers,"  from  Celt.  gairm,a.\o\\A  cry;  "neigh- 
bors," i.e.  to  the  Gauls,  from  the  Celtic  ; 
and   "  the    war-men,"    from    Ger.   icehr 
=Ft.  guerre,  war.] 
GERMAN-SILVER,  jer'man-sil'ver,  ?!.   an 
alloy  of  copper,  nickel,  and  zinc,  white 
Uke  silver,  and  first  made  in  Germany. 
GERMEN,  ierm'en,  n.  same  as  Germ. 
GERMINAL,  jerm'in-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 

a  germ. 
GERMINANT,  jerm'in-ant,  adj.,  sprouting : 

sending  forth  germs  or  buds. 
GERMINATE,    jerm'in-at,    v.i.   to  spring 
from  a  germ :  to  begin  to  grow. — n.  Ger- 
ihna'tiox.      [L.   germino,   germinatus  — 
L.  germen.'] 
GERUND,  jer'und,  n.  a  part  of  the  Latin 
verb   expressing  the  carrying  on  of  the 
action  of  the  verb.  —  adj.   Gerxjxd'ial. 
JL.  geriindiiim — gero,  to  bear,  to  carry.] 
GESTATION,    jes-ta'shun,   n.   the  act    of 
carrying  the  young  in  the  womb  :   the 
state  or  condition  in  which  the  young  is 
so  carried.     [Fr.— L.  gestatio—gesto,  ges- 
tatum.  to  carry — gero,  to  bear.] 
GESTATORY,  j'es'ta-tor-i,  adj.  pertaining 
to  gestation  or  carrying:  that  may  be 
carried. 
GESTIC,  jes'tik,   adj.  pertaining  to  bodily 
action  or  motion.     [L.  gestus — carriage, 
motion — gero.] 
GESTICULATE,  jes-tik'u-lat,  v.i.  to  make 
gestures  or  motions  when   speaking :  to 
play  antic  tricks.     [L.  gesticidor,  gesticu- 
latus — gestieulus,  dim.  of  gestus,  a  gesture 
— gero,  to  carrv.] 
GESTICULATION,  jes-tik-u-la'shun,  n.  act 
of  making  gestures  in  speaking  :  a  gest- 
lu-e  :  antic  tricks. 
GESTICULATOR,   jes-tik'u-lat-or,  n.   one 

who  gesticulates  or  makes  gestures. 
GESTICULATORY,  jes-tik-u-la-tor-i,  adj. 
representing  or  abounding  in  gesticula- 
tions or  gestures. 
GESTURE,  jes'tiir,  n.  a  bearing,  position, 
or  movement  of  the  body  :  an  action  ex- 
pressive of  sentiment  or  passion.     [From 
fut.p.  of  L.  grero,  to  carry.] 
QET,  get,  v.t.  to  obtain  :  to  beget  offspring  : 
to  learn  :  to  persuade  :  (B.)  to  betake,  to 
carry. — v.i.  to  arrive  or  put  one's  self  in 
any  place,   state,   or  condition :   to  be- 


come : — pr.p.  gett'ing  ;  pa.t.  got  ;  pa.p. 
got,  {obs.)  gott'en.— 3jET  at,  to  reach  : 
Get  off,  to  escape  :  Get  on,  to  proceed. 


advance  :  Get  over,  to  surmount  :  Get 
THKOUGH,  to  finish  :  Get  up,  to  arise,  to 
ascend.    [A,S.  gitan,  to  get ;  allied  to 


chad,   root  of  Gr.  chandano,  and  hed, 
root  of  L.  pre-hendo,  to  seize.] 
GETTER,  get'er,  n.  one  who  gets  or  ob- 
tains. 
GETTING,  get'ing,  n.  a  gaining  :  anything 

gained. 
GEWGAW,  gu'gaw,  7).  a  toy  :  a  bauble. — 
adj.  showj-  without  value.  [Ace.  to 
Skeat,  a  reduplicated  form  of  A.S.  gifan, 
to  give  ;  preserved  also  in  Northern  E., 
as  giff-gaff,  interchange  of  intercourse.] 
GEYSER,  gi'ser,  n.  a  boiling  spring,  as  in 

Iceland.  [Ice.  geysa,  to  gush.] 
GHASTLY,  gast'li,  adj.  deathUke :  hide- 
ous.—  n.  Ghast'ijness.  [A.S.  goestlic, 
terrible,  from  gaist,  an  extended  form  of 
the  base  gais,  and  -lie  {=like,  -ly).  See 
Aghast  and  Gaze.] 
GHAUT,  gavrt,  n.  (in  India)  a  moimtain- 
pass  :  a  chain  of  mountains :  landing- 
stairs  for  bathers  on  the  sides  of  a  river 
or  tank.  [Hind,  ghat,  a  passage  or  gate- 
wav.] 

GHAWAZEE,  GHAWAZI,  ga-wa'ze,  n. 
the  name  given  to  a  tribe  of  Egyptian 
dancing-girls  ;  often  confounded  with  the 
Almes  or  Almehs,  who  are  principally 
female  singers.  "The  Ghawazee  per- 
form, unveiled,  in  the  pubUc  streets, 
even  to  amuse  the  rabble." — Lane. 

GHAZI,  ga'ze,  n.  a  title  of  honor  assumed 
by  or  conferred  on  those  Mohammedans 
who  have  distinguished  themselves  in 
battle  against  the  "  infidels."  [Ar.,  contr. 
of  ghazi-ud-din,  champion  of  tlie  faith.] 

GHEE,  ge,  n.  clarified  butter,  made  in 
India,  esp.  from  buffaloes'  mUk.  [The 
native  name.] 

GHERKIN,  ger'kin,  n.  a  small  cucumber 
used  for  pickling.  [Dut.  agurkje,  a  gher- 
kin ;  a  word  of  Eastern  origin,  as  in 
Pers.  khiydr.] 

GHOST,  gost,  n.  (lit.)  breath,  spirit :  the 
soul  of  man :  a  spirit  appearing  after 
death. — adj.  Ghost'like. — To  give  tjp 
THE  ghost  (B.),  to  die.  [A.S.  gast ;  Ger. 
geist.] 

GHOSTLY,  gost'li,  adj.,  spiritual:  relig- 
ious :  pertaining  to  apparitions. — n. 
Ghost'lixess. 

GHOUL,  gool,  n.  a  demon  supposed  to  feed 
on  the  dead.  [Pers.  ghol,  a  mountain 
demon.] 

GIANT,  jl'ant,  n.  a  man  of  extraordinai-y 
size  :  a  person  of  extraordinary  powers. 
—fern.  Gi'antess. — adj.  gigantic.  [Fr. 
geant — L.  gigas—Gr.  gigas,  giga^itos,  of 
wliich  ety.  uncertain.] 

GIAOUR,  jowr,  n.  infidel,  term  applied  by 
the  Turks  to  all  who  are  not  of  their  own 
religion.     [Pers.  gaur.] 

GIB,  jib,  v.t.  to  pull  against  the  bit,  as  a 
horse :  to  jib. 

GIBBERISH,  gib'er-ish,  n.  rapid,  gab- 
bling talk  :  unmeaning  words. — adj.  un- 
meaning. [Obsolete  gibber,  to  gabble  or 
jabber.     See  Gabble.] 

GIBBET,  jib'et,  n.  a  gallows:  the  project- 
ing beam  of  a  crane. — v.t.  to  expose  on 
a  gibbet,  to  execute.  [Fr.  gibet ;  origin 
unknown.] 

GIBBON,  gib'un,  n.  a  kind  of  long-armed 
ape.  native  of  the  East  Indies. 

GIBBOSE,  gib-bos',  adj.,  humped:  having 
one  or  more  elevations.  [Fr.  gibbeux — 
L.  gibbosus — gibbus,  a  hump.] 

GIBBOUS,  gib'us,  adj.,  hump-backed:  swell- 
ing, convex,  as  the  moon  when  nearly 
full.— a d V.  Gibb'ously. —n. Gibb'ousness. 

GIBE,  jib,  v.t.  to  sneer  at :  to  taunt. — n.  a 
scoff  or  taunt :  contempt. — adv.  Gib'ing- 
LY.  [From  Scand.,  as  in  Ice.  geipa,  to 
talk  nonsense.] 

GIBLETS,  jib'lets,  n.pl.  the  internal  eatable 
parts  of  a  fowl,  taken  out  before  cooking 
it. — adj.  Gib'let,  made  of  giblets.    [O.  Fr. 


gibelet ;  origin  unknown  ;  not  a  dim.  of 
gibier,  game.] 
GIDDY,  gid'i,  adj.  unsteady,  dizzy  :  that 
causes  giddiness  :  whirling  :  inconstant  : 
thoughtless. — adv.  Gmc'lLY.  — n.  Gidd'- 
INESS.  [A.S.  gyddian,  to  sing,  be 
merrv.] 
GIER-EAGLE,  jer'-e'gl,  n.  (B.)  a  species  of 

eagle.     [See  Gyrfalcon.] 
GIFT,  gift,  n.  a  thing  given  :  a    bribe  :  a 
quality  bestowed  by  nature  :  the  act  of 
giving. — v.t.  to  endow  with  any  power 
or  faculty.     [See  Give.] 
GIFTED,  gift'ed,  adj.  endowed  by  nature. 
GIG,  gig,  n.  a  light,  two-wheeled  carriage: 
a  long,  light  boat.     [Found  in  Ice.  gigja, 
a  fiddle  (Fi\  gigue,  a  lively  dance),  and 
properly  meaning  a  "thing  that  moves 
tightlv.""] 
GIGANTIC,  jl-gan'tik,  adj.  suitable  to  a 
giant:    enormous. — adv.  Gigan'tically. 
GIGGLE,   gig'l,   v.i.  to  laugh  with  short 
catches  of  the  breath,  or  in  a  silly  man- 
ner.— 71.  a  laugh  of  this  Idnd. — n.  GlGG'- 
LER.     [From  the  sound.] 
GIGOT,  jig'ut,  n.  a  leg  of  mutton.     [Fr.— 
O.  Fr.  gigue,  a  leg  ;  a  word  of  unknown 
origin.      There  is  another  gigue,  an  old 
stringed  instrimient.] 
GIGSTER,  gig'ster,  n.  a  horse  suitable  for 
a  gig.      "  'The  gigster,  or  light  harness 
horse,  may  also  be  a  hack,  and  many  are 
used  for  both  purposes,  with  benefit  both 
to  themselves  and  their  masters." — J.  H. 
Walsh. 
GILD,  gild,  v.t.  to  cover  or  overlay  with 
gold :   to  cover  with  any  gold-like  sub- 
stance :    to    adorn    witli    lustre : — pr.p. 
gild'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  gild'ed  or  gilt. 
[A.S.  gyldan—goJd.    See  Gold.] 
GILDER,  gild'er,  n.  one  whose  trade  is  to 
gild  or  cover  articles  with  a  thin  coating 
of  gold. 
GILDING,   gild'ing,  n.  act  or  trade  of   a 
gilder  :  gold  laid  on  any  surface  for  or- 
nament. 
GILL,  gil,  1!.  (ptl.)  the  breathing  organs  in 
fishes  and  certain  other  aquatic  animals: 
the  flap  below  the  bill  of  a  fowl.  [Scand., 
as  in  Dan.  gicelle,  a  gill,  Swed.  gat.] 
GILL,  jil,  n.  a  measure  =  i  pint.     [O.  Fr. 
gelle  ;  cf.  Low  L.   gillo,  a  flask  ;  allied  to 
Fr.  jale,  a  large  bowl,   E.  gallon.     See 
Gallon.] 
GILL,   jil,   n.  ground-ivy :    beer    flavored 
with  ground-ivy.    [From  Gillian  or  Jtdi- 
ana  (from  Jtdius),  a  female  name,  con- 
tracted Gill,  Jill] 
GILLIE,  GILLY,  gU'i,  n.  a  youth,  a  man- 
servant.    [Gael,  gille,  a  lad,  Jr.  ceile.    See 

Culdee.] 

GILLYFLOWER,  jil'i-flow-er,  n.   popular 
name  for  stock,  wallflower,  etc.,  so  called 
from  its  clove-like  smeU.     [Fr.  giroflee — 
Gr.  kanjojyhyllon,  the  clove-tree — karyon, 
a  nut,  phyllon,  a  leaf.] 
GILT,  gilt,  adj.  gilded.— ad/.  Gilt-edged, 
having  gilded  edges,  as  the  leaves  of  a 
book. 
GILT,  gilt,  2M.f-  andipa.p.  of  GnJ). 
GILT,  n.  gold  :  monej'. 

Three  corrupted  men,  .  .  . 

Have,  for  the  gilt  of  France,— O  guilt  indeed  !— 

Confirm'd  conspiracy  with  fearful  France.— SAafc. 

GIMBALS,  g-im'balz,  n.pl,  two  rings  for 

suspending  the  mariner's  compass  so  as 

to  keep  it  always  horizontal.    [L.  gemelli, 

twins.]  1 

GIMBLET.     Same  ss  GniLET.  ' 

GDICRACK,  jim'krak,  n.  a  toy  :  a  trivial 

mechanism.  [Ety.  dub.] 
GIMLET,  gim'let,  n.  a  small  tool  for  boring 
holes  by  wimbling  or  turning  it  with  the 
hand. —  v.t.  to  pierce  with  a  gimlet: 
(naut.)  to  turn  round  (an  anchor)  as  it 
turning  a  gimlet.  [Fr.  gibelet,  gimbdei, 
from  a  Teut.  root,  whence  also  E.  Wim» 

BLE.] 


GIMP 


197 


GLANDERS 


GIMP,  gimp,  n.  a  kind  of  trimming,  etc.,  of 
silk,  woollen,  or  cotton  twist.  [Fr.  guimpe, 
from  O.  Ger.  wimpal,  a  light  robe  ;  E. 
wimple.] 

GIN,  jin,  n.  same  as  Geneva,  of  which  it 
is  a  contraction. 

©IN,  jin,  n.  a  trap  ;  a  snare :  a  machine  or 

^    instrument    by    which    the  mechanical 

I  powers  are  employed  in  aid  of  human 
strength  ;  especially,  (a)  a  machine  used 
instead  of  a  crane,  consisting  essentially 
of  three  poles  from  12  to  15  feet  in  length, 
often  tapering  from  the  lower  extremity 
to  the  top,  and  united  together  at  their 
upper  extremities,  whence  a  block  and 
tackle  is  suspended,  the  lower  extremities 
being  planted  in  the  ground  about  8  or 
9  feet  asunder,  and  there  being  a  kind  of 
■windlass  attached  to  two  of  the  legs  ; 
(b)  a  kind  of  whim  or  windlass  worked 
by  a  horse  which  turns  a  cylinder  and 
winds  on  it  a  rope,  thus  raising  minerals 
or  the  Uke  from  a  depth;  (e)  a  machine  for 
separating  the  seeds  from  cotton,  called 
hence  a  cotton-gin,  which  was  invented 
by  Eli  Whitney  of  Massachusetts,  in  1794. 
The  name  is  also  given  to  a  machine  for 
driving  piles,  to  an  engine  of  torture,  and 
to  a  pump  moved  by  rotary  sails.  [A 
contr.  of  engine.] 

©IN,  jin,  v.t.  to  clear  cotton  of  its  seeds  by 
means  of  the  cotton-gin  :  to  catch  in  a 
trap.  "So,  so,  the  woodcock's  ginn'd." 
—Beau.  &  Fl. 

GIN,  gin,  v.i.  to  begin.  [A.S.  gynnan,  to 
begin.] 

As  when  the  sun  gins  his  reflexion. — Shak. 

©IN,  gin,  coiij.  if ;  suppose  (Scotch) ; 

Gin  a  body  meet  a  body, 
'  Comin'  thro*  the  rye,— Scotch  song  : 

by  or  against  a  certain  time  ;  as,  I'll  be 
I  there  gin  five  o'clock.  [A.S.  ge&n,  gin, 
'     against.^ 

(SINGER,  ]in'jer,  n.  the  root  of  a  plant  in  the 
E.  and  W.  Indies,  with  a  hot  and  spicy 
taste,  so  called  from  being  shaped  like  a 
horn.  [Old  form  in  M.  B.  gingivere — O. 
Ft.  gingibre — L.  zingiber — Gr.  zingiberis 
— Sans,  fringa-vera — ^ringa,  horn,  vera, 
shape.] 

GINGERBEER,  jin'jer-ber,  n.  an  efferves- 
cent drink  flavored  with  ginger. 

GINGERBREAD,  j'in'jer-bred,  n.  sweet 
bread  flavored  with  g^inger. 

GINGERLY,  jin'jer-li,  adv.  with  soft  steps: 
cautiously.  [From  a  Scand.  root,  seen  in 
Swed.  gingla,  to  totter.] 

GINGHAM,  ging'ham,  n.  a  kind  of  cotton 
cloth.  jTr.  guingan,  ace.  to  Littre,  a 
corr.  of  wdngamp,  a  town  in  Brittany, 
where  such  stuils  are  made.] 

GINGLB,  jing'l.    Same  as  Jingle. 

GIPSY,  GYPSEY,  GYPSY,  iip'si,  n.  one  of 
a  wandering  race,  originally  from  India, 
now  scattered  over  Europe  :  a  reproach- 
ful name  for  one  with  a  dark  complexion  : 
a  sly,  tricking  woman.  [Lit.  Egyptian, 
because  supposed  to  come  from  Egypt, 
M.  E.  Gryptian.] 

GIRAFFE,  ji-raf,  n.  the  camelopard  (Oi- 
raffa  Camelopardalis  or  Camelopardalis 
Oiraffa),  a  ruminant  animal  inhabiting 
various  parts  of  Africa,  and  constituting 
the  only  species  of  its  genus  and  familv. 
It  is  the  tallest  of  all  animals,  a  full- 
grown  male  reaching  the  height  of  18  or 
30  feet.  Tills  great  stature  is  niainlj'  due 
to  the  extraordinary  length  of  the  neck, 
in  which,  however,  there  are  but  seven 
Vertebrfe,  though  these  are  extremely 
elongated.  It  has  two  bony  excrescences 
on  its  head  resembling  horns.  Its  great 
height  is  admirably  suited  with  its  habit 
of  feeding  upon  the  leaves  of  trees,  and 
in  this  the  animal  is  further  aided  by  its 
t»ngue,  which  is  both  prehensile  and  ca- 
■nable  of  being  remarkably  elongated  or 


contracted  at  will.  It  rarely  attempts 
to  pick  up  food  from  the  ground.  Its 
color  is  usually  light  fawn  marked  with 
darker  spots.  It  is  a  mild  and  inoffensive 
animal,  and  in  captivity  is  very  gentle 
and  playful.  "  The  giraffe  is,  in  some 
respects,  intermediate  between  the  hol- 
low-horned and  solid-horned  ruminants, 
though  partaking  more  of  the  nature 
of  the  deer." — Prof.  Owen.    [Fr.  girafe. 


giraffe,  Sp.  girafa.  It.  giraffa,  from  Ar. 

zurafa :    Hii 

necked.] 


zurafa :    Hind,    zurafu,   that   is    long- 


GIRD,  gerd,  v.t.  to  bind  round :  to  make 
fast  by  binding  :  to  surround  :  to  clothe  : 
—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  srird'ed  or  girt.  [A.8. 
gyrdan ;  akin  to  Ger.  giirten ;  from  a 
root  gard,  whence  also  E.  Gabden  and 
Yard.] 

GIRDER,  gerd'er,  n.  one  who  or  that  which 
girds .  one  of  the  principal  pieces  of  tim- 
ber in  a  floor  binding  the  others  together  : 
{engineering)  any  simple  or  compound 
beam  sustaining  "a  weight,  and  supported 
at  both  ends. 

GIRDLE,  gerd'L  n.  that  wliich  girds  or 
encircles,  esp.  a  band  for  the  waist :  an 
inclosure :  (jew.)  a  horizontal  line  sur- 
rounding a  stone. — v.t.  to  bind,  as  with 
a  girdle  :  to  inclose  :  to  make  a  circular 
incision,  as  through  the  bark  of  a  tree  to 
kill  it.     rA.S.  gyrdel — gyrdan,  to  gird.] 

GIRL,  gerl,  n.  a  female  child  :  a  young 
woman.  [Prob.  from  O.  Gev.  giir,  a 
child,  with  suflSx  -^=-Za.] 

GIRLHOOD,  gerl'hood,  n.  the  state  of 
being  a  girl. 

GIRLISH,  gerl'ish,  adj.  of  or  like  a  girl.— 
adv.— GmL'iSHLY. — n.  Giel'ishness. 

GIRT,  gert,  GIRTH,  gerWi,  m.  belly-band  of 
a  saddle  :  measure  roimd  the  waist. 

GIRT,  gert,  v.t.  to  gird. 

GIST,  jist,  n.  the  main  point  or  pith  of  a 
matter.  [The  word  in  this  sense  comes 
from  an  old  French  proverb,  "  I  know 
where  the  hare  lies  "  (O.  Fr.  gist,  Fr.  git), 
i.e.,  I  know  the  main  point — Fr.  gisir, 
to  lie — L.  jacere.] 

GIVE,  giv,  v.t.  to  bestow:  to  impart:  to 
yield :  to  grant :  to  permit :  to  afford : 
to  furnish  :  to  pay  or  render,  as  thanks  : 
to  pronounce,  as  a  decision  :  to  show,  as 
a  result :  to  apply,  as  one's  self  :  to  allow 
or  admit. — v.i.  to  yield  to  pressure :  to 
begin  to  melt :  to  grow  soft  :—pr.p.  giv*- 
ing ;  pa.t.  gave ;  pa.p.  given  (giVn). — 
Give  chase,  to  pursue  :  Give  forth,  to 
emit,  to  publish  :  Give  in,  to  yield:  Give 
OUT,  to  report,  to  emit :  Give  over,  to 
cease :  Give  place,  to  give  way.  to 
yield:  Give  up,  to  abandon.  [A.S.  gifan; 
Gcev.  geben,  Goth,  giban,  from  a  Teut. 
root  gab,  to  give.] 

GIVER,  giv'er,  n.  one  who  ^ves  or  be- 
stows. 

GIZZARD,  giz'ard,  n.  the  muscular  stom- 
ach of  a  fowl  or  bird.  [M.  E.  giser,  Fr. 
gisiei — L.  gigerium,  used  only  in  pi.  gige- 
ria,  the  cooked  entrails  of  poultry.] 

GLABROUS,  gla'brus,  adj.,  smooth:  hav- 
ing no  hairs  or  any  unevenness.  [L. 
glaber,  smooth  ;  akin  to  glubo,  to  peel, 
Gr.  glapho.  to  carve.] 

GLACIAL,  gla'shi-al,  adj.,  icy:  frozen: 
pertaining  to  ice  or  its  action,  esp.  to 
glaciers.    [Fr. — L.  glacialis — glades,  ice.] 

GLACIER,  gla'sher  or  glas'i-er,  n.  a  fleld 
or.  more  properly,  a  slowly  moving  river 
of  ice.  such  as  is  found  in  the  hollows  and 
on  the  slopes  of  lofty  mountains. — Gla- 
cier TABLES,  large  stones  found  on  gla- 
ciers supported  on  pedestals  of  ice.  The 
stones  attain  this  peculiar  position  by 
the  melting  away  of  the  ice  around  them, 
and  the  depression  of  its  general  surface 
by  the  action  of  the  sun  and  rain.  The 
block,  like  an  umbrella,  protects  the  ice 


below  it,  from  both  ;  and  accordingly  its 
elevation  measures  the  level  of  the  gl»= 
cier  at  a  former  period.  By  and  by  tha 
stone  table  becomes  too  heavy  for  the 
column  of  ice  on  which  it  rests,  or  its 
equilibrium  becomes  unstable, whereupon 
it  topples  over,  and  falling  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  glacier  defends  a  new  space 
of  ice,  and  begins  to  mount  afresh.— 
Prof.  J.  D.  Forbes.  [Fr.— glace,  ice— I*. 
glades,  ice.] 

GLACIS,  glasis  or  gla-ses',  n.  a  gentle 
slope  :  (fort.)  a  smooth  sloping  bank. 
[Fr. — O.  Fr.  glader,  to  slide — glace,  ice.] 

Glad,  glad,  adj.  pleased :  cheerful : 
bright :  giving  pleasure. — v.t.  to  make 
glad  i—pr-p).  gladd'ing ;  pa.p.  gladd'ed. — 
adv.  Glad'ly.  —  n.  Glad'ness.  [A.S. 
glced :  Ger.  glatt,  smooth,  Ice.  glathr, 
bright,  Dan.  glad :  the  root  meant '  shin- 
ing,' and  is  found  also  in  Glade.] 

GLADDEN,  glad'n,  v.t.  to  make  glad :  to 
cheer :  to  animate. 

GLADE,  glad,  ti.  an  open  space  in  a  wood. 
[Scand.,  as  in  Norw.  glette,  a  clear  spot 
among  clouds,  Ice.  glita,  to  shine,  glathr, 
bright ;  the  original  sense  being,  a 
"  bright  opening."    See  Glad.] 

GLADIATE,  gladi-at,  ac{f.,  sword-shaped, 
[L.  gladius.  a  sword.] 

GLADIATOR,  glad'i-a-tor,  n.  in  ancient 
Rome,  a  professional  combatant  with 
men  or  beasts  in  the  arena.  [L.  (lit.)  a 
Sirordsman — gladius,  a  sword.] 

GLADIATORIAL,  glad-i-a-tor'i-al,  GLAD- 
lATORY,  glad'i-a-tor-i,  adj.  relating  to 
gladiators  or  prize-fighting. 

GLADIOLE,  glad'i-ol,  GLADIOLUS,  gla- 
di'o-lus,  n.  the  plant  sword-lily.  [L. 
gladiolus,  dim.  of  gladius.] 

GLADSOJIE,  glad'sum,  adj.,  glad:  joyous; 
gay.  —  adv.    Glad'somely. — n.    Glabj'- 

SOMENESS. 

GLAIR,  glar,  n.  the  clear  part  of  an  egg 
used  as  varnish :  any  viscous,  trans- 
parent  substance. — v.t.  to  varnish  with 
white  of  egg. — adjs.  Glaie'y,  Glab'^ 
EOUS.  [Fi\  glaire — Low  L.  clara  ovi, 
white  of  egg  —  L.  clarus,  clear.  See 
Clear.] 

GLAIVE,  glav,  n.  same  as  Glave. 

GLAMOUR,  glam'er,  n.  the  supposed  in- 
fluence of  a  charm  on  the  eyes,  making 
them  see  things  as  fairer  than  they  are, 
fScotch  ;  Ice.  glam,  dimness  of  sight.] 

Glance,  glans,  n.  a  sudden  shoot  of  light; 
a  darting  of  the  eye  :  a  momentary  view, 
— v.i.  to  dart  a  ray  of  light  or  splendor  : 
to  snatch  a  momentary  view  :  to  fly  off 
obliquely  :  to  make  a  passing  allusion. — 
v.t.  to  dart  suddenly  or  obliquely. — adv. 
Glanc'INGLY.  [From  a  Teut.  root  found 
in  Swed.  glans,  Dut.  glans,  Ger.  glam, 
lustre,  and  allied  to  obs.  E.  glint,  E.  glit- 
ter, glass.] 

GLAND,  gland,  n.  a  fleshy  organ  of  the 
body  which  secretes  some  substance  from 
the  blood  :  (hot.)  a  small  cellular  spot 
which  secretes  oil  or  aroma.  [Fr.  glande 
— L.  glans.  glandis,  an  acorn  ;  from  the 
likeness  of  shape  to  an  acorn.] 

GLANDER,  gland'er,  v.t.  to  affect  with 
glanders. 

GLANDERED  gland'erd,  p.  and  adj.  af- 
fected with  glanders.  "  Being  drank  in 
plenty,  it  (tar  water)  hath  recovered  even 
a  glandered  horse  that  was  thought  in= 
curable. " — Berkeley. 

GLANDERS,  gland'erz,  n.  in  farriery,  & 
very  dangerous  and  highly  contagious 
disease  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
nostrils  of  horses,  attended  with  an  in- 
creased and  vitiated  secretion  and  dis- 
charge of  mucus,  and  enlargement  and 
induration  of  the  glands  of  the  lower  jaw: 
in  med.  a  dangerous  contagious  disease 
in  the  human  subject,  accompanied  by  a 


GLANDIFEROUS 


198 


GLORY 


pustular  eruption,  communicated  by  in- 
oculation from  glandered  animals.  fFrom 

Gland.] 

OLA?rDIFER0US.  gland-if er-us,  aclj.,bear- 
ing  acorns  or  nuts.  [L.  glandifer — glans, 
glandia.  and  fero,  to  bear.] 


GLANDIFORM,  gland'i-form,  ad/,  resem- 
bling a  gland :  nut-shaped.  [L.  glans, 
and  forma,  form.] 


■-JLANDULAR,  gland' G-lar,  GLANDU- 
LOUS,  gland'u-lus,  adj.  containing,  con- 
sisting of,  or  pertaining  to  glands. 

GLANDUIJS,  gland'Ql,  n.  a  siimII  gland. 

GLARE,  glar,  n.  a  clear,  dazzling  light : 
overpowering  lustre :  a  piercing  look. — 
v.i.  to  shine  with  a  clear,  dazzling  light : 
to  be  ostentatiously  splendid :  to  look 
with  piercing  eyes.  [Perh.  from  A.S. 
glcBr,  a  peUucid  substance,  amber ;  akin 
to  Glass.] 

GLARING,  glar'ing,  adj.  bright  and  daz- 
zling: barefaced:  notorious. — adv.  Glar'- 

INGLT. — n.  GLAR'INGNESS. 

GLASS,  glas,  n.  the  hai-d,  brittle,  trans- 
parent substance  in  windows  :  anything 
made  of  glass,  esp.  a  drinking  vessel,  a 
mirror,  etc.  z—pl.  spectacles:  the  quantity 
of  hquid  a  glass  holds. — adj.  made  of 
glass. — v.t.  to  case  in  glass. — adj.  Glass'- 
UKE.  [A.S.  glees  ;  widely  diffused  in  the 
Teut.  languages,  and  from  a  Teut.  base 
gal,  to  shine,  seen  also  in  Glow,  Gleam, 
Glad,  Glance,  and  Glare.] 

3LASS-BL0WER.  glas'-bl6-er,  n.  one  who 
blows  and  fashions  glass. 

9LASS-BLOWING,  glas'-blo-ing,  n.  a  mode 
of  manufacturiag  glassware  and  window- 
glass  by  taking  a  mass  of  %'iscid  glass 
From  the  meltine-pot  on  the  end  of  the 
blowing  tube  and  tlien  inflating  the  mass 
by  blowing  through  the  tube,  repeatedly 
heating  if  necessary  at  the  furnace,  and 
subjecting  it  to  various  manipulations. 
Moulds  are  often  used  in  the  making  of  ar- 
ticles by  blowing.  The  term  glass-blowing 
also  includes  the  production  of  toys  and 
other  articles  under  the  blow-pipe. 

3LASSCH0RD,  glas'kord,  n.  the  name 
given  hy  Franklin  to  a  musical  instru- 
ment, with  keys  like  a  pianoforte,  but 
with  bars  of  glass  instead  of  strings  of 
wire,  invented  in  Paris  in  1785  by  a  Grer- 
man  named  Beyer. 

^LASS-ROPE,  glas'-rop,  n.  a  name  given 
to  a  species  of  sUiceous  sponge  {Hyalo- 
nema  Sieboldii)  found  in  Japan.  It  con- 
sists of  a  cup-shaped  sponge-bodv,  sup- 
ported by  a  rope  of  longtwisted  siliceous 
fibres,  which  are  sunk  in  the  mud  of  the 
sea  bottom. 

QLASSWORT,  glas'wurt,  n.  a  plant  so 
called  from  its  yielding  soda,  used  in 
making  glass.  [Glass,  and  A.S.  wjfrt,  a 
plant.  T 

tlLASSY,  glas'i,  adj.  made  of  or  like  glass. — 
adv.  Glass'ilt.— n.  Glass'iness. 

GLAUCOMA,  glawVo-ma,  n.  a  disease  of 
the  eye,  marked  by  the  green  color  of  the 
pupa.    [See  Glaucous.] 

GLAUCOUS,  glaw'kus,  adj.  sea-green : 
grayish  blue  :  (bot.)  covered  with  a  fine 
green  bloom.  [L.  glaucus,  bluish— Gr. 
glaukos,  blue  or  gray,  orig.  gleaming, 
akin  to  glausso,  to  shine.] 

OLAVE,  glav,  n.  a  sword.  [Fr. — L.  gladius 
(=  cladius,  akin  to  claaes).  See  Clay- 
more.] 

QLAZE,  glaz,  v.t.  to  furnish  or  cover  with 
glass :  to  cover  with  a  thin  surface  of  or 
resembling  glass  :  to  give  a  glassy  sur- 
face to. — n.  the  glassy  coating  put  upon 
pottery :  any  shining  exterior.  [M.E. 
glasen — Glass.] 

QLAZIER.  gla'zi-er,  n.  one  whose  trade  is 
to  set  glass  in  ■nindow-frames,  etc.  [For 
glaz-er :  Uke  law-y-er  for  laic-er.] 

GLAZING,  glaz'ing,  n.  the  act  or  art  of 


setting  glass  :  the  art  of  covering  with 
a  vitreous  substance  :  {paint.)  semi-trans- 
parent colors  put  thinly  over  others  to 
modify  the  eflfect. 

GLEA31,  glem,  v.i.  to  glow  or  shine :  to 
flash. — n.  a  small  stream  of  light :  a 
beam  :  brightness.  [A.S.  glcem,  ^leam, 
brightness  ;  akin  to  Glass,  Glow.] 

GLEAMY,  glem'i,  adj.  casting  beams  or 
raj-s  of  light. 

GLEAN,  gien,  v.U  to  gather  in  handfuls 
the  corn  left  by  the  reapers:  to  collect 
what  is  thinly  scattered. — v.i.  to  gather 
after  a  reaper. — n.  that  which  is  gleaned: 
the  act  of  gleaning. — iis.  Glean'er, 
Gleaji'ing.  [0.  Ft.  gletier  (Fv.  glaiier), 
through  Low  L.  forms,  from  A.S.  gdm, 
a  handful.] 

GLEBE,  gleb,  n.  the  land  belonging  to  a 
parish  church  or  ecclesiastical  benefice  : 
{mining)  a  piece  of  earth  containing  ore. 
[Fr.— L.  gleba,  a  clod,  soiL    Cf.  Globe.] 

GLEBOU8,  gleb'us,  GLEBY,  gleb'i,  adj., 
cloddy,  turfy.     [L.  glebosus — gleba.] 

GLEDE,  gled.  7i.  (B.)  the  common  kite,  a 
rapacious  bird.  [A.S.  glida,  "  the  glider," 
akin  to  glidan,  to  glide.] 

GLEE,  gle,  n.  joy :  mirth  and  gaiety : 
ivms.)  a  song  or  catch  in  parts.  [A.S. 
gleo.  mirth,  song  ;  Ice.  gly.] 

GLEEFUL,  glg'fool.  adj.  meiry. 

GLEEMAN,  glS'man,  n.  a  minstrel.  [See 
Glee.] 

GLEET,  glet,  n.  a  glaii-y  discharge  from  a 
mucous  surface. — adj.  Gleet'T.  [From 
root  of  Glide.] 

GLEN,  glen,  n.  a  narrow  valley  worn  by 
a  river :  a  depression  between  hills. 
[Celt.,  as  in  G^L  and  Ir.  gleann,  W, 
glyn.] 

GLIB,  glib,  adj.  moving  easily  :  volable.— 
adv.  Glib'ly. — n.  GuB'rrESS.  [A  contr. 
of  Dut.  glibberig,  slippery.] 

GLIDE,  gBd,  v.i.  to  slide  smoothly  and 
easily :  to  flow  gently  :  to  pass  rapidly. 
— n.  act  of  gliding.  —  adv.  Gud'ctgly. 
[A.S.  glidan,  to  slip,  to  slide;  Ger.  gleiten, 
to  move  smoothly,  closely  aMn  to  Glad.] 

GLIMMER,  glim'er,  v.i.  to  burn  or  appear 
faintly. — n.  a  faint  light :  feeble  rays  of 
light :  (min.)  mica.  [From  a  Teut.  root, 
found  in  Dan.  and  Ger.  glimmer,  of  which 
the  base  is  seen  in  Glea^i.] 

GLIMMER-GOWK;,  gllm'er-gowk,  n.  an 
owl.  "  Like  a  graat  gliTnmer-gowh  vn' 
'is  glasses  athurt  'is  noase." — Tennyson. 

GLIMJfERING,  glim'er-ing,  n.  same  as 
Gluuier,  n. 

GLIMPSE,  glimps,  n.  a  short  gleam:  a 
weak  light :  transient  lustre  :  a  hurried 
view :  fleeting  enjoyment :  the  exhibi- 
tion of  a  faint  resemblance. — v.i.  to  ap- 
pear by'  glimpses.  rai.E.  glimsen,  to 
glimpse — glim.    See  Glimmer.] 

GLINT,  glint,  v.i.  to  glance  :  to  gleam  :  to 
pass  suddenly,  as  a  gleam  of  light,  a 
flash  of  lightning,  or  anj'thing  that  re- 
sembles it :  to  peep  out,  as  a  flower  from 
the  bud. 

Yet  cheerfully  thou  glinted  forth 

Amid  the  storm.— Burns. 

"  The  sun  lay  warm  on  the  grass,  and 

?linted  pleasantly  through  the  leaves  of 
he    ash." — Lord    Lytton.     [Of   kindred 

origin  with  glimpse,  glimmer,  glance,  etc. 

Comp.  Dan.  ghmt,  a  gleam,  glimte,  to 

flash.] 
GLINT,  glint,  n.  a  glance :  a  glimpse  :  a 

gleam  :  a  transient  view  :  a  flash,  as  of 

lightning  :  a  moment.    "  The  little  room 

was    dusky,    save    for    a    narrow    glint 

streaming  through  the  not  quite  closed 

door  of  the  room." — Dickens. 
GLISTEN,  glis'n,  GLISTER,  glis'ter,   v.i. 

to  glitter  or  sparkle  with  light :  to  shine. 

[From   base  alis-,  to  shine,  with  excres- 


cent -{  ;  ct.  Dut.  glinsteren.    See  GLn^ 

TER.] 

GLITTOR.  gUt'er,  v.i.  to  glisten,  to  sparkle 
witli  light :  to  be  splendid  :  to  be  showy. 
— n.  lustre  :  brilliancy.  [Scand.,  as  in 
Ice.  glitra,  to  glisten,  Ice.  fif?!Y,  glitter  ; 
closely  akin  to  GUSTEN,  GLISTER,  etc.]      . 

GLITTERING,  gUt'er-ing,  adj..  shining  I 
splendid  :  brilliant.— adv.  Gutt'eringly.  ! 

GLOAM,  glom,  n.  the  tvNilight :  gloaming.  . 
I  saw  their  starved  lips  in  tlie  gloani. 
With  horrid  warning ^ped  vnae.—Keats. 

GLOAMING,  glom'ing,  n.  twihght,  dusk  ; 
"  As  gloaming,  the  Scottish  word  for  twi- 
light, is  far  more  poetical,  and  has  been 
recommended  bj'  many  eminent  literary 
men,  particularly  by  Dr.  Moore  in  his 
letters  to  Bui-ns,  I  have  ventured  to  use 
it  on  account  of  its  harmony." — Byron: 
closing  period  ;  decline;  as,  thejy/oamiiigr 
of  life :  gloominess  of  mind  or  spirit ; 
"Woman,  pluck  up  your  heart,  and  leave 
off  all  this  gloaming." — J.  Still.     [A.S. 

£Zo)HM);£r,  Scot,  gloamin,  akin  to  Gloom.1 
OAT,  giot,  v.i.  to  look  eagerly,  in  a  bad 
sense:  to  view  with  joy.  [Scand.,  as  in 
Ice.  glotta,  to  grin.] 

GLOBATE,  glob'at,  adj.  like  a  globe  :  cir- 
cular. [L.  globo,  globatus,  to  form  into 
a  ball — globus.] 

GLOBE,  glob,  n.  a  ball:  a  round  body,  a 
sphere  :  the  earth  :  a  sphere  represent- 
ing the  earth  (ten'estrial  globe)  or  the 
heavens  (celestial  globe).  [Fr. — L.  glob- 
ns  :  akin  to  gleba,  a  clod.] 

GLOBE,  glob,  v.i.  to  become  round  or 
globe-shaped.    E.  B.  Browning. 

GLOBOSE,  glob-os',  GLOBOUS,  glob'us, 
adj.  globular.— n.  Globo'stty. 

GLOBULAR,  glob'u-lar,  GLOBULOUS, 
glob'u-lus,  acy.  like  a  globe  :  spherical.— 
adv.  Glob'clarly.- Ji.  GLOBULAR'rrr. 

GLOBULE,  glob'ul,  n.  a  little  glohe  or  round 

£  article. 
OilE,  glom,  n.  (bot.)  a  globular  hea4  of 
flowers.     [L.  glomus  =  globus,  and  conn, 
with  Clump,  Lump.] 

GLOJtfERATE,  glom'er-at,  v.t.  to  gather 
into  a  ball:  to  collect  into  a  spherical 
mass. — adj.  growing  in  rounded  or  mas- 
sive forms :  conglomerate.  [L.  glomero, 
-atus — glomus,  glomeris,  a  clue  of  yarn.] 

GLOMERATION,  glom-er-a'shun.  ji.  act  of 
gathering  into  siball :  a  body  formed  into 
a  ball. 

GLOOM,  gloom,  n.  partial  darkness  :  cloudi- 
ness :  heaviness  of  mind,  sadness  :  hope- 
lessness :  stillenness. — v.i.  to  be  sullen  or 
dejected  :  to  be  cloudy  or  obscure.  [A.S. 
glom,  gloom  ;  Prov.  Ger.  glumm,  gloomy, 
E.  Glum.] 

GLOOMTH,  gloomth.  n.  the  state  of  being 
dim,  obscure,  or  gloomy  :  partial  dark- 
ness. '■  The  gloomth  of  abbeys  and  cathe- 
drals."—S  Walpole. 

GLOOMY,  gloom'!,  adj.  dim  or  obscure : 
dimly  lighted  :  sad,  melancholy.  —  adv. 
Gloom'ely. — n.  Gloom'iness. 

GLORIFY,  glo'ri-fi,  I'. f.  to  make  glorious : 
to  honor :  to  exalt  to  glory  or  happiness: 
to  ascribe  honor  to,  to  worship  -.—pa.p. 
glo'rified. — ?(.  Glorifica'tion.  [L.  gloria, 
and  facio.  to  make.] 

GLORIOLE,  gl6'ri-ol,  n.  a  circle,  as  of  rays, 
represented  in  ancient  paintings  as  sur- 
rounding the  heads  of  saints :  in  the 
extract,  used  figruratively.  [Formed  oc 
type  of  AuEEOii.] 

Sappho,  with  that  gloriole 
Of  ebon  hafron  calmed  brows.— j;.  B.  Brotiming. 

GLORIOUS,  gl6'ri-us,  adj.  noble,  splendid: 
conferring  renown. — adv.  GIO'EIOUSLY. 
— n.  Glo'riousness.    [L.  gloriosus.] 

GLORY,  glo'ri,  n.  renown  :  honor  :  the  oo 
casion  of  praise :  an  object  of  pride : 
excellency:  splendor:  brightness:  circle 
of  ravs  surrounding  the  head  of  a  saint : 


ULORY 


IW 


GNAW 


(B.)  the  presence  of  God  :  the  manifes- 
tation of  Grod  to  the  blessed  in  heaven  : 
heaven. — v.i.  to  boast :  to  be  proud  of 
anjahing :  to  exult  -.—-pcLj}.  glo'ried.  [Ft. 
— L.  gloria  (for  cloria),  akin  to  clarus, 
from  root  of  L.  chi^eo,  Qt.  khi-o,  to  be 
filmed  ;  E.  Loud.] 

43LORY,  glo-ri,  v.t.  to  make  glorious  :  to 
magnify  and  honor  in  worship:  to  glorify. 
"The  troop  that  gloried  Venus  on  her 
wedding  day." — Greene. 

&LOSS,  glos,  n.,  brightness  or  lustre,  as 
from  a  polished  surface  :  external  show. 
— v.t.  to  give  a  superficial  lustre  to:  to 
render  plausible :  to  palliate.  [Ice.  glossi, 
brightness,  gloa,  to  glow.    See  Glass.] 

9LOSS,  glos,  n.  a  remark  to  explain  a 
subject :  a  comment. — v.i.  to  comment 
or  make  explanatory  remarks.  (Xi.  glossa, 
a  word  requiring  explanation — Gr.  glossa, 
the  tongue.] 

aLOSSANTHRAX,  glos-an'thraks,  n.  a 
disease  In  horses  and  cattle,  character- 
ized by  malignant  carbuncles  in  the 
mouth,  and  especially  on  the  tongue. 
[Gr.  gloKsa,  the  tongue,  and  anthrax,  a 
carbuncle.] 

GLOSSARIAXi,  glos-a'ri-al,  adj.  relating  to 
a  glossarv  :  containing  explanation. 

3LOSSARfeT,  glos'ar-ist,  n.  a  writer  of  a 
glossary. 

GLOSSARY,  glos'ar-i,  n.  a  vocabulary  of 
words  requiring  special  explanation. 
[From  Gr.  gids.'ia.l 

GLOSSATOR,  glos-a'tor,  n.  a  writer  of 
glosses  or  comments  :  a  commentator. 

QLOSSIC,  glos'ik,  n.  a  phonetic  system  of 
spelling  invented  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Ellis,  in- 
tended to  be  used  concurrently  with  the 
existing  English  orthography  (Nomic) 
in  order  to  remedy  some  of  its  defects 
without  changing  its  form  or  detract- 
ing from  its  value.  The  following  is  a 
specimen  of  Glossic  : — "  Ingglisli  Glosik 
konvai'z  whotever  proanunsiai'shon  iz 
inten-ded  bei  dhi  reiter.  Glosik  buoks 
kan  dliairfoar  bee  maid  too  impaar.t 
risee-vd  aurthna-ipi  too  aul  reederz." — 
A.  J.  Ellis.     [Fi  oni  Gr.  glossa.  a  tongue]. 

GLOSSOGRAPHI .  glos-og'raf-i,  v.  the 
nritivg  of  glossaries  or  comments. — n. 
Glossog'rapher. — adj.  Glossograph'i- 
CAL.     [Gr.  glossa,  and  grapho.  to  write.] 

GLOSSOLOGY,  glos-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
of  language  :  tlie  knowledge  of  the  defi- 
nition of  technical  terms. — n.  Glossol'o- 
GisT.— ad;.  Glossolog'ical.  [Gr.  glossa, 
and  logos,  a  discourse.] 

GLOSSY,  glos'i,  adj.  smooth  and  shining : 
highly  polished.  —  adv.  Gloss'lly.  —  n. 
Gloss'iness. 

GLOTTIC,  glot'ik,  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to 
glottology  :  glottological. 

GLOTTIS,  glot'is,  n.  the  opening  of  the 
larynx  or  entrance  to  the  windpipe. — 
adj.  Glott'al.  [Gr.  glottis — glossa,  the 
tonguej 

ULOTTOLOGIST,  glot-ol'o-jist,  n.  a  stu- 
dent of  or  one  versed  in  glottology :  a 
glossologist. 

GLOTTOLOGY,  glot-ol'o-ji,  rt.  the  science 
of  language,  comparative  philology.  [Gr. 
glotta,  Attic  for  glossa,  and  logos,  a  dis- 
course.] 

3L0VE,  gluv,  n.  a  cover  for  the  hand,  with 
a  sheath  for  each  finger. — v.t.  to  cover 
with  or  as  \vith  a  glove.  [A.S.  glof 
[=.,ge-lof) ;  allied  to  Scot,  loof.  Ice.  lofi, 
palm  of  the  hand.] 

CLOVER,  gluv'er,  n.  one  who  makes  or 
sells  gloves. 

S9L0W,  glo,  v.i.  to  shine  with  an  intense 
heat :  to  feel  great  heat  of  body  :  to  be 
flushed  :  to  feel  the  heat  of  passion  :  to 
be  ardent. — n.  shining  or  white  heat: 
unusual  warmth  :  brightness  of  color  : 
vehemence  of  passion.     [A.S.  gloican,  to 


glow,  as  a  fire  ;  G«r.  ghiken,  loe.  gim,  to 

glow.] 

GLOW-WORM,  glo'-wurm,  n.  the  female 
of  a  certain  insect,  which  glotvs  or  shines 
in  the  dark. 

GLOZE,  gloz,  v.i.  to  give  a  false  meaning 
to:  to  flatter:  to  wheedle. — v.t.  to  pall> 
ate  by  specious  explanation.  JM.  E. 
glosen',  to  make  glosses,  from  M.  E.  glose, 
a  gloss.    See  Gloss,  a  remark.] 

GLUCOSE,  gloo-kos',  n.  the  peculiar  kind 
of  sugar  in  the  juice  of  fruits.  [Gr.  gly- 
kys.  sweet.] 

GLUCOSIDE,  glQ'ko-sid,  n.  one  of  a  large 
group  of  substances,  derived  from  animal 
or  vegetable  products,  possessing  the 
common  property  of  yielding  glucose  and 
other  products  when  thej'  are  boiled  with 
dilute  acids,  or  are  acted  on  by  certain 
ferments. 

GLUE,  gl5o,  n.  a  sticky  substance  obtained 
by  boiling  to  a  jelly  the  skins,  hoofs,  etc., 
of  animals. — v.t.  to  join  with  glue : — 
pr.p.  glQ'ing ;  pa.p.  glQed'.  [Fr.  glu — 
Low  L.  glus,  glutis—gluo,  to  draw  to- 
gether.] 

GLUEY,  gl55'i,  adj.  containing  glue:  sticky: 
viscous. — n.  GUTEYNESS. 

GLUM,  glum,  adj.  frowning :  suUen : 
gloomy.    [From  root  of  Gloom.] 

GLUME,  gl66m,  n.  the  husk  or  floral  cover- 
ing of  grain  and  grasses. — adj.  Glttma'- 
CEOtrs.  [L.  gliiina,  husk — glubo,  to  peel 
off  bark.] 

GLUMLY,  glumli,  adv.  in  a  glum  or  sul- 
len manner:  with  moroseness. 

GLUT,  glut,  v.t.  to  swallow  greedily:  to 
feast  to  satiety:  to  supply  in  excess: — 
pi:;p.  glutt'ing ;  pa.p.  glutt'ed. — n.  that 
which  is  gorged  :  more  than  enough : 
anything  that  obstructs  the  passage. 
[L.  glutio— root  glu,  akin  to  Sans,  gri, 
to  devour,  and  L.  gida,  and  gurgulio, 
the  throat :  from  the  sound  of  swallow- 

GLUTEN,  gl65'ten,  n.  a  tough  elastic  sub- 
stance of  a  grayish  color,  which  becomes 
brown  and  brittle  by  drying,  found  in  the 
flour  of  wheat  and  other  gi-ain.  It  con- 
tributes much  to  the  nutritive  quality  of 
flour,  and  gives  tenacity  to  its  paste.  A 
similar  substance  is  found  in  the  juices 
of  certain  plants.  Gluten  consists  of 
gliadine,  vegetable  fibrine,  and  caseine, 
with  sometimes  a  fatty  substance.  "Olu- 
ten  exhibits  the  same  percentage  com- 
position as  tlie  albuminoids  ;  it  is  not, 
however,  a  simple  proximate  principle, 
but  may  be  separated  into  two  distinct 
substances,  one  soluble  and  the  other  in- 
soluble in  alcohol ;  and,  according  to 
Ritthausen,  the  portion  soluble  in  alcohol 
may  be  further  resolved  into  two  sub- 
stances, one  called  mucin  or  vegetable 
casein,  the  other  glutin,  gliadin,  or  vege- 
table gelatin ;  the  portion  insoluble  in 
alcohol  is  called  vegetable  Jibrin." — Watts, 
Diet,  of  Chem.    [L.    See  Glue.] 

GLUTEN-BREAD,  gloo'ten-bred,  ??.  a  kind 
of  bread  in  which  there  is  a  large  pro- 
portion of  gluten.    It  is  used  in  diabetes. 

GLUTINATE,  glo5'tin-at,  v.t.  to  unite,  as 
with  glne. — n.  Glutina'tion.  [L.  glutino, 
ghifinotnm — gluten. '\ 

GLUTINATIVE,  glo6'tin-a-tiv,  adj.  having 
the  quality  of  gluing  or  cementing:  tena- 
cious. 

GLUTINOUS,  gl5o'tin-us,  adj.,  gluey:  tena- 
cious :  (hot.)  covered,  as  a  leaf,  with 
slimy  moisture. — n.  Glu'tinousness. 

GLUTTON,  glut'n,  n.  one  who  eats  to  ex- 
cess :  a  carnivorous  quadruped  in  north- 
ern regions,  once  thought  very  voracious. 
[Fr.   glouton — L.  gluto,  from  L.  root  of 

GUTT.] 

GLUTTONIZE,  glut'n-Iz,  v.i.  to  eat  to  ex- 
cess, like  a  glutton. 


GLUTTONOUS,  glut'n-us,  GLUTTONISH, 
glut'n-ish,  adj.  given  to,  or  consisting  in 
gluttony.— adv.  Glutt'onouslt. 

GLUITONY,  glut'n-i,  n.  excess  in  eating. 

GLYCERIDE,  glis'e-rid,  u.  in  chem.  a  com- 
pound ether  of  the  triatomic  alcohol  gly- 
cerine. Some  of  the  glyceriu.'S  exist 
ready  formed  as  natural  fats,  in  tht-  bodies 
of  plants  and  animals,  and  many  more 
may  be  produced  artificially  by  the  action 
of  acid  upon  glycerine. 

GLYCERINE,  GLYCERIN,  glis'e-rin,  n. 
a  transparent  colorless  liquid  with  a  sweet 
taste,  obtained  from  natural  fats  by  sa- 
ponification with  alkalies  or  by  the  action 
of  superheated  steam.  [From"  Gr.  glykys, 
sweet.] 

GLYPH,  glif,  ft.  (arch.)  an  ornamental 
sunken  channel  or  fluting,  usually  verti- 
cal. [Gr.  glyphs— glypho,  to  hoUow  out, 
carve.3 

GLYPHOGRAPHY,  glif-og-raf-i,  n.  a  proc- 
ess of  taking  a  raised  copy  of  a  drawing 
by  electrotype.  —  adj.  Gltphogeaph'ic. 
[Gr.  glypho,  to  carve,  engrave,  and  gra- 
phs, drawing — grapho,  to  write.] 

GLYPTIC,  glip'tik,  adj.  pertaining  to  carv- 
ing  on  stone,  etc.:  (win.)  figured.— <jLYp'- 
Tics,  n.sing.  the  art  of  engraving,  esp.  on 
precious  stones. 

GLYPTODON,  glip'tod-on,  n.  a  fossil  ani- 
mal of  S.  America  with  fluted  teeth. 
[Gr.  glyptos,  carved,  and  odous,  odontos, 
tooth.]  

GLYPTOGRAPHY,  glip-tog-raf-i,  n.  a  de- 
scription of  the  art  of  engraving  on 
precious  stones. — adj.  Glyptograph'ic. 
[Gr.gfZ2/p/os,carved,and  grapho,  to  write.] 

GNAR,  nar,  v.i.to  snarl  or  growl.     [Frcm 
a  Teut.  root  found  in  Ger.  knurren,  Dan. 
knurre,    to    growl ;     formed    from    t*i.< 
sound.]  ( 

GNARL,  narl,r.t.  to  snarl  or  growl.  [Freq  ' 
of  Gnae.] 

GNARL,  narl,  n.  a  growl :  a  snarl.  "  My 
caress  provoked  a  long  guttural  gnarl." 
— E.  Bronte. 

GNARL,  narl,  n.  a  twisted  knot  in  wood. 
— adj.  Gnaeled,  knotty,  twisted.  [J'rom 
a  Teut  root,  as  in  Ger.  knorren,  Dan. 
knort,  a  knot,  gnarl,  and  prob.  akin  to 
gnarl  in  the  sense  of  pressing  close  to- 

f ether.] 
ASH,  nash,  v.t.  to  strike  the  teeth  to- 
gether in  rage  or  pain. — v.i.  to  g^ind  the 
teeth.     [From  the  sound.] 

GNAT,  nat,  n.  a  name  applied  to  several 
insects  of  the  genus  Culex.  The  pro- 
boscis or  sting  of  the  female  is  a  tube 
containing  four  spiculse  of  exquisite  fin^ 
ness,  dentated  or  edged ;  these  are  the 
modified  mandibles  and  maxillje.  The 
males  are  destitute  of  stings,  and  are 
further  distinguished  by  their  plume-like 
antennse.  The  most  troublesome  of  tliis 
genus  is  the  mosquito.  "Strain  at  a 
gnat "  (Matt,  xxiii.  24),  to  be  scrupulous 
about  small  matters.  In  this  phrase  the 
at  is  said  to  be  a  typographical  blunder 
of  the  first  edition  of  the  King  James 
version  of  the  Bible  for  out.  It  is  an  al» 
lusion  to  tlie  custom  of  the  Jews,  Greeks, 
and  Romans  of  passing  their  wines !"  which 
in  the  southern  countries  might  easily 
receive  gnats)  through  a  strainer.  This 
was  a  matter  of  religion  with  the  Jews, 
who  considered  the  insect  unclean.  [A.S. 
gncet ;  Low  Ger.  gnid,  a  small  kind  of 
gnat ;  perhaps  akin  to  Ger.  gnatzc  th^ 
itchj 

GNAW,  naw,  v.t.  to  bite  so  as  to  make  a 
noise  with  the  teeth  :  to  bite  off  bj-  de- 
grees :  to  bite  in  agony  or  rage  :  (fig.)  to 
torment. — v.i.  to  use  the  teeth  in  biting. 
[A.S.  gnagan :  cf.  Dut.  knagen,  Ice.  naga^ 
Prov.  E.  nag,  to  tease,  worry.] 


GNEISS 


200 


GOLF 


GNEISS,  nis,  7!.  {geol.)  a  species  of  strati- 
fled  rock  composed  of  quartz,  felspar, 
and  mica.  [Grer.  gneiss,  a  name  used  by 
the  Saxon  miners,  of  unlinown  origin.] 

QNEISSOIB,  nis'oid,  adj.  having  some  of 
the  characters  of  gneiss.    [Gneiss,  and 
Gr.  eidos,  form.] 
\ONOJxE,  nom,  n.  a  sententious  saying. — 

1  orfy.GNOM'ic.  [Gr.  gnome,  an  opinion — 
giiotiai,  gignosKO,  to  know.] 

(aJTOME,  nom,  n.  a  kind  of  sprite,  said  to 
preside  over  the  inner  parts  of  the  earth 
and  its  treasures  :  a  dwarf  or  goblin.  [Fr. 
— a  word  traced  by  Ldttr^  to  Paracelsus, 
and  perh.  formed  from  Gr.  gnome,  intel- 
ligence, because  it  was  supposed  these 
spirits  could  reveal  the  treasures  of  the 
earth.  1^ 

GNOMED,  nom'ed,  adj.  haunted  or  inhab- 
ited by  a  gnome  or  gnomes.  "  The 
haunted  air  and  gnomed  mine." — Keats. 

GNOMON,  no'mon,  n.  the  pin  of  a  dial, 
whose  shadow  points  to  the  hour :  the 
index  of  the  hour-circle  of  a  globe : 
(geom.)  a  parallelogram  minus  one  of  the 
pai-allelograms  about  its  diagonal.  [Gr. 
gnomon,  an  interpreter  —  gnonai,  to 
know.] 

6N0M0NIC,  n5-mon'ib,  GNOMONICAl,, 
no-mon'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  art 
of  diaUing.  —  adv.  GNOMON'iCAiLY.—  n. 
sing.  Gnomon'ICS,  the  art  of  dialling. 

GNOSTIC,  nos'tik,  n.  one  of  a  sect  in  the 
beginning  of  the  Christian  era  who  pre- 
tended that  they  alone  had  a  true  knoid- 
efJge  of  religion. — adj.  pertaining  to  the 
Gnostics  or  their  doctrines  :  knowing  ; 
well-informed;  skillful.  Sir  W.  Scott. 
[Gr.  gnostikos,  good  at  knowing — gignos- 
ko.  to  know.] 

ONOSTICALLY,  nos'tik-al-i,  adi\  in  a 
gnostic  or  knowing  manner :  skillfully. 
(Slang.)  "He  was  tog'd  gnostically 
enough." — Sir  W.  Scott. 

vJNOSTICISM,  nos'ti-sizm,  n.  the  doctrines 
of  the  Gnostics. 

SNTJ,  nu,  n.  a  kind  of  antelope  in  S. 
Africa,  resembling  the  horse  and  ox. 
[Hottentot,  gnu.] 

GO,  go,  v.i.  to  pass  from  one  place  to  an- 
other :  to  be  in  motion  :  to  proceed  :  to 
walk :  to  depart  from  :  to  lead  in  any 
direction  :  to  extend :  to  tend  :  to  be 
about  to  do  :  to  pass  in  report :  to  pass, 
as  in  payment :  to  be  accounted  in 
value :  to  happen  in  a  particular  way : 
to  turn  out :  to  fare  -.—pr.p.  go'ing ; 
pa.t.  went ;  pa.p.  gone  (gon). — Go  about 
(B.),  to  set  one's  self  about :  to  seek  :  to 
endeavor. — GK3  BEYOND  (B.),  to  overreach. 
— Go  TO,  int.  {B.)  come  now !  [A.S.  gati, 
mmgan :  Ger.  gehen,  Dan.  gaa.] 

GOAD,  god,  n.  a  sharp-pointed  stick,  often 
shod  with  iron,  for  driving  oxen :  a 
stimulus. — v.t.  to  drive  with  a  goad :  to 
urge  forward.     [A.S.  gad,  a  goad.] 

GOADSTER,  god'ster,  n.  one  who  drives 
■\vith  a  goad  :  a  goadsman.  "  Goadsters 
in  classical  costume." — Carhjle. 

GOAL,  gol,  n.  a  mark  set  up  to  bound  a 
race :  the  winning-post  ;  also  the  start- 
ing-post :  the  two  upright  posts  between 
which  the  ball  is  kicked  in  the  game  of 
football :    the    act  of  driving   the    ball 

f    through  between  the  posts  :  an  end  or 
i  aim.     [Fr.  gatde,  a  pole  ;  prob.  of  Teut. 
1  origin,  as  Fi-is.  ivalu,  a  staff,  Goth,  n-alns ; 

but  ace.  to  Littre  from  L.  I'allus,  a  stake.] 
tiOAT,  got,  n.  the  weU-kno\vn  quadruped, 
■   allied    to    the    sheep.     [A.S.   gat;    Ger. 

geiss — obs.  and  prov.  Ger.  geissen  =  gehen, 

to  go ;  like  Gr.  aix,  a  goat — a'isso,  to  leap  ; 

akin  to  L.  hcedu.'s.] 
GOATMOTH.    got'moth,    n.    one    of    the 

largest   of  British  moths,  which   has  a 

goatlike  odor. 
GO  A.T-^PEPPER,  got'-pep-er,  n.  a  species  of 


Capsicum  or  Cayenne  pepper  (Capaicurit 

frutescens). 

GOATS'-BEARD.  -herd,  GOATS'-RUE, 
-roo.  GOAT'S'-STONES,  -stonz,  GOAT'S'- 
THORN,  -thorn,  n.  names  of  plants. 

GOATSUCKER,  got'suk-er,  n.  a  kind  of 
swallow  erroneously  thought  to  suck 
goats. 

GOBBET,  gob'et,  n.  a  mmithful:  a  little 
lump.  [Fr.  gdbet — Gael,  goh,  the  mouth, 
from  the  sound.] 

GOBBLE,  gob'l.  v.t.  to  swallow  in  lumps  : 
to  swallow  hastily. — v.i.  to  make  a  noise 
in  the  throat,  as  a  turkey.  [Fr.  gober, 
to  devour,  with  E.  sufiix  -le — a  Celt, 
word  gob,  the  mouth,  which  has  also 
passed  into  prov.  E.] 

GOBELIN,  go'be-lin,  adj.  a  term  applied 
to  a  species  of  rich  tapestry  in  France, 
ornamented  with  complicated  and  beau- 
tiful designs  in  brilliant  and  permanent 
colors :  also,  pertaining  to  a  printed 
worsted  cloth  for  covering  chairs,  sofas, 
etc.,  in  imitation  of  tapestry.  [From 
the  dyehouse  in  Paris  originally  belong- 
ing to  a  famous  family  of  dyers  called 
Gobelin,  and,  after  them,  named  "the 
Gobelins."  M.  Colbert  subsequently  ac- 
quired it  for  the  state,  collecting  into 
it  the  ablest  workmen  in  the  divers  arts 
and  manufactures  connected  with  up- 
holstery and  house  decoration,  as  paint- 
ers, t&pestry-makers,  ebonists,  sculptors, 
etc.,  prohibiting  at  the  same  time  the 
importation  of  tapestry  from  other  coun- 
tries. The  Gobelins  has  siuce  then  con- 
tinued to  be  the  first  manufactory  of 
the  kind  in  the  world,  tapestry-work  in 
particular  being  its  glory.] 

GOBEMOUCHE,  gob-moosh,  n.  (lit.)  a  fly- 
swallower  ;  hence,  a  credulous  person, 
simpleton,  or  ninny:  so  named  from  such 
persons  listening  or  staring  with  open 
mouth.     [Fr.] 

GO-BETWEEN,  go'be-twen,  n.  one  who 
goes  between  two  others  as  an  agent 
or  assistant :  an  intermediaiy.  "Her 
assistant  or  go-betu-een." — Shatc.  "  Swore 
besides  to  play  their  go-between  as  hereto- 
fore."— Tennyson. 

GOBLET,  gob'let,  n.  a  large  drinking  cup 
without  a  handle.  [Fr.  gobelet,  dim.  of 
Low  L.  gubeUus,  which  again  is  a  dim. 
of  L.  eiipa,  a  cask.    See  Cup.] 

GOBLIN,  gob'lin,  n.  a  frightful  phantom  : 
a  fairy.  [Fr.  goblin — Low  L.  gdbelinus — 
Gr.  Tcobatos,  a  mischievous  spirit.  See 
Cobalt.] 

GOBY,  go  bi,  n.  a  genus  of  small  sea-flshes, 
which  buQd  nests  of  seaweed.  [L.  gobius 
— Gr.  kobios.] 

GO-BY,  go'-bi,  n.  a  going  by  without  no- 
tice :  escape  by  artifice  :  evasion. 

GO-CART,  go'-kart,  n.  a  cart  or  contriv- 
ance for  teaching  children  to  go  or  walk. 

GOD,  god,  n.  the  Supreme  Being :  the  Cre- 
ator and  Preserver  of  the  world  :  an  ob- 
ject of  worship,  an  idol :  (B.)  a  ruler,— 
fern.  Godd'ess.  [A.S.  god;  Ger.  goft, 
Goth,  guth,  Dut.  god,  and  in  all  the  other 
Teut.  languages  ;  all  from  a  Teut.  root 
gutha,  God,  and  quite  distinct  from  good; 
perh.  conn,  with  Pers.  khoda,  lord,  and 
Bans,  gudha,  secret.] 

GODFATHER.  god'fa-«ier,  n.  a  man  who, 
at  a  child's  baptism,  engages  to  be  its 
father  in  relation  to  God  or  its  religious 
training.— /em.  God'mother. — ns.  God'- 
CHiLD,  God'-daughter.  God'son. 

GODHEAD,  god'hed,  n.  state  of  being  a 
god  :  deity :  divine  nature.  [God,  and 
Head,  wluch  see  in  list  of  AfRxes.] 

GODLESS,  god'les,  adj.  li\nng  without  God: 
impious:  atheistical. — adv.  God'LESSLY. 
— 7! .  God'lessness. 

GODLIKE,  godlik,  adj.  like  God  :  divine. 
GODLY,  god'li,  adj.  like  God  in  character  : 


pious  :    according  to  God's  law. — advs. 

God'ly,  God'lily.— ?j.  God'liness.  [God, 

and  ly^ike.] 
GODMOTHER.    See  Godfather. 
GODSEND,   god'send,   n.    an    unexpected 

piece  of  good-fortune.     [GrOD  and  SEND.] 
GODSHOUSE,  godz'hous,  n.  an  almshouse. 

Camden. 
GODSON,  god'sun.    See  Godfather. 
GODSPEED,  god'sped,  n.  for  good  speed  or 

success.  [Cf.  A.S.  god-spidig,  successful.! 
GrODWARD,  god'wawrd,  adv.,  tcncard  God. 

[GrOD,   and  A.S.   weard,  L.   versus,  sig. 

direction.] 
GODWIT,  god'wit,  n.  a  bird  -svith  a  long 

bill  and  long  slender  legs,  that  frequents 

marshes.     [Perh.  from  A.S.  god,  good, 

and  wiht,  creature.] 
GOER,  go'er,  n.  one  who  or  that  which 

goes :  a  horse,  considered  in  reference  to 

his  gait. 
GOGrGLE,  gogi,  v.i.  to  strain  or  roll  the 

eyes. — adj.  rolling :  staring :  prominent. 

— 71.  a  stare,  or  affected  rolhng  of  the 

eye  : — pi.  spectacles  with  projecting  eye- 
tubes  :  blinds  for  shying  horses.     [Prob. 

freq.  of  Celt,  gag,  to  move  slightly  ;  gog, 

a  nod.] 
GOING,  go'ing,  n.  the  act  of  moving  :  de- 

garture:  (B.)  course  of  life,  behavior. — 
DING  FORTH,  n.  {B.)  an  outlet. — GoiNGS 
or  GOINGS  OUT,  71.  (B.)  utmost  extremity  : 
departures  or  journeyings. 
GOITRE,  GOITER,  goi'ter,  n.  a  tumor  on 
the  forepart  of  the  throat,  being  an  en- 
largement of  one  of  the  glands.  [Fr. 
goitre — L.  guttiir,  the  throat.     Cf.  Crb- 

TTN.]  

GOITRED.  GOITERED,  goi'terd,  adj.  af- 
fected with  goitre. 

GOITROUS,  goi'trus,  adj.  pertaining  to 
goitre. 

GrOLD,  gold,  n.  one  of  the  precious  metals 
much  used  for  coin  :  money,  riches  :  yel- 
low, gold  color.  [A.S.  ;  also  in  most 
Aryan  languages,  as  Ice.  gull,  Grer.  gold, 
Goth,  gul-th,  Russ.  zla-to,  Gr.  chry-soe, 
Sans,  hirana — all  fron"  a  primary  form 
ghar-ta,  from  a  root  g  Mr,  to  be  yellow, 
from  which  also  gretn,  yellow,  are  de- 
rived.] 

GOLD-BEATER,  gold'-bet'er,  n.  one  whose 
trade  is  to  beat  gold  into  gold-leaf. — n. 
Gold'-beat'ing. 

GOLD-DUST,  gold'-dust,  n.  gold  in  dust  or 
very  fine  particles,  as  it  is  sometimes 
found  in  rivers. 

GOLDEN,  gold'n,  adj.  made  of  gold  :  of  the 
color  of  gold  :  bright :  most  valuable  : 
happy  :  highly  favorable. —  Golden 
FLEECE,  an  order  of  knighthood  :  the 
Toison  d'or.  See  under  ToisON. — GSolden 
ROSE,  in  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  an  ornament  of 
gold,  musk,  and  balsam,  consecrated  by 
the  pope  on  the  fourth  Sunday  in  Lent.  It 
was  anointed  with  chrism  and  sprinkled 
with  perfumed  dust ;  and  after  benedic- 
tion it  was  set  upon  the  altar  during 
mass,  and  then  carried  away  in  the  pope's 
hands  to  be  sent  to  some  favored  prince , 
some  eminent  church,  or  distinguished 
personaare.     [A.S.  gylden — gold.] 

GOLDFINCH,  gold'flnsh,  n.  a  singing-bird 
or  finch  with  groM-colored  wings. 

GOLDFISH,  gold'fish,  n.  a  small  gold- 
colored./?s7i,  native  to  China,  kept  in  this 
countrv  in  glass  globes  and  ponds. 

GOLD-LEAF^  gold'-lef,  n.  gold  beaten  ex- 
tremely thin,  or  into  leaves,  and  used  for 
gildins:. 

GOLDSMITH,  gold'smith,  n.  a  smith  or 
worker  in  gold  and  silver. 

GOLDYLOCKS,  gold'i-loks,  n.  a  plant  with 
yellow  flowers,  like  locks  of  hair  :  wood 
crowfoot. 

GOLF,  golf,  n.  a  game  played  with  a  duh 
and  ball,  in  which  he  who  drives  the  ball 


GOLOSH 


201 


GOUGE 


into  a  series  of  small  holes  in  the  ground 
with  fewest  strokes  is  the  winner.  [From 
name  of  a  Dut.  game— Dut.  kolf,  a  club  : 
•f.  Ger.  kolbe,  Ice.  kolfr.    See  Club.] 

GtOLOSH,  go-losh',  n.  same  as  Gaioche. 

GONDOLA,  gon'do-la,  n.  a  long  narrow 
pleasure-boat  used  at  Venice.  [It.,  a 
dim.  of  gonda — Gr.  kondy,  a  drinking- 
vessel,  said  to  be  a  Pers.  word.] 

GONDOLIER,  gon-do-ler',  n.  one  who  rows 
'      a  gondola. 

GONE,  gon,  pa.p.  of  Go. 

GONFALON,  gon'fa-lon,  n.  an  ensign  or 
standard  with  streamers. — n.  Gon'faI/- 
OKIER,  one  who  bears  the  foregoing.  [Fr. 
— It.  gonfalone.} 

GONG,  gong,  n.  a  musical  instrument  of 
circular  form,  made  of  bronze,  producing, 
■when  struck  with  a  wooden  mallet,  a 
loud  sound.     [Malay.] 

GONORRHEA,  gon-or-re'a,  n.  aninflamma^ 
tory  discharge  of  mucus  from  the  mem- 
brane of  the  urethra.  [Gr.  gonorrhoia 
— gone,  that  which  begets,  and  \;rlieo,  to 
flowj 

GOOD,  good,  adj.  having  qualities, 
whether  physical  or  moral,  desirable  or 
suitable  to  the  end  proposed  :  promoting 
success,  welfare,  or  happiness  :  virtuous: 
pious  :  kind  :  benevolent :  proper :  fit : 
competent :  sufficient :  valid :  sound  ; 
serviceable  :  beneficial :  real :  serious,  as 
in  good  earnest :  not  small,  considerable, 
as  in  good  deal :  full,  complete,  as  meas- 
ure :  unblemislied,  honorable,  as  in  good 
name  : — comp.  Bett'eb  ;  superl.  Best. — 
As  GOOD  AS,  the  same  as.  no  less  than. 
[A.S.  god ;  closely  akin  to  Dut.  goed, 
Ger.  gut,  Ice.  gothr,  Goth,  gods.] 

GOOD,  good,  n.  that  which  promotes  hap- 
piness, success,  etc. : — opposed  to  Evil  : 
prosperity  :  welfare  :  advantage,  tem- 
poral or  spiritual :  moral  qualities  :  vir- 
tue: (B.)  possessions: — pi.  household  fur- 
niture: movable  property:  merchandise. 

GOOD,  good,  int.  well  I  right  I 

GOOD-BREEDING,  good-bred'ing,  n.  po- 
lite manners  formed  by  a  good  breeding 
or  education. 

GK)OD-BYE,  good-bl',  »i.  or  int.  contracted 
from  Ood  be  imth  you  :  farewell,  a  form 
of  address  at  parting. 

GOOD-DAY,  good-da,  n.,  int.  a  common 
salutation,  a  contr.  of  Imsh  you  a  good 
day. 

GOOD-FELLOW,  good-fel'o,  n.  a  jolly  or 
boon  companion. 

GOOD-FELLOWSHIP,  good-fel'o-ship,  n. 
merry  or  pleasant  company :  convivi- 
ality.   [See  Fellow.] 

GOOD-FRIDAY,  good-fri'da,  n.  a  fast,  in 
memory  of  our  Lord's  crucifixion,  held  on 
the  Friday  of  Passion-week. 

GOOD-HUMOR,  good-yoo'mur,  n.  a  good 
or  cheerful  temper,  from  the  old  idea 
that  temper  depended  on  the  humors  of 
the  body. — adj.  Good-htj'moeed. — adv. 

€k)OD-HTj'M0EEDLY. 

GKX)DLY,  good'li,  adj.,  good-like;  good- 
looking  :  fine  :  excellent : — comp.  Good'- 
LiER  ;  superl.  Good'liest. — n.  Good'li- 

NESS.] 

GOODMAM,  good-man',  n.  (B.)  the  man  or 
master  of  the  house :  the  co-relative  to 
it  is  G^O0D^VIPE. 

300D-NATURE,  good-na'tur,  n.  natural 
goodness  and  mildnese  of  disposition. — 
adj.    GtoOD-NA'TUBED.  —  adv.    Good-na'- 

niREDLY. 

GOODNESS,  good'nes,  n.  virtue:  excellence: 
benevolence. 

GOOD-NIGHT,  good-nlt',  «.,  int.  a  com- 
mon salutation,  a  contr.  of  Itvish  you  a 
good-night. 

GOOD-SPEED,  good-sped',  n.  a  contr.  of 
/  wish  you  good-spem.  [Cf.  Speed  and 
Godspeed.] 


GrOOD-WILL,  good-wil',  n.  benevolence  : 
well-wishing  :  the  custom  of  any  busi- 
ness or  trade. 

GOODY,  good'i,  adj.  mawkishly  well  in- 
tentioned.  "  All  this  may  be  mere 
goody  weakness  and  twaddle  on  my 
part." — Sterling. 

GOOSE,  goos,  n.  a  web-footed  animal  Uke 
a  duck,  but  larger  and  stronger  :  a  tailor's 
smoothing-iron,  from  the  likeness  of  the 
handle  to  tiie  neck  of  a  goose  :  a  stupid 
silly  person  :— ^Z.  Geese.  [A.S.  30s  (from 
older  form  gans) ;  akin  to  Ice.  gros  (also 
for  gaiis),  Ger.  gans,  L.  anser  (=  hans-er), 
Gr.  chen,  Sans,  hamsa,  Russ.  gus';  from 
base  ghan-,  root  gha-,  to  gape  (whence 
Gajwet,  Gander,  and  Yavtn),  with  s 
added.] 

GOOSEBERRY,  goo/ber-i,  m.  the  berry  or 
fruit  of  a  slirub  of  the  same  name.  [Goose- 
is  for  grose-  or  groise-,  which  appears  in 
O.Fr.  grroise/e,  a  gooseberry,  Scot,  grosart, 
and  is  from  the  O.  Ger.  krus  (Ger.  kraus), 
crisp,  curled,  from  the  hairs  with  which 
the  coarser  varieties  are  covered.] 

GrOOSE-GRASS,  goos'-gras,  n.  a  common 
creeping  plant,  a  favorite  food  of  the 
goose. 

GOOSE-QTJILL,  goos'-kwil,  n.  one  of  the 
quills  or  large  wing-feathers  of  a  goose, 
used  as  pens. 

GOOSERY,  goos'er-i,  n.  a  place  Tor  keeping 
geese. 

GOPHER,  go'fer,  n.  (B.)  a  kind  of  wood, 
prob.  fir.     [The  Heb.  word.] 

GORCOCK,  gor'kok,  n.  the  moorcock  or 
red  grouse.  [Gor  is  either  derived  from 
Goese,  furze ;  or  it  may  be  from  its  cry.] 

GORCROW,  gor'kro,  n.  the  gore  or  carrion 
crow.  [A.S.  gor,  filth,  carrion,  and 
Crovf.] 

GORDIAN,  gord'yan,  adj.  intricate  :  diSi- 
cult.  [The  Oordian  knot  was  a  knot  so 
tied  by  Gordius,  king  of  Phrygia,  that 
no  one  could  untie  it.] 

GORDIAN,  gord'yan,  v.t.  to  tie  or  bind  up  : 
to  comphcate  in  knots  :  to  knot.  (Rare, 
perhaps  unique  in  the  following  extract.) 
Locks  brig:ht  enough  to  make  nie  mad  ; 

And  they  were  simply  gordiati'd  up  and  braided. 

Leaving-,  in  naked  comeliness,  unshaded. 

Her  pearl  round  ears,  white  neck,  and  orbed  brow. 

— Keats. 

GORE,  gor,  n.  clotted  blood :  blood.  [A.S. 
gor,  blood,  dung,  dirt ;  akin  to  Sw.  gorr. 
Ice.  garn-ir,  gom,  guts  ;  L.  hira,  gut.] 

GORE,  gor,  n.  a  triangular  piece  let  into  a 
garment  to  widen  it :  a  triangular  piece 
of  land. — I'.f.  to  shape  like  or  furnish 
with  gores :  to  pierce  with  anything 
pointed,  as  a  spear  or  horns.  [A.S.  gara, 
a  pointed  triangular  piece  of  land — gar, 
a  spear  witli  triangular  blade.] 

GORGE,  gorj,  n.  tlie  tlu-oat :  a  narrow  pass 
among  hills  :  (fort.)  the  entrance  to  an 
outwork. — v.t.  to  swallow  greedily:  to 
glut. — v.i.  to  feed.  [Fr. — L.  gurges,  a 
whii-lpool ;  from  its  gaping  appearance  or 
voracity,  applied  to  tlie  gullet ;  akin  to 
Sans,  gar-gar-a,  whirlpool.] 

GORGEOUS,  gor'jus,  adj.  showy:  splendid. 
— adv.  Gor'geouslt. — n.  Gor'geousness. 
[O.  Fr.  gorgias,  beautiful,  gaudy — gar- 
gias,  a  ruff,  Fr.  gorge,  the  throat.  See 
Goege.] 

GORGET,  gor'jet,  n.  a  piece  of  armor  for 
the  throat:  a  military  ornament  round 
the  neck.  [O.  Fr.  gorgette — Fi-.  gorge. 
See  Gorge.] 

GORGON,  gor'gun,  n.  a  fabled  monster  of 
so  horrible  an  aspect  that  every  one  who 
looked  on  it  wr3  tm'ned  to  stone  :  any- 
thing very  ugly.  [L.  gorgon — Gr.  gorgo 
— gorgos,  grim.] 

GORGON,  gor'gun,  GORGONEAN,  GOR- 
GONIAN,  gor-go'ni-an,  adj.  like  a  gorgon: 
very  ugly  or  terrific. 

CrORILLA,  gor-a'a,  n.  the  largest  of  the 


monkey  tribe,  found  on  the  west  coast  ol 
tropical  Africa.     [The  African  word.] 

GORMAGON,  gor'ma-gon,  n.  a  member  of 
a  brotlierhood,  somewhat  similar  to  the 
Freemasons,  which  existed  from  1735  to 
1738.     Pope. 

GORMAND.    Older  form  of  Gourmand. 

GORMANDIZE,  gor'mand-iz,  v.i.  to  eat  like 
a  gormand. — n.  Goe'mandizer. 

GORMANDIZING,  gor'mand-iz-ing,  n.  the 
act  or  habit  of  eating  like  a  gormand  or 
voraciously. 

GORSE,  gors,  n.  a  prickly  shrub  growing 
on  waste  places,  the  furze  or  wliin.  [A.^ 
gorst,  furze.] 

GORY,  gor'i,  adj.  covered  with  gore: 
bloody^ 

GOSHAWK,  gos'hawk,  n.  a  short-winged 
hawk,  once  used  for  hunting  wild-geese 
and  other  fowl.  [A.S.  gos,  goose,  haf'ue, 
hawk.] 

GOSLING,  goz'ling,  n.  a  young  goose. 
[A.S.  gros,  goose,  ling,  little.] 

GOSPEL,  gos'pel,  n.  the  Cliristian  revela- 
tion :  the  narrative  of  the  life  of  Christ, 
as  related  by  Matthew,  Mark,  Luke,  or 
John  :  a  system  of  religious  truth.  [A.S. 
godspell ;  commonly  derived  from  A.S. 
god,  good,  and  spell,  story,  and  so  a  trans- 
lation of  Gr.  eu-anggelion,  good  news  ; 
but  more  prob.  from  god,  God,  and  spell, 
a  narrative,  God-story  ;  so  also  the  Ice. 
is  guth-spjall,  God-story,  and  not  goth^ 
spjall,  good-story  ;  and  the  O.  Ger.  was 
got  (God)  -spe/,  not  giiot  (good)  -spel.] 

GOSSAMER,  gos'a-mer,  n.  very  fine 
spider-threads  which  float  in  the  air  or 
form  webs  on  bushes  in  fine  weather. 
[M.E.  gossomer,  perh.  formed  from  god. 
and  summer  —  M.E.  samare  —  Romance 
samarra,  the  skirt  of  amantua,  from  the 
legend  that  it  is  the  shreds  of  the  Virgin 
Mary's  shroud  which  she  cast  away  when 
she  was  taken  up  to  heaven;  Skeat  thinks 
it  is  formed  of  goose  and  summer,  of  which 
summer  may  (as  in  Ger.  mddchen-som- 
mer)  mean  "summer-film."] 

GOSSIP,  g'os'ip,  n.  a  famiUar  acquaintance: 
one  who  runs  about  telling  and  hearing 
news  :  idle  talk. — v.i.  to  run  about  tell- 
ing idle  tales  :  to  talk  much :  to  chat. 
— n.  Goss'iPRY. — adj.  Goss'ipy.  [Orig. 
a  sponsor  in  baptism,  or  one  related  in 
the  service  of  Ood;  M.E.  jrosstd  (earlier 
form,  godsib) — God,  and  sib,  peace,  re- 
lationship ;  cf.  Ger.  sippe.  Ice.  sif,  affin- 
ity, Scot,  sib,  related.] 

GOT,  GOTTEN.    See  under  Get. 

GOTH,  goth,  n.  one  of  an  ancient  Gtermanic 
nation :  a  rude  or  uncivilized  person,  a 
barbarian.  [A.S.  Oeatas,  L.  Oothi,  Gr. 
Oothoi,  Goth.  Outhans,  the  Goths.] 

GOTHAMITE,  goth'a-mit,  or  GOTHA- 
MIST,  goth'a^mist,  n.  a  simpleton,  a 
wiseacre.  [Orig.  "  man  of  Gotham,"  a 
village  of  Nottinghamshire,  Eng.,  which 
got  a  reputation  for  fooUsh  blundering.] 

GOTHAMITE,  goth'a-mit,  n.  an  inhabitant 
of  the  city  of  New  York — no  connection 
with  the  preceding.  [From  Gotham,  a 
familiar  name  for  the  American  metrop- 
olisj 

GOTHIC,  goth'ik,  adj.  belonging  to  the 
Goths  or  their  language  :  barbarous  :  ro^. 
mantic  :  denoting  a  style  of  architecture 
with  high-pointed  arches,  clustered  col- 
umns, etc.  [Applied  to  architecture  as 
a  term  of  reproach  at  the  time  of  the 
Renascence.] 

GOTHICISM,  goth'i-sizm,  n.  a  Gothic  idiom 
or  stvle  of  buUding:  rudeness  of  manners. 

GOTH'ICIZE,  goth'i-slz,  v.t.  to  make  Gothic: 
to  bring  back  to  barbarism. 

GOUGE,  gooj  or  gowj,  n.  a  chisel,  with  a 
hoUow  blade,  for  cutting  grooves  or  holes. 
—v.t.  to  scoop  out,  as  with  a  gouge  :  to 


GOURD 


202 


GRAMPUS 


force  out,  as  the  eye  with  the  thumb.  | 
[JV. — Low  L.  guvia,  a  kind  of  chisel.]         | 

OOTIRD,  gord  or  goord,  n.  a  large  fleshy 
fruit :  rind  of  a  goiu-d  used  asadrinking- 
cup  :  the  gourd  plant.  [Fr.  cougourde— 
L.  eucurbita,  a  gourd.] 

(QOTIRilAND,  gOor'niand,  n.  one  who  eats 
greedily:  a  glutton. — adj.  voracious: 
gluttonous.  [Fr.  gonrmaiul,  a  glutton  ; 
origin  unknown.] 

liOUT,  gowt,  n.  a  disease  of  the  smaller 
joints,  and  esp.  of  the  great  toe.  [Fr. 
gmtte—U  gtttta,  a  drop,  because  the  dis- 
ease was  supposed  to  be  caused  by  a  hu- 
mor settling  on  the  joints  in  drops.] 

>30UT,  goo,  ?(.  taste:  relish.  [Fr.— L.  gus- 
tus,  taste  :  akin  to  Gr.  geu5,  to  make,  to 

OOTJTY,  gowt'i,  adj.  relating  to  gout: 
diseased  with  or  subject  to  gout.— adv. 
Gorr'iLY.— »!.  GocT'iNESs. 

tSOVERN,  guv'ern,  v.t.  to  direct:  to  control; 
to  rule  with  authority  ;  {gram.)  to  deter- 
mine the  mood,  tense,  or  case  of. — v.i.  to 
exercise  authority :  to  administer  the 
laws.— iw^'.  Governable.  [Fr.  gmivemer 
(It.  govemare)  —  ^^.  gubemo,  to  steer  a 
ship,  to  rule,  borrowed  from  Gr.  Jcybemad, 
akin  to  Gr.  kybe,  head.] 

OOYEENANCE,  guv'er-nans,  n.,  govern- 
ment :  control :  direction. 

GOVEENANTE,  guv-er-nant'  or  gnV-,  n. 
the  same  as  Goveeness.  {Fr.—gouver- 
nant.  pr.p.  of  gouverner.'] 

aOVERNESS,  guVer-nes,  n.  a  lady  who 
has  charge  of  the  instruction  of  young 
ladies  :  a  tutoress.  [O.  Fr.  govemesse— 
L.  grihernninx — giibemo.'] 

laOVERNMENT,  guVern-ment,  n.  a  ruling 
or  managing:  control:  system  of  govern- 
ing :  the  persons  authorized  to  adminis- 
ter the  law^ :  the  territory  over  which 
sovereign  power  extends :  (gram.)  the 
power  of  one  word  in  determining  the 
form  of  another.— arfj.  of  or  pursued  by 
government.  [Fr.  gouveniement — j/OJt- 
verner-Y^ 

aOVERNMENTAL,  guv-cm-ment'al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  sanctioned  by  govern- 
ment. 

^SO'VERNOR,  guVern-ur,  n.  the  chief  exec- 
utive officer  of  a  State  of  the  American 
Union  :  a  ruler :  one  invested  with  su- 
preme authority :  a  tutor :  {machinery)  a 
regulator,  or  contrivance  for  maintain- 
ing uniform  velocity  with  a  varying  re- 
sistance: (B.)  a  pilot.— n.  GoVernoeship. 

30WAN,  goVan,  n.  the  wild  daisy.  [Celt., 
as  in  Ir.  and  Gael,  guagn,  bud,  daisy.] 

GOWN,  gown,  n.  a  woman's  upper  gar- 
ment :  a  long  loose  robe  worn  by  profes- 
sional men.  [W.  gicn,  akin  to  gicrtio,  to 
stitch.] 

GOWNED,  gownd,  adj.  dressed  in  a  gotm. 

aOWNMAN,    gown'man,     GOWNSMAN, 

fownz'man,  n.  one  whose  professional 
abit  is  a  govm,  as  a  divine  or  lawyer, 
and  esp.  a  member  of  an  English  univer- 
sity. 
GRAAFIAN,  grafi-an,  adj..  Graafian 
VESICLES,  in  anat.  numerous  small  glob- 
ular transparent  follicles  found  in  the 
ovaries  of  mammals.  They  are  developed 
tor  the  special  purpose  of  expelling  the 
ovum.  Small  at  first  and  deeply  bedded 
in  the  ovary,  they  graxiually  approach 
the  surface,  and  finally  burst  and  dis- 
charge the  ovmn.  [From  Regnier  de 
Oraaf,  a  Dutch  physician  of  the  seven- 
teenth century.] 
liRAB,  grab  (vulgar),  v.t.  to  seize  or  grasp 
suddenly  :  —pr.p.  grabb'ing  ;  pa.p. 
grabbed"'.  [From  same  root  as  Oeapple, 
Grasp,  Grip.  Cf.  Sw.  grabba,  to  grasp, 
Ger.  greifen,  to  seize.] 
GRABBLE,  grab!,  v.i.  to  grope.  [Freq. 
of  Grab.] 


GRACE,  gras,  n.  easy  elegance  in  form  or 
manner :  what  adorns  and  commends 
to  favor :  adornment,  embellishment : 
favor :  mercy,  pardon  :  the  undeserved 
kindness  and  mercy  of  GiDd :  di\'iue  in- 
fluence :  eternal  life  or  salvation  :  a  short 
praj'er  at  meat :  the  title  of  a  duke  or 
an  archbishop  : — jil.  (with  good)  favor, 
friendship :  {myth.)  the  three  sister  god- 
desses in  whom  beauty  was  deiSed. — v.t. 
to  mai'k  with  favor :  to  adorn.— D\.YS  OP 
Grace,  three  days  allowed  for  the  pay- 
ment of  a  note  of  bill  of  excliange,  after 
being  due  aeo.  to  its  date.  [FV.— L. 
gratia,  favor — gratus,  agreeable  ;  akin 
to  Gr.  charis,  grace.] 

GRACEFUTj,  gras'fool,  adj.  elegant  and 
easy. — adv.    Geace'fully. — n.    Geace'- 

FULNESSj^ 

GRACELESS,  grasles,  adj.  wanting  grace 
or  excellence :  depraved  :  wicked. — adv. 

GeACE'LESSLY. — n.  GEACE'LESS^■ESS. 

GRACIOUS,  gra'shus,  acfj.  abounding  in 
grace  or  kindness :  benevolent :  proaeed- 
mg  from  divine  favor  :  acceptable. — adv. 
GRA'aorsLY. — n.  Gra'ctouskess. 

GRACY,  gra'si,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  teach- 
ing the  doctrines  of  gi'aee  :  evangelical. 
"A  graey  sermon  like  a  Presbytenan." — 
Pcjyyg. 

GRADATION,  gra-da'shun,  n.  a  rising  step 
by  step :  progress  from  one  degree  or 
state  to  another :  state  of  being  arranged 
in  ranks  :  {mus.)  a  diatonic  succession  of 
chords:  (pafnf.)  the  gradual  blending  of 
tints.  —  adj.  GeadaTIONAl.  [Fr.  —  L. 
gradatio,  a  rising  by  st  ps— ^adu«,  a 
step.] 

GRADATIONED.gra-da'shund,  adj.  formed 
by  gradations  or  stages. 

GRADE,  grad,  n.  a  degree  or  step  in  «ink 
or  dignity :  the  degree  of  slope  on  a  road, 
rFr.- L.  gradus,  a  etap—gradior,  to  step, 
to  go.] 

GRAJDIENT,  gra'di-ent,  adj.  gradually  ris- 
ing :  rising  \vith  a  regular  slope. — n.  the 
degree  of  slope  on  a  road  or  railway :  the 
difference  in  the  height  of  the  barometer 
between  one  place  and  another  place  at 
some  distance :  an  incline,  {h.  gradiens, 
•entis,  pr.p.  of  gradior,  to  step.] 

GRADUAL,  grad'u-al,  adj.  advancing  by 
grades  or  degrees :  regular  and  slow. — 
adv.  Gead'tjally.— ?i.  Geadual'ity. 

GRADU^Uj,  grad'Q-al,  GRAIL,  gial,  n.  in 
the  Roman  Church,  the  portion  of  the 
mass  betw  een  the  epistle  and  the  gospel, 
formerly  always  simg  from  the  steps  of 
the  altar  :  the' book  containing  sucfi  an- 
thems. [Low  L.  gradiwle  (or  gradaley— 
L.  gi-adns,  a  step.  Grail  is  from  O.  Fr. 
greel — gradualeT] 

GRADUATE,  graf  fl-at,  v.t.  to  di%'ide  into 
regular  intervals :  to  mark  with  degrees: 
to  proportion. — v.i.  to  pass  by  grades  or 
degrees :  to  pass  through  a  university 
course  and  receive  a  degree  :  in  England 
the  regular  usage  is  to  say  that  a  person 
graduates  {ta^ea  an  academical  degree). 
In  U.S.  it  is  more  common  to  say  that  he 
or  she  is  graduated ;  as,  Longfellow  was 
graduated  at  Bowdoin  College. — n.  one 
admitted  to  a  degree  in  a  eoUege,  uni- 
versity, or  society.—?!.  Gradua'tion. 
[Low  L.  ^raduatus — L.  gradits,  a  step, 
a  degree. J 
GRADUATCR.  grad'ri-5-tor,  n.  a  mathe- 
matical instrument  for  graduating  or 
dividing  lines  into  regular  intervals. 
GRADUS,  gra'dus,  n.  a  dictionary  of  Greek 
or  Latin  prosody.  [Con tr.  of  ^ad?ts  ad 
Pamassum,  a  step  or  stair  to  Parnassus, 
the  abode  of  the  Muses.] 
GRAFF,  n.  and  v.  {B.)  old  form  of  Graft. 
GRAFT,  graft,  n.  a  small  branch  used  in 
grafting. — v.t.  to  make  an  incision  in  a 
tree  or  plapt,  and   insert  in    it  a  small 


branch  of  another :  to  insert  in  some* 
thing  anything  not  belonging  to  it.  - 
v.i.  to  insert  cuttings  into  a  tree. — 7i. 
Geaet'ee.  rOrig.  Graff — O.  Fr.  graffe 
(Fr.  grcffe) — ^L.  graphium,  a  style  or  pen- 
cil (which  the  inserted  slip  resembled^- 
Gwgraphb,  to  write.] 

GRAHAM-BREAD,  gram'-bred,  7i.  brown 
bread.  [From  the  name  of  an  Ajneri' 
can  lecturer  on  dietetics.]  , 

GRAIL.    See  Gradual. 

GRAIL,  gTal,  )j.  (bi  medieval  legend)  the 
Holy  Cup  in  which  Christ  celebrated  the 
Lord's  Supper.  [Orig.  the  San  Grial, 
"  Holy  Dish  "  (not  Sang  Seal,  *■  Holy 
Blood"),  in  which  it  is  said  Joseph  of 
Arimatliea  collected  our  Lord's  blood  ; 
from  O.  Fr.  graal  or  great,  a  flat  disii — 
Low  L.  gradate,  prob.  a  corr.  of  cruttlla, 
dim.  of  crater,  a  bowl.    Cf.  Cbater.] 

GRAIN,  gi-an,  »i.  a  single  small  hard  seed : 
(coUectively)  the  seeds  of  certain  plants 
which  form  the  chief  food  of  man  :  a  mi- 
nute particle:  a  very  smali  quantity: 
the  smallest  British  weight :  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  particles  or  fibres  of  any- 
thing, as  stone  or  wood  :  texture  :  the 
dye  made  from  cocliineal  ini>ects,  which, 
in  the  prepared  state,  resembles  (/rat/ts  of 
seed :  hence  to  Dye  ik  grain  is  to  dye 
deeply,  also,  to  dye  in  the  wool. — v.t.  to 
paint  in  imitation  of  wood.  [Tr. — L. 
granum,  seed,  which  is  akin  to  E.  Coen.  j 

GRAINED,  grand,  adj.  rough,  as  if  covered 
with  grains. 

GRAINEE,  gran'er,  n.  one  who  paints  La 
imitation  of  the  grain  of  wood. 

GRALLATORIAL,  gral-a^tor'i-al,  GRAL- 
LATORY,  gral'a-tor-i,  adj.  of  or  relating 
to  the  gralfatores  or  wading  birds,  as  the 
crane,  stork,  etc.  [L.  grallator,  one 
walking  on  stilts  —  grallce,  stilts,  contr. 
of  gradulce,  dim.  of  gradus.  a  step--; 
gradior,  to  step.] 

GRAM,  GRAJrME,  gram,  n.  a  French  or 
Metric  System  unit  of  weight,  equal  to 
1.5*433  grains.  [Gr.  gramma,  a  letter,  a 
small  weight.] 

GRAilTNEAL.  gra-min'e-al,  GRAMINE- 
OUS, gra-min'e-us,  adj.  like  or  pertaining 
to  grass:  grassy.  [L.  gramineus—grw- 
men.  -inis,  grass.    See  Geass.J 

GRAMINIFOLIOUS,  gram-in-i-foni-us.  adj. 
bearing  leaves.    [L.  gramen,  and  folium, 

GRAMINIVOROUS,  gram-in-iv'o-ms,  adj., 
feeding  or  subsisting  on  grass  and  herbs. 
[L.  gramen,  qraminis,  grass,  and  roro,  to 
eat  greedily.  J 

GRAMMAE,'gTam'ar,  n.  the  science  of  the 
right  use  of  language :  a  book  which 
teaches  grammar  :  any  elementary  work. 
[Ft.  grammaire ;  from  Low  L.  gramma,  a 
letter,  with  the  termination  -arius—Or. 
gramma,  a  letter — grapho,  to  write.] 

QRAMMAEIAN,  gram-ma'rl-an,  n.  one 
versed  in  or  who  teaches  grammar.  [Fr. 
grammairie72.'\ 

GRAMMAR-SCHOOL,  gram'ar-sko5l,  n.  a 
school  in  which  grammar  is  taught  :  a 
higher  school,  in  which  Latin  and  Greek 
are  taught. 

GRAJIMATIC,  gram-mat'ik,  GRA]\DIAT- 
ICAL,  g-ram-mat'ik-al,  ad^.  belonging 
to  or  according  to  the  rules  of  granv 
mar.— adv.  Grammat'ically.  [Fr.— L. 
gramm a f ictis—G  r.  grram matikos—gro m- 
ma,  grammatos.  a  letter.] 

GRAlifMATICIZE,  gram-mafi-slz,  "-.t.  to 
make  grammatical. — v.i.  to  act  the 
grammarian. 

GKAilPUS.  gram'pus,  n.  a  large  voracious 
fish  of  the"  Dolnhin  family,  common  in 
Arctic  seas  and  on  British  coasts.  fA 
corr.,  through  It.,  Port.,  or  Sp.,  of  the 
L.  grandis  piscis,  great  fish.] 


GRANARY 


2C3 


.    GRASS 


GRANAKY,  graa'ax-i,  n.  a  storehause  for 
grain  or  thrashed  corn.  [L.  granaria — 
granum.'^ 

GRAND,  grand,  adj.  of  great  size,  extent, 
power,  or  dignity:  splendid:  illustrious: 
noble:  sublime:  chief:  of  the  second  de- 
gree of  parentage  or  descent,  as  Grand'- 
FATHER,  a  father  or  mother's  father, 
Geand'child,  a  son  or  daughter's  child; 
•  so  Geand'mother.  Grand'sox,  Grakd'- 
DAtTGHTKE,  etc.  —  Grajtd-ju'RY,  a  jury 
that  decides  whether  there  is  sufficient 
evidence  to  put  an  accused  person  on 
trial.— ady.  Graxd'lt.— to.  Geakt'ness. 
[Fr.  grand— Ij.  grandis,  great.] 

GRANDAM,  gran'dam,  n.  an  old  dame  or 
woman :  a  grandmother.  [Grakd  and 
Dam,  a  mother.] 

GRAKDEE,  gran-de',  n.  a  Spanish  noble- 
man of  the  first  ra»A;;  a  man  of  high 
rank  or  station. — n.  Grandee'shtp.  [Sp. 
— L.  grandis,  great.] 

GRANDEUR,  grand'ur,  n.  vastness:  splen- 
dor of  appeai-ance  :  loftiness  of  thought 
or  deportment.  [Fr.,  from  grand,  great. 
See  Grand.] 

aRAND-GARDE,GRAND-GUARD,  grand'- 

f:ard,  n.  a  piece  of  plate  armor  used  in 
he  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  in 
the  tournament.  It  covered  the  breast 
and  left  shoulder,  was  affixed  to  the 
breastplate  by  screws,  and  hooked  on  the 
helmet. 

You  care  not  for  a  graTid-guard  f 
No,  we  will  use  no  horses;  I  perceive 
You  would  fain  be  at  that  fi^ht. — 0/rf  play. 

GRANDILOQUENT,  gran-dil'o-kwent,  adj. 
speaking  grandly  or  bombastically: 
pompous. — adv.  Grandil'oquently. — n. 
Grandil'oqtjence.  [L.  grandis,  and 
loquor,  to  speak.] 

GRAND-MASTER,  grand'-mas-ter,  n.  title 
of  the  head  of  the  religious  orders  of 
knighthood  (Hospitallers,  Templars,  and 
Teutonic  Knights) :  the  head,  for  the 
time  being,  of  the  Freemasons. 

GRANDSIRE.  grand'sir,  n.  a.  ^andfather  : 
any  ancestor.     [See  Grand.] 

GRANGE,  granj,  n.  {lit.)  a  granary; 

The  loose  unlettered  hinds  ; 
Wlien  for  their  teeming  flocks,  and  granges  f ul!. 
In  wanton  dance  they  praise  the  bounteou.s  Pan. 

— Aliltmi: 
the  farming  establishment  and  granary 
attached  to  a  religious  house,  where,  in 
addition  to  their  own  crops,  the  grain 
paid  as  rent  and  tithes  was  stored  ;  the 
name  was  also  given  to  the  farm  build- 
ings and  granary  of  a  feudal  lord,  the 
residence  of  hLs  chief  bailiff ;  a  grange, 
in  its  original  signification,  meant  a 
farmhouse  of  a  monastei-y,  from  which 
it  was  always  at  some  little  distance,  and 
one  of  the  monks  was  usually  appointed 
to  inspect  the  accounts  of  the  farm — he 
was  called  the  prior  of  the  grange :  in 
England,  a  farm,  with  the  dwelUng- 
house,  stables,  byres,  barns,  etc.:  par- 
ticularly, a  house  or  farm  at  a  distance 
from  other  houses  or  villages  ;  the  dwell- 
ing of  a  yeoman  or  gentleman-farmer  ; 

Sliepherds  at  the  grange^ 
Where  the  Babe  was  born. 

Sang-,  with  many  a  change, 
Cliristmas  carols  until  morn. 

— Longfetlofw; 
At  the  moated  orange  resides  this  dejected  Mariana. 

— .S7ia7,-.,- 
"A  grange  impUes  some  one  particular 
house  immediately  inferior  in  rank  to  a 
hall,  situated  at  a  small  distance  fiom 
the  town  or  village  from  which  it  takes 
its  name,  as  Hornby  Orange,  Blackwell 
Orange,  and  is  in  the  neighborhood 
simply  called  the  Orange." — Ritson :  a 
combination,  society,  or  lodge  of  farm- 
ers for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  m- 
terests  of  agriculture,  more  especially 
for  abolishing  the  restraints  and  burdens 


Imposed  on  it  by  the  commercial  classes, 
the  railroad  and  canal  companies,  etc., 
and  for  doing  away  with  the  middlemen 
or  agents  intervening  between  the  pro- 
ducer and  the  consumer  ;  granges  origi- 
nated in  the  great  agricultural  region  on 
the  Mississippi,  and  still  prevail  most 
generally  there.  [Fr.  grange,  a  barn  ; 
Low  L.  granea,  granica,  a  barn,  from  L. 
granum,  grain.] 

GRANGER,  granj'er,  ??.  a  member  of  a 
farmers'  grange  for  the  advancement  of 
the  interests  of  agriculture,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  commercial  and  manu- 
facturing interests  :  on  the  Stock  Ex- 
change, western  railroad  shares  and  their 
owners  and  mianipulators  are  called 
Grangers. 

GRANITE,  gran'it,  n.  an  ig-neous  crystal- 
line rock,  composed  of  grains  of  quartz, 
feldspar,  and  mica,  and  of  a  whitish, 
grayish,  or  reddish  color.  [It.  graniot, 
granite,  grained — L.  granum,  grain.] 

GRANITIC,  gran-it'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to, 
consisting  of,  or  like  granite. 

GRANITIFORM,  gran-it'i-form,  GRANI- 
TOID, gran'i-toid,  adj.  of  the  form  of  or 
resembling  granite. 

GRANIVOROUS.  gTan-iv'or-us,  adj.,  eat- 
ing grain  :  feeding  on  seeds.  [L.  granum, 
and  i-07-o,  to  eat.l 

GRANT,  grant,  i\t.  to  bestow  or  give  over: 
to  give  possession  of  :  to  admit  as  true 
what  is  not  yet  proved  :  to  concede.  [M. 
E.  graiuiten,  graunt ;  O.  Fr.  graantcr, 
craanter,  creanter,  to  promise,  as  if  from 
a  Low  L.  credento — L.  credo,  to  believe.] 

GRANT,  grant,  n.  a  bestowing :  something 
bestowed,  an  allowance:  a  gift:  a  transfer 
or  convej'ance  by  deed  or  writing. 

GRANTEE,  grant-e',  n.  the  person  to  whom 
a  grant,  gift  or  conveyance  is  made. 

GRANTOR,  grant'or,  n.  the  person  by 
whom  a  grant  or  convevance  is  made. 

GRANULAR,  gran'u-lar,  GRANULART, 
gran'u-lar-i,  adj.  consisting-  of  or  like 
graiiis. — adv.  Gran'ulaely. 

GRANULATE,  gTan'u-lat,  v.t.  to  form  or 
break  into  grains  or  small  masses:  to 
make  rough  on  the  surface. — r.i.  to  be 
formed  into  grains.— adj.  granular  :  hav- 
ing the  surface  covered  with  small  ele%"a- 
tions.     [Formed  fi-om  Geantle.] 

GRANULATION,  gran-u-la'sliun.  n.  act  of 
forming  into  grains,  esp.  of  metals  by 
pouring  them  through  a  sieve  into  water 
while  hot:— pi.  the  grain-like  bodies  which 
form  in  sores  when  healing 

GRANULE,  gran'ul,  n.  a  Utile  grain.  [L. 
grannlum,  dim.  of  granum.    See  Gbain.] 

GRANULOUS,  gran'u-lus,  adj.  full  of 
grains  or  particles. 

GRAPE,  grap,  n.  the  fruit  of  the  vine  :  a 
mangy  tumor  on  the  leg-s  of  horses : 
grapeshot.  [O.  Fr.  grappe,  a  cluster  of 
grapes,  whicli  came  in  E.  to  mean  a 
single  berry  ;  from  O.  Ger.  chrapfo,  a 
hook.  It  properly  meant  a  hook,  then 
clustered  fruit,  hooked  on,  attached  to, 
a  stem  (Brachet).] 

GRAPERY,  grap'er-i,  n.  a  place  where 
grapes  are  grown. 

GRAPE-SHOT,  grap'-shot,  n.  a  missile  dis- 
charged from  a  cannon  intermediate  be- 
tween case-shot  and  soUd  shot,  having 
much  of  the  destructive  spread  of  the 
former  with  somewhat  of  the  range  and 
penetrative  force  of  the  latter.  A  round 
of  grape-shot  consists  of  three  tiers  of 
cast-iron  balls  arranged,  generally  three 
in  a  tier,  between  foia-  parallel  iron  discs 
connected  together  by  a  central  wrought- 
iron  pin.  For  carronades,  in  which  the 
shot  are  not  liable  to  such  a  violent  dis- 
persive shock,  they  are  simply  packed  in 
canisters  with  wooden  bottoms.— QriLTED 
GRAPE-SHOT,  shot  sewed  up  in  a  canvas 


bag  and  afterwards  tied  round  with  cord 

so  as  to  form  meshes. 

GRAPHIC,  graf'ik.  GRAPHICAL,  graf ik- 
al,  adj.  pertaining  to  n-ritiiig,  describing, 
or  delineating :  pictui-esquely  described. 
—adv.  Graph'icaixy.  [L.  graphieiis — 
Gr.  grapliikos — grapho.  to  writeT] 

GRAPHITE,  graflt,  n.  a  mineral,  common- 
ly called  blacklead  or  pliunbago  (thotigb 
containing  no  lead)  largely  used  in  mak- 
ing pencils:  in  archa;ol.  a  rudely  scratched 
or  engraved  representation  of  a  figiu'e 
or  a  rude  inscription  on  a  wall,  pillar, 
and  the  Uke.  "  The  next  (in  the  cata- 
comb under  the  farm  of  Tor  Marancia 
near  Rome)  was  a  graphite,  one  of  those 
rude  scratchings  which,  thoug'h  made  by 
idle  or  mischievous  hands,  prompted  by 
the  spirit  which  has  moved  the  'cock- 
neys '  of  all  ages  to  disfigure  walls  by 
recording  their  names  or  fancies  upon 
them,  nevertheless  often  contain  most 
valuable  information.  This  graphitevra.s 
found  on  tlie  intonaco  (plaster)  of  the 
apse.  It  represented  in  rude  outline  tUe 
profile  of  a  bishop  seated,  evidently 
preaching  from  the  episcopal  chair,  mth 
a  kind  of  background  showing  the  side  of 
the  choir,  with  the  pulpit  or  ambo  for  the 
epistle.  It  was  clearly  a  reminiscence  of 
an  event  which  had  occurred  within  the 
basilica.  Here,  again,  conjecture  could 
only  offer  an  explanation;  but  what  event 
could  the  representation  of  a  pontiff 
preaching  in  a  basilica  within  the  cata- 
comb believed  to  be  that  of  Domltilla 
sitggest  other  than  the  sainted  Gregory 
denvering  tliat  homily  he  is  recorded  to 
have  preached  to  the  people  in  the  ceme- 
tery where  the  saints  Nereus  and  Achil- 
leus  were  buried,  and  which  tradition  has 
connected  with  the  church  dedicated  to 
them  within  the  w^alls  I '" — Shakespeare 
Wood.     [Gr.  grapho.} 

GRAPNEL,  grap'nel,  n.  a  small  anchor 
with  several  claws  or  arms  :  a  grapphng- 
iron.  [Fr.  grappin  ;  O.  Fr.  grapptl;  from 
root  of  Grapple.] 

GRAPPLE,  giap'l,  v.t.  to  gi-ipe  or  seize  : 
to  lav  fast  hold  of. — v.i.  to  contend  in 
close 'fisht.     [Dim.  of  GRAB.] 

GRAPPLLN'G-IRON,  grap'ling-I'urn,  ?;.  a 
large  grapnel  formerly  used  for  seizing 
host  He  ships  in  naval  engagements. 

GRAPPLE-PLANT,  grap'l-plant,  n.  the 
Cape  Colony  name  of  the  Harpagophy- 
tum  prociniihens,  a  South  African  pro- 
cumbent plant  of  the  natural  order  Pe- 
daliacea;.  The  seed  has  many  hooked 
thorns,  and  clings  to  the  mouth  of  any 
ox  wliich  has  come  on  it  while  grazing, 
the  pain  being  so  exquisite  that  the  ani- 
mal roars  through  agony  and  a  sense  of 
helplessness. 

GRAPY,  grap'i,  adj.  made  of  or  like 
grapes. 

GRASP,  grasp,  v.t.  to  seize  and  hold  by 
clasping  with  the  fingers  or  arms :  to 
catcli  at. — i-.i.  to  endeavor  to  seize :  to 
catch  (followed  by  at). — n.  gripe  of  the 
hand  :  reach  of  the  arms  :  power  of 
seizure.  [M.E.  graspen  ^  grapsen.  See 
Grope  and  Grapple.] 

GR-4,SPINGNESS,  grasp'ing-nes,  n.  the 
state  or  character  of  being  grasping ; 
rapacity.     Ricliarrhon.  , 

GR  A  SPLESS,  grasp'les,  ad/,  not  grasping 
relaxed. 

From  my  graspless  hand, 
Drop  friendship's  precious  pearls,  like  hour-j^Iass 
sand. — CtAeridge. 

GRASS,  gras,  n.  common  herbage:  an  order 
of  plants  with  long,  narrow  leaves,  and 
tubular  stem,  including-  n-heat,  rye,  oatS; 
etc.  —  v.t.  to  cover  with  grass.  [A.S. 
gcers,  grces;  Ice.,  Ger.,  Dut.,  and  Goth. 
gras;  prob.  allied  to  green  and  groii\\ 


GRASSANT 


204 


GRAYSTONE 


GRASSANT,  gras'ant,  adj.  moviner  %hov.'c: 
stirring:  in  full  swing.  " Malefactor;* 
and  cheats  everywiiere  gfras.=C)i<." — Roger 
Nortli.  nL.  grassari,  to  be  moving  aboi:t.] 

GRASSHOPPER,  gras'hop-er,  n  a  hopping 
insect  that  feeds  on  grass,  allied  to  the 
locust. 

^RASS-PLOT,  gra^'-plot,  n.  a  plot  of 
grasiti/  ground. 

f  IRASS-WTDOW,  gras'-wi-d5,  n.  originally, 
an  unmarried  woman  who  had  a  child  : 
now  applied  to  a  wife  temporarily  sepa- 
rated from  her  husband,  as  a  wife  livmg 
in  England  while  her  husband  is  in 
America,  or  vice  versa  :  also  to  a  woman 
divorced  from  her  husband.  "A  slightly 
different  idea  has  been  recentlv  attached 
to  the  term  (grass-imdo^r).  During  the 
gold  mania  in  California  a  man  would  not 
unfrequently  put  his  wife  and  children  to 
board  with  some  family  while  he  went 
to  the  diggings.  This  he  called  '  putting 
his  wife  to  grass,'  as  we  put  a  horse  to 
grass  when  not  wanted  or  unfit  for 
work." — Breicer.  [Fr.  grace,  courtesy, 
and  E.  loidcnv — a  widow  by  courtesy.] 

GRASSY,  gras'i,  adj.  covered  with  or  re- 
sembling grass:  green. — n.  Grass'iness. 

GRATE,  grat,  n.  a  framework  composed  of 
bars  with  interstices,  esp.  one  of  iron 
bars  for  holding  coals  while  burning. 
[Low  L.  grata,  a  grate,  hurdle,  lattice 
— from  L.  orates,  a  nurdle.    See  Crate.] 

OBATE,  grat,  v.t.  to  rub  hard  or  wear 
away  with  anything  rough :  to  make  a 
hai-sh  sound  :  to  irritate  or  offend.  [Fr. 
gratter ;  through  Low  L.,  from  O.  Ger. 
ehrazon  (Grer.  kratzen),  to  scratch,  akin 
to  Sw.  kratta.'] 

GRATED,  grat'ed,  adj.  having  a  grate  or 
grating. 

GRATEFUL,  grat'fool,  adj.  causing  pleas- 
ure :  acceptable  :  delightful :  thankful : 
having  a  due  sense  of  benefits.  —  adv. 

GRATE'FtTLLY. — ?l.     GRATE'ETTLNESS.        [O. 

Fr.  grat — L.  gratus,  pleasing,  thankful, 
and  Full.  See  Grace.  ]-^rateful. 
Thankful.  Orateful  is  preferred  when 
vre  speak  of  the  general  character  of  a 
person's  miud  ;  as,  a  person  of  a  grateful 
disposition  ;  or  when  a  person  has  re- 
ceived favors  from  some  individual. 
Thankful  has  reference  rather  to  grati- 
tude for  a  particular  act  of  kindness,  and 
does  not  necessarily  imply  a  favor  con- 
ferred by  a  person ;  as,  for  instance, 
when  we  say  we  are  thankful  at  being 
delivered  from  danger  ;  I  felt  thankful  at 
my  escape,  where  it  is  nearly  equivalent 
to  relieved  or  glad ;  thankful  has  gen- 
erally reference  to  some  specifio  act ; 
grateftd  is  more  general  or  characteris- 
tic of  a  habit.  This  is  clearly  seen  in 
their  opposites,  ungrateful  and  thankless, 
or  ingratitude  and  thankless7iess.] 

GRATER,  grat'er,  n.  an  instrument  with  a 
rough  surface  for  grating  or  rubbing 
down  a  body  :  in  book-binding,  an  iron 
instrument  used  by  the  forwarder  in  rub- 
bing the  backs  of  sewed  books  after  past- 
ing. 

GRATIFICATION,  grat-i-fl-ka'shun.  n.  a 
pleasing  or  indulging  :  that  which  grati- 
fies :  delight.     [L.  gratificatio.] 

GRATIFY,  grat'i-fl,  v.t.  to  do  what  is 
agreeable  to  :  to  please  :  to  soothe  :  to  in- 
dulge : — pa.p.  grat'ifled. — 7!.  Grat'ifier. 
[Fr. — lu  gratijicor — gratus,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

ORATING,  grat'ing,  n.  the  bars  of  a  grate: 
a  partition  or  frame  of  baro. 

GRATING,  grat'ing,  adj.  rubbing  hard  on 
the  feeUngs  :  harsh  :  irritating. — adv. 
Grat'inglt. 

GRATIS,  gra'tis,  adv.  for  nothing :  without 
payment  or  recompense.     [L.  contr.  of 


gratOs,  ablative  pi.  o*  gratia,  favor— 

gratus.] 

GRATITUDE,  grat'i-tud,  n.  warm  and 
friendly  feeling  towards  a  benefactor : 
thankfulness.     [Fr. — Low  L.  gratitudo.] 

GRATUITOUS,  gra-tu'i-tus,  adj.,  done  or 
given  gratis  or  for  nothing :  voluntary : 
without  reason,  ground,  or  proof. — aai\ 
Grattj'itously.    [L.  gratuitus — gratus.] 

GRATUITY,  gra-tu'i-ti,  n.  a  present :  an 
acknowledgment  of  service,  generally 
pecuniary.  [Fr. — Low  L.  gratuitas — L. 
gratus.]  ' 

GRATULATE,  grat'u-lat,  v.t.  to  Congrat- 
ulate. 

GRATULATION,  grat-u-la'shun,  n.  Con- 
gratulation. 

GRATULATORY,  grat'fl-lartor-i,  adj.  Con- 
gratulatory. 

GRAVAINIEN,  grav-a'men,  n.  ^ievance  : 
substantial  ground  of  complaint  or  ac- 
cusation.    [L. — gravis,  heavy.] 

GRAVE,  grav,  v.t.  to  carve  or  cut,  on  a 
hard  substance  :  to  engrave. — v.i.  to  en- 
grave : — ^ja.p.  graved'  or  grav'en. — n.  a 
pit  graved  or  dug  out,  esp.  one  in  which 
to  bury  the  dead  :  any  place  of  burial : 
(Jig.)  death  :  destruction.  [A.S.  grafan  ; 
cog.  with  Dut.  graven  (whence  Fr.  grav- 
er), Ger.  graben,  Gotli.  grdban;  Gr. 
grapho,  to  grave,  scratch,  L.  scribere,  to 
write,  scrobs,  a  ditch.] 

GRAVE,  grav,  v.t.  to  smear  with  graves 
or  greaves,  a  mixture  of  tallow,  rosin, 
etc..  boiled  together.    [See  Greaves.] 

GRAVE,  grav,  adj.  (Jig.)  weighty  :  of  im- 
portance :  serious :  not  gay :  sober : 
solemn  :  (mus.)  not  acute  :  lew. — adv. 
Grave'ly.  —  n.  Grave'ness.  [Fr.  —  L. 
grai-is  :  Sans,  guru.] 

GRA^^E-FELLOW,  grav'-fel-o,  n.  one  who 
lies  in  the  same  gi-ave  as  another :  the 
sharer  of  a  grave.  "  The  grave-fellou'  of 
Elisha  raised  with  the  touch  of  his 
bones." — Fidler. 

GRAVEL,  grav'el,  n.  small  stones  often 
intermixed  with  sand  :  small  collections 
of  gravelly  matter  in  the  kidneys  or 
bladder. — v.t.  to  cover  with  gravel :  to 
puzzle  : — pr.p.  grav'elUng ;  jya.p.  grav'- 
elled. — adj.  Grat'elly.  [O.  Fr.  gravelle 
— Fr.  greve  or  grave,  a  sandy  shore  ; 
prob.  Celt.,  as  in  Bret,  grouan,  sand,  W. 
gro,  pebbles.] 

GRAVE-SIAN,  grav'-man,  n.  a  sexton  :  a 
gravedigger.     Wm.  Combe. 

GRAVER,  grav'er,  n.  an  engraver:  a  tool 
for  engraving  on  hard  substances. 

GRAVES.  Same  as  Greaves,  tallow-drip- 
pings. 

GRAVID,  grav'id,  adj.,  heavy,  esp.  as  being 
vpith  child  :  pregnant.  [L.  gravidus — 
gravis,  heavy.] 

GRAVING,  graving,  n.  act  of  graving  or 
cutting  out  on  hard  substances  :  that 
w  hich  is  graved  or  cut  out :  carved- 
work :  act  of  cleaning  a  ship's  bottom. — 
71.  Grav'ing-DOCK,  a  dock  into  which 
ships  are  taken  to  be  graved. 

GRAVITATE,  graVi-tat,  v.i.  to  be  acted 
ou  by  gravity:  to  tend  towards  the 
earth.     [From  L.  grai'is,  heavy.] 

GRAVITATION,  grav-i-ta'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  gra\'itating  or  tending  to  a  centre  of 
attraction  :  the  force  by  which  bodies 
are  pressed  or  drawn,  or  by  which  tliey 
tend  toward  the  centre  of  the  earth  or 
otlier  centre,  or  the  effect  of  that  force. 
The  attraction  of  gravitation  exists  be- 
tween bodies  in  tiie  mass,  and  acts  at 
sensible  distances.  It  is  thus  distin- 
guished from  chemical  and  cohesive  at- 
tractions, which  unite  the  particles  of 
bodies  together,  and  act  at  insensible  dis- 
tances, or  distances  too  small  to  be  meas- 
ured.— Terrestrial  grayitation,  gravi- 
tation which  respects  the  earth,  or  by 


which  bodies  descend  or  tend  towards  the 
centre  of  the  earth.  All  bodies,  when 
unsupported,  fall  bv  gravitation  towards 
the  earth  in  straight  lines  tending  to  its 
centre. — General  or  universal  gravi- 
tation, gravitation  bj'  which  all  the 
Elanets  tend  towards  one  another,  andi 
y  which  all  the  bodies  and  particles  of 
matter  in  the  universe  tend  towards  one 
another.  The  theory  of  universal  gia.vi« 
tation  was  established  by  Sir  Isaac  New 
ton,  who  laid  down  the  law  that  every 
particle  of  matter  within  the  universe 
attracts  every  other  particle  with  a  force 
proportional  directly  to  the  product  of 
the  numbers  representing  their  mass, 
and  inversely  to  the  square  of  the  dis- 
tance  separating  one  from  the  other. 

GRAVITY,  graVi-ti,  n.  weightiness :  the 
tendency  of  matter  to  attract  and  be  at- 
tracted, thus  causing  weight :  state  of  be- 
ing grave  or  sober :  relative  importance  : 
(mtis.)  lowness  of  a  note.-ABSOLUTE  grav- 
ity, tliat  by  which  a  body  descends  freely 
and  perpendicularlj'  in  a  vacuum  or  non- 
resisting  medium. — Relative  gravity, 
that  by  which  a  body  descends  when  the 
absolute  gravity  is  constantl3'  counter- 
acted by  a  uniform  but  inferior  force, 
such  as  in  the  descent  of  bodies  down  in- 
clined planes,  or  in  resisting  mediiuns, 
as  air  and  water. — Specific  gravity,  the 
weight  belonging  to  an  equal  bulk  of 
every  different  substance  :  the  relative 
gravity  or  weight  of  anj'  body  or  sub- 
stance considered  with  regard  to  the 
weight  of  an  equal  bulk  of  some  other 
body  which  is  assumed  as  a  standard  of 
comparison.  The  standard  for  the  spe- 
cific gra\'ities  of  solids  and  liquids  is  pure 
distilled  water  at  the  temperature  of  62° 
Fahr.,  which  is  reckoned  unity,  and  by 
comparing  the  weights  of  equal  bulks  of 
other  bodies  with  this  standard  we  obtaic 
their  specific  gra%'ities.  Thus,  if  we  take 
equal  bulks  of  water,  silver,  and  platinum, 
and  weigh  them,  the  silver  ^vill  be  found 
to  be  105  times  and  tlie  platinum  21 -4 
times  heavier  than  the  water  ;  and  reck- 
oning the  specific  gravity  of  water  unity, 
the  specific  gTa\4ty  of  silver  is  said  to  be 
10'5  and  that  of  platinum  21  -4.  The  prac- 
tical  rule  is,  weigh  the  body  in  air,  then 
in  pure  distilled  water,  and  the  weight  in 
air  di\ided  by  the  loss  of  weight  in  water 
will  give  the  specific  gravity  of  the  body. 
One  substance  is  said  to  have  a  greater 
specific  gravity  than  another  when  a 
given  bulk  of  the  former  weighs  more 
than  the  same  bulk  of  the  latter.  In 
designating  the  specific  gravities  of 
gases  the  standard  or  unity  is  atmo- 
spheric air.  [Fr.  graviti — L.  gravitas— 
gravis,  heavy.] 

GRAVY,  gravi,  n.  the  juices  from  meat 
while  cooking.  [Prob.  orig.  an  adj. 
formed  from  Greaves,  the  dregs  of 
taUow.] 

GRAY,  gra,  adj.  of  a  white  color  mixed 
with  black :  ash-colored  :  (Jig.)  aged. — n. 
a  gray  color  :  an  animal  of  a  grayish 
color,"  as  a  horse,  etc. — n.  Gray'ness. 
[A.S.  graeg ;  aUied  to  Ger.  grau,  and  L. 
ravus,  tawny.] 

GRAY,  GREY,  gra,  v.t.  to  cause  to  become 
gray  :  to  change  to  a  gray  color. 

Canst  thou  undo  a  wrinkle. 
Or  change  but  the  complexion  of  one  hair  ^ 
Yet  thou  hast  grayed  a  thousand. — Sliiriey. 

GRAYBEAlRD,  gra'berd,  n.  one  with  a  gray 
beard,  hence,  an  old  man  :  a  coarse  earth- 
enware vessel  for  holding  liquors. 

GRAYISH,  gra'ish,  adj.  somewhat  gray. 

GRAYLING,  gra'ling,  n.  a  silvery  gray  fish 
of  the  salmon  familj',  but  with  a  smaller 
mouth  and  teeth,  and  larger  scales. 

GRAYSTONE,  gi-a'ston,  n.  a  grayish  op 
greenish  volcanic  rock  allied  to  basalt. 


GRAYWACKE 


205 


GRIDE 


aRAYWACKE,  gra'wak-e,  n.  a  kind  of 
sandstone,  consisting-  of  rounded  pebbles 
and  sand  firmly  united  togetiier.  [Grer. 
grauioacke — gran,  gray,  and  Wacke.] 

GRAZE,  graz,  v.t.  to  eat  or  feed  on  grass : 
to  feed  with  grass. — v.i.  to  eat  grass  :  to 
supply  grass.     [From  Grass.] 

©RAZE,  graz,  v.t.  to  pass  lightly  along  the 
surface. — n.  Graz'er,  an  animal  which 
grazes.  [Ety.  dub.  ;  perh.  only  a  special 
use  of  Graze  above  ;  perh.  coined  from 
rase  (Fr.  raser),  the  form  of  the  word 
being  modified  by  confusing  it  with  graze 
(the  above  word).    See  Rase.] 

GRAZIER,  gril'zher,  n.  one  who  grazes  or 
.pastures  cattle  and  rears  them  for  the 
market.     [For  graz-er — Grass.] 

GREASE,  gres,  n.  soft  thick  animal  fat : 
oily  matter  of  any  kind  :  an  inflamma- 
tion in  the  heels  of  a  horse,  marked  by 
swelling,  etc.  —  v.t.  (sometimes  pron. 
grez)  to  smear  with  grease.  [Fr.  graisse, 
from  gras,  fat — L.  crassus,  gross,  thick.] 

GREASY,  gre'zi  or  gres'i,  adj.  of  or  like 
grease  or  oil :  smeared  with  grease : 
smooth  :  fat.  —  adv.  Greas'ILY.  —  n. 
Gbeas'iness. 

GREAT,  grat,  adj.  large  :  long-continued  : 
superior :  distinguished  :  highly  gifted  : 
noble :  mighty  :  sublime  :  of  high  rank  : 
chief :  proud  :  weighty :  indicating  one 
degree  more  remote  in  the  direct  line  of 

deSCent,asGREAT'-GRAND'PATHER,GREAT'- 

grand'son. — adv.  Great'ly. — n.  Great'- 
NESS.  [A.S.;  Dut.  groot,  Ger.  gross;  perh. 
allied  to  GRAND,  GROSS,  Grow.] 

GREATCOAT,  grat'kot,  n.  British  term 
for  overcoat. 

GREAT-HEARTED,  grat'-hart'ed,  adj. 
having  a  great  or  noble  heart :  high- 
spirited  :  noble. 

©REAVES,  grevz,  n.pl.  the  sediment  of 
melted  tallow,  pressed  into  cakes  for 
dogs'  food.  [Sw.  grevar,  leavings  of  tal- 
low, Ger.  griebe.'] 

GREAVES,  grevz,  n.pl.  ancient  armor  for 
the  legs,  of  leather,  etc.  [O.  Fr.  greves, 
from  greve,  the  shin-bone.] 

GREBE,  greb,  n.  an  aquatic  bird,  having  a 
long  conical  beak,  short  wings,  and  no 
tail.  [Fr.  gribe ;  from  the  Celtic,  as  in 
Bret,  krib,  a  comb,  W.  crib,  crest,  one 
species  having  a  crest.] 

GRECIAN,  gre'shan,  adj.  pertaining  to 
Greece. — n.  a  native  of  Greece  :  one  well 
versed  in  the  Greek  language  and  litera- 
ture :  {B.)  a  Jew  who  spoke  Greek  :  a 
gay  roistering  fellow.  "A  well-booted 
Grecian  in  a  fustian  frock  and  jockey 
cap."— Graces.  [A.S.  and  Fr.  ffj-eo— L. 
Grceciis — Gr.  Graikos.'\ 

QRECISM,  gre'sizm,  n.  an  idiom  of  the 
Greek  language. 

QRECIZE,  gre'siz,  v.t.  to  make  Grecian : 
to  translate  into  Greek. — v.i.  to  speak 
Greek. 

GREED,  gred.  n.  an  eager  desire  or  long- 
ing :  covetousness.    [See  Greedy.] 

GREEDY,  gred'i,  adj.  having  a  voracious 
appetite  :  covetous :  eagerly  desirous. — 
adv.  Greed'ily.— n.  Greed'iness.  ("A.S. 
grcedig,  Dut.  gretig,  Goth.  gredags,lmn- 
gry  ;  Sans,  gridhnu  (from  v.  gridh,  to  be 

©REEK.grek,  adj.  Grecian. — n.  a  Grecian: 
the  language  of  Greece  :  (BA  a  Greek  by 
»ace,  or  more  frequently  a  Gfentile  as  op- 
posed to  a  Jew. 

OREEK-FIRE,  grek'-fir,  n.  a  combustible 
substance  inextinguishable  by  water, 
used  by  the  Greeks  of  the  Byzantine 
empire  against  the  Saracens. 

GREEN,  gren,  adj.  of  the  color  of  growing- 
plants  :  growing :  vigorous  :  new :  un- 
ripe :  inexperienced  :  young.  —  n.  the 
color  of  growing-plants :  a  small  green 
or    grassy    plat  :  —  pi.    fresh    leaves : 


wreaths :  the  leaves  of  green  vegetables 
for  food,  etc. — n.  Green'ness.  [A.S. 
grene;  Ger.  griin,  Dut.  groen,  green, 
Ice.  griinn,  allied  to  Grow.] 

GREEN,  gren,  v.i.  to  grow  green  :  to  be- 
come covered  with  verdure :  to  be  ver- 
durous. "  Yonder  (/ree?wjigr  tree." — Ten- 
nyson. "  By  greening  slope  and  sing- 
ing flood." — \Vhittier. 

GREENBACK,  gren'bak,  n.  popular  name 
for  the  paper  money  first  issued  by  the 
United  States  in  1862  :—^l.  wealth. 

GREEN-BRIER,  gren'-bri-er,  n.  a  popular 
name  in  the  United  States  for  a  very 
common  thorny  climbing  shrub,  Smilax 
rotundifolia,  having  a  yellowish-green 
stem  and  thick  leaves,with  small  bunches 
of  flowers. 

GREEN-CLOTH,  gren'-kloth,  n.  formerly, 
a  court  for  regulating  the  affairs  of  a 
royal  household,  and  which  in  England 
had  power  to  punish  offenders  within  the 
palace,  and  200  yds.  beyond  the  gates,  so 
called  from  the  green  cloth  on  the  table 
round  wliich  it  sat. 

GREEN-CROP,  gren'-krop,  n.  a  crop  of 
green  vegetables,  as  grasses,  turnips,  etc. 

GREENERY,  gren'er-i,  n.  green  plants: 
verdure. 

GREENGAGE,  gren'gaj,  n.  a  green  and 
very  sweet  variety  of  the  plum.  [Latter 
part  of  the  word  obscure.] 

GREENGROCER,  gren'gro-ser,  n.  a  grocer 
or  dealer  who  retails  greens,  or  fresh 
vegetables  and  fruits. 

GREENHORN,  gren'horn,  n.  a  raw,  inex- 
perienced person  :  in  the  U.S.,  a  popular 
term  for  an  immigrant  recently  landed. 

GREENHOUSE,  gren'hows,  n.  a" house  to 
shelter  tender  plants  from  the  cold  weath- 
er. 

GREENING,  gren'ing,  n.  a  name  given  to 
certain  varieties  of  apples  green  when 
ripe  ;  as  the  Rhode  Island  greening. 

GREENISH,  gren'ish,  adj.  somewhat 
green. — n.  Green'ishness. 

GREEN-ROOM,  gren'-room,  n.  a  room  in  a 
warehouse  where  new  or  green  cloth  is 
received  from  the  weaving  factory  :  a 
room  near  the  stage  in  a  theatre  to  which 
actors  retire  during  the  intervals  of  their 

Earts  in  the  play — it  is  so  called  from 
aving  been  originally  painted  or  decor- 
ated in  green.  "The  Friday  came  ;  and 
for  the  first  time  in  my  life  I  found  my- 
self in  the  green-room  of  a  theatre — it 
was  literally  a  greenroom,  into  which 
light  was  admitted  by  a  thing  like  a  cu- 
cumber-frame at  one  end  of  it.  It  was 
matted,  and  roimd  the  walls  ran  a  bench 
covered  with  faded  green  stuff,  where- 
upon the  dramatis  personas  deposited 
themselves  untU  called  to  go  on  the  stage; 
a  looking-glass  under  the  sky-light,  and 
a  large  bottle  of  water  and  a  tumbler  on 
the  chimney-piece,  completed  the  furni- 
ture of  this  classic  apartment." — T.  Hook. 

GREENSAND,  gren'sand,  n.  a  sandstone 
in  which  green  specks  of  iron  occur. 

GEEEN-SICKNESS,  gren'-sik'nes,  n.  chlo- 
rosis, a  disease  of  young  females  charac- 
terized by  general  languor  and  a  pale  or 
greenish  color  of  skin. 

GREENSTONE,  gren'ston,  n.  a  variety  of 
tr.ip-j'ocfc  of  a  green  color. 

GREEN-TEA,  gren'-te,  n.  a  tea  of  a  green- 
ish color.  The  green  color  is  due  to 
the  mode  in  which  the  leaves  of  the 
tea-plant  are  treated  in  the  process  of 
drying. 

GREENTH,  grenth,  n.  the  quality  of  being 
green:  greenness.  "The  gleams  and 
greenth  of  summer." — George  Eliot.  "  I 
found  my  garden  brown  and  bare,  but 
these  rains  have  recovered  the  greenth." 
—H.  Walpole. 

GREET,   g:ret,    v.t.    to  salute  or  address 


with  kind  wishes  :  to  send  kind  wishes  to: 
to  congratulate. — v.i.  to  meet  and  salute: 
—pr.p.  greet'ing  ;  pa.p.  greet'ed.  [A.S. 
grefan,  to  go  to  meet ;  Dut.  groeten,  Ger. 
grilssen,  to  salute.] 

GREETING,  gret'ing,  n.  expression  o! 
kindness  or  joy  :  salutation. 

GREGARIOUS,  g;:e-ga'ri-us,  adj.  associat 
ing  or  living  in  flocks  or  herds. — adn 
Grega'riously.  —  n.  Geega'riousness 
[L.  gregarius — grex,  gregis,  a  flock.] 

GREGGOE,  GREGO,  gre'go,  n.  a  short 
jacket  or  cloak  made  of  thick  coarse 
cloth  with  a  hood  attached,  worn  by  the 
Greeks  and  others  in  the  Levant.] 

GREGORIAN,  gre-go'ri-an,  adj.  belonging 
to,  established,  or  produced  Ijy  Gregory. 
— Gregorian  calendar,  the  calendar  as 
reformed  by  Pope  Gregory  XUI.  in  1582, 
which  adjusts  the  leap-years  so  as  to 
harmonize  the  civil  year  with  the  solar, 
and  shows  the  new  and  full  moon,  with 
the  time  of  Easter  and  the  movable  feasts 
depending  thereon,  by  means  of  epacts. 
— Gregorian  year,  the  ordinary  year,  as 
reckoned  according  to  the  Gregorian 
calendar.  It  consists  of  365  days,  6 
hours,  48  minutes,  49  seconds,  the  ex- 
cess over  365  days  forming  a  whole  day 
every  fourth  year. — Gregorian  epoch, 
the  time  from  which  the  Gregorian 
calendar  or  computation  dates,  that  is, 
from  the  year  1582.— Gregorian  CHANTi 
one  of  a  series  of  choral  melodies  intro- 
duced into  the  service  of  the  Catholic 
church  by  Pope  Gregory  I.  about  the 
end  of  the  sixth  century. — Gregorian 
telescope,  the  first  and  most  common 
form  of  the  reflecting  telescope,  invented 
by  James  Gregory,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  university  of  St.  Andrew'Si 
and  afterwards  of  Edinburgh. 

GREGORIAN,  gre-go'ri-an,  n.  one  ot  a  club 
or  brotherhood  somewhat  similar  to  the 
Freemasons,  which  existed  in  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Let  Poets  and  Historians 
Record  the  brave  Gregorians, 
In  long  and  lasting  lays. — Carey. 

GRENADE,  gre-nad',  n.  a  small  shell  oi 
iron  or  glass,  filled  with  powder  and  bits 
of  iron,  and  thrown  from  the  hand,  so 
called  from  its  resembling  a  pomegran- 
ate. [Fr. — Sp.  granada — L.  granatum, 
a  pomegranate — granum,  a  grain.] 

GRENADIER,  gren-a-der',  n.  (orig.)  art 
English  soldier  who  threw  grenades . 
formerly,  a  member  of  the  first  company 
of  every  battahon  of  foot. 

GREW,  groo,  past  tense  of  Grow. 

GREY,  gra.    Same  as  Gray. 

GREYHOUND,  gra'hownd,  n.  a  switt 
hunting  hound,  of  slender  form,  great 
leng;th  of  limb  and  muzzle,  and  great 
keenness  of  sight.  ["Ice.  greyhundr — 
Ice.  grey,  a  dog,  and  Imndr  (E.  hound), 
a  hound.] 

GRIDDLE,  grid'l,  n.  a  flat  u'on  plate  for 
baking  cakes.  [W.  greidell — greidio,  to 
scorch  or  singe ;  Gael,  greidil,  Scot. 
girdle."] 

GRIDE,  grid,  v.i.  to  pierce  ;  to  cut  through  ; 
to  cut ;  "So  sore  the  griding  sword 
.  .  .  passed  through  him."  —  Milton, 
"  Through  his  thigh  the  mortal  steel  did 
ffride." — Spenser :  to  grate  ;  to  jar  harsh^ 
ly  ;  "Above  the  wood  which  grides  and 
clangs  its  leafless  ribs."  —  Tennyson. 
[According  to  Skeat  a  metathesis  of 
gird,  O.  E.  girden,  to  strike,  pierce,  cut, 
from  gerde,  a  rod=i/ard ;  lit.  to  strike 
with  a  rod.] 

GRIDE,  grid,  n.  a  grating  or  harsh  sound  : 
a  harsh  scraping  or  cutting. 

The  gride  of  hatchets  fiercely  thrown 
On  wigwam  log,  and  tree,  and  stone.— Whittier' 


GRIDELIN 


206 


GROTTO 


GRIDELIX.    gi-id'e-lin,    n.    a    color    mixed 
of  white  and  red,  or  a  gray  violet.   [Fr. 
gris  dc  lin,  tiax  gray.] 
The  ladies  dress'd  in  rich  symars  were  seen, 
Of  Florence  satten,  nower'd  with  white  and  green, 
And  for  a  shade  betwixt  the  bloomy  griddin. 

— Dryden. 

GRIDIRON,  grid'i-urn,  n.  a  frame  of  iron 
bars  for  broiliiij!  iiesh  or  fish  over  the 
fire.  [M.  E.  gnJire,  a  griddle,  and  from 
the  same  Celtic  root  as  griddle:  but  the 
termiu.  -ire  became  identified  with  M.  E. 
ire,  iron.] 
GRIEF,  gref,  n.,  heaviness  of  heart :  sorrow : 
regret:  mourning:  cause  of  sorrow:  afflic- 
tion: (B.)  bodily  as  well  as  mental  pain. 
[Fr.  grief — grercr,  to  burden — L.  gravo, 
to  grieve— prat- IS,  heavy.] 
GRIEVANCE,  grev'ans,  n.  cause  of  grief: 

burden:   hardship:   injury:   grief. 
GRIEVE,  grev,  v.t.  to  cause  ^ricf  or  pain 
of  mind  to:   to  make  sorrowful:   to  vex: 
(B.)    also,  to  indict  bodily  pain. — r.i.  to 
feel  grief:   to  mourn. 
GRIEVOUS,  grev'us,  adj.  causing  or  full  of 
grief:     burdensome:      painful:     heinous: 
atrocious:    hurtful. — >i.  Gbiev'ocsness. 
GRIEVOUSLY,  grev'us-li,  adv.  in  a  griev- 
ous manner:   (5.)  severely. 
GRIFFIN,  grif'in,  GRIFFON,  grif'un,  n.  an 
imaginary  animal,  with  the  body  and  legs 
of  a  lion,  and  the  crool-ed  beak  and  wings 
of    an   eagle.      [Fr.    griffon — L.    and   Gr. 
gryps — Gr.  grypos,  hook-nosed.] 
GRIG,  grig,  n.  a  small  lively  eel,  the  sand- 
eel.      [Prov.  E.  grig,  a  cricket:   from  its 
wriggling  motion.] 
GRILL,  gril,  v.t.  to  broil  on  a  gridiron:  to 
torment.     [Fr.  griller — gril,  a  gridiron — 
L.  craticula,  dim.  of  crates,  a  grate.] 
GRILLAGE,  gril'aj.  ji.   in  engin.   a   frame- 
work    composed     of     heavy    beams    laid 
longitudinally,  and  crossed  at  right  angles 
by    similar    beams    notched    upon    them, 
used  to  sustain  foimdations  and  prevent 
their  irregular  settling  in  soils  of  unequal 
compressibility.      The    grillage    is    finnly 
bedded,    and   the   earth   packed   into   the 
interstices  between  the  beams ;  a  flooring 
of   thick   planks,   termed   a    platform,    is 
then  laid  on  it,  and  on  this  the  founda- 
tion   courses    rest.      [Fr.,   from   grille,    a. 
gi-ate,  a  railing.] 
GRILLE,  gril,  «.  a  lattice  or  open  work  or 
grating:   a  piece  of  grated  work:   as   (a) 
a  metal  screen  to  inclose  or  protect  any 
particular  spot,  locality,  shrine,  tomb,  or 
sacred  ornament ;    ( i )  a  gate  of  metal  in- 
closing  or   protecting   the   entrance   of   a 
religious   house   or   sacred   building;    (r) 
a  small  screen  of  iron  bars  inserted  in  the 
door  of  a  monastic  or  conventual  building, 
in  order  to  allow  the  inmates  to  converse 
with  visitors,  or  to  answer  inquiries  with- 
out  opening  the   door;    the   wicket  of   a 
monastery.     [Fr.    See  Grilx,  to  broil.] 
GRILSE,   gi'ils,   n.  a   young  salmon  on   its 
first  return  from  salt  water.     [Svv.  graa- 
lax,  a  gray  salmon.] 
GRIM,    grim,    adj.    of    forbidding    aspect: 
ferocious:    ghastly:    sullen. — adv.    Gbim'- 
LT. — n.    Geim'ness.       [A.S.    grim ;     Ger. 
grimmig — grimm,     fury.     Dut.     grimmig, 
ice.  grimmr.'] 
GRIM,  grim,  v.t.  to  make  grim:  to  give  a 
-    forbidding    or    fear-inspiring    aspect    to. 
"To  withdraw  .  .  .  into  lurid  half  light, 
grimmed  by  the  shadow  of  that  red  flag 
of  theirs." — Carlyle. 
r.RIM.\CE,  gri-mas'.  «.  a  distortion  of  the 
face,  in  jest,  etc. :  a  smirk.     [Fr..  of  un- 
certain orig.,  peril,  from  root  of  Ice.  and 
A.S.  grima,  a  mask  or  phantom.] 
GRIMACED,  gri-ni:isd',  adj.  with  a  grimace: 

distorted. 
GRIM.\LKIN.   gri-mirl'kin,   n.   an   old   cat. 
[Gray,  and  mail-in.  a  dirty  drab,  a  hare, 
a  dim.  of  Moll  or  Mary.] 


GRIME,    grim,    «.    ingrained   dirt. — v.t.    to 
soil  deeply.     [From  a  Tout,  root  found  in 
Dan.  grim,  soot,  Fris.  grime,  a  dark  spot 
on  the  face.] 
CiRLMY,  grim'i,  adj.  full  of  grime:  foul. 
GRIN,  grin,  v.i.  to  set   the  teeth   together 
and   withdraw   the   lips. — v.t.   to   express 
by      grinning  :^pr.;).      grinn'ing;       pa.p 
grinned'. — n.  act  of  grinning.    [A.S.  gren- 
nian;  ice.  grenja,  (Jer.  greinen,  Dut.  grij- 
nen.  to  grumble,  Scand.  girn;  allied  to  E. 
groun,  Fr.  grogner.] 
GRIND,  grind,  v.t.  to  reduce  to  powder  by 
friction:    to    wear   down   or    sharjien   by 
rubbing:   to  rub  together:   to  oppress  or 
harass. — v.i.   to  be   moved   or  rubbed  to- 
gether:—pr.p.  grind'ing;   pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
ground.      [A.S.  grindan.\ 
GRINDER,   grind'er,   n.   he   or  that   which 
grinds:  a  double  or  jaw  tooth  that  grinds 
food. 
GRINDSTONE,    grind'ston,    n.    a    circular 
revolving  stone  for  grinding  or  sharpen- 
ing tools. 
GRIl'.  grip,  GRIPE,  grip,  n.,  grasp  or  firm 
hold    with    the    hand,    etc.:    oppression: 
pinching     distress: — pi.     Gbipes,     severe 
pains  in  the  bowels. — [See  Gbipe,  v.] 
GRIPE,  grip.  v.t.  to  grasp  with  the  hand: 
to   seize   and   hold   fast:    to   squeeze:    to 
give  pain  to  the  bowels. — Grip'ino,  po/rt. 
adj.   avaricious:    of   a   pain  that  catches 
or    seizes    acutely.       [A.S.    gripan:    Ice. 
gripu,  Ger.  greifcn,  Dut.   grijpen:   allied 
to  Grab.] 
GRIPPE,   grip,   n.   a   French   term   applied 

to  various  epidemic  forms  of  catarrh. 
GRISETTE,  gri-zet',  n.  a  gay  young  French- 
woman of  the  lower  class.    [Fr.  grisette, 
a  gray  gown,  which  used  to  be  worn  by 
that  class — gris,  gray.] 
GRISLED,  griz'ld.    Same  as  Grizzled. 
GRISLY,    griz'li,    adj.    frightful:    hideous. 
[A.S.    gryslic,    agrisan,    to    dread;     Ger. 
grasslich,  grieseln,  to  shudder.] 
GRIST,  grist,  n.  grain  for  grinding  at  one 
time:   supply:   profit.     [A.S.  grist,  gerst, 
a  grinding;  fiom  root  of  Grind.] 
GRISTLE,  gris'l,  n.  a  soft,  elastic  substance 
in    animal    bodies,    also   called    cartilage. 
[A.S.  grist  el ;  a  dim.  of  grist  and  grind, 
because  one  must  crunch  it  in  eating.] 
GRISTLY,  gris'li,  adj.  consisting  of  or  like 

gristle. — n.  Grist'liness. 
GRIT,  grit,  n.  the  coarse  part  of  meal: 
gravel:  a  kind  of  hard  sandstone: — pi. 
oats  coarsely  ground,  groats.  [A.S. 
grcot,  grytt :  Dut.  grue,  groats,  Ger. 
gries,  gravel,  akin  to  groat,  grout.'] 
GRITTY,  grit'i,  adj.  consisting  of  or  hav- 
ing grits  or  hard  particles. — n.  Gbitty'- 

UfESS. 

GRIZZLE,  griz'l,  n.  a  gray  color.  [Fr.  gris, 
grav — O.  G^r.  gris,  gray,  Ger.  greis.] 

GRIZZLE,  griz'l,  r.i.  to  grow  gray  or  griz- 
zly: to  become  gray-haired.     Emerson. 

GRIZZLED,  griz'ld, "  adj.,  gray,  or  mixed 
with  gray. 

GRIZZLY,  griz'li,  adj.  of  a  gray  color. 

GROAN,  gron,  v.i.  to  utter  a  moaning 
sound  in  distress:  {fig.)  to  be  afflicted. 
— n.  a  deep  moaning  sound  as  of  dis- 
tress: a  sound  of  disapprobation.  [A.S. 
granian.'] 

GROANING,  groning.  n.  a  deep  moan  as 
of  pain:  any  low  rumbling  sound. 

GROAT,  grawt  or  grot,  n.  an  old  English 
coin  =  4d.  [O.  Low  Ger.  grote.  a  coin 
of  Bremen;  like  Dut.  groot  ^  great,  so 
called  because  greater  than  the  copper 
coins  formerly  in  use  (Skeat)  ;  Ger.  gros- 
chen — Low  L.  grossus,  thick.] 

GROATS,  grawts  or  grots,  n.pl.  the  grain 
of  oats  deprived  of  the  husks.  [A.S.  grut, 
coarse  meal.] 

GROBIAN,  grob'ian.  n.  a  coarse,  ill-bred 
fellow:    a  rude   lout;   a   boor.   "Groiians 


and  sluts." — Burton.  "He  who  is  a  grob- 
ian  in  his  own  company  will  sooner  or 
later  become  a  grobion  in  that  of  his 
friends." — Kingsley.  [Ger.,  from  grab, 
coarse.] 
GROCER,  gros'er,  ji.  a  dealer  in  tea,  sugar, 
etc.  [Fr.  grossifr,  from  root  of  Gross; 
the  word,  formerly  grosser,  orig.  meant 
one  who  sold  wholesale.] 
GROCERY,  grOs'er-i,  »i.   (generally  used  in 

pi. )  articles  sold  by  grocers. 
GROG,   grog,    n.    a   mixture   of   spirit   and 
cold  water.      [Derived  from   "Old  Grog," 
a   nickname   given   by   British   sailors   to 
Admiral  Vernon,  who  first  introduced  it, 
because  he  used,  in  bad  weather,  to  wear 
a  grogram  cloak.] 
GROG,    grog,    v.t.    to    make    into   grog   by 
mixing    water    Avith    spirits:    to    extract 
grog  from,  by  pouring  hot  water  into  an 
empty    spirit    cask,    by    which    means    a 
weak   spirit   may   be  extracted  from  the 
wood.     ( British  excise  slang.) 
GROGRAM,   grog'ram,   n.   a   kind   of  cloth 
made    of   silk    and    mohair,    of   a   coarse 
grain  or  texture.     [O.  Fr.  grosgrain,  of 
a  coarse  grain  or  texture.    See  Gross  and 
Grain. 
GROIN,  groin,  n.  the  part  of  the  body  just 
where  the   legs   begin  to  divide:    {arch.) 
the  angular  curve  formed  by  the  crossing 
of   two    arches.         [Ice.     grein,    division, 
branch — greina,     to     divide;     Sw.    gren, 
branch,    space    between    the    legs;    Scot. 
graime,   granc,   the   branch   of   a   tree  or 
river.] 
GROINED,    groind,    adj.    having  groins   or 
angular  curves  made  by  the  intersection 
of  two  arches. 
GROOM,  groom,  n.  one  who  has  the  charge 
of  horses:   a  title  of  several  officers  of  a 
royal    household:    a    bridegroom. — v.t.   to 
tend,  as  a   horse. — n.      Grooms'max,  at- 
tendant on  a  bridegroom  at  his  marriage, 
[Ety.    dub.;    prob.    from    A.S.    guma     (in 
bridc^roo?)! ) ,   a   man,   which   is   allied  to 
Goth,  guma.  Ice.  gumi,  L.  homo.'\ 
GROOVE,  grOov,  n.  a  furrow,  or  long  hol- 
low, such  as  is  cut  with  a  tool. — v.t.  to 
grave  or  cut  a  groove  or  furrow  in.     [A.S. 
grof.  grcef — grafan,  to  dig;  Ger.  grube — 
graben,    to   dig;    Dut.    groeve,   a    furrow, 
pit;  from  I'oot  of  Grave.] 
GROPE,  grop,  v.i.    (orig.)    to  gripe  or  feel 
with  the  hands:  to  search  or  attempt  to 
find  something,  as  if  blind  or  in  the  dark. 
— v.t.  to  search  by  feeling,  as  in  the  dark. 
[A.S.  grapian,  to  seize,  handle;  allied  to 
Grab,  Gripe.] 
GROPINGLY,   grop'ing-li,  adv.   in   a   grop- 
ing manner. 
GROSBEAK.     Same  as  Grossbeak. 
GROSS,   gros,    adj.    coarse:    rough:    dense: 
palpable:  whole:  coarsein  mind:  stupid: 
sensual:   obscene. — n.  the  main  bulk:  the 
whole  taken  together:    a  great  hundred, 
i.e.,    twelve     dozen. — adv.    Gross'ly. — n. 
Gboss'ness.    [Fr.  gros — Low  L.  grossus — 
L.  crassus.] 
GROSSBEAK,  gros'bek,  n.  a  genus  of  birds 
with  a  thick  strong  convex  beak.     [Gross 
and  Beak.] 
GROT,  grot,  GROTTO,  grot'6,  n.  a  cave:   a 
place   of   shade,   for   pleasure,   made   like 
a  cave: — pi.  Gkots,  Grottos.     [Fr.  grotte 
— L.   crypto;   thus   a   doublet   of  Crtpt; 
grotto  is  the  It.  form.] 
GROTESQUE,  gio-tesk',  adj.  extravagantly 
formed:  ludicrous. — n.  (art.)  extravagant 
ornament,     containing     animals,     plants, 
etc.,     not     really     existing. — adv.     Gro- 
tesque'ly. — n.      Gbotesque'itess.       [Fr. 
grotesque — It.  grottesca — grotto:  because 
old  grottos  were  commonly  adorned  with 
quaint  and  extravagant  paintings.] 
GROTTO.    See  Grot. 


GROUND 


207 


GUARD 


GRUUXD,  gro\'i-nd,  pa.i.  and  pa.p.  ol 
Gkind. 

GROUND,  gro\\Tid,  v.  the  surface  of  the 
earth:  a  portion  of  the  earth's  surface: 
land:  field:  the  floor,  etc.:  position: 
field  or  place  of  action:  {lit.  or  fig-)  that 
on  which  something  is  raised:  founda- 
tion: reason:  (art.)  the  surface  on  which 
tlie  figures  are  represented.  [A.S. 
grund;  cog.  with  Ger.  Dan.  and  Svr.  grund, 
Ice.  grunttr,  Goth,  grundus ;  prob.  conn, 
with  grind;  and  orig.  meaning  "earth 
ground  small."] 

GROUND,  groAvnd,  v.t.  to  fix  on  a  foun- 
dation or  principle:  to  instruct  in  first 
principles. — v.i.  to  strike  the  bottom  and 
remain  fixed. 

GROUNDAGE,  grownd'aj,  n.  the  tax  paid 
by  a  ship  for  the  ground  or  space  occupied 
while  in  port. 

GROUND-FLOOR,  grownd'-flor,  n.  the 
floor  of  a  house  on  a  level  with  the  street 
or  exterior  ground. 

.GROUND-GAME,  grownd'-gam,  ii.  a  name 
given  to  hares,  rabbits,  and  the  like,  as 
distinguished  from  winged  game,  as 
pheasants,  grouse,  partridges,  etc. 

GROUND-HOG,  grownd'-hog,  n.  the  pop- 
ular name  of  the  American  rodent,  4  re- 
fold ys  monaa^,  or  marmot,  usually  called 
in  New  England  Woodchuck  :  a  name 
applied  to  the  Orycteropii^  capensis,  a 
South  African  edentate  quadruped  which 
burrows  in  the  ground — so  called  from  its 
bearing  a  general  resemblance  to  a  small, 
short- legged  pig. 

GROUNDLESS,  grownd'les,  adj.  without 
ground,  foundation,  or  reason. — adv. 
Ground'lessly.— n.     GROnUO'LESSKESS. 

GROUNDLING,  grownd'ling,  n.  a  .'imall  fish 
which  keeps  near  the  bottom  of  the  wa- 
ter: a  spectator  in  the  pit  of  a  theatre. 
[Bnlli  formed  from  Ground  and  double 
dim.  -ling.] 

GROUND-MAIL,  grownd'-mal,  n.  duty  paid 
for  the  right  of  having  a  corpse  interred 
in  a  churchyard.  "Reasonable  charges," 
said  the  sexton,  "ou,  there's  ground-mail, 
and  bell-siller  (though  the  bell's  broken, 
nae  doubt),  and  the  kist,  and  my  day's 
wark,  and  my  bit  fee,  and  some  brandy 
and  ale  to  tlie  drigie." — Sir  W.  Scott. 

GROUNDNUT,  grownd'nut,  n.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  fruit  of  some  plants  and  the 
roDt  of  others  found  in  the  ground. 

GROUND-PLAN,  grownd'-plan,  ».,  plan  of 
the  horizontal  section  of  the  lowest  or 
ground  story  of  a  building. 

GROUND-PLOT,  grownd'-plot,  n.  .the  plot 
of  ground  on  which  a  building  stands. 

GROUND-RENT,  grownd'-rent,  n.,  rent 
paid  to  a  landlord  for  liberty  to  build  on 
his  ground. 

GROUNDS,  grownds,  n.pl.  dregs  of  drink: 
sediment  at  the  bottom  of  liquors.  [Gael, 
and  Ir.  grunndas;  conn,  with  Ground.] 

GROUND-SEA,  gro'wnd'-se,  n.  the  West  In- 
dian name  for  the  swell  called  Rollers,  or 
in  Jamaica  the  A'orf/i  .S'ea,  occurring  in 
a  calm,  and  with  no  other  indication  of  a 
previous  gale.  The  sea  rises  in  huge  bil- 
lows and  dashes  against  the  shore  with 
roarings  resembling  thunder.  It  is  prob- 
ably due  to  the  gales  called  "Nortliers," 
which  suddenly  rise  and  rage  off  the 
capes  of  Virginia  ro\ind  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

GROUOTDSEL,  grownd'sel,  n.  an  annual 
plant,  about  a  foot  high,  with  small  yel- 
low flowers.  ]A.S.  grundswelige — grund, 
ground,  and  sirelgan,  to  swallow;  there- 
fore lit.  ground-fucallower.'] 

GROUND -SWELL,  grownd'-swel ,  n. 
a  broad,  deep  swell  or  undulation  of  the 
ocean,  proceeding  from  a  distant  storm. 

GROIXDWORK,  grownd'wurk,  n.  the 
icorl;  which  forms  the  ground  or  founda- 


tion of  anytliing:  the  basis:  the  essen- 
tial part:  the  first  principle. 

GROUP,  grOop,  H.  a  number  of  persons  or 
things  together:  (art)  an  as.semblage  of 
persons,  aniuials,  or  things,  forming  a 
whole.— f.f.  to  form  into  a  group  or 
groups.  [Fr.  groupe  —  It.  groppo,  a 
bunch,  knot;  from  a  root  found  in  Ger. 
kropf,  a  protuberance.] 

GROUPING,  grOop'ing,  n.   (art)   the  act  of 

'  disposing  and  arranging  figures  or  objects 
in  groups. 

GROUSE,  grows,  n.  the  heathcock  or  moor- 
fowl,  a  bird  with  a  short  curved  bill, 
short  legs,  and  feathered  feet,  which  fre- 
quents moors  and  hills.  [Prob.  formed 
from  the  older  grice  (on  the  analogy  of 
mouse,  mice) — O.  Fr.  griesche,  of  un- 
known origin.] 

GROUT,  growt,  n.  coarse  meal:  the  sedi- 
ment of  liquor :  lees :  a  thin  coarse  mor- 
tar: a  fine  plaster  for  finishing  ceilings. 
[A.S.  grut,  coarse  meal;  cog.  with  Dut. 
grut.  Ice.  grautr,  porridge,  Ger.  griitze, 
groats.] 

GROVE,  grov,  n.  a  wood  of  small  size, 
generally  of  a  pleasant  or  ornamental 
character:  an  avenue  of  trees.  [A.S. 
graf.  a  grove,  a  lane  cut  among  trees — 
grafan,  to  dig.    See  Grave,  Groove.] 

GROVEL,  grov'el,  v.i.  to  crawl  on  the 
earth;  to  be  mean: — pr.p.  grov'elling: 
pa.p.  grov'elled. — n.  Grov'eller.  [Perh. 
from  Ice.  grufla,  to  grovel,  from  grufa, 
as  in  grufa  nidr,  to  stoop  down.  See 
Grab,  Grope.] 

GROW,  gro,  v.i.  to  become  enlarged  by 
a  natural  process:  to  advance  towards 
maturity :  to  increase  in  size :  to  develop : 
to  become  greater  in  any  way:  to  extend^: 
to  improve:  to  pass  from  one  state  to  an- 
otlier:  to  become. — v.t.  to  cause  to  grow: 
to  cultivate: — pa.t.  grew  (groo)  ;  pa.p. 
grown.—)!.  Grow'er.  [A.S.  growan;  Ice. 
groa  :  conn,  with  green.] 

GROWL,  growl,  v.i.  to  utter  a  deep,  mur- 
muring sound,  like  a  dog:  to  grumble 
surlily. — v.t.  to  express  by  growling. — n. 
Growl'er.  [Dut.  and  Ger.  grollen,  to  be 
angry,  to  roar;  allied  to  Gr.  gryllizo,  to 
grunt,  gryllos,  a  pig:  from  the  sound. 
See  Grudge  and  Gbunt.] 

GROWL,  growl,  )!.  a  murmuring,  snarling 
sound,  as  of  an  angry  dog. 

GROWTH,  griith,  n.  a  groiving:  gradual 
increase:  progress:  development:  that 
which  has  gro\vn:  product. 

GRUB,  grub,  v.i.  to  dig  in  the  dirt:  to  be 
occupied  meanly. — v.t.  to  dig  or  root  out 
of  the  ground  (generally  followed  by  up)  : 
— pr.p.  grubb'ing;  pa.p.  grubbed'.  [Ety. 
dub.;   but  prob.  allied  to  Grab,  Gripe.] 

GRUB,  grub,  n.  the  larva  of  the  beetle, 
moth,  etc.     [Same  word  as  above.] 

GRUBBER,  grub'er,  n.  he  who  or  that 
which  gruis:  an  instrument  for  digging 
up  the  roots  of  ti'ees,  etc. 

GRUBBY,  grub'i.  adj.  dirty;  unclean.  "A 
grubhi/  lot  of  sooty  sweeps  or  colliers." — 
Hood' 

GRUB-STREET,,  grub'-stret,  n.  a  street  in 
London  inhabited  by  shabby  literary  men. 
— adj.  applied  to  any  mean  literary  pro- 
duction. 

GRUTiGE,  gruj,  v.t.  to  murmur  at:  to  look 
upon  with  envy;  to  give  or  take  unwill- 
ingly.— v.i.  to  show  discontent. — n.  secret 
enmity  or  envy:  an  old  cause  of  quarrel. 
[M.E.  grucchen,  gruggcn — 0.  Fr.  groucher, 
groticer,  gruger,  from  an  imitative  root 
gru,  which  is  found  in  Gr.  gry,  the  grunt 
of  a  pig,  also  in  growl,  grunt.] 

GRUDHINGLY,  gruj'ing-li,  adv.  unwill- 
ingly. 

GRUDGINGS,  gi-uj'ingz.  n.pl.  coarse  meal: 
grouts:  the  part  of  the  grain  which  re- 
mains after  the  fine  meal  has  passed  the 


sieve.     '"You   that  can  deal  with  grudg- 
ings    and    coarse    flour."— Beau.    <f    Fl. 
[Fr.  grugeons,  from  gruger,  to  crunch,  to 
grind.       Cf.   Low  Ger.   grusen,   to  grind, 
and  see  Grudge,  v.t.] 
GRUDGMENT,    gruj'ment,    n.    the    act    of 
grudging;    discontent:    dissatisfaction. 
This,  see,  which  at  my  breast  I  wear, 
Ever  did  (rather  to  Jacynth's  grudgment) 
And  ever  siia.ii.—  Brov?tiing. 

GRUEL,  groo'cl,  n.  a  thin  food,  made  by 
boiling  groats  or  oatmeal  in  water.  [O. 
Fr.  gruel  ( Fr.  gruau ) ,  groats — Low  L. 
grutellum,  dim.  of  grutum,  meal — 0.  Ger. 
grut,  groats.  A.S.  grut.] 

GRUESOME,  groo'sum,  adj.  horrible;  fear- 
ful.    [Scan. ;  cog.  with  Ger.  grnu.iam.] 

GRUFF,  gruf,  adj.  rough,  stem,  or  abrupt 
in  manner;  churlish. — adv.  Geuff'ly. — 
71.  GBurr'NEss.  [Dut.  grof ;  cog.  with 
Sw.  grof,  Dan.  grov,  Ger.  groi,  coarse; 
prob.  imitative] 

GRUMBLE,  grum'bl,  v.i.  to  murmur  with 
discontent:  to  growl:  to  rumble. — -n. 
Geum'blee. — adv.  Grum'blikglt.  [Fr. 
grommeler;  from  O.  Ger.  grummeln.] 

GRUME,  groom,  n.  a  thick  consistence  of 
fluid;  a  clot  as  of  blood.  [0.  Fr.  grume, 
a  knot,  a  bunch  (Fr.  grumeau,  a  clot  of 
blood) — L.  grumus,  a  little  heap.] 

GRUMOUS,   groom'us,   adj.   thick;    clotted. 

GRUMPISH,  grum'pish,  adj.  surly;  gruff: 
cross:  grumpy.  "If  you  blubber  or  look 
grunipish." — Mrs.  Trollope. 

GRUMPY,  grum'pi,  adj.  surly:  dissatisfied; 
melancholic.  [From  same  root  as  Grum- 
ble.] 

GRUNT,  grunt,  v.i.  to  make  a.  sound  like 
a  pig. — n.  a  short, '  guttural  sound,  as  of 
a  hog. — n.  Gbunt'eb.  [Like  words  are 
found  in  most  European  languages;  all 
from  the  sound.  See  Growl  and  Grudge.] 

GRUTCH,  grueh,  n.  a  grudge.      Hudibras. 

GRUYERE,  grt>6-yar',  n.  a  kind  of  Swiss 
cheese  held  in  much  repute.  It  is  made 
of  large  size,  is  firm  and  dry,  and  ex- 
hibits numerous  cells  of  considerable 
magnitude.  [From  Gruyeres,  a  small 
town  in  tlie  canton  of  Freiburg,  Switzer- 
land.] 

GUAIACUM,  gwa'ya-kum,  n.  a  genus  of 
trees  in  the  W.  Indies,  that  yield  a  green- 
ish resin  used  in  medicine.  [Sp.  guayaco, 
from  a  Haytian  word.] 

GUANO,  g^va'no,  n.  a  substance  found  on 
many  small  islands,  especially  in  the 
Southern  Ocean  and  on  the  coast  of 
South  America  and  Africa,  which  are  the 
resort  of  large  flocks  of  sea-birds,  and 
chiefly  composed  of  their  excrements  in 
a  decomposed  state.  It  sometimes  forms 
beds  from  50  to  60  feet  in  thickness.  It 
is  an  excellent  manure,  and  since  1841  has 
been  extensively  applied  for  that  pur- 
pose. Its  active  constituent  is  ammonia, 
containing  much  oxalate  and  urate  of 
ammonia,  with  some  phosphates.  [Sp. 
guano,  huano,  from  Peruv,  huanu,  dung.] 

GUARANTEE,  gar-ante,  GUARANTY, 
gar'an-ti,  n.  a  warrant  or  surety;  a  con- 
tract to  see  performed  what  another  has 
undertaken :  the  person  who  makes  such 
a  contract. — v.t.  to  undertake  that  anoth- 
er shall  perfoiTn  certain  engagements:  to 
make  sure: — pr.p.  guarantee'ing;  pa.p. 
guaranteed'.  [O.  Fr.  garantie,  guaran- 
tie,  pa.p.  of  garantir,  to  warrant — gar- 
ant,  warrant.     See  Wabrant.] 

GUARD,  giird,  v.t.  to  ward,  watch,  or 
take  care  of;  to  protect  from  danger. 
— v.i.  to  watch:  to  be  wary. — n.  that 
which  guards  from  danger:  a  man  or 
body  of  men  stationed  to  protect:  one 
who  has  charge  of  a  coach  or  railway- 
train  ;  state  of  caution :  posture  of  de- 
fence: part  of  the  hilt  of  a  sword:  a 
watch-chain;  — pi.  troops  attached  to  the 


GUARD ANT 


208 


GULF-WEED 


person  of  a  sovereign.  [0.  Fr.  garder, 
guarder — O.  Grer.  warten ;  cog.  with  E. 
wardJ] 

OUARDANT,  gar'dant,  adj.  Qier.)  having 
the  face  turned  towards  the  beholder. 

GUARDED,  gard'ed,  adj.  wary  :  cautious : 
uttered  witli  caution. — adv.  Guard'edlt. 
— n.  Guakd'edness. 

GUARDIAN,  gard'yan,  n.  one  who  guards 
or  takes  care  of  :  Qaw)  one  who  has  the 
care  of  an  orphan  minor. — adj.  protect- 
ing.— n.  GUARD'lANSHiP. 

GUARDROOM,  gard'room,  n.  a  room  for 
the  accommodation  of  guards. 

QUARDSHIP,  gard'ship,  n.  a  ship  of  war 
that  guards"  or  sujjerintends  marine 
affairs  in  a  harbor. 

GUARDSMAN,  gards'man,  n.  a  soldier  of 
the  guards. 

GUAVA,  gwa'va,  n.  a  genus  of  trees  and 
shrubs  of  tropical  America,  with  yellow, 
pear-shaped  fruit  which  is  made  into 
jelly.  [Sp.  guayaba ;  of  "W.  Indian 
origin.] 

GUDGEON,  guj'un,  n.  a  small  fresh-water 
fish,  allied  to  the  carp,  easily  caught — 
hence,  any  one  easily  cheated.  [Fr. 
gotijon — L.  gohio — Gr.  kobios.  See  GoBY.] 

GUELDER-ROSE,  gel'der-roz,  n.  a  tree 
with  large  white  ball-shaped  flowers. 
[So  called  from  Gueldres  in  Holland — also 
called  snozvball-tree.] 

GUELF,  GUELPH,  gwelf,  n.  the  name  of 
a  distinguished  princely  family  in  Italy, 
originally  German,  and  re-transported 
into  Germany  in  the  eleventh  century, 
still,  however  retaining  large  possessions 
in  Italy.  Welf ,  son  of  Isenbrand,  Count 
ol  Altorf,  one  of  the  vassals  of  Charle- 
magne, is  said  to  have  been  the  first  to 
bear  the  name.  It  still  continues  in  the 
two  branches  of  the  House  of  Brunswick 
— the  ducal  and  the  royal,  to  which  latter 
the  reigning  family  of  Britain  belongs. 
After  the  battle  of 'Weinsberg,  fought  in 
1140,  against  the  WaibUngens  (Ghibel- 
lines),  where  the  name  of  the  head  of  the 
house  was  given  as  a  rallying  cry  or 
watchword  to  his  followers,  the  term  be- 
came gradually  extended  to  all  the  mem- 
bers of  that  faction  in  Italy  which  aimed  at 
national  independence  and  supported  the 
pope,  while  that  of  Ghibelline  was  given 
to  the  supporters  of  the  emperors  in  their 
endeavor  to  subjugate  Italy  to  (Jermany. 
The  contest  lasted  for  nearly  300  years, 
desolating  both  countries.  Latterly  the 
term  was  applied  to  a  supporter  of  demo- 
cratic principles,  and  that  of  Ghibelline  to 
an  upholder  of  aristocracy.  The  terms  fell 
into  disuse  towards  the  end  of  the  fifteenth 
©enturv.  fit.  guelfo,  O.G^r.  hwelfa,  O.H. 
Ger.  hwalf,  O.&ix.  and  A.S.  hwelp, 
whelp.] 

GUELFIC,  GUELPmC,  gwelf  ik,  adj.  of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Guelfs. — GUELFIC 
OKDEE,  a  Hanoverian  order  of  knight- 
hood founded  in  1815  by  George  IV.,  then 
prince  regent,  and  entitled  the  Royal 
Hanoverian  Guelfic  Order.  It  consists 
of  grand  crosses,  commanders,  and 
knights,  both  civil  and  military. 

GUERDON,  ger'dun,  n.  a.reicard  or  recom- 
pense. [O.  Fr.  guerdon,  guerredon  (It. 
guidardone) — Low  L.  loiderdonum,  corr. 
from  O.  Ger.  widarlon,  A.S.  indherlean — 
widher  (same  as  imth-  in  E.  tnthMand), 
against,  lean  (same  as  E.  loan),  reward  ; 
or  more  prob.  the  latter  part  of  the  word 
is  from  L.  do7i7tm,  a  gift.] 

GUERILLA,  GUERRILLA,  ger-ril'a,  n.  a 
mode  of  harassing  an  army  by  small 
bands  adopted  by  the  Spaniards  against 
the  French  in  the  Peninsular  War,  and 
by  Quantrell,  Mosby  and  Morgan  during 
the  Civil  War  in  this  country  :  a  member 
of  such  a  band.— o^;.  conducted  by  or 


conducting  petty  warfare.  [Sp.  guerril- 
la, dim.  of  gueira  (Fr.  griterre)-— O.  Grer. 
werra,  war.     See  Wak.] 

GUESS,  ges,  v.t.  to  form  an  opinion  on  un- 
certain knowledge. — v.i.  to  judge  on  un- 
certain knowledge  :  to  conjecture  right- 
ly. [M.  E.  gessen :  cog.  with  Dut.  gissen; 
Dan.  gisse,  Ice.  giska,  for  git-ska — geta, 
to  get,  think,  A.S.  gitan,  whence  E.  Get. 
See  also  Forget.] 

GUESS,  ges,  n.  judgment  or  opinion  with- 
out sufficient  evidence  or  grounds. 

GUESSWORK,  ges'wurk,  n.,  work  done  by 
guess. 

GUEST,  gest,  n.  a  \'isitor  received  and  en- 
tertained. [A.S.  gest,  gcest ;  allied  to  Dut. 
and  Gef.  gast,  L.  hostis,  stranger,  enemy. 
Cf.  Host,  an  army.] 

GUEST-CHAJIBER,  gest'-cham'ber,  n.  (B.) 
a  chamber  or  room  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  guests. 

GUFFAW,  guf-faw',  n.  a  loud  laugh. 
[From  the  sound.] 

GTJIDANCE,  gid'ans,  n.  direction  :  govern- 
ment. 

GUIDE,  gid,  v.t.  to  lead  or  direct :  to  regu- 
late :  to  influence. — n.  he  who  or  that 
which  guides  :  one  who  directs  another 
in  his  course  of  life  ;  a  soldier  or  other 
person  employed  to  obtain  information 
for  an  army.  [Fr.  guider ;  prob.  from  a 
Teat,  root,  as  in  A.S.  witan,  to  know, 
observe,  ivis,  wise,  Ger.  roeisen,  to  show, 
and  so  conn,  with  tcit,  and  wise."] 

GUIDEBOOK,  gid'book,  n.  a  book  of  in- 
formation  for  toiu-ists. 

GUIDELESSNESS,  gid'les-nes,  n.  the  state 
or  condition  of  being  destitute  of  a  guide 
or  of  wanting  a  director :  want  of  guid- 
ance. "  To  fight  with  poverty  and  guide- 
lessness. " — Kingsley. 

GUIDEPOST,  gid'post,  n.  a  post  erected  at 
a  road-side,  to  guide  the  traveller. 

GUIDE-SCREW,  gid'-skroo,  n.  in  mach. 
a  screw  for  directing  or  regulating  cer- 
tain movements. 

GUIDE-TUBE,  gid'-tiib,  n.  in  mach.  any 
contrivance  by  which  a  boring-bit  or 
drill  is  guided,  but  which  consists  com- 
monly of  a  fixed  tube  to  prevent  swerv- 
ing. 

GUIDON,  gi'don,  n.  the  little  flag  or  stand- 
ard of  a  troop  of  cavalry ;  a  flag  used  to 
direct  the  movements  of  infantry  ;  a  flag 
used  to  signal  with  at  sea  ;  the  flag  of  a 
guild  or  fraternity:  one  who  bears  a  gui- 
don ;  a  standard-bearer :  one  of  a  com- 
munity that  Charlemagne  established 
at  Rome  to  guide  pilgrims  to  the  Holy 
Land.  [Fr.  See  Gutde/I 

GUIDONlAN,  gvve-do'ni-an,  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  Guide  Aretino,  or  to  the 
hexachordal  system  of  music  said  to  be 
introduced  by  him. 

GUILD,  gild,  n.  (orig.)  an  association  in  a 
town  where  payment  was  made  for  mu- 
tual support  and  protection  :  an  associa- 
tion of  men  for  mutual  aid  :  a  corpora^ 
tion. — Guild'hat.t,,  n.  the  hall  of  a  guild 
or  corporation,  esp.  in  London.  [A.S. 
gild,  money,  gildan,  to  pay  :  it  is  the 
same  word  as  GiOLD  and  Gild.] 

Guile,  gil,  n.  wile  :  jugglery  :  cunning  : 
deceit.  [O.  Fr.  guille,  deceit ;  from  a 
Teut.  root,  as  in  A.S.  toil,  Ice.  vel,  a 
trick.    See  Wile.] 

GUTLE,  gil,  n.  as  much  liquor  as  is  brewed 
at  once. 

Thee  best  befits  a  lowly  style, 

Teach  Dennis  how  to  stir  the  guile. — Swift. 

GUILEFUL,  gil'fool,  adj.  crafty  :  deceit- 
ful.— adv.  Guile'fdlly. — n.   Guile'fdI/- 

NESS. 

GUILELESS,  gnies,  adj.  without  deceit : 
artless. — adv.  Guile'lessly. — n.  Guile'- 

GUTT.T.EMOT,  gil'e-mot,   n.    a  genus  of 


marine  birds  having  a  pointed  bill  and 
very  short  tail.     [Fr.] 

GUILLOTINE,  gil'6-ten,  n.  an  instrument 
for  beheading — consisting  of  an  upright 
frame  down  which  a  sharp  heavy  axe 
descends  on  the  neck  of  the  victim — 
adopted  during  the  French  Revolution, 
and  named  after  GuiUotin.  a  physician 
who  first  proposed  its  adoption. — v.t,  tc 
behead  with  the  guillotine.  ( 

GUTLLOTINEMENT,  gil-o-ten'ment,  n.  de  ' 
capitation  by  means  of  the  guillotine 
"In  this  poor  National  Convention,  bro- 
ken, bewildered  by  long  terror,  perturb- 
ations, and  guillotinement,  there  is  no 
pilot. " — Carlyle. 

GUTLT,  gilt,  n.  punishable  conduct :  the 
state  of  having  broken  a  law  :  crime. 
[Orig.  a  payment  or  fine  for  an  offence  ; 
A.S.  gylt,  guUt — gildan,  to  pay,  to  atone.] 

GUILTLESS,  gilt'les,  adj.  free  from  crime  : 
innocent. — adi'.  Guilt'lessly. — n.GuiLT'- 

I^SSSESS. 

GUILTY ,  gilt'i,  adj.  justly  chargeable  with 
a  crime  :  wicked. — Guilty  of  (sometimes 
in  B.),  deserving. — adv.  Guilt'ILY. — n. 
GuiLT'iNESS.     [A.S.  gyltig.] 

GUINEA,  gin'i,  n.  an  English  gold  coin,  no 
longer  used^=21s.,  so  called  because  first 
made  of  gold  brought  from  Guinea,  in 

GUINEA-FOWL,  gin'i-fowl,  GUINEA- 
HEN,  gin'i-hen,  n.  a  fowl  like  the  turkey, 
of  a  dark-gray  color,  with  white  spots, 
orieinally  from  Guinea,  in  Africa. 

GUINEA-PIG,  gin'i-pig,  n.  a  small  S.Amer- 
ican animal,  belonging  to  the  Rodentia, 
and  somewhat  resembling  a  small  pig. 
[Prob.  a  mistake  for  Guiana-pig.] 

GlTLPURE,  ge-pur',  n.  an  imitation  of  an- 
tique lace,  very  durable,  equally  beauti- 
ful, and  less  expensive  :  a  kind  of  gimp, 

GUISE,  giz,  «,.,  manner,  behaviour  :  exter=- 
nal  appearance :  dress.  [Fr.  gfiM.se ;  from 
O.  Grer.  wisa  (Grer.  u-eise),  a  way,  guise, 
■which  is  cog.  with  A.S.  wis,  wise,  wisa, 
cause,  manner,  E.  ivise,  guide.] 

GUISER,  g-iz'er,  7i.  a  person  in  disguise :  a 
Christmas  mummer. 

GUITAR,  gi-tar',  n.  a  musical  stringed  in- 
strument like  the  violin  in  shape,  but 
larger,  and  played  upon  with  the  fingers. 
[Fr.  guitare ;  from  L.  eithara — Gr.  kith- 
ara.  a  IjTe  or  lute.    See  Cithern.] 

GULDEN,  gool'den,  n.  the  florin  of  Austria- 
Hungary,  nominally  equal  to  50  cents. 

GULES,  gulz,  n.  (Jier.)  a  red  color,  marked 
in  engraved  figures  by  perpendicular 
lines.  [Fr.  giteules ;  of  doubtful  origin : 
ace.  to  Brachet,  from  Pers.  ghul,  a  rose  ; 
but  ace.  to  other  authorities,  it  is  xi-om 
Fr.  gueule — L.  gula,  the  throat,  prob. 
from  the  color  of  the  open  moutli  of  the 
heraldic  Hon.] 

GULF,  gulf,  n.  a  hollow  or  indentation  in 
the  sea-coast:  a  deep  place  in  the  earth: 
an  abyss :  a  whirlpool :  anything  insati- 
able. [Fr.  golfe — Late  Gr.  kolphos,  Gr. 
kolpos,  the  bosom,  a  fold,  a  gulf.] 

GULF,  gulf,  v.t.  to  engulf  :  to  absorb  or 
swallow  up,  as  in  a  gulf.  "  Gulfed  with 
Proserpine  and  Tantalus." — Sicinburne. 

GULF-STREAJI,  gulf'-strem,  n.  a  stream 
or  current  of  warm  water,  which  flows 
from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  through  the 
channel  between  Cuba  and  America, 
past  the  Bermudas,  touching  the  tail  ol 
the  great  bank  of  Newfoundland,  and 
thence  sweeps  onwards  towards  Europe, 
part  going  north,  and  part  returning 
southerly  to  the  tropics. 

GULF- Weed,  gulf -wed,  n.  a  genus  of  sea- 
weeds (Sargassum),  of  the  sub  -  order 
Fucaceae,  of  which  two  species,  S.  vul- 
gare  and  S.  bacciferum,  are  found  abun- 
dantly in  the  Atlantic  Ocean  as  well  as 


GULFY 


209 


GYMNASIUM 


In  the  Pacific  and  tlie  Indian  Ocean. 
They  are  tropical  plants.  In  tiie  Atlantic 
they  chiefly  occupy  a  more  or  less  inter- 
rupted space  between  the  30th  and  30th 
parallels  of  north  latitude,  called  the 
Sargasso  Sea,  and  are  also  plentiful  in 
the  Gulf-stream,  whence  the  name.  The 
S.  bacdferum  has  its  specific  name  from 
the  numerous  grapelike  air-vessels  by 
' .     which  the  plant  is  Tbuoyed.    It  was  first 

J    discovered  by  Columbus. 

'iiTJLFY,  gulfi,  adj.  full  of  gulfs  or  whirl- 
pools. 

To  pass  the  gvlfy  purple  sea  that  did  no  sea-rites 
know. ~~Chapman. 

GUlr-GUL,  gul'-gul,  n.  a  sort  of  chunam  or 
cement  made  of  pounded  sea-shells  mixed 
with  oil,  which  hardens  like  a  stone,  and 
is  put  over  a  ship's  bottom  in  India,  so 
that  worms  cannot  penetrate  even  when 
the  copper  is  off.     [Native  name.] 

QUlIELiMA,  goo'li-el-ma,  n.  a  genus  of 
South  American  palms,  of  which  G.  spe- 
ciosa  or  peach-palm  is  -^-ultivated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Amazon  and  Rio  Negro, 
supplying  the  natives  with  food  and 
other  necessaries.  It  grows  to  the  height 
of  60  or  80  feet.  [After  Queen  Carohne 
Wilhelmine,  wife  of  Maximilian  L  of  Ba- 
varia.] 

GULL,  gul,  n.  a  web-footed  sea-fowl,  named 
from  its  wailing  cry.  [Corn,  ffullan,  W. 
gicylan,  Bret,  gioelan  —  Bret,  gioela,  to 
weep,  to  cry.] 

GULL,  gul,  v.t.  to  beguile  :  to  deceive. — n. 
a  trick :  one  easily  cheated.  [Same  word 
as  gull,  a  sea-fowl,  the  bird  being  thought 
stupidj 

GULLET,  gul'et,  n.  the  throat :  the  pass- 
age in  the  neck  by  which  food  is  taken 
into  the  stomach.  [Fr.  goulet,  the  gullet, 
dim.  of  O.  Fr.  govte,  Fr.  gueule — L.  gula, 
the  throat.] 

/  iJULLIBLE,  gul'i-bl,  adj.  easily  gulled  or 
deceived. — n.  Guiubil'ity. 

GULLY,  gul'),  n.  a  g^et  or  channel  worn 
by  running-water. — v.t.  to  wear  a  gully 
or  channel  in.    [A  form  of  Gttllet.J 

GULP,  gulp,  v.t.  to  swallow  eagerly  or  in 
large  draughts.  [Dut.  gulpen,  toswtillow 
eagerly,  from  Dut.  gulp,  a  great  draught.] 

GUM,  gum,  n.  the  flesh  of  the  jaws  which 
surrounds  the  teeth.  [A.S.  gonia;  Ice. 
gomr,  Gter.  gaunien,  roof  of  the  mouth, 
palate.] 

GUM,  gum,  n.  a  substance  which  exudes 
from  certain  trees,  and  hardens  on  the 
surface. — v.t.    to   smear    or  unite  with 

E:—pr.p.  gumm'ing ;  pa.^.  gummed'. 
gomme — li.  guvnm—Gr.  kmnmi.'] 
O,  gum'bS,  GOMBO,  gom'bo,  n.  the 
name  given  in  the  Southern  States  to 
Oehra  or  Okra,  the  pod  of  Hibiscus 
eseulentus :  a  souj)  in  which  this  fruit  en- 
ters largely  as  an  ingredient ;  also,  a  dish 
made  or  young  capsules  of  ochra,  with 
salt  and  pepper,  stewed  and  served  with 
melted  butter. 

QUMBY,  gum'bi,  n.  a  kind  of  drum  used 
by  the  negroes  of  the  West  Indies,  made 
out  of  a  piece  of  a  hollow  tree,  about  6 
feet  long,  with  a  skin  braced  over  it.  It 
is  carried  by  one  man  while  another  beats 
it  with  his  open  hands.  "A  squad  of 
drunken  black  vagabonds,  singing  and 
playing  on  gumbies,  or  African  drums." 
— Mich.  Scott. 

^[TMMIFEROUS,  gum-ifer-us,  adj.,  pro- 

■  ducing  gum.  [L.  gummi,  and  fero,  to 
bear,  to  produce.] 

OUMMOUS,  gum'us,  GUMMY,  gum'i,  adj. 
consisting  of  or  resembling  gum :  pro- 
ducing or  covered  with  gum. — n.  Gumm'- 
INESS.     [L.  gummosus.] 

GUN,  gun,  n.  a  firearm  or  weapon,  from 
whidi  balls  or  other  projectiles  are  dis- 
charged, usually  by  means  of  gunpow- 

N 


der :  now,  generally  applied  to  cacnoo. 
[Ety.  dub. ;  perh.  from  W.  gum,  a  bowl, 

GUN-BARREL,  gun'-bar'el,  n.  the  barrel 
or  tube  of  a  gun. 

GUNBOAT,  gun'bOt,  n.  a  boat  or  small 
vessel  of  light  draught,  fitted  to  carry 
one  or  more  guns. 

GUN-CARRIAGE,  gun'-kar'ij,  n.  acarriage 
on  which  a  gun  or  cannon  is  supported. 

GUN-COTTON,  gun'-kot'n,  n.  a  highly 
explosive  substance  produced  by  soaking 
cotton  or  any  vegetable  fibre  m  nitric 
and  sulphuric  acids,  and  then  leaving  it 
to  dry.  It  has  about  four  times  the  ex- 
plosive force  of  gunpowder,  and  is  occa- 
sionally used  as  a  substitute  for  it. 
Gun-cotton  explodes  without  smoke,  and 
does  not  foul  the  piece,  but  when  confined 
in  the  bore  of  a  rifle  it  occasionally  bursts 
the  barrel.  By  dissolving  it  in  a  mixture 
of.  rectified  etner  and  alcohol,  coUodiou 
is  obtained. 

GUNNAGE,  gun'aj,  n.  the  number  of  guns 
carried  by  a  ship  of  war. 

GUNNER,  gun'er,  n.  one  who  works  a  gun 
or  cannon  :  (naut.)  a  petty  officer  who 
has  charge  of  the  ordnance  on  board  ship. 

GUNNERY,  gun'er-i,  n.  the  art  of  manag- 
ing grans,  or  the  science  of  artUlery. 

GUNNY,  gun'i,  n.  a  strong  coarse  cloth 
manufactured  in  India  from  jute,  and 
used  as  sacking.     [Prob.  a  native  word.] 

GUNPOWDER,  gun'pow-der,  n.  an  explo- 
sive powder  used  for  guns  and  firearms. 

GUNSHOT,  gun'shot,  n.  the  distance  to 
which  shot  can  be  thrown  from  a  gun.— 
adj.  caused  by  the  shot  of  a  gun. 

GUNSMITH,  gun'smith,  n.  a  smith  or  work- 
man who  makes  or  repairs  guns  or  small- 
arms. 

GUNSTOCK,  gun'stok,  n.  the  stock  or  piece 
of  wood  on  which  the  barrel  of  a  gun  is 
fixed. 

GUNTER'S  CHAIN,  gun'terz  chan,  the 
chain  in  common  use  for  measuring  land, 
having  a  length  of  66  feet,  or  23  yards, 
or  4  poles,  of  5i  ytrds  each ;  and  it  is 
divided  into  100  llnKs  "xf  7"93  inches  each. 
100,000  square  links  make  one  acre. 
[After  Edmund  Ounter,  the  inventor.] 

GUNTER'S  LINE,  gun'terz  lin,  (a)  a  log- 
arithmic line  on  Gunter's  scale,  used 
for  performing  the  multiplication  and 
division  of  numbers  mechanically  by  the 
dividers — called  also  Line  of  Lines  and 
Line  of  Numbers  :  (b)  a  sliding  scale  cor- 
responding to  logarithms  for  performing 
these  operations  by  inspection  without 
dividers — called  also  Gtjntee's  SLiDiNa- 
RUIE. 

GUNTER'S  QUADRANT,  gun'terz  kwod- 
rant,  a  quadrant  made  of  wood,  brass,  or 
other  substance,  being  a  kind  of  stereo- 
graphic  projection  on  the  plane  of  the 
equator,  the  eye  being  supposed  in  one 
of  the  poles.  It  is  used  to  find  the  hour 
of  the  day,  the  sun's  azimuth,  etc.,  as 
also  to  take  the  altitude  of  an  object  in 

GUNTER'S  SCALE,  gun'terz  skal,  a  large 
plain  scale  having  various  lines  upon  it, 
both  natural  and  logarithmic,  of  great 
use  in  solving  mechanically  by  means  of 
a  slider  problems  in  navigation  and  sur- 
veying. It  is  usually  3  feet  long,  and 
about  H  inch  broad. 

GUNWALE,  gun'el,  n.  the  vxile  or  upper 
edge  of  a  ship's  side  next  to  the  bulwarks, 
so  called  because  the  upper  yims  are 
pointed  from  it.     [See  Wale.] 

GUP,  GUP-SHUP,  gup,  gup'-shup,  n.  in 
British  India,  gossip :  tattle  :  topics  of 
the  time  and  place  :  current  rumors. 

GURGLE,  gur'gl,  v.i.  to  flow  in  an  irregu- 
lar noisy  current,  as  water  from  a  bottle : 
to  make  a  bubbling  sound.    [Through  an 


It.  gorgogliare,  from  the  same  root  as 
GcEGE ;  cf.  Gargle.] 

GURNET,  gur'net,  GIJRNARD,  gur'nard, 
n.  a  kind  of  flsh.  [Supposed  to  be  so 
called  from  the  sound  it  makes  when 
taken  out  of  the  water  ;  from  O.  Fr.  gown 
nauld — Fr.  grogner,  to  grunt — L.  grunr 
nio,  to  grunt.] 

GUSH,  gush,  v.i.  to  flow  out  with  violence 
or  copiously. — n.  that  which  flows  out ;] 
a  violent  issue  of  a  fluid.  [From  a  Teufc 
root,  found  in  Ice.  gusa,  to  gush,  A.S, 
geotan.  Get.  giessen,  akin  to  Gr.  cheo,  to 
pourj 

GUSHING,  gush'ing,  adj.  rushing  forth 
with  violence,  as  a  liquid :  flowing  co' 
piously  :  effusive. — adv.  GusH'INGLT. 

GUSSE'T,  gus'et,  n.  the  piece  of  cloth  in  a 
shirt  which  covers  the  armpit :  an  angu- 
lar piece  of  cloth  inserted  in  a  garment 
to  strengthen  some  part  of  it.  [Fr.  gou»- 
set,  armpit,  gusset — gousse.  It.  guscio,  a 
pod,  husk  ;  from  the  fancied  likeness  of 
the  armpit  to  the  hollow  husk  of  a  bean 
or  pea,] 

GUST,  gust,  n.  a  sudden  blast  of  wind  :  a 
violent  burst  of  passion.  [Ice.  gustr., 
blast,  from  root  of  GusH.] 

GUST,  gust,  GUSTO,  giist'6,  n.  sense  of 
pleasure  of  tasting :  relish :  gratification. 
[L.  gustus,  taste ;  akin  to  Gr.  geud,  to 
make  to  taste.] 

GUSTATORY,  gust'ar-tor-i,  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  tending  to  please  the  taste. 

GUSTFUL,  gust'fool,  adj.  attended  with 
gusts :  gusty.  "A  gustful  April  mom." 
— Tennyson. 

GUSTY,  gust'i,  adj.  stormy  :  tempestuous. 
—n.  Gust'DJESS. 

GUT,  gut,  n.  the  intestinal  canal. — v.t.  to 
take  out  the  bowels  of :  to  plunder  :— 
pr.p.  gutt'ing ;  pa.p.  gutt'ed.  [A.S.  gut, 
the  orig.  sense  being  channel;  cf.  A.S. 
geotan,  to  pour,  Prov.  E.  gut,  a  drain, 
O.  Dut.  gote,  a  channel.] 

GUTTA-PERCHA,  gut'a-perch'a,  n.  the 
solidified  juice  of  various  trees  in  the 
Malayan  islands.  [Malay,  gatah,  guttaii, 
gum,  perclia,  the  tree  producing  it.] 

GUTTER,  gut'er,  n.  a  channel  at  the  eaves 
of  a  roof  for  conveying  away  the  drops: 
a  channel  for  water. — v.t.  to  cut  or  form 
into  small  hollows. — v.i.  to  become  hol- 
lowed :  to  run  down  in  drops,  as  a  can- 
dle. [Ft.  gouttiire — goutte — L.  gutta,  at 
drop.t 

GUTTURAL,  gut'ur-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  throat:  formed  in  the  throat. — n. 
(gram.)  a  letter  pronounced  in  the  throat. 
— adv.  Gdtt'urallt.  [L.  guttur,  the 
throat.] 

GUY,  gt,  n.  (naut.)  a  rope  to  guide  or 
steady  any  suspended  weight.  [Sp.  guia, 
a  guide ;  from  the  same  source  as  Guide.] 

Guy,  gl,  n.  an  effigy  of  Guy  Fawkes, 
dressed  up  grotesquely  on  the  day  of  the 
Gunpowder  plot :  an  odd  figure. 

GUZZLE,  guz'l,  v.i.  to  eat  and  drink  with 
haste  and  greediness. — v.t.  to  swallow 
viath  exceeding  relish. — n.  Guzz'lee.  [O. 
Fr.  des-gouziller,  to  swallow  down  — 
gosicr,  the  throat.] 

GUZZLE,  guz'l,  n.  an  insatiable  thing  or 
person ; 

That  senseless,  sensual  epicure. 
That  sink  of  filth,  that  guzzle  most  Impure. 

—MarsUm; 

a  debauch,  especially  on  drink:  drinks 
intoxicating  liquors  :  "  Sealed  Winchestr 
ers  of  threepenny  guzzle.'' — Tom  Broimu 
GYMNASIUM,  jim-na'zi-um,  n.  (orig.)  a 
place  where  athletic  exercises  were  prac- 
ticed naked:  a  school  for  gymnastics :  a 
school  for  the  Wgher  branches  of  htera- 
ture  and  science : — pi.  Gymnasia,  jim« 
na'zi-a.  [L.— Gr.  gymnasion — gymnago, 
to  exerciBe—gymnos,  naked.] 


GYMNAST 


210 


HAGGARD 


GYMNAST,  jim'nast,  n.  one  who  teaches 
or  practices  gymnastics.  [Fr.  gymnaste — 
Gr.  gymnastes.] 

GYMNASTIC,  jim-nas'tik,  GYMNASTIC - 
AL,  jim-nas'tik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
athletic  exercises. — ii.pl.  used  as  sing. 
Gtmnas'tics,  athletic  exercises,  the  art 
of  performing  athletic  exercises. — adv. 
Gymnas'ticallt.  [L.  gymnasticus — Gr. 
gymnastikos,  relating  to  gymnastics. 
See  Gymnasium.] 

GYMNOSOPHIST,  jiai-nos'of-ist,  n.  one  of 
a  sect  of  Indian  philosophers  who  lived 
an  ascetic  life  and  went  naked.  [Gr. 
gymnox,  naked,  sophos,  wise.] 

GYN^OLATRY.  GENEOLATRY,  jin-e- 
ol'a-tri,  n.  the  extravagant  adoration  or 
worship  of  woman.  J.  R.  Lowell.  [Gr. 
gyne.  a  woman,  and  latreia,  worship.] 

GYNARCHY,  jin'ar-ki,  »^.,  government  hy 
a  female.  [Gr.  gyne,  a  woman,  archS, 
rule.] 

GYNECOCRACY,  jin-e-koVra^si,  GYNE- 
OCRASY,  jin-e-ok'ra-si,  n.,  government 
by  women.  [Gr.  gyne,  a  woman,  krateo, 
to  rule.] 

GYNETHUSIA,  jin-e-thu'si-a,  n.  the  sacri- 
fice of  women.  "A  kind  of  Suttee-gfJ/ne- 
tkusia,  as  it  has  been  termed." — Archce- 
ologia,  1868.  [Gr.  gyne,  a  woman,  and 
thusia,  a  sacrifice,  aa  offering.] 

GYP,  jip,  n  at  Cambridge,  a  college  serv- 
ant. 

GYPSEOUS,  jip'se-us,  adj.  of  or  resem- 
bling gypsum. 

GYPSUM,  jip'sum,  n.  sulphate  of  hme  ; 
when  calcined  it  is  plaster  of  Paris. 
[L. — Gr.  gypsos,  chalk.] 

GYPSY.    See  Gipsy. 

GYRATE,  jl'rat,  v.i.  to  whirl  round  a  cen- 
tral point,  to  move  spirally. — adj.  (bot.) 
winding  round,  [L.  gyro,  gyratum,  to 
move  in  a  circle.] 

GYRATION,  ji-ra'shun,  n.  act  of  whirling 
rouad  a  central  point  r  a  spiral  motion. 

GYRATIONAL,  il-ra'shun-al,  adj.  of.  per- 
taining to,  oi  characterized  by  gyration ; 
as,  the  gyrational  movements  of  the 
planets.    R.  A.  Proctor. 

GYRATORY,  ji'ra-tor-i,  adj.  moving  in  a 
circle. 

GYRE,  jTr,  n.  a  circular  motion.  [L.  gyrus 
— Gr.  gyros,  a  ring,  round.] 

GYRFALCON,  GIERFALCON,  jer'faw-kn, 
n.  a  large  falcon,  found  in  the  northern 
regions  of  both  the  Old  and  New  Worlds. 
Qjow  L.  gyrofalco ;  from  Ger.  geier  (O. 
Ger.  giri,  voracioas),  a  vulture,  snnifalke, 
falcon.] 

GYR05IANCY,  jl'ro-man-si,  n.,  divination 
bv  walking  in  a  circle.  [Gr.  gyros,  a  cir- 
cle, and  manteia,  divination.] 

GYROSCOPE,  .il'ro-skop,  n.  an  apparatus, 
consisting  of  a  rotating  disc  mounted  by 
very  accurately  fitted  pivots  in  a  ring  or 
rings,  also  rotating  in  different  ways,  for 
illustrating  various  properties  of  rotation 
and  the  composition  of  rotations.  By 
means  of  this  instrument  the  rotation 
of  the  earth  on  its  axis  can  be  ocularly 
demonstrated.  [Gr  gyros^  a  circle,  and 
skopeo,  to  ^^ew.] 

GYROSTAT,  il'ro-stat,  n.  a  modification 
of  the  gyroscope,  devised  by  Sir  W. 
Thomson  to  illustrate  the  dynamics  of 
rotating  rigid  bodies.  It  consists  essen- 
tially of  a  fly-wheel  with  a  massive  rim, 
fixed  on  the  nuddle  of  an  axis  which  can 
rotate  ou  fine  steei  pivots  inside  a  rigid 
case.  [Gr.  gyros,  a  circle,  and  statikos, 
stationary.] 

GYVE,  jiv,  li.  a  fetter,  esp.  one  to  confine 
the  legs — used  commomv  in  pi. — v.t.  to 
fetter.     [W  gefyn,  fetters.] 


H 


HLA.,  ha,  int.  denoting  surprise,  joy,  or 
grief ;  and,  when  repeated,  laughter. 
[From  the  sound.] 

HAAF,  haf,  n.  Shetland  fishing  ground. — 
Haaf-fishing,  the  term  used  in  Shetland 
to  denote  the  deep-sea  fishing  for  ling, 
cod,  tusk,  etc.  [Ice.  haf,  the  sea  ;  Ger. 
haff.  bay,  gulf.] 

HABAKKUK,  ha-bak'kook,  n.  the  name 
of  one  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament. 
Habakkufc  was  the  eighth  of  the  twelve 
minor  prophets,  and  his  prophecy  is  ad- 
mired for  its  elevated,  religious,  lyrical 
style. 

HABEAS-CORPUS,  ha'be-as-kor'pus,  n.  a 
writ  to  a  jailer  to  produce  the  body  of  one 
detained  in  prison  and  to  state  the  reasons 
of  such  detention,  that  the  court  may 
judge  of  their  sufficiency.  [Lit.  have  the 
body,  from  L.  habeo,  to  liave,  and  corpus, 
the  bodyj 

HABENDUM,  ha-ben'dum,  n.  in  lau;  that 
clause  of  a  deed  which  determines  the 
estate  or  interest  granted  by  the  deed. 
[L.,  a  thing  to  be  possessed.] 

HABERDASHER,  hab'er-dash-er,  n.  a  sell- 
er of  small-wares,  as  ribbons,  tape,  etc. 
[O.  Fr.  hajyertas  ;  of  uncertain  origin.] 

HABERDASHERY,  hab'er-dash-er-i,  n. 
goods  sold  bv  a  haberdasher. 

HABERGEO>f,  ha-ber'je-un.  n.  a  piece  of 
armor  to  defend  the  neck  and  breast. 
[Fr.  haiibergeon,  dim.  of  O.  Fr.  hanbere. 
See  Hauberk.] 

HABILABLE,  ha'bil-a-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being  clothed.  "The  whole  habitable 
and  habilable  globe." — Carlyle. 

HABILATORY,  ha'bil-a-tor-i.  adj.  per- 
taining or  relating  to  habiliments  or 
clothing.  "  The  arcana  of  habilatory 
art." — Ld.  Lytton.  "For  indeed  is  not 
the  dandy  culottic,  habilatory,  by  way  of 
existence;  a  cloth-animal?" — Carlyle. 

HABILIMENT,  ha-bil'i-ment,  n.  a  gar- 
ment : — pi.  clothing,  dress.  [Tr.  habille- 
meirt — habiUer.  to  dress — L.  nabilis,  fit, 
ready — habeo.] 

ordinary'  course  of  con- 
to  perform  certain  ac- 
condition  or  tendency, 
practice  :  custom  :  out- 
ward appearance,  dress  :  a  garment,  esp. 
a  tight-fitting  dress,  with  a  skirt,  worn 
by  ladies  on  horseback. — i:t.  to  dress : — 
pr-P-  hab'iting  ;  pa.p.  hab'ited.  [Fr. — 
X.  habitus,  state,  dress — habeo,  to  nave, 
to  be  in  a  condition.] 

HABITABLE,  hab'it-a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
dwelt  in. — adv.  H a b'itably.  —n .  Haij'it- 
ABLENESS.  [Fr.— L.  habitabilis—habito, 
habitatus,  to  inhabit,  freq.  of  habeo,  to 
have.] 

HABITAT,  hab'it-at,  n.  (nat.  hist,  and  bot.) 
the  natural  abode  or  locality  of  an  ani- 
mal or  plant.  [3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind. 
of  L.  habito.] 

habitation;  hab-l-ta'shun,  n.  act  of  in- 
habiting or  dwelling  :  a  dwelling  or  resi- 
dence.    [Fr. — L.  habitatio — habito.] 

HABITUAL,  ha-bit'ii-al,  adj.  formed  or  ac- 
quired by  habit  or  frequent  use  :  custom- 
ary.— odi'.  Habit'ually.  \ljOvf  L,.  habitu- 
alis — L.  habifiis.] 

HABITUATE,  ha-bit'Q-at,  v.t.  to  cause  to 
acquire  a  habit :  to  accustom.  [L.  habi- 
tuo,  habituattim — habitats,  held  in  a  state 
or  condition.] 

HABITUDE,  hab'i-tad,  n.  tendency  from 
acquiring  a  habit :  usual  manner.  [L. 
h  abitii  do — h  abeo.  ] 

HABITUfe.  ar-be-tu-a,  n.  a  habitual  fre- 
quenter of  any  place,  esp.  one  of  amuse- 
ment, recreation,  etc.  [Fr.,  pp.  of  habit- 
tier,  to  accustom.] 


HABIT,  hab'it,  n. 
duet :  tendency 
tions  :    general 
as  of  the  body  ; 


HACK,  hak,  v.t.  to  cut :  to  chop  o,  man° 
gle  :  to  notch. — n.  a  cut  made  by  hack- 
ing.— Hackixg  corOH,  a  broken,  trouble 
some  cough.  [A.S.  haccan  :  Dut.  hakken, 
and  Grer.  hacken.    See  Hash.] 

HACK,  liak,  n.  a  hackney,  esp.  a  poor  and 
jaded  one  :  any  person  overworked  on 
hire  :  a  literary  drudge. — adj.  hackney, 
hired. — v.t.  to  offer  for  hire:  to  use 
roughly.    [Contr.  of  Hackney  ;  cf.  Cab.] 

HACKLE,  hak'l,  n.  an  instrument  wth 
hooks  or  iron  teeth  for  sorting  hemp  or 
flax  :  any  flimsy  substance  unspun  :  a 
feather  in  a  cocli's  neck  :  a  hook  and  fly 
for  angling,  dressed  with  this  feather. 
[Dut.  hekel,  dim.  of  haak.  a  hook  ;  akin 
to  Ger.  heehel—haken,  E.  Hook.] 

HACKLE,  hakl,  v.t.  to  dress  with  a 
hackle,  as  flax  :  to  tear  rudely  asunder. 

HACKLET,  hak'let,  n.  a  marine  bird : 
prob.  one  of  the  shear-waters.  "The 
choughs  cackled,  the  hacklets  wailed." 
— Kingsley. 

HACKLOG,  haklog,  n.  a  chopping-block. 
"A  kind  of  editorial  hacklog  on  which 
...  to  chop  straw." — Carlyle. 

HACKLY,  hak'li,  adj.  rough  and  broken, 
as  if  hacked  or  chopped  :  {min.)  covered 
with  sharp  points. 

HACKNEY,  hak'ni,  71.  a  horse  for  general 
use,  esp.  for  hire. — v.t.  to  carrj-  in  a 
hackney-coach:  to  use  much  :  to  make 
commonplace.  [Fr.  haquenee  —  Dut. 
hakke-nei,  an  amoling  nag ;  prob.  from 
hakken  (E.  Hack,  to  cut),  and  negge  (E. 
Nag,  a  small  horse).] 

HACKNEY,  hak'ni,  HACKNEYED,  hak'- 
nid,  adj.  let  out  for  hire :  devoted  to 
common  use  :  much  used. 

HACKNEY-COACH,  hak'ni -koch,  n.  a 
coach  let  out  for  hire. 

HAD.  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Have:  (B.)  = 
held,  Acts  xxv.  26.  [Contr.  from  A.S 
hafed,  hafd  =  haved.] 

HADDOCK,  had'uk,  n.  a  sea-fish  of  the 
cod  family.  [Etj-.  dub.;  cf.  W.  hadog, 
prolific — had,  seed  ;  perh.  from  Low  L. 
gadus,  cod— Gr.  gados,  and  dim.  termi- 
nation ocA-.] 

HADES,  ha'dez,  n.  the  unseen  world  :  the 
abode  of  the  dead.  [Gr.  haides,  hades — 
prob.  from  a,  priv.,  and  idein,  to  see. 
"  The  Unseen."] 

H^MAL,  HEMATITE,  etc.     See  Hemal, 

H.KMATITF 

H^MATOCRYA,  he-ma-tok'ri-a,  n.pl. 
Prof.  Owen's  name  for  the  cold-blooded 
vertebrates,  which  include  the  fishes, 
amphibians,  and  reptiles.  [Gr.  haima, 
haimatos.  blood,  and  cryos.  cold.] 

H^MATOCRYAL,  he-ma-tok'ri-al,  adj.  hi 
zool.  pertaining  or  belonging  to  the 
Hffimatocrva  :  cold-blooded 

H^MATOTHERMA,  he-ma- to -ther'ma, 
n.pl.  Prof.  Owen's  name  for  the  warm- 
blooded vertebrates,  which  include  the 
mammals  and  birds.  [Gr,  haima,  haima- 
tos. blood,  and  thermos,  warm,] 

H.^MATOTHERMAL.  he-ma-to-ther'mal, 
adj.  in  zool.  pertaining  or  belonging  to 
the  Hjematotherma  :  warm-blooded. 

HAEMOGLOBIN,     he-mo-glob'in,     n.    thf 
coloring     matter    of    the    blood,      [Gr 
Jiaima.  blood,  L.  globus,  a  round  body.  ^ 

HEMORRHAGE,  etc.    See  Hemorrhage 

HAFT,  haft,  n.  a  handle.  [A.S.  hcefi 
from  the  root  of  have;  cog.  with  Dut 
and  Gfer.  heft.] 

HAG,  hag,  n.  an  ugly  old  woman  :  {orig,; 
a  witch.  [Shortened  from  A.S.  hceg- 
tesse,  a  witch  or  fury;  Grer.  and  Dan 
hexe;  perh.  conn,  with  Ice.  hagr,  wise,  or 
with  A.S.  haga,  a  hedge,  because  witches 
were  thought  to  frequent  bushes,] 

HAGGARD,  hag'ard,  odj..  u-ild,  applied  to 
an  untrained  hawk.  [Fr. — Ger.  hager, 
lean — hag,  a  thieket.] 


HAGGARD 


211 


HALSER 


HAGGARD,  hag'ard,  adj.  lean:  hoRow- 
eyed.— adr.  Hagg'ardlt.  fLit.  "has- 
like."    See  Hag.] 

HAGGIS,  ha^is,  n.  a  Scotch  dish  made  of 
different  parts  of  sheep  or  lamb  chopped 
up  with  suet,  onions,  oatmeal,  etc.,  and 
boiled  in  a  sheep's  maw.  [Scot,  hag,  to 
chop,  E.  Hack;  cf.  Fr.  hadm,  from 
hacher.] 

HAGGISH,  haglsh,  adj.  hag-Uke.— adv. 
Hago'isbly. 

HAGGLE,  ha^,  v.t.  to  cut  unskillfuUy  :  to 
mangle.     [Freq.  of  Hack,  to  cut.] 

HAGGLE,  hag'l,  v.i.  to  be  slow  and  hard 
in  making  a  bargain  :  to  stick  at  trifles. 
— H.  Hagg'ler,     [Prob.  same  as  above.] 

HAGIOGRAPHA,  hag-  or  ha-ji-og'raf-a, 
HAGIOGRAPUY,  hag-  or  ha-ji-og'raf-i, 
n.pi.  the  last  of  the  three  Jewish  di\nsions 
of  the  Old  Testament,  comprehending  the 
books  of  Psalms,  Proverbs,  Job,  Daniel, 
Ezra,  Nehemiah,  Ruth,  Esther,  Chron., 
Cant.,  Lament.,  Eccles. — adj.  Hagiog'- 
RAPHAL.  [Gr.  hagiographa  (btblia) — 
hagios,  holy,  grapho,  to  write.] 

HAGIOGRAPHER,  hag-  or  ha-ji-og'raf-er, 
71.  one  of  the  writers  of  the  Hagiographa, 
a  sacred  writer. 

HAGIOlOGY,  hag-  or  ha-ji-ol'oj-i,  w.  his- 
tory of  saints.  [Gr.  hagios,  holy,  and 
logos,  discourse.] 

HAGWEED,  hag'wed,  n.  the  comnnon 
broom,  in  allusion  to  the  popular  super- 
stition that  hags  or  witches  rode  through 
the  air  on  broom-sticks. 

For  awful  coveys  of  terrible  things  ,  ,  , 

On  haguxed  broom-sticks,  and  leathern  wings. 

Are  hovering  round  the  hut.— Hood. 

HAH,  ha,  int.  same  as  Ha. 

HAHA,  haha',  n.  same  as  Hawhaw. 

Hail,  hal,  int.  or  imp.  {lit.)  may  you  be  in 
health.  [Ice.  }i£ill,  hale,  healthy,  much 
used  in  greeting.  See  Hat.tt.j  Healtht, 
Heal,  and  Whole.] 

SAIL,  hal,  v.t.  to  greet :  to  call  to,  at  a 
distance  :  to  address  one  passing.  [Same 
word  as  above.] 

SAIL,  hal,  n.  frozen  rain  or  particles  of  ice 
falling  from  the  clouds. — v.  <.  to  rain  hail. 
[M.  E.  hawel — A.S.  haqal ;  Ger.  hagel, 
and  in  most  other  Teut.  languages.] 

HAILSHOT,  hal'shot,  n.  small  shot  which 
scatters  like  hail. 

HAILSTONE,  hal'ston,  n.  a  single  stone  or 
ball  of  hail. 

HAIR,  har,  n.  a  filament  growing  from  the 
skin  of  an  animal :  the  whole  mass  of 
hairs  which  forms  a  covering  for  the  head 
or  the  whole  body;  (bot."^  minute  hair- 
like processes  on  the  cuticle  of  plants  : 
anything  very  small  and  fine. — adj. 
Hair'less.  [A.S.  h(Br,  a  common  Teut. 
word.]  

HAIRBREADTH,  harl)redth,  HAIR'S- 
BREADTH,  harz'-bredth,  n.  the  breadth 
of  a  hair :  a  very  small  distance. 

HAIRCLOTH,  harTtloth,  n.  cloth  made 
partly  or  entirely  of  hair. 

HAIR-PENCIL,  har'-pen'sil,  n.  an  artist's 
brush  made  of  a  few  fine  hairs. 

HAIR-POWDER,  har'-pow'der,  n.  a  white 
powder  for  dusting  the  hair. 

HAIR-SPLITTER,  har'-split-er,  n.  one 
given  to  hair-splitting  or  making  nice 
distinctions  in  reasoning.  "  The  .cavil- 
ling hair-splitter." — De  Quincey. 

HAIR-SPLITTING,  har'-split'ing,  n.  the 
art  of  making  minute  distinctions. 

HAIRSPRING,  har'spring,  n.  a  very  fine 
/miVlike  spring  on  the  oalance-wheel  of 
a  watch,   

fiAIRSTROKE,  har'strok,  n.  In  writing,  a 
stroke  or  line  a.s  fine  as  a  hair. 

HAIR-TRIGGER,  har'-trig'er,  n.  a  trig- 
ger wliich  discharges  a  gun  or  pistol  by 
a  hairlike  spring. 

HAIRWORM,  hfir'wurm,  n.  a  worm,  like  a 


horse-hair,  which  lives  in  the  bodies  of 
certain  insects. 

PA  TRY,  har'i,  adj.  of  or  resembUng  hair : 
covered  with  hair. — n.  Hair'iness. 

HAKE,  hak,  HAKOT,  hak'ut,  n.  a  sea-fish 
of  the  cod  family.  [Lit.  the  ^'hooked 
fish,"  A.S.  hacod,  Norw.  hake-Jisk,  Ger. 
hechl,  a  pike.] 

HALBERD,  hal  berd.ri.  apo?eaae;  a  weapon 
consisting  of  an  axe  and  heavj'  dagger 
fixed  on  a.  pole.  [Fr.  haUebarde — O.  Ger. 
helmbarte  (Gter.  hellebarte),  the  long-han- 
dled ase,  from  O.  Ger.  halm,  a  handle, 
barte,  an  axe.] 

HALBERDIER,  hal-berd-Sr',  n.  one  armed 
witli  a  halberd. 

HALCYON,  hal'si-un,  n.  the  kingfisher,  a 
bird  that  was  once  believed  to  make  a 
floating  nest  on  the  sea,  which  remained 
calm  while  it  was  hatching. — adj.  calm  : 
peaceful :  happy. — Hence  Halcyon-days. 
a  time  of  peace  and  happiness.  [L. — 
Gr.  alkyon,  halkydn  ;  the  fancied  ety., 
with  which  the  fable  is  associated,  is  from 
hals,  the  sea,  and  kyd,  to  conceive,  to 
breed  ;  true  ety.  dub.,  prob.  correctly 
spelt  alkyon  vinthout  an  aspirate,  and 
conn,  with  aloedo,  the  true  L.  name  for 
the  bird.] 

HALE,  hal,  adj.,  healthy:  robust :  sound  of 
body.  (Ttf.  E.  heil — Ice.  heill ;  cog.  with 
Whole.] 

HALE,  hal,  v.t.  to  drag.  [A  variant  of 
Haot.] 

HALF,  haf  {pi.  HALVES,  havz),  n.  one  of 
two  equal  parts  :  an  English  schoolboys' 
term  for  a  session  ;  a  contraction  of  half- 
year;  the  term  between  vacations.  "  It's 
a  jolly  time,  too,  getting  to  the  end  of 
the  half." — T.  Hughes. — adj.  having  or 
consisting  of  one  of  two  equal  parts  :  be- 
ing in  part :  incomplete,  as  measures. 
— adv.  in  an  equal  part  or  degree  :  in 
part:  imperfectly.  [A.S.  7ieaZ/,  half; 
the  word  is  found  in  all  the  Teut.  lan- 
giiages;  there  is  also  a  parallel  form  healf, 
sig.  side  or  part,  which  may  have  been 
the  original  meaning.    See  Behalf.] 

HALF-BAKED,  haf-bakt,  adj.  not  thor- 
oughly baked  ;  hence,  raw  :  inexperi- 
enced :  sUly,  "  He  treated  his  cousin  as 
a  sort  of  harmless  lunatic,  and,  as  they 
say  in  Devon,  half-baked." — Kingsley. 

HALF-BLOOD,  haf-blud,  n.  relation  be- 
tween those  who  are  of  the  same  father 
or  mother,  but  not  of  both. 

HALF-BLOODED,  hfif  -  blud'ed,  HALF- 
BREED,  hfif'-bred,  adj.  produced  from  a 
male  and  female  of  different  blood  or 
breeds 

HALF-BRED,  hSf-bred,  adj.,  half  or  not 
well  bred  or  trained  :  wanting  m  refine- 
ment. 

HALF-BROTHER,  hftf-brufft'er,  HALF- 
SISTER,  haf'-sis'ter,  n.  a  brother  or  sister 
by  one  parent  only. 

HATiF-CASTE,  hSfkast,  n.  a  person  one 
of  whose  parents  belongs  to  a  Hindu 
caste,  and  the  other  is  a  European. 

HALF-COCK,  hfifkok,  n.  the  position  of 
the  cock  of  a  gun  when  retained  by  the 
first  notch. 

HALFLING,  hSfling,  n.  a  halfpenny  :  the 
half  of  an  old  silver  penny.  "  Not  a  sil- 
ver penny,  not  a  hatflnig." — Sir  W.  Scott. 

HALF-MOON,  hafmSon,  n.  the  moon  at 
the  quarters  when  but  half  of  it  is  illum- 
inated :  anything  semicircular.    • 

HALF-PAY,  hafpa,  n.  reduced  pay,  as  of 
naval  or  military  officers. 

HALFNESS,  haf'nes,  n.  the  state  of  being 
in  halves  :  the  being  or  acting  in  a  con- 
dition or  manner  not  nearly  so  complete 
or  thorough  as  required,  desired,  or  ex- 
pected.   Emerson. 

HALFPENNY,  ha'pen-i  (pi.  HALFPENCE, 
haf'pens  or  ha'pens),  n.  a  copper  coin 


worth  half  a  penny:  the  value  of  halt  s 
penny.— n.  HALF'PENNYWORTH,tbe  u-orth 
or  value' of  a  halfpenny. 

HALF-ROUND,  haf'round,  n.  in  arch,  a 
moulding  whose  profile  is  a  semicircle. 
It  may  be  either  a  bead  or  a  torus  :  a 
hemisphere.  "  This  fair  half-round,  this 
ample  azure  sky." — Prior. 

HALF-TINT,  haf'tint,  n.  an  intei-mediatt 
tint.        

HALF-TRUTH,  haf'-tr5oth,  n.  a  propo 
sition  or  statement  only  partially  true, 
or  that  only  conveys  part  of  thetruth  - 
a  statement  not  wholly  true.  E.  B. 
Brouming. 

HALF-WAY,  har-wa,  adv.  at  half  the  way 
or  distance  :  imperfectly.  —  adj.  equally 
distant  from  two  points.  , 

HALF-WITTED,  haf'-wit'ed,  adj.  weak  in 
wit  or  intellect :  silly. 

HALF-YEARLY,  haf -yer-li,  adj.  occurring 
at  every  half-year  or  twice  in  ayear.-- 
adv.  twice  in  a  vear. 

HALIBUT,  hal'i-b"ut,  n.  the  largest  kind  o« 
flat  fishes.  [M.E.  hali,  holy,  and  tmtte^ 
a  flounder,  plaice,  the  fish  being  much 
eaten  on  fast-  or  holy-days ;  cf.  Dut. 
heilbot,  Ger.  heilbutt.] 

HALITE,  hallt,  n.  common  salt  when  in 
the  form  of  rock-salt.  [Gr.  hals,  salt, 
and  lithos,  stone.] 

HALITHERIUM,  ha-li-the'ri-um,  n.afossii 
cetaceous  animal  of  the  order  Sirenia,  and 
closely  allied  to  tne  dugongs  or  sea^iows. 
Its  remains  are  found  in  the  tertiarj 
system.  [Gr.  hals,  halos,  the  sea,  and 
therion,  a  oeast.] 

HALL,  hawl,  n.  a  large  room  or  passage 
at  the  entrance  of  a  house :  a  large 
chamber  for  public  business  :  an  edifice 
in  which  courts  of  justice  are  held :  a 
manor-house  (so  called  because  courts 
of  justice  used  to  be  held  in  them)  :  the 
edifice  of  a  college  :  at  Oxford,  an  unen- 
dowed college  :  at  Cambridge,  a  college. 
[A.S.  Jieal,  a  word  found  in  most  Teut. 
languages,  which  has  also  passed  into 
Fr.  halle,  from  the  root  of  A.S.  helan,  tc 
cover ;  allied  to  L.  cella  ;  not  conn,  with 
L.  aida."] 

HALLELUIAH,  HALLELUJAH,  hal-e- 
loo'ya,  n.  an  expression  of  praise.  [Hebe 
"Praise  ye  Jehovah,"  halelu,  ■praise ye^ 
and  Jah.  Jehovah,  God.] 

HALLIARD.    See  Halyard. 

HALL-]\IARK,  hawl'-mark,  n.  the  mark 
made  on  plate  at  Goldsmiths'  Hall  tc 
show  its  puritj'. 

HALLOO,  hal-loo',  int.,  n.  a  hunting  cry  , 
a  cry  to  draw  attention. — v.i.  to  cry  after 
dogs  :  to  raise  an  outcry. — v.t.  to  encour- 
age or  chase  vrith  shouts.  [From  the 
sound,  like  A.S.  eald,  Fr.  halle  I  Ger.  hal- 
loh.J 

HALLOW,  hal'o,  v.t.  to  make  lioly :  to  set 
apart  for  rehgious  use :  to  reverence. 
[A.S.  halgian,  haligan  —  halig,  holy: 
conn,  with  Hale,  Heal,  Holy,  Whole.] 

HALLOWEEN,  hal'6-en,  n.  the  evening  be- 
fore  All-Hallows  or  All-Saints'-Day. 

HALLOWMAS,  hal'6-mas,  n.  the  mass  or 
feast  of  All-Hallows.  [Hallow  and  Mass.! 

HALLUCINATION,  hal-lu-sin-a'shun,  n" 
error :  delusion :  {med.)  perception  of 
things  that  do  not  exist.  [L.  hallucina 
tie — hallucinor,  alueinor,  -atum,  to  wan 
der  in  mind.] 

HALLUCINATORY,  hal-lu'sin-a-tor-i,  adj 
partaking  of  or  tending  to  produce  hal 
hi.cination. 

HALO,  halo,  n.  a  luminous  circle  round 
the  sun  or  moon,  caused  by  the  refrac- 
tion of  light  through  mist:  {paint.)  the 
bright  ring  round  the  heads  of  holy  per- 
sons:— pZ.  Halos,  ha'Ioz.  [L.  halos — Gr. 
halos,  a  round  thrashing-floor.] 

HALSER,  hawz'er,  n.  see  Hawser. 


HALT 


212 


HAEANGUE 


HALT,  hawlt,  v.t.  (mil.)  to  cause  to  cease 
marching'. — v.i.  to  stop  from  going  on  ; 
{mil.)  to  stop  in  a  march  :  to  limp  :  (B.) 
to  be  in  doubt :  to  hesitate :  to  walk 
lamely. — adj.  lame. — n.  a  stopping:  (mil.) 
a  stop  in  marching.  [A.S.  healt ;  Ice. 
haltr,  Dan.  and  Swed.  halt.] 

:HALTER,  hawlt'er,  n.  a  head-rope  for 
holding  and  leading  a  horse  :  a  rope  for 
hanging  criminals  :  a  strong  strap  or 
cord. — v.t.  to  catch  or  bind  with  a  rope. 
[A.S.  healfter ;  Ger.  halfter;  the  root  is 
uncertain.] 

HALTING,  hawlt'ing,  adj.  holding  back  : 
stopping' :  limping. — adv.  Halt'ingly. 

HALVE,  hav,  v.t.  to  divide  into  halves  or 
two  equal  parts. 

HALVED,  havd,  adj.  divided  into  halves: 
(pot.)  appearing  as  if  one  side  were  cut 
away. 

HALYARD,  HALLIARD,  hal'yard,  n. 
(naut.)  a  rope  by  which  yards,  sails, 
etc.,  are  hauled  or  hoisted.  [See  Yaed 
and  Hale,  v.] 

HAM,  ham,  n.  the  hind  part  or  inner  bend 
of  the  knee  :  the  thigh  of  an  animal,  esp. 
of  a  hog  salted  and  dried.  [A.S.  hamm; 
Ger.  hanime,  from  root  ham  or  kam,  to 
bend,  Celt,  cam,  crooked,  bent.] 

HAMADRYAD,  ham'a-drl-ad,  n.  {myth.) 
a  dryad  or  wood-nymph,  who  lived  and 
died  along  with  the  tree  in  which  she 
dwelt  -.—pi.  Ham'adryads  and  Hamadry'- 
ADES  (-ez).  [Gr.  hamadryas — hama,  to- 
gether, drys,  a  tree.] 

HAMITIC,  ham-it'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
Ham,  a  son  of  Koah,  or  to  his  descend- 
ants. 

HAMLET,  hamlet,  n.  a  cluster  of  houses 
in  the  country  :  a  small  village.  [O.  Fr. 
hamel  (Fr.  hameau),  and  dim.  affix  -et — 
from  the  O.  Ger.  cham,  Ger.  heini,  A.S. 
ham,  a  dweUing  ;  E.  home  :  conu.  also 
with  Gr.  kome,  a  village.    See  Hosp.J 

ffAMMER,  ham'er,  n.  a  tool  for  beating, 
or  driving  naUs :  anything  like  a  ham- 
mer, as  the  part  of  a  clock  that  strikes 
the  bell :  the  baton  of  an  auctioneer. — 
v.t.  to  drive  or  shape  with  a  hammer  :  to 
contrive  by  intellectual  labor.  [A.S. 
hamor ;  Ger.  hammer.  Ice.  hamarr.\ 

HAMMERCLOTH,  ham'er-kloth,  n.  the 
doth  which  covers  a  coach-box.  [An 
adaptation  of  Dut.  hemel,  heaven,  a  cov- 
ering ;  Grer.  himmel  (Skeat).] 

HAMMERMAN,  ham'er-man,  n.  a  man 
who  hammers. 

HAMMOCK,  ham'uk,  n.  a  piece  of  strong 
cloth  or  netting  suspended  by  the  corners, 
and  used  as  a  bed  by  sailors.  [Hamaca, 
an  American  Indian  word,  meaning  a 
netj 

HAMPER,  ham'per,  v.t.  to  impede  or  per- 
plex :  to  shackle. — n.  a  chain  or  fetter. 
[A  corr.  through  M.E.  hamelen  and  obs. 
hamble  from  A.S.  hamelian,  to  maim,  the 
root  of  which  is  seen  in  Goth,  lianfs, 
maimed,  Scot,  hummel  cow,  i.e.  maimed, 
deprived  of  its  horns.] 

HAMPER,  ham'per,  n.  a  large  basket  for 
conveying  goods. — v.t.  to  put  in  a  ham- 
per.    [Contr.  from  Hanaper.] 

HAMSTER,  ham'ster,  n.  a  species  of  rat 
provide*!  with  cheek-pouches.     [G«r.] 

HAMSTRING,  ham'string,  n.  the  string  or 

\     tendon  of  the  ham. — v.t.  to  lame  by  cut- 

;    ting  the  hamstring. 

.  HANAPER,  han'a-per,  n.  a  large  strong 
basket  for  packing  goods,  esp.  crockery : 
(orig.)  a  royal  treasure-basket :  a  treasury 
or  exchequer.  [Low  L.  hanaperium,  a 
large  vessel  for  keeping  cups  in — O.  Fr. 
hanap,  a  drinking-cup — O.  Grer.  hnapf, 
Ger.  napf,  A.S.  hncep,  a  bowl.] 
HAND,  hand,  n.  the  extremity  of  the  arm 
below  the  wrist :  that  which  does  the 
duty  of  a  hand  by  pointing,  as  the  hand  of 


a  clock  :  the  fore-foot  of  a  horse  :  si 
measure  of  four  inches  :  an  agent  or 
workman  :  performance  :  power  or  man- 
ner of  performing  :  skill  :  possession  : 
style  of  handwriting  :  side :  direction. — 
v.t.  to  give  with  the  hand  :  to  lead  or 
conduct :  (naut.)  to  furl,  as  saUs.—  n. 
Hand'er.  —  Hand  down,  to  transmit  in 
succession. — Hand  over  head,  rashly. — 
Hand  to  iiotrrH,  without  thought  for  the 
future,  precariously. ^-Off  hand  or  Orrr 
OF  HAND,  immediately. — ^To  bear  a  hand, 
make  haste  to  help.  [A.S.  hand  ;  found 
in  all  the  Teut.  languages,  and  perh.  from 
the  base  of  A.S.  hentan,  Goth,  hinthan, 
to  seize.] 

HAND-BARROW,  hand'-bar'o,  n.  a  bar- 
row,  without  a  wheel,  carried  by  the 
hands  of  men. 

HANDBILL,  hand'bil,  n.  a  bill  or  pruning- 
hook  used  in  the  hand :  a  bill  or  loose 
sheet,  with  some  announcement. 

HANDBOOK,  hand'book,  n.  a  manual  or 
book  of  reference  for  the  hand :  a  guide- 
book for  travellers. 

HANDBREADTH,  handTsredth,  n.  the 
breadth  of  a  hand :  a  palm. 

HANDCART,  hand'kart,  n.  a  small  cart 
drawn  bv  hand. 

HANDCUFF,  handTmf,  n.  a  CM#or  fetter 
for  the  hand. — v.t.  to  put  handcuffs  on  : 
— pr.p.  hand'cuffing ;  pa.p.  hand'cuffed 
(-kuft).  [A.S.  handcosp,  handcops — hand, 
and  cosp,  a  fetter,  the  latter  being  modi- 
fled  by  confusion  with  Cuff.] 

HANDFUL,  hand'fool,  n.  as  much  as  fills 
the  hand:  a  small  number  or  quantity: 
— pZ.  Hand'fxjls. 

HAND-GALLOP,  hand'-gal'up,  n.  an  easy 
gallop,  in  which  the  speed  of  the  horse 
is  restrained  by  the  hatid  pressing  the 
bridle. 

HANDGLASS,  hand'glas,  n.  a  glass  or 
small  glazed  frame  used  to  protect 
plants,  able  to  be  lifted  by  the  hand. 

HAND-GRENADE,  hand'-gre-nad',  n.  a 
grenade  to  be  thrown  by  the  hand. 

HANDICAP,  hand'i-kap,  n.  a  race  in  which 
the  horses  carry  different  weights,  or 
are  placed  at  different  distances,  or  start 
at  different  times,  so  that  all  shall  have, 
as  nearly  as  possible,  an  equal  chance  of 
winning.  [Orig.  applied  to  a  method  of 
settling  a  bargain  or  exchange  by  arbi- 
tration, in  which  each  of  the  parties  ex- 
changing put  his  hand  containing  money 
into  a  cap,  whUe  the  terms  of  the  award 
were  being  stated,  the  award  being  set- 
tled only  if  money  was  found  in  the 
hands  of  both  when  the  arbiter  called 
"Draw."] 

HANDICRAFT,  hand'i-kraft,  n.  a  craft, 
trade,  or  work  performed  by  the  hand. 

HANDICRAFTSMAN,  hand'i-krafts-man 
n.  a  man  skilled  in  a  handicraft  or  man- 
ual occupatioQ.  

HANDIWORK,  HANDYWORK,  hand'i- 
wurk,  Jt.  work  done  by  the  hands :  work 
of  skill  or  wisdom.  [A.S.  handgeiveorc — 
hand,  hand,  and  geweore,  another  form  of 
weorc,  work.] 

HANDKERCHIEF,  hangT^er-chif,  n.  a 
piece  of  cloth  for  wiping  the  nose,  etc.: 
a  neckerchief.     [Hand  and  KERCHIEF.] 

HANDLE,  hand!,  v.t.  to  touch,  hold,  or 
use  with  the  hand :  to  make  familiar  by 
frequent  touching  :  to  manage  :  to  dis- 
cuss :  to  practice. — v.i.  to  use  the  hands. 
[A.S.  handlian,  from  Hand.] 

HANDLE,  hand'l,  n.  that  part  of  anything 
held  in  the  hand:  (fig.)  that  of  which  use 
is  made  :  a  tool. 

HANDLESS,  handles,  adj.  without  hands. 

HANDMAID,  hand'mad,  HANDMAIDEN, 
hand'mad-n,  n.  a  female  servant. 

HANDSEL,  hand'sel,  n.  money  for  some- 
thing sold  given  into  the  hands  of  an- 


other :  the  fii'st  sale  or  using  of  any- 
thing :  a  first  instalment  or  earnest :  a 
new-year's  gift. — v.t.  to  give  a  handsel : 
to  use  or  do  anything  the  first  time. 
[A.S.  handselen,  a  giving  into  hands — 
hatid,  and  sellan,  to  give,  whence  E. 
settA 
HANDSOME,  hand'sum  or  han'sum,  adj. 
good-looking ;  with  dignity :  liberal  ot 
noble  :   generous  :    ample. — adv.   Hand'- 

SOMELT. — n.      HaND'S0MENE6S.        [HaND, 

and  affix  some ;  Dut.  handzaam,  easily 

handled.] 
HANDSPIKE,  hand'splk,  ?i.  a  spike  or  bar 

used  with  the  hand  as  a  lever. 
H  A  NDSTAVES,  hand'stavz,  n.pl  (B.)  staves 

for  the  hand,  probably  javelins. 
HANDAVRITING,  hand'^rit-ing,  n.  the  style 

of  u-riting  peculiar  to  each  hand  or  per- 
son :  writing. 
HANDY,  hand'i,  adj.  dexterous  :  ready  to 

the  hand  :  convenient :  near.    [A-S.  hetv- 

dig,    from    Hand  ;   Dut.    handig,    Dan. 

hcEndig.] 
HANDY^VORK.    Same  as  Handiwork. 
HANG,  hang,  v.t.   to  hook  or  fix  to  some 

high  point :  to  suspend  :  to  decorate  with 

Eictures,  etc.,  as  a  wall  :  to  put  to  death 
y  suspending,  and  choking. — v.i.  to  be 
hanging  so  as  to  allow  of  free  motion  : 
to  lean,  or  rest  for  support  :  to  drag  :  to 
hover  or  impend  :  to  be  in  suspense  :  to 
hnger: — pr.2}.  hang'ing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
hanged'  or  hung.  [A.S.  hangian,  causal 
form  of  hon,  pa.p.  hangen  ;  Dut.  andGter. 
hangen,  Goth,  hahan.] 

HANGER,  hang'er,  n.  that  on  which  any- 
thing is  hung :  a  short  sword,  curved 
near  the  point :  one  who  places  wall 
paper,  as  paper-hauger. 

HANGER-ON,  hang'er-on,  n.  one  who 
ha7igs  on  or  sticks  to  a  person  or  place  : 
importunate  acquaintance  :  a  dependent. 

HANGING,  hang'ing,  adj.  deserving  death 
by  hanging. — n.  death  by  the  halter:  that 
which  is  hung,  as  drapery,  etc.;— used 
chiefly  in  pZ.— -HANG-DOa,  adj.  hke  a  fel- 
low that  deserves  hanging,  as  in  "a 
hang-dog  look." 

HANGMAN,  hang'man,  n.  a  pubUc  execu- 
tioner. 

HANK,  hangk,  n.  (lit.)  that  by  which  any- 
thing is  hung  or  fastened :  two  or  more 
skeins  of  thread  tied  together.  [Ice. 
hanki,  cord  ;  Ger.  henkel,  a  handle,  nen- 
fceri,  to  hang  ;  from  root  of  Hang.] 

HANKER,  hangk'er,  v.i.  to  long  for  with 
eagerness  and  uneasiness :  to  linger 
about.  [A  freq.  of  Hang,  in  the  sense 
of  to  hang  on  ;  cf.  Dut.  hunkeren.] 

HANSEATIC,  han-se-at'ik,  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  Hanse  cities  of  Germany,  which 
leagued  together  for  protection  about  the 
12th  century.  [O.  Fr.  hanse,  league — O. 
Ger.  hansa,  troop,  association.] 

HANSOM-CAB,  hau'sum-kab,  n.  a  Ught 
two -wheeled  cab  or  carriage  with  the 
driver's  seat  raised  behind.  [From  the 
name  of  the  inventor.] 

HAP,  hap,  ?i.  chance  :  fortune  :  accident. 
[Ice.  hapj).  good-luck.] 

HAP-HAZARD,  hap'-haz'ard,?!.  that  which 
happens  bj'  hazard :  chance,  accident. 

HAPLESS,  hap'les,  adj.  unlucky:  unhappy. 
— adt\  Hap'lessly. 

HAPLY,  hap'li.  adv.  by  hap,  chance,  or 
accident:  perhaps:  it  may  be. 

HAPPEN,  hap'n,  v.i.  to  fall  out :  to  take 
place. 

HAPPY,  hap'i.  adj.  lucky,  successful:  pos- 
sessing or  enioying  pleasure  or  good  ; 
secure  of  gooh  :  furnishing  enjovment : 
dexterous.  —  adv.  Happ'ily. — n.  IffAPrt- 
ness.    [See  Hap.] 

HARANGUE,  ha-rang*,  n.  a  loud  speech 
addressed  to  a  multitude :  a  popular, 
pompous  address. — v.i.  to  deliver  a  ha» 


HARASS 


213 


HARTSTONGUE 


rangue. — v.t.  to  address  by  a  harangue : 
—pr.p.  haranguing  (-rang'ing) ;  pa.p. 
harangued  (-rangd').  —  n.  Hakang  ueb. 
FFr.,  from  O.  Ger.  hring  {Gev.  ring,  A.S. 
hring),  a  ring,  a  ring  of  people  assem- 
bled.] 

HARASS,  har'as,  v.t.  to  fatigue :  to  an- 
noy or  torment. — n.  Har'asser.  [Fr. 
harasser ;  prob.  from  O.  Fr.  harer,  to  in- 
«ite  a  dog,  from  the  cry  har,  made  in 
inciting  a  dog  to  attack.] 

HARBINGER,  har'bin-jer,  n.  (orig.)  one 
who  goes  forward  to  provide  harbor  or 
lodging:  a  forerunner. — v.t.  to  precede, 
as  a  liarbinger.  [M.E.  herberaeour — O. 
Fr.  herberge  (Fr.  aiiberge) — O.  Ger.  here- 
berga.     See  Habboe.] 

HARBOR,  har'bur,  n.  any  refuge  or  shelter: 
a  port  for  ship*— u.f.  to  lodge  or  enter- 
tain :  to  protect  :  to  possess  or  indulge, 
as  thoughts. — v.i.  to  take  shelter. — adj. 
Har'bobless.  [M.E,  herbenve;  prob. 
through  O.  Fr.  herberge,  from  O.  Ger. 
hereberga,  a  military  encampment,  from 
heri  (Ger.  Jieer),  and  bergan,  to  shelter ; 
a  similar  form  occurs  in  Ice.] 

HARBORAGE,  har'bur-aj,  n.  place  of  har- 
bor or  shelter  :  entertainment. 

HARBORER,  har'bur-er,  n.  one  who  har- 
bors or  entertains. 

HARBOR-MASTER,  har'bur-mas'ter,  n. 
the  master  or  public  oflBcer  who  has 
charge  of  a  harbor. 

HARD,  hard,  adj.  not  easily  penetrated : 
firm  :  solid :  difficult  to  understand  or 
accomplish  :  difficult  to  bear  :  painful : 
uttjust :  difficult  to  please  :  unfeeling : 
severe:  stiff:  constrained. — adv.  with 
urgency  :  with  difficulty  :  close,  near,  as 
in  Hard  by  ;  Haed-a-lee,  i.e.  close  to 
the  lee-side,  etc.  :  earnestly :  forcibly. — 
To  DIE  HABD,  to  die  only  after  a  desper- 
ate struggle  for  life. — n.  Hard'ness  (B.), 
sometimes  hardship.  [A.S.  heard ;  Dut. 
hard,  Ger.  hart,  Goth,  hardus  ;  allied  to 
Gr.  kratys,  strong.] 

HARDEN,  hard'n,  v.t.  to  make  hard  or 
harder  ;  to  make  firm  :  to  strengthen  : 
to  confirm  in  wickedness :  to  make  in- 
sensible.— v.i.  to  become  hard  or  harder, 
either  lit.  or  Jig. — n.  Haed'ener.  [A.S. 
heardian.    See  Hard.] 

HARDENED,  hard'nd,  adj.  made  hard, 
unfetling. 

HARD-FAVORED,  hard'-fa'vrd,  adj.  hav- 
ing coarse  features. 

HARD-FEATURED,  hard'-fet'urd,  adj.  of 
hard,  coarse,  or  forbidding /eafwres. 

HARD-FISTED,  hard'-fist'ed,  adj.  having 
hard  or  strong  jists  or  hands :  close- 
fisted  :  niggardly. 

HARD-HANDED,  hard'-hand'ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing hard  or  tough  hands :  rough :  severe. 

HAR  D-H  FADED,  hard'-hed'ed,  adj. 
shrewd,  intelligent. 

HARD-HEARTED,  hard'-hart'ed,  adj. 
having  a  hard  or  unfeeling  heart :  cruel. 
— 11.  Hard'-heart'edness. 

HARDIHOOD,  HARDINESS.   See  Hardy. 

HARDISH,  hard'ish,  adj.  somewhat  hard. 

HARDLY,  hard'li,  adv.  with  difficulty: 
scarcely,  not  quite  :  severely,  harshly. 

HARD-MOUTHED,  hard'-mowWid,  adj. 
having  a  mouth  hard  or  insensible  to  the 
bit :  not  easily  managed. 

HAJIDS,  hardz,  n.pl.  coarse  or  refuse  flax. 

HARDSHIP,  hard'ship,  n.  a  hard  state,  or 
that  which  is  hard  to  bear,  as  toU,  in- 
jury, etc. 

HARD- VIS  AGED,  hard'-viz'ajd,  adj.  of  a 
hard,  coarse,  or  forbidding  visage. 

HARDWARE,  hard' war,  n.  trade  name  for 
all  sorts  of  articles  made  of  the  baser 
metals,  such  as  iron  or  copper.  [Hard 
and  Ware.] 

HARDY,  hard'i,  ac^.  daring,  brave,  reso- 
iute  :  confident :  impudent ;  able  to  bear 


cold,  exposure,  or  fatigue. — adv.  Hard'- 
ILY. — ns.  Hard'ihood,  Haed'iness.  [Fr. 
hardi — O.  Ger.  harti  (Ger.  hart) ;  A.S. 
heard,  hard.     See  Hard.] 

HARE,  har,  n.  a  common  and  very  timid 
animal,  with  a.  divided  upper  lip  and  long 
hind-legs,  which  runs  swiftly  by  leaps. 
[A.S.  hara ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  hare,  G«r. 
hase  ;  Sans,  caca — cac,  to  jump.] 

HARE13ELL,  har'bel,  n.  a  plant  with  blue 
bell-shaped  flowers.  [Hare  and  Bell  ; 
a  fanciful  name.] 

HAREBRAINED,  har'brand,  adj.  having  a 
wild,  scared  brain  like  that  of  a  hare : 
giddy  :  heedless. 

HARELIP,  har'lip,  n.  a  fissure  in  one  or 
both  lips,  generally  the  upper,  like  that 
of  a  hare. — adj.  Hare'lipped. 

HAREM,  ha'rem,  n.  the  portion  of  a  house 
allotted  to  females  in  Turkish  dominions, 
forbidden  to  all  males  except  the  husband: 
the  collection  of  wives  belonging  to  one 
Turkish  householder.  [Ar.  haram,  any- 
thing forbidden — harama,  to  forbid.]  * 

HARICOT,  har'i-ko,  n.  small  pieces  of  mut- 
ton, partly  boiled,  and  then  fried  with 
vegetables :  the  kidney-bean.  [Fr.  hari- 
cot, a  stew,  a  kidney-bean,  so  called  be- 
cause used  in  a  stew :  of  unknown  origin.] 

HARK,  hark,  int.  or  imp.,  hearken,  listen. 
[Contr.  of  Hearken.] 

HARL,  harl,  n.  the  skin  of  flax  :  any  fila- 
mentous substance. 

HARLEQUIN,  har'le-kwin  or  -kin,  n.  the 
leading  chai-acter  in  a  pantomime,  in  a 
tight  spangled  dress,  with  a  wand,  by 
means  of  wliich  he  is  supposed  to  be  in- 
visible and  to  play  tricks  :  a  buffoon. 
[Fr.  harlequin,  arleguin  ;  It.  arlecchino ; 
ety.  unknownj 

HARLEQUINADE,  harle-kwm-  or  -Idn- 
ad',  n.  exhibitions  of  harlequins :  the  por- 
tion of  a  pantomhne  in  which  the  harle- 
quin plays  a  chief  part.     [Fi-.] 

HARLOT,  har'lot,  n.  a  woman  who  prosti- 
tutes her  body  for  hire. — adj.  wanton : 
lewd.  [O.  Fr.  arlot,  herlot ;  origin  dub., 
perh.  from  Ger.  kerl,  A.S.  ceorl,  the  word 
being  orig.  used  for  a  person  of  either  sex, 
and  in  the  sense  ot  fellow,  a  rogue.} 

HARLOTRY,  har'lot-ri,  n.  trade  or  prac- 
tice of  being  a  harlot  or  prostitute : 
prostitution. 

HARM,  harm,  n.  injury  :  moral  wrong. — 
v.t.  to  injure.  [A.S.  hearm ;  Ger.  harm, 
conn,  with  gram,  grief.] 

HARMATTAN,  har-mat'an,  n.  a  hot,  dry, 
noxious  wind  which  blows  periodically 
from  the  interior  of  Africa.     [Arab.] 

HARMFUL,  harm 'fool,  adj.  injurious, 
hurtful. — adv.  Haem'fully.— jf.  Haem'- 

FULNESS. 

HARMLESS,  harm'les,  adj.  not  injurious  : 
unharmed.  —  adv.  Harm'lessly.  —  n. 
Harm'lessness. 

HARMONIC,  har-mon'ik,  HARMONICAL, 
har-mon'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  har- 
mony :  musical :  concordant  :  recurring 
periodically.  —  Harmonic  proportion, 
proportion  in  which  the  first  is  to  the 
third  as  the  difference  between  the  first 
and  second  is  to  the  diS'erence  between 
the  second  and  third,  as  in  the  three 
numbers,  3,  3,  and  6. — adv.  Harmon'ic- 
ally. 

HARMONICS,  har-mon'iks,  n.pl.  used  as 
sing,  the  science  of  harmony  or  of  mus- 
ical sounds  : — as  pi.  consonances,  the 
component  sounds  included  in  what  ap- 
pears to  the  ear  to  be  a  single  sound. 

HARMONIOUS,  har-mo'ni-us,  adj.  having 
harmoni/  :  symmetrical :  concordant. — 
adv.  Haemo'niously. — n.  Harmo'nious- 

NESS. 

HARMONIST,  har'mon-ist,  n.  one  skilled 

in  liarmony:  a  musical  composer. 
HARMONIXIM,  har-mo'ni-um,  n.  a  musical 


wind-instrument    with    keys,   so    called 
from  its  harmonious  sound. 

HARMONIZE,  har'mon-iz,  v.i.  to  be  in 
harmony:  to  agree. — v.t.  to  make  in  har- 
mony :  to  cause  to  agree  :  (tnus.)  to  pro- 
vide parts  to. — n.  Harmoniz'er. 

HARMONY,  har'mo-ni,  n.  a  fitting  to- 
gether  of  parts  so  as  to  form  a  con- 
nected whole  :  (mus.)  a  combination  of 
accordant  sounds  heard  at  the  same 
time :  concord :  a  book  with  parallel 
passages  regarding  the  same  event.  [Fr. 
— L. — Gr.  harmonia — harmos,  a  fitting— 
aro,  to  fit.] 

HARNESS,  har'nes,  n.  formerly,  the  armor 
of  a  man  or  horse  :  the  equipments  of  a 
horse. — v.t.  to  equip  with  armor  :  to  put 
the  harness  on  a  horse.  [Tr.  hamais ; 
from  the  Celt.,  as  in  Low  Bret,  harnez, 
old  iron,  also  armor,  from  Bret,  houam, 
iron  ;  W.  haiarn,  Gael,  iarunn ;  conn, 
with  E.  iron,  Ger.  eisen,  etc.] 

HARP,  harp,  n.  a  triangular  musical  in- 
strument with  strings  struck  by  the 
fingers. — v.i.  to  play  on  the  harp :  to 
dwell  tediously  upon  anything.  [A.S. 
hearpe :  Dan.  harpe,  Ger.  /lar/e.] 

HARPER,  harp'er,  HARPIST,  harp'ist,  n. 
a  player  on  the  harp. 

HARPOON,  har-p66n',  n.  a  dart  for  strik- 
ing and  killing  whales. — v.t.  to  strike 
with  the  harpoon.  [Dut.  harpoen — Fr. 
harpon ;  origin  uncertain,  perh.  from  O. 
Ger.  harfan,  to  seize.] 

HARPOONER,  har-poon'er,  HARPOON- 
EER,  har-pon-er',  n.  one  who  uses  a  har- 
poon. 

HARPSICHORD,  harp'si-kord,  n.  an  old- 
fashioned  keyed  musical  instrument 
strung  with  chords  or  wires,  like  a  harp. 
[O.  Fr.  harpe-chorde.  See  Harp  and 
Chord.] 

HARPY,  har'pi,  n.  (myth.)  a  hideous  rapa- 
cious monster,  half  bird  and  half  woman  ; 
a  species  of  eagle  :  an  extortioner.  [Gr., 
pi.  harpyiai,  "snatchers,"  sj'mbols  of 
the  storm-wind — harpazo,  to  seize.] 

HARQUEBUS,  HARQUEBUSE,  HAR" 
QUEBUSS,  har'kwi-bus,  n.  same  as 
Arquebuse. 

HARRIDAN,  har'i-dan,  n.  a  worn-out 
strumpet.  [Another  form  of  O.  Fr. 
haridelle,  a  lean  horse,  a  jade,  ety.  un- 
known.] 

HARRIER,  har'i-er,  n.  a  hare-houaA,  a  dog 
with  a  keen  smell,  for  hunting  hares. 
[Formed  like  graz-i-er.'] 

HARRIER,  har'i-er,  n.  a  kind  of  hawk  so 
named  from  its  harrying  or  destroying 
small  animals. 

HARROW,  har'o,  n.  a  frame  of  wood  or 
iron  toothed  with  spikes  for  tearing  and 
breaking  the  soil,  etc.— v.t.  to  draw  a 
harrow  over :  to  harass  :  to  tear. — adj. 
Habr'owing,  acutely  distressing  to  the 
mind. — adv.  Harr'owingly.  [A.S.  hyrwe, 
a  harrow  ;  Dan.  harv,  a  harrow.] 

HARRY,  har'i,  v.t.  to  plunder  :  to  ravage  : 
to  destroy  :  to  harass  i—pr.p.  harr'ying  ; 
pa.p.  harr'ied.  [A.S.  hergian,  from  root 
of  A.S.  here,  gen.  lierg-es,  an  army  ;  Ger. 
heer.'\ 

HARSH,  harsh,  adj.  rough:  bitter:  jarring: 
abusive:  severe. — adv.  Harsh'ly. — n, 
Haesh'ness.  [M.E.  harsh  ;  from  a  root 
found  in  Dan.  harsk,  rancid,  Ger.  harsch, 
hard.] 

HART,  hart,  n.  the  stag  or  male  deer  :— 
fem.  Hind.  [Lit.  "a  horned  animal," 
from  A.S.  heort :  Dut.  hert,  Ger.  hirsch  - 
conn,  with  L.  cervus,  W.  carw,  a  stag, 
also  with  Gr.  keras,  E.  horn.] 

HARTSHORN,  harts'horn,  ji.  a  solution  of 
ammonia,  oi-ig.  a  decoction  of  the  shav- 
ings of  a  hart's  horn. 

HARTSTONGUE,  harts'tung,  n.  a  species 
of  fern  shaped  like  the  tongue  of  a  hart. 


HARUM-SCARUM 


n4 


HAZE 


fl AfiUM-SCARmi,  ha^rum-skarum,    adj- 
flighty  :  rash.     [Prob.  compounded  of  an 
■  obs.  V.  hare,  to  affright,  aud  Scare.] 

HARVEST,  har'vest,  n.  the  time  of  gather- 
ing in  the  crops  or  fruits:  the  crops 
gathered  in  :  fruits  :  the  product  of  any 
labor:  consequences. — v.t.  to  reap  and 
gather  in.  [A.S.  haerfest;  Ger.  herbst, 
Dut.  herfst;  conn,  with  L.  carpo,  to 
gather  fruit,  Gr.  karpos,  fruit.] 

ilAEVESTER,  hOi-'vest-er,  n.  a  reaper  in 
harvest:  a  self-binding  reaper:  a  machine 
formerly  used,  having  a  platform  on 
which  two  binders  stood  and  bound  the 
grain  by  hand,  as  it  was  passed  to  them 
from  the  knives  and  reels. 

HARVEST-HOME,  har'vest-h3m,  n.  the 
feast  held  at  the  bringing  home  of  the 
harvest. 

flARVEST-MAN,  har'vest-man,  n.  (B.)  a 
laborer  in  harvest. 

SARVEST-MOON,  hSr'vest-mSSn,  k.  the 
moon  about  the  full  in  harvest,  when  it 
rises  nearly  at  the  same  hour  for  several 
da  vs. 

HARVEST-QUEEN,  hSr'vest-kwen,  n.  an 
image  of  Ceres,  the  qiieen  or  goddess  of 
fruits,  in  ancient  times  carried  about  on 
the  last  day  of  harvest. 

2EAS.  haz,  3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind.  of  Have. 

HASH,  hash,  v.t.  to  hack :  to  mince :  to 
chop  small. — n.  that  which  is  hashed  :  a 
mixed  dish  of  meat  and  vegetables  in 
small  pieces  :  a  mixture  and  preparation 
of  old  matter.  pV.  hacher — Ger.  hacken ; 
same  root  as  E.  Iiack.'] 

HASHISH,  hash'esh,  n.  name  g^iven  to  the 
leaves  of  the  Indian  hemp,  from  which 
a  strongly  intoxicating  preparation  is 
made.     [Ar.] 

HASP,  hasp,  n.  a  clasp :  the  clasp  of  a  pad- 
lock.— v.t.  to  fasten  vidth  a  hasp.  [A.S. 
hcepse ;  Dan.  and  Ger.  hasps.] 

HASSOCK,  has'uk,  n.  a  thicK  mat  for 
kneeling  on  in  church.  [W.  hesgog, 
sedgy,  hesg,  sedge,  rushes ;  from  being 
made  of  coarse  grass.] 

HAST,  hast,  2d  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind.  of 
Have. 

HASTATE,  hast'at,  HASTATED,  hast'at- 
ed,  adj.  (bot.)  shaped  like  a  spear.  [L. 
hastafiis — hasta,  a  spear.] 

flASTE,  hast,  n.  speed :  quickness :  rash- 
ness :  vehemence.  [From  a  Teut.  root, 
seen  in  Sw.,  Dan-,  and  Ger.  host,  whence 
also  Fr.  h&te.    See  Hate.] 

lEASTE,  hast,  HASTEN,  has'n,  v.t.  to  put 
to  speed:  to  hurry  on:  to  drive  forward. — 
v.i.  to  move  with  speed  :  to  be  in  a  hurry: 
— pr.p.  hast'ing,  Hastening  (has'ning) ; 
pa.p.  hast'ed,  hastened  (has  nd). 

HASTINESS,  hast'i-nes,  >i.  hurry:  rash- 
ness :  u-ritabUity. 

HASTY,  hast'i,  aiij.  speedy  :  quick  :  rash  : 
ea^er  :  passionate. — adv.  Hast'ily. 

HAT,  hat,  n.  a  covering  for  the  head  :  the 
dignity  of  a  cardinal,  so  named  from  his 
red  hat.  [A.S.  hcBt ;  Dan.  hat,  Ice.  hattr; 
conn,  vritn  Sans,  chhad,  to  cover.] 

HA  TABLE,  hat'a-bl,  adj.  deserving  to  be 
hated. 

HATCH,  hach,  n.  a  door  with  an  opening 
over  it,  a  wicket  or  door  made  of  cross 
bars :  the  covering  of  a  hatchway. 
[North  E.  heck,  from  A.S.  haca,  the  bar 
of  a  door  ;  Dut.  hek,  a  gate.] 

SaTCH,  hach,  v.t.  to  produce,  especially 
from  eggs,  by  incubation  :  to  originate  : 
to  plot. — I'.t.  to  produce  young:  to  be 
advancing  towards  matunty. — n.  act  of 
hatching:  brood  hatched.  [Lit.  to  pro- 
duce young  by  sitting  in  a  hatch  or  coop, 
_a  hatch  being  anything  made  of  cross 
bars  of  wood  (Skeat),  and  hence  the  same 
word  as  Hatch,  a  door.] 

HATCH,  hach,  v.t.  to  shade  by  minute 
lines  crossing  each  other  in  drawing  and 


J  engraving. —«.  HATCH'UJa,  the  mode  of 
so  shading.  QFr.  hacher,  to  chop,  from 
root  of  Hack.  J 

HATCHEL,  hach'el,  n,  same  as  Hackle. 

HATCUET,  hach'et,  n.  a  small  axe.  [Fr. 
hachctfe.    See  Hatch,  to  shade.] 

HATCHMENT,  hach'ment,  n.  the  escutch- 
eon of  a  dead  person  placed  in  front  of 
the  house,  etc.  [Corrupted  from  Achieve- 
hentJ 

HATCHWAY,  hach'wa,  n.  the  opening  in 
a  ship's  deck  into  the  hold  or  from  one 
deck  to  another. 

HATE,  hat,  v.t.  to  disUke  intensely. — 7i. 
extreme  dislike  :  hatred.  —  n.  Hat'er. 
[A.S.  hatian,  to  hate ;  (Jer.  hassen,  Fr. 
hair;  conn,  with  L.  odisse,  and  Gr.  kSdo, 
to  vex.  Hate  is  from  the  same  root  as 
Haste,  and  orig.  meant  to  pursue,  then 
to  persecute,  to  dislike  greatly.] 

HATEFUL,  hat'fool,  adj.  exciting  hate  : 
odious  :  detestable  :  feeling  or  manifest- 
ing hate. — adv.  Hate'fullt. — n.  Hate'- 
fulness. 

HATRED,  hat'red,  n.  extreme  dislike  :  en- 
mity :  malignity. 

HATTED,  hat'ed,  adj.  covered  with  a  hat. 

HATTER,  hat'er,  n.  one  who  makes  or  sells 
hats.     

HATTI-SHERIFF,  hat'i-sher'if,  n.  a  Turk- 
ish decree  of  the  highest  authority.  [Ar., 
"  noble  writing."] 

HAUBERK,  haw'berk,  n.  a  coat  of  mail 
formed  of  rings  interwoven.  [O.  Fr. 
hauberc — O.  Ger.  halsberge — hols,  the 
neck,  and  bergan,  to  protect.] 

HAUGHTY,  hawt'i,  adj.  proud :  arrogant : 
contemptuous.  —  adv.  Haijght'ily.  —  n. 
Haught'iness.  [M.E.  hautein  —  O.  Fr. 
hautain,  haiit,  high — L.  altus,  high.] 

HAUL,  hawl,  v.t.  to  drag:  to  pull  with 
violence. — n.  a  pulling :  a  draught,  as  of 
fishes  :  an  unexpected  or  a  dishonest  gain. 
— n.  Hattl'er.  [A.S.  holian,  to  get ; 
Ger.  holen,  Dut.  halfn,  to  fetch  or  draw.] 

HAULAGE,  hawl'aj,  n.  act  of  hauling : 
charge  for  hauling  or  pulling  a  ship  or 
boat. 

HAULM,  HAUM,  hawm,  n.  straw  :  stubble. 
[A.S.  healm ;  Dut.  halm,  Russ.  soloma, 
Fr.  ehaume,  L.  calamus,  Gr.  kalamos,  a 
reedj^ 

HAUNCH,  hSnsh,  n.  the  part  between  the 
last  rib  and  the  thigh :  the  hip.  [Fr. 
hanche — O.  Ger.  ancha,  the  leg,  of  the 
same  root  as  Ankle.] 

HAUNT,  hSnt,  v.t.  to  frequent :  to  follow 
importunately  :  to  inhabit  or  visit  as  a 
ghost. — v.i.  to  be  much  about :  to  appear 
or  visit  frequently. — n.  a  place  much  re- 
sorted to.  [Fr.  hanter ;  ace.  to  Littre,  a 
corr.  of  L.  hdbitare.] 

HAUTBOY,  ho'boi,  n.  a  high-toned  ivooden 
wind-instrument,  of  a  tapering  tube, 
and  having  holes  and  keys,  also  called 
Oboe  (o'bo-i) :  a  large  kind  of  straw- 
berry. [Fr.  hautbois — haut,  high,  bois, 
wood  ;  It.  oboe — ^L.  altus,  high,  and  Low 
L.  boseus,  a  bush.    See  BuSH.] 

HAVE,  hav,  v.t.  to  own  or  possess  :  to 
hold :  to  regard  :  to  obtain  :  to  bear  or 
beget :  to  effect :  to  be  affected  by : — 
tr.p.  haVing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  had.  [A.S. 
habban;  Ger.  haben,  Dan.  have;  allied 
to  L.  capio,  to  take,  Gr.  kope,  a  handle.] 

HAVEN,  ha'vn,  n.  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  or 
mouth  of  a  river,  where  ships  can  get 
good  and  safe  anchorage :  any  place  of 
safety:  an  asylum.  [A.S.  hoefene ;  Dut. 
haven,  Ger.  hafen.  Ice.  hofn,  Fr.  havre, 
O.  Fr.  havle;  from  Teut.  base  hab  in 
Have.] 

HAVERSACK,  haVer-sak,  n.  a  ba^  of 
strong  linen  for  a  soldier's  provisions. 
[Lit.  "oat -sack,"  Fr.  havresac  —  Ger. 
habersack — haber  or  hafer,  Dan.  havre, 
prov.  E.  haver,  oats,  and  Sack.] 


fa 


HAVOC,  hav'uk,  n.  general  waste  or  de* 
struction:  devastation. — v.t.  to  lay  waste. 
— int.  an  ancient  hunting  or  war  cry. 
[Ety.  dub.;  cf.  A.S.  hafoc,  a  hawk,  and 
W.  hafog,  destruction,  which  prob.  is  de- 
rived from  the  E.] 

HAW,  haw,  n.  (orig.)  a  hedge  or  inclosiu'e: 
the  berry  of  the  hawthorn.  [A.S.  haga, 
a  yard  or  inclosure;  Dut.  haag,  a  hedge 
Ice.  hagi,  a  field.    See  Hedge.] 

HAW,  haw,  v.i.  to  speak  with  a  haw  or 
hesitation. —  n.  a  hesitation  in  speech. 
[Formed  from  the  sound.] 

HAWFINCH,  ha^v'finsh,  n.  a  species  of 
grossbeak,  a  very  shy  bird,  with  varie- 
gated plumage,  living  chiefly  in  forests. 
[See  Haw,  a  hedge.] 

HAW  MAW,  haw-haw*,  n.  a  sunk  fence,  or 
a  ditch  not  seen  till  close  upon  it.  [Re- 
duplication of  Haw,  a  hedge.] 

HAWK,  hawk,  n.  the  name  of  several  birds 
of  prey  allied  to  the  falcons.  [A.S.  hafoc; 
Dut.  havik,  G«r.  habicht.  Ice.  haukr ; 
from  Teut.  root  hab,  to  seize,  seen  in  E. 
Have.] 

HAWK,  hawk,  r.i.  to  hunt  bii-ds  with 
hawks  trained  for  the  purpose :  to  attack 
on  the  wing. — n.  Hawk'er. 

HAWK,  hawk,  v.i.  to  force  up  matter  from 
the  throat. — n.  the  effort  to  do  this.  [W. 
hochi  ;  Scot,  haugh  ;  formed  from  the 
sound.] 

HAWK,  hawk,  v.t.  to  carry  about  for  sale : 
to  cry  for  sale.    [See  Hawker.] 

HAWKER,  hawk'er,  n.  one  who  carries 
about  goods  for  sale  on  his  back,  a  ped- 
dler. TFrora  an  O.  Low  Ger.  root  found 
in  O.  Dut.  heukeren,  to  hawk,  and  Ger. 
hoker'  a  hawker  ;  conn,  with  Huckster.] 

HAWSE,  hawz,  n.  the  situation  of  the 
cables  in  front  of  a  ship's  bow  when  she 
has  two  anchors  out  forward  •.—pi.  the 
holes  in  a  ship's  bow  through  which  the 
cables  pass.  [M.E.  hals,  A.S.  hals  or 
heals,  the  neclc,  applied  to  the  corre- 
sponding part  of  a  ship  ;  Ice.  and  Ger. 
hals.'] 

HAWSEHOLES,  hawz'holz.    See  Hawse. 

HAWSER,  HALSER,  hawz'er,  n.  a  small 
cable :  a  large  towline.  [From  hawse, 
meaning  orig.  the  rope  which  passes 
through  the  hawses  at  the  bow  of  a  ship.] 

HAWTHORN,  haw'thorn,  n.  the  hedge  or 
white  thorn,  a  shrub  with  shining  leaves, 
and  small  red  fruit  called  haivs,  much 
used  for  hedges. 

HAY,  ha,  "I.  grass  after  it  is  cut  down  and 
cured — drying  out  to  be  avoided.  [A.S. 
heg,  hig  ;  Ger.  heu.  Ice.  hey ;  from  root  of 
Hew.] 

HAYCOCK,  ha'kok,  n.  a  cock  or  conical 
pile  of  hay  in  the  field. 

HAY-FE'VrER,  ha'-fe'ver,  n.  an  ailment  in 
time  of  haymaking  marked  by  excessive 
irritation  of  the  nose,  throat,  etc.,  and 
accompanied  with  violent  sneezing. 

HAYTVIAKER,  ha'mak-er,  n.  one  employed 
in  cutting  and  curing  grass  for  hay:  a 
kind  of  mowing  machine. 

HAZARD,  haz'ard,  n.  a  game  or  throw  at 
dice  :  chance  :  accident :  risk. — v.t.  to 
expose  to  chance  :  to  risk.  [Fr.  hasard; 
prob.  through  the  Sp.  from  Arab,  al  zar, 
the  die  ;  but  Littre  prefers  to  derive  it 
from  Hazart,  a  castle  in  Syria  where  the 
game  was  discovered  during  the  cru- 
sades.] 

HAZARDOUS,  haz'ard-us,  adj.  dangerous : 
perilous  :    uncertain.  —  adv.     Haz'ard- 

OTJSLY. 
HAZE,  haz,  n.  vapor  which  renders  the  air 

thick  :  obscurity.     [Ety.  dub.] 
HAZE,  haz,  v.i.  to  be  foggy. 
HAZE,   HASE,  haz,   v.t.   to  harass  with 

labor;  to  punish  with  unnecessary  work — 

used  among  seamen  :  to  play  shameful 


HAZEL 


215 


HEAVENLY-MINDED 


tricks  on,  among  American  students— 
slowly  but  surely  falling-  into  disuse. 
HAZEL,  iia'zl,  n.  a  well-known  tree  or 
9hvuh.— adj.  pertaining  to  the  hazel :  of 
a  light-browu  color,  like  a  hazel-nut. 
[A.S.  hcesel ;  Ger.  hasel,  L.  corulus  (for 

f.'Oiilllus).']  , 

HAZELLY,  ha'zel-i,  adj.  light-brown  like 

the  hazel-nut. 
HAZEL-NUT,  ha'zl-nut,  w.  the  nut  of  the 

hazel-tree. 
HAZY,    haz'i,   adj.    thick   with  haze.—n. 

Haz'iness. 
HE,  he,  pron.  of  the  third   person  :    the 
male  person  named  before  :   any  one. — 
adj.    male.     [A.S.    he ;    Dut.    hij.    Ice. 
hann.'] 

HEAD,  bed,  n.  the  uppermost  or  foremost 
part  of  an  animal's  body  :  the  brain  :  the 
understanding :  a  chief  or  leader :  the 
place  of  honor  or  command  :  the  front  : 
an  individual :  a  topic  or  chief  point  of  a 
discourse  :  the  source  or  spring  :  height 
of  the  source  of  water  :  highest  point  of 
anything :  a  cape  :  strength.  [A.S. 
heafod  :  Ger.  haupt,  L.  caput,  Gr. 
kephale.] 

HEAD,  hed,  v.t.  to  act  as  a  head  to,  to 
lead  or  govern  :  to  go  in  front  of :  to 
commence  :  to  check  :  (yiaut.)  to  be  con- 
trary.— v.i.  to  grow  to  a  head  :  to  origi- 
nate. 

HEADACHE,  hed'ak,  n.  an  ache  or  pain  in 
the  head. 

HEADBAND,  hed'band,  n.  a  band  or  fillet 
for  the  head:  the  band  at  each  end  of  a 
book. 

HEAD-DRESS,  hed'-dres,  n.  an  ornamental 
dress  or  covering  for  the  head,  worn  by 
women. 

HEADGEAR,  hed'ger,  n.  gear,  covering,  or 
ornament  of  the  head. 

HEADINESS.    See  under  Heady. 

HEADING,  hed'ing,  n.  that  which  stands 
at  the  head. 

HEADLAND,  hed'land,  n.  a  point  of  land 
nmning  out  into  the  sea,  like  a  head,  a 
cape:  in  agri.  a  "land"  or  set  ploughed 
at  each  end  of  a  ploughed  field  and  at  right 
an°-les  with  the  body  of  the  ploughing. 

HEADLESS,  hed'les,  adj.  without  a  head. 

HEADLONG,  hed'long,  adv.  with  the  head 
first :  without  thought,  rashly  :  precipi- 
tately.— ac(/.  rash  :  precipitous,  steep. 
[Head  and  adv.  termination  -inga,  linga, 
seen  also  in  Darkling,  Sidelong,  and  in 
Learn-ing.] 

HEADMOST,  hed'most,  adj.,  most  ahead 
or  advanced. 

HEADPIECE,  hed'pes,  n.  apiece  of  armor 
for  the  head,  a  helmet. 

HEADQUARTERS,  hed'kwor-terz,  n.  the 
qvnrters  or  residence  of  a  commander-in- 
chief  or  general. 

HEADSMAN,  hedz'man,  n.  a  man  who 
cuts  off  heeds,  an  executioner. 

HEADSTALL,  hed'stawl,  n.  the  part  of  a 
bridle  round  the  head.  [From  Stall,  a 
place  or  receptacle.] 

HEADSTONE,  hed'ston,  n.  the  principal 
stone  of  a  building  :  the  corner-stone  : 
the  stone  at  the  head  of  a  grave,  to 
which  sense  it  is  usually  confined  in  this 
country. 

HEADSTRONG,  hed'strong,ad/.  self-willed: 
violent. 

HEADWAY,  hed'wa,  n.  the  way  or  dis- 
tance gone  ahead  or  advanced :  motion 
of  an  advancing  ship. 

HEADWIND,  hed'wind,  n.  a  tcind  blowing 
right  against  a  ship's  head. 

HEADY,  hed'i,  adj.  afl'ecting  the  head  or 
the  brain  :  intoxicating  :  inflamed  :  rash. 
— adv.  Head'ilt. — n.  Head'iness. 

HEAL,  hel,  v.t.  to  make  wholea,nA  healthy  : 
to  cure  :  to  remove  or  subdue  :  to  restore 
to  soundness :  {B.)  often,  to  forgive. — v.i. 


to  o;row  sound  : — pr.p.  heal'ing  ;  pa.p. 
healed'. —  n.  Healer.  [A.S.  hcelan,  as 
Hasland,  the  Healer,  Saviour  ;  from  A.S. 
!ial,  whole  ;  Grer.  heil.  Whole  is  simply 
another  form  of  the  A.S.  root.  See  Hail, 
Hale.] 
HEALING,  hel'ing,  n.,  the  act  or  process 
by  which  anytliing  is  healed  or  cured. — 
adj.  tending  to  cure  :  mild. — adv.  Heal'- 

INGLY. 

HEALTH,  helth,«.,  u-holeness  or  soundness 
of  body  :  soundness  and  vigor  of  mind  : 
(B.)  salvation,  or  divine  favor.  [A.S. 
hcelth — hdl,  whole.] 

HEALTHFUL,  helthfool,  adj.  full  of  or  en- 
joying  health:  indicating  health  :  whole- 
some :  salutary. — adv.  Health'fully. — 
n.  Health'fulness. 

HEALTHLESS,  helth'les,  adj.  sickly,  aU- 
ing. — n.  Health'lessness. 

HEALTHY,  helth'i,  adj.  in  a  state  of  good 
health  :  conducive  to  health  :  sound  :  vig- 
orous.— adv.  Health'ily. — n.   Health'- 

INESS. 

HEAP,  hep,  n.  a  pile  or  mass  heaved  or 
thrown  together :  a  collection  :  (B.)  a 
ruin. — v.t.  to  throw  in  a  heap  or  pile  :  to 
amass :  to  pile  above  the  top : — pr.p. 
heap'ing ;  ^ja.p.  heaped'.  [A.S.  heap ; 
Ice.  hopr,  Ger.  hanfe.'] 

HEAR,  her,  v.t.  to  perceive  by  the  ear:  to 
listen  to  :  to  grant  or  obey  :  to  answer 
favorably  :  to  attend  to  :  to  try  judicial- 
ly.— v.i.  to  have  the  sense  of  hearing :  to 
listen:  to  be  told  : — pr.p.  heai"'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  heard  (herd). — n.  Hear'eb. 
[A.S.  hyran ;  Ice.  heyra,  G«r.  horen, 
Goth.  hau.yan.] 

HEARING,  her'ing,  n.  act  of  perceiving  by 
the  ear  :  the  sense  of  perceiving  sound  : 
opportunity  to  be  heard  :  reach  of  the 
ear. 

HEARKEN,  hark'n,  v.i.  to  hear  atten- 
tively :  to  listen  :  to  grant.  [A.S.  hyrc- 
nian,  from  Hear  ;  O.  Dut.  harcken,  Ger. 
liorGhen.'\ 

HEARSAY,  her'sa,  n.  common  talk :  ru- 
mor :  report. 

HEARSE,  hers,  n.  (orig.)  a  triangular 
framework  for  holding  candles  at  a 
church  service,  and  esp.  at  a  funeral 
service :  a  carriage  in  which  the  dead 
are  conveyed  to  tlie  grave.  [Fr.  herse. 
It.  erpice — L.  hirpex,  hirpicis,  a  har- 
row, which,  from  its  triangular  sliape, 
gave  rise  to  the  derived  meanings.] 

HEART,  hart,  n.  the  organ  that  circulates 
the  blood  :  the  vital,  inner,  or  chief  part 
of  anything  :  the  seat  of  the  affections, 
etc.,  esp.  love:  courage:  vigor:  secret 
meaning  or  design :  that  which  resem- 
bles a  heart.  [A.S.  heorte;  Dut.  hart, 
G«r.  herz;  cog.  with  L.  cor,  cordis,  Gr. 
kardia,  ker.  Sans,  hrid.^ 

HEARTACHE,  hart'ak,  n.  sorrow :  an- 
guish. 

HEART-BREAKING,  hart'-brak'ing,  adj. 
crushing  with  grief  or  sorrow. 

HEART-BROKEN,  hart'-brok'n,  adj  in- 
tensely afflicted  or  grieved. 

HEARTBURN,  hart'burn,  n.  a  disease  of 
the  stomacli  caiising  a  burning,  acrid 
feeling  near  the  heart :  dyspepsia. 

HEARTBURNING,  hart'burn-ing,  n.  dis- 
content :  secret  enmity. 

HEABTEASE,  liart'ez,  n.,  ease  of  mind: 
quiet. 

HEARTEN,  hart'n,  v.t.  to  encourage. 

HEARTFELT,  liart'felt,  adj.  felt  deeply. 

HEARTH,  harth,  n.  the  part  of  the  floor 
on  whicli  the  fire  is  made  :  tlie  fireside : 
the  house  itself:  the  home.  [A.S.  heorth; 
Ger.  herd.] 

HEARTHSTONE,  harth'ston,  n.  the  stone 
of  the  hearth  :  the  home. 

HEARTLESS,  hart'les,  xdj  witliout  heart, 


courage,  or  feeling. — adv.  Heakt'lesslt. 

— n.  Heart'lessn"ess. 
HEARTLET,  hart'let,  n.  a  little  heart. 
HEART-RENDING,    hart'-rend'ing,    adj. 

deeply  afflictive  :  agonizing. 
HEART'S-EASE,  harts'-ez,    n.  a  common 

name  for  the  pansy,  a  species  of  violet, 

an  infusion  of  which  was  once  thought 

to  ease  the  lovesick  heart. 
HEARTSICK,  hart'sik,  adj.  pained  in  mind: 

depressed. — n.  Heart'SICKNESS. 
HEARTWHOLE,   hart'hol,  adj,  whole  at 

lieart:  unmoved  in  the  affections  or  spirits. 
HEARTY,  hart'i,  adj.  full  of  or  proceeding 

from  the  heart :  warm  :  genuine  :  strong: 

healthy. — adv.    Heart'ily. — n.   Heart'- 

INESS. 

HEAT,  het,  n.  that  which  excites  the  sen- 
sation of  warmth  :  sensation  of  warmth  : 
a  warm  temperature  :  the  warmest  peri- 
od, as  the  heat  of  the  day  :  indication  of 
warmth,  flush,  redness  :  excitement  :  a 
single  course  in  a  race :  animation. — v.t. 
to  make  hot :  to  agitate. — v.i.  to  become 
hot:^jc.p.  heat'ing;  pa.jj.  heat'ed.  [A.S. 
liceto,  which  is  from  adj.  hat,  hot :  conn, 
with  Ger.  hitze,  Goth,  heito.  Ice.  hita. 
See  Hot.] 

HEATER,  het'er,  n.  one  who  or  that  which 
heats. 

HEATH,  heth,  n.  a  barren  open  country  : 
a  small  evergreen  shrub  witli  beautiful 
flowers,  that  grows  on  heaths.  [A.S. 
hcBth  ;  Ger.  heide,  Goth,  haithi,  a  waste.] 

HEATHEN,  he'thn,  n.  an  unbeliever  when 
Christianity  prevailed  in  cities  alone  :  an 
inhabitant  of  an  unchristian  country  :  a 
pagan  :  an  hreligious  person. — adj.  pa- 
gan, irreUgious.  [Lit.  a  dweller  on  the 
heath  or  open  country,  A.S.  haethen,  a 
heathen  ;  Dut.  and  Ger.  heiden.  See  i 
Heath,  and  cf.  Pagan.]  i 

HEATHENDOM,  he'Wm-dum,  n.  those  re.  j 
gions    of    the  world   where  heathenism 
prevails. 

HEATHENISH,  he'i/tn-ish,  adj.  relating  to 
the  heathen  :  rude  :  uncivilized  :  cruel.— 
odi'.   Hea'thenishly. — n.  Hea'thenish- 

NESS. 

HEATHENISM,  he'thn-izm,  n.  the  relig- 
ious system  of  the  heathens :  paganism  : 

HEATHENIZE,  he'thn-lz,  v.t.  to  make 
heathen. 

HEATHER,  heth'er,  n.  a  small  evergreen 
shrub,  growing  on  heaths. — adj.  Heath'- 
ery.  [a  Northern  E.  form,  appearing 
to  be  nothing  more  tlian  heath-er  =  in- 
habitant of  the  heath  (Skeat).] 

HEATHY,  heth'i,  adj.  abounding  with 
heath. 

HEAVE,  hev,  v.t.  tohft  up  :  to  throw  :  to 
cause  to  swell :  to  force  from  the  breast. 
— v.i.  to  be  raised :  to  rise  and  fall :  to 
try  to  vomit: — ^jr.jj.  heav'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  heaved'  or  {naut.)  hove. — n.  an 
effort  upward  :  a  throw  :  a  swelling  :  an 
effort  to  vomit  : — pi.  a  disease  of  horses 
characterized  by  difficult  and  laborious 
breathing.  [A.S.  hebban ;  Ger.  heben, 
Gotli.  hafjan,  to  lift.] 

HEAVEN,  hev'n,  n.  the  arch  of  sky  over- 
hanging the  earth:  the  air:  the  dwelling* 
place  of  the  Deity  and  the  blessed ; 
supreme  happiness.  [A.S.  heofon :  O.  Ice. 
hifinn ;  origin  doubtful,  though  conn,  by 
some  with  heave,  and  so  meaning  the 
"  heaved  "  or  "  lifted  up."] 

HEAVENLY,  hev'n-li,  adj.  of  or  inhabiting 
heaven:  celestial:  pure:  supremely  bless- 
ed :  very  excellent.  —  adv.  in  a  manner 
like  that  of  heaven  :  by  the  influence  of 
heaven. — n.  Heav'enliness. 

HEAVENLY-MINDED,  hev'a-li-mlnd'ed, 
adj.  haviugthe  mind  placed  upon  heaven- 
ly tilings  :  pure. — n.  Heav'enly-MINd'ei> 

NESS. 


HEAVENIVARD 


316 


HELLElSflSTIC 


HEAVENWARD,  hev'n-ward,  HEAVEK- 
WABDS,  he\''n-wardz,  adv.,  toward  or  in 
the  direction  of  heaven.  [Heaven,  and 
teard.  sig.  direction.] 
HEAVE-OFFERING,  hSv'-ofer-ing,  n.  a 
Jewish  offering  heaved  or  moved  up  and 
do^s-n  by  the  priest. 
HEAVER,  hev'er,  n.  one  who  or  that  which 

heaves. 
HEAVY,  hev'i,  ad^'.  weighty  :  not  easy  to 
bear :  oppressive  :  aflMcted :  inactive  :  in- 
clined to  slumber :  violent :  loud  :  not 
easily  digested,  as  food  :  miry,  as  soil : 
having  strength,  as  liquor:  dark  with 
clouds  :  gloomy  :  expensive  '-(B.)  sad.— 
adv.,  also  Heav'ilT:— n.  Heaviness. 
TA.S.  hefig—hebban,  to  heave,  and  so 
meaning  hard  to  heave;  O.  Ger.  hepig, 

hebig.]  

HEBDOMADAL,  heb  -  dom'a  -  dal,    HEB- 
DOJLAD,\EY,   heb-dom'ardar-i,    adj.  oc- 
curring every  seven  days:  weekly.     [L. 
hebdomadalis—6r.  hebdomas,  a  period  of 
seven  days — hepta,  seven.] 
HEBDOMADARY,  heb-dom'a-dar-i,   re.   a 
member  of  a  chapter  or  convent  whose 
uieek  it  is  to  officiate  in  the  choir,  etc. 
HEBRAIC,   he-bra'ik,    HEBRAICAL,   h§- 
bra'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to  the  Hebrews, 
or  to  their  language. 
HEBRAICALLY,  he-bra'ik-a]-i,  adv.  after 
the   manner  of  the  Hebrew  language : 
from  right  to  left. 
HEBRAISM,    heTjrarizm,    tu    a    Hebrew 

idiom. 
HEBRAIST,  heTsrarist,  n,  one  skilled  in 

Hebrew. 
HEBRAISTIC,  he-bra-isf  ik,  acy.  of  or  Uke 

Hebrew. 
HEBRAIZE,   heTjra-iz,  v.f.   to  turn  into 

Hebrew. 
HEBREW,  he'broo,  n.  one  of  the  descend- 
ants of  Abraham,  who  emigrated  from 
beyond  the  Euphrates  into  Palestine  :  an 
Israelite,  a  Jew :   the  lang^uage  of  the 
Hebrews. — adj.  relating  to  the  Hebrews. 
[Fr.  Hebreu—L.  Hebroeus — Gr.  Hebraios 
— Heb.  ibhri,  a  stranger  from  the  other 
side  of  the  Euphrates — ebher,  the  region 
on  the  other  side — abar,  to  pass  over.] 
HECATOMB,  hek'a-toom  or-tom,  n.  among 
the  Greeks  and  Romans,  a  sacrifice  of  a 
hundred   oaxn :   any  large   number   of 
victims.      [Gr.    hekatombe — hekaton,   a 
hundred,  and  bous,  an  ox.1 
HECKLE,  hek'l.    Same  as  Hackle. 
HECTIC,  hek'tik,  HECTICAL,  hek'tik-al, 
adj.   pertaining  to    the  constitution  or 
habit  of  body :  affected  with  hectic  fever. 
—adv.  Hecttically.   [Fr. — Gr.  hektikos, 
habitual — hexis,  habit.J 
HECTIC,  hek'tik,  n.  a  habitual  or  remit- 
tent fever,  usually  associated  with  con- 
^sumption. 

HECTOR,  hek'tor,  n.  a  bully :   one   who 
annoys. — v.t.  to  treat  insolently  :  to  an- 
noy.— v.i.  to  play  the  bully.     [F'rom  Hec- 
tor, the  famous  Troian  leader.] 
HEDGE,  hej,  n.  a  thicket  of  bushes  :  a 
fence  round  a  field,  etc. — v.t.  to  inclose 
with  a  hedge  :  to  obstruct :  to  surround: 
to  guard.    [A.S.  hege ;  Dut.  hegge,  Ice. 
heggr.'\ 
HEDGEBILL,    heiT)!!,  HEDGING-BILL, 
hej'ing-bil,  ?i.  a  bill  or  hatchet  for  dress- 
ing hedges. 
SEDGEBORN,  hejlaawm,  adj.  of  low  birth, 
as  if  bom  by  a  hedge  or  m  the  woods  : 
low  :  obscure. 
HEDGEHOG,  hejTiog,  n.  a  small  prickly- 
backed  quadruped,  so  called  from  its  hv- 
ing  in  hedges  and  bushes,  and  its  resem- 
blance  to  a  hog  or  pig. 
HEDGER,  hej'er,  n.  one  who  dresses  hedges. 
HEDGEROW,  hej'rS,  rt.  a  row  of  trees  or 

shrubs  for  hedging  fields. 
HEDGESCHOOL,  hej'sk56l,  w.  an  open-air 


aehool  kept  by  the  side  of  a  hedge  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  penal  laws  in  Ireland. 

HEDGE-SPARROW,  he^'-spar-o,  n.  ahttle 
singing  bird,  like  a  sparrow,  which  fre- 
quents  hedges. 

HEED,  hed,  v.t.  to  observe  :  to  look  after  : 
to  attend  to. — n.  notice  :  caution :  atten- 
tion. [A.S.  hedan;  Dut.  hoeden,  Ger. 
hiitenj 

HEEDFUL,  h§d'fool,  adj.  attentive  :  cau- 
tious.— adv.  Heed'fullt. — n.  Heed'fdI/- 

NESS. 
HEEDLESS,  hedles,  adj.  inattentive :  care- 
less.— adv.  Heed'lessly. — n.  Heed'less- 

NESS. 

HEEL,  h§l,  n.  the  part  of  the  foot  project- 
ing behind :  the  whole  foot  (esp.  of  Deasts): 
the  covering  of  the  heel :  a  spur :  the 
hinder  part  of  anything. — V.t.  to  use  the 
heel :  to  furnish  with  heels.  [A.S.  hela  ; 
Dut.  hiel :  prob.  conn,  with  II  calx,  Gr. 
lax,  the  heel.] 

HEEL,  hel,  v.i.  to  incline :  to  lean  on  one 
side,  as  a  ship.  [A.S.  hyldan ;  Ice.  halla, 
to  incline.] 

HEELPIECE,  hel'pes,  n.  a  piece  or  cover 
for  the  heel. 

HEFT,  heft.    Same  as  Haft. 

HEGEMONY,  he-jem'o-ni,  n.,  leadership: 
esp.  among  nations,  governments  and 
tribes  in  ancient  history ;  as,  the  hege- 
mony of  Sparta  among  Grecian  states. — 
ad/.  Hegemon'IC.  [Gr.  hSgemonia — hege- 
mon,  leader — hegeisthai,  to  go  before.] 

HEGIRA,  HEJIEA,  he-il'ra,  n.  the  flight 
of  Mohammed  from  Mecca,  July  16,  623 
A.D.,  from  which  is  dated  the  Mohamme- 
dan era :  any  flight.    [Ar.  hijrah,  flightj 

HEIFER,  hefer,  n.  a  young  cow.  [A.S. 
heahfore  ;  aco.  to  Skeat  from  A.S.  heah, 
high,  and /ear,  an  ox,  and  so  meaning  a 
full-groini  ox.\ 

HEIGH-HO,  hl-ho,  int.  an  exclamation 
expressive  of  weariness.     [Imitative.] 

HEIGHT,  hit,  n.  the  condition  of  being 
high  :  distance  upwards :  that  which  is 
elevated,  a  hill :  elevation  in  rank  or 
excellence  :  utmost  degree.  [Corr.  of 
highth—A.S.  heahthur-heah,  high.  See 
High.] 

HEIGHTEN,  hit'n,  v.t.  to  make  higher:  to 
advance  or  improve  :  to  make  brighter  or 
more  prominent. 

HEINOUS,  ha'nus,  adj.  wicked  in  a  high 
degree  :  enormous  :  atrocious.  —  adv. 
Hei'nously.— n.  HEi'NonsNEs&  [O.  Fr. 
ha'inos,  Fr.  haineux — haine,  hate,  from 
hair,  to  hate,  from  an  O.  Ger.  root,  found 
in  Ger.  hassen,  Goth,  hatyan,  to  hate. 
See  Hate.] 

HEIR,  ar,  n.  one  who  Inherits  anything 
after  the  death  of  the  owner :  one  en- 
titled to  anything  after  the  present 
possessor: — fem.  Heiress  (ar'es). — ns. 
HEia'DOJi,  Heir'ship.  [O.  Fr.  heir—h. 
heres.  an  heir.  alUed  to  L.  lierus,  a  mas- 
ter, and  Gr.  cheir,  the  hand,  from  a  root 
ghar,  to  seize.] 
HEIR-APPARENT,  ar-ap-par'ent,  n.  the 
one  apparently  or  acknowledged  to  be 
heir,  esp.  to  a  throne. 
HEIRLESS,  ar'les,  adj.  without  an  heir. 
HEIRLOOM,  arHoom,  n.  any  piece  of  fur- 
niture or  personal  property  which  de- 
scends to  the  heir.  [HEIR  and  loom — 
M.E.  lome — A.S.  loma.  geloma,  furniture. 

See  Loom,  m.]     

HEIR-PRESUMPTIVE,ar-pre-zump'tiv,  n. 

one  who  is  presumed  to  be  or  would  be 

heir  if  no  nearer  relative  should  be  bom. 

HEJTRA.     See  Hegira. 

HELD,  pa.t.  and  pa. p.  of  HOLD. 

HELIACAL,   he-lT'ak-al,   adj.  relating  to 

the  sun .  (astr.)  emerging  from  the  light 

of  the  sun  or  faJling  into  it. — adv.  Heli'- 

acally.    [Gt.  hg'iakos — helios,  the  sun.] 


HELICAL,  hel'ik-al,  adj.  spiral.  —  adt,, 
Hel'ically.    [See  Hf.t.tx.] 

HELIOCENTRIC,  he-li-o-sen'trik,  HELIO* 
CENTRICAL,  he-li-o-sen'trik-al,  adj, 
(astr.)  as  seen  from  the  sun's  centre.— 
adv.  Heuocen'tric  a  t.t.y.  [From  Gr. 
helios,  the  sim,  kentron,  the  centre.] 

HELIOGRAPH,  heTi-o-graf,  n.  an  appara 
tus  for  telegraphing  by  means  of  the 
sun's  rays.  i 

HELIOGRAPHY,  he-li-og'ra-fl,  n.  the  art 
of  taking  pictures  by  SMwlight,  photog- 
raphy :  tlie  art  of  signalling  by  flashing 
the  rays  of  the  sun. — adj.  Heliograph'- 
lCAL.-^n.  Heliog'kapher.  [Gr.  helios, 
the  sun,  graphe,  a  painting — grapho,  to 
grave.] 

HELIOLATER,  he-li-ol'a-ter,  n.  a  wor- 
shipper of  the  sun.  [Gr.  helios,  the  sun, 
latris,  a  servant.] 

HELIOLATRY,  he-li-ol'a-tri,  n.,  u-orship 
of  the  sun.  [Gr.  helios,  the  sun,  latreia, 
service,  worship.] 

HELIOMETER,  he-Ii-om'e-ter, n.  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  apparent  diame- 
ter of  the  sun  or  other  heavenly  body. 
[Gr.  helios,  and  metron,  a  measure.] 

HELIOSCOPE,  he'li-o-skop,  «.  a  telescope 
for  i'(«njigrthe  sun  without  dazzling  the 
eyes.— adj.  Heuoscop'ic.  [Fr.  Mlioscope 
— Gr.  helios,  the  sun,  skoped,  to  look,  to 

spy-1 

HELIOSTAT,  he'li-o-stat,  n.  an  instrument 
by  means  of  which  a  beam  of  sunlight  is 
reflected  in  an  invariable  direction.  [Gr. 
helios,  and  statos,  fixed.] 

HELIOTROPE,  he'li-o-tr5p,  n.  a  plant 
whose  flowers  are  said  always  to  turn 
round  to  the  su7i :  (mni.)  a  bloodstone,  a 
variety  of  chalcedony  of  a  dark-green 
color  "variegated  with  red :  an  instru- 
meet  for  signalUng  by  flashing  the  sun's 
rays.  [Fr. — L. — Gr.  heliotropion — helios,  ■ 
the  sun,  trojws.  a  turn — trepb,  to  turn.] 

HELIOTYPE.  he'li-o-tlp,  n.  a  pliotograph. 
[Gr.  helios,  the  sun,  and  *ypos,  an  impres- 
sion.] 

HELISPHERIC,hel-i-sfer'ik,HELISPHER- 
ICAL,  hel-i-sfer'ik-al,  adj.,  winding  spi- 
rallv  round  a  sphere. 

HELfX,  heliks,  n.  a  spiral,  as  of  wire  in  a 
coil:  {zool.)  the  snail  or  its  shell :  the 
external  part  of  the  ear  -.—pi.  Helices, 
hel'i-sez.  [L.— Gr.  helix— helisso,  to  turn 
round.] 

HELL,  hel,  n.  the  place  or  state  of  punish- 
ment of  the  wicked  after  death:  the  abode 
of  evil  spirits  :  the  powers  of  hell :  any 

Elace  of  vice  or  misery :  a  gambling- 
ouse.  [A.S.  hel,  helle;  Ice.  hel,  Ger. 
holle  (O.  Ger.  hella).  From  Hel  (Scand.), 
Hell  (A.S.),  or  Hella  (O.  Ger.),  the  Teut. 
goddess  of  death,  whose  name  again  is 
from  a  Teut.  root  seen  in  A.S.  helan,  to 
hide,  Ger.  hehlen,  cog.  with  L.  eel-are,  to 
hide.] 

HELLEBORE,  hel'e-bor,  n.  a  plant  used  in 
medicine,  anciently  used  as  a  cure  for  in- 
sanity. [Fr.  hellibore  —  h.  helleborus— 
Gr.  h'elleboros.'] 

HELLENIC,  hel-len'ik  or  hel-le'nik,  HEL- 
LENIAN.  hel-le'ni-an,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  Hellenes  or  Greeks  :  Grecian  [Gr. 
Hellenios,  Eellenikos— Hellenes,  a  name 
Ultimately  sriven  to  all  the  Greeks— 
Helle  n.  the  son  of  Deucalion,  the  Greek  * 

HELLEiaSM,  hel'en-izm,  n.  a  Greek 
idiom.  [Fr.  Hellenisnie—Gr.  Hellems- 
mos.j  ,  .„    ,  . 

HELLENIST,  hel'en-ist,  n.  one  skilled  in 
the  Greek  language  :  a  Jew  who  used  the 
Greek  language  as  his  mother-tongue. 
[Gr.  Hellenistes.] 

HELLENISTIC,  hel-en-ist'ik,  HELLEN- 
ISTICAL,  hel-en-ist'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining 


HELLENIZE 


217 


HERBAL 


to  the  Hellenists.  Greek  with  Hebrew 
idioms.— adi'.  Hellenist'ically. 

HELLENIZE,  hel'en-iz,  v.i.  to  use  the 
Greek  lang-uage.    [Gr.  hellenizoSellen.] 

HELLHOUND,  hel'hownd,  n.  a  hound  of 
hell :  an  ag-ent  of  hell. 

HELLISH,  hel'ish,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
like  hell :  very  wicked. — adv.  Hell'iSHLY. 
— )i.  Hell'ishness. 

HELM,  helm,  n.  the  instrument  by  which 
a  ship  is  steered  :  the  station  of  manage- 
ment or  government.  [A.S.  helma ;  Ice. 
hjaliii,  a  rudder,  Ger.  helm,  a  handle  ; 
allied  to  helve."] 

HELM,  helm,  HELMET,  hel'met,  n.  a 
covering  of  armor  for  the  head  :  {hot.) 
the  hooded  upper  lip  of  certain  flowers. 
[A.S.—helan,  to  cover ;  Ger.  helm,  a 
covering,  helmet.  Helmet  is  from  the 
O.  Fr.  healmet,  dim.  of  healme,  the  O.  Fr. 
form  of  the  same  word.] 

HELMED,  helmd',  HELMETED,  hel'met- 
ed,  adj.  furnished  with  a  helmet. 

HELMINTHIC,  hel-min'thik,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  worms :  expelling  worms. — n.  a 
medicine  for  expelling  worms.  [From 
Gr.  helmins,  helminthos,  a  worm — heileo, 
helisso,  to  wriggle.] 

HELMINTHOID,  hel'min-thoid,  adj.  worm- 
shaped.     [Gr.  helmins,  and  eidos,  form.] 

HELMINTHOLOGY,  hel-min-thol'o-ji,  n. 
the  science  or  natural  history  of  icorms. 
— adj.  Helmintholog'ical. — n.  Helmin- 
thol'ogist.  [From  Gr.  helmins,  and 
logos,  a  discourse.] 

HELMSMAN,helmz'man,  n.  the  man  at  the 
helm. 

HELOT,  hel'ot  or  he'lot,  n.  a  slave,  among 
the  Spartans.  [Gr.  ;  said  to  be  derived 
from  Helos,  a  town  iu  Greece,  reduced  to 
slavery  by  the  Spartans.] 

HELOTiSM.  hel'ot-izm  or  he'lot-izm,  n. 
the  condition  of  the  Helots  in  ancient 
Sparta  :  slavery. 

HELOTRY,  hel'ot-ri  or  he'lot-ri,  n.  the 
whole  body  of  the  Helots :  auy  class  of 
slaves. 

HELP,  help,  v.t.  to  support :  to  assist :  to 
give  means  for  doing  anything:  to  rem- 
edy :  to  prevent. — v.i.  to  give  assistance: 
to  contribute :—pa.p.  helped',  {B.)  holp'en. 
— n.  means  or  strength  given  to  another 
for  a  purpose  :  assistance  :  relief  :  one 
who  Eissists  :  a  hired  man  or  woman. 
[A.S.  helpan  ;  Goth,  hilpan.  Ice.  hialpa, 
Ger.  helfen,  to  aid,  assist.] 

HELPER,   help'er,   n.  one  who  helps  :  an 

HELPFUL,  help'fool,  adj.  giving  help : 
useful. — n.  Help'FULNESS. 

HEJLiPLBSS,  help'les,  adj.  without  help  or 
power  in  one's  self  :  wanting  assistance: 
— adv.  Help'lessly. — n.  Help'lessness. 

HELPMATE,  help'mat,  n.  a  7nate  or  com- 
panion who /leijjs  .■  an  assistant:  a  partner: 
a  wife.  [Formed  on  a  misconception  of 
the  phrase  an  helpmeet  in  Gen.  ii.  18,  30.] 

HELTER-SKELTER,  hel'ter-skel'ter,  adv. 
in  a  confused  hurry:  tumultuously.  [Imi- 
tative.] 

HELVE,  helv,  n.  a  handle :  the  handle  of 
an  axe  or  hatchet. — v.t.  to  furnish  with  a 
handle,  as  an  axe.  [A.S.  hielf,  helfe,  a 
handle  ;  O.  Dut.  helve.'] 

HELVETIC,  hel-vet'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
Switzerland.  [L. — Helvetia,  L.  name  of 
Switzerland.] 

HEM,  hem,  n.  the  border  of  a  garment 
doubled  down  and  sewed. — v.t.  to  form 
a  hem  on  :  to  edge  : — pr.p.  hemm'ing  ; 
pa.p.  hemmed'. — Hem  in,  to  sui-round. 
f  A.S.  Item,  a  border ;  Ger.  hamme  a 
fence,  Fris.  hamel,  an  edge.] 

HEM,  hem,  n.  (int.)  a  sort  of  half  cough 
to  draw  attention. — v.i.  to  utter  the 
sound  hem .'  —  pr.p.  hemm'ing ;  pa.p, 
hemmed'.     [From  the  sound.] 


HEMAL,  he'mal,  adj.  relating  to  the  blood 
or  blood-vessels.     [Gr.  haima,  blood.] 

HEMATINE,  hem'a-tin,  n.  the  red  coloring 
matter  in  the  blood.  [Fr. — Gr.  haima, 
blood.] 

HEMATITE,  hem'a-tit,  n.  {min.)  a  valuable 
ore  of  ix'on,  sometimes  of  a  reddish-brown 
color,  with  a  blood-red  streak. — adj. 
Hematit'ic.  [L. — Gr.  haimatites,  blood- 
like— haima,  haimatos,  blood.] 

HEMIPTERA,  hem-ip'ter-a,  n.  an  order  of 
insects,  having  four  wings,  the  two  an- 
terior of  wliich  are  scarcely  preceptible. 
[Or.  henii,  half  (cog.  with  Lat.  semi),  and 
pteron.  a  wing.] 

HEMISPHERE,  hem'i-sfer,  n.  a  half-sphere: 
half  of  the  globe,  or  a  map  of  it.  [Gr. 
hemisphairion — hemi,  half,  and  sphaira, 
a  sphere.] 

HEMISPHERIC,  hem  -  i  -  sfer'ik,  HEMI- 
SPHERICAL, hem-i-sfer'ik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  hemisphere. 

HEMISTICH,  hem'i-stik,  n.,  half  a.  line,  or 
an  incomplete  line  in  poetry.  [L.  hemi- 
stichium — Gr.  hemistichion — hemi,  half, 
stichos,  a  line.] 

HEMISTICHAL,  he-mis'tik-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  written  in  hemistichs. 

HEMLOCK,  hem'lok,  ?i.  a  poisonous  plant 
used  in  medicine.  [A.S.  hemlic — leac,  a 
plant,  a  Leek,  the  first  syllable  being  of 
unknown  origin.  Cf.  CHARLOCK  and  Gae- 
lic] 

HEMORRHAGE,  hem'or-aj,  to.  a  bursting 
or  flowing  of  blood. — adv.  Hemorrhagic 
(hem-or-aj'ik).  [Gr.  haimorrhagia — hai- 
ma, blood,  rhegnymi,  to  burst.] 

HEMORRHOIDS,  hem'or-oidz,  n.pl.  pain- 
ful tubercles  around  the  margin  of  the 
anus,  from  which  blood  occasionally 
floivs. — adj.  Hemorrhoid' AL.  [Gr.  ha'i- 
morrhoides — haima,  blood,  rheo,  to  flow.] 

HEMP,  hemp,  n.  a  plant  with  a  fibrous 
bark  used  for  cordage,  coarse  cloth,  etc. : 
the  fibrous  rind  prepared  for  spinning. — 
adjs.  Hemp'en,  made  of  hemp ;  Hemp'y, 
like  hemp.  [A.S.  hcenep.  Ice.  hampr ; 
borrowed  early  from  L.  cannabis — Gr. 
kannabis,  which  is  considered  to  be  of 
Easte»  a  origin,  from  Sans,  gana,  hemp. 
Cf.  Canvas.] 

HEN,  hen,  n.  the  female  of  any  bird,  esp. 
of  the  domestic  fowl.  [A.S.  henn,  akin 
to  Ger.  henne.  Ice.  hcena,  the  fern,  forms 
respectively  of  A.S.  hana,  Ger.  hahn. 
Ice.  hani,  the  male  of  birds,  a  cock  ;  orig. 
the  singer  or  crier,  akin  to  L.  cano,  to 
sing.] 

HENBANE,  hen'ban,  n.  a  plant  which  is 
a  bane  or  poison  to  domestic  fowls :  the 
stinking  night-shade,  used  in  medicine 
for  opium. 

HENCE,  hens,  adv.,  from  this  place  or 
time  :  in  the  future  :  from  this  cause  or 
reason  :  from  this  origin. — int.  away  I 
begone  I  [M.E.  hennes,  henen  —  A.S. 
heonan,  from  the  base  of  He  ;  Ger.  hin- 
nen,  hin,  hence  ;  so  L.  hinc,  hence — hie, 
this.] 

HENCEFORTH,  hens-forth'  or  hens'-, 
HENCEFORWARD,  hens-for'ward,  adv. 
from  this  time  forth  or  forward. 

HENCHMAN,  hensh'man,  ii.  a  servant  :  a 
page.  [Usually  derived  from  haunch- 
man,  cf.  Flunkey;  perh.,  however, from 
A.S.  hengest,  a  horse,  Ger.  hengst,  and 
man,  and  meaning  a  groom  (Skeat).] 

HENCOOP,  hen'koop,  n.  a  coop  or  large 
cage  for  domestic  fowls. 

HENDECAGON,  hen-dek'a-gon,  n.  a  plane 
figure  of  eleven  angles  and  eleven  sides. 
[Fr.  Jiendecagone  —  Gr.  hendeka,  eleven, 
gfmia.  an  angle.] 

HENDECASYLLABLE,  hen-dek'arsil'a-bl, 
TO.  a  metrical  line  of  eleven  syllables. — 
adj.  Hendec'asyllab'ic.  [Gr.  hendeka, 
eleven,  syllabe,  a  3y liable,] 


HENDIADYS,  hen-dl'a-dis,  n.  a  figure  in 
which  one  and  the  same  notion  is  pre- 
sented in  two  expressions.  [Gr.  Hen  dia 
dyoin,  one  thing  by  means  of  two.] 

HEN-HARRIER,  hen'-har'i-er,  n.  a  species 
of  falcon,  the  common  harrier.  .''See 
Harrier,  a  hawk.l 

HENNA,  hen'a,  n.  a'  pigment  used  in  the 
Orient  for  dyeing  the  nails  and  hair.  TAr. 
hinna,  the  shrub  from  whose  leaves  it  is 
made.] 

HENPECKED,  hen'pekt,  adj.  weakly  sub- 
ject to  his  wife,  as  a  cock  pecked  by  the 
hen. 

HEP,  hep,  n.  See  Hip,  the  fruit  of  the 
dogrose. 

HEPATIC,  hep-at'ik,  HEPATICAL,  hep- 
at'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  liver: 
liver-colored.  [L.  hepaticus — Gr.  hepar, 
hepatos,  the  liver.    ] 

HEPATITIS,  hep-a-ti'tis,  to.  inflammation 
of  the  liver.  [Gr.  hepar,  hepatos,  the 
liver.] 

HEPATOSCOPY,  hep-a-tos'kop-i,  n.  di\'i- 
nation  by  inspection  of  the  livers  of 
animals.  [Gr.  hepatoskopia  —  hepar, 
hepatos.  liver,  skopeo,  to  inspect.] 

HEPTADE,  hep'tad,  n.  the  sum  or  number 
of  seven.  [Fr. — Gr.  heptas,  heptados — 
hepta,  seven.] 

HEPTAGLOT,  hep'ta-g;lot,  adj.  in  seven 
languages. — n.  a  book  in  seven  languages. 
[Gr.  heptaglottos  —  hepta,  seven,  glotta, 
glossa,  tongue,  language.] 

HEPTAGON,  hep'ta-gon,  to.  a  plane  figure 
with  seven  angles  and  seven  sides. — adj. 
Heptag'onal.  [Gr.  hepitagonos,  seven- 
cornered — hepta,  and  gonia,  an  angle.] 

HEPTAHEDRON,  hep-ta-he'dron,TO.  a  solid 
figure  with  seven  bases  or  sides.  [Gr. 
hepta,  seven,  hedra,  a  seat,  a  base.] 

HEPTAJRCHY,  hep'tar-ki,  n.  a  government 
by  seven  persons  :  the  country  governed 
by  seven  :  a  period  in  the  Saxon  history 
of  England  (a  use  of  the  word  now  disap- 
proved by  historians). — a(//.HEPTAE'CHlC. 
[Gr.  hepta,  seven,  arche,  .sovereignty.] 

HER,  her,  pron.  objective  and  possessive 
case  of  She. — adj.  belonging  to  a  female. 
[M.E.  here — A.S.  hire,  genitive  and  dative 
sing,  of  heo.  she.] 

HERALD,  her'ald,  «.  in  ancient  times,  an 
ofiicer  who  made  public  proclamations 
and  arranged  ceremonies  :  in  medieval 
times,  an  oflScer  who  had  charge  of  aU 
the  etiquette  of  chivalry,  keeping  a  reg- 
ister of  the  genealogies  and  armorial 
bearings  of  the  nobles  :  an  officer  in  En- 
gland whose  duty  is  to  read  proclama- 
tions, to  blazon  the  arms  of  the  nobility, 
etc.:  a  proclaimer :  a  forerunner.- — v.t. 
to  introduce,  as  by  a  herald:  to  proclaim. 
[O.  Fr.  heralt :  of  Ger.  origin,  O.  Ger. 
hari  (A.S.  here,  Ger.  heer),  an  army,  and 
wajd  =  wait,  strength,  sway.  See  Wield, 
ValidJ 

HERALDIC,  her-al'dik,  adj.  of  or  relating 
to  heralds  or  heraldry. — adv.  Heral'dic- 
ally. 

HERALDRY,  her'ald-ri,  n.  the  art  or  oflSce 
of  a  herald :  the  science  of  recording 
genealogies  and  blazoning  coats  of  arms. 

HERB,  herb  or  erb,  ?;.  a  plant  the  stem  of 
which  dies  every  year,  as  distinguished 
from  a  tree  or  shrub  which  has  a  per- 
manent stem. — adj.  Herb'less.  [Fr. 
herbe — L.  herba,  akin  to  Gr.  phorbe, 
pasture — pherbo,  to  feed,  to  nourish.] 

HERBACEOUS,  her-ba'shus.  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  herbs :  (bot.) 
having  a  soft  stem  that  dies  to  the  root 
annually.     [L.  herbaceus.] 

HERBAGE,  herb'aj  or  erb'aj,  n.  green 
food  for  cattle  :  pasture :  herbs  collec- 
tively. 

HERBAL,  herb'al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
herbs, — n.  a  book  containing  a  classifi- 


HERBALIST 


218 


HETEROTAXy 


cation  and  description  of  plants  ;  a  col- 
lection of  preserved  plants. 

HERBALIST,  herb'al-ist,  n.  one  who  makes 
collections  of  herbs  or  plants :  one  skilled 
in  plants. 

HERBARIUM,  her-ba'ri-um,  n.  a  classified 
collection  of  preserved  herbs  or  plants: — 
i'.  Herba'eiums  and  Herba'EIA.  [Low 
L. — L.  herba.'] 

HERBESCENT,  her-bes'ent,  adj.,  grmnng 
into  herbs,  becoming'  herbaceous.  [L. 
herbescens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  herbesco,  to 
£n"ow  into  herbs.] 

HERBIVOROUS,  her-biv'or-us,  adj.,  eating 
or  living  on  herbaceotts  plants.  [L.  herba, 
t\>ro,  to  devour.] 

HERBORIZATION,  herb-or-i-za'shun,  n. 
the  seeking-  for  plants  ;  (mm.)  the  figure 
of  plants. 

HERBORIZE,  herb'o-i-Iz,  v.i.  to  search  for 
l^lants :  to  botanize. — v.t.  to  form  plant- 
like flgTires  in,  as  in  minerals.  [Fr. 
herboriser,  for  herbariser — L.  herba."] 

HERCULEAN,  her-ku'le-an,  adj.  extreme- 
ly diflRcult  or  dangerous,  such  as  might 
have  been  done  by  Sereides.  a  Greek  hero 
famous  for  his  strength  :  of  extraordi- 
nai-y  strength  and  size. 

HERD,  herd,  n.  a  number  of  beasts  feed- 
ing together,  and  watched  or  tended  : 
any  collection  of  beasts,  as  distinguished 
from  a  flock  :  a  company  of  people,  in 
contempt:  the  rabble. — v.i.  to  nm  in 
herds. — v.t.  to  tend,  as  a  herdsman.  [A.S. 
h^tord,  herd  ;  cognate  words  are  found  in 
all  the  Teut.  languages.] 

HERD,  herd,  n.  one  who  tends  a  herd. 
[A.S.  heorde,  hirde.  from  heard  or  herd, 
a  lierd  of  beasts  :  Ger.  hirt.] 

HERDSj^IAN,  herdz'man  (B.,  Herd'jian), 
?i.  a  man  employed  to  herd  or  tend  cattle.] 

SERE,  her,  adv.  in  this  place  :  in  the  pres- 
snt  life  or  state. — Here' about,  adv.  about 
this  place. — Hereaft'er.  adv.  after  this, 
in  some  future  time  or  state. — n.  a  future 
state. — Here  xm)  There,  adv.  in  this 
place,  and  then  in  that :  thinly :  irreg- 
ularly.—Hereby',  adv.  by  this! — Here- 
in, adv.  in  this. — Hereof*,  adv.  of  this. 
— Heretofore',  adv.  before  this  time : 
formerly. — Hereunto',  adv.  to  this  point 
or  time. — Hereupon',  adv.  on  this :  in 
consequence  of  this. — Heretvith'.  adv. 
with  this.  [A.S.  7ier;  Ger.  hier,  from 
the  demonstrative  stem  hi:  See  Her, 
and  cf.  Who,  Where.] 

HEREDITABLE,  he-red'it-a-bl,  adj.  that 
mav  be  inherited. 

HEREDITAMENT,  her-e-dit'a-ment.  n.  all 
property  of  whatever  kind  that  may  pass 
to  an  heir. 

HEREDITARY,  he-red'i-tar-i,  ot^".  descend- 
ing bj'  inheritance :  transmitted  from 
parents  to  their  offspring. — adv.  Heeed'- 
ITarily.  [L.  hereditarius — hereditas,  the 
state  of  an  heir — heres,  an  heir.] 

HEREDITY,  he-red'i-ti,  n.  the  transmission 
of  qualities  from  the  parents  or  ancestors 
to  their  offspring. 

HERESIARCH,  her'e-si-ark  or  he-re'zi-Srk, 
>i.  a  leader  in  heresy,  a  chief  among  here- 
tics. [6r.  hairesis,  heresj',  and  archos,  a 
leader — archo,  to  lead.] 

HERESY,  her'e-si,  ?;.  an  opinion  adopted 
in  opposition  to  tho  usual  belief,  esp.  in 
theology  :  heterodoxj-.  [Fr.  heresie — L. 
hoeresis—Gr.  hairesis — haireo,  to  take  or 
choose.] 

aERETIC,  her'e-tik,  n.  the  upholder  of  a 
heresi/. — adj.  Heret'ICAL.— adr.  Heret'- 
ICALLY.  [Gr.  hairetikos,  able  to  choose, 
heretical.] 

HEREBY,  HEREUNTO,  HEREWITH,  etc. 
Se<?  under  Here. 

HERIOT.  her'i-ot.  n.  a  tribute  of  7H!()i;Y!0)!S 
of  'car  anciently  given  to  the  lord  of  the 
manor  on  the  decease  of  a  tenant:  a  duty 


paid  to  the  lord  of  the  manor  on  the  ae- 
cease  of  a  tenant.  [A.S.  heregeatu,  a 
military  preparation  —  here,  an  army, 
geatn-e,  apparatus.] 

HERITABLE,  her'it-abl,  adj  that  may  be 
iii7teri7erf.— Heritable  Property  (Scotch 
law)  real  property,  as  opposed  to  movable 
property,  or  chattels.— Herpt able  Secur- 
ity, same  as  English  mortgage.  [O.  Fr. 
heritable,  hereditable — Low  L.  heredita- 
bilis — L.  hereditas.] 

HERITAGE,  her'it-aj.  n.  that  which  is  in- 
herited :  (B.)  the  children  (of  God).  [Fr. 
— Low  L.  heritagium,  htxreditagiuig, — L. 
hereditas.] 

HERITOR,  her'it-or,  n.  (in  Scotland)  a 
landholder  in  a  parish.  [Low  L.  herita- 
tor,  for  hcereditator — L.  hereditas.] 

HERMAPHRODISM.  her  -  maf '  rod  -  izm, 
HERMAPHRODITISM,  her-maf'rod-it- 
izm.  n.  the  union  of  the  two  sexes  in  one 
body. 

HERMAPHRODITE,  her-maf rod-It,  n.  an 
animal  or  a  plant  in  which  the  two  sexes 
are  united :  an  abnormal  individual  in 
whom  are  united  the  properties  of  both 
sexes. — adj.  uniting  the  distinctions  of 
both  sexes.  [L. — Gr.  nermaphroditos^ 
the  son  of  Hermes  and  Aphrodite,  who, 
when  bathing,  grew  together  with  the 
nvniph  Salmacis  into  one  person.] 

HERMAPHRODITIC,  her  -  maf  -  rod  -  it'ik, 
HERMAPHRODITICAL,  her-maf-rod-it'. 
ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  hermaphrodite: 
partaking  of  both  sexes. 

HERMENEUTIC,  her-me-nu'tik,  HERME- 
NEUTICAL.  her-me-nu'tik-al,  adj.,  inter- 
2)reting:  explanatory. — adv.  Heemeneu'- 
tically. — 77.  si/7f7.  Hermeneu'tics.  the 
science  of  interpretation,  esp.  of  the 
Sci-iptures.  [Gr.  hermeneutikos — herme- 
neus,  an  interpreter,  from  Hermes,  Mer- 
cury, the  god  of  art  and  eloquence.] 

HERMETIC,  her-mefik,  HERMETICAL, 
her-met'ik-al,  adj.  belonging  in  any  way 
to  the  beliefs  current  in  the  middle  ages 
under  the  name  of  Hermes,  the  Thrice 
Great :  belonging  to  magic  or  alchemy, 
magical :  perfectly  close. — adv.  Heemet'- 
ically.— Hermetically  sealed,  closed 
comj^letely,  said  of  a  glass  vessel,  the 
opening  of  which  is  closed  by  meltingthe 
glass.  [From  Hermes  Ti-ivnegistos,  Her- 
mes "  the  thrice-gi-eatest,"  the  Gr.  name 
for  the  Egyptian  god  Thoth,  who  was 
god  of  science,  esp.  alchemy,  and  whose 
magic  seal  was  held  by  medieval  alchem- 
ists to  make  vessels  and  treasures  inac- 
cessible.] 

HERMIT,  ner'mit,  n.  one  who  retires  from 
society  and  lives  in  solitude  or  in  the 
desert.  [M.E.  eremite,  through  Fr.  and 
L.  from  Gr.  eremites — eremos,  solitary, 
desert.] 

HERMITAGE,  her.'mit-aj,  n.  the  dwelling 
of  a  hermit :  a  retired  abode  :  a  kind  of 
wine,  so  called  from  Hermitage,  a  dis- 
trict of  France. 

HERN.     Same  as  Heeon. 

HERNIA,  her'ni-a,  7!.  a  rupture,  esp.  of 
the  abdomen. — adj.  Hee'NLai..     [L.] 

HERO,  he'ro,  n.  (orig.)  a  trarrior,  a  demi- 
god :  a  man  of  distinguished  bravery : 
any  illustrious  person  :  the  princiijal  fig- 
ure in  any  history  or  work  of  fiction  : — 
fern.  Heeoine,  her'o-in.  [Through  Fr. 
and  L.  from  Gr.  herds;  akin  to  L.  vir, 
A.S.  irer,  a  man,  Sans,  vira,  a  hero.] 

HERODIANS,  he-ro'di-ans,  n.pl.  a  party 
amono^  the  Jews,  taking  their  name  from 
Herod,  as  being  his  especial  partisans. 

HEROIC,he-ro'ik,  HEROICAL,  he-r3'ik-al, 
adj.  becoming  a  hero  :  courageous  :  il- 
lustrious :  designating  the  style  of  verse 
in  which  the  exploits  of  heroes  are  cele- 
brated.— n.  a  heroic  verse.— adv.  Hero'- 

ICAIiY.] 


HEROI-COMIC,  her'o-i-kom'ik,  HEEOt- 
COJnCAL,  her'o-i-kom'ik-al,  adj.  consist 
ing  of  a  mixture  of  heroic  and  comic; 
designatiag  the  high  burlesque. 

HEROISM,  her'o-izm,  n.  the  quaUties  of  a 
hero  :  courage  :  boldness. 

HERON,  her'un,  n.  a  large  screaming 
water-fowl,  with  long  legs  and  neck. — n. 
Her'ONEY,  a  place  where  herons  breed. 
[Fr. — O.  Ger.  heigro,  cog.  with  A.S, 
hragra.  Ice.  hegri,  all  imitative  of  its 
croak.] 

HERONSHAW,  her'un-shaw,  7?.  a  young 
heron.  [Properly,  heronseu-e  (ety.  un- 
known), which  was  confounded  with  the 
old  form  hernehau;  a  heronry,  from 
Heron,  and  slum;  a  wood.] 

HERO-WORSHIP,  he'ro-wur'ship,  »?.  the 
irorship  of  heroes :  excessive  admiration 
of  great  men. 

HERPES,  her'pez,  71.  a  kind  of  skin  dis- 
ease. [So  called  from  its  creeping  over 
the  skin,  from  Gr.  herpes,  herpo,  to 
creep.] 

HERPETON,  her'pet-on,  n.  a  genus  of 
non-venomous  serpents  of  Southern 
Asia,  allied  to  Eryx,  and  characterized 
bj-  two  soft  flexible  prominences  covered 
with  scales  wliich  are  appended  to  the 
muzzle.  Written  also  Erpeton.  [Gr., 
a  reptile.] 

HERRING,  her'ing,  n.  a  common  small 
sea-fish  found  moving  in  great  shoals  or 
vndtitudes.  [A.S.  hcering  (Ger.  hiiring) 
— here  (Ger.  heer),  an  army  or  multitude; 
or  peril,  corr.  from  L.  halec,  fish-pickle.] 

HERS,  herz,  pron.  possessive  of  She. 

HERSE.    Same  as  Hearse. 

HERSELF,  her-self,  pron.  the  emphatic 
form  of  She  in  the  nominative  or  ob- 
jective case  :  in  her  real  character :  hav= 
mg  the  command  of  her  faculties  :  sane, 
[Her  and  Self.] 

HESITANCY,  hez'i-tan-si,  HESITATION 
hez-i-ta'shun,  n.  wavering :  doubt :  stamc 
mering. 

HESITATE,  hez'i-tat,  v.i.  to  stop  in  mak- 
ing a  decision  :  to  be  in  doubt :  to  stam- 
mer.— adv.  Hes'itatdjoly.  [L.  hcesito, 
hcesitatvm,   freq.  of   hcereo,    hcesum,  to 

HESPER,  hes'per,  HESPERUS,  hes'per-us, 
n.  the  ere?!7Hgr-star  or  Venus.  [L.  and  Gr. 
hesperos,  evening,  also  L.  vesper  J 

HESPERIAN,  hes-pe'ri-an,  adj.  of  Hesperus 
or  the  west. 

HETEROCERCAL,  het-er-o-ser'kal,  adj. 
having  the  upper  fork  of  the  tail  differ- 
ent from  or  longer  than  the  lower,  as  the 
shark  :  opposed  to  Homoceecal.  [Gr. 
heteros,  different  from,  and  kerkos,  the 
tail.] 

HETEROCLITE,  het'er-o-kllt,  HETERO- 
CLITIC,  het-er-o-klit'ik,  HETEROCLIT- 
ICAL,  het-er-o-klit'ik-al,  adj.,  irregularly 
inflected:  irregular.  [Gr.  heterohlitos — 
heteros.  other,  and  klitos,  inflected — 
klino,  to  inflect.] 

HETEROCLITE,  het'er-o-klit,  71.  (gram.)  a 
word  irregularly  inflected :  anything  ir- 
regular. 

HEtERODOX,  her'er-o-doks,  adj.  holding 
an  ooinion  other  or  different  from  the 
established  one,  esp.  in  theology  :  heretic 
cal.  [Gr.  heteroao.ros — heteros,  other; 
do.ra.  an  opinion — dokeo.  to  think.] 

HETERODOXY,  het'er-o-doks-i,  7i.  h«resy. 

HETEROGENEOUS,  het  -  er  -  o  -  ien'e  -  us 
HETEROGENEAL,  het-er-o-ien'e-al,  adj. 
of  another  race  or  kind:  dissimilar: — 
opposed  to  Homogeneous. — adv.  Heter- 
ogen'eously.  —  ns.  Heteeogene'ity, 
Heterogen'eousness.  [Gr.  heterogenes 
— heteros.  other,  genos,  a  kind.] 

HETEROTAXY,  het-er-o-taks'i,  n.  arrange- 
ment different  from  that  existing  in  a 
normal  form  or  type  :  confused,  abnor- 


HETMAN 


319 


HIGH-SOUNDING 


mal,  or  heterogeneous  arrangement  or 
structure.  [Gr.  heteros,  different,  and 
taxis,  arrangement.] 

HETMAN,  het'man,  n.  the  chief  or  general 
of  the  Cossacks.     [Russ.] 

HEW,  hu,  v.t.  to  cut  with  any  sharp  in- 
strument :  to  cut  in  pieces  :  to  shape : — 

;    pa.p.  hewed'  or  hewn.     [A.S.  heau-an ; 

f.    Ger.  hauen.l 

HEWER,  hu'er,  n.  one  who  heics. 

HEXAGrON,  heks'a-gon,  n.  a  plane  figure 
with  six  angles  and  sides. — adj.  Hexag'- 
ONAL.— adu.  Hexag'onallt.  TGr.  hexor 
gonon — hex,  six,  gonia,  an  angle.] 

HEXAHEDRON,  heks-a-he'dron,  n.  a  cube, 
a  regular  solid  with  six  sides  or  faces, 
each  of  these  being  a  square. — adj.  Hex- 
ahe'dral.     [Gr.  hex,  six,  hed-ra.  a  base.] 

HEXAMETER,  heks-am'et-er,  n.  a  verse  of 
si.v  measures  or  feet. — adj.  having  six 
metrical  feet.  [L.— Gr.  hex,  six,  metron, 
a  measure.] 

HEXAPLA,  neks'a-pla,  n.  an  edition  of  the 
Scriptures  in  six  different  versions,  esp. 
that  prepared  bj'  Origen  of  Alexandria. 
— adj.  Hex'aplak.  [Gr.  hexaplous,  six- 
fold.] 

HEXAPOD,  heks'a-pod,  n.  an  animal  with 
SUV  feet.  [Gr.  hexapous,  -podos — hex,  six, 
JMHS,  a  foot.] 

HEXASTICH,  heks'a-stik,  n.  a  poem  of 
.s!.r  lines  or  verses.  [Gr.  hexastichos — 
hex,  six.  stichos,  a  line.] 

HEXASTYLE,  heks'a-stil,  n.  a  building 
with  six  pillars.  [Gr.  hekastylos — hex, 
six,  stylos,  a  pillar.] 

HEXATEUCH,  heks'a-tuk,  n.  the  first  six 
books  of  the  Old  Testament.  [Gr.  hex, 
six,  and  teiichos,  a  book.] 

HEY,  ha,  i7it.  expressive  of  joy  or  interro- 
gation.    [From  the  sound,  like  Ger.  hei.] 

HEYDAY,  ha'da,  int.  expressive  of  frolic, 
exultation,  or  wonder.  [Ger.  heida,  or 
Dut.  hei  daar,  (Ger.)  da,  (Dut.)  daar  = 

HEYDAY,  ha'da,  n.  the  wild  gaiety  of 
youth.     [For  highday;  M.E.  hey-day.] 

HEY- GO-MAD,  ha'-go-mad,  a  colloquial 
expression  implying-  an  intense  or  ex- 
treme degree,  boundlessness,  absence  of 
restraint,  or  the  like.  "  Away  they  go 
cluttering  like  hey-go-inad." — Sterne. 

HEY-PASS,  ha'-pa.s,  n.  an  interjectional 
expression  used  by  jugglers  during  tlie 
performance  of  their  feats,  and  equiva^ 
lent  to  change  or  disappear  suddenly  I 
"You  wanted  but  hey-pass  to  have  made 
your  transition  like  a  mystical  man  of 
Sturbridge.  But  for  all  your  sleight  of 
hand,  our  just  exceptions  against  liturgy 
are  not  vanished." — Milton. 

HIATUS,  hl-a'tus,  n.  a  gap  :  an  opening  : 
a  defect :  {gram.)  a  concurrence  of  vowel 
sounds  in  two  successive  syllables.  [L., 
from  Mo,  to  gape  ;  Gr.  ehaino,  to  gape  ; 
from  root  cha,  the  sound  produced  by 
gaping.] 

HIBERNAL,  hi-ber'nal,  adj.  belonging  to 
winter:  wintry.  [Fr. — L.  hibernalis — 
hiems,  Gr.  cheima,  winter.  Sans,  hima, 
snow.] 

HIBERNATE,  hi'ber-nat,  v.i.  to  icinter  : 
to  pass  the  winter  in  sleep  or  torpor. — n. 
Hibeena'tion,   the    state    of   torpor    in 

I  which  many  animals  pass  the  winter. 
[L.  hiberno,  hibernatum — hiberna,  win- 
ter-quarters.] 

HIBERNIAN,  hl-ber'ni-an,  ac^.  relating  to 
Hibernia  or  Ireland. — n.  an  Irishman. 
[From  L.  Hibernia,  Gr.  louernia,  Ire- 
land.] 

HIBERNIANISM,  hi-ber'ni-an-izm.  HI- 
BERNICISM,  hi-ber'ni-sizm,  n.  an  Irish 
idiom  or  peculiaritv. 

HICCOUGH,  HICCUP,  HICKUP,  hik'up, 
n.  a  sudden  and  involuntary  kind  of 
cough. — v.i.    to    have  a  cough   of  this 


kind  -.—^pr.p.  hiccoughing  (hik'up-ing)  ; 
pa.p.  hiccoughed  (hik'upt).  [Imitative  ; 
there  are  similar  words  in  many  lan- 
o-uages,  as  Dut.  Mk,  Dan.  hikke,  Bret. 
ftifcJ 

HICKORY,  Iiik'or-j,  n.  the  name  of  several 
American  nut-bearing  trees.     [Ety.  un- 

-     known.] 

HID,  HIDDEN.    See  Hide. 

HIDAXGO,  hi-dal'go,  n.  a  Spanish  noble- 
man of  the  lowest  class.  [Sp.  hijo  de 
algo,  the  sou  of  something-,  i.e.,  of  a  good 
house,  and  without  mixture  of  Moorish 
or  Jewish  blood.] 

HIDDEN,  hid'n,  adj.  concealed  :  unknown. 

HIDE,  hid,  v.t.  to  conceal :  to  keep  in 
safety. — v.i.  to  lie  concealed :— pa.i.  hid  ; 
pa.p.  hidd'en,  hid.  [A.S.  hydan,  to  hide  ; 
allied  to  Gr.  keutho,  and  perh.  to  L. 
ciistos  (=  cud-tos),  a  protector.] 

HIDE,  hid,  n.  the  skin  of  an  animal. — v.t. 
to  flog-  or  whip.  [A.S.  hyd ;  Ger.  liaut, 
allied  to  L.  cutis,  Gr.  sk^itos.] 

HIDE,  liid,  n.  an  old  measure  of  land  vary- 
ing from  60  to  130  acres.  [A.S.  hid,  con- 
tracted for  higid=hiwisc,  both  words 
meaning  as  much  land  as  could  support 
a  family,  and  so  conn,  with  A.S.  hiwan, 
domestics.    See  Hive.] 

HIDEBOUND,  hid'bownd,  adj.  having  the 
hide  closely  bound  to  the  body,  as  in  ani- 
mals: in  trees,  having  the  bark  so  close 
that  it  impedes  the  growth. 

HIDEOUS,  hid'e-us,  adj.  frightful :  hor- 
rible :  ghastly,  —  adi\  Hid'eously.  —  n. 
Hid'eousness.  [Fr.  hideux—0.  Fr.  hide, 
hisde,  dread ;  perh.  from  L.  hispidxis, 
rough,  rude.] 

HIDING,  hid'ing,  n.  a  place  of  conceal- 
ment. 

HIDING,  hid'ing,  n.  a  flogging,  thrashing, 
or  beating.  "  I  wasn't  going  to  shed  the 
beggar's  blood  ;  I  was  only  going  to  give 
him  a  hiding  for  his  impudence." — C. 
Reade. 

HIE,  hi,  v.i.  to  hasten  : — pr.p.  hie'ing  ; 
pa.p.  hied'.     [A.S.  higian,  to  hasten.] 

HIERARCH,  hi  er-ark,  n.  a  ruler  in  sacred 
matters. — adj.  Hi'eraeciial.  [Gr.  hier- 
arches — hieros,  sacred,  archo,  to  rule.] 

HIERARCHY,  lil'er-ark-i,  n.,  rule  in  sacred 
matters  :  persons  that  so  rule  :  the  body 
of  the  clergy  :  a  government  by  priests. 
—adj.  Hieeabch'ical. 

HIERATIC,  hl-er-at'ik,  adj.,  sacred:  re- 
lating to  priests.  [L.  hieraticus  —  Gr. 
liieratikos  ] 

HIEROGLYPH,  hi'er-o-glif,  HIERO- 
GLYPHIC, hi-er-o-glifik,  11.  the  sacred 
characters  of  the  ancient  Egyptian  lan- 
guage :  picture  -  writing,  or  writing  in 
which  figures  of  objects  are  employed 
instead  of  conventional  signs,  like  the 
alphabet :  any  symbolical  figure. — adjs. 
Hiekoglyph'ic,  Hieroglyph'ical.— odi'. 
Hieroglyph  '  ICALLY.  [Gr.  hieroglyphi- 
kon — hieros,  sacred,  glypho,  to  carve.] 

HIEROGLYPHIST,  hl-er-o-glif'ist,  n.  one 
skilled  in  residing  hieroglyphics. 

HIEROGRAPHIC,  hJ-er-o-gi-af'ik,  HIERO- 
GRAPHICAL,  hi-er-o-graf'ik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  sacred  irriting.  [Gr.  hiero- 
graphikos — hieros,  sacred,  and  graphikos, 
from  grapho,  to  write.] 

HIEROLOGY,  lii-er-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
which  treats  of  sacred  matters,  especially 
sacred  writing  and  inscriptions.  [Gr. 
hierologia — hieros,  sacred,  and  logos,  a 
discourse  or  treatise.] 

HIEROPHANT,  hi'er-o-fant,  n.  one  who 
shou-s  or  reveals  sacred  things  :  a  priest. 
[Gr.  hierophantes— hieros,  sacreA,  phaino, 
to  show.] 

HIGGLE,  hig'l,  v.i.  to  hau-k  about  provis- 
ionsforsale;  to  make  difficulty  in  bargain- 
ing :  to  chaffer. — n.  Higg'ler.  [A  form 
of  Haggle,  and  Hawk,  to  sell.] 


HIGH,  hi,  adj.  elevated  :  lofty  :  tall  :  emi- 
nent in  anything :  exalted  in  rank : 
dignified  :  chief  :  noble  :  ostentatious : 
arrogant :  proud  :  strong  :  powerful : 
angry  :  loud  :  violent :  tempestuous  :  ex- 
cellent :  far  advanced  :  difficult :  dear  : 
remote  in  time. — High  wtne,  the  strong 
spirit  obtained  by  the  redistillation  of 
the  low  wines,  or  a  strong  alcoholic 
product  obtained  by  rectification. — adv 
aloft :  eminently  :  powerfully  :  profound- 
ly.—ady.  High'ly.  [A.S.  heah  ;  Goth. 
hauhs,  Ice.  har,  Ger.  hoch.] 

HIGH- ADMIRAL,  hi'-ad'mi-ral,  n.  a  high 
or  chief  admiral  of  a  fleet. 

HIGH-ALTAR,  hi'-awl'tar,  n.  the  princi- 
pal altar  in  a  church. 

HIGH-BAILIFF,  hi'-bal'if,  n.  an  English 
officer  who  serves  writs,  etc.,  in  certain 
franchises,  exempt  from  the  ordinary 
supervision  of  the  sheriff. 

HIGH-BORN,  hi'-bawrn,  adj.  of  high  or 
noble  birth. 

HIGH-BRED,  hi'-bred,  adj.  of  high  or 
noble  breed,  training,  or  family. 

HIGH-CHURCH,  hi'-church,  n.  a  party 
within  the  Church  of  England,  who  exalt 
the  authority  and  jurisdiction  of  the 
church,  and  attach  great  importance  to 
ecclesiastical  dignities,  ordinances,  and 
ceremonies.  —  ns.  High'-CHUECH'MAN, 
High'-church'ism. 

HIGH-COLORED,  hi'-kul'urd,  adj.  having 
a  strong  or  glaring  color. 

HIGH-DAY,  hi'-da,  n.  a  holiday:  (B.) 
broad  daylight. 

HIGH-FED,  hi'-fed,  adj.,  fed  highly  or  lux- 
uriously: pampered. — n.  High'-feed'ing. 

HIGHFLIER,  hi'fll-er,  n.  one  who  Jlies  high, 
or  runs  into  extravagance  of  opinion  or 
action. — adj.  High'-fly'ing. 

HIGH-FLOWN,  hi'-flon,  adj.  extravagant 
elevated  :  tui'gid. 

HIGH-HAKDED,  hi'-hand'ed,  adj,  over. 
bearing :  violent. 

HIGH-HEARTED,  hi'-hart'ed,  adj  with 
the  heart  high  or  full  of  courage. 

HIGHLAND,  hl'land,  71.  a  mountainous 
district. 

HIGHLANDER,  hi'land-er,  n.  an  inhabi- 
tant  of  a  mountainous  region  ;  specifi- 
cally, in  Scotland. 

HIGH-MASS,  hi'-mas,  n.  in  the  R.  Cath.  Ch. 
the  mass  which  is  read  before  the  high- 
altar  on  Sundays,  feast-days,  and  great 
occasions. 

HIGH-MINDED,  hi'-mlnd'ed,  adj.  having 
a  high,  proud,  or  arrogant  mind :  having 
honorable  pride  :  magnanimous.  —  n. 
High'-shnd'edness. 

HIGHNESS,  hi'nes,  n.  the  state  of  being 
liigh  :  dignity  of  rank  :  a  title  of  honor 
given  to  princes. 

HIGH-PLACE,  hi'-plas,  n.  {B.)  an  eminence 
on  which  unlawful  worship  was  per- 
formed by  the  Jews. 

HIGH-PRESSURE,  hi'-presh'ur,  adj.  ap- 
plied to  a  steam-engine  in  which  the 
steam  is  raised  to  a  high  temperature,  so 
that  the  pressure  may  exceed  that  of  the 
atmosphere. 

HIGH-PRIEST,  hl'-prest,  n.  a  chief -priest, 
under  the  Mosaic  dispensation. 

HIGH-PRINCIPLED,  hl'-prinsi-pld,  adj. 
of  high,  noble,  or  strict  pn'jjcip^e. 

HIGH-PROOF,  hi'-proof,  adj.,  proved  to 
contain  much  alcohol  :  highly  rectified. 

HIGH-ROAD,  hi'-rod,  n.  one  of  the  public 
or  chief  roads. 

HIGH-SEASONED,  hi'-se'znd,  adj.  made 
rich  or  piquant  with  spices  or  other  sea- 
so7iing. 

HIGH-SOULED,  hi'-sold,  adj.  having  a 
high  or  lofty  soul  or  spirit. 

HIGH-SOUNDING,  hi'-  aownd'ing,  ac^. 
pompous  :   ostenta  tious. 


HIGH-SPIRITED 

HIGH-SPIRITED,  hi'-spir'it-ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing a  high  spirit  or  natural  Are  :  bold  : 
darin"' :  irascible. 

HIGHf.  hit,  a  pass,  verb,  used  in  the  third 
pers.  sing.,  he  was  oris  called  or  named. 
[A.S.hatan,  to  be  called— /ia<a«,  to  call ; 

HIGH-TASTED,  hT-tast'ed,  adj.  having  a 
strong  piquant  taste  or  relish. 

aiGH-TREASON,  hi'-tre'zn,  n.  treason 
against  the  sovereign  or  state,  being  the 
highest  civil  offence. 

HIGH- WATER,  hi'-waw'ter,  n.  the  tune 
at  which  the  tide  is  highest :  the  greatest 
elevation  of  the  tide. 

HIGHWAY,  hii'wa,  n.  a  high  or  public  ivay 
or  road. 

HIGHWAYMAN,  hTwa-man,  n.  a  robber 
who  attacks  people  on  the  public  u-ay. 

HIGH-WROTJGHT,  hT-rawt,  adj.  terought 
with  exquisite  skill  :  highly  finished. 

HTLAEIOUS,  hi-la'ri-us,  adj.  gay :  very 
merry.  [L.  hilaris—Qr.  hilaros—hilaos, 
kindly,  gay.  cheerful.] 

HILARITY,  hi-lar'i-ti,  n.  gaiety  :  pleasura- 
ble excitement. 

HILARY,  hil'ar-i,  ady.  the  name  applied 
to  one  of  the  four  terms  of  the  law- 
courts  of  England,  from  11th  to  31st 
January,  so  called  from  St.  Hilary, 
whose  festival  is  Jan.  13. 

ItELL,  hil,  n.  a  high  mass  of  land,  less 
than  a  moimtain.  [A.S.  hyll ;  aUied  to 
L.  collis,  a  hill,  and  root  eel  in  celsus, 
high,  Gr.  kolonos,  a  hill.] 

HHiLOCK,  hil'uk,  n.  a  small  hill. 

TTTT.T.Y,  hil'i;  adj.  full  of  hills.— 7i.  Hill'- 

rNESS. 

HILT,  hilt,  n.  the  handle,  esp.  of  a  sword. 
[A.S.  hilt ;  Dut.  hilte,  O.  Ger.  helza  ;  not 
conn,  with  HOLD.] 

HILTED,  hilt'ed,  acy.  having  a  hilt. 

BIH,  him,  pron.  the  objective  case  of  He. 
[A.S.  he,  dative  him,  ace.  hine.'\ 

HIMSELF,  him-self,  pron.  the  emphatic 
and  reflective  form  of  He  and  Hjm  ;  it 
also  expresses  the  proper  ohai-acter  or 
state  of  mind  of  a  person. 

HIN,  bin,  n.  a  Hebrew  liquid  measure, 
containing  about  6  quarts.     [Heb.] 

HIND,  hind,  n.  the  female  of  the  stag. 
[A.S.  hind  ;  (Jer.  hinde,  hindin,  O.  Ger. 
hinda,  hinta.] 

HIND,  hind,  n.  a  farm-servant,  a  plough- 
man, a  peasant.  [Lit.  a  domestic,  from 
A.S.  hina,  hiwan,  domestics  —  hiw,  a 
house.    See  HiVE.] 

HIND,  hind,  adj.  placed  in  the  rear :  per- 
taining to  the  part  behind :  backwai-d  : 
opposed  to  Fore.  [A.S.  hindan,  from 
the  base  hi,  seen  also  in  He,  Hence,  and 

HiTHEB.] 

HINDER,  hind'er,  adj.  comparative  of 
Hind,  but  used  in  the  same  significa- 
tions. 
HINDER,  hin'der,  v.t.  to  put  or  keep  oe- 
hind :  to  stop,  or  prevent  progress  :  to 
embarrass. — v.i.  to  raise  obstacles.  [A.S. 
hindrian;  Ger.  hindern;  from  Hind, 
adj.] 
HINDERANCE,hin'der-ans,HlNDRANCE, 
hin'drans,  n.  act  of  hindering:  that  which 

hinders:  obstacle.  

aiNDERMOST,  hind'er-most,  HINDMOST, 
hind'most,    adj.    superlative    of    Hind  ; 
furthest  behind.     [For  -most,  see  Aftek- 
MOST  and  Foremost.] 
ftlNDI,  hin'de,  n.  one  of  the  languages  of 
Aryan  stock  now  spoken  in  North  India, 
jPers.  Hind,  "India."] 
HINDLEG,  hindleg,  n.  one  of  the  back  or 
posterior  legs  of  anything  ;  as,  the  hind- 
leg  of  a  horse,  of  a  chair,  or  tiie  like. 
HLNDOOSTANEE.    See  HINDUSTA^^. 
HINDRAJSCE.    See  HevDERAnce. 
HINDU    HINDOO;  bindoo,  n.  a  native  of 
Hindustan :  now  uore  properly  apphed 


to  native  Indian  behevers  in  Brahman- 
ism,  as  opp.  to  Mohammedans,  etc.    [Lit. 
a  dweller  on    the  banks   of   the    river 
Sindhu,  Sans,  for  Indus.] 
HINDUISM,  HINDOOISM,  hm'do6-izm,  n. 

the  religion  and  customs  of  the  Hindus. 
HINDUSTANI,  hin-doo-stan'e,  n.  a  dialect 
of  Hindi,  also  called  Urdu  ("  language  of 
the  camp,"  Turk,  urdu  or  ordd,  "  camp  "), 
being  like'o'ise  the  chief  official  and  com- 
mercial language  of  India. 
HINGE,  hinj,  n.  the  hook  or  joint  on  which 
a  door  or  lid  hangs:  that  on  which  any- 
thing depends  or  tm-ns. — v.t.  to  furnish 
with  hinges :  to  bend. — v.i.  to  hang  or 
turn  as  on  a  hinge  :—pr.p.  hing'ing;  pa.p. 
hinged'.     [M.  E.  lienge,  from  M.  E.  hen- 
gen,  to  hang,  which,  according  to  Skeat, 
is  of  Scand.  origin,  as  in  Ice.  henja,  to 
hang,  but  cog.  %\ith  A.S.  hangiayi.] 
HINNY,  hin'i,  n.  the  produce  of  a  stallion 
and  a  she-ass.     [L.  hinnus — Gr.  hinnos, 
ginnos,  a  mule.] 
HINT,  hint,  n.  a  distant  allusion  :  shght 
mention:  insinuation. —  v.t.  to  bring  to 
mind  by  a  slight  mention  or  remote  al- 
lusion :    to  allude  to. — v.i.  to  make  an 
indirect  or  remote  allusion :   to  allude. 
[Lit.  a  thing  taken,  from  A.S.  hentan,  to 
seize,  and  so  allied  to  hunt  and  hand.] 
HIP,  hip,  11.  the  haunch  or  fleshy  part  of 
the  thigh.— ^^<.  to  sprain  the  hip  :—pr.p. 
hipp'ing  ;   pa.p.    hipped'.      [A.S.  hype ; 
Goth,  hups,  Ger.  hiifte.] 
HIP,  hip,  HEP,  hep,  n.  the  fruit  of  the 
wild  brier  or  dogrose.     [M.E.  hepe  ;  from 
A.S.  lieope.] 
HIPPIATRIC,  hip-pi-at'rik,  adj.  pertaming 
or  relating  to  farriery  or  veterinary  sur- 
gery :  veterinary. 
HIPPIATRY,   hip"'pi-at-ri,  n.   the    art    of 
curing  diseases  of  the  horse  :  veterinary 
surgery.    [Gr.  hipypos,  a  horse,  and  iatros, 
a  physician.] 
HIPPiSH,hip'ish,adj.  somewhat  hypochon- 
driac.   [A  familiar  corr.  of  Hypochon- 
driac] 
HIPPOCAMPUS,  hip'o-kam-pus,  n.  a  genus 
of  fishes  with  head  and  neck  somewhat 
like  those  of  a  horse,  and  a  long,  tapering 
tail  which  they  can  tivist  round  anything. 
[Gr.  hippokampos— hippos,  a  horse,  kam^^ 
pe,  a  turningj 
HIPPOCENTAtJR,  hip-o-sent'awr,  n.  same 
as  Centaue.     [Gr.  hippos,  a  horse,  and 
Centaur.] 
HIPPODROME,    hip'o-dr5m,    Ji.    a    race- 
course for  horses  and  chariots :  an  eques- 
trian circus.     [G  r.  hippodromes— hippos, 
a  horse,  dromos,  a  course.] 
HIPPOGRIFF,   hip'o-grif,    n.    a    fabulous 
winged  animal,  half  horse  and  half  grif- 
Jin.  [Fv.  hippogrife—Gv.  hippos,  a  horse, 
and  gryjis,  a  griffinj  _. 

HIPPOPATHOLOGY,  hip-o-parthol'o-ji,  n. 
the  pathology  of  the  horse:  the  science 
of  veterinary  medicine.     [Gr.  hippos,  a 
horse,  and  Pathology.] 
HIPPOPHAGOUS,    hip  -  pof '  a  -  gus,  adj., 
horse-eating.    [Gr.  hippos,  a  horse,  and 
phago,  to  eat.] 
HIPPOPHAGY,  hlp-pof  a-ji,  n.  the  act  or 
practice    of  feeding  on    horse-&esh. — n. 
Hippoph'agist. 
HIPPOPOTAMUS,  hip-o-pot'a-mus,  n.  the 
river-horse — an  African  quadruped,  one 
of  the  largest  existing,  of  aquatic  habits, 
having  a  very  thick  skin,  short  legs,  and 
a  large  head  and  muzzle.  [L.— Gr.  hippo- 
potamos— hippos,  and  potamos,  a  river.] 
HIPPUEIC,  hip-u'rik,  adj.  denoting  an  acid 
obtained  from  the  urine  of  horses.     [Fr. 
hijjpurique—Gv.    hippos,   a   horse,    and 
ouron.  urine.] 
HIRCINE,  her'sin,   adj.  pertaining  to   or 
lesembUng    a    goat :    having  a  strong, 
rank  smeU  like  a  goat :  goatish.     "  Goat- 


HISTRIONICISM 

like  in  aspect,  and  very  hiroine  in  many 
of  its  habits,  the  chamois  is  often  sup- 
posed to  belong  to  the  goats  rather  than 
to  the  antelopes."— J.  G.  Wood.  "The 
landlady  .  .  .  pulled  a,hircine  man  or  two 
hither,  and  pushed  a  hircine  man  or  two 
thither,  with  the  impassive  countenance 
of  a  housewife  moving  her  furniture. "-.=•• 
C.  Reade.     [L.  hircns,  a  goat.] 

HIRE,  liir,  n.,  wages  for  service  :  the  price 
paid  tor  the  use  of  anything. — v.t.  to  pro- 
cure the  use  or  services  of,  at  a  price  :  to 
engage  for  wages  :  to  let  for  compensa- 
tion :  to  bribe.— n.  Hm'EE.  [A.S.  hyr, 
wages,  hyrian,  to  hire  ;  Ger.  heuer,  Dut, 
huur,  Dan.  hyre.] 

HIRELING,  hir'hng,  n.  a  hired  servant :  a 
mercenary  :  a  prostitute.    [A.S.  hyrling.] 

HIRES,  hlrz  {B.),  n.  plural  of  Hire,  not 
now  used. 

HIRSUTE,  hir-sut',  adj.,  hairy:  rough: 
shaggy  :  (bot.)  having  long,  stiffish  hairs. 
[L.  hir.nitus—hirsus,hirtus,  rough,  hairy, 
shas'gT.l 

HIEUNDINE,  hi-run'din,  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  resembling  a  swaUow.  "  Activity 
almost  super-ft irundine. " — Carlyle. 

HIS,  hiz,  pron.  possessive  form  of  He  : 
(B.)  used  for  its.  [A.S.  his,  possessive  of 
he,  and  orig.  of  it.] 

HISPID,  his'pid,  ad^j.  (bot.)  rough  with  or 
having  strong  hairs  or  bristles.  [L.  hia- 
pidus.] 

HISS,  his,  v.i.  to  make  a  sound  like  the 
letter  s,  as  the  goose,  serpent,  etc.  :  to 
express  contempt,  etc.,  by  hissing.— <».t. 
to  condemn  by  hissing.  [A.S.  hysian; 
formed  from  the  sound.] 

mSS,  his,  n.  the  sound  of  the  letter  s,  an 
expression  of  disapprobation,  contempt; 

HISSING,  his'ing,  n.  the  noise  of  a  hiss: 
object  of  hissing  :  object  or  occasion  of 
contempt. 
HIST,  hist,  int.  demanding  silence  and  at- 
tention :  hush !  silence  1     [Formed  from 
the  sound.] 
HISTOLOGY,    his-tol'o-ji,   n.    the  science 
which  treats  of  the  minute  structure  of 
animal  and  vegetable  tissue.  [Gr.  histo», 
beam  of  a  loom,  web,  texture— histemi, 
to  make  to  stand  (the  beam  in  the  Gr. 
loom   was   upright),    and    logos,   a  dis- 
course.] 
HISTORIAN,  his-to'ri-an,   n.   a  UTiter  of 

history. 
HISTORIC,  his-tor'ik,  HISTORICAL,  his- 
tor'ik-al.  adj.  pertaining  to  history  :  con- 
taining history  :  derived  from  history.— 
adv.  Histor'ically. 
HISTORIETTE,  his-tor-i-et',  n.  a  short  his- 
tory or  storv.     [Fr-] 
HISTORIOGRAPHER,    his-to-ri-og'ra-fer, 
n.   a  UTiter  of  history :  a  professed  or 

official  historian^ 

HISTORIOGRAPHY,  his-to-ri-og'ra-fl,  n. 
the  art  or  employment  of  uriting  his- 
tory. [Gr.  historiographia—historia,  and 
graphb,  to  write.] 
HISTORY,  his'to-ri,  n.  an  account  of  an 
event  :  a  systematic  account  of  the  origin 
and  progress  of  a  nation  :  the  knowledge 
of  facts,  events,  etc.  [L.  and  Gr.  historia 
— Gr.  historeo,  to  learn  by  inquiry— 7i!«" 
tor.  knowing,  learned,  from  the  root  id-, 
in  eidenai,  to  know,  which  is  found  also 
in  L.  I'idere,  Sans,  ind,  E.  int.] 
HISTRIONIC,  his-tri-on'ik,  HISTRIONIC- 
AT,,  his-tri-on'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to  the 
stage  or  stage-p)layers :  befitting  a  thea- 
tre.—adi'.  Histrion'ically.  [L.  histrv- 
onicus—histrio,  'EXrvLSca.n,  primary  form 
hister.  a  player.] 
HISTRIONlCISM,  bis-tri-on'i-sizm,  n.  the- 
atrical,  stilted,  or  artificial  manners  ot 
deportment :  histrionism.     W.  Black. 


HISTRIONISM 


221 


HOLETHNIC 


fllSTRIONISM,  his'tn-o-nizm,  ».  the  acts 
or  practice  of  stage-playing,  or  of  panto- 
mime. 
HIT,  hit,  v.t.  to  light  on  that  which  is  aimed 
at :  to  touch  or  strike  :  to  reach:  to  suit. 
—v.i.  to  come  in  contact:  to  chance  luck- 
ily: to  succeed:— p/'.p.  hitt'ing  ipa.t.  and 
pa.p.  hit.— M.  HiTT'ER.  [Ice.  hitta,  to  light 
on,  to  find;  perh.  allied  to  L.  cado,  to  fall.] 
HIT,  hit,  n.  a  lighting  upon:  a  lucky  chance: 
a  stroke:  a  happy  turn  of  thought  or 
expression. 
MITCH,  hich,  v.i.  to  move  by  jerks,  as  if 
caught  by  a  hook:  to  be  caught  by  a  hook: 
to  be  caught  or  fall  into. — v.t.  to  hook:  to 
catcli. — n.  a  jerk  :  a  catch  or  anything 
that  holds :  an  obstacle  :  a  sudden  halt : 
(«««<.)  a  knot  or  noose.     [Ety.  dub.] 
HITHER,    iuth'er,   adv.,  to  this  place. — 
adj.  toward  the  speaker :  nearer.  JA.S. 
hither,  hider,  from  the  Teut.  base  hi  and 
aiEx  -ter,  as  in  Af-teb,Whe-thee;  Goth. 
hidre.  Ice.  hedhra.    See  He.] 
flITHERMOST,  hi^A'er-most,  adj.  nearest 

on  this  side. 
HITHERTO,  hi<fe'er-t55,  adv.,  to  this  place 

or  time  :  as  yet. 
HITHERWAR'D,  hi^A'er-ward,  adv.,  tow- 
ards this  place. 
HIVE,  hiv,  n.  a  swarm  of  bees  in  a  box  or 
basket :  the  habitation  of  bees  :  any  busy 
company. — v.t.  to  collect  into  a  hive  :  to 
lay  up  in  store. — v.i.  to  take  shelter  to- 
gether :  to  reside  in  a  body. — n.  HiVer. 
[Lit.  a  house  or  family,  from  A.S.  hiw,  a 
house,    hitvan,   domestics ;    conn,  with 
GJoth.  heiv.  Ice.  hiu,  family.] 
HO,  HOA,  ho,  int.  a  call  to'  excite  atten- 
tion :   hold  I  stop !    [Formed   from   the 
sound.] 
HOAR,  nor,  adj.,  ivhite  or  grayish-white, 
esp.  with   agB   or   frost. — n.  hoariness. 
rA.S.  har,  hoary,  gray  ;  Ice.  harr.\ 
HOARD,  hord,  n.  a  store  :  a  hidden  stock : 
a  treasure. — v.t.  to  store :  to  amass  and 
deposit  in  secret. — v.i.  to  store  up :  to 
collect  and  form  a  hoard. — n.  Hoaed'er. 
[A.S.   hord  ;  Ice.  hodd,  Qer.  hort ;  from 
the  same  root  as  house.'] 
HOARD,  hord,  HOARDING,  h5rd'ing,  n.  a 
hurdle  or  fence  inclosing  a  house  and 
materials  while  builders'  are  at   work. 
[O.  Fr.  horde ;  Dut.  horde,  a   hurdle ; 
same  root  as  Hurdle.] 
HOAR-FROST,  hor'-frost,  n.,  white  frost  : 
the  white  particles  formed  by  the  freez- 
ing of  dew. 
HOARHOUND,  HOREHOUND,  hSK- 
hownd,  71.  a  plant  of  a  whitish  or  downy 
appearance,  used  as  a  tonic.  [M.  E.  hore- 
hune — ^A.S.  harhune,  from  har,  hoar  or 
white,  and  hune  (ace.  to  Skeat,  meaning 
"strong-scented");   cf.    L.    eunUa,  Or. 
konile,  wOd  marjoram.] 
HOARSE,  hors,  adj.  havmg  a  harsh,  grat- 
ing voice,  as  from  a  cold :   harsh  :  dis- 
cordant.— adv.  Hoarse'lt. — n.  Hoarse'- 
NESS.    [A.S.  has ;  Ice.  hass,  Dut.  heesch, 
Ger.  hetser,  hoarse.] 
HOARSEN,  hSrs'n,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  make  or 
to  grow  hoarse.     "  I  shall  be  obhged  to 
hoarsen  my  voice  and  roughen  my  char- 
acter."— Richardson.     "The  last  words 
had  a  perceptible  irony  in  their  hoars- 
ened tone." — George  Eliot. 
HOARY,  hor*!,  adj.,  white  or  gray  with 
age  :    (bat.)  covered  with  short,  dense, 
whitish    hairs.  —  n.    Hoar'djess.      [See 
Hoar.] 
HOAX,  hoks,  n.  a  deceptive  trick  :  a  prac- 
tical joke. — v.t.   to  deceive :    to  play  a 
trick  upon  for  sport,  or  ^vithout  mabce. 
— n.    Hoax'er.      [Corr.   of  hocus.     See 
Hocus-pocus.] 
HOB,   hob,   n.   the  projecting  nave  of  a 
wheel :  the  flat  part  of  a  grate,  orig.  the 
raised  stones  between  which  the  embers 


were  confined.  (Ger.  Mih,  a  heaving ; 
W.  hob,  a  projection.    See  Hump.] 

HOB,  hob,  n.  a  clownish  fellow  :  a  rustic  s 
a  fairy.  [A  corr.  of  Robin,  which  ag^ain 
is  a  Fr.  corr.  of  Robert.'] 

HOBBLE,  hoba,  v.i.  to  walk  with  a  limp  : 
to  walk  awkwardly  :  to  move  irregularfy. 
— v.t.  to  fasten  loosely  the  legs  of. — n.  an 
awkward,  limping  gait :  a  difficulty.— ?i. 
Hobb'ler. — adv.  Hobb'ungly.  IFreq.  of 
Hop.]  ^ 

HOBBLEDEHOY,  hobl-de-hoi',  n.  a  strip- 
ling :  neither  man  nor  boy.  [Ety.  un- 
known.] 

HOBBY,  hob'i,  HOBBY-HORSE,  hob'i- 
hors,  n.  a  strong,  active  horse  :  a  pacing 
horse  :  a  stick  or  figure  of  a  liorse  on 
which  boys  ride  :  a  subject  on  which  one 
is  constantly  setting  off :  a  favorite  pur- 
suit. [O.  Fr.  hobin,  Dan.  hoppe,  a  mare ; 
cog.  with  Hop.] 

HOBBY,  hob'i,  n.  a  small  species  of  falcon. 
[O.  Fr.  hobereau.] 

HOBGOBLIN,  hob-goblin,  n.  a  fairy :  a 
frightful  apparition.  [Hob,  RoBra,  and 
GoBim] 

HOBNAIL,  hob'nal,  n.  a  nail  with  a  thick, 
strong  head,  used  in  the  shoes  of  horses, 
and  sometimes  of  men :  a  clownish  fel- 
low, so  called  from  the  hobnails  in  his 
shoes. — adj.  Hob'nailed.  [From  EoB,  a 
projecting  head.] 

HOBNOB,  hob'nob,  adv.,  have  or  not  have, 
a  famUiar  invitation  to  drink.  [A.S. 
hahban,  to  bave,  and  nabban,  not  to 
have.] 

HOCK,  hok,  n.  and  v.  see  Hough. 

HOCK,  hok,  n.  properly,  the  wine  pro- 
duced at  Hochheim,  in  Germany:  now 
appliod  to  all  white  Rhine  wines. 

HOCKEY,  hok'i,  HOOKEY,  hook'i,  iu  a 

fame  at  ball  played  with  a  club  or 
ooJced  stick. 

HOCKLE,  hokl,  v.t.  to  hamstring.  [See 
HoughJ 

HOCUS-POCUS,  ho'kus-poTrus,  n.  a  jug- 
gler :  a  juggler's  trick. — v.t.  (also  To  Ho- 
cus) to  cheat : — pr.p.  ho'cussing  ;  pa.p. 
ho'cussed.  PThe  meaningless  gibberish  of 
a  juggler ;  there  is  no  ground  for  the 
ordinary  etymologies.] 

HOD,  hod,  n.  a  kind  of  trough  borne  on 
the  shoulder,  for  carrying  bricks  and 
mortar.  [Fr.  hotte,  a  basket  carried  on 
the  back  ;  of  Teut.  origin,  and  prob,  cog. 
with  E.  HUT.I 

HODDENGRAY,  hodn'grS,  n.  coarse  cloth 
made  of  undyed  wooL  [Sold  to  be  from 
HoiDEN  and  Gray.] 

HODGEPODGE,  hoj'poj,  n.  see  Hotch- 
potch. 

HODMiUSf,  hod'man,  n.  a  man  who  carries 
a  hod :  a  mason's  laborer. 

HODOMETER,  ho-dom'e-ter,  n.  an  instru- 
ment attached  to  the  axle  of  a  vehicle  to 
register  the  revolutions  of  the  wheels. 
[Gr.  hodos,  a  way,  and  metron,  a  meas- 
ure.] 

HOE,  ho,  n.  an  instrument  for  hewing  or 
digging  up  weeds,  and  loosening  the 
earth. — v.t.  to  cut  or  clean  with  a  hoe  : 
to  weed. — v.i.  to  use  a  hoe  •.—pj\p.  hoe'- 
ing ;  pa.p.  hoed'. — n.  Ho'er.  [Fr.  lume 
— O.  Ger.  houwa  (Ger.  hatie),  a  hoe,  from 
O.  Ger.  hoawan,  to  strike,  E.  Hew.] 

HOG,  hog,  n.  a  general  name  for  swine  :  a 
castrated  boar :  a  pig. — v.t.  to  cut  short 
the  hair  of :  — pr.p.  hogg'ing' ;  pa.p. 
hogged'.  [W.  hwcli ;  Bret,  ftoc'ft,  kmufh, 
swme — houc'ha,  to  grunt.] 

HOGGEREL,  hog'er-el  (in  Scot.  HOGO),  n. 
a  young  sheep  of  the  second  year.  [Dut. 
holckeling,  a  beast  of  one  year  old,  from 
being  fed  in  the  hok  or  pen.] 

HOGGET,  hog'et,  n.  a  boar  of  the  second 
year :  a  sheep  or  colt  after  it  has  passed  I 
its  first  year.  J 


HOGrGISH,  hog'ish,  adj.  resembling  a  hog ; 
brutish  :    filthy  :    selfish.  —  adv.   Hogg'- 

ISHLY. — n.  HOGG'ISHNESS. 

HOGGISM,  hog'izm,  n.  same  as  HoGGisH- 

ness. 

In  koggism  sunk 
I  got  with  punch,  alas  1  confounded  drunk. 

Wolcot 

HOGHOOD,  hog'hood,  n.  the  nature  oi 
condition  of  a  hog.  "Temporary  coi». 
version  into  beastnood  and  hoghood."^ 
Carlyle. 
HOGMAKAY,  hog-marna',  n.  (in  Scot.)  the 
old  name  for  the  last  day  of  the  year, 
[Ety.  unknown.] 
HOG-RINGER,  hog'-ring'er,  n.   one  who 

puts  rings  into  the  snouts  of  hogs. 
HOGSHEAD,  hog/hed,  n.  a  measure  of 
capacity=52i  imperial  gallons,  or  63  old 
wine  gallons ;  of  Claret=46  gallons ;  of 
Beee«=54  gallons ;  of  Tobacco  (in  United 
States)  varies  from  750  to  ISOO  lbs.:  a 
large  cask.  [Corr.  of  O.  Dut.  okshoofd, 
ox-head  ;  the  cask  perh.  was  so  caUed 
from  an  ox's  head  having  been  branded 
upon  it.] 
HOG'S-LARD,  hogz'-iard,  n.  the  melted  fat 

of  the  hog. 
HOIDEN,  hoi'dn,  n.  a  romping,  ill-bred 
girl ;  s.  flirt. — adj.  rude,  rustic,  bold.— ■ 
v.i.  to  romp  indelicately.  [M.E.  hoydon 
— O.  Dut.  heyden,  a  clownish  person,  d  ' 
form  of  Heathen.] 
HOIST,  hoist,  v.t.  to  lift :  to  raise  with 
tackle  :  to  heave. — ?i.  act  of  lifting  :  the 
height  of  a  sail :  an  apparatus  for  lift- 
ing heavy  bodies  to  the  upper  stories  of 
a  building.  [Formerly  noise  or  hoyse, 
from  O.  Dut.  hyssen,  Dut,  Mjschen,  to 
hoist.] 
HOITY-TOITY  hoi'ti-toi'ti,  int.  an  excla 
mation  of  surprise  or  disapprobation.— 
adj.  giddy,  flighty,  g-ay,  noisy.  [Like 
}iut  and  tut,  interjections,  expressive  oi 
disapprobation.] 
HOLD,  hold,  v.t.  to  keep  possession  of  o? 
authority  over :  to  [sustain  :  to  defend  : 
to  occupy :  to  derive  title  to  :  to  bind : 
to  confine :  to  restrain  :  to  continue  :  to 
persist  in :  to  contain :  to  celebrate  :  to 
esteem. — v.i.  to  remain  fixed  :  to  be  true 
or  unfailing:  to  continue  unbroken  or 
unsubdued  :  to  adhere  :  to  derive  right : 
—pr.p.  hold'ing  ;  pa.t.  held  ;  pa.p.  held 
(obs.  hold'en).— 'To  hold  over,  to  keep 
possession  of  land  or  a  house  beyond  the 
term  of  agreement. — Hold  of  (Pr.  Bk.), 
to  regard. — n.  Hold'er.  [A.S.  healdan  ; 
O.  (Jer.  haltan,Qoth.  haldan,  Dan.  holde, 
to  keep.] 
HOLD,  hold,  'B.,  act  or  manner  of  holding  : 
seizure:  powerof  seizing  :  something  for 
support :  a  place  of  confinement :  cus- 
tody :  a  fortified  place :  (mus.)  a  mark 
over  a  rest  or  note,  indicating  that  it  is 
to  be  prolonged. 
HOLD,  h5ld,  ru  the  interior  cavity  of  a 
ship  between  the  floor  and  the  lower 
decK,  used  for  the  cargo.  [Dut.  hoi,  a 
cavity  or  hole,  with  excrescent  d.  See 
Hole.] 
HOLDEN,  hold'n  (B.),  old  pa.p.  of  Hold. 
HOLDFAST,  hold'fast,  n.  that  which  holds 

fast :  a  long  nail :  a  catch. 
HOLDING,  hold'ing,  n.  anything  held:  a 
farm  held  of  a  superior:  hold:  influence  i 
(Scots  law)  tenure. 
HOLE,  hoi,  n.  a  hoTloiv  place:  a  cavity:  an 
opening  in  a  solid  body:  a  pit:  a  subter« 
fuge :  a  means  of  escape. — v.t.  to  form 
holes  in  :  to  drive  into  a  hole. — v.i.  to  go 
into  a  hole.     [A.S.  hoi,  a  hole,  cavern  ; 
Dut.  hoi,    Dan.  hul,  Ger.  hoM,  hollow : 
conn,  with  Gr.  koilos,  hollow.] 
HOLETHNIC,  hol-eth'nik,  adj.  pertaining 
or  relating  to  a  holethnos,  or  parent  race. 
"  The  holethnic  history  of  the  Aryans."—. 
Academy. 


HOLETHNOS 

HOLETHNOS,  hol-eth'nos,  n.  a  primitive 
or  parent  stock  or  race  of  people  not  yet 
divided  into  separate  tribes  or  branches. 
"  It  seems  hard  to  avoid  the  conclusion 
that  the  various  Aryan  nations  of  his- 
torical times  are,  linguistically  speaking, 
descended  from  a  single  primitive  tribe, 
conveniently  termed  the  Aryan  holethnos, 
In  contradistinction  to  Its  later  repre- 
sentatives as  marked  off  by  such  hnes 
of  distinction  as  are  found  between 
Hindoos  and  Greeks,  and  between  the 
latter  and  Teutons  or  Celts."— A''ademy. 
[Gr.  holos,  entire,  whole,  and  ethnos,  nsr 
tion.l 
HOLIBUT.  SeeHALIBTrr. 
HOLIDAY,    hol'i-da,  n.    (ong.)   holy-day 

(which  see) :  a  day  of  amusement. 
HOLILY.    See  HoLY. 
HOLINESS,   hoai-nes,  n.    state   of   being 
holy:   religious   goodness :   sanctity :  a 
title  of  the  pope. 
HOLLA,    hol'a,  HOLLO,   HOLLOA,  hol'o 
or  hol-lo',  int.,  ho,  there:  attend:  {naut.) 
the  usual  response  to  AHOY. — n.  a  loud 
shout. — v.i.  to  cry  loudly  to  one  at  a  dis- 
tance.    [Ger.  holla  is  from  Fr.  hold— ho, 
and  Id—L.  iliac,  there ;  the  other  forms 
are  due  to  confusion  with  Haixoo.] 
HOLLAND,  hol'and,  n.  a  kind  of  linen  first 

made  in  Holland. 
HOLLANDS,  hol'andz,  n,   gin   made   in 

Holland. 
HOLLOW,  hol'o,  adj.  vacant :  not  solid  : 
containing  an  empty  space :  sunken  : 
unsound :  insincere. — n.  a  hole  :  a  cav- 
ity :  any  depression  in  a  body :  any 
vacuity:  a  groove:  a  channel. — v.t.  to 
make  a  hole  in  :  to  make  hollow  by  dig- 
ging :  to  excavate.  [A.S.  holh,  a  hollow 
place— A.S.  hoi,  E.  HOLE.] 
HOLLOW-EYED,    hol'5-Id,    adj.    having 

sunken  eyes. 
HOLLOW-HEARTED,   hol'S-hHrt'ed,  adj. 
having  a  hollow  or  untrue  heart :  faith- 
less :  treacherous. 
HOLLOWNESS,  hol'5-nes,  n.  the  state  of 
being     hollow:      cavity:     insincerity: 
treachery. 
HOLLOW-WARE,    hol'o-war,    w,    trade 
name  for  hollow  articles  of  iron,  as  pots 
and  kettles. 
HOLLY,  hol'i,  n.  an  evergreen  shrub  hav- 
ing pricklv  leaves  and  scarlet  or  yellow 
berries.     fM.E.  hoHn—A.S.  holegn,  the 
hollv  ;  cog;With  W.  ceiyn,  Ir.  euileann.] 
HOLLYHOCK,  hol'i-hok,  n.  a  kind  of  mal- 
low, brought  into  Europe  from  the  Holy 
Land.     [M.  E.  holihoc—holi,  holy,  and 
A.S.  hoc,  mallows  ;  W.  hocys.] 
HOLM,  holm  or  horn,  n.  a  river  islet :  rich 
flat  land  near  a  river.    [A.S.   holm,  a 
mound  ;  in  various  Teut.  tongues.] 
HOLM-OAK,  holm'-  or  h5m'-ok,  n.  the  ilex 
or  evergreen  oak,  so  called  from  some  re- 
semblance to  the  holly.    [Holm-  is  a  corr. 
of  holin,  the  M.  E.  form  of  holly,  which 

HOLOBLAST.  hol'o-blast,  n.  in  zool.^  an 
ovum  consisting  entirely  of  germinal 
matter  :  as  contradistinguished  from  a 
meroblast  (which  see).  [Gr.  holos,  whole, 
entire,  and  blastos,  a  bud  or  germ.] 

HOLOCAUST,  hol'o-kawst,  n.  a  burnt  sac- 
rifice, in  which  the  whole  of  the  victim 
was  consumed.  fL. — Gr.  holoTtatiston — 
holos,  wliole,  and  kaiistos,  burnt.] 

HOLOGRAPH,  hol'o-graf,  n.  a  document 
wholly  written  by  the  person  from  whom 
itproceeds.— ad;.  HotXJGEAFH'iC.  [Gr.— 
holos.  whole,  and  grapho,  to  write.  J 

BOLOMETER,  hol-om'et-er,  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  taking  all  kinds  of  measures. 
[Fr.  holomitre — Gr.  holos,  whole,  and 
metrnn.  measure.] 

HOLOSTERIC,  hoT-o-ster'ik,  adj.  wholly 
solid  :  specifically  applied  to  barometers 


222 

constructed  wholly  of   soKd  materials, 
and  so  as  to  show  the  variations  of  at- 
mospheric   pressure  without  the  inter- 
vention of  liquids.  The  aneroid  barometer 
is  an  example.     [Gr.  holos,  whole,  and 
stereos,  solid.] 
HOLPEN,  holp'n,  oMpa.p.  of  Help. 
HOLSTER,  hol'ster,  n.  the  leathern  case 
carried  by  a  horseman  at  the  forepart  of 
the   saddle   for   covering  a  pistol.— adj. 
Hol'stered.    [Acc.  to  Skeat,  from  Dut. 
holster,  a   pistol-caae—hullen,  to  cover, 
which  is  cog.  with  A.S.  helan,  to  cover.] 
HOLT,  holt,  n.  a  tcood  or  woody  hiU  :  a 
hole,  or  other  place  of  security,  esp.  a 
deep  hole  in  a  river,  where  there  is  pro- 
tection for  fish.    [A.S.  holt,  a  wood  ;  Ice. 
holt,  a  copse,  Ger.  hoh.] 
HOLUS-BOLUS,  horus-boaus,  «.  adv.  all 
at  a  gulp  :   altogether.     [A  vulgtirism, 
formed  from  rchole,  and  bolus,  a  pill.] 
HOLY,  h5'li,  adj.  perfect  in  a  moral  sense: 
pure  in  heart :   religious  ;  set   apart  to 
a  sacred  use. — adi\  Ho'LTLY.  [A.S.  halig, 
lit.  whole,  perfect ;  healthy— fta/.  sound, 
whole ;  conn,  with  Hail,  Heal,  Whole.] 
HOLY-DAY,  holi-da,  n.   a  holy  day:  a 
religions  festival :  a  day  for  the  com- 
memoration of  some  event. 
HOLY  GHOST,  ho'li  gost,  HOLY  SPIRIT, 
holi  spir'it,  n.  the  third  person  of  the 
Trinity.     [HoLY   and    A.S.   gdst.     See 
Ghost.]  ,  , 

HOLY-OFFICE,    ho'li-ofis,   n.    the    holy 
tribunal:  the   Inquisition.     [HOLY   and 

HOLY  ONE,  holi  wun,  n.  the  one  who  is 
holy,  by  way  of  emphasis  :  God  :  Christ : 
one  separated  to  the  service  of  God. 
HOLY  ORDERS,  hoTi  or'ders,  n.  ordina- 
tion to    the  rank  of  minister   in   holy 
things  :  the  Christian  ministry.    [HOLY 
and  Orders.] 
HOLY-ROOD,  holi-ro5d,  n.  the  holy  cross, 
in  R.  Cath.  churches,  over  the  entrance 
to  the  chancel.     [HoLY  and  ROOD.] 
HOLY  SPIRIT.    See  HoLY  GHOST. 
HOLYSTONE,  hSIi-ston,  n.  a  sfojw  used 
by  seamen  for  cleaning  the  decfo. — v.t, 
to  scrub  with  a  holystone. 
HOLY-THURSDAY,  ho'li-thurz'da,,  n.  the 
day  on  which  the  ascension  of  our  Saviour 
is  commemorated,  ten  days  before  Whit- 
suntide.     

HOLY-WATER,  h5'li-waw'ter,  n.,  water 
consecrated  by  the  priest  for  sprinkling 
persons  and  things. 
HOLY-WEEK,  hSMi-wek,  n.  the  weeft  be- 
fore Easter,  kept  holy  to  commemorate 
our  Lord's  passion. 
HOLY-WRIT,  h5li-rit,  n.  the  holy  lerit- 

ings :  the  Scriptures. 
HOMAGE,  hom'aj,  n.  the  submission  and 
service  which  a  tenant  promised  to  his 
feudal  superior,  in  these  words,  homo 
vester  devenio,  I  become  3;our  man  :  the 
act  of  fealty:  respect  paid  by  external 
action :  reverence  directed  to  the  Su- 
preme Being :  devout  affection.  [Fr. 
hommage—ljow  L.  homaticum—L.  homo, 
a  man.] 
HOME,  hSra,  n.  one's  home  or  coimtry : 
place  of  constant  residence :  the  seat,  as 
of  war.— ady.  pertaining  to  one's  dwell- 
ing or  country:  domestic  :  close  :  severe. 
— adv.  to  one's  habitation  or  countiy : 
close  :  closely :  to  the  point.  —  adj. 
HOME'LESS.  — n.  HOME'LESSNESS.  [A.S. 
liam ;  Dut.  and  Ger.  heim,  Goth,  haims ; 
from  a  root  ki,  to  rest,  which  appears 
also  in  Gr.  Tceimai,  to  lie,  tome,  a  viUage, 
L.  civis,  a  citizen,  E.  hive."] 
HOME-BRED,  hSm'-bred,  adj.,  bred  at 
home :  native  :  domestic  :  plain  :  unpol- 
ished. 
HOME-FARM,  hom'-farm,  n.    the  farm 


HOMMOCK 

near  the  home  or  mansion  of  a  gentle 

man. 
HOME-FELT,  h5m'-felt,  adj.,  felt  in  one's 

own  breast :  inward  :  private. 
HOIiIELY,  hom'li,  adj.  pertaining  to  home: 

familiar  :  plain  :  rude.- n.  Hojie'liness. 

— adv.  Hosie'ltly. 
HOMELYN,  hom'el-in,  ?i.  a  species  of  ray. 

found  on  the  south  coast  of  England. 
HOME-MADE,    hom'-mad,    adj.,  made  at  ■ 

home :    made    in    one's    own    country  :  I 

Slain. 
MEOPATHIC,  ho-me-o-path'ik,  adj.  of 
or  pertaining  to  homeopathy. — adv.  Ho- 
meopath'ically. 

HOMEOPATHIST,  bo-me-op'a-thist,  n.  one 
who  believes  in  or  pvauctices  honjeopathy. 

HOMEOPATHY,  ho-me-op'a-tlii,  n.  the 
svstem  of  curing  diseases  by  small  quan- 
tities of  those  drugs  which  excite  symji- 
toms  similar  to  those  of  the  disease.  [Lit. 
similar  feeling  or  affection,  from  Gr. 
homoiopatheia — honioios,  like,  pathos, 
feeling.] 

HOMER,  ho'mer,  n.  a  Hebrew  measure  con- 
taining as  a  liquid  measure  about  2  bar- 
rels,  as  a  dry  measure  8  bushels.  [Heb. 
chomer.  a  heap — chamar,  to  swell  up.] 

HOMERIC,  ho-mer'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
Homer,  the  gi'eat  poet  of  Greece:  per- 
taining to  or  resembling  the  poetry  of 
Homer. 

HOME-RULE,  hom'-r66l,  n.  {in  Ireland)  a 
form  of  home  government  claimed  by 
the  League,  the  chief  feature  of  it  being 
a  separate  parliament  for  the  manage- 
ment of  Irisli  internal  affairs. 

HOMESICK,  hom'sik,  adj.,  sick  or  grieved 
at  separation  from  home.—n.  Home'-sick'- 

NESS. 

HOMESPUN,  hom'spun,  adj.,  spun  or 
wrousrht  at  home:  not  made  in  foreign 
countries :  plain  :  inelegant.— n.  cloth 
made  at  home. 
HOMESTALL,  hom'stawl,  HOMESTEAD, 
hom'sted,n.  the pZaceof  a  mansion-house: 
the  inclosures  immediately  connected 
with  it :  original  station.  [Home  and 
Stall  and  Stead.] 

HOMESTEAB.    See  under  Homestall. 

HOMETHBUST,  hom'thrust,  n.  a  well-di- 
rected, effective,  or  telling  thrust  :  an 
action  or  remark  which  seriously  affects 
a  rival  or  antagonist.  "  The  duke  .  .  . 
felt  this  a  homethrtist."— Disraeli. 

HOMEWARD,  hSm'ward,  adv.,  toirard 
hotne :  toward  one's  habitation  or  coun- 
try. —  adj.  in  the  direction  of  home. 
[lioJrE,  and  jrard,  sig.  direction.] 

HOMEWARD-BOUND,  hom'ward-bownd, 
adj.,  hound  homeward  or  to  one's  native 
land.     [See  BOTJND,  adj.] 

HOIMEWARDS,  hom'wardz,  adv.,  toward 
home. 

HOMICIDAL,  hom'i-sld-al,  adj.  pertainmg 
to  homicide :  murderous  :  bloody. 

HOMICIDE,  hom'i-sTd,  n.,  manslaughter: 
one  who  kills  another.  [Fr,— L.  honii- 
cidium—homo,  a  man,  and  ccedo,  to  kUl.] 

HOMIUETICS,  hom-i-let'iks,  n.sing.  the 
science  which  treats  of  homilies,  and  the 
best  mode  of  preparing  and  delivering 
them.— adjs.  Homh^t'ic,  Hojulet'icau 

HOMILIST,  hom'i-list,  n.  one  who  preaches 
to  a  congregation. 

HO>nLY,  hom'i-li,  n.  a  plam  sermoE 
preached  to  a  mixed  assembly :  a  serious 
discourse.  [Gr.  homilia,  an  assembly,  a 
sermon— TiomSs,  the  same,  cog.  with  E. 
Sai«e,  and  ile,  a  crowd.]     _       .    „   , 

HOMINY,  hom'i-ni,  n.  maize  hulled,  or 
huUed  and  crushed,  boiled  with  water. 
[American  Indian,  auhuminea,  parehed 

HOMMOCK,  hom'uk,  n.  a  hillock  or  small 
conical  eminence.     [A  dim.  of  Htjmp.J 


HOMOCENTRIO 


223 


HOOPOE 


HOMOCENTRIC,  ho-mo-sen'trik,  adj.  hav- 
jnsr  the  same  centre.  [Fr.  homocentrique 
— Gr.  Uomokentros — homos,  the  same, 
and  kentron,  centre.] 

HOMOCERCAL,  ho-mo-ser'kal,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  upper  fork  of  the  tail  similar  to 
the  lower  one,  as  the  herring.  [Gr.  ho- 
mos, the  same,  kerkos,  tail.] 

HOMOCERCY,  ho-mo-ser'si,  n.  the  state 
of  i  being  homocercal :  equality  or  sym- 
metry in  the  lobes  of  the  tails  of  fishes. 

HOMCEOPATHY,  etc.  See  Homeopathy. 

HOMOGAMOUS,  ho-mog'a-mus,  adj.  in 
bot.  a  term  applied  to  grasses  when  all 
the  florets  of  the  spikelets  of  the  same 
individual  are  hermaphrodite  :  also  ap- 
plied to  composite  plants  when  all  the 
florets  of  a  flower-head  are  hermaphrod- 
ite. [Gr.  homos,  hke.  and  gamos,  mar- 
riage.] 

HOMOGAMY,  ho-mog'a-rai,  n.  the  state  of 
being  homogamous:  fertilization  in  a 
plant  when  the  stamens  and  pistil  of  a 
hermaphrodite  flower  mature  simultane- 
ously. 

HOMOGENEAL,  ho-mo-je'ni-al.  HOMO- 
GENEOUS, ho-mo-je'ni-us,  adj.  of  the 
same  kind  or  nature  :  having  the  constit- 
uent elements  all  similar. — 7is.  HOMO- 
ge'neousness,  Homogene'ity.  [Gr.  ho- 
mogenes — homos,  one,  same,  and  genos, 
kind.] 

HOMOLOGATE,  ho-mol'o-gat,  v.t.  to  saij 
the  same  :  to  agree  :  to  approve ;  to  al- 
low.— 11.  Homologa'tion.  [Low  L.  ho- 
mologo,  homologatnm — Gr.  homalogeo— 
homos,  the  same,  and  lego,  to  say.] 

HOMOLOGOUS,  ho-raol'o-gus,  adj.  agree- 
ing :  corresponding  in  relative  position, 
proportion,  value,  or  structure.  [Gr. 
homologos — homos,  the  same,  and  logos 
— lego,  to  sav.] 

tlOMOLOGUE,  hom'o-log,  ?i.  that  vehich 
is  homologous  to  something  else,  as  the 
same  organ  in  different  animals  under 
its  various  forms  and  functions. 

HOMOLOGY,  ho-mol'o-ji,  w.  the  quality  of 
being  homologous  :  affinity  of  structure, 
and  not  of  form  or  use. — adj.  HoiiOLOG'- 

ICAL. 

HOMONYM,  hom'o-nim,  n.  a  word  having 
the  same  sound  as  another,  but  a  differ- 
ent meaning.  [Fr.  homonyme — Gr.  7io»i- 
onymos — homos,  the  same,  and  onoma, 
name.] 

HOMONYMOUS,  h5-mon'i-mus,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  same  name :  having  different 
significations :  ambiguous  :  equivocal. — 
adv.  Homon'ymotjslt. 

HOMONYMY,  ho-mou'i-mi,  n.,  sameness  of 
name,  with  dyference  of  meaning:  am- 
biguity :  equivocation.  [Fr.  homonymie 
—Gr.  homonymia.} 

HOMOPHONE,  hom'o-fon,  n.  a  letter  or 
character  having  the  same  sound  as  an- 
other. [Gr.  homos,  the  same,  and  phdne, 
sound.] 

HOMOPHONIC,  ho-m5-fon'ik,  adj.  same 
as  HOMOPHONOUS :  specifically,  in  music, 
a  term  applied  to  a  composition  consist- 
ing of  a  principal  theme  or  melodj-,  with 
accompanying  parts  merely  serving  to 
strengthen  it — contradistinguished  from 
Polyphonic  (which  see). 

HOMOPHONOUS,  ho-mof  o-nus,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  same  sound. — n.  Homoph'ony. 

HOMOPLASMY,  ho-mo-pla/mi,  n.  in  hiol. 
the  condition  or  quality  of  being  homo- 
plastic :  resemblance  between  certain 
plants  or  animals  in  particular  organs  or 
in  general  habits,  not  resulting  from  de- 
scent from  a  common  stock,  but  ft'om  the 
influence  of  surrounding  circumstances. 
HOMOPTERA,  hom-op'ter-a,  n.  an  order  of 
insects  having  two  pair  of  wings  uni- 
form  throughout.— ad;.  Homop'terous. 


[Gr.    homos,    the    same,    uniform,    and 
pteron,  a  wing.] 

HOMOTAXIAL,  ho-mo-taks'i-al,  adj.  per- 
taining or  relating  to  homotaxy  or  ho- 
motaxis. 

HOMOTAXIS,  ho-mo-taks'is,  ;;.  the  same 
aiTangement:  specifically,  in  (jfoZ.  agree- 
ment in  the  arrangement  in  different  lo- 
calities of  strata  which  occupy  the  same 
place  or  position  in  the  stratified  systems, 
but  which  mav  or  may  not  be  contempo- 
raneous. [Gr.  liomos,  the  same,  and  taxis, 
arrangement.] 

HOMOTAXY,  ho-mo-taks'i,  n.  same  as  Ho- 
MOTAxrs.    Huxley. 

HOMOTYPE,  hom'o-tip,  n.  that  which  has 
the  same  fundamental  type  of  structure 
with  something  else.  [Gr.  homos,  the 
same,  and  typos,  type.] 

HOMOTYPY,  ho-mot'i-pi,  n.  in  compar. 
anat.  correlation  or  correspondence  in 
structure  in  one  segment  of  any  given 
part  in  another  segment  or  in  the  same 
segment  of  one  and  the  same  animal : 
serial  homology.     Oicen. 

HOMUNCULE,  ho-mung'kul,  n.  same  as 
Homxtnculxts  :  a  little  man;  a  manikin  ; 
a  dwarf.  "The  giant  saw  the  homuncule 
was  irascible,  and  played  upon  him." — C 
Reade. 

HOMY,  h5'mi,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  resem- 
bUng  home  :  homelike.  (Rare.)  "I  saw 
.  .  .  plenty  of  our  dear  English  'ladj^'s 
smock '  in  the  wet  meadows  near  here, 
which  looked  very  homy." — Kingsley. 

HONE,  hon,  n.  a  stone  of  a  fine  grit  for 
sharjxning instruments. — v.t.  to  shai-pen 
as  on  a  hone.  [A.S.  han;  Ice.  hein;  allied 
to  Gr.  konos,  a  cone,  Sans,  eana,  a  whet- 
stone' from  a  root  ?.-fr,  to  sharpen.  See 
Cone.] 

HONEST,  on'est,  adj.  full  of  honor :  just : 
the  opp.  of  thievish,  free  from  fraud : 
frank:  chaste:  {B.)  also,  honorable. — adv. 
Hon'estly.     [L.  honestus — ho7ior.] 

HONESTY,  on'es-ti,  n.  the  state  of  being 
honest:  integrity:  candor:  a  small  flow- 
ering plant  so  called  from  its  transparent 
seed-pouch  :  {B.)  becoming  deportment. 

HONEif ,  hun'i,  n.  a  sweet,  thick  fluid  col- 
lected by  bees  from  the  flowers  of  plants: 
anything  sweet  like  honey.  —  v.t.  to 
sweeten:  to  make  agreeable: — -pr.p.  hon'- 
ej-ing ;  pa.p.  hon'eyed  (-'id).  [A.S.  hunig; 
Ger.  honig.  Ice.  hunang.l 

HONEYBEAR,  hun'i-bar,  n.  a  South  Amer- 
ican carnivorous  mammal  about  the  size 
of  a  cat,  with  a  long  protrusive  tongue, 
which  he  uses  to  rob  the  nests  of  wild 
bees. 

HONEY-BUZZARD,  hun'i-buz'ard,  n.  a 
genus  of  buzzards  or  falcons,  so  called 
from  their  feeding  on  bees,  lA-asps,  etc. 

HONEYCOMB,  hun'i-kom,  n.  a  comb  or 
mass  of  waxy  cells  formed  by  bees,  in 
which  they  store  their  honey :  anything 
like  a  honej'comb. — adj.  Honeycombed 
( -  komd),  formed  like  a  honeycomb. 
[Honey,  and  Comb,  a  hollow  cell.] 

HONEYDEW,  hun'i-du,  n.  a  sugai-y  secre- 
tion from  the  leaves  of  plants  in  hot 
weather :  a  fine  sort  of  tobacco  moist- 
ened with  molasses. 

HONEYED,  HONIED,  hun'id,  adj.  covered 
with  honey  :  sweet.  

HONEYMOON,  hun'i-moon,  SON'EY- 
MONTH,  -munth,  n.  the  honey  or  sweet 
moon  or  month,  the  first  month  after 
mari-iage. 

HONEYMOUTHED,  hun'i-mow<fed,  adj. 
having  a  honeyed  mouth  or  speech  :  soft 
or  smooth  in  speech. 
HONEYSUCKLE,  hun'i-suk-1,  n.  a  climb- 
ing shrub  with  beautiful  cream-colored 
flowers,  so  named  because  honey  is  readily 
sucked  from  the  flower.  [A.S.  hunig- 
sraele.l 


HONEY -TONGUED,  hun'i -tungd,  adj. 
having  a  honeyed  tongue  or  speech  :  soft 
in  ;;peech. 

HONIED.    Same  as  Honeyed. 

HONORARIUM,  hon-ur-a'ri-um,  Ji.  a  volun 
tary  fee  paid  to  a  professional  man  for 
hisser\ices.  [L.  honorarium  (donnm), 
honorarv.  (gift).] 

HONORARY,  on'ur-ar-i.  adj..  conferring 
honor :  holding  a  title  or  oflice  without 
performing  services  or  receiving  a  re- 
wai-d. — n.  a  fee.    VL.honorariiis — honor.] 

HONOR,  on'ur,  n.  the  esteem,  due  or  paid  to 
worth  :  respect :  high  estimation  :  ven- 
eration, said  of  God  :  that  which  right 
fully  attracts  esteem  :  exalted  rank:  dis 
tinction:  excellence  of  character:  noble- 
ness of  mind  :  any  special  virtue  much 
esteemed:  any  mark  of  esteem:  a  title 
of  respect  •.—pi.  privileges  of  rank  or 
birth  :  civilities  paid  :  the  four  higiiost 
cards  in  card-playing :  academic  prizes 
or  distinctions. — adj.  Hon'OELESS.  [L. 
honor.} 

HONOR,  on'ur,  v.t.  to  hold  in  high  esteem  ■ 
to  respect :  to  adore  :  to  exalt:  to  accept 
and  pav  when  due. — adj.  Hon'ored. 

HONORABLE,  on'ur-a-bl,  adj.  worthy  of 
honor :  illustrious :  actuated  by  princi- 
ples of  honor :  conferring  honor :  be- 
coming men  of  exalted  station  :  a  title 
of  distinction. — odi'.  Hon'oeably. 

HONORABLENESS,  on'ur-a-hl-nes,  n.  emi- 
nence :  conformity  to  the  principles  of 
honor :  fairness. 

HOOD,  hood,  n.  a  covering  for  the  head  : 
anj^;hing  resembling  a  hood  :  an  orna- 
mental fold  at  the  back  of  an  academic 
gown. — v.t.  to  cover  with  a  hood  :  to 
blind. — adj.  Hood'ed.  [A.S.  hod  ;  Dut. 
hoed,  Ger.  hut,  conn,  witn  Heed.] 

HOODLUM,  hood'lum,  n.  a  yoimg,  hector 
ing  vagabond:  a  lounging,  good-for-notb 
ing,  quarrelsome  fellow  :  a  rough :  e 
rowdv. 

HOODWINK,  hood'wingk,  v.t.  (lit.)  tc 
make  one  wink  by  covering  the  eyes  with 
a  hood :  to  blindfold  :  to  deceive.  [Hood 
and  Wink.] 

HOOF,  hoof,  n.  the  horny  substance  on  the 
feet  of  certain  animals,  as  horses,  etc.  : 
a  hoofed  animal  -.—pi.  Hoofs  or  Hootes 
— adj.  Hoofed'.  [A.S.  iwf ;  Ger.  huf. 
Sans.  capJia.] 

HOOK,  hook,  n.  a  piece  of  metal  bent  into 
a  curve,  so  as  to  catch  or  hold  anything : 
a  snai'e  :  an  instrument  for  cutting  grain. 
[A.S.  hoc;  Dut.  haak,  Ger.  7taA-eji,  allied 
to  Gr.  kyklos,  a  circle.] 

HOOK,  hook,  v.t.  to  catch  or  hold  with  a 
hook  :  to  draw  as  with  a  hook :  to  in- 
snare. — v.i.  to  bend  :  to  be  curved. — adj. 
Hooked'. — By  hook  oe  by  crook,  one 
way  or  the  other. 

HOOKAH,  hoo'ka,  n.  a  pipe  in  which  the 
smoke  is  made  to  pass  through  water. 
[Ar.  liuqqaJl 

HOOK-NOSED,  hook'-nozd,  adj.  having  a 
hooked  or  curved  nose. 

HOOKY,  hook'i,  adj.  full  of  or  pertaining 
to  hooks. 

HOOP,  hoop,  n.  a  pliant  strip  of  wood  or 
metal  formed  into  a  ring  or  band,  for 
holding  together  the  staves  of  casks,  etc.: 
something  resembling  a  hoop  :  a  ring  : — 
pi.  elastic  materials  used  to  expand  the 
skirt  of  a  lady's  dress — v.t.  to  bind  with 
hoops  :  to  encircle.  [Akin  to  Dut.  hoep  ; 
cf.  Ice.  hop,  a  bay,  from  its  round  form.] 

HOOP,  hoop,  v.i.  to  call  out.  Same  as 
Whoop. 

HOOPER,  hoop'er,  «.  one  who  fioqps  casks: 
a  cooper. 

HOOPING-COUGH.    See  under  Whoop. 

HOOPOE,  hoop'o,  HOOPOO,  hoop'oo,  n.  a 
bird  with  a  large  crest.  [L,  upupa,  Grfi 
epops — imitative.  ] 


HOOT 

HOOT,  hoot,  v.i.  to  shout  in  contempt :  to 
cry  Uke  an  owl. — v.t.  to  drive  with  cries 
of  contempt.— n.   a  scornful  cry.     [An 
imitative  word  :  cf.  Scand.  hut,  begone  ; 
Fr.  hiier,  to  call ;  W.  hwt,  off  with  it.] 
HOP,  hop,  v.i.  to  leap  on  one  leg:  to  spring: 
to  walk  lame  :  to  limp  -.—pr.p.  hopp'mg  ; 
pa.t.  anApa.p.  hopped'.— ».  a  leap  on  one 
leg  :  a  junip  :  a  spring.     [A.S.  hoppian, 
to  dance  ;  Ger.  liupfen.'\ 
HOP,  hop,  n.  a  plant  with  a  long  twining 
stalk,  the  bitter  cones  of  which  are  much 
used  in  brewing  and  in  medicine.— v.<. 
to  mix  with  hops.— u.t.  to  gather  hops  : 
—pr.p.  hopp'ing;  pa.t.  a,n&pa.p.  hopped'. 
[Dut.  hop :  Ger.  hopfen.] 
HOPBIND.  hop'bind  (corr.  into  hopbine), 
n.  the  stalk  of  the  hop.     [-bind  expresses 
the  clinging  of  the  stalk  to  its  support ; 
cf.  Bindweed.] 
HOPE,  hop,  v.i.  to  cherish  a  desire  of  good 
with    expectation    of  obtaining    it :    to 
place  confidence  (in).— r.t  to  desire  with 
expectation  or  with  belief  in  the  prospect 
of  obtaiuing.     [A.S.  hopian;  Dut.  hopen, 
Ger.  hoffen,  perhaps  akin  to  L.  cup-io,  to 
desire.] 
HOPE,  hop,  n.  a  desire  of  some  good,  with 
expectation  of  obtaining  it :  confidence  : 
anticipation  :  he  who  or  that  which  fur- 
nishes ground  of  expectation  :  that  which 
is  hoped  for.     [A.S.   hojja;   Ger.    hoff- 
7iung.] 
HOPE,  hop,  n.  troop,  only  in  the  phrase 
forlorn-hope.  [Dut.  verlorsn  hoop — hoop, 
a  band  of  men,  E.  Heap.    See  also  For- 
lorn.] 
HOPEFUL,    hop'fool,   adj.   full  of  hope : 
having    qualities    which    excite    hope : 
promising  good  or  success. — adv.  Hope'- 
ruLLT. — n.  Hope'fulness. 
HOPELESS,   hop'les,   adj.  without  hope: 
giving  no  ground  to  expect  good  or  suc- 
-     cess  :  desperate. — adv.  Hope'lesslt.— n. 

Hope'lessness. 
HOPPER,  hop'er,  n,  one  who  hops :  a  wood- 
en trough  through  which  grain  passes 
into  a  mill,  so  called  from  its  hopping  or 
shaking  motion  :  a  vessel  in  which  seed- 
grain  is  carried  for  sowing  :  a  hop-picker. 
Vickens. 
HOPPLE,  hop'l,  v.t.  to  tie  the  feet  close 
together  to  prevent  hopping  or  running. 
— n.  chiefly  in  pi.,  a  fetter  for  horses,  etc. 
when  left  to  graze.     [Freq.  of  Hop.] 
HOPSCOTCH,   hop'skoch,   n.    a  game    in 
which  children  hop  over  lines  scotched  or 
traced  on  the  ground. 
HOPVINE,  hopS^n,  n.  the  stalk  or  stem 
of  the  hop.      [See  Vine,  and  cf.  Hop- 
bind.] 
HORAL,  hor'al,  adj.  relating  to  an  hour. 
HORARY,  hor'ar-i,  adj.  pertaining  to  an 
hour  :  noting  the  hours  :    hourly  :    con- 
tinuing an  hour. 
HORDE,  hord,  n.  a  migratory  or  wander- 
ing   tribe   or    clan.     [Fr. — Turk,    ordii, 
camp — Pers.    6rdfL,   court,  camp,  horde 

HOREHOIJND.    See  Hoarhotind. 

HORIZON,  ho-ri'zun,  w.  the  circle  bound- 
ing the  view  where  the  earth  and  sky 
appear  to  meet.  [Fr. — L. — Gr.  horizon 
(kyklos),  bounding  (circle),  horizo,  to 
bound— /loros,  a  Umit.] 

HORIZONTAL,  hor-i-zon'tal,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  horizon  :  parallel  to  the  hori- 
zon :  level :  near  the  horizon. — adv. 
Horizon'tally. — n.  Horizontal'ity. 

HORN,  horn,  n.  the  hard  substance  pro- 
jecting from  the  heads  of  certain  ani- 
mals, as  oxen,  etc.:  something  made  of 
or  like  a  horn :  a  symbol  of  strength  : 
{mtts.)  a  wind-instrument  consisting  of  a 
coUea  brass  tube. — v.t.  to  furnish  with 
horns. — adj  Horned'.  [A.S.  horn;  Scand. 


224 

and  Ger.  horn,  Celt,  corn,  L.  cornu,  Gr. 

fcsvcis  I 
HORNBILL,  horn'bil,  n.  a  bird  about  the 

size  of  the  turkey,  having  a  homy  ex- 
crescence on  its  bill. 
HORNBLENDE,  horn'blend,  n.  a  mineral 

of  various  colors,  found  in  granite  and 

other  igneous  rocks  that  contain  quartz. 

[Ger.,  from  horn,  horn,  from  the  shape 

of  its  crystals,  and  -blende — blenden,  to 

dazzle,  from  its  glittering  appearance.] 
HORNBOOK,  horn'book,  m.  a  first  book  for 

children,  which  formerly  consisted  of  a 

single  leaf  set  in  a  frame,  with  a  thin 

plate  of  transparent  horn  in  front  to  pre- 
serve it. 
HORNED-OWL.     See  Hornowl. 
HORNED-POUT,  hornd'-pout,  n.  a  North 

American  fish.    CaUed  also  Bull-head 

and  Cat-fish. 
HORNET,  horn'et,  n.  a  species  of  wasp,  so 

called  from  its  antennse  or  horns.     [A.S. 

In/met.  dim.  of  horn.'] 
HORNFOOT,  horn'foot,  adj.  having  a  hoof 

or  lioni  on  the /oof. 
HORNING,  horn'ing,  n.  appearance  of  the 

moon  when  in  its  crescent  form. 
HORNOWL,   horn'owl,   HORNED -OWL, 

hornd'-owl,  n.  a  species  of  owl,  so  called 

from  two  tufts  of  feathers  on  its  head, 

like  horns. 
HORNPIPE,  horn'plp,  »i.  a  Welsh  musical 

instrument,  consisting  of  a  wooden  pipe, 
with  a  horn  at  each  end  :  a  hvely  air  :  a 
lively  dance. 
HORNSTONE,  horn'ston,  a  stone  much  like 
flint,  but  more  brittle.  [Horn  and  Stone.] 
HORNWORK,  horn'wurk,  n.  (fort.)  an  out- 
tvork  having  angular  points    or  horns, 
and  composed  of  two  demi-bastions  joined 
by  a  curtain. 
HORNY,  horn'i,  ac^j.  like  horn  :  hard  :  cal- 
lous.   

HOROGRAPHY,  hor-og'ra-fl,  n.  the  art  of 
constructing  dials  or  instruments  for  in- 
dicating the  hours.  [Gr.  hora,  an  hour, 
and  grapho,  to  describe.] 
HOROLOGE,  hor'o-loj,  n.  any  instrument 
for  telling  the  hours.  [O.  Fr.  horologe 
(Fr.  horloge) — L.  horologium—Gv.  horolo- 
gion — hora,  an  hour,  and  lego,  to  teU.] 

HOROLOGY,  hor-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
which  treats  of  the  construction  of  ma- 
chines for  telling  the  hours.— adj.  HORO- 
log'ical. 

HOROMETRY,  hor-om'et-ri,  n.  the  art  or 
practice  of  measuring  time. — adj.  HOR- 
Omet'rical.  [Gr.  hora,  an  hour,  and 
metron,  a  measure.] 

HOROSCOPE,  hor'o-skop,  n.  an  observa- 
tion of  the  heavens  at  the  hour  of  a 
person's  birth,  by  which  the  astrologer 
predicted  tha  events  of  his  life  :  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  heavens  for  this  pur- 
pose. [Fr.— L. — Gr.  horoskopos — hora, 
an  hour,  and  skoped,  to  observe.] 

HOROSCOPY,  hor-os'kop-i,  n.  the  art  of 
predicting  the  events  of  a  person's  life 
from  his  horoscope  :  aspect  of  the  stars 
at  the  time  of  birth.— adj.  HOROSCOP'IC. 
— n.  HOROS'COPIST,  an  astrologer. 

HORRENT,  hor'ent,  adj.  standing  on  end, 
as  bristles.  [L.  horrens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of 
horreo,  to  bristle.] 

HORRIBLE,  hor'i-bl,  adj.  causing  or  tend- 
ing t<»  cause  horror  :  dreadful :  awful : 
terrific— adu.  Horr'ibly.— n.  Horr'I- 
bleness.     [L.  horribilis— horreo.] 

HORRID,  hor'id,  adj.  fitted  to  produce 
horror  :  shocking  :  offensive.  —  adv. 
Horr'idly.— »i.  Horr'idness.  [L.  hor- 
ridus,  orig.  bristling — horreo.  See  Hor- 
ror.] 

HORRIFIC,  hor-rif  ik,  adj.  exciting  horror : 
frightful. 

HORRIFICATION,  hor-ri-fl-ka'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  horrifying :  anything  that  causes 


HORSEWHIP 

horror.     "As  the  old  woman  and  her 
miserable  blue  light  went  on  before  us, 
I    could    almost    have    thought    of  Sir 
Bertrand    or    some    German    horrifica^ 
tions." — Miss  Edgeivorth. 
HORRIFY,    hor'i-fi,    v.t.    to    strike  with 
horror :  — pa.p.  horr'ifled.     [L.    horror, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 
HORROR,  hor'ur,  n.  a  shuddering  :  exce»= 
sive   fear :    that   which  excites    horror, 
[Lit.  "  a  bristling,"  as  of  hair,  L. — horreo, 
to  bristle,  to  shudder.] 
HORSE,  liors,  n.  a  well-known  quadruped : 
(collectively)    cavalry :    that    by    which 
something  is  supported. — v.t.  to  mount 
on  a  horse  :  to  provide  with  a  horse  :  to 
sit  astride :  to  carry  on  the  back. — v.i. 
to  get  on  horseback.     [A.S.   hors.  Ic«. 
hross,  O.  Ger.  hros  (Ger.  ross),  perh.  akin 
to  Sans,  hresh,  to  neigh,  but  more  prob. 
conn,  with  L.  curro,  cursus,  to  run  ;  cf. 
Courser.] 
HORSEBLOCK,  hors'blok,   n.   a  block  or 
stage  by  which  to  mount  or  dismount 
from  a  horse. 
HORSEBOAT,  hors'bot,  n.  a  boat  for  carry- 
ing' horses. 
HORSE-BREAKER,  hors'-brak'er.HORSE- 
TAMER,  hors'-tam'er,  7i.  one  whose  bus- 
iness is  to  break  or  tame  horses,  or  to 
teach  them  to  draw  or  carry. 
HORSE-CHESTNUT,  hors'-ches'nut,  n.  a 
large  variety  of  chestnut,  prob.  so  called 
from  its  coarseness  contrasted  with  the 
edible  chestnut :  the  tree  that  produces 
it.    [See  Chestnut.] 
HORSEFLY,   hors'fli,   n.  a  large  fy  that 

stings  horses. 
HORSE-GUARDS,   hors'-gardz,  n.   horse- 
soldiers    employed    as    guards :    the   3d 
heavy  cavalry  regiment   of  the  British 
army,   forming   part  of    the   household 
troops:  {formerly)  the  official  residence 
in  London  of  the  commander-in-chief  of 
the  British  army. 
HORSEHOE,  hors'ho,  HORSERAKE.hors'- 
rak,  etc.,  n.    a    hoe,   rake,    etc.,  drawn 
by  horses. 
HORSELAUGH,  hors'laf,  n.  a  harsh,  bois- 
terous laugh.     [Hoarse  and  Laugh.] 
HORSELEECH,  hors'lech,  n.  a  large  spe- 
cies of  leech,  so  named  from  its  fastemng 
on  horses  when  wading  in  the  water. 
HORSE-LITTER,  hors'-lit'er,  n.  a  litter  or 

bed  borne  between  two  horses. 
HORSEMAN,  hors'man,  n.  a  rider  on  horse- 
back: a  mounted  soldier. 
HORSEMANSHIP,    hors'man-ship,  n.  the 
art  of  riding,  and  of  training  and  man- 
aging horses. 
HORSE-POWER,     hors'-pow'er,     n.     the 
poicer  a  horse  can  exert,  or  its  equivar 
fent=that    required  to  raise  33,000  lbs. 
avoirdupois     one    foot    per    minute :    a 
standard  for    estimating  the  power  of 
steam-engines. 
HORSERACE,  hors'ras,  n.  a  race  by  horses. 
HORSERACING,  hors'ras-ing,  n.  the  prac- 
tice   of    racing    or    running    horses    in 
matches. 
HORSE-RADISH,  hors'-rad'ish,  n.  a  plant 
with  a  pungent  root,  used  in  medicine 
and  as  a  salad.    [So  named  from  a  notion 
of  its  being  wholesome  for  horses.] 
HORSESHOE,   hors'shoo,    n.    a    shoe    for 
horses,  consisting  of  a  curved  piece  of 
iron  :  anything  shaped  like  a  horseshoe. 
HORSETAIL,  hors'tal,  n.  a  genus  of  leaf- 
less plants  with  hollow  rush-like  stems, 
so  called  from  their  likeness  to  a  Worse's 
tail. 
HORSE-TRAINER,    hors'-tran'er,    n.   one 

who  trains  horses  for  racing,  etc. 
HORSEWHIP,   hors'hwip,  n.   a  whip  for 
driving  horses. — v.t.   to  strike  with  a 
horsewhip  :  to  la«h. 


HORSINESS 


225 


HOVEL 


HORSINESS,  hors'i-nes,  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  horsj-;  inclination  to  de- 
vote one's  attention  to  horses  and  matters 
connected  with  them  :  that  whicli  per- 
tains to  horses,  as  the  smell  of  a  stable  or 
the  like. 

It  shall  be  all  my  study  tor  one  hour 
To  rose  and  lavender  my  horsiness. 
Before  I  dare  to  glance  upon  your  Grace. 

— Te7iiiyson. 

HORTATIVE,  hort'a-tiv,  HORTATORY, 
hort'a-tor-i,  adj.,  inciting:  encouraging: 
giving-  advice.  [L.  Iiortor,  hortatus, 
to  incite.] 

HORTICULTURAL,  hor-ti-kul'tur-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  mlture  of  gardens. 

HORTICULTURE,  hor'ti-kiU-tur,  n.  the 
art  of  cultivating  gardens.  [L.  hortus,  a 
garden,  and  Cultube.] 

HORTICULTURIST,  hor-ti-kul'tur-ist,  n. 
one  versed  in  the  art  of  cultivating 
gardens. 

HOSANNA,  ho-zan'a,  n.  an  exclamation  of 
praise  to  God,  or  a  prayer  for  blessings. 
[Lit.  "save,  I  pray  thee,"  Gr.  hbsanna 
— Heb.  hoshiahnndh — ijaslia,  hoshia,  to 
save,  and  na,  I  pray  thee.] 

HOSE.  Iioz,  71.  a  covering  for  the  legs  or 
feet :  stockings  :  socks  :  a  flexible  pipe 
for  conveying  fluids,  so  called  from  its 
shape  -.—pi.  Hose  ;  (B.)  Hos'en.  [A.S. 
hosa:  Dut.  hoos,  Ger.  hose.] 

HOSIER,  ho'zhi-er,  n.  one  who  deals  in 
hose,  or  stockings  and  socks,  etc. 

HOSIERY,  ho'zhi-er-i,  n.,  hose  in  general. 

HOSPICE,  hos'pes,  n.  an  Alpine  convent 
where  travellers  are  treated  as  guests. 
[Fr..  from  L.  hospitium — hospes,  a  stran- 
ger who  is  treated  as  a  guest,  one  who 
treats  another  as  his  guest.] 

HOSPITABLE,  hos'pit-abl,  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  host  or  guest :  entertjlining  strangers 
and  guests  kindly  and  without  reward  : 
showing  kindness. — adv.  Hos'pitably. — 

n.    HOS'PITABLENESS. 

HOSPITAL.  Iios'pit-al  or  os'-,  n.  a  building 
for  the  reception  and  treatment  of  the 
old,  sick,  etc.,  or  for  the  support  and 
education  of  the  young.  [Orig.  a  place 
for  the  entertainment  of  strangers  or 
guests,  from  O.  Fr.  hospital — Low  L.  Jios- 
pitale — hospes,  a  guest.     See  HospiCE.] 

HOSPITALITY,  hos-pi-tal'it-i,  n.  the  prac- 
tice of  one  who  is  hospitable:  friendly 
welcome  and  entertainment  of  gxiests. 

HOSPITALLER,  hos'pit-al-er,  n.  one  of  a 
charitable  brotherhood  for  the  care  of 
the  sick  in  hospitals  :  one  of  an  order  of 
knights,  commonly  called  Kaiights  of  St. 
John,  who,  during  the  Crusades,  built  a 
hospital  for  pilgrims  at  Jerusalem. 

HOSPODAR,  hos'po-dar,  n.  (formerly)  the 
title  of  the  princes  of  Moldavia  and  Wal- 
lachia.     [Slav.] 

HOST,  host,  n.  one  who  entertains  a 
stranger  or  guest  at  his  house  without 
reward  :  an  innkeeper  : — feni.  Host'ess. 
[O.  Fr.  hoste — L.  hospes.] 

HOST,  host,  n.  an  army :  a  large  multi- 
tude. [Orig.  an  enemy ;  O.  Fr.  host — 
L.  hostis,  an  enemy.]^ 

HOST,  host,  n.  in  theR.  Cath.  Church,  the 
consecrated  bread  of  the  Eucharist,  in 
which  Christ  is  offered.  [L.  hostia,  a  vic- 
tim— hostio,  to  strike.] 

HOSTAGE,  hos'taj,  n.  one  remaining  with 
the  enemy  as  a  pledge  for  the  fulfillment 
of  the  conditions  of  a  treaty.  [O.  Fr. 
hostage,  Fi-.  otage — Low  L.  obsidaticus — 
obses,  obsidi^,  a  hostage.] 

HOSTEL,  hos'tel,  HOSTELRY,  hos'tel-ri, 
n.  an  inn.    [O.  Fr.  hostel,  hostellerie.    See 

HOTEU] 

HOSTILE,  hos'til,  adj.  belonging  to  an  en- 
emy: showing  enmity:  warlike:  adverse. 
— adv.  Hos'tilely.    [L.  hostilis — hostis.] 

HOSTILITY,  hos-til'it-i,  n.  enmity:— pi. 
HOBTIL'lTlES,  acts  of  warfare. 

o 


HOSTLER,  os'ler,  n.  he  who  has  the  care 
of  horses  at  an  inn.     [Orig.  one  who  kept 
a  house  for  strangers,  O.  Fr.  hostelier — 
hostel — L.  Iiospes.] 
HOT,  hot,  adj.  having  heat :  very  warm  : 
aery:  pungent:  animated:  ardent  in  tem- 
per :  violent :  passionate  :  lustful.— adu. 
Hot'ly.— M.   HOT'KESS.     [A.S.  hat;  Ger. 
heiss,  Sw.  het.    See  Heat.] 
HOTBED,  hot'bed,  n.  a  glass-covered  bed 
heated  for  bringing  forward  plants  rapid- 
ly :  any  place  favorable  to  rapid  growth. 
HOTBLAST,  hot'blast,  n.  a  blast  of  heated 
air  blown  into  a  furnace  to  raise  the  heat. 
HOT-BLOODED,  hot'-blud'ed,  adj.  having 

hot  blood  :  high-spirited  :  irritable. 
HOTCHPOTCH,  hoch'poch,  HOTCHPOT 
hoch'pot,    HODGEPODGE,    hoj'poj,   n. 
a  confused  mass  of  ingredients  shaken  or 
mixed   together  in  the  same  pot.     [Fr. 
hochepot—hocher,  to  shake,   and  pot,  a 
pot — O.  Dut.  hutsen,  to  shake,  and  Dut. 
pot,  a  pot.    See  Hustle  and  Pot.] 
HOTEL,  ho-tel',  m.  a  superior  house  for  the 
accommodation  of  strangers  :  an  inn  :  in 
France,  also  a  palace.     [M.E.  hostel — O. 
Fr.  hostel  (Fr.  hotel)— L.  hospitalia,  guest- 
chambers — hospes.    See  Hospital.] 
HOT-HEADED,  hot'-hed'ed,  adj.  hot  in  the 
head  :    having  warm  passions  :    violent : 
impetuous. 
HOTHOUSE,  hot'hows,  n.  a  Jwuse  kept  hot 

for  the  rearing  of  tender  plants. 
HOT-POT,  hot'-pot,  n.  in  cookery,  a  dish 
consisting  of  small  chops  of  mutton,  sea- 
soned with  pepper  and  salt,  and  stewed 
in  a  deep  dish  between  layers  of  sUced 
potatoes.      "The  Colonel    himself    was 
great  at  making  hash  mutton,  hot-pot, 
curry  and  pillau." — Tliackeray. 
HOTPRESS,  hot'pres,  v.t.  to  press  paper, 
etc.,   between   hot   plates  to  produce    a 
glossj' surface. 
HOTSPUR,  hot'spur,  n.  one   pressing  his 
steed  with  spurs  as  in  hot  haste  :  a  vio- 
lent, rash  man. 
HOTTENTOT,  hot'n-tot,  n.  a  native  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope :  a  brutish  individual. 
[Dut.,  because  the  language  of  the   S. 
Africans  seemed  to  the  first  Dutch  set- 
tlers to  sound  like  a  repetition  of  the  syl- 
lables Aof  and  tot;  Dut.  tu  =  and.] 
HOUDAH.    See  Howdah. 
HOUGH,  hok,  HOCK,  hok,  n.  the  joint  on 
thehindleg  of  a  quadruped,  between  the 
knee  and  fetlock,  corresponding-  to  the 
ankle-joint   in   man  :  in  man,  the  back 
part  of  the  knee-joint :  the  ham. — v.t.  to 
hamstring  :  —  pr.p.     hough'ing  ;    pa.p. 
houghed  (hokf).     [A.S.  hoh,  the  heel.] 
HOUND,  hownd,  n.  a  dog  used  in  hunting. 
— v.t.   to  set  on  in  chase:    to  hunt:  to 
urge  on.     [Orig.  the  dog  generally,  from 
A.S.  hund :  akin  to  Gr.  kyon,  kynos,  L. 
can'ts.  Sans,  cvan.] 
HOUNDFISH.     Same  as  Dogfish. 
HOUND'S-TONGUE,    howndz'-tung,  n.  a 
plant,   so  called  from  the  shape  of  its 
leaves.     [A.S.  hundestunge.] 
HOUR,  owr,  n.  60  min.  or  the  2-tth  part  of 
a  day  :   the   time  indicated  by  a  clock, 
etc.:  a  time  or  occasion  : — pi.  {myth.)  the 
goddesses  of  the  seasons  and  the  hours : 
in  the  R.   Cath.   Church,  prayers  to  be 
said  at  certain  hoiirs.     [Orig.' a  definite 
space  of  time  fixed  by  natural  laws  ;  O. 
Fr.  hnre,  Fr.  heure — L.  hora — Gr.  hora. 
See  Year.] 
HOURGLASS,  owr'glas,  n.  an  instrument 
for  measuring  the  hours  by  the  running 
of  sand  from  one  glass  vessel  into  an- 
other. 
HOURI,   how'ri,  n.   a  nymph  of  the  Mo- 
hammedan paradise.     [Pers.  hurt — hura, 
a  black-eyed  girl.] 
HOURLY,  owr'li,  adj.  happening  or  done 


every  liour :  frequent.— adv.  every  hour: 
freciuently. 

HOURPLATE,  owr'plat,  n.  the  ijlate  of  a 
timepiece  on  which  the  hoursaxa  marked: 
the  dial. 

HOUSE,  hows,  n.  a  building  for  dwelling 
in  :  a  dwelling-place  :  an  inn  :  household 
affairs  :  a  family  :  kindred  ;  a  trading 
establishment  :  one  of  the  estates  of  the 
legislature  :  (astrol.)  the  twelfth  part  of 
the  heavens  :  —pL  Houses  (howz'ez). 
[A.S.  hus ;  Goth,  hus,  Ger.  halts.] 

HOUSE,  howz,  v.t.  to  protect  by  covering: 
to  slielter:  to  store. — v.i.  to  take  shelter: 
to  reside. 

HOUSEBREAKER,  hows'brak-er,  n.  one 
who  breaks  open  and  enters  a  limt^e 
for  the  purpose  of  stealing. — n.  HousE'- 

BREAKING. 

HOUSEHOLD,  hows'hold,  n.  those  who 
are  held  together  in  the  same  house,  and 
compose  a  family. — The  Household,  a 
royal  domestic  establishment.— ad/,  per- 
taining to  the  house  and  family. 
HOUSEHOLDER,    hows'hold  -  er,    n.    the 

holder  or  tenant  of  a  house. 
HOUSEKEEPER,  hows'kep-er,  ?i.  a  female 
servant  who  keeps  or  has  the  chief  care 
of  the  house. 
HOUSEKEEPING,   hows'kep-ing,    n.    the 
keeping  or  management  of  a  Iwuse  or  of 
domestic  affairs :    hospitality.— ad/,    do- 
mestic. 
HOUSELESS,   hows'les,    adj.   without  3 

house  or  home  :  having  no  shelter. 
HOUSELESSNESS,    hows'les-nes,    n.    the 

condition  of  being  houseless.     Dickens. 
HOUSEMAID,  hows'mad,  n.  a  maid  era- 
ployed  to  keep  a  house  clean,  etc House- 
maid's KNEE,  an  acute  or  chronic  drop- 
sical effusion  between  the  skin  and  the 
bursa  or  sac  over  the   knee)ian,  and  so 
called  because  it  was  thought  most  com-i 
mon  among  housemaids  who  had  muohf 
kneeling    while    scrubbing    floors,    etc. 
Acute  cases  may  be  cured  by  rest,  and 
the  application  of  iodine,  mercurials,  and 
tight  bandages  ;   chronic   ones  by  com- 
pression with   splints,  by  evacuation  of 
the  pus  in  the  sac,  and  injection  of  iodine 
solution. 
HOUSE-MATE,  hows'-mat,n.one  who  lives 
in  the  same  house  with  another:  a  fellow 
lodger  or  tenant.     Carlyle. 
HOUSE-STEWARD,    hows'-stu'ard,   n.    a 
steward  who  manages  the  household  af- 
fairs of  a  great  family. 
HOUSE-SURGEON,  hows'-sur'jun,  n.  the 
surgeon  or  medical  officer  in  a  hospital 
who  resides  in  the  house. 
HOUSE-WARM,  hows-wawrm,  v.t.  to  give 
a  feast  or  entertainment  to,  as  to  a  per- 
son who  is  entering  on  the  occupation  of 
a  new  house.     ••  Resolved  ...  to  house- 
icarm  my  Betty." — Pepys. 
HOUSE-WARMlNG,  hows'-wawrm'ing,  n. 
an  entertainment  given  when  a  family 
enters  a  new  house,  as  if  to  ivarin  it. 
HOUSEWIFE,  hows'wlf,  n.  the  mistress  of 
a  house :  a  female  domestic  manager. — 
adj.  House'wifely. 
HOUSEWIFE,  huz'if,  n.   a  small  case  for 
articles  of   female  work,  properly  spelt 
HussiF  (which  see). 
HOUSEWIFERY,  hows'wlf-ri,  n.  business 

of  a  houseunfe. 
HOUSING,    howz'ing,   n.  an    ornamental 
covering  for  a  horse  :  a  saddle-cloth  : — 
pi.  the  trappings  of  a  horse.    [Fr.  housse : 
prob.   from  O.  Ger.  huM,  a  covering- 
hullen,  to  cover.     Cf.  HoLSTEE,  Husk.] 
HOUSTY,  hows'ti.  n.  a  sore  throat.  Kings- 
ley.     (Provincial  English.) 
HOVE.  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Heavk. 
HOVEL,  huv'el,  n.  a  small  or  mtan  du'^tl- 
iny:  a  shed. — v.t.  to  put  in  a  hovel:  to 


HOVER 


226 


HUMBUG 


shelter  : — pr.p.  hor'elling: ;  pa.p.  ho%''- 
elled.     [Dim.  of  A.S.  hof,  a  dwelling.] 

HOVER,  noVer  or  huv'er,  v.i.  to  remain 
aloft  flapping  the  wnngs  :  to  wait  in  sus- 
pense :  to  move  about  near.  [Prob.  from 
A.S.  hof,  and  therefore  lit.  to  direll :  O. 
Fris.  hovia.  to  receive  into  one's  house  ; 
cf   W.  hofiaii,  to  hang  over.] 

LlOA'.  how,  adv.,  in  ichat  manner:  to 
what  extent  :  for  what  reason  :  by  what 
m--':ins  :  from  what  cause  :  in  what  con- 
dition :  (Aeif  Test.)  sometimes  =  that. 
[A.S.  hit,  htru,  from  the  interrogative 
trii'i,  who,  as    L.  qui,  how,  from  quis, 

wl:,>.] 

HO\\"BEIT,  how-be'it,  conj.,  be  it  hoic  it 
ni.tv:  notwithstanding:  yet:    however. 

HOW'DAH,  HOUDAH,  how'da,  n.  a  seat 
fixed  on  an  elephant's  back.  [Ar. 
hdirdai.] 

HO^V^EVER,  how-ev'er,  adv.  and  conJ.  in 
whatever  manner  or  degree  :  neverthe- 
less :  at  all  events.     [How,  Ever.] 

HOWITZER,  how'its-er,  n.  a  short,  light 
caunon,  used  for  throiving  shells.  [Ger. 
haubitze,  orig.  haufnitz — ^Bohem.  hauf- 
niee.  a  slino-.J 

HOA\TiER,  liowTjer,  n.  a  Dutch  vessel 
with  two  masts  :  a  fishing-boat  with 
one  mast  used  on  the  Irish  coast.  [Dut. 
luH'ker.] 

HOWL,  howl,  v.i.  to  yell  or  cry,  as  a  wolf 
or  dog  :  to  utter  a  long,  loud,  whining 
sound :  to  wail :  to  roar. — v.t.  to  utter 
with  outcry  :  — pr.p.  howl'ing  ;  pa.jj. 
howled'. — ;i.  a  loud,  prolonged  cry  of 
distress  :  a  moui-nful  cry.  [O.  Fr.  hilUer  ; 
from  L.  ululare,  to  shriek  or  howl — uhda, 
an  owl ;  conn,  with  Gr.  hulao,  Ger.  heulen, 
E.  oirl.] 

nOWLET,  how'let.     Same  as  Owxet. 

■U0WS0E'V1:R,  how-so-e^•'e^,  adv.  in  irhat 
way  soever :  altliough  :  however. 

'lOY,  hoi,  n.  a  large  one-decked  boat,  com- 
monlv  rigged  as  a  sloop.  [Dut.  heu,  Flem. 
hui.]' 
•ilOY,    hoi,    int.,    ho !   stop  1     [From    the 
sound.] 

yOYDEXISH,  hoi'den-ish,  adj.  same  as 
HoIDE^^SH.  "Too  hoijdenish  and  foi-- 
ward." — H.  Kingsley. 

HUB,  hub.  n.  the  projecting  nave  of  a 
wheel :  a  projection  on  a  wheel  for  the 
insertion  of  a  pin  :  the  hilt  of  a  weapon  ; 
a  mark  at  which  quoits,  etc.,  ai-e  cast: 
applied  in  pleasantryto  Boston.  [A  form 
of  Hob.] 

HUBBLE-BUBBLE,  hubl-bubl,  n.  a  kind 
of  tobacco-pipe,  used  in  the  E.  Indies,  in 
which  the  smoke  is  drawn  through  water 
with  a  bubbling  sound. 

HUBBUB,  hub'ub,  n.  a  confused  sound  of 
many  voices :  riot :  uproar.  [Either 
from  the  repetition  of  7ioop,  whoop 
(which  sec),  or  in  imitation  of  the  con- 
fused noise  of  numerous  voices,  like  inur- 
mur  in  Latin.    Cf.  Barbarian.] 

UUCK.  huk,  n.  the  hip.  Tennyson.  (Pi-o- 
vincial  English.) 

HUCKABACK,  huk'a-bak,  n.  a  coarse 
variety  of  table-linen,  ha^•ing  raised 
figures  on  it.  [Perh.  because  sold  by 
hucksters  with  their  goods  on  their  back.] 

HUCKLE,  huk'l,  n.  a  hunch  :  the  hip  :  one 
of  the  small  metatarsal  bones  in  the  foot 
of  a  sheep  and  some  other  quadrupeds. 
"The  little   square    huccle-bone   in  the 
ancle    place    of  the    hinder    legge."— ^. 
UdnU.     [Dim.  of  HrcK,  a  Prov.  E.  form 
of  Hook,  from   its  bent  or  jointed  ap- 
pearance.] 
H'XKLE-BACKED.   hukl-bakt,   HUCK- 
SHOULDERED.  h-.uv-shal'derd,  adj.  hav- 
'ng  the  back  or  shovdders  round  like  a 
■■'.ricb. 
!M'CKLF^BONE,  huk'l-bon,  ».  the  7^^p^)0)le. 
I  i  CCKSTF.R.  hnkVter.  n.  a  retailer  of  small 


wares,  a  hawker  or  peddler  :  a  mean, 

trickish  fellow:— /e?ft.  Huck'stress. — v.i. 
to  deal  in  small  ai-ticles.  [Orig.  and 
properly  a  fem.  form  of  an  O.  Low  Ger. 
root,  of  which  hawker  is  the  masculine. 
This  root  is  found  in  Dut.  heuker,  a  re- 
tailer, from  O.  Dut. /i»c/v(??!,  to  stoop  or 
bow,  and  conn,  with  Ice.  huka,  to  sit  on 
one's  hams  (wlience  E.  HuG) ;  Ger.  hneke, 
the  bent  back.  See  Hawker,  Hook, 
HucKLE.] 

HUDDLE,  hud'l,  v.i.  to  put  up  things  con- 
fusedly :  to  hurry  in  disorder  :  to  crowd. 
— v.t.  to  throw  or  crowd  together  in  con- 
fusion :  to  put  on  hastily. — n.  a  crowd  : 
tumult  :  confusion.  [M.E.  hodren  ;  perh. 
conn,  with  root  of  Hide,  to  conceal,  and 
so  orig.  meaning  to  crowd  together  for 
concealment  or  shelter.] 

HUDIBRASTIC,  hu-di-bras'tik,  aclj.  simi- 
lar in  stj'le  to  Hudibran,  a  satire  by  But- 
ler, 1613-80 ;  doggerel. 

HUE,  hu,  n.  appearance :  color :  tint  : 
dye. — adj.  Hue'less.  [A.S.  hiir,  lieow; 
Groth.  hiwi,  Swed.  hy,  appearance,  com- 
plexion.] 

HLTE.  hu,  n.  a  shouting. — Hue  axd  cry, 
the  old  practice  of  pursuing  felons  with 
loud  hooting  and  crying.  [Fr.  hiier,  of 
imitative  origin  ;  cf.  W.  hwa,  to  hoot.] 

HUFF,  huf,  n.  sudden  anger  or  arrogance  : 
a  fit  of  disappointment  or  anger  :  .-i  boast- 
er.— v.t.  to  swell :  to  bully  :  to  remove  a 
"  man"  from  the  board  for  not  capturing 
pieces  open  to  him.  as  in  draug-hts. — v.i. 
to  swell  :  to  bluster.  [An  imitative  word, 
the  idea  of  "  puffing  "  or  "  blowing"  being 
present-in  it.] 

HUFFISH,  huf'ish,  adj.  given  to  hnff:  in- 
solent :  arrogant. — adv.  Huff'ishly. — n. 

HlFFISHNESS.] 

HUFFY',  huf'i,  adj.  given  to  huff:  puffed 
up:  petulant. — n.  HlJFrn\'ESS. 

HUG,  hug,  v.t.  to  embrace  closely  and 
fondly:  to  congratulate  (one's  self): 
(naitt.)  to  keep  close  to. — v.i.  to  crowd  to- 
gether : — pr.ji.  hugg'ing  ;  pa.p.  hugged'. 
— n.  a  close  and  fond  embrace :  a  partic- 
ular grip  in  wi-estling.  [Scand.,  orig.  to 
squat  or  cower  together,  as  in  Ice.  huka, 
to  sit  on  one's  haras.    See  Huckster.} 

HUGE,  hfij,  adj.  (comp.  Huq'er  ;  superl. 
Hug'est)  having  gi-eat  dimensions,  es- 
pecially height ;  enormous  :  monstrous  : 
(B.)  large  in  number. — adv.  Hcge'LT. — 
n.  Huge'xess.  [M.E.  hnije;  formed  by 
dropping  a  (supposed  article)  from  O.Fr. 
ahuge,  the  root  of  which  may  prob.  be 
found  in  Dut.  hoog,  Ger.  /ioe/(,  E.  High.] 

HUGGER-ilUGGER,  hug'er-mug'er,  n. 
secrecy :  confusion.  [Perh.  a  rhjining 
extension  of  Huo.] 

HUGUENOT,  hu'ge-not  or  -no,  n.  the  name 
formerly  given  in  Fiiince  to  an  adherent 
of  the  Reformation.  [15  false  etymologies 
have  been  given  of  this  name,  which  most 
authorities  now  reg'ard  as  a  dim.  of  Fr. 
Hugues,  Hugh,  the  name  of  some  one  of 
the  Fi'ench  Calvinists,  and  afterwards 
applied  as  a  nickname  to  them  all.] 

HULK,  hulk,  n.  the  body  of  a  ship:  an 
old  ship  unfit  for  service :  an\'thing  un- 
wieldy— often  confounded  in  meaning 
with  iSuLL,  the  body  of  a  ship  :— ^j/.  The 
Huixs,  old  ships  used  as  prisons.  [Orig. 
a  large  merchant-ship,  from  Low  L, 
hulka—.GT.  holkas,  a  ship  which  is  towed 
— helko,  to  draw.] 

HULL,  hul,  n.  the  husk  or  outer  covering 
of  anj-thing. — v.t.  to  strip  off  the  hull : 
to  husk.  [A.S.  Mdu,  a  husk,  as  of  corn 
— helan.  to  cover;  G*r.  hiille,  a  covering, 
hehlen.  to  cover.] 

HULL,  hul,  n.  the  frame  or  body  of  a  ship. 
— v.t.  to  pierce  the  hull  (as  with  a  can- 
non-ball).— v.i.  to  float  or  drive  on  the 
water,  as  a  mere  hull.     [Same  word  as 


above,  perh.  modified  in  meaning  by 
confusion  with  Dut.  hoi,  a  ship's  hold,  or 
with  Hulk.] 

HULLY,  hul'i,  adj.  ha\'ing  husks  or  pods. 

HUM,  hum,  v.i.  to  make  a  buzzing  sound 
like  bees  :  to  utter  a  low  droning  sound  : 
to  supply  an  interval  ixi  speaking  by  an 
audible  sound. — v.t.  to  sing  in  a  low  tone: 
—pr.p.  humm'iug;  pa.j).  hummed'.— ii. 
the  noise  of  bees  and  some  other  insects; 
any  low,  duU  noise. — int.  a  sound  with  a 
pause  implying  doubt.  (An  imitative 
word;  cf.  6eT.  hummen,  numsen;  Dut. 
hommelen.] 

irUMAN,  hii'man,  adj.  belonging  or  per- 
taining to  man  or  mankind  :  having  the 
qualities  of  a  man. — adv.  Hu'mani,y. 
[Fr. — L.  humanus — homo,  a  human  be- 
ing:-] 

HUMANE,  hu-nian',  adj.  having  the  feel 
ings    proper    to    man :    kind :     tender : 
merciful. — adv.  Huiiane'ly. 

HUMANIST,  hu'nian-ist,  n.  a  student  of 
polite  literature :  at  the  Renascence,  a 
student  of  Greek  and  Roman  literature  : 
a  student  of  human  nature.  [L.  [literce] 
humaniori'n,  polite  (literature).] 

HUMANITARIAN,  hu-man-i-ta'ri-an,  n. 
one  who  has  a  great  regard  or  love  for 
humanity ;  a  philanthropist  :  one  who 
denies  the  divinity  of  Christ,  and  beheves 
him  to  have  been  a  mere  man  :  a  disciple 
of  St.  Simon,  from  his  maintaining  the 
perfectabilitj'  of  human  nature  without 
the  aid  of  grace  :  one  who  adopts  the 
doctrine  or  theory  that  man's  sphere  of 
duty  is  limited  to  a  benevolent  interest 
in,  and  practical  promotion  of  the  welfare 
of  the  human  race,  apart  from  aJl  con- 
siderations of  religion. 

HUilANITARIAN,  hu-man-i-ta'ri-an,  adj. 
pertaining  to  humanitarians  or  humani- 
tarianism. 

HIIMANITARLiNISM,  hu-man-i-ta'ri-an- 
izm,  n.  humanity ;  philanthropy :  the 
doctrine  that  Jesus  Christ  was  possessed 
of  a  human  nature  only  :  the  doctrine  of 
St.  Simon  and  his  disciples  that  mankind 
may  become  perfect  without  divine  .'lid  : 
the  doctrine  that  benevolence  or  philan- 
thropy forms  the  sum  of  man's  dutios. 
to  the  exclusion  of  his  duties  to  the  Su- 
preme Being. 

HUMANITY,  hil-man'it-i,  n.  the  nature 
peculiar  to  a  human  being:  the  kind 
'eeUngs  of  man  :  benevolence :  tender- 
ness: mankind  collectively: — pi.  Hujian'- 
Ities,  in  Scotland,  grammar,  rhetoric, 
Latin,  Greek,  and  poetry,  so  called  from 
their  humanizing  eSects:  the  preparatory 
course  in  Cathohc  ecclesiastical  semi- 
naries and  some  other  institutions  of 
learning. — PROFESSOR  OF  Huiuaxity,  in 
Scotch  universities,  the  Professor  of 
Latin.     [Fr. — L.  humanitas — humanus.} 

HUMANIZE,  bu'man-iz,  v.t.  to  render  hu- 
man or  humane:  to  soften. — v.i.  to  be- 
come humane  or  civihzed. 

HUMANKIND,  hu'mau-kind,  n.  the  human 
species. 

HUMANNESS,  hu'maa-nes,  n.  the  state  ot 
quality  of  being  human  :  humanity,  E 
B.  Browning. 

HU^IBLE,  hum'bl,  um'bl,  adj.  low:  meek 
modest.— (■.?.  to  bring  down  to  the  ground, 
to  lower  :  to  mortijfy  :  to  degrade.  —  n. 
Hum'bleness. — adv.'Sun'BLY.  [Lit.  ••on 
the  ground.''  from  Fr. — L.  hu7nilis,  low 
— humus,  the  s-round.1 

HUMBLE-BEE,"  hum'bl-be,  n.  the  hum- 
ming-bee :  a  genus  of  social  bees  which 
construct  their  hives  under  ground. 
[Hum-b-le  is  a  freq.  of  Hum.] 

HUMBUG,  hum'bug,  n.  an  imposition  un- 
der fair  pretences  :  one  who  so  imposes. 
■v.t.  to  deceive  :  to  hoax  :^>r.jD.  hum'- 

[Orig.   a 


HUMDRUil 


HUSSAR 


false  alarm,  a  bug-bear,  from  Hum  and 
Bug.  a  frightful  objeft.  Approbation  iu 
publio  places  was  formerly  expressed  by 
humming,  which  iu  slang- E.  came  to  be 
conn,  with  anything-  flattering,  deceiv- 
insr.  false.] 

UUMDRUM,  hum'drum,  adj.  dull:  dron- 
ing- :  monotonous. — n.  a  stupid  fellow. 
[Compound  of  Hum  and  Dru:.j.] 

HUMECTANT,  hu-mek'tant.  wlj.  pertain- 
ing to  remedies  supposed  to  increase  the 
fluidity  of  the  blood.  [L.  humectans — 
hnmeo.  to  be  moist.] 

HUMECTIVE,  hu-mek'tiv,  adj.  having  the 
power  to  moisten. 

HUJIERAX/,  hu'mer-al,  adj.  belonging  to 
the  shoulder.  [Fr. — L.  humerus,  tlie 
shou'derj 

£IU?,IERUS.  hu'mer-us,  n.  the  arm  from 
the  shoulder  to  the  elbow  :  the  boue  of 
the  uppei-  arm.     [L.  "  the  shoulder."] 

■IHJilHTJM,  hum'hum,  n.  a  kir.d  of  plain, 
coarse  cotton  cloth  used  in  E.  Indies.    [:] 

HUillC,  hu'mik,  adj.  denoting  an  acid 
formed  by  the  action  of  alkalies  on  ha- 
ul I'x. 

HUMID,  hu'mid,  adj.,  moist:  damp: 
rather  wet. — n.  Hu'MID^^:ss.  [L.  humid- 
us — humeo,  to  be  moist.] 

HUMIDITY,  hu-mid'i-ti,  n.  moisture:  a 
moderate  ileg-ree  of  wetness. 

HUMILIATE,  hu-mil'i-at,  v.t.  to  make 
htunhle  :  to  depress  :  to  lower  in  condi- 
tion.    [L.  hximilio,  -atum.'] 

HUMILIATION,  hu-mil-i-a'shun,  n.  the 
!xct  of  hwa  mating :  abasement:  mortiti- 
cation. 

HUJHLITY,  hu-mil'i-ti.  ?i. the  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being-  humble :  lowliness  of  mind  : 
modestv.     [Ft.  Jnimilite — L.  humilitas.] 

[TUMMING-BIRD,  hum'ing--berd,  n.  a 
tropical  bird,  of  brilliant  plumag-e  and 
rapid  flii;-l!t,  so  called  from  the  humming 
soimd  of  its  wing-s. 

rtUMilOCX.  hun/uk.    Same  as  Hommock. 

HUMORAL,  hil'mur-al,  adj.  pertainiag  to 
or  proceeding-  from  the  Jiuntors. 

HUMORAIJSM.  hu'mur-al-izm,  n.  the  state 
of  being  hmnoral :  the  doctrine  tliat  dis- 
eases have  their  seat  in  the  humors. — n. 
Hu'jIOEALIST,  one  who  favoi-s  the  doc- 
trine of  humoralism. 

HUMORIST,  hQ'mur-ist,  ii.  one  whose  con- 
duct and  conversation  are  regulated  by 
humor  or  caprice  :  one  who  studies  or 
portrays  the  humors  of  people. 

HUMORLESS,  hu'mur-les,  adj.  without 
hu7nor. 

HOMOROUS,  hti'mur-us,  adj.  govei'ned  by 
humor :  capricious  :  irregular :  full  ol 
humor  :  exciting-  lauglitor. — adv.  Hu'- 
MOUOl'SLY. — n.  Hu'ilOROUSNESS. 

HUMORSOilENESS,  hu'mur-siim-nes,  )?. 
the  state  or  ijuality  of  being-  humor- 
some  :  oapriL-iousness  :  petulance.  "  I 
never  blame  a  lady  tor  her  Iiumorsome- 
ness  so  much  as  ...  I  blame  her  mo- 
ther."— Rtc'iardsou. 

HUMOR,  hu'mur,  n.  the  moisture  or  fluids 
of  animal  bodies  :  an  animal  fluid  in  an 
unhealthy  state  :  state  of  mind  (because 
once  thought  to  depend  on  the  humors 
of  tlie  body)  :  disposition  :  caprice :  a 
mental  quality  which  delights  in  ludi- 
crous and  mirthful  ideas. — v.t.  to  go  in 
■svith  the  humor  of :  to  gratify  by  com- 
pliaace.  [O.  Fr.  humor  (Fr.  humeur) — L. 
liuninr— humeo,  to  be  moist.] 

HUMP,  hunsp,  ?(.  a  lump,  or  liunch  upon 
the  back.  [Prob.  a  form  of  Heap  ;  a 
Low  Ger.  word,  as  in  Dut.  homp  ;  cf.  Gr. 
kypho",  a  hump.  Sans,  kubja,  hump- 
backed ;  allied  to  HUNOH.] 

HUMPBACK,  hump'bak.  n.  a  back  with  a 
hump  or  hunch  :  a  person  with  a  hump- 
back. —  adj.  HtnUFBACKED,  ha-ving  a 
humpback. 


HUMPH,  huraf,  interj.  an  exclamation  ex- 
pressive of  disbelief,  doubt,  dissatisfac- 
tion, or  the  like :  sometimes  used  as  a 
verb  =  to  make  such  an  exclamation. 
"  Humphing  and  considering-  over  a  par- 
ticular paraifraph." — Miss  Austen. 

HUMUS,  huuVus,  HUMINE,  hum'in,  n.  a 
brow-n  or  black  powder  in  rich  soils, 
formed  by  tlje  action  of  air  on  animal  or 
vegetable  matter.  [Lit.  the  -'groimd, 
soil";  L.,  akin  to  Gr.  chamai,  on  the 
ground.] 

HUNCH,  hunsh,  7i.  a  hump,  esp.  on  the 
hack  :  a  lump.  —  Hunch'back,  n.  one 
with  a  hnncli,  or  hump  on  his  back. — 
IIuncu'backed,  adj.  having  a  humpback. 
[The  nasalized  form  of  HoOK ;  cog.  with 
Ger.  hucke,  the  bent  back  ;  cf.  Scot,  to 
hunker  down,  to  sit  on  one's  heels  with 
the  knees  bent  up  towards  the  chin.] 

HUNDRED,  Imn'dred,  n.  the  number  of 
ton  times  ten  :  a  division  of  a  county 
in  England,  orig.  supposed  to  contain  a 
hundred  families.  [A.S.  hundred  —  old 
form  hund,  a  hundred,  with  the  super- 
fluous addition  of  red  or  reed  (E.  rate),  a 
reckoning  ;  cogs,  of  A.S.  hund  are  O. 
Oer.  hunt,  Gotii.  hund,  W.  cant,  Gael. 
ciad,  Lat.  cent-um,  Gr.  he-hat-on,  Sans. 
(;ata,  a  hundred.] 

HUNDREDFOLD,  hun'dred-fold,  adj., 
folded  a  hundred  times,  multiplied  by  a 
hundred. 

HUNDREDTH,  hun'dredWi,  adj.  cominj? 
last  or  forming  one  of  a  hundrea. — n. 
one  of  a  hundred. 

HUNDREDWEIGHT,  hun'dred-wat,  n.  a 
iveight  tlie  twentietli  part  of  a  ton.  or 
113  pounds  avoirdupois  ;  orig.  a  hundred 
lbs.,  abbre-viated  owt.  (c.  standing  for  L. 
centum,  wt.  for  weight). 

HUNG.  pa.t.  and  pa.j).  of  Hang. 

HUNGER,  hung'g-er,  n.  desire  for  food  : 
strong  desire  for  anything-. — i\i.  to  crave 
food  :  to  long  for.  [A.S.  hunger  (n.), 
hyngran  (v.) ;  corresponding  words  are 
found  in  all  t!ie  Teut.  lang-uag-es.] 

HUNGER-BITTEN,  hung'ger-bit'n,  adj. 
bitten,  pained,  or  weakened  by  hung-er. 

HUNGRY,  hung'g-ri,  adj.  having  eag^er  de- 
sire :  greedj' :  lean  :  poor. — adv.  fluNo'- 
RILY. 

HUNKS,  hungks,  n.sing.  a  covetous  man  : 
,a  nuser. 

HUNT,  hunt,  v.t.  to  chase  wild  animals 
for  prey  or  sport  :  to  search  for  :  to  pur- 
sue.— v.i.  to  go  out  in  pursuit  of  game  : 
to  search. — n.  a  chase  of  wild  animals  : 
search  :  an  associatioii  of  huntsmen. — 
Huxr  DOivN,  to  destroy  by  persecution 
or  violence. — Huxr  out,  up,  .UfTEU,  to 
seaith  for,  seek.  [A.S.  huntiun ;  A.S. 
hentun,  to  seize,  G-oth.  hinthan;  fl-om 
the  same  root  is  E.  Iiand.] 

HUNTER,  hunt'er,  n.  one  -nho  hunts  :  a 
horse  used   iu   the  chase  : — fern.  HuNT'- 

RESS. 

HUNTING-BOX,  hunt'ing-boks,  HUNT- 
ING-SEAT, hunt'ing-set,  n.  a  temporary 
residence  for  hunting. 

HUNTSMAN. hunts'man.ii.  one  who  hunts: 
a  servant  who  manages  the  liouuds  dur- 
ing the  chase. 

HUNTSMxVNSHIP,  liunts'man-ship,  n.  the 
qualifications  of  a  huntsman. 

HIJRDLE,  hur'dl,  n.  a  frame  of  twigs  or 
sticks  interlaced:  (agri.)  a  movable  frame 
of  timber  or  iron  for  gates,  etc. — v.t.  to 
inclose  with  hurdles.  [iV.S.  hyrdcl :  Ger. 
hiirde,  Goth,  haurds,  a  wicker-gate,  L. 
crater.    See  Cradle  and  Crate.  1 

HURDY-GURDY,  hur'di-gur'di,  n.  a  music- 
al stringed  instrument,  like  a  rude  violin, 
the  notes  of  which  are  produced  by  the 
friction  of  a  wheel.  [Pi-ob.  a  rhyming 
imitation  of  its  sound.] 

HURL,  bin-!,  v.!  r-i  ■mVc  a  noise  by  thro-w- 


ing:  to  move  rapidly:  to  whirl.— r.f.  to 
throw  with  violence  :  to  utter  with  vehe- 
mence.— n.  act  of  hurling,  tumult,  con- 
fusion.—?i.  Hurl'er.  [Contr.  of  Hltstle, 
wliich  see.] 

HURLY-BURLY,  hur'li-bur'U,  n.  tumult  : 
confusion.  [Hurly  is  from  O.  Fr.  hurler, 
to  yell,  orig.  huller,  whence  E.  Howl. 
Burly  is  simply  a  rhyming  addition.] 

HURRAH,  HURRA,  lioor-ra',  int.  an  ex- 
clamation of  excitement  or  joy. — n.  and 
v.i.     [Dan.  and  Swed.  hurra.} 

HURRICANE,  hur'ri-kan,  n.  a  storm  with 
extreme  violence  and  sudden  changes  of 
the  wind,  common  in  the  E.  and  AV. 
Indies.  [Sp.  huracan ;  from  an  Ameri- 
can-Indian word,  prob.  imitative  of  th.e 
rushing  of  the  -wind.] 

HURRY,  hur'i,  v.t.  to  urge  forward  :  to 
hasten. — v.i.  to  move  or  act  with  haste  -, 
— pa.j).  hurr'ied. — n.  a  driving  forv^ard  ; 
haste  :  tumult.— od;-.  Hurr'yixglt.  [An 
imitative  word,  to  which  correspond  O. 
Swed.  hurra,  to  whirl  round,  and  other 
Scand.  forms.] 

HUKRY-SKURRY.  hur'i-skur'i,  n.  confu- 
sion and  bustle.  [Hurry,  with  the  rhym- 
ing- addition  skurry.] 

HURT,  hurt,  v.t.  to  cause  bodily  pain  to  ; 
to  damage  :  to  wound,  as  the  feelings  : 
— pa.t.  andpa.p.  hurt. — n.  a  wound  :  in- 
jui-y.  [Lit.  to  b2itt  or  thrust  like  a  ram, 
O.  Fr.  hnrter  (Fr.  heurter),  to  knock,  to 
run  ag-ainst ;  prob.  from  the  Celtic,  as  in 
W.  hu-rdd,  a  thrust,  the  bvitt  of  a  ram, 
Corn,  hordh,  a  ram.] 

HURTFUL,  hurt'fool,  adj.  causing  hurt  or 
loss  :  mischievous. — adv.  Huet'fully. — 
n.  Huet'fulness. 

HURTLE,  hurt'l,  v.t.  to  dash  against :  to 
move  violently :  to  clash :  to  rattle. 
[Freq.  of  Hurt  in  its  original  Kense.] 

HURTLESS,  hurt'les,  adj.  without  hurt  or 
injury,   harmless. — adv.  Hurt'lessly.— 

n.  HURT'LESSNESS. 

HUSBAND,  huz'band,  n.  a  married  man  : 
(B.)  a  man  to  whom  a  woman  is  betrothed : 
one  who  manages  affairs  with  pi-udence: 
(naut.)  the  owner  of  a  ship  -who  manages 
its  concerns  in  person. — v.t.  to  supply 
with  a  husband  :  to  manage  with  econ- 
omy. [M.  E.  husbonde  —  A.S.  husbonda. 
Ice.  husbondi  —  hits,  a  house,  and  Ice. 
bondi,  for  buandi,  inhabiting,  pr.p.  of 
Ice.  bua,  to  dwell,  akiu  to  Ger.  baiien,  to 
till.     See  Bondage.] 

HUSBANDMAN,  huz'band-man,  n.  a  work- 
ing farmer  :  one  who  labors  in  tillage. 

HUSBANDRY,  hyz'band-ri,  ?t.  tlie  business 
of  a  farmer:  tillage:  economical  manage- 
ment: thrift. 

HUSH,  hush.  int.  or  imp.  silence  !  be  still  I 
— adj.  silent  :  quiet. — v.t.  to  r.:nke  quiet. 
[Imitative.     Cf.  HiST  and  WmST.l 

HUSH-MONEY,  hush'-mun'i,  n.,  money 
given  as  a  bribe  to  Iiush  or  make  one 
keep  silent. 

HUSK,  husk,  n.  the  dry,  thin  covering  of 
certain  fruits  and  seeds. — v.t.  to  remove 
the  husks  from.  [Hidsk  with  the  I 
dropped,  from  51. E.  hulen  (with  suffix 
-sk) —  helan,  to  covei-:  <-f.  Ger.  hiilse.  Dut. 
hidse,  etc.,  in  all  of  w  liich  the  I  has  been 
retained.] 

HUSKED,  huskt',  adj.  covered  with  a  husk: 
stri|ipe(l  of  husks. 

HUSKING,  husk'ing.  n.  the  stripping  ot 
husks:  specifically  tlie  detaching  of  ears 
of  Indian  corn  or  maize  from  the  stalk 
and  taking  off  the  husks. 

HUSKY,  husk'i,  adj.  hoarse,  as  the  voice: 
rough  in  sound.  —  adv.  Husk'ily.  —  n. 
Husk'iness.  [A  corr.  of  husfy,  from  M.E. 
host  (Scot,  host,  a  cough) — A.S.  liwosta, 
a  cough  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  hustev.] 

HUSS.4.R,  hooz-zar',  n.  (orig.)  a  soldier  of 
the  national  cavalry  of  Hungary:  a  light- 


HUSSIF 


','28 


HYMEN 


armed  cavalry  soldier.  [Hun.  huszar — 
h^isz.  twenty,  because  at  one  time  in 
Hungary  one  cavalry  soldier  used  to  be 
levied  from  every  twenty  families.] 

HUSSIF,  huz'if,  n.  a  case  for  needles, 
thread,  etc.,  used  in  sewing.  [Ice.  husi, 
a  case — hits,  a  house.  The  -/  was  added 
through  confusion  with  Housewife.] 

HUSSY,  luiz'i,  n.  a  pert  girl  :  a  worthless 
female.     [Contr.  of  Housewife.] 

HUSTINGS,  hus'tingz,  n.sing.  the  princi- 
pal court  of  the  City  of  Loudon  :  (form- 
erly) the  booths  where  the  votes  were 
taken  at  an  election  of  a  M.P.,  or  the 
platform  from  which  the  candidates 
gave  their  addresses.  [A.S.  hunting,  a 
council,  but  a  Scand.  word,  and  used  in 
speaking  of  the  Danes — Ice.  hiisthing— 
hus,  a  house,  and  thing,  an  assembly  ; 
cogs.  E.  House  and  TniNa.] 

HUSTLE,  hus'l,  v.t.  to  shake  or  push  to- 

g ether  :  to  crowd  with  violence.  [O. 
lut.  hutsen,  hutselen.  to  shake  to  and 
fro.    See  Hotchpotch.] 

HUSTLE,  hus'l.  i:i.  to  push  or  crowd  :  to 
move  about  in  a  confused  crowd :  to 
move  with  difficulty  and  attempted 
haste  :  to  shamble  hurriedly:  in  U.S.  to 
actively  move  about,  in  a  good  sense. 
"  Every  theatre  had  its  footmen's  gal- 
lery; an  army  of  the  liveried  race  hustled 
round  every  chapel-door." — Thackeray. 
"Leaving  the  king,  who  had  hustled 
along  the  floor  with  his  dress  wofuUy 
ill-arrayed."— Si>  TF.  Scott. 

HUT,  hut,  n.  a  small  or  mean  house : 
(mil.)  a  small  temporary  dwelling. — v.t. 
(mil.)  to  place  in  huts,  as  quarters  : — 
pr.p.  hutt'ing  :  pa.p.  hutt'ed.  [Fr.  hutte 
— O.  Ger.  hutta  (Ger.  hiitte).] 

HUTCH,  huch,  n.  a  bo.v,  a  chest:  a  coop 
for  rabbits.  [Fr.  huche,  a  chest ;  from 
Low  L.  hutica,  a  box.] 

HUZZA,  hooz-zii',  int.  and  n.  hurrah  !  a 
shout  of  joy  or  approbation. — v.t.  to  at- 
tend with  shouts  of  joy. — v.i.  to  utter 
shouts  of  joy  or  acclamation  : — pr.p. 
huzza'ing ;  pa.p.  huzzaed  (-zad').  [Ger. 
hussa  :  the  same  as  Hurrah.] 

HYACINTH,  hl'a-sinth.  n.  (myth.)  a  flower 
which  sprang  from  the  blood  of  Hyakin- 
thos  [Gr.],  a  youth  killed  by  Apollo  with 
a  quoit  :  a  bulbous-rooted  flower  of  a 
great  variety  of  colors  :  a  precious  stone, 
the  jaciHth.     [Doublet,  Jacinth.] 

HYACINTHINE,  hi-a-sinth'in,  adj.  con- 
sisting of  or  resembling /(.yacidf/i  ;  curling 
like  the  hyacinth. 

HYADES,  hi'a-dez,  HYADS.  hl'adz,  n.  a 
cluster  of  five  stars  in  the  constellation 
of  the  Bull,  supposed  by  the  ancients  to 
bring  rain  when  they  rose  with  the  sun. 
[Gr.  hyades — hyein,  to  rain.] 

HY.ENA.     See  Hyena. 

HYALINE,  hi'a-lin,af/j.,  glasxy:  consisting 
of  or  like  glass.  [Gr.  hyalinos—hyalos, 
glass,  probably  an  Egyptian  word  mean- 
ing-a  transparent  stone.] 

HYBERNATE,  etc.   See  Hibernate,  etc. 

HYBRID,  hi'brid,  n.  an  animal  or  plant 
produced  from  two  different  species  :  a 
mongrel  :  a  mule  :  a  word  formed  of  ele- 
ments from  different  languages.  [Lit. 
something  unnatural,  from  L:  hibrida, 
a  mongrel,  perh.  from  Gr.  hybris,  hy- 
bridos.  outrage,  insult.] 

HYBRID,  hi'brid.  HYBRIDOUS,  hib'rid-us, 
adj.  produced  from  different  species  : 
mongrel. 

HYBRIDISM,  hi'brid-izm,  HYBRIDITY, 
hib-rid'i-ti.  n.  state  of  being  hybrid. 

HYCSOS.  hik'sos.  See  Shepherd  Kings 
under  Shepherd. 

HYDATID,  hid'a-tid,  n.  a  watery  cyst  or 
vesicle  sometimes  found  in  animal  bodies. 
[Gr.  hydatis,  a  watery  vesicle — hydor, 
hydaios,  water.] 


HYDRA,  hl'dra,  7i.  (mijth.)  a  !ra<er-serpent 
with  many  heads,  which  when  cut  off 
were  succeeded  by  others  :  any  manifold 
evil :  a  genus  of  frosh-water  polypes  re- 
markable for  their  power  of  being  mul- 
tiplied by  being  cut  or  divided.  [L. — Gr. 
h'/dra — hydor,  water,  akin  to  Sans,  ud- 
ras.  an  otter,  also  to  E.  Otter.] 

HYDREMIA,  hl-dre'mi-a.  u.  a  state  of  the 
blood  in  which  the  watery  constituents 
are  in  excess :  anajmia.  [Gr.  hydor, 
water,  and  haima.  blood.] 

HYDRANGEA,  hT-dran'je-a.  n.  a  genus  of 
shrubby  plants  with  large  heads  of  showy 
flowers,  natives  of  China  and  Japan. 
[Lit.  the  "  water-vessel"  :  so  called  from 
the  ci(^:)-shaped  seed-vessel.  Coined  from 
Gr.  hydor.  water,  and  anggeion,  vessel.] 

HYDRANT,  hi'drant.  n.  a  machine  for  dis- 
charging water  :  a  water-plug.  [Gr.  hy- 
dor. w,ater.] 

HYDRA-TUBA,  hi'dra-tu-ba.  v.  in  zool.  a 
locomotive,  ciliated,  trumpet  -  shaped 
body  arising  from  the  ovum  of  several 
groups  of  Hydrozoa.  It  develops  a  mouth 
and  tentacles  at  the  expanded  extremity, 
and  nuiltiplies  itself  by  gemmation,  the 
liberated  segments  developing  into  med- 
usoids  of  considerable  size. 

HYDRAULIC,  hl-drawl'ik.  HYDRAUL- 
ICAL,  hi-drawl'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to  hy- 
draulics :  conveying  water :  worked  by 
water.  —  adv.  "Hydraul'ically.  [Lit. 
"  belonging  to  a  water-organ  "  or  water- 
pipe,  from  Gr.  hydor,  water,  aulas,  a 
pipe.] 

HYDRAULICS,  hl-drawl'iks,  n.pl  used  as 
sing,  the  science  of  hydrodynamics  in  its 
practical  application  to  uafer-pipes,  etc. 

HYDROCEPHALUS,  M-dro-sef'a-lus,  «., 
water  in  the  head  :  dropsy  of  the  brain. 
[Gr.  hi/dor.  water,   kephale,  the  head.] 

HYDRODYNAMICS,  hi  -  dro  -  di  -  nam'iks, 
n.pl.  used  as  sing,  the  science  that  treats 
of  the  motions  and  equilibrium  of  a  ma- 
terial system  partly  or  wholl.v  fluid, 
called  Hydrost  atics  when  the  sj'stem  is 
in  equilibrium,  Hydrokinetics  when  it  is 
not. — adjs.  Hydrodynam'ic,  Hydrodi- 
nam'ical.  [Gr.  hydor,  water,  and  Dy- 
namics.] 

HYDROGEN,  hi'dro-jen,  n.  a  gas  which  in 
combination  with  oxj'gen  jtroduces  u-ater, 
an  elementary  gaseous  substance,  the 
lightest  of  all  known  substances,  and 
very  inflammable.  [A  word  coined  by 
Cavendish  (1766)  from  Gr.  hydor.  water, 
and  qen-nao,  to  produce.] 

HYDROGENOUS,  lu-droj'e-nus,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  containing  hydrogen  : 
formed  or  produced  by  water :  specifi- 
cally, in  geol.  a  term  applied  to  rocks 
formed  by  the  action  of  water,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  pyi'ogenous  rocks,  those 
formed  bv  the  action  of  fire. 

HYDROGRAPHER,  hi-drog'ra-fer.  n.  a 
deseriber  of  wafers  or  seas :  a  maker  of 
sea-charts. 

HYDROGRAPHY,  hi-drog'ra-fi,  n.  the  art 
of  measuring  and  describing  the  size  and 
position  of  waters  or  seas :  the  art  of 
making  sea-charts. — adjs.  Hydrograph'- 
ic,  Hydrograph'ical.  —  odr.  Hydeo- 
graph'ically.  [Gr.  7i?/dor,  water,  grapho, 
to  write.] 

HYDROKINETICS,  hi-dro-ki-net'iks,  n.pl. 
used  as  siijg.  a  branch  of  Hydrody- 
namics, which  see.  [Gr.  hydor,  water, 
and  see  Kinetics.] 

HYDROLOGY,  hl-drol'o-ii,  n.  the  science 
which  treats  of  ivater.  [Gr.  hydor,  water, 
logos,  a  discourse.] 

HYDROMANIA.hl-dro-ma'ni-a,  n.  a  species 
of  melancholia  or  mental  disease  under 
the  influence  of  which  the  sufferers  are 
led  to  commit  suicide  by  drowning.  It 
frequently  accompanies  the  last  stages 


of  the  skin  disease  called  Pellagra  (which 
see).  [Gr.  hydor.  water,  and  mania, 
madness.] 
HYDROMETER,  hi-drom'et-er,  n.  an  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  specific  grav- 
ity of  liquids,  also  the  strerjith  of  spirit- 
uous liquors.— orf/s.  HYDROiiET'Eic,  Hy- 

DROMET'RICAL.— ».    HYDEOilETEY.       [Gr 
hydor.  iivtron.  a  measure.] 

HYDROPATHIST.  la-drop'a-thist,  n.  one 
who  practices  hydropathy. 

HYDROPATHY,  hi-drop'a-tbi.  )/.  the  treat- 
ment of  disease  by  cold  voter. — adjs. 
Hydropath'ic,  Hydeopath'ical.  —  adv. 
Hydropath'ically.  [Gr.  hydur,  water, 
and  pathos,  suffering,  iiompuscho,patlt- 
ein,  to  suffer.] 

HYDROPHOBIA,  hl-dro-fo'bi-a.  n.  an  un- 
natural dread  of  irafer,  a  symptom  of  a 
disease  resulting  from  the  bite  of  a  mad 
animal,  hence  the  disease  itself. — adj. 
Hydrophob'ic.  [Gr.  hydor,  water,  and 
phobos,  fear.] 

HYDROPSY,  hi'diop-si,  n.  same  as  Dropsy. 

HYDROSTATICS,  hi-dro-stat'iks.  n.pl. 
used  as  sing,  a  branch  of  Hydrodynam- 
ics, which  see.  —  adjs.  Hydrostat'ic, 
Hydrostat'ical.  —  adv.  Hydrostat'ic- 
ally.     [Gr.  liydor,  water,  and  Statics.] 

HYDROZOAL.  hi-dro-zo'al.  adj.  pertain- 
ing, relating  to.  or  resembling  a  hydro- 
zoon  or  the  Hvdrozoa.     H.  Al^yicholson. 

HYDROZOON.  hT-dro-zo'on,  n.  (pi.  Hy- 
drozoa. hi-dro-zo'a),  in  zool.  one  of  a 
class  of  radiatrd  animals,  forming,  with 
the  Actinozoa.  the  sub-kingdom  Coelen- 
terata.  The  Hydrozoa  are  divided  into 
four  sub-classes  —  Hj-droida.  Siphono- 
phora,  Discophora,  and  Lucernai'ida. 
The  genus  Hydra  may  be  taken  as  the 
tj'pe.  [Gr.  hydra,  a  water-serpent,  and 
zoon.  a  ii\ing  creature.     See  Hydra.] 

HYEMAL,  hl-e'nial.  adj.  belonging  to  rrin- 
ter  :  done  dining  winter.  [L.  hiemali^ — 
hiems,  winter.     See  Hibernal.] 

HYENA,  HY^NA,  hl-en'a,  n.  a  bristly- 
maned  quadruped  of  the  dog  kind,  so 
named  from  its  likeness  to  the  soir.  [L. 
— Gr.  hyania  (lit.)  "sow-like" — hys.  a 
sow.] 

HYETOLOGY,  lil-e-tol'o-ji,  n.  that  branch 
of  meteorology  which  treats  of  all  the 
phenomena  connected  with  rain.  [Gr. 
hyefos,  rain,  and  logos,  a  discourse.] 

HYGEIAN,  hl-je'an.  adj.  relating  to  health 
and  its  preservation.  [Gr.  hygieia,  health, 
the  goddess  of  health,  hygies.  healthy — 
root  hyg.  Sans.  ug.  L.  reg.  r?gr.] 

HYGIENE,  hi'ji-en.  HYGIENICS,  hl-ji-en'- 
iks.  HYGIENISJI.  hi'-ji-en-izm.  n.  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  preservation 
of  health. — adj.  Hygien'ic.     [Fi\] 

HYGIENIST,  hi'ji-en-ist,  n.  one  skilled  in 
hygiene. 

HYGROMETER,  hi-gi'om'et-er.  n.  an  in- 
strument for  vjcasnring  the  moisture  in 
the  atmosphere.  [Gr.  hygros,  wet,  met- 
roii.  a  measure.] 

HYGROMETRY.  hl-grom'et-ri.  n.  the  art 
-  of  measuring  the  moisture  in  the  atmos- 
phere,  and   of  bodies  generally.  —  adjs. 
Hygromet'ric.  Hygeomet'eic.\"l. 

HYGROSCOPE.  hi'groskop.  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  showing  the  moisture  in  the  at- 
mosphere.— adj.  Hygroscop'ic.  [Gr.  A?/ 
gros.  skopeo.  to  \iew.] 

HYK-SHOS.  hik'-shos.  HYKSOS.  hik'sos. 
n.  see  Shepherd  King.'!  under  Shepherd. 

HYLOGENESIS,  hl-lo-jen'e-sis.  HYLOG- 
ENY,  hi-loj'e-ni.  /(.  the  origin  of  matter. 
[Gr.  hi/le.  matter,  and  ge^iesis.  birth.] 

HYLOLOGY.  hi-lol'o-ji.'?K  the  doctrine  or 
theory  of  matter  as  unorganized.  Krauth. 
[Gr.  iiyle.  matter,  and  logos,  a  discourse.] 

HYMEN,  hi'men.  n.  (nii/th. }the  god  of  mar' 
riage  :  marriage. — a^js.  Hymene'al,  Hy* 


HYMN 


229 


IBIS 


MENEA^'.  [L.,  Gr.  hyinen,  perh.  conn, 
with  Gr.  hymiios,  a  festive  .song,  a  hymn.] 

HYMN,  him,  n.  a  song  of  praise.— t-.f.  to 
celebrate  in  song  :  to  worship  bj'  hymns. 
— v.i.  to  sing  in  praise  or  adoration.  [L. 
hi/m)iii.^ — Gr.  hymnos.] 

HYMNIC,  him'nik,  adj.  relating  to  hymns. 

IIYMNOLOGIST,  him-nol'o-jist,  n  one 
skilled  in  hymnology:  a  writer  of  hymns. 

HYMNOLOGY,  him-nol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
which  treats  of  hymns :  a  collection  of 
hymns.  [Gr.  hymnos,  a  hymn,  logos,  a 
discourse.! 

HYPAliLAGE,  hi-pal'a-je,  n.  an  iiiter- 
ehange  :  in  rhetoric,  a  figure  in  which 
the  relations  of  things  in  a  sentence  are 
mutually  interchanged,  but  without  ob- 
scuring the  sense,  as  he  covered  his  hat 
with  liis  head,  instead  of  he  covered  his 
head  with  his  hat.  [Fr. — L.,  Gr.,  from 
hypallasso,  to  interchange — hypo,  under, 
and  allasso.  to  change.] 

HYPERBATON,  hl-per'ba-ton,  n.  (rhet.)  a 
figure  by  which  words  are  transposed 
fi'om  their  natural  order.  [Gr.  a  "  trans- 
position," from  hyperbaino — hyper,  be- 
yond, and  baino,  to  go.] 

HYPERBOLA,  hi-per'bo-la,  n.  (geom.)  one 
of  the  conic  sections  or  curves  formed 
when  the  intersecting  plane  makes  a 
greater  angle  with  tlie  base  than  the 
side  of  the  cone  makes. — adjs.  Htpek- 
BOL'ic,  Hyperbol'ical.  —  adv.  Hyper- 
B0L'IC.U,LY.  [L.  (lit.)  a  "throwing  be- 
yond " — Gr.  hyperbole,  from  hyperballo — 
hyper,  bevond,  ballo,  to  throw.] 

HYPERBOLE,  hi-per'bo-le,  n.  a  rhetorical 
figure  which  produces  a  vivid  impression 
by  representing  things  as  much  greater 
or  less  than  they  i-eally  are  :  an  exag- 
geration. —  adjs.  Hyperbol'ic,  Hyper- 
bol'ical. —  adv.  Hyperbol'ic  ally.  [A 
doublet  of  the  above.] 

H  i'PERBOLIZE,  hl-per'bol-iz,  v.t.  to  repre- 
sent hyperbolically. — -v.i.  to  speak  hyper- 
bolically  or  with  exaggeration. — n.  Hy- 
per'bolisii. 

HYPERBOREAN,  hi-per-bo're-an,  adj.  be- 
longing to  the  extreme  north.  —  n.  an 
inhabitant  of  the  extreme  north.  [Gr. 
hypjerboreos — hyper,  beyond,  and  Boreas, 
the  north  wind.] 

HYPERCRITIC,  hl-per-krit'ik,  n.  one  who 
is  over-critical. — adjs.  Hypercrit'ic,  Hy- 
percrit'ical,  over-critical. — adv.  Hyper- 
crit'ically. — n.  Hypercrit'icism.  [Gr. 
hyper,  over,  and  CRITIC.] 

HYPERKINESIS,  hi-per-kl-ne'sis,  n.  ab- 
normal increase  of  muscular  movement: 
spasmodic  action  :  spasm.  [Gr.  hyper, 
over,  and  kinesis,  motion.] 

HYPERKINETIC,  lu-per-ld-net'ik,  adj.  re- 
lating to  or  characterized  by  hyperki- 
nesis. 

HYPERMETRICAL,  hl-per-met'rik-al,  adj. 
beyond  or  exceeding  the  ordinary  metre 
if  a  line  :  having  a  syllable  too  much. 
I  Jr.  hyper,  and  Metrical.] 

HYPERPHYSICAL,  hi-per-flz'ik-al.  adj. 
beyond  physical  laws  :  supernatural. 

HYPERSTHENE,  hi'per-sthgn.  HYPER- 
STENE.  hi'per-sten,  n.  a  mineral,  Labra- 
dor hornblende.  Its  color  is  between 
e-rayish  and  greenish  black,  but  nearly 
copper-red  on  the  cleavage.  It  is  usu- 
a.lly  foimd  foliated,  massive.  [Gr.  hyper, 
beyond,  and  sthenos,  strength  :  so  named 
from  its  difficult  frangibility  as  compai-ed 
with  hornblende,  with  which  it  was  form- 
erly confounded.] 

HYfERSTHENIA,  hi-per-sthe'ni-a,  n.  in 
rned.  a  morbid  condition  characterized 
by  extreme  excitement  of  all  the  vital 
phenomena. 

HYPERSTHENIC,  hi-per-sthen'ik.  adj. 
containing  hypersthene  :  resembling  hy- 
persthene  :  relating  to,  characterized  by. 


or  producing  over-excitement :  stimulat- 
ing :  stimulated. 

HYPERTROPHY,  hi-per'tro-fi,  n.,  over- 
nourishment:  the  state  of  an  organ,  or 
part  of  the  body  when  it  grows  too  large 
from  over-nourishment.  [Gr.  hyper,  and 
trophe,  nourishment — trepho,  to  nour- 
ish.] 

HYPHEN,  iil'fen,  n.  a  short  stroke  (-)  join- 
ing two  syllables  or  words.  [Gr.  hypo, 
under,  hen,  one.] 

HYPHOMYCETES,  hl-fo-ml-se'tez,  n.pl. 
one  of  the  great  divisions  of  fungi,  con- 
taining those  species  which  have  naked 
spores  borne  on  free  or  only  fasciculate 
threads.  The  plants  are  microscopic, 
growing  as  moulds  over  dead  or  living 
organic  substances  ;  and  various  cuta- 
neous disorders  of  animals,  as  well  as 
many  diseases  of  plants,  are  ascribed  to 
them.  By  some  authorities  yeast  is  in- 
cluded in  this  division.  [Gr.  hyphao, 
hyphaino,  to  weave,  and  mykes,  myketos, 
a  fungous.] 

HYPHOMYCETOUS,  hl-fo-mi-se'tus,  adj. 
pertaining,  relating  to,  or  characteristic 
of  the  Hyphomycetes  or  microscopic 
vegetable  moulds  ;  as,  hyphomycetous 
fungi. 

HYPl?OBATE,hip'no-bat,n.  a  sleep-walker; 
a  somnambulist.  [Gr.  hypnos,  sleep,  and 
baino,  to  go.] 

HYPNOTISM,  hip'no-tizm,  n.  a  .sleep-hke 
condition  induced  by  artificial  means  :  a 
nervous  sleep  like  the  condition  under 
mesmerism.  [Coined  in  1843,  from  Gr. 
hypnos,  sleep.] 

HYPOCHONDRIA,  hip-o-kon'dri-a,  n.  a 
nervous  malady,  often  arising  from  in- 
digestion, and  tormenting  tiie  patient 
with  imaginary  fear.s.  [L.,  Gr.,  from 
hypo,  under,  chondros,  a  cartilage,  be- 
cause the  disease  was  supposed  to  have 
its  seat  in  the  parts  under  the  cartilage 
of  the  breast.] 

HYPOCHONDRIAC,  hip-o-kon'dri-ak,  adj. 
relating  to  or  affected  with  hypochon- 
dria: melancholy. — 71.  one  suffering  from 
hypochondria. 

HYPOCOTYL,  hi'po-kot-il,  n.  see  extract. 
' '  With  seedlings  the  stem  which  sup- 
ports the  cotyledons  {i.e.,  the  organs 
which  represent  the  first  leaves),  has 
been  called  by  many  botanists  the 
'  hypocotyledonous  stem,'  but  for  brev- 
ity sake  we  will  speak  of  it  merely  as 
the  hypocotyl." — Darwin. 

HYPOCOTYLEDONOUS,  hi-po-kot-i-le'- 
don-us,  adj.  in  bot.  situated  under  or 
supporting  the  cotvledons.     Darwin. 

HYPOCOTYLOUS,  hl-po-kot'il-us,  adj.  of 
or  pertaining  to  the  hypocotyl.    Nature. 

HYPOCRISY,  hi-pok'ri-si,  n.  a  feigning  to 
be  what  one  is  not  :  concealment  of 
true  character.  [Lit.  "  the  acting  of  a 
part  on  the  stage,"  from  Gr.  hypokrisis — 
liypokrinomai,  to  play  on  the  stage,  from 
hypo,  under,  krino.  to  decide.] 

HYPOCRITE,  hip'o-krit,  n.  one  wlio  prac- 
tices hj^jocrisy. — adj.  Hypocrit'ic,  prac- 
ticing hypocrisy.— ode.  Hypocrit'ical- 
LY.  [Lit.  "an  actor,"  Fr. — L.,  Gr.  hy- 
pokrites.l 

HYPODERM.  hl'po-derm,  HYPODERMA, 
hi-po-der'ma,  n.  in  bot.  those  layers  of 
tissue  lying  under  the  epidermis,  and 
which  serve  to  strengthen  the  epidermal 
tissue.  [Gr.  hypo,  under,  and  derma,  the 
skin.] 

HYPOGASTRIC,  hip-o-gas'trik,  adj.  be- 
longing to  the  louver  p.art  of  the  abdomen. 
[Gr.  hi/po,  under,  gaster,  the  bellv.] 

HYPONASTY,  liT-p6-nas'ti,  n.  in'  bot.  a 
term  implying  increased  growth  along 
the  lower  surface  of  an  organ  or  part  of 
a  plant,  causing  the  part  to  bend  up- 


wards. Darwin.  [Gr.  hypo,  under,  and 
nastos,  close-pressed,  solid.] 

HYPOSTASIS,  hi-pos'ta-sis,  n.  a  substance: 
the  essence  or  personality  of  the  three 
divisions  of  the  Godhead.— ad/s.  Hypos- 
TAT'ic,  Hypostat'ical.— «di\  Hypostat'- 
ICALLY.  [Lit.  a  "standing  under,"  L., 
Gr.  hypostasis — hyphisieiu i—liypo,  under, 
liistemi.  to  make  to  stand.] 

HYPOTENUSE,  hi-pot'en-us  or  hip-  HY- 
POTHENUSE,  hi-poth'en-us,  n.  the  side 
of  a  right-angled  triangle  opposite  to 
the  right  angle.  [Fr.— Gr.  hypoteinousa 
(gramme),  (lit.)  (a  line)  "  which  stretches 
under  " — hypo,  under,  teinu,  to  stretch.] 

HYPOTHEC,  hl-poth'ek,  n.  in  Scotch  law", 
a  security  in  favor  of  a  creditor  over  the 
property  of  his  debtor,  while  the  prop- 
erty continues  in  the  debtor's  possession. 
[Fr. — L.  hypotheca  —  Gr.  hyiiotheke,  a 
pledge.] 

HYPOTHECATE,  hl-poth'e-kat,  v.t.  to 
place  or  assign  anything  as  security 
under  an  arrangement  :  to  mortgage. — 
n.  Hypotheca'tion.  [Low  L.  hypotheco, 
hypothecatum — hypotheca,  a  pledge,  from 
Gr.  hypotheke—hypo,  under,  tithemi,  to 
place.] 

HYPOTHESIS,  hl-poth'e-sis,  n.  a  suppo- 
sition :  a  proposition  assumed  for  the 
sake  of  argument  :  a  theory  to  be  proved 
or  disproved  by  reference  to  facts:  a  pro- 
visional explanation  of  anjthing.  [lit. 
"  that  which  is  placed  under,"  Gr.  hypo, 
under,  tithemi,  to  place.] 

HYPOTHETIC,  hl-po-thet'ik.  HYPO- 
THETICAL, lil-po-thet'ik-al,  adj  belong- 
ing to  a  hypothesis:  conditional. — adv. 
Hypothet'ically.    [Gr.  hypothetikos.] 

HYPSIBRACHYCEPHALI,  hii>si-brak-i- 
sef'a-U,  n.pl.  in  ethn.  those  races  of  men 
characterized  by  high  broad  skulls,  such 
as  the  Malayan  inhabitants  of  Madura. 
[Gr.  hypsos,  height,  brachys,  short,  and 
kephale,  the  head.] 

HYSON,  hi'son,  n.  a  very  fine  sort  of  green 
tea.     [Chinese  "  first  crop.'"] 

HYSSOP,  his'up,  n.  an  aromatic  plant. 
[Fr. — L.  hyssopuvi — Gr.  hyssopos — Heb. 
ezobh.] 

HYS'TERIC,  his-ter'ik,  HYSTERICAL,  his- 
ter'ik-al,  adj.  resulting  from  the  womb : 
convulsive :  affected  with  hjsterics. — 
adv.  Hyster'ically.  [L.  hystericus— Gr. 
hysferikos — hystera,  the  womb.] 

HYSTFJRICS,  his-ter'iks,  HYSTERIA,  his- 
ter'i-a,  n.  a  disease  resulting  from  an  af^ 
fection  of  the  ivomb,  causing  nervous  or 
convulsive  fits. 

HYSTERON-PROTERON,  his'ter-on-prot'- 
er-on,  ?i.  a  figure  of  speech  in  which  what 
should  follow  comes  first :  an  inversion, 
[Gr.  (lit.)  "the  last  first."] 


I,  1,  pron.  the  nominative  case  singular  of 
the  first  personal  pronoun  :  the  word 
used  by  a  speaker  or  writer  in  mention- 
ing himself.  [M.E.  ich,  A.S.  ic  ;  Ger. 
ich.  Ice.  ek,  L.  ego,  Gr.  ego.  Sans,  aham.]^ 

IAMBIC,  I-am'bik.  IAMBUS,  I-am'bus,  n. 
a  metrical  foot  of  two  syllables,  the  first 
short  and  the  second  long,  as  in  L.  fides  ;' 
or  the  first  unaccented  and  the  second 
accented,  as  in  deduce.  [L.  iambus — Gr. 
iambos,  from  iapto,  to  assail,  this  metre 
being  first  used  by  writers  of  satire.] 

IAjNIBIC,  T-am'bik,  adj.  consisting  of  iam' 
bic.'i. 

IBEX,  i'beks,  n.  a  genus  of  goats,  inhabit- 
ing the  Alps  and  other  mountainous 
regions.     [L.] 

IBIS,  r'bis,  )!.  a  genus  of  wading  birds  Uke 
the  stork,  one  species  of  which  was  wor 


ICARIAN 


230 


IGNIS-FATUUS 


shipped  by  the  ancient  Egyptians.  [L., 
Gr. ;  an  Ejryptian  word.] 

ICARIAN.  I-ka'ri-an,  adj.  belonging  to 
Icarus  :  adventurous  or  unfortunate  in 
flight.  [L.  Icarius — Gr.  Ikarios — Ikaros, 
who  fell  into  the  sea  on  his  flight  from 
Crete,  his  wajcen  wings  being  melted  by 
the  sun.] 

ICE,  IS,  n.  water  congealed  by  freezing : 
concreted  sugar. — v.t.  to  cover  witli  ice  : 
to  freeze  :  to  cover  with  concreted  sugar: 
— pr.p.  Ic'ing ; pa.p.  iced'.  [A.S.  is;  Ger. 
eis.  Ice.,  Dan.  is.] 

ICEBERG,  Is'berg,  n.  a  mountain  or  huge 
mass  of  floating  ice.  [From  Scand.  or 
Dut.  the  latter  part  berg  =  mountain.] 

ICEBLINK,  Is'blingk,  n.  the  blink  or  light 
reflected  from  ice  near  tlie  horizon. 

ICEBOAT,  Is'bot.  7i.  a  boat  used  for  forc- 
ing a  passage  through  or  being  dragged 
over  ice. 

ICEBOUND,  is'bownd,  adj.,  bound,  sur- 
rounded, or  fixed  in  with  ice. 

ICECREAJM,  is'krem,  ICED-CREAM,  ist- 
krem,  n.,  cream  sweetened  or  flavored, 
and  artificially /rozen. 

ICEFIELD,  Is'feld,  n.  a  large  jield  or  sheet 
of  ice. 

ICEFLOAT,  Is'flot,  ICEFLOE,  Is'flo,  n.  a 
large  mass  of  floating  ice. 

ICEHOUSE,  Is'hows,  n.  a  house  for  pre- 
serving ice. 

ICELAND-MOSS,  Is'land-mos,  n.  a  lichen 
found  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  world, 
esp.  in  Iceland  and  Norway,  and  valuable 
as  a  medicine  and  as  an  article  of  diet. 

ICEPACK,  is'pak,  n.  drifting  icepacked  to- 
gether. 

ICEPLANT,  Is'plant,  n.  a  plant  whose 
leaves  glisten  in  the  sun  as  if  covered 
with  ice. 

ICHNEUMON,  ik-nu'mun,  n.  a  small  car- 
nivorous animal  in  Egypt,  famed  for  de- 
stroying the  crocodile's  eggs :  an  insect 
which  lays  its  eggs  on  the  larvse  of  other 
insects.  [Gr.  (lit.)  the  "  hunter,"  from 
ichneuo,  to  hunt  after — ichnos,  a  track.] 

ICHNOGRAPHY,  ik-nog'raf-i,  n.  a  tracing 
out :  (arch.)  a  ground-plan  of  a  work  or 
building.— adj.s.  Ichnograph'ic,   Ichno- 

GRAPH'icAL.  —  adv.    IcHNOGBAPH'ICAIXT. 

[Gr.  ichnographia — ichnos,  a  track,  gra- 

pho.  to  grave.] 
ICHNOLOGY,  ik-nol'oj-i,  n. ,  footprint  lore : 

the  science  of    fossil   footprints.      [Gr. 

ichnos,  a  track,  a  footprint,  and  logos, 

discourse.] 
ICHOR.  I'kor,  n.  (myth.)  the  ethereal  juice 

in  the  veins  of  the  gods  :  a  watery  humor: 

colorless   matter  from    an   ulcer. —  adj. 

I'CHOROUS.    [Gr.  ichor,  akin  to  Sans,  sich, 

to  sprinkle,  Ger.  seihen,  to  filter.] 
ICHTHYOGRAPHY,    ik-thi-og'ra-fi,   n.   a 

description  of  or  treatise  on  Jishcs.     [Gr. 

ichthys,  ichthyos,  a  fish,  grapho,  to  write.] 
ICHTHYOLITE,  ik'thi-o-lit,  n.  a, fish  turned 

into  stone,  a  fossil  fish  :  the  impression  of 

a  fish  in  a  rock.    [Gr.  ichthys,  a  fish,  and 

lifhos.  a  stone.] 
ICHTHYOLOGY,  ik-thi-ol' o- ji,  n.  the 

branch  of  zoology  that  treats  of  fishes. — 

adj.    IcHTHYOLOG'ICAL:— ?l.    ICHTHYOL'O- 

GiST.  one  skilled  in  ichthyologj'.  [Gr. 
ichthys,  a  fish,  logos,  discourse,  science.] 

ICHTHYOPHAGOUS,  ik-thi-of  a-gus.  adj., 
eating  or  subsisting  on  fish.  [Gr.  ichthys, 
a  fish,  phago,  to  eat.] 

ICHTHYOS  AURUS,ik-thi-o-sawr'us,n.  the 
fisli-lizard,  a  genus  of  extinct  marine  rep- 
tiles, uniting  some  of  the  characteristics 
of  the  Saurians  with  those  of  fishes.  [Gr. 
ichthys,  a  fish,  sanros,  a  lizard.] 

ICICLE,  Is'i-kl,  n.  a  hanging  point  of  ice 
formed  by  the  freezing  of  dropping  water. 
[A.S.  isgicel,  for  isesgicel :  ises  being  the 
gen.  of  is,  ice,  and  gicel,  a  dim.  of  a  Celt. 


word  sig.  ice  (Ir.  aigh).  Cf.  Ice.  jokull, 
icicle,  also  a  dim.] 

ICILY,  ICINESS.     See  Icy. 

ICING,  is'inir,  n.  a  covering  of  ice  or  con- 
creted sugar. 

ICONOCLASM,  I-kon'o-klazm,  n.  act  of 
breaking  images.  —  adj.  Iconoclast'ic, 
image  -  breaking  :  pertaining  to  icono- 
clasni. 

ICONOCLAST,  i-kon'o-kla,st,  n.  a  breaker 
of  images,  one  opposed  to  idol- worship. 
[Coined  from  Gr.  eikon,  an  image,  and 
klastes,  a  breaker — klao,  to  break.] 

ICONOLOGY,  T-kon-ol'o-ji.  n.  the  doctrine 
of  images,  especially  with  reference  to 
worship.  [Gr.  eikon,  and  logos,  science, 
discour.se.] 

ICOSAHEDRAL,  i-kos-a-he'dral,  adj.  hav- 
ing twenty  equal  sides  or  faces. 

ICOSAHEDRON,  I-kos-a-he'dron,  n.  (geom.) 
a  solid  having  twenty  equal  sides  or  faces. 
[Gr.  eikosi,  twenty,  liedra,  base — hed-, 
root  of  hezomai,  E.Six.] 

ICY,  Is'i,  adj.  composed  of,  abounding  in, 
or  like  ice :  frosty  :  cold  :  chilling  :  with- 
out warmth  of  affection. — adv.  Ic'lLY. — 

n.  IC'INESS. 

IDEA,  i-de'a,  n.  an  image  of  a  thing  formed 
by  the  mind:  a  notion:  thought:  opinion. 
[L. — Gi\  idea  —  idein,  to  see;  akin  to 
Wit.] 

IDEAL,  I-de'al,  adj.  existing  in  idea :  men- 
tal :  existing  in  imagination  only  :  the 
highest  and  best  conceivable,  the  perfect, 
as  opp.  to  the  real,  the  imperfect. — n.  the 
highest  conception  of  anything. — adv. 
Ide'ally. 

IDEALISM,  i-de'al-izm,  n.  the  doctrine  that 
in  external  perceptions  the  objects  im- 
mediately known  are  ideas :  any  sj'stem 
that  considers  thought  or  the  idea  as 
the  ground  either  of  knowledge  or  exist- 
ence: tendencj'  towards  the  highest  con- 
ceivable perfection,  love  for  or  search 
after  the  best  and  highest. 

IDEALIZATION,  I-dC-al-I-za'shun,  n.  act 
of  forming  in  idea,  or  of  raising  to  the 
highest  conception. 

IDEALI2^,  i-de'al-tz,  v.t.  to  form  in  idea  : 
to  raise  to  the  highest  conception. — v.i. 
to  form  ideas. 

IDEALIST,  i-de'al-ist,  n.  one  who  holds 
the  doctrine  of  idealism. 

IDEALISTIC,  I-de-al-ist'ik,  adj.  pertaining 
to  idealists  or  to  idealism. 

IDEALITY,  i-de-al'i-ti,  n.,  ideal  state: 
ability  and  disposition  to  form  ideals  of 
beauty  and  perfection. 

IDENTICAL,  I-den'tik-al,  adj.  the  very 
same :  not  different. — adv.  Iden'tically. 
— jj.  Iden'ticalness,  identitj'.  [L.  as  if 
identicus — idem,  the  same.] 

IDENTIFY,  I-den'ti-fl,  v.t.  to  make  to  be 
the  same :  to  ascertain  or  prove  to  be  the 
.same  : — pa.p.  iden'tified. — n.  Identifica'- 
TioN.  [Fr.  identifier  (It.  identificare) — 
L.  as  if  identicus — idem,  the  same,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

IDENTITY,  I-den'ti-ti,  n.  state  of  being  the 
same  :  sameness.  [Fr. — Low  L.  identitas 
— L.  idem.,  the  same.] 

IDEOGRAPHIC,  id-e-o-grafik,  IDEO- 
GRAPHICAL, -'ik-al,  adj.  representing 
ideas  by  pictures  instead  of  words.  [Gr. 
idea,  idea,  grapho,  to  write.] 

IDEOLOGY,  T-de-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  science  of 
ideas,  metaphysics.  [Gr.  idea,  and  logos, 
discourse.] 

IDES,  idz,  n.sing.  in  ancient  Rome,  the 
15th  day  of  March.  Mav,  Julj',  Oct.,  and 
the  13th  of  the  other  months.  [Fr.— L. 
idus.  origin  doubtful,  said  to  be  Etruscan.] 

IDI0CRA8Y,  id-i-ok'ra-si,  n.  same  as 
Idiosyncrasy.  [Fr.  —  Gr.  idiokrasia — 
idios,  peculiar,  and  krasis.     See  Crasis.] 

IDIOCY,  id'i-o-si,  IDIOTCY,  id'i-ut-si,  n. 
state  of  being  an  idiot :  imbecility :  folly. 


r 


IDIOM,  id'i-um,  n.  a  mode  of  expression 
peculiar  to  a  language.  [Fr. — L. — Gr. 
idioma,  peculiarity — idioo,  make  one's 
own — idios,  one's  own.] 

IDIOMATIC,  id-i-o-niat'ik,  IDIOMATICAL, 
id-i-o-raat'ik-al,  adj.  conformed  or  per- 
taining to  the  idioms  of  a  language. — 
adv.  Idiomatically.  [Gr.  idiomatikos 
— idioma,  idiomatos,  peculiarity.] 

IDIOPATHIC,  id-i-o-path'ik,  adj.  (med.) 
irimary,  not  depending  on  or  preceded 
y    another    disease. — adv.  Idiopath'ic- 

Ar.T.V. 

IDIOPATHY,  id-i-opVthi,  n.  a  peculiar 
affection  or  state  :  (rned.)  a  primary  dis- 
ease, one  not  occasioned  by  another.  [Gr. 
idios,  peculiar,  patlios,  suffering — path- 
ein.  to  suffer.] 

IDIOSYNCRASY,  id-i-o-sin'kra^si,  n.. pecu- 
liarity of  temperament  or  constitution : 
any  characteristic  of  a  person.  —  adj. 
Idigsyncrat'ic.  [Gr.  idios,  one's  own, 
peculiar,  and  syncrasis,  a  mixing  together- 
— syn.  together,  and  krasis,  a  mixing. 
See  Crasis.] 

IDIOT,  id'i-ut,  n.  one  deficient  in  intellect : 
a  foolish  or  unwise  person.  [Fr. — L.  idi- 
ota — Gr.  idiotes,  orig.  a  "  private  man," 
then  an  ignorant,  rude  person  —  idios, 
one's  own,  peculiarj 

IDIOTCY.    Same  as  Idiocy. 

IDIOTIC,  id-i-ot'ik.  IDIOTICAL,  id-i-ot'ik- 
al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  like  an  idiot: 
foolish. — adv.  Idiot'ically. 

IDIOTISM,  id'i-ut-izm,  n.  an  idiom.  [L.— 
Gr. — idiotizo,  to  put  into  common  or 
current  language — idiotes.   See  Idiot.] 

IDLE,  I'dl,  adj.  vain:  trifling:  unem- 
ployed :  averse  to  labor  :  not  occupied  : 
useless  :  unimportant  :  unedifj-ing..— r.<. 
to  spend  in  idleness. — ns.  I'dler.  I'dle- 
NESS. — adv.  I'dly.  [A.S.  idel ;  Dut.  ij- 
del,  Ger.  eitel,  conn,  with  Gr.  itharos, 
clear,  aither,  upper  air,  from  aitho, 
burn.  The  orig.  sense  was  pi-ob.  "clear"; 
then  pure,  mere,  sheer  ;  then  vain,  un- 
important (Skeat).] 

IDOL,  I'dul,  n.  a  figure  :  an  image  of  some 
object  of  worship  :  a  person  or  thing  too 
much  loved  or  honored.  [X.  idolum — 
Gr.  eidolon — eidos,  that  which  is  seen — 
idein,  to  see.     See  'Wit.] 

IDOLATER,  i-dol'a-ter,  n.  a  7vorshipper  of 
idols  :  a  great  admirer  : — fern.  Idol'a- 
THESS.  [Fr.  idoldtre,  corr.  of  L. — Gr. 
eidololatres — eidolon,  idol,  taires,  worship- 
per.] 

IDOLATRIZE.  i-dol'a-triz,  v.t.  to  worship' 
as  an  idol :  to  adore. 

IDOLATROUS,  i-dol'a-trus,  adj.  pertaining 
to  idolatry. — adv.  Idol'atrously. 

IDOLATRY,  I-dolVtri,  «.  the  worship  of 
idols :  excessive  love. 

IDOLIZE,  I'dul-iz,  v.t.  to  make  an  idol  of, 
for  worship :  to  love  to  excess.— »i.  IdoI/- 
iz'eb. 

IDYL,  IDYLL,  I'dil,  n.  a  short  pictorial 
poem,  chiefly  on  pastoral  subjects  :  a 
narrative  poem.  [L.  idylliwm — Gr.  eidyl- 
lion,  dim.  of  eidos,  image — eidomai,  to 
seem.     See  "Wrr.] 

IDYLLIC,  i-dil'ik,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to 
idyls. 

IF,if,  conj.  an  expression  of  doubt:  whether: 
in  case  that :  supposing  that.  [A.S.  gif; 
cog.  with  Dut.  of,  Ice.  ef,  if,  efa,  to  doubt; 
O.  Ger.  ibu,  ipu,  dative  case  of  iba,  a  con- 
dition.] 

IGNEOUS,  ig'ne-us,  adj.  pertaining  to,  con- 
sisting of,  or  like  j?re  :  (geo?.)  produced  by 
the  action  of  fire.  [L.  igneiis — ignis,  Are, 
cog.  with  Sans,  agni.] 

IGNESCENT,  ig-nes'ent,  adj.  emitting 
sparks  of  fire.     [L.  ignescens — ignis.] 

IGNIS-FATUUS,  ig'nis-fat'u-us,  n.  a  light 
which  misleads  travellers,  often  seen  over 
marshy  places,  of  which  the  cause  is  not 


IGNITE 


231 


IMBORDER 


•wtll  understood,  also  called  "  Will-o'-the- 
wisp  :—pL  Ignes-fatui,  ig'nez-fat'Q-I. 
[L.  ignis,  fire,  fatuus,  foolish.] 
IGNITE,  ig-nit',  i:t.  to  set  on  ^re,  to 
kindle  :  to  render  luminous  with  "heat. — 
V.  i.    to    take    fire :    to    bum.     [See    la- 

NITION.I 

IGNITIBLE,  ig-nlt'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  bo 
ignited. 

IGMTION,  ig-nish'un,  n.  act  of  setting  on 
fre:  state  of  being  kindled,  and  esp.  of 
being  made  red-hot.  [Fr.,  coined  from 
L.  ignio,  igiiifus,  to  set  on  fire — itjnis, 
fire.l 

IGNOBLE,  ig-no'bl,  adj.  of  low  birlh:  mean 
or  worthless  :  dishonorable. — adv.  IGNO'- 
BLX.—n.  Igno'bleness.  [Fr.^L.  igno- 
hilix — in.  not,  giwbilis,  nooilis,  noble.] 

IGNOMINIOUS,  i.o-uo-min'i-us,  adj.  dis- 
honorable :  marked  with  ignominy  :  con- 
temptible :  mean. — adv.  Ignomin'IOUSLY. 
—II.  Ign-ositn'iousness. 

IGNOMINY,  ig'no-min-i,  11.  the  loss  of 
one's  gnod  name :  public  disgrace  :  in- 
fanij'.  [Fr. — L.  ignominia  —  in,  not, 
gnomen.  ntmien,  name.     See  Name.] 

IGNORAJfUS,  ig-no-ra'mus,  n.  an  ignorant 
person,  esp.  one  making  a  pretence  to 
knowledge  :— p?.  Ignora  MUSES.  [L.  "  we 
are  ignorant,'"  1st  pers.  pi.  pres.  ind.  of 
ignoro.'] 

IGNORANCE,  ig'no-rans,  n.  state  of  being 
ignorant  :  want  of  knowledge  : — pi.  in 
Litany,  sins  committed  through  igno- 
rance.    [Fr.— L.  ignoraviia.] 

IGNORANT,  ig'no-rant,cr(://- without  knowl- 
edge: uninstructed  :  unacquainted  with. 
— adi\  Ig'norantly.  [Fr. — L.  ignorant, 
-owfis,  pr.p.  of  ignoro.     See  Ignore.] 

IGNORE,  ig-nor',  r.f.  willfully  to  disregard: 
to  set  a.side.  [Fr. — L.  ignoro,  not  to 
know — in,  not,  and  gno-,  root  of  {g)nosco, 
to  know.     See  Know.] 

IGUANA,  i-gwii'na,  n.  a  genus  of  tropical 
lizards,  ha\ing  a  large  dewlap  under  the 
throat.  [Sp.,  said  to  be  a  Haytian  word.] 

ILEX,  rieks,  n.  the  scientific  name  for 
HoiXY  (which  see) :  the  evergreen  or 
holm  oak.     [L.] 

ILIAC,  il'i-ak.  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
lower  intestines.  [Fr.,  through  a  Low 
L.  iliacus — iiias,  the   flanks,  the  groin.] 

ILIAD,  il'i-ad,  n.  an  epic  poem  by  Homer, 
giving  an  account  of  the  destruction  of 
ilium  or  ancient  Troy.  [L.  Itiajs,  Miadis 
— Gr.  llias,  IJiadoa  (poicsis,  a  poem), 
relating  to  IlluM,  the  city  of  Hos,  its 
founder.] 

ILK,  ilk,  adj.  the  same.  [Scot., from  A.S.  ylc, 
from  ?/-or  i-  (base  of  HE),  and  lic  =  like.] 

ILL.  il.  adj.  (comp.  wor.se  :  superl. 
WORST),  evil,  bad :  contrarj'  to  good : 
wicked:  producing e\'il :  unfortunate:  un- 
favorable: sick:  diseased  :  improper:  in- 
correct :  cross,  as  temper. — adv.  not  well: 
not  rightly  :  with  difBculty. — n.  evi\  : 
wickedness  :  misfortune.  —  ILL,  when 
compounded  with  other  words,  expresses 
badness  of  qualitj-  or  condition.  [From 
Ice.  illr,  a  contr.  of  the  word  which  ap- 
pears in  A.S.  yfel,  E.  Evil.] 

ILLAPSE,  il-laps',  n.  a  sliding  in. :  the  en- 
trance of  one  thing  into  another.  [L. 
illap.m$ — illabor — in,  into,  labor,  to  slip, 
to  slide.]^ 

ILLATION,  il-la'shun,  n.  act  of  inferring 
from  premises  or  reasons  :  inference : 
conclusion.  [Fr. — L.  illatio,  a  bringing 
in,  a  logical  inference — infero,  illatum — 
in.  in,  into,  fero,  to  bear.] 

ILLATIVE,  il'la-tiv,  adj.  denoting  an  in- 
ference :  that  may  be  mferred. — adv.  Il'- 
lativelt. 

ILL-BLOOD,  il'-blud,  n.  ill  feeling:  resent- 
ment. 

ILI^BRED,  il'-bred,  adj.  badly  bred,  or 
educated  :  uncivil. — n.  iLL-BREED'iNO. 


ILLEOAL,  il-le'gal,  adj.  contrary  to  law.— 
adv.  iLLE'OALLY.    [FT.— L,  in,  not ;  tee 

Legal.] 

ILLEGALITY,  il-le-gal'i-ti,  n.  the  quality 
or  condition  of  being  illegal. 

ILLEGALIZE,  il-le'gal-Iz,  v.t.  to  render  un- 
lawful. 

ILLEGIBLE,  il-lej'i-bl,  adj.  that  cannot  be 
read:  indistinct.— adi".  Illeg'IBLY. — ns. 
Illeg'ibleness,  Illegibil'ity.  [Fr. — L. 
in.  not  :  see  Legible.] 

ILLEGITIMATE,  il-le-jit'i-raat,  adj..  not 
according  to  to!r  ;  not  born  in  wedlock: 
not  properly  inferred  or  reasoned  :  not 
genuine.  • —  adr.  Illegit'i.matelt.  —  n. 
Illegit'imacy.  [L.  in,  not ;  see  Legiti- 
mate.] 

ILL-FAVORED,  il-fa'vurd,  nd/ill-looking: 
deformed  :  ugly. 

ILLIBERAL,  il-iib'er-al,  adj.  niggardly : 
mean. — adv.  Illib'erallt. — n.  ILuber- 
al'ity.     [Fr. — L.  in.  not,  and  Liberal.] 

ILLICIT,  il-lis'it,  adj.,  not  alloicable:  un- 
lawful ;  unlicensed. — adr.  Illic'itly. — )). 
Illic'ITNESS.  [Fr.— L.  iUicitns — in.  not, 
and  licitus,  pa.p.  of  licco,  to  be  allowable. 
See  License.] 

ILLIMITABLE,  il-hm'it-a-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  bou7ided  :  infinite. — adv.  Il- 
lim'itably.  —  n.  Illi^i'itableness.  [L. 
in.  not,  and  Limitable.] 

ILLISION,  il-lizh'un.  n.  the  act  of  dashing 
or  striking  against.  [L.  illisio — illido, 
to  strike  against — in,  upon,  Icedo,  to 
dash,  to  strike.] 

ILLITERACY',  il-ht'er-a-si,  n.  state  of  be- 
ing illiterate  :  want  of  learning. 

ILLITERATE,  il-lit'er-at,  adj.,  not  learned: 
iminstructed  :  ignorant. — adi:  Illit'er- 
ately. — n.  Illit'erateness.  [L.  ill,  not, 
and  Literate.] 

ILI^NATURED,  il-na'turd,  adj.  of  an  ill 
nature  or  temper  :  cross  :  peevish. — adv. 
Ill-na'tvredly. 

ILLNESS,  il'nes,  n.  sickness  :  disease. 

ILLOGIC.4L,  il-loj'i-kal.  adj.  contrarj'  to 
the  rules  of  logic. — adv.  Illog'ically. 
^n.  Illoq'iCALNESS.  [L.  171,  not,  and 
Logical.] 

ILL-STARRED,  U'-stard.  adj.  born  (accord- 
ing to  an  ancient  superstition)  under  the 
influence  of  an  vnlucky  star  :  unlucky. 

ILLUDE,  il-lud',  v.t.  to  play  upon  by  arti- 
fice :  to  deceive.  [L.  illudo,  illusimi — in, 
upon.  ludo.  to  play.] 

ILLU5IE.     See  IlliJmine. 

ILLUJIINATE,  il-lu'min-at,  v.t.  to  light 
up  :  to  enlighten  :  to  illustrate  :  to  adorn 
with  ornamental  lettering  or  illustra- 
tions.— adj.  enlightened.  [L.  illumino, 
iUuminatus — in.  in,  upon,  and  lumino,  to 
cast  light — Imnen  (=  lucimen) — luceo,  to 
shine,  light.] 

ILLUMINATI,  il-lii-min-a'tl,  n.pl.  the  en- 
lightened, a  name  given  to  various  sects, 
and  esp.  to  a  society  of  German  Free- 
thinkers at  the  end  of  last  centurv. 

ILLUMINATION,  il-lu-min-a'shun"  n.  act 
oi.  giving  light:  that  which  gives  light : 
splendor  :  brightness  :  a  displaj'  of 
lights  :  adorning  of  books  with  colored 
lettering  or  illustrations  :  (B.)  enlighten- 
ing influence,  inspiration. 

ILLUMINATIVE,  il-lu'min-a-tiv,  adj.  tend- 
ing to  gir-e  light :  illustrative  or  explana- 
torv. 

ILLUJriNATOR,  il-lu'min-a-tor,  n.  one  who 
illuminates,  especially  one  who  is  em- 
ployed in  adorning  books  with  colored 
letters  and  illustrations. 

ILLUMINE,  il-lu'min,  ILLTBIE.  il-lum', 
i:t.  to  make  luminous  or  bright  :  to  en- 
lighten :  to  adorn. 

ILLUSION,  il-lu'zhuu,  n.  a. playing  upon: 
a  mocking  :  deceptive  appearance  :  false 
show  :  er)'or.     [Fr.     See  Illude.] 

ILLUSI"\"E.  il-lu'si  V.  ILLUSORY,  il-lu'sor-i, 


adj.,  deceiving  by  false  appearances:  falsa, 
— adv.  ILLu'SI^'ELY.— «.  Illu'siveness. 

ILLUSTRATE,  il-lus'trat,  v.t.  to  make  dis- 
tinguished  :  to  make  clear  to  the  mind  ; 
to  explain  :  to  explain  and  adorn  by 
pictures. — jj.  Illtjs'trator.  [L.  ilhisfro 
illustratum,  to  light  up — illustris.  See 
Iixdstrious.] 

ILLUSTRATION,  il-lus-tra'shun,  n.  act  of 
making  lustrous  or  clear  :  act  of  explain- 
ing :  that  which  illustrates :  a  picture 
or  diagi'am. 

ILLUSTRATIVE,  il-lus'tra-tiv,  adj.  having 
the  quality  of  TOoA-?)igr  clearer  explaining. 
— adv.  Illus'tratively. 

ILLUSTRIOUS,  il-lus'tri-us,  adj.  morally 
bright,  distinguished  :  noble  :  conspicu* 
ous  :  conferring  honor.  —  adv.  iLLUs'- 
triocsly. — n.  Illus'triocsness.  [L.  il- 
lustris, prob.  for  illucestris — in,  in,  and 
lux.  lucis,  light.] 

ILL-WILL,  it-wil',  n.  unkind  feeling  :  en- 
mity. 

IMAGE,  im'aj,  n.  likeness  :  a  statue :  an 
idol  :  a  representation  in  the  mind,  an 
idea  :  a  picture  in  the  imagination  :  (op- 
tics) the  figure  of  any  object  formed  by 
rays  of  ligiit. — v.t.  to  form  an  image  of  ; 
to  form  a  likeness  of  in  the  mind.  [Fr. 
— L.  imago,  an  image,  from  root  of  i»ii- 
tor,  to  imitate.    See  Imitate.] 

IMAGERY,  im'a-jer-i  or  im'aj-ri.  n.  (orig.) 
images  in  general  :  the  work  of  th« 
imagination  :  mental  pictures  :  figures  ofc 
speecli. 

IMAGINABLE,  im-aj'in-a-bl,  adj.  tliat 
maybe  imagined.  —  adr.  Imag'INABLY. 
— n.  Imag'inableness. 

IMAGINARY,  im-aj'in-ar-i,  adj.  existing 
only  in  the  imagination :  not  real  :  (alg.) 
impossible. 

IMAGINATION,  im-aj-in-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
imagining-:  the  faculty  of  forming  image? 
in  the  mind  :  that  which  is  imagined  : 
contrivance.     [See  Imagine.] 

IMAGINATIVE,  im-aj'in-a-tiv,  adj.  full  of 
imagination  :  given  to  imagining  :  pro- 
ceeding from  the  imagination. — n.  IM- 
ag'inativeness. 

IMAGINE,  im-aj'in,  i\t.  to  form  an  image- 
of  in  the  mind:  to  conceive  :  to  think: 
(B.)  to  contrive  or  devise. — v.i.  to  fonn, 
mental  images  :  to  conceive. — n.  Ijiao'- 
INEE.  [Fr.  —  L.  imagino  —  imago,  an 
image.] 

IMAGO,  i-ma'go,  n.  the  last  or  perfect 
state  of  insect  life,  when  the  case  cov- 
ering it  is  dropped,  and  the  inclosed 
image  or  being  comes  forth.     [L.] 

IMAN,  i-man',  IMAM,  i-mam',  IMAUM, 
i-mawm',  n.  a  Mohammedan  priest :  a 
Mohammedan  prince  with  both  temporal 
and  spiritual  authority.  [Ar.  Imam, 
chief.] 

IMBANK.  im-bangk'.    Same  as  Embank. 

IMBECILE,  im'be-sel, ad/. without  strength 
either  of  body  or  of  mind  :  feeble. — n. 
one  destitute  of  streng-th,  either  of  mind 
or  body.  [Fr.  imbecile — L.  imbecilhis ; 
origin  unknown.     See  EMBEZZLE.] 

IMBECILITY,  im-be-sil'i-ti,  n.  state  of 
being  imbecile  :  weakness  of  body  or 
mind. 

IMBED,  im-bed',  v.t.  to  lay,  as  in  a  bed : 
to  place  in  a  mass  of  matter.  [E.  Ik. 
{=into)  and  Bed.] 

DIBIBE,  im-bib',  v.t.  to  drink  in:  to  ab- 
sorb :  to  receive  into  the  mind.—?;.  l.M- 
BIBER.  [Fr.^ — L.  imbibo — in,  in,  into, 
and  bibo.  to  drink.] 

IjVIBITTER.  im-bit'er,  v.t.  to  make  bitter: 
to  render  more  violent:   to   render  u'l 
happy.— n.  Imbitt'erer.    [E.  In  and  Br 

TER.]" 

IMBODY.  im-bod'i.    Same  as  Embody. 
IMBORDER,  im-bor'der,  v.t.  to  border. 


IMBOSOM 


232 


IMPEACH 


IMBOSOM.  im-booz'um.  Same  as  Em- 
bosom. 

IMBRICATE,  im'bri-kat.  IMBRICATED, 
im'bri-kat-ed,  adj.  bent  lil<<-  a  gutter-tile: 
(bot.)  overlapping  each  other  Uke  tiles 
on  a  roof.  [L.  imbricatus,  pa.p.  of  "«- 
bn'co,  to  cover  mth  tiles — inibrex,  a  gut- 
iei--tile — imber,  a  shower.] 

IMBRICATION,  im-bri-ka'shun,  n.  a  con- 
cave indenture  as  of  a  tile :  an  overlap- 
ping of  the  edges. 

IMBROGLIO,  im-brol'yo,  7i.  an  intricate 
plot  in  a  romance  or  drama:  a  perplexing 
state  of  matters:  a  complicated  misunder- 
standing.    [It.] 

IMBROWN,  im-brown',  v.t.  to  make  brown : 
to  darken  :  to  obscure.  [E.  IN  and 
Brown.] 

IMBRUE,  im-bro6',  v.t.  to  wet  or  moisten: 
to  soak :  to  drench ;  causal  of  imbibe. 
[O.Fr.  emferoer— O.Fr.  bevre  (Fr.  boire) 
— L.  bibere,  to  drink.] 

IMBUE,  im-bii',  v.t.  to  cause  to  drink  :  to 
moisten:  to  tinge  deeply:  to  cause  to  im- 
bibe, as  the  mind.  [L.  imbuo — in,  and 
root  of  bibo,  to  drink  ;  akin  to  Gr.  pi,  po, 
root  of  pino.  Sans,  pa,  to  drink.] 

IMITABLE,  im'it-a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
imitated  or  copied  :  worthy  of  imitation. 
—II.  Imttabil'itt. 

IMITATE,  im'i-tat,  v.t.  to  copy,  to  strive 
to  be  the  same  as  :  to  produce  a  likeness 
of. — n.  Isi'iTATOR.  [L.  imitor,  imitattis, 
etv.  unknown.] 

IMITATION,  im-i-ta'shun,  n.  act  of  imitat- 
ing :  that  which  is  produced  as  a  copy,  a 

IMITATIVE,  im'i-tat-iv.  adj.  inclined  to 
imitate  :  formed  after  a  model.  —  adv. 
Im'itattvely. 

IMMACULATE,  im-mak'u-lst,  adj.,  spot- 
less :  unstained  :  pure. — adv.  iMMAC'tJ- 
LATELY. — n.  iMMAC'UIiATENESS. — IMMACU- 
LATE Conception,  the  R.  Cath.  doctrine 
that  the  Virgin  Marj'  was  born  vyithout 
original  sin.  [L.  immaculatus — in,  not, 
aud  maculo,  to  stain — macula,  a  spot.] 

IMMANENT,  ira'a-nent,  adj.,  remaining 
within  :  inherent.  [L.  immanens,  -entis, 
pr.p.  of  immaneo — in,  in  or  near,  maneo, 
to  remain.] 

IMMATERIAL,  im-a-te'ri-al,  adj.,  not  con- 
sisting of  matter :  incorporeal :  unimpor- 
tant.— adv.  Immate'riallt. — v.  Immate'- 
EiAUZE.  [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Material.] 

IMMATERIALISM,  im-a-te'ri-al-izm,  n.  the 
doctrine  that  there  is  no  material  sub- 
■-tance. — )(.  Imslate'rialist,  one  who  be- 
lieves in  this. 

IM3IATERIALITY,  im-a-te-ri-al'i-ti,  n.  the 

I  quality  of  being  immaterial  or  of  not  con- 
sisting  of  matter. 

IMMATtJRE.  im-a-tur',  DEMATUEED,  im- 
a-turd',  adj.  not  ripe  :  not  perfect :  come 
before  the  natural  time. — adv.  Imma- 
ture'ly. — ns.  Immature' NESS,  Immatue'- 
iTY.    [L.  in.  not,  and  Mature.] 

EMMEASTTRABLE,  im-mezh'ur-a-bl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  measured. — adv.  Immeas'- 
rEABLY. — n.  Immeas'urableness.  [Ft. — 
L.  in.  not.  and  Measurable.] 

IMMEDIATE,  im-me'di-at,  adj.  with  noth- 
ing in  the  middle  between  two  objects  : 
not  acting  by  second  causes :  direct  : 
present :  without  delay. — adv.  Imme'di- 
ATELY.— ra.  Imme' diate'ness.  [Ft.— Low 
L.  immediatus-^n,  not,  and  medius,  the 
middle.] 

IMMEMORIAL,  im-me-mo'ri-al,  adj.  be- 
yond the  reach  of  memory.— adv.  Imme- 
mo'rially.  [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Me- 
morial J 

IMMENSE,  im-mens',  adj.  that  cannot  be 
measured  :  vast  in  extent ;  very  large.— 
adv.  Immense'ly. — n.  Ijimense'ness.  [Fr. 
— L.  immensus — in,  not,  mensus, 
of  metior,  to  measure.] 


pa.p. 


IMMENSITY,  im-mens'it-i,  n.  an  extent  not 
to  be  meaaured  :  infinity  :  greatness. 

IMMENSURABLE,  im-niens'ur-a-bl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  measured. — n.  Immens- 
URABIL'ITY.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  mens- 
urahilis — metior.] 

IMMERGE,  im-merj',  v.t.  to  plunge  some- 
thing into.  [L.  in,  into,  and  mergo, 
mersus,  to  plunge.] 

IMMERSE,  im-mers ,  v.t.  to  immerge  or 
plunge  something  into  :  to  engage 
deeplj- :  to  overwhelm. 

IMMERSION,  im-mer'shun,  n.  act  of  im- 
mersing or  plunging  into  :  state  of  being 
dipped  into  :  state  of  being  deeply  en- 
gaged. 

IMMETHODICAL,  im-me-thod'ik-al,  adj. 
without  method  or  order  :  irregular. — 
adv.  Immethod'ically.  [L.  in,  not,  and 
Methodical.] 

IMMIGRANT,  un'i-grant,  n.  one  who  im- 
migrates. 

IMMIGRATE,  im'i-grat,  v.i.  to  migrate  or 
remove  into  a  country.  [L.  immigro — 
in,  into,  and  migro,  migratum,  to  re- 
move J 

IMMIGRATION,  im-i-gra'shun,  n.  act  of 
immigrating. 

IMMINENT,  im'i-nent,  adj.  near  at  hand : 
threatening  :  impending.  —  adv.  Imm*!- 
nently. — n.  Imm'inence.  [L.  imminens, 
-entis — in,  upon,  mineo,  to  project.] 

IMMISSION,  im-mish'un,  n.  act  of  immit- 
ting. 

IMMIT,  ini-mit',  v.t.  to  send  into:  to  inject: 
—pr.p.  immitt'ing ;  pa.p.  immitt'ed.  [L. 
immitto — in,  into,  mitto,  missus,  to  send.] 

IMMOBILITY,  im-mo-bil'i-ti,  n.  the  being 
immovable.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Mo- 
bilityJ 

IMMODERATE,  im-mod'er-at,  adj.  exceed- 
ing proper  bounds. — adv.  Immod'erate- 
LY.    [L.  in,  not,  and  Moderate.] 

IMMODEST,  im-mod'est,  adj.  wanting  re- 
straint :  impudent  :  wanting  shame  or 
delicacy. — adv.  Immod'estly. — n.  Immod'- 
ESTY,  want  of  modesty.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not, 
and  Modest.] 

IMMOLATE,  im'o-lat,  v.t.  to  offer  in  sacri- 
fice. [Lit.  "  to  sprinkle  meal  on  a  vic- 
tim," L.  immolo,  immolatus — in,  upon, 
mola,  meal.] 

IMMOLATION,  im-o-la'shun,  n.  act  of  im- 
molating :  a  sacrifice.] 

IMMORAL,  im-mor'al,  adj.  inconsistent 
with  what  is  right :  wicked. — adv.  Im- 
mor'ally.  [Fr. — Jj.  in,  not,  and  Moral.] 

IMMORALITY,  im-mor-al'i-ti,  n.  quality  of 
being  immoral :  an  immoral  act  or  prac- 
tice. 

IMMORTAL,  im-mor'tal,  adj.  exempt  from 
death:  imperishable:  never  to  be  forgot- 
ten (as  a  name,  poem,  etc.). — n.  one  who 
will  never  cease  to  exist. — adv.  Immor'- 
tally.     ITr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Mortal.] 

IMMORTALITY,  im-mor-tal'i-ti,  n.  quality 
of  being  immortal :  exemption  from 
death  or  oblivion. 

IMMORTALIZE,  im-mor'tal-iz,  v.t.  to  make 
immortal. 

IMMORTELLE,  im-mor-tel',  w.  the  flower 
commonly  called  everlasting.  [Fr.  (Jleur) 
immortelle,  immortal  (flower).] 

IMMOVABLE,  im-moov'a-bl,  adj.  stead- 
fast :  unalterable  :  that  cannot  be  im- 
pressed or  made  to  fall. — adv.  Immov'a- 

BLY.— ns.lMMOVABLENESS,lMMOVABIL'mr. 

[Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  MOVABLE.] 
IMMOVABLES,  im-moov'a-blz,  n.pl.  fixt- 
ures, etc..  not  movable  by  a  tenant. 
IMMUNITY',  im-mun'i-ti,  n.,  freedom  from 

any  obligation  or  didy  :  privilege.     [Fr. 

— L.  innnunitas — in.  not,  munis,  serving, 

obliging.] 
IMlVlUKE,  im-mur',  v.t.  to  woH  in :  to  shut 

up  :  to  imprison.     [FV.-^  in,  fai,  and 

mums,  a  wall.] 


IMMUTABILITY,  im-mut-a-bU'i-ti,  IM 
MUTABLENESS,  im-mut'a-bl-nes,  w.  un 
changeableness. 
IMMUTABLE,  im-mut'a-bl,  adj.  unchange 
able. — adv.  Immut'ably.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not, 
and  Mutable.] 
IMP,  imp,  «.  little  devil  or  wicked  spirit.— 
v.t.  (falconry)  to  mend  a  broken  or  de- 
fective wing  by  inserting  a  feather  :  to 
qualify  for  flight. — adj.  Imp'ish,  like  an 
imp  :  fiendish.  [Lit.  and  orig.  a  graft, 
offs2)ring ;  from  Low  L.  impetus,  a  graft 
— Gr.  emphytos,  ingrafted — en,  and  root 
phy-,  to  grow  ;  akin  to  Be.] 

IMPACT,  im'pakt,  n.  a  strilcing  against: 
colUsion  :  the  blow  of  a  body  in  motion 
impinging  on  another  body  :  the  impulse 
resulting  from  collision. — Impact',  v.t.  to 
press  firmly  together.  [L.  impactas,  pa.p, 
of  impingo.    See  Impinge.] 

IMPAIR,  im-par',  v.t.  to  make  worse:  to 
diminish  in  quantity,  value,  or  strength: 
to  injure  :  to  weaken.  [M.E.  empeiren — 
O.  Fr.  empeirer  (Fr.  empirer),  from  L, 
im  {=in),  intensive,  and  Low  L.  pejorare; 
to  make  worse — L.  pejor,  worse.] 

DIP  ALE,  BIPALEMENT.  Same  as  Em 
pale,  Empalement. 

IMPALPABLE,  im-pal'pa-bl,  adj.  not  per= 
ceivable  by  touch  :  not  coarse  :  not  easi- 
hr  understood.  —  adv.  Impal'pably. — n. 
Bipalpabil'ity.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  atad 
Palpable.] 

IMPANEL,  BIPANNEL,  im-pan'l,  v.t.  to 
enter  the  names  of  a  jurj'  in  a  list,  or  on 
a  piece  of  parchment  called  a  panel : — 
pr.p.  impan'elling ;  pa.p.  impan'elled. 
[L.  in.  in,  and  Panel.] 

IMPARITY,  im-par'i-ti,  n.,  ivant  of  parity 
or  equality :  indivisibility  into  equ^ 
parts.     [L.  in,  not,  and  Papjty.] 

IMPARK,  im-park',  v.t.  to  inclose  for  a 
2]ark:  to  shut  up.     [L.  in,  in,  and  Park.] 

IMPART,  im-part',  v.t.  to  bestow  a  pari 
of :  to  give :  to  communicate  :  to  make 
known. — v.i.  to  give  a  part.  [O.  Fr. — L. 
impartio  —  in,  on,  and  pars,  partis,  a 
part.] 

IMPARTIAL,  im-par'shal,  adj.  not  favor- 
ing one  more  than  another  :  just. — adv. 
Impar'tlvlly.  [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and 
Partial.]^ 

IMPAETIALITY,  im-par-shi-al'i-ti,  n.  qual« 
ity  of  being  impartial :  freedom  foom 
bias. 

IMPARTIBLE,  im-part'i-bl,  adj.  capable 
of  being  imparted. — n.  Impartibil'ity 
[From  Impart.] 

IMPARTIBLE,  im-part'i-bl,  adj.  not  parti- 
ble  :  indivisible. — n.  Impaetibil'ity.  [L, 
in,  not,  and  Partible.] 

IMPASSABLE,  im-pas'a-bl,  adj.  not  capa- 
ble of  being  passed. — adv.  Impass'ably, 
—ns.  Impassabil'ity,  Impass'ableness. 
[L.  in,  not,  and  Passable.] 

IMPASSIBLE,  im-pas'i-bl,  adj.  incapable 
of  passion  or  feeling. — ns.  Impassibil'ity, 
Impass'ibleness,  quality  of  being  impass 
ible.  [Fr. — L.  im2^assibilis — in,  not,  and 
potior,  passus.  to  suffer.] 

IMP  ASSIONED,im-pash'und,IMP  ASSIGN 
ATE,  im-pash'un-at,  adj.  moved  by  strong 
passion  or  feeling  :  animated  :  excited. 
[L.  in,  intensive,  and  Passion.] 

IMPASSIVE,  im-pas'iv,  adj.  not  susceptible 
of  pain  or  feeling. — adv.  Impass'ively.— 

7*.  IsrPASS'rVEKESS. 

IMPATIENT,  im-pa'shent,  adj.  not  able  to 
endure  or  to  wait :  fretful :  restless. — 
adv.  Impa'tiently. — n.  lMPA'TiENCE,want 
of  patience. 

IMPAWN,  im-pawn',  v.t.  to  paum  or  de- 
posit as  security.  [L.  in,  intensive,  and 
Pawn.] 

IMPEACH,  im-pech',  v.t.  to  charge  with  a 
crime :  to  cite  before  a  court  for  official 
misconduct:  to  call  in  question. — n.  Im 


IMPEACHABLE 


233 


IMPORTABLE 


peia.ch'ment,  an  accusation  presented  by 
tbe  House  of  Representatives  to  the 
Senate,  on  which  officers  of  tlie  govern- 
ment are  tried  for  hig-h  crimes  and  mis- 
demeanors. On  such  trial,  the  Senate  is 
presided  over  by  the  Chief  Justice  of  the 
U.S.  [Lit.  "to  hinder."  Fr.  emp4cher 
(It.  ivipaceiare) ;  either  from  L.  impin- 
gere,  to  strilie  against,  or  impedicare,  to 
fetter.    See  Impinge  and  Impede.] 

IMPEACHABLE,  im-pech'a-bl,  adj.  Uable 
to  impeacliment :  charg-eable  with  a 
crime. 

IMPEABL,  im-perl',  v.t  to  adorn  with  or 
as  with  pearls :  to  make  like  pearls.  [L. 
in.  in,  and  Pei4KL.] 

IMPECCABLE,  im-pek'a-bl,  adj.  not  liable 
to  sin. — ns.  Impeccabil'itt,  Impecc'a:*cy. 
[L.  in,  not.  and  PECCABLE.] 

IMPECUNIOUS,  im-pe-ku'ni-us,  adj.  hav- 
ing no  money:  poor. — n.  Impecunios'ity. 
[L.  in,  priv.,  and  ^jecjtwia.  money.] 

IMPEDE,  ira-ped',  v.t.  to  hinder  or  ob- 
struct. [Lit.  "to  entangle  the  feet," 
from  L.  impedio — in,  in,  and  pes,  p&iis, 
a  foot.] 

IMPEDIMENT,  im-ped'i-ment,  n.  that 
whirh  impedes :  hinderance :  a  defect 
preventing  fluent  speech. 

IMPEDITIVE,  im-ped'i-tiv,  adj.  causing 
hinderance. 

IMPEL,  im-pel',  v.t.  to  drive  or  urge  for- 
ward :  to  excite  to  action  :  to  instigate  : 
— pr.p.  impell'ing  :  jxt.p.  impelled'. — n. 
Impell'er.  [L.  impello,  impulsus — in, 
on.  and  pello,  to  drive.] 

IMPELLENT,  im-pel'ent,  adj.  having  the 
quality  of  impelling  or  driving  on. — n.  a 
power  that  impels. 

IMPEND,  im-pend',  v.i.  to  hang  over:  to 
threaten  :  to  be  near.  [L.  in,  on,  and 
jiendeo.  to  hang.] 

mPENDENT,  im-pend'ent,  IMPENDING, 
ini-pend'ing,  adj.,  hanging  over:  ready 
to  act  or  happen. 

IMPENETRABLE,  im-pen'e-tra-bl,  adj.  in- 
capable of  being  pierced  :  preventing  an- 
other body  from  occupying  the  same 
space  at  the  same  time :  not  to  be  Im- 
pressed in  mind  or  heart. — adv.  Impen'- 
ETRABLY. — «.  Impen'etrability.  quality 
of  being  impenetrable.  [Fr.— L.  in,  not, 
and  Penetrable.] 

IMPENITENT,  im-pen'i-tent,  adj.  not  re- 
penting of  sin. — n.  one  who  does  not 
repent :  a  hardened  sinner. — adi>.  Impen'- 
ITENTLY. — n.  Impen'itence.  [Fr. — L.  in, 
not,  and  Penitent.] 

IMPENNATE,  im-pen'at,  IMPENNOUS, 
tm-pen'us,  adj.  wingless :  having  very 
short  wings  useless  for  flight.  [L.  in, 
not,  and  Pennate.] 

IMPERATIVE,  im-per'a-tiv,  adj.  expressive 
of  command  :  autlioritative :  obligatory. 
— adv.  Imper'atively.  [Ft. — L.  imper- 
ativus — impero,  to  command — in,  and 
paro,  to  prepare.] 

IMPERCEPTIBLE,  im-per-sep'ti-bl,  adj. 
not  discernible  :  Insensible  :  minute. — ns. 
Impercep'tibleness,  Imperceptibil'ity. 
— adv.  Impercep'tibly.      [L.  in,  not,  and 

"Pr'ROF'PTrBIjE  1 

IMPERFECT,  '  im-per'fekt,  adj.  incom- 
plete :  defective :   not    fulfilling  its  de- 

j    sign  :  liable  to  err. — ns.  Imper'fectness, 

I  Imperfec'tion. — adv.  Imper'fectly.  [Fr. 
/    — L.  in.  not,  and  Perfect.] 

CMPERFORABLE,  im-per'for-a-bl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  perforated  or  bored 
through. 

IMPERFORATE,  im-per'fo-rat,  IMPER- 
FORATED, im-per'fo-rat-ed,  adj.  not 
pierced  through:  having  no  opening. — n. 
Impeefora'tion.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Per- 
forate.] 

IMPERIAL,  im-pe'ri-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
A'n  empire  or  to  an  emperor  :  sovereign : 


supreme  :  of  superior  size  or  excellence. 
— n.  a  tuft  of  hair  on  the  lower  lip  :  a 
kind  of  dome,  as  in  Moorish  buildings  : 
an  outside  .seat  on  a  diMgence. — adv.  IM- 
pe'rially.  [Fr. — L.  imperialis  —  impe- 
rinm,  sovereignty.     See  Empire.] 

IMPERIALISM,  im-pe'ri-al-izm,  n.  the 
power  or  authority  of  an  emperor:  the 
spirit  of  empire. 

IMPERIALIST,  im-pe'ri-al-ist,  n.  one  who 
belongs  to  an  emperor :  a  soldier  or  par- 
tisan of  an  emperor. 

IMPERIALITY,  im-pe-ri-al'i-ti,  n.  imperial 
150\ver,  right,  or  privilege. 

IMPERIL,  im-per'il,  v.t.  to  put  in  peril :  to 
endanger.     [L.  in,  in,  and  Peril.] 

IMPERIOUS,  im-pe'ri-us.  adj.  assuming 
command:  haughty:  tyrannical:  authori- 
tative.— adv.  Jjipe'riously. — n.  Impe'ri- 
OUSNESS.     [L.  imperiosus.] 

BIPERISHABLE,  im-per'ish-a-bl,  adj.  in- 
destructible :    everlasting. — ns.     Imper'- 

ISHABLENESS.  IMPERISHABIL'ITY.— odv.  IM- 

per'ishably.  [Fr. — L.in=  not,  and  Per- 
ishable.] 

IMPERMEABLE,  im-per'me-a-bl,  adj.  not 
permitting  passage  :  impenetrable. — iis. 
Impeemeabil'ity,  Imper  meableness.  — 
adv.  Imper'meably.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not, 
and  Permeable.] 

IMPERSONAL,  im-per'sun-al,  adj.  not  rep- 
resenting a  person  :  not  having  person- 
ality :  {gram.)  not  varied  ace.  to  the 
persons. — adv.  Imper'sonally. — n.  Im- 
PERSONAL'iTY.  1  Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Per- 
sonal.] 

IMPERSONATE,  im-per'sun-at,  v.t.  to  in- 
vest with  personality  or  the  bodily  sub- 
stance of  a  person  :  to  ascribe  the  quali- 
ties of  a  person  to  :  to  personify. — n. 
Impersona'tion.  [L.  in,  in,  and  Per- 
sonate.] 

IMPERSUASIBLE,  im-per-swa'zi-bl,  adj. 
not  to  be  moved  by  persuasion  or  argu- 
ment.    [L.  in,  not,  and  Persuasible.] 

IMPERTINENCE,  im-per'ti-nens.  n.  that 
which  is  impertinent,  out  of  place,  or  of 
no  weight  :  intrusion  :  impudence. 

IMPERTINENT,  im-per'ti-nent,  adj.  not 
pertaining  to  the  matter  in  hand :  tri- 
fling :  intrusive  :  saucy :  impudent. — adv. 
Imper'tdjently.  [Ft.- L.  in,  not,  and 
Pertinent.  J 

IMPERTURBABLE,  Im-per-tur'ba-bl,  adj. 
tliat  cannot  be  disturbed  or  agitated : 
permanently  quiet. — n.  Impertorbabil'- 
ITY.  [L.  imperturbahilis — in,  not,  and 
perturbo,  to  disturb.] 

IMPERTURBATION,  im-per-tur-ba'shun, 
n.  freedom  from  agitation  of  mind. 

IMPERVIABLE,  im-per'vi-a-bl,  IMPER- 
VIOUS, im-per'vi-us,  adj.  not  to  be  pene- 
trated.— ns.  Imper'viableness,  Impervi- 
abil'ity,  Imper' viousness.—« dr.  Imper'- 
viously.    [L.  in,  not,  and  Pervious.] 

IMPETIGO,  im-pe-ti'go,  n.  a  skin  disease 
characterized  by  thickly-set  clusters  of 
pustules.     [L.  impeto,  to  attack.] 

IMPETUOUS,  im-pet'u-us,  adj.  rushing 
upon  with  impetus  or  violence :  vehe- 
ment in  feeling :  furious  :  passionate. — 
ns.  Impet'uousness,  Impetuos'ity. — adv. 
Impet'uously. 

IMPETUS,  im'pe-tus,  n.  an  attack :  as- 
sault :  force  or  quantity  of  motion  :  vio- 
lent tendency  to  any  point :  activity. 
[L. — in,  unApeto,  to  fall  upon.] 

IMPIETY.     See  Impiousness. 

IMPINGE,  im-pinj',  v.i.  to  strike  or  fall 
against :  to  touch  upon.  [L.  impingo — 
?■».  against,  and  pango.  to  strike.] 

IMPINGEMENT,  im-ping'ment,  n.  act  of 
impinging. 

IMPINGENT,  im-pinj'ent,  adj.  striking 
against. 

IMPIOUS,  im'pi-us,  ady.  irreverent :  want- 


ing in  veneration  for  God  :  profane. — adv 
iM'piousLY.    [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Pious,] 

IMPIOUSNESS,  im'pi-us-nes,  IMPIETY: 
im-pl'e-ti,  n.  want  of  piety  :  irreverence 
towards  God  :  neglect  of  the  divine  pre 
cepts. 

IMPLACABLE,  im-plak'a-bl,  adj.  not  to  be 
appeased  :  inexorable  :  irreconcilable. - 
adv.  Impla'cably. — ns.  Impla'cableness 
Implacabil'ity.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not  and 
Placable.] 

IMPLANT,  im-plant',  v.t.  to  plant  or  flt 
into :  to  plant  in  order  to  grow  :  to  in- 
sert :  to  infuse.  [Fr. — L.  tn,  into,  and 
Plant.] 

IMPLANTATION,  im-plan-ta'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  implanting  or  infixing,  esp.  in  the 
mind  or  heart. 

IMPLEAD,  im-pled,  v.t.  to  put  in  or  urge  a 
plea  :  to  prosecute  a  suit  at  law. — n.  Im- 
plead'er.     [Fr.— L.  in,  in,  and  Plead.] 

IMPLEMENT,  im'ple-ment,  n.  a  tool  or 
instrument  of  labor. — v.t.  to  give  efl'ect 
to.  [Low  L.  implementum,  an  accomphsh- 
ing — L.  iin-pleo.  to  fill,  to  discharge;  akin 
to plc-nus.    See  Full.] 

IMPLETION,  mi-pleshun,  n.  a  filling:  the 
state  of  being  full.  [From  impleo.  See 
Implement.] 

IMPLEX,  im'pleks,  adj.  not  simple  :  com- 
plicated. [L.  impleonis — impleeto — in.  in- 
to, and  plecto,  akin  to  Gr.  pleko,  to  twine.  ] 

BIPLIOATE,  im'pli-kat,  v.t.  to  infold:  to 
involve  :  to  entangle.  [L.  implico,  implv- 
cattti.  iinplicitus — im  {^n),  in.  and  plica, 
,1  fold.  See  Ply.  Imply  and  Employ  are 
doublets.] 

IMPLICATION,  im-pli-ka'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  implicating:  entanglement:  that  which 
is  implied. 

IMPLICATIVE,  im'pli-ka-tiv,  adj.  tending 
to  implicate. — adv.  Im'plicatively. 

IMPLICIT,  im-plis'it,  adj.  implied  :  resting 
on  or  trusting  anotlier  :  relying-  entirely, 
— adv.  Implic'itly. — n.  Implic'itness, 
[Lit.  infolded,  from  L.  implidtus — im^ 
iMco.    See  Implicate.] 

IMPLORE,  im-pl6r',  v.t.  to  ask  earnestly : 
to  beg.  [Fr.^L.  imploro — in,  and  ploro, 
to  weep  aloud.] 

IMPLORINGLY,  im-plor'ing-li,  adv.  in  aa 
imploring  or  very  earnest  manner. 

IMPLY,  im-pir,  v.t.  to  include  in  reality  i 
to  mean  :  to  signify : — pa.p.  implied'. 
[Lit.  to  infold — L.  implico.  Cf.  Impli- 
cate.] 

IMPOLICY,  im-pol'i-si,  n.  imprudence. 

IMPOLITE,  ira-po-llt',  adj.  of  unpolished! 
manners  :  uncivil. — adv.  Impolite'ly. — 
11.  Impolite'ness.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Polite.] 

IMPOLITIC,  im-pori-tik,  adj.  imprudent : 
unwise:  inexpedient. — adv.  Impol'iticlYo 
[L.  in,  not.  and  Politic.] 

IMPONDERABLE,  im-pon'der-a-bl,  adj. 
not  able  to  be  weighed  :  witliout  sensi- 
ble weight. — Impon'derables,  n.pil.  fluids 
without  sensible  iveight,  the  old  general 
name  given  to  lieat,  hght,  electricity, 
and  magnetism,  when  they  were  sup- 
posed to  be  material. — ns.  Impon'dera- 
bleness.  Imponderabil'ity.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Ponderable.] 

IMPONDEROUS,  im-pon'der-us.  Same  as 
Imponderable. 

IMPORT,  im-p6rt',  v.t.  to  carry  into:  to 
bring  from  abroad :  to  convey,  as  a  word  : 
to  signifj'  :  to  be  of  consequence  to  :  to 
interest."  [Fr. — L.  importo,  -atiis — in,  in^ 
and  porta,  to  carry.] 

IMPORT,  im'port,  ??.  that  which  is  brought 
from  abroad  :  meaning  :  importance  ; 
tendency. 

IMPORTABLE,  im-port'a-bl,  arfj.  that  may 
be  imported  or  brought  into  a  country : 
(obs.)  not  to  be  borne  or  endured  :  insujv 
portable. 


lilPORTANl 


234 


mPUTABLE 


IMPORTANT,  im-port'ant,  adj.  of  great 
import  or  consequence  :  momentous. — 
adv.  Import' AKTLY. — n.  Import' axce. 

IMPORTATION,  im-por-ta'shun,  ?i.  tlie  act 
of  importing :  the  commodities  imported. 

IMPORTER,  im-p6rt'er,  n.  one  who  brings 
in  goods  from  abroad. 

IMPORTUNATE,  im-port'u-nat,  adj.  troub- 
lesomely  urgent:  over-pressing  in  request. 
— udi:  Luport'unately.  —  n.  Import'u- 
XATEXESS.  [Coined  from  the  word  fol- 
lowinsr.] 

IMPORTUNE,  im-por-tuD',  v.t.  to  urge 
with  troublesome  application  :  to  press 
urgently.  [In  M.  E.  and  adj.,  and  sig. 
"  troublesome,"  through  the  Fr.,  from 
L.  importiirms,  orig.  "  difficult  of  access,'' 
from  it),  not,  and  portus,  a  hai'bor.  Of. 
Opportune.] 

IMPORTUNITY,  im-por-tun'i-ti,  n.  the 
quality  of  being  importunate :  urgent 
request.     [L.  import iinitas.] 

IMPOSABLE,  im-poz'a-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being  imposed  or  laid  on. 

IMPOSE.  im-poz',  v.t.  to  place  upon  :  to 
laj'  on  :  to  enjoin  or  command  :  to  put 
over  by  authority  or  force :  to  obtrude 
unfairly :  to  palm  off. — v.i.  to  mislead  or 
deceive".  [Fr.  imposer — im  {=  L.  i/i), 
on.  and  poser,  to  place.     See  Pose.] 

IMPOSING,  Im-poz'ing,  adj.  commanding : 
adapted  to   impress   forcibly. — adv.  Im- 

POS'lXOLY. 

DIPOSITION.  im-po-zish'un,  n.  a  laying 
on  ;  laying  on  of  hands  in  ordination  :  a 
tax,  a'burden  :  a  deception.  [Fr. — L. — 
impono.  impositus,  to  lay  on — in,  on,  and 
pnno.  to  place.] 

IMPOSSIBLE,  im-pos'i-bl,  adj.  that  which 
cannot  be  done  :  that  cannot  exist  :  ab- 
surd.—n.  iMPOSsiBiL'rrY.  [Fr.— L.  in, 
not,  and  Possible.] 

IMPOST,  im'post.  n.  a  tax,  esp.  on  im- 
ports :  (arch.)  that  part  of  a  pillar  in 
vaults  and  arches  on  which  the  weight 
of  the  building  is  laid.  [O.  Fr.  imponi, 
Fr.  impnt — L.  impono,  to  lay  on.] 

nrPOSTHUlMATE.  im-pos'tum-at,  v.i.  to 
form  an  imposthurae  or  abscess. — v.t.  to 
affect  with  an  imposthume. — r;.  Impos- 
thuma'tiox,  the  act  of  forming  an  ab- 
scess :  an  abscess. 

BIPOSTHUME,  ira-pos'tum,  n.  an  abscess : 
a  gnthering  of  corrupt  matter  in  a  cav- 
ity in  the  tissues.  [A  corr.  of  L.  apos- 
tema — Gr.  aphistemi.  to  separate — apo, 
away,  hi-stemi,  to  make  to  stand.] 

IMPOSTOR,  im-pos'tur,  n.  one  who  prac- 
tices imposition  or  fraud.  [L. — impono, 
to  lay  on.] 

IMPOSTURE,  im-pos'tur,  n.  imposition  or 
fraud. 

IMPOTENT,  im'po-tent,  adj.  powerless  : 
unable  :  imbecile  :  useless  :  wanting  the 
power  of  self-restraint. — adv.  Im'potent- 
LT.— «.s.  Im'potence,  Im'potenct.  [Fr. 
— L.  in,  not,  and  Potent.] 

IMPOUND,  im-pownd'.  v.t.  to  confine,  as 
in  a  pound :  to  restrain  within  limits  : 
to  take  possession  of. — n.  Impound' age, 
the  act  of  impounding  cattle.  [E.  IN 
and  Pound,  an  inclosure.] 

IMPOVERISH,  im-pov'er-ish.  v.t.  to  make 
poor:  to  exhaust  the  resources  (as  of  a 
nation),  or  fertility  (as  of  the  soil). — n. 
iMPOV'ERisirjfENT.  '  [A  corr.  of  appovriss- 
ant,  pr.p.  of  O.  Fr.  appoiTtr  (Fr.  appauv- 
riry—Fr.  prefix  op-  (=L.  ad),  towards, 
and  O.  Fr.  povre  (Fr.  pauvre),  poor — L. 
pauper] 

MPRACTICABLE,  im-prak'tik-a-bl.  adj. 
not  able  to  be  done  :  unmanageable  : 
"■tubborn.  —  adi:    Imprac'ticably.  —  ns. 

iMPKAC'TIOABILrrr.     I>rPRAC'TlCABLENESS. 

.L.  in,  not.  and  Practicable.] 
IMPRECATE,  im'pre-kat,  v.t.  {lit.)  to  pray 
for  good  or  evil   upon  :   to  curse.  —  n. 


Imfreca'tion,  the  act  of  imprecating ; 
a  curse.  [L.  imprecor,  imprecatits — in, 
upon,  pre/ior.  precatum,  to  pray.] 

IMPRECATORY,  im'pre-ka-tor-i,  ac^.  curs- 
ing. 

IMPREGNABLE,  im-preg'na-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  taken  or  seized  :  that  cannot 
be  moved  or  shaken  :  invincible. — adv. 

IMPREG'NABLY. — n.ISIFREG'N ABILITY.  [Fr. 

imprenable — L.  in,  not,  and  prehendo,  to 
take.  See  Get.] 
IMPREGNATE,  ira-preg'nat,  v.t.  to  make 
pregnant :  to  come  into  contact  with  an 
ovum,  so  as  to  cause  it  to  germinate  :  to 
impart  the  particles  or  qualities  of  one 
thing  to  another,  [Low  L.  impragno, 
•atuii — in ,  and  prcegnans,  preg^nant.    See 

IMPREGNATION,  im-preg-na'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  impregnating  :  that  with  which 
anything  is  impregnated. 

IMPRESS,  im-pres',  v.t.  to  press  upon:  to 
mai'k  by  pressure:  to  produce  by  pressure: 
to  stamp  :  to  fix  deeply  (in  the  mind):  to 
force  into  service,  es]>.  the  public  service. 
— «.  Im'press,  that  which  is  made  by 
pressure  :  stamp,  likeness  :  device,  mot- 
to.    [L.  in,  i:\,  premo,  2}ressiis,  to  press.] 

IMPRKSSIELE.  im-pres'i-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being  impressed  or  made  to  feel :  suscep- 
tible"— adv.  IrjPRESS'tBLY. — n.  Impressi- 
bil'ity. 

IMPRESSION,  im-presh'un,  n.  the  act  of 
impressing  :  that  which  is  produced  by 
pressure  :  a  single  edition  of  a  bock  :  the 
effect  of  any  object  on  the  mind  :  idea  t 
slight  remembrance. — adj.  Impress'iona- 
BLE,  able  to  receive  an  impression. 

IMPRESSm;,  im-pres'iv,  adj.  capable  of 
making  an  impression  on  the  mind : 
solemn. — adv.   Impress'tvely.  —  n.   Im- 

PRESS'n-EXESS. 

lifPRESSMENT,  im-pres'ment,  n.  the  act 
of  impressing  or  seizing  for  service,  esp. 
in  the  navy.  [A  word  coined  from  jyress, 
in  Pressg'ang.J 

DIPRIMATUR,  im-pri-ma'tur,  n.  a  license 
to  print  a  book.  etc.  [Lit.  "let  it  be 
printed  " ;  from  L.  imprimo — in,  on,  and 
premo.  to  press.] 

IMPRINT,  im-print',  v.t.  to  print  in  or 
upo7i :  to  print :  to  stamp :  to  impress : 
to  fix  in  the  mind. — n.  Im'print,  that 
■which  is  imjiorinted  :  the  name  of  the 
publisher,  time  and  place  of  publication 
of  a  book,  etc.,  printed  on  the  title-page : 
also  the  printer's  name  on  the  back  of  the 
title-page,  and  at  the  end  of  the  book. 
[L.  j?i,  in  or  upon,  and  Peikt.] 

IMPRISON,  im-priz'n,  v.t.  to  put  in  prison  ; 
to  shut  up :  to  confine  or  resti'ain. — n. 
Impris'ONMENT,  the  act  of  imprisoning 
or  state  of  being  imprisoned :  confine- 
ment or  restraint.  [FV. — L.  in,  into, 
and  Prison.] 

IMPROBABLE,  im-prob'a-bl,  adj.  unlikely. 
— adv.  Isiprob'ably. — ?;.  Isipbobabil'ity, 
[Fr. — h.  in,  not.  and  Probable.] 

IMPROBITY,  im-prob'i-ti,  n..  want  of  prob- 
ity or  integrity  :  dishonesty.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Probity.] 

IMPROMPTU.  im-pTomp'tu,  adj.,  prompt, 
ready:  olT-hand. — adv.  readily. — n.  a 
short  witty  sajing  expressed  at  "the  mo- 
ment :  any  composition  produced  at  the 
moment.  [Fr. — L. — in,  and  promptus, 
readiness.     See  PROMPT.] 

IMPROPER,  im-prop'er,  adj.  not  suitable  : 
unfit  :  unbecoming :  incorrect :  wrong. 
— adi:  Ijiprop'erly.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not, 
and  Proper.] 

DIPROPRIATE,  im-pro'pri-at,  v.t.  (lit.)  to 
appropriate  to  private  usf  :  to  place  ec- 
clesiastical projaerty  in  the  hands  of  a 
layman. — n.  Impropria'tion.  tlie  act  of 
appropriating :    the  property    impropri- 


ated. [L.  in,  in,  a.ndiproprio,propriatum, 
to  appropriate — proprius,  one's  own, 
proper.] 

IMPROPRIETY,  im-pro-prTe-ti,  n.  that, 
which  is  improper  or  unsuitable :  want 
of  propriety  or  fitness.  [L.  in,  not,  and 
Proprtftv  \ 

IMPROVABLE,  im-proov'a-bl,  adj  able  to 
be  improved  :  capable  of  being  used  to 
advantage. — adv.  Improv'ably. — n.9.  Im 

PROVABIL'ITY,  ImPROV'aBLEN-ESS. 

IMPROVE,  im-pro6V,  v.t.  to  make  better  : 
to  advance  in  value  or  excellence  :  to 
correct :  to  employ  to  good  purpose.— 
v.i.  to  grow  better:  to  make  prosress:  to 
increase  :  to  rise  (as  prices). — n.  IjtPROv'- 
er.  [Prefix  in-  and  O.  Fr.  prover — L, 
prohare,  to  try,  to  consider  as  good.] 

IMPROVEMENT,  im-proov'ment.  v.  the 
act  of  improving :  advancement  or  prog- 
ress :  increase,  addition,  or  alteration : 
the  turning  to  good  account :  instruc- 
tion.   

DIPROVIDENT,  im-prov'i-dent,  adj.  not 
pro\-ident  or  prudent :  wanting  foresight; 
thoughtless.  — adv.  Improt'iden'tly.— jj, 
Improv'idence.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Provi- 
dent.] 

IMPROVINGLY,  im-proov'ing-li,  adv.  in  an 
improving  manner. 

DIPROVISATE,  im-proVi-sat,  DIPRa 
VISE,  im-pro-viz',  v.t.  to  compose  and 
recite,  esp.  in  vevse,ivitho^t preparation  : 
to  bring  about  on  a  sudden:  to  do  anything 
off-hand. — n.  Improvis'er.  [Fr.  impro- 
viser — It.  improvisare  —  L.  in,  not,  and 
provisus,  foreseen.     See  Provide.] 

IMPROVISATION,  im-prov-i-sa'shun,  n. 
act  of  improvising :  that  which  is  impro 
vised. 

IMPROVISATORE,    ira-pro-viz-a-to'ra,   n 
one  who  improvises  :  one  who  composes 
and  recites  verses  without  preparation : 
~p>\  Improvisato'ei  (-re).     [It.    See  Im- 

PROVISATE.] 

IMPRUDENT,  im-pro6'dent,  adj.  wanting 
foresight  or  discretion  :  incautious  :  in- 
considerate. —  adv.  Impru'dently.  —  n. 
Lupru'dence.  [Fr.— L.  im,  not,  and  Pru- 
dent.] 

IMPUDENT,  im'pu-dent,  adj.,  wanting 
shame  or  modesty:  brazen-faced:  bold: 
rude  :  insolent. — adv.  Im'pudently. — n. 
Ill'PUDENCE.  [Fi-. — ^L.  in,  not,  pvdens, 
-entis,  from  piuho,  to  be  ashamed.] 

IMPUGN,  im-piin',  v.t.  to  oppose  :  to  attack 
bj-  words  or  argimients  :  to  call  in  ques- 
tion.— n.  Impugn'er.  [Fr. — L.  impugno 
— in,  against,  pugito,  to  fight.] 

IMPUGNABLE,  im-pun'a-bl,  ad/,  able  to  be 
impugned  or  called  in  question. 

IMPULSE,  im'puls.  IMPLTSION,  im-pul'- 
shun,  n.  the  act  of  impelling  or  driving 
on  :  effect  of  an  impelling  force  :  force 
suddenly  communicated  :  influence  on 
the  mind.     [From  Impel.] 

BIPULSIVE,  im-puls'iv,  adj  having  the 
power  of  impielling  or  driving  on  :  act- 
uated by  mental  impulse  :  (mech.^  acting 
by  impulse:  not  continuous. —  air.  Im- 

P'ULS'IVELY. — n.  ImPULS'IVENESS. 

IMPUNITY,  im-pun'i-ti.  n.  freedom  or 
safety  from  punishment :  exemption  from 
injury  or  loss.  [Ft-. — L.  itnpunita.^ — in. 
not.  poena,  punishment.] 

IMPURE,  im-pQr',  adj.  mixed  with  other 
giibstances  :  defiled  by  sin  :  unholy  :  un- 
chaste:  unclean. — adi:  Impure'lv. — ns. 
I.mpur'ity,  I^rpUHE'NESS,  quality  of  being 
impure.     [Fr. — L.  in.  not.  and  PURE.] 

niPURPLE,  im-pur'pl.     Same  as  Empcr- 

PLtE 

IMPUTABLE,  im-put'a-bl.  adj.  capable  of 
being  imputed  or  charged  :  attributable. 
—adv.  Imput'ably.— nji.  iMPur'ABLKirESS, 
iMPUTABiL'iry. 


IMPUTATION 


235 


INCESTUOUS 


IMPUTATION,  im-pu-ta'shun,  n.  act  of 
imputing  or  charging :  censure  :  re- 
proach :  the  reckoning  as  belongino'  to. 

IMPUTATFV'E.  im-pufa-tiv,  adj.  that  may 
be  imputed. — adv.  Imput'atively. 

IMPUTE,  im-put',  v.t.  to  reckon  as  belong- 
ing to — in  a  bad  sense:  to  cliarge. — n.  IM- 
put'er.  [Fr.  impitter—L.  iiiqjitto,  -atuni 
— iji,  a-nd  ptito,  to  reckon.] 

IN,  in,  ^rep.  denotes  presence  or  situation 
in  place,  time,  or  circumstances — within, 
during  :  by  or  through. — adv.  witliin  : 
not  out.  [A.S.  in  :  Dut.,  Grer.,  and  Goth. 
in,  Scand.  i;  W.  7jn,  Ir.  in  ;  L.  in,  Gr. 
en :  Sans,  ana.'] 

INABILITY,  in-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  want  of  suffi- 
cient power  :  incapacity.  [Fr. — L.  in, 
not,  and  Abiuty.I 

INACCESSIBLE,  in-ak-ses'i-bl.  adj.  not  to 
be  reached,  obtained,  or  approached. — 
adv.  Inaccess'ibly. — ns.  Inaccessibili- 
ty, IXACCESS'IBLENESS.  [Fr.— L.  in,  not, 
and  Accessible.] 

INACCURACY,  in-ak'kur-a-si,  n.  want  of 
exactness  :  mistake. 

INACCURATE,  in-ak'kur-at,  adj.  not  ex- 
act or  correct :  erroneous. — adv.  Inac'- 
CURATELY.     [L.  in,  not,  and  AcctJEATE.] 

INACriON,  in-ak'sbun,  n.  want  of  action  : 
idleness  :  rest.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Ac- 
tion.] 

INACTIVE,  in-akt'iv.  adj.  having  no  power 
to  move  :  idle  :  lazy :  (chem.)  not  show- 
ing any  action.— ode.  Inact'ively.  [L. 
in,  not.  and  Active.] 

INACTIVITY,  in-akt-iv'i-ti,  11.  want  of  ac- 
tivity :  inertness  :  idleness.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Activity.] 

INADEQUATE,  in-ad'e-kwat,  adj.  insuffi- 
cient.— adv.  Inad'equately. — ns.  Inad'- 
EQUACY,  Inab'equateness,  insufficiency. 
[L.  in,  not,  Adequate.] 

INADMISSIBLE,  in-ad-mis'i-bl,  adj.  not  ad- 
missible or  allowable. — n.  Inadmissibil'- 
ity.     [Fr. — L.  in,  not.  Admissible.] 

INADVERTENCE,  in-ad-vert'ens,  INAD- 
VERTENCY, in-ad-vert'en-si,  n.  lack  of 
advertence  or  attention :  negligence : 
oversight. 

INADVERTENT,  in-ad-vert'ent,  adj.  inat- 
tentive.— adv.  Inadvert'ently.  [L.  in, 
not.  Advertent.] 

INALIENABLE,  in-al'yen-a-bl,  adj.  not 
capable  of  being  transferred. — 7i.  Inal'- 
ienableness.  [Ft. — L.  in,  not,  Aliena- 
ble.] 

INAMORATO,  in-am-o-ra't6,  n.  one  who  is 
enamored  or  in  love  •.—pi.  InamORA'ti 
(-teV     [It.     See  Enamor.] 

INANE,  iu-an',  adj.,  empty  :  void  :  void  of 
ordinary  intelligence:  useless.  [L.tnanis.] 

INANIMATE,  in-an'im-at,  adj.  without  ani- 
mation or  life  :  dead.  [L.  in,  not,  Ani- 
mate.] 

INANIMATION,  in-an-im-a'shun,  n.  want 
of  animation  :  lifelessness.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Animation.] 

INANITION,  in-a-nish'un,  n.  state  of  being 
inane  :  emptiness  :  exhaustion  from 
want  of  food.    [Fr.,  from  root  of  Inane.] 

INANITY,  in-an'i-ti,  n.  empty  space : 
senselessness. 

INAPPLICABLE,  in-ap'plik-a-bl,  adj.  not 
applicable  or  suitable. — n.  Inapplicabil'- 
ity.     [L.  in,  not.  Applicable.] 

INAPPLICATION,  in-ap-plik-a'shun,  n. 
want  of  application  or  attention.  [L.  in, 
not.  Application.] 

INAPPOSITE.  in-apVoz-it,  adj.  not  appos- 
ite or  suitable. — adv.  Inap'positely.  [L. 
in.  not.  Apposite.] 

INAPPRECIABLE,  in-ap-pre'shi-arbl,  adj. 
not  appreciable  or  able  to  be  valued.  [L. 
in.  not.  Appreciable.] 

INAPPROACHABLE.  in-ap-pr6ch'a-bl,ad7'. 
inaccessible.  [L.  in,  not,  Approacha- 
ble.! 


INAPPROPRIATE,  in-ap-pro'pri-at,  o^;. 
not  suitable. — adv.  Inappro'priately. — 
V.  Inappro'priateness.  [L.  in,  not,  Ap- 
propriate.] 

INAPT,  in-apt',  adj.  not  apt:  unfit. — adv. 
Inapt'ly. — n.  Inapt'itude,  unfitness.  [L. 
in,  not.  Apt.] 

INARCHING,  in-arch'ing,  n.  a  method  of 
grafting  by  which  branches  are  united 
together,  generally  in  the  form  of  an 
arch,  before  being  separated  from  the 
original  stem.     [L.  in,  and  Arch.] 

INARTICULATE,  in-ar-tik'ul-at,  adj.  not 
distinct :  (zool.)  not  jointed. — adv.  Inar- 
tic'ulately.^ks.  Inartic'ulateness,  In- 
articula'tion,  indistinctness  of  sounds 
in  speaking.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Articu- 
late.] 

INARTIFICIAL,  in-art-i-fish'yal,  adj.  not 
done  by  art:  simple. — adv.  Inartific'ial- 
LY.    [L.  ill,  not,  and  Artificial.] 

INASJIUCH,  in-az-raucli',  adv.  since  :  see- 
ing that  :  this  being  the  case.  [In,  As, 
and  Much.] 

INATTENTION,  in-at-ten'shun,  n.  want  of 
attention  :  neglect  :  heedlessness.  [Fr. 
— L.  in,  not,  and  Attention.] 

INATTENTIVE,  in-at-tent'iv,  adj.  careless. 
—adv.  Inattent'ively. 

INAUDIBLE,  in-awd'i-bl,  adj.  not  able  to 
be  iieard. — adv.  Inaud'ibly. — ns.  Inaud- 
IBIL'ITY,  Inaud'ibleness.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Audible.] 

INAUGURAL,  in-aw'gur-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  done,  or  pronounced  at  an  inaug- 
uration, 

INAUGURATE,  in-aw'gur-at.  v.t.  to  induct 
into  an  office  in  a  formal  manner :  to 
cause  to  begin  :  to  make  a  public  ex- 
hibition of  for  the  first  time.  [L.  in- 
angnro,  -atum.     See  AUGUE.] 

INAUGURATION,  in-aw-gur-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  inaugurating  (in  its  different  mean- 
ings). 

INAUGURATOR,  in-aw'gur-a-tor,  n.  one 
who  inaugurates. 

INAUSPICIOUS,  in-aw-spish'us,  adj.  not 
auspicious  :  ill-omened  :  unlucky. — adv. 
Inauspi'ciously.— K.  Inauspi'ciousness. 
[L.  in.  not,  and  AUSPICIOUS.] 

INBORN,  in'bawrn,  ad/.,  boi'n  in  ovwith; 
implanted  bj'  nature.     [E.  In  and  BoRN.] 

INBREATHE." in-bref?i',  v.t.  to hreatheinto. 
[E.  In  and  Breathe.] 

INBRED,  in'bred,  adj.,  bred  within:  in- 
nate :  natural. 

INBREED,  in-bred',  v.t.  to  breed  or  gener- 
ate ivithin  ;  to  breed  from  animals  of  the 
same  parentage  or  otherwise  closely 
related  :  to  breed  in-and-in.  [E.  In  and 
Breed.] 

INBURS'T,  in'burst,  n.  a  bursting  in  from 
without :  an  irruption :  an  inbreak : 
opposed  to  ontbttrst.  "  Let  but  that 
accumulated  insurrectionary  mass  find 
entrance,  like  the  infinite  inburst  of 
water. " — Carlyle. 

INCA,  ing'ka,  n.  a  name  given  to  the  an- 
cient kings  and  princes  of  Peru  : — pi. 
Incas,  ing'kaz. 

INCAGE.  in-kaj'.     Same  as  Encage. 

INCALCULABLE,  in-kal'ku-la-bl,  adj.  not 
calculable  or  able  to  be  reckoned. — adv. 
Incalculably'.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Calcu- 
lable.] 

INCANDESCENT,in-kan-des'ent.ady.  white 
or  glowing  with  heat. — n.  Incandes'- 
Cence.  a  white-heat.  [L.  incande-icens — 
in,  and  candesco,  inceptive  of  candeo,  to 
glow.    Cf.  Candle.] 

INCANTATION,  in-kan-ta'shun,  n.  a  magi- 
cal charm  uttered  by  singing  :  enchant- 
ment. [L.  incantatio,  from  root  of  EN- 
CHANT.] 

INCAPABLE,  in-kap'a-bl.  adj.  not  capable  : 
insufficient:    un.nWe  :   disnnnlifiod, — adv. 


Incap'ably. — n.    Incapabil'ity.      [Fr  — 
L.  in,  not,  and  Capable.] 

INCAPACIOUS,  in-kap-a'shus,  adj.  not 
capacious  or  lai'ge  :  narrow.  [L.  i/i,  not, 
and  Capacious.] 

INCAPACITATE,  in-kap-as'i-tat,  v.t.  to 
deprive  of  capacity  :  to  make  incapable  : 
to  disc)ualil'y.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Capaci- 
tate.] 

INCAPACITY,  in-kap-as'i-ti,  n.  want  of 
capacity  or  power  of  mind  :  inability  : 
disqualification.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and 
Capacity.    See  Capacious.] 

INCARCERATE,  in-kar'ser-at,  v.t.  to  im- 
prison :  to  confhie. — n.  Incahceea'tion, 
imprisonment.  [L.  in,  and  carcer-o.  -atus 
— career,  a  prLson,  a  word  of  doubtful 
origin.] 

INCARNADINE,  in-kar'na-din,  v.t.  to  dye 
of  a  red  color.  [Fr.,  from  root  of  INCAR- 
NATE.] 

INCARNATE,  in-kar'nat.  v.t.  to  embody  in 
flesh.— adj.  invested  with  flesh.  [Low  L. 
incaim-o.-atus — in,  and  cai-o,  carnis,  flesh. 
Cf.  Carnal.] 

INCARNATE,  in-kar'n.nt,  adj.  not  in  the 
flesh  :  divested  of  a  body  :  disembodied. 
"  I  fear  nothing  .  .  .  that  devil  carnate 
or  incarnate  can  faii-ly  do  against  a  virtue 
so  established." — Richardson,  [In,  priv., 
and  L.  earn,  cartns,  flesh.] 

INCARNATION,  in-kai--na'shun,  ?;.  act  of 
embodying  in  flesh:  act  of  taking  a  human 
body  and  the  nature  of  a  man  :  an  incar- 
nate form  :  manifestation  :  (mirg.)  the 
process  of  healing,  or  forming  new  flesh. 

INCARNATIVE,  in-kar'na-tiv.  adj.  causing 
new  flesh  to  grow. — n.  a  medicine  which 
causes  new  flesh  to  grow. 

INCASE,  in-kas',  v.t.  to  put  in  a  case:  to 
surround  with  something  solid.  [Fr.  en- 
caisser — h.  in,  in,  and  Case.] 

INCASEMF:NT,  In-kas'ment,  n.  act  of  in- 
closing with  a  case :  an  inclosing  sub- 
stance. 

INCAUTIOUS,  in-kaw'shus,  adj.  not  cau- 
tious or  careful. — adv.  Incau'TIOUSLY. — 
71.  Incau'tiousness.  want  of  caution. 
[L.  in.  not.  and  Cautious.] 

INCENDIARY,  in-sen'di-ar-i,  n.  one  that 
sets  fire  to  a  building,  etc.,  mahciously  : 
one  who  promotes  quarrels. — adj.  will- 
ftilly  setting  fire  to  :  relating  to  incendi- 
arism :  tending  to  excite  sedition  or 
quarrels. — n.  Incen'diarism.  [L.  incendi- 
arius  —  incendinm.  a  burning — incendo, 
incensvs,  to  kindle,  allied  to  candeo,  to 
glow.] 

INCENSE,  in-sens',  v.t.  to  inflame  with 
anger.     [See  above  word.] 

INCENSE,  in'sens,  n.  odor  of  spices  burned 
in  religious  rites  :  the  materials  so 
burned.  [Fr.  encens — L.  incensttm.  what 
is  burned.    See  Incendiary.] 

INCENTIVE,  in-sent'iv.  adj.  inciting  :  en- 
couraging.— n.  that  which  incites  to  ac- 
tion or  moves  the  mind  :  motive.  [L. 
incentivus,  striking  up  a  tune,  hence  pro- 
vocative, from  incino — in,  and  cano,  to 
sing.    Cf.  Chant,  Enchant.] 

INCEPTION,  in-sep'shun.  n.  a  beginning. 
— adj.  Incep'ti'S'E.  beginning  or  marking 
the  beginning.  [L.  incipio,  inceptus,  to 
begin — in.  on,  and  capio,  to  seize.] 

INCERTITUDE,  in-ser'ti-tud,  n.  want  of 
certainty  :  doubtfulness.  [From  L.  in- 
certus — in,  not,  and  certus,  certain.] 

INCESSAN'T.  in-ses'ant,  adj.  not  ceasing : 
uninterrupted  :  continual. — adv.  Incess'- 
ANTLY.  [L.  incess-ans,  -antis — in,  not, 
and  cesso,  to  cease.] 

INCEST,  in'sest,  n.  sexual  intercourse  with- 
in the  prohibited  degrees  of  kindred.  [Fr 
inceste — L.  incestxis,  imchaste — in.  not 
and  cast  lis.  chaste.     Cf.  CHASTE.] 

INCESTUOUS,  in-sest'u-us,  adj.  guilty  o' 
incest. — ai!r.  ly-'-^ST'T-orsLv. 


iSCR 


236 


INCONSTANT 


INCH,  iQsh,  n.  the  twelfth  part  of  a  foot : 
proverbially,  a  small  distance  or  degree. 
— By  inches,  \>\  slow  degrees.  fA.S. 
ynce,  an  inch — Li  uneia,  the  twelfth  part 
of  anytliing,  an  inch,  also  an  ounce 
(twelfth  of  a  pound).     Doublet  OUNCE.J 

INCH,  insh,  INCHED,  insht,  adj.  contain- 
ing: inches. 

INCHOATE,  in'ko-at,  adj.  only  beffun:  un- 
finished.— (J.  iNCHOa'TiON,  beginning. — 
adj.  Incho'ative,  inceptive.  fL.  inchoo, 
inchoattis,  to  begin.] 

INCIDENCE,  in'si-dens,  Ji.  a  falling  upon : 
the  meeting  of  one  body  with  another. — 
Angle  of  Incidence,  the  angle  at  which 
a  ray  of  hglit  or  radiant  heat  falls  upon 
a  surface.     [See  INCIDENT.] 

INCIDENT,  in'si-dent,  adj.,  falling  xipon: 
fortuitous:  hable  to  occur:  naturally  be- 
longing.— n.  that  which  falls  out  or  hap- 
pens: an  event:  a  subordinate  action:  an 
episode.     [Tr. — L.  incidens.'] 

DJCIDENTAL,  in-si-dent'al,  adj.,  falling 
out:  coming  without  design:  occasional: 
accidental. — adv.  INCIDENT' ALLY. — 2i.  IN- 
cident'alness. 

INCIPIENT,  in-sip'i-eut,  adj.  beginning. — 
adv.  Incip'iently. — ns.  Incip'ience,  In- 
oip'iENCY.  [Pr.p.  of  L.  incipio.  See 
Inception.] 

INCIRCLE,  in-serM.    Same  as  ENCIRCLE. 

INCISE,  in-slz',  v.t.  to  cut  into  :  to  cut  or 
gasli :  to  engrave.  [Fr.  iriciser — L.  in- 
cido,  incisiis — in,  into,  and  ccedo,  to  cut. 
Cf.  C^suRA  and  Excision.] 

INCISION,  in-sizh'un,  n.  the  act  of  cutting 
into  a  substance  :  a  cut :  a  gash. 

INCISIVE,  in-si'siv,  adj.  having  the  quali- 
ty of  cutting  into,  or  penetrating  as  with 
a  sharp  instrument :  trenchant :  acute  : 
sarcastic.     [Fr.  incisif — L.  ineisus.] 

INCISOR,  in-srzor,  n.  a  cutting  or  fore 
tooth. — adj.  INCI'SORY.     [L.] 

INCITATION,  in-si-ta'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
inciting  or  rousing :  that  which  stimu- 
lates to  action:  an  incentive.  [Fr. — ^L. 
l!>GG  Incite  1 

CNCITATIVE,  in-slt'a-tiv,  n.  a  provocative  : 
a  stimulant:  an  incitant.  "They  all 
carried  wallets,  wliich,  as  appeared  af- 
terwards, were  well  provided  with  incit- 
atives,  and  such  as  provoke  to  thirst  at 
two  leagues'  distance." — Jarvis. 

INCITE,  in-sit',  v.t.  to  rouse:  to  move  the 
mind  to  action  :  to  encourage  :  to  goad. 
— adv.  Inctt'ingly. — w.  Incit'er.  [Ft. — 
L.  incifo — in,  and  cito,  to  rouse — cieo,  to 
pat  in  motion.] 

INCITEMENT,  in-sit'ment.  Same  as  IN- 
citation. 

INCIVILITY,  in-si-vil'i-ti,  n.  want  of  civil- 
ity or  courtesy :  impoliteness :  disre- 
spect: an  act  of  discourtesy  (in  tliis  sense 
hasap?.,  Inctvil'ities).  [L.  iji,  not,  and 
ClvnjTY.] 

INCLEMENT,  in-klem'ent,  adj.  unmerci- 
t<A  :   stormy  :  very  cold. — adv.  Inclem'- 

ENTLY.— H.     iNCLEM'ENCy.       [Fr. — L.     in, 

not,  and  Ciement.] 

INCLINABLE,  in-klln'a-bl,  a^:  that  may 
be  inclined  or  bent  towards:  leaning: 
tending :  somewhat  disposed. — n.  &- 
ctjn'  a  rt  fxt?^^ 

iN lLINATION,  in-kli-na'shun,  n.  the  act 
I  r  inclining  or  bending  towards :  ten- 
dency :  natural  aptness :  favorable  dis- 
position :  affection  :  act  of  bowing:  angle 
between  two  lines  or  planes. 

tNCLESTE,  in-klln',  v.t.  to  lean  towards :  to 
deviate  from  a  hue  toward  an  object :  to 
be  disposed  :  to  have  some  desire. — v.t. 
to  cause  to  bend  towards :  to  give  a  lean- 
ing to :  to  dispose  :  to  bend. — n.  an  in- 
clined plane  :  a  regular  ascent  or  descent. 
rFV. — L.  inclino — in,  towards,  clino ;  cog. 
with  Gr.  klino,  to  bend,  and  E.  lean.] 

INCLOSE,  in-kloz',  v.t.  to  dose  or  shut  in : 


to  confine  :  to  surround :  to  put  within 
a  case  :  to  fence.  [Fr. — L.  includo,  in- 
clusus — in,  in,  and  elaudo,  to  shut.] 

INCLOSURE,  in-klo'zhur,  n.  act  of  inclos- 
ing :  state  of  being  inclosed  :  that  whicii 
is  inclosed :  a  space  fenced  off :  that 
which  incloses  :    a  barrier. 

INCLUDE,  in-kl66d'.  v.t.  to  close  or  shut 
in  :  to  embrace  within  limits :  to  .con- 
tain :  to  comprehend.  [L.  includo,  in- 
clu.^us—in,  in,  and  elaudo,  to  shut.  See 
Close.] 

INCLUSION,  in-klo6'zhun,  n.  act  of  in- 
cluding. 

INCLUSIVE,  in-kloo'siv,  adj.,  shutting  in: 
inclosing :  comprehending  the  stated 
limit  or  extremes. — adv.  Incld'sively. 

INCOGNITO,  in-kog'ni-to,  adj.,  unknoum : 
disguised. — adv.  in  concealment:  in  a 
disguise  :  under  an  assumed  title.  [It. 
— L.  incognitus — in,  not,  and  cognitus, 
known — cognosco,  to  know.] 

INCOGNIZABLE,  in-kog'niz-a-bl  or  in- 
kon'iz-a-bl,  adj.  that  cannot  be  known 
or  distinguished.     [Prefix  in-,  not,  Coo- 

NIZABLE.] 

INCOHERENCE,  in-ko-her'ens,  n.  want  of 
coherence  or  connection :  looseness  of 
parts :  want  of  connection  :  incongruity. 
[Fi\ — L.  in,  not,  and  Coherence.] 

INCOHERENT,  in  -  ko  -  her'ent,  adj.  not 
connected:  loose:  incongruous.  —  adv. 
Incohee'ently. 

INCOMBUSTIBLE,  in-kom-bust'i-bl,  adj. 
incapable  of  being  consumed  by  fire. — 
ns.  Incombustibll'ity,  Incombust'ible- 
ness. — adv.  Incombust'ibly.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Combustible.] 

INC05IE,  in'kum,  n.  the  gain,  profit,  or 
interest  resulting  from  anything :  reve- 
nue.    [E.  In  and  Come.] 

INCOMMENSURABLE,  in-kom-ensu-ra-bl, 
adj.  having  no  common  measure. — ns. 
Incommensueabil'ity,  Incommen'sura- 
bleness. — adv.  Incommen'surably.  [Ft. 
— L.  in.  not,  and  COMMENSURABLE.] 

INCOMMENSURATE,  in-kom-en'su-rat , 
adj.  not  admitting  of  a  common  meas- 
ure :  not  adequate  :  unequal. — adv.  IN- 
commen'surately. 

INCOMMODE,  in-kom-6d',  v.t.  to  cause 
trouble  or  inconvenience  to  :  to  annoy ; 
to  molest.  [Fr. — L.  incommodo — incom- 
modus,  inconvenient — in,  not,  and  com- 
mudas.    See  Commodious.] 

INCOMMODIOUS,  in-kom-o'di-us,  adj.  in- 
convenient :  annoying. — n.  Incommo'- 
DiousNESS. — adv.  Incommo'diously.  [L. 
in,  not,  and  Commodious.] 

INCOMMUNICABLE,  in-kom-un'i-ka-bl, 
adj.  that  cannot  be  communicated  or  im- 
parted to  others. — ns.  Incommunicabil'- 
ITY,  Incommun'icableness. — adv.  Incom- 
mun'icably.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  COM- 
municablbJ     

INCOMMUNICATIVE,  in-kom-un'i-ka-tiv, 
adj.  not  disposed  to  hold  communion 
with:    unsocial.  —  adv.    Incommun'ica- 

TIYELY. 

INCOMMUTABLE,  in-kom-utVbl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  commuted  or  exchanged. 
— ns.  Incommutabil'ity,  Incommut'able- 
NEss. — adv.  Incommut'ably.  [Fr. — L. 
in,  not,  and  Commutable.] 

INCOMPARABLE,  in-kom'par-a-bl,  adj. 
matchless. — n.  Incom'parableness.— adv. 
Incom'parably.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and 
Comparable.] 

INCOMPATIBLE,  in-kom-pat'i-bl,  adj.  not 
consistent :  contradictory  :  — pi.  things 
which  cannot  co-exist. —  n.  Incomfati- 
bil'ity. — adv.  Incompatibly.  [Fr. — ^L. 
in,  not,  and  Compatible.] 

INCOMPETENCE,  in-kom'pe-tens,  IN- 
COMPETENCY, in-kom'pe-ten-si,  n.  state 
of  being  incompetent    want  of  sufficient 


power :  want  of  suitable  means:  insuffi 
ciency. 

INCOMPETENT,  in  -  kom'pe  -  tent,  ady, 
wanting  adequate  powers  :  wanting  the 
proper  qualifications:  insufficient. — adv. 
Incom'petently.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and 
Competent.  ] 

INCOMPLETE,  in-kom-plet',  adj.  imper 
feet. — n.  Incomplete'ness. — adv.  Incom 
plete'ly.    [L.  in,  not,  and  Complete.] 

INCOMPLIANT,  in-kom-pli'ant,  INCOM 
PLIABLE,  iu-kom-pli'a-bl,  adj.  not  dis 
posed  to  comply  :  unjielding  to  request. 
— n.  Incompu'ance. — adv.  Incompli'ant 
LY.     [L.  in.  not,  and  COMPLIANT.  1 

INCOMPREHENSIBLE,  in-kom-pre-hen- 
si-bl,  adj.  (Fr.  Bk.)  not  to  be  compre- 
hended or  contained  within  limits :  not 
capable  of  being  understood:  inconceive- 
able. — ns.  Incomprehensibil'ity,  Incom- 
prehen'sibleness,  Incomprehen'sion.— 
adv.  Incomprehen'sibly.  [Fr.  —  L.  in, 
not,  and  Comprehensible.] 

INCOMPREHENSIVE,  in-kom-pre-hen'- 
siv,  adj.  limited. — n.  Incomprehen'siye- 

NESS. 

INCOMPRESSIBLE,  in-kom-pres'i-l)l,  adj. 
not  to  be  compressed  into  smaller  bulk, 
— n.  Incompressibil'ity.  [L.  in.  not, 
and  Compressible.] 

INCOMPUTABLE,  in-kom-put'a-bl,  adj 
that  cannot  be  computed  or  reckoned, 
[L.  in,  not.  and  Computable.] 

INCONCEFVABLB,  in-kon-seVa-bl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  conceived  by  the  mind  • 
incomprehensible. — n.  Inconceiv'aBLE 
ness. — adv.  Inconceiy'ably.  t[Fr.— L. 
in.  not,  and  Conceivable.] 

INCONCLUSIVE,  in-kon-kloos'iv,  adj.  not 
settling  a  point  in  debate. — adv.  Lnoon- 
Clus'itely. — n.  Inconclus'iveness.  [L,! 
in,  not,  and  CONCLUSIVE.] 

INCONDENSABLE,  in-kon-dens'a-bl,  adj. 
not  to  be  condensed  or  made  more  dense 
or  compact. — 7i.  IncONDENSABIL'ity.  [L, 
in,  not.  Condensable.] 

INCONGENIAL,  in-kon-je'ni-al,  adj.  un- 
suitable  :  unsympathetic— ?i.  Incongk'- 
NiALiTY.    [See  Congenial.] 

INCONGRUOUS,  in-kong'groo-us,  adj.  in 
consistent:  unsuitable. — n.  INCONGRU'ITT. 
—adv.  Incon'gruously.  [L.  in,  not,  and 
Congruous.] 

INCONSEQUENT,  in-kon'se-kwent,  adj. 
not  following  from  the  premises. — n, 
iNCON'sEQOErcE.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Con- 
sequent.] 

INCONSEQLTCNTIAL,  in-kon-se-kwen'- 
shal,  adj.  not  regularly  following  from 
the  premises:  of  little  importance. — adv 
Inconsequen'tially. 

INCONSIDERABLE,  in-kon-sid'er-a-bl,  adj. 
not  worthy  of  notice :  unimportant. — 
adv.  Inconsid'erably.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not, 
and  Considerable.] 

INCONSIDERATE,  in-kon-sid'er-at,  adj. 
not  considerate  :  thoughtless  :  inatten- 
tive. —  adv.  Inconsid'erately.  —  n.  IN- 
consid'erateness. 

INCONSISTENT,  in-kon-sist'ent,  adj.  not 
consistent:  not  suitable  or  agreeing  with: 
contrarj':  not  uniform  :  irreconcilable. — 
?iS.lNCONSIST'ENCE,  InCONSIST'ENCY. — adv. 

iNCONSiST'EfJTLY.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Con- 
sistent.] 

INCONSOLABLE,  in-kon-sol'a-bl,  adj.  not 
to  be  comforted. — adv.  Inconsol'ably, 
[Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Consolable.] 

mCONSPICUOUS,  in-kon-spik'u-us,  adj, 
not  conspicuous :  scarcely  discernible.^ — 
adv.  Inconspic'uously.— ?i.    Inconspic'- 

UOUSNESS. 

INCONSTANT,  in-kon'stant,  adj.  subject 
to  change  :  fickle. — n.  Incon'stancy.— 
adv.  Incon'stantly.  [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  WU& 
Constant.] 


mCONSUMABLE 


237 


INDELICACY 


INCONSUMABLE,  in-kon-sum'a-bl,  adj. 
that  caniiot  be  consumed  or  wasted.  [L. 
in,  not,  Consumable.] 

UNCONTESTABLE,  in-kon-test'a-bl,  adj. 
too  clear  to  be  called  in  question  :  unde- 
niable.— adv.  iNCONTiiST'ABLT.  [Fr. — L. 
in,  not.  and  Contestable.] 

INCONTINENT,  in-kon'ti-nent,  adj.  not 
restraining  the  passions  or  appetites : 
unchaste. — ns.  Incon'tinence,  Incon'ti- 
NENCY. — adv.  Incon'tinently.  [Fr. — L. 
in.  not,  and  Continent.] 

INCONTINENTLY,  in-kon'ti-nent-li,  adv. 
immediately.     [Same  root  as  above.] 

UNCONTROLLABLE,  in-kon-trol'a-bl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  controlled. — adv.  Incon- 
troll'ably.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Controll- 
able.] 

INCONTROVERTIBLE,  in-kon-tro-vert'i- 
bl,  adj.  too  clear  to  be  called  in  question. 
— n.  Incontrovertibil'ity. — adv.  Incon- 
trovert'ibly.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Contro- 
vertible.] 

JiNCONVENIENCE,  in-kon-ven'yens,  IN- 
CONVENIENCY,  in-kon-ven'yen-si,  n. 
the  being'  inconvenient  :  want  of  con- 
venience :  that  which  causes  trouble  or 
uneasiness. — v.t.  IncONVEN'ience,  to 
trouble  or  incommode. 

INCONVENIENT,  in-kon'ven'yent,  adj.  un- 
suitable :  causing-  trouble  or  uneasiness  : 
increasing  difficulty  :  incommodious.  — 
adv.  Inconven'ientlt.  [Fr. — L.  m„not, 
and  Convenient.] 

INCONVERTIBLE,  in-kon-vert'i-bl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  changed. — n.  Inconvert- 
ibil'ity.    [L.  in,  not,  and  Convertible.] 

TNCONVINCIBLE,  in-kon-vins'i-bl,  adj.  not 
capable  of  conviction. — adv.  Inconvinc'- 
ibly.    [L.  in,  not,  and  Convincible.J 

INCORPORATE,  in-kor'po-rat,  v.t.  to  form 
into  a  body  :  to  combine  into  one  mass  : 
to  unite  :  to  form  into  a  corporation. — 
v.i.  to  unite  into  one  mass  :  to  become 
part  of  another  body. — adj.  united  in  one 
body  :  mixed.  [L.  incorporo,  -atum — in, 
into,  corjjoro,  to  furnish  with  a  body. 
See  Corporate.] 

.HJJCORPORATION,  in-kor-po-ra'shun,  n. 
act  of  incorporating :  state  of  being  in- 
corporated :  formation  of  a  legal  or  polit- 
ical body :  an  association  with  capital 
stock  and  under  State  supervision. 

JCNCORPOREAL,  in-kor-po\e-al,  adj.  not 
having  a  body  :  spiritual. — adv.  Incorpo'- 
really.    [L.  in,  not,  and  Corporeal.] 

INCORRECT,  in-kor-ekt',  adj.  contauiing 
faults  :  not  accurate :  not  according  to 
the  rules  of  duty. — adv.  Incorrect'lt. — 
n.  Incorre;^ t'ness.    [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and 

OORRF'PT  1 

INCORRIGIBLE,  in-kor'i-ji-bl,  adj.  bad  be- 
yond correction  or  reform. — ?is.  Incorr'- 
ioiBLENESS,  Incorrigibil'ity. —  adv.  IN- 
corr'igibly. 

INCORRODIBLE,  in-kor-od'i-bl,  adj.  not 
able  to  be  rusted.     [L.  in,  not,  and  COR- 

RODIBLE.] 

INCORRUPT,  in-kor-upt',acy.  sound:  pure  : 
not  depraved  :  not  to  be  tempted  by 
bribes. — adv.  Incorrupt'LY.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Corrupt.] 

INCORRUPTIBLE,  in-kor-upt'i-bl,  adj.  not 
capable  of  decay :  that  cannot  be  bribed: 
inflexibly  just. — adv.  Incorrupt'ibly. — 
n.  Incorrupt' iBLENESs. 

INCORRUPTION,  in-kor-up'shun,  n.  state 
of  being  incorrupt  or  exempt  from  cor- 
ruption. 

INCORRUPTNESS,  in-kor-upt'nes,  n.  a 
being  exempt  from  corruption  or  decay  : 
purity  of  mind. 

INCRASSATE.  in-kras'at,  v.t.  to  make 
thick. — v.i.  (med.)  to  become  thicker. — 
adj.  made  thick  or  fat :  (hot.)  thickened 
towards  the   flower. — n.   Inceassa'tion. 


(L.  incrasso,  -atum — in,  into,  erasso,  to 
make  thick — a-assus,  tliick.    See  Crass.] 

INCRASSATIVE,  in-kras'a-tiv,  adj.,  thick- 
ening.—  n.  that  which  has  power  to 
tliicken. 

INCREASE,  iu-kres',  v.i.  to  grow  in  size: 
to  become  greater  :  to  advance. — v.t.  to 
make  greater  :  to  advance  :  to  extend  ; 
to  aggravate. — In'crease,  n.  growth; 
addition  to  the  original  stock :  profit : 
produce  :  progeny.  [Tlirough  Norm.  Fr. 
from  L.  incresco — in,  in,  cresco,  to  grow.] 

INCREDIBLE,  in-kred'i-bl,  adj.  surpassing 
belief. —  adv.  Incred'ibly. —  n.  Incredi- 
BIl'ity.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Credible. 
See  Creed.] 

INCREDULOUS,  in-kred'u-lus,  adj.  hard 
of  belief :  also,  not  easy  to  be  believed ; 
incredible.  "No  dram  of  a  scruple,  no 
scruple  of  a  scruple,  no  obstacle,  no  in- 
credidous  or  unsafe  circumstance." — 
Sliak.  —  adv.  Incred'ulously.  —  n.  In- 
credu'lity. 

INCREMENT,  in'kre-ment,  n.  act  of  in- 
creasing or  becoming  greater  :  growth : 
that  by  which  anything  is  increased : 
(math.)  the  finite  increase  of  a  variable 
quantity :  (rhel.)  an  adding  of  particu- 
lars without  climax  (see  2  Peter  i.  5-7). 
[L.  incremetitum  —  incresco.  See  In- 
crease.]^ 

INCRESCENT,  in-kres'ent,  adj.  increasing: 
growing.    JX.  in,  and  Crescent.] 

INCRIMINATE,    in-krim'in-at.    Same    as 

CRUVfTNATE. 

INCRUST,  in-krust',  v.t.  to  cover  with  a 
crust  or  hard  case  :  to  form  a  crust  on 
the  surface  of.  [Fr. — L.  incrust-o,  -atus 
— in.  on,  and  erusta.     See  CRUST.] 

INCRUSTATION,  in-krus-ta'shun,  n.  act 
of  incrusting  :  a  crust  or  layer  of  any- 
thing on  the  surface  of  a  body :  an  in- 
laying of  marble,  mosaic,  etc. 

INCUBATE,  in'kQ-bat,  v.i.  to  sit  on  eggs 
to  hatch  them.  [L.  incubo,  -atum — in, 
upon.  cubo.  to  lie  down.] 

INCUBATION,  in-ku-ba'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
sitting  oil  egg'S  to  hatch  them  :  (iiied.) 
the  period  between  the  implanting  of  a 
disease  and  its  development :  the  act  of 
sleeping  for  oracular  dreams.  "This 
place  was  celebrated  for  the  worshij)  of 
jEsculapius,  in  whose  temple  incubation, 
i.e.  sleeping  for  oracular  dreams,  was 
practiced." — E.  B.  Tylor. 

INCUBATOR,  in'ku-ba-tor,  n.  a  machine 
for  liatcliing  eggs  by  artificial  heat. 

INCUBUS,  in'ku-bus,  n.  a  sensation  during 
sleep  as  of  a  weight  lying  on  the  breast, 
nightmare  :  any  oppi-essive  or  stupefy- 
ing influence  -.—pi.  In'cubuses,  Incubi 
(in'-ku-bi).     [L. — uicufto.] 

INCULCATE,  in-kul'kat,  v.t.  to  enforce  by 
frequent  admonitions  or  repetitions. — n. 
Incul'cator.  [Lit.  to  tread  or  press  in ; 
L.  inculco,  inculcatum — in,  into,  calco, 
to  tread — calx,  the  heel.] 

INCULCATION,  in-kul-ka'shun,  n.  act  of 
impi'essing  by  freqvient  admonitions. 

INCULPABLE,  in-kul'pa-bl,  adj.  blame- 
less. —  adv.  Incul'pably.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Culpable.] 

INCULPATE,  in-kul'pat,  v.t.  to  bring  into 
blame :  to  censure.  —  n.  Inculpation. 
[Low  L.  incidpo,  inculpatum — L.  in,  into, 
culpa,  a  fault.] 

INCULPATORY,  in-kul'partor-1,  ac^'.  im- 
puting blame. 

INCUMBENCY,  in-kumTDen-si,  n.  a  lying 
or  resting  on :  the  holding  of  an  ofHce  : 
an  ecclesiastical  benefice.  [See  Incum- 
bent.] 

INCUMBENT,  in-kumTjent,  adj,  lying  or 
resting  on :  lying  on  as  a  duty :  indis- 
pensable.— n.  one  who  holds  an  eccle- 
siastical benefice  (in  England  or  Ireland). 
— adv.    Incum'bently.      [L.    incumbens, 


•entis,  pr.p.  of  incumbo,  incubo,  to  lia 
upon.    See  Incueate.T 

INCUMBER,  INCUJIBflANCE.  Same  as 
Encuiiber,  Encumbrance. 

INCUNABULA,  in-ku-nab'u-la,  n.pl.  books 
printed  in  the  early  period  of  the  art, 
before  the  year  1500.  [L.  incunabula, 
(lit.)  "  swaddling-clothes,  hence  "  be^^ia- 
nings."J 

INCUR,  m-kur',  v.t.  to  become  liable  to  ; 
to  bring  on  : — pr.p.  incurr'ing  ;  pa.p,  in- 
curred'.  [Lit.  to  run  into,  to  fall  upon  ; 
L.  incurro,  ineursum — in,  into,  curro.  to 
run.] 

INCURABLE,  In-kur'a-bl,  adj.  not  admit- 
ting of  correction. — n.  one  beyond  core. 
— tis.  Incur'ableness,  Incurabil'ity. — 
Incur'ably.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Cur- 
able.] 

INCURSION,  in-kur'shun,  n.  a  hostile  in- 
road.    [Fr. — L.  incursio — incurro,'^ 

INCURSIVE,  in-kur'siv,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  making  an  incursion  or  inroad. 

ESrCURVATE,  in-kur'vat,  v.t.  to  curve  or 
bend. — ao^.  curved  inward. — n.  Incurva'- 
tion.  [L.  incur vo,  incurvatum — in,  in, 
and  curvus,  bent.    See  Curve.] 

INDEBTED,  in-det'ed,  adj  being  in  debt : 
obliged  by  sometliing  received. — n.  Ix- 
debt'edness.     [Fr. — L.  in,  in,  and  Debt.] 

INDECENT,  in-de'sent,  adj.  offensive  to 
common  modesty. — adv.  Inde'cently. — 
n.  Inde'cency.     [Fr. — L.    in,    not,    and 

rNDECIsiON,  in-de-sizh'un,  n.  want  of  de- 
cision or  resolution:  hesitation.  [Fr. — L. 
in,  not,  and  Decision.] 

INDECISIVE,  in-de-sl'siv,  adj.  unsettled: 
wavering. — adv.    Indeci'sively. — n.    IN- 

DECl'SIVENESS. 

INDECLINiVBLE,  in-de-kHn'a-bl,  adj. 
(gram.)  not  varied  by  inflection. — adv. 
Indeclin'ably.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Declin- 
able.] 

INDECOMPOSABLE,  in-de-kom-p6z'a-bl, 
adj.  that  cannot  be  decomposed.  [L.  in, 
not,  and  Decomposable.] 

INDECOROUS,  in-de-ko'rus,  adj  not  be- 
coming :  violating  good  manners. — adv. 
Indeco'rously.  [L.  in,  not,  and  De- 
corous.] 

INDECORUM,  in-de-ko'rum,  n.  want  of  de- 
corum or  propriety  of  conduct.  [L.  in, 
not,  and  DecORUM.] 

INDEED,  in-ded',  adv.  in  fact:  in  truth:  in 
reality.     [E.  In  and  Deed.] 

INDEFATIGABLE,  in-de-fat'i-ga-bl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  fatigued  or  wearied  out : 
unremitting  in  effort:  persevering. — adi: 
Indefat'ig  ABLY".  — w .  Indefat'igableness. 
[Fr.  —  L.  indefatigabilis  —  in,  not,  de, 
down,  and  fatigo,  to  tire.] 

INDEFEASIBLE,  iu-de-fez'i-bl,  adj.  not 
to  be  defeated  or  made  void. — adv.  In- 
defeas'ibly-. — n.  Indefeas'ibluty.  [Fr. 
— L.  in,  not,  and  DEFEASIBLE.] 

INDEFECTIBLE,  in-de-fekt'i-bl,  adj.  inca- 
pable of  defect:  unfailing.  [L.  tn,  not, 
and  Defectible.] 

INDEFENSIBLE,  in-de-fens'i-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  maintained  or  justified. — adv. 
Indefens'ibly'.  [L.  in,  not,  and  De- 
fensible.] 

INDEFINABLE,  in-de-fln'a-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  defined. — adv.  Indefdj'ably'. 
[L.  in,  not,  and  DEFINABLE.] 

INDEFINITE,  in-def'i-nit,  adj.  not  Umited. 
not  precise  or  cei'tain. — adv.  Indef'inite- 
LY. — n.  Indef'initeness.  [L.  in,  not,  and 
Definite.] 

INDELIBLE,  in-del'i-bl,  adj.  that  cannot 
be  blotted  out  or  effaced. — adv.  Indel'i- 
ELY. — n.  Indel'ibility.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not, 
and  delebilis — deleo.  to  destroy.] 

INDELICACY,  in-del'i-ka-si,  'n.  want  of 
delicacy  or  refinement  of  tabste  and  man' 
ners :  rudeness. 


INDELICATE 


338 


LNDIVIDUATE 


iNDELICATE,  iu-ael'i-kat,  adj.  offensive 
to  good  luauners  or  purity  of  mind : 
coarse. — adv.  Indel'icately.  [Fr. — L.  in, 
not,  and  Delicate. J 

CVDEMXIFICATION,  i  a-dem-ni-fi-ka'shun, 
)i.  ;u-t  of  indemnifying:  that  wliich  in- 
demnities. 

tNDEMNU^Y,  in-deni'ni-fi,  v.t.  to  make 
sood  for  damage  done :  to  save  harm- 
less : — pa.p.  indem'nified.  [Fr. — L.  in- 
(leinnis,  unliarmed — in,  cot.  aad  dam- 
nun,  I0S.S  ;  and/afiiO,  to  make.) 

INDEMNITY,  in-<leni'iii-ti,  n.  secunly  from 
damag;e,  loss,  or  punislimeufc :  compensa- 
tion for  loss  or  injury,  [it. — L.  indent- 
nitan.  ] 

SNDEMOXSTRABLE.  in -de-  mon'stra-bl, 
adj.  tliat  cannot  he  demonstrated  or 
proved.  [L.  in,  not,  and  DEMONSTRABLE. J 

INDENT,  m-<lent',  v.t.  to  cut  into  points 
like  teeth:  to  notch:  (print.)  to  be^in 
further  in  from  the  niariirin  than  the  rest 
of  a  parasraph. — n.  a  cut  or  notch  in 
the  margin  :  a  recess  like  a  notch.  |  Low 
L.  iiidetitn — L.  in,  dens,  deniig,  a  tooth.  J 

INDENTATION,  in-den-ta'shun,  ;i.  act  of 
indenting  or  notching  :  notch  :  recess. 

INDENTURE,  in -dent' ur,  n.  a  written 
agreement  between  two  or  more  parties: 
a  contract. — v.t.  to  bind  by  indentures  : 
to  indent.  [Indentures  were  origiuully 
duplicates  indented  so  as  to  correspond  to 
each  other.  | 

(NDEPENDENT,  In-de-pend'ent,  adj.  not 
dependent  or  relying  on  others :  not  sub- 
ordinate :  not  subject  to  bias  :  aJfordiag 
a  comfortable  livelihood  :  said  of  coun- 
tries not  subject  to  any  other  <rovern- 
njent ;  self  governing. — adv.  Ixdepexd'- 
ESTLT. — ns.  Ixdefend'ence,  Int>epend'- 
,    ENCY.    [L.  in.  not,  and  Dependent.! 

tNDEPENDENT.  in-de-peud'ent,  n.  one 
who  in  ecclesiastical  aifairs  holds  that 
every  congregation  is  independent  of 
svery  other  and  subject  to  no  superior 
authoritv. 

IJSUESCKillABLE,  in-de-skrft'a-bl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  described.     [L.  in,  not, 

and  DS^CRlBABLE.j 

INDESTi^aCTIBLE.  in-<le-struk'ti-bl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  desti'oyed. — udr.  Inde- 
STKUC'TIBLY.— ».  LVDESTRICTIBLL'ITY.   [L. 

in,  not.  and  Destrcctible.] 
fNDETEUil  INABLE,    in  -  de  -  ter'min-  a-bl, 
adj.  not  to  he  ascertained  or  fixed. — adv. 
Indetes'mjxably.    [L.  in,  not,  and  DE- 

TER.AirSABLE.J 

INDETEIOIINATE,  in-de-ter'min-at,  adj. 
not  determinate  or  fixed :   uucertain. — 

adi:  IXDETER'jnNATELY. 

INDETERMiNATION.  in-  de-ter-min-a'- 
shuu.  II.  want  of  determicution  :  a  waver- 
ing state  of  the  mind :  want  ot  Sxed 
direction. 

TNDETERmNED,  in-de-ter'mind,  adj.  not 
determined  :  unsettled. 

INDEX,  in'deks,  n.  (pi.  Indexl-s,  in'deks-ez, 
and  in  math.,  Intjices,  in'di-seE),  anj-thing 
that  indicates  or  points  out :  a  hand  that 
dii-ecta  to  anything,  as  the  hour  of  the 
day,  etc.  :  tli-3  forefinger :  alphabetical 
list  of  subjects  treated  of  in  a  book  : 
(math.)  the  exponent  of  a  power. — v.t. 
to  provide  with  or  place  in  an  index.  [L. 
inclej:  indieix — iyidico,  to  show.] 

'NDIA3IAN,  in'di-a-man  or  ind'ya-man,  n. 
a  lar^e  sliip  employed  in  trade  with 
British  India. 

tNDIAN,  in'di-an,  adj.  belonging  to  the 
Indies,  East  or  West,  or  to  the  abo- 
rigines of  America. — n.  a  native  of  the 
Indies :  an  aboriginal  of  America. — In- 
dian CORN,  maize,  so  called  because 
brought  from  "W.  Indies. — Indian  file, 
following  one  another  in  single  file,  like 
Indiatis  through  a  wood. — Indian  ink,  a 
substa-Jjce  used  in  water-colors.  ■  omposed 


I  of  lampblack  and  animal  glue,  orlg.  used 
m  India,  or  rather  in  China. — Indian  or 
Indu.  RCBBER,  caoutchouc,  so  named 
from  its  rubbini/  out  pencil-marks. 
[From  the  river  Indus,  and  applied  by 
mistake  to  the  W.  Indies  by  their  firs't 
discoverers,  who  thought  they  had  ar- 
rived al  India.     See  llLVDC.  | 

INDICAN.  in'di-kari.  ;;.  a  colorless  sub- 
stantia found  in  plants  which  yield  in- 
digo-blue, in  human  lilood  and  urine, 
and  also  in  the  blood  and  urine  of  the 
ox,  and  which  fo'Mns  indigo  when  in  a 
state  of  decomposition. 

INDICATE,  iddi-kat,  v.t.  to  pom^  out:  to 
show.  ( L.  indico,  -atniii — in,  and  dice, 
to  proclaim.  ] 

INDICATION.  in-Ui-ka'sbun,  n.  act  of  in- 
dicating ;  that  which  mdicates  :  mark  : 
token  :  symptom. 

INDICATIVK,  in-dik'a-tiv.  adj..  pointing 
out:  giving  intimation  of :  (^raTO,)  ap- 
plied to  llii!  mood  of  the  verb  which  m- 
dicate.s.  i.«.  afttrms  or  denies. — adv.  IN- 
dic'atively. 

INDICATOR,  in'di-ka-tor,  n.  one  who  in- 
dicates :  an  instrument  on  a  steam-en- 
gine to  show  the  pressure. — aJj.  Ln'dica- 
TORY,  showing. 

INDICT,  ia-dlt',  v.t.  to  charge  with  a  crune 
formally  or  in  writing,  esp.  by  a  grand 
jury.     [L.  in,  and  dido,  freq.  of  dieo,  to 

INiilCTABLE,  in-dlt'a-bl,  ady.  liable  to  be 
indicted. 

INDICTION,  in-dik'shun,  n.  (lit.)  a  proc- 
lamation :  a  cycle  of  fifteen  years  insti- 
tuted by  Constantine  the  Great.  [L. 
indirfiojl 

INDICTMENT,  in-dlt'nient,  n.  the  written 
accusation  against  one  who  is  to  be  tried 
bv  jiirv. 

IISDIFFERENT,  in-direr-ent,  ad!;,  mthout 
importance  :  of  a  middle  qu;i  iitv  :  neu- 
tral :  unconcernetl. — ns.  Indifk^ebence, 
iNDrr'K'EEENCY.  [Lit.  "  without  a  diller- 
euee":  L.  >ii.  not.  and  DrFf'EREiVT.] 

INUiFFERENTlS?vi;,  in-direr-ent-izm,  w.  m- 
dilTei-ence,  esp.  in  matters  of  belief :  un- 
concern. 

INDIFFERENTLY,  in-difer-pnt-li,  adv.  in 
an  indifferent  manner:  tolerably,  p;iss- 
ably :  (Pr.  Bk.)  without  distinction,  im- 
partially. 

INDIGENCE,  in'di-jena,  ».,  leant  of  means  : 
extreme  poverty. 

INDIGENOUS,  in-<lij'en-us,  adj.,  native 
born  or  onginating  in  •■  produced  natu- 
rally in  a  country.  [L.  indiijenvs — indii 
or  in,  in,  aad  ije7i,  root  of  tpgno,  to  pro- 
duce. I 

INDIGENT,  in'di-jent,  adj.,  in  need  ot  any- 
thing :  destitute  of  means  of  subsistence : 
poor. — adv.  In'digently.  [Fr. — L.  indi- 
gens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  indigso—4ndu  or  in, 
m,  and  egeo,  to  need.] 

INDIGESTED,  in-(ii-jes'ted,  adj  not  di- 
gested :  unarranged  :  not  niethodized. 
[L.  in,  not,  and  Digested.    See  Digest.) 

INDIGESTIBLE,  in-di-jest'i-bl,  adj.  not 
digestible  :  not  easily  digested  •  not  to  be 
received  or  patiently  endured. — adv.  IN- 
digest'ibly. 

INDIGESTION,  in-di-jest'yun,  n.  want  of 
digestion  :  painful  digestion.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Digestion.] 

INDIGNANT,  in-dig'nant,  adj.  affected 
with  anger  and  disdain. — adv.  Indig'- 
NANTLY.  [lit.  "considering  as  un- 
worthy" or  "improper,"  from  L.  indig- 
nans,  -antis,  pr.p.  of  indignor — in,  not, 
dignv,  worthy.] 

INDIGNATION,  in-dig-na'shun,  n.  the 
feeling  caused  by  what  is  nnirorthy  or 
base  :  anger  mixed  with  contempt.  [Fr. 
— L.  indignatio.} 

INDIGNITY,    in-dig'ni-ti,     n.     unmerited 


contemptuous  treatment  r  incivility  with 
contempt  or  insult.  [Lit.  •'  unworthi- 
ness,"  Fr.— L.  indignitas.] 

INDIGO,  in'di-go,  n.  a  blue  dye  obtained 
from  the  stalks  of  the  indigo  or  hidian 
plant.  [Fr.— Sp.  indico — L.  indician, 
from  Inaiciis,  Indian.] 

INDIRECT,  in-di-rekt',  adJ  not  direct  or 
straight :  not  tending  to  a  result  by  the 
plainest  course  :  not  straightforward  or 
honest. — odi'.lNDiRECT'LY. — n.  Indirect'- 
NESS.    [Fi\— L.  in,  not,  and  Direct.] 

INDISCERNIBLE,  in-diz-ern'i-bl.  adj.  not 
discernible. — adv.  Indiscern'ibly.  [L. 
in,  not,  and  Discernible.  I 

lNDISCOVERABLE,in-dis-ku\''er-a-bl,af/;. 
not  discoverable.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Dis- 
coverable.] 

INDISCREET,  in-dis-kret',  acJJ.  not  dis- 
creet :  imprudent:  injudicious.  —  adv. 
LSTJISCREET  LY.— H.  InDISCREET'NESS.  [Fr. 
— L,  in,  not,  and  DISCREET.] 

INDISCRETION,  in-dis-kresh'un,  n.  want 
of   discretion :   rashness :  an  indiscreet 

INDISCRIMINATE,  in-dis-krim'i-nat,  adj. 
not  distinguishing  :  confused. — adv.  In- 
DiscRtM'iNATSLY.    [L.  in,  not,  and  Dis- 

CKOIINATE.] 

LND1SPENS.VBLE,  in-dis-pens'a-bl.  adj. 
that  cannot  be  dispensed  with :  abso- 
hitelj'  necessary. — adv.  Indispens'ably. 
— n.  Indispens'ableness.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Dispensable.] 

INDISPOSE,  in-dis-po/,  v.t.  to  render  iii- 
disi'nxed  or  unfit :  to  make  averse  to. 
[Fr.-   li.  ill.  not,  and  Dispose.] 

INDi-SPOSED,  in-dis-p6zd',  acij.  averse  ; 
disinclined :  slightly  disordered  in  health. 
—It.  Indispos'edness. 

INDISPOSITION,  in-dis-po-zish'un,  n. 
state  of  being  indisposed  :  disinclination: 
slight  illness. 

EMDiSPUTABLE,  in-dis'pu-ta-bl,  adj.  too 
evident  to  be  called  in  question  :  certain. 
— adv.  Indis'putably. — n.  Indis'futable- 
NESS.   [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Disputable.] 

INDISSOLUBLE,  in-dis'ol-u-bL  adj.  that 
cannot  be  broken  or  violated  :  insepar- 
able :   binding  for    ever. — adv.    Indiss'- 

OLCBLY. — ns.  INDISS'OLUBLENESS,  INDISS- 
OLUBILITY. [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Dissol- 
uble.] 

INDISTINCT,  in-dis-tingkt',  acT/.  not  plainly 
marked:  confused:  not  clear  to  the  mind, 
—adv.  Indistinct'ly.— w.  Indistinct'xesS: 
[L.  in,  not,  and  Distinct.] 

INDISTINGUISHABLE,  in-dis-tin^gwish- 
a-bl,  adj.  that  cannot  be  distinguished.— 
adv.  Indistin'gcishably. 

INDITE,  in-dit',  f.^  to  dictate  v,-hat  is  to 
be  uttered  or  written  :  to  compose  or 
write. — ns.  Indit'ER,  Indite'.ment.  [O. 
Fr.  enditer,  endicter,  from  root  of  Indict.] 

INDIVIDUAL,  in-di-vid'u-al,  adj.  not  di- 
vided :  subsisting  as  one  :  pertaining  to 
one  only. — n.  a  single  person,  animal : 
plant,  or  thing. — adv.  Individ'ually. 
|L.  individuus,  and  suffix  -al — in,  not, 
dimduus,  divisible — divido,  to  di^-ide.] 

INDIVIDUALISM.  in-di-vid'O-al-izm,  ?i.  the 
state  of  regard  to  individual  interests 
instead  of  those  of  society  at  large. 

INDIVIDUALISTIC,  in-di-vid'u-al-is'tik . 
adj.  of,  pertaining  to,  or  characterized 
bv  individualism  :  caring  supremely  fur 
ones  self.     Pi-of.  W.  R.  Smith. 

INDIVIDUALITY,  in-di-vid-u-al'it.i,  n. 
separate  and  distinct  exi.stence:  one 
ness  :  distinctive  character. 

INDIVIDUALIZE,  in-di-vid'u-al-Iz,  v.t.  tc 
distinguish  each  individual  from  all 
others  :  to  particularize. — n.  Lsditidu- 
aliza'tion. 

INDIVIDUATE,  in-di-vid'u-at,  v.i.  to  in 
dividualize  :  to  make  single. — >i  Invi 
vidua'tion. 


INDIVISIBLE 


239 


INEXCUSABLE 


INDIVISIBLE,  in-di-\'iz'i-bl,  adj.  not  di- 
visible.— n.  {7nath. )  a.n  indefinitely  small 
quantity. — adv.  Ixditis'ibly. — n.  Indi- 
vis'iBLENESs.  [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Di- 
visible.] 

INDO-CHINESE,  iu-do-chrnez,  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  Indo-Cliiua,  the  south- 
eastern peninsula  ot  Asia,  or  to  its  peo- 
ple or  their  languages. 

I>JDOCILE,  in-do'sll  or  in-dos'il,  adj.  not 
docile  :  not  disposed  to  be  instructed. — 
n.  Ixdocil'ity.  [Fi-.— L.  in,  not,  and 
Docile.] 

INDOCTRINATE,  in-dok'trin-at,  v.t.  to  in- 
struct in  any  doctrine:  to  imbue  with 
any  opinion. — n.  Indocteina'tion.  [L. 
in,  into,  doctrina,  doctrine.  See  Doc- 
trine.] 

INDOLENT,  in'do-lent,  adj.  indisposed  to 
activity.— adt'.  In'dolently. — n.  In'do- 
LEN'CE.'  [Lit.  and  orig.  "  free  from  pain  " 
or  "  trouble,"  from  L.  in,  not,  dolens, 
-eiitis,  pr.p.  otdoleo,  to  suffer  pain.] 

INDOMITABLE,  in-dom'it-a-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  tamed  :  not  to  be  subdued. — 
adv.  Indom'itably.  [L.  indomitus,  un- 
tamed— in,  not,  domo,  to  tame.] 

INDORSE,  in-dors',  v.t.  t(>  write  ttpon  the 
back  of  :  to  assign  by  writ.ng  on  the  back 
of :  to  give  one's  sanction  to. — n.  Indors'- 
ER.  [Through  an  old  form  endosse.  from 
Fr.  endosser  —  Low  L.  indorse — L.  in, 
upon,  dorsum,  the  back.] 

INDORSEE,  in-dor-se',  n.  the  person  to 
whom  a  bill,  etc.,  is  assigned  by  indorse- 
ment. 

IISDORSEMENT.  in-dors'ment,  n.  act  of 
writing  on  the  6acA,'  of  a  bill,  etc.,  in  order 
to  transfer  it  :  that  which  is  written  on  a 
bill.  etc.  :  sanction  given  to  anj'thing. 

INDUBIOUS,  in-da'bi-us,  adj.  not  dubious  : 
certain.     [L.  in,  not,  and  Dubious.] 

INDUBITABLE,  in-du'bit-arbl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  doubted  :  too  plain  to  be  called 
in  qne.stion:  certain. — adv.  Indu'bitably. 
—  n.  Ixdu'bitableness.  [Fr.— L.  iiidubi- 
tabilis — in,   not,   dubito,   to  doubt.    See 

DOUP.T.] 

INDUCE,  in-dus',  v.t.  to  prevail  on  :  to 
cause  :  ( physics)  to  cause,  as  an  electric 
state,  by  mere  proximity  v,f  surfaces. — 
n.  Im)UC'er.  [L.  induco,  inductum — in, 
into,  duco,  to  lead.] 

INDUCED,  in-(i«st',  p.  and  adj.  caused  by 
induction. — Induced  current,  in  elect. 
one  exiited  by  the  presence  of  a  pi-imary 
current. — Induced  magnetism,  magnet- 
ism produced  in  soft  iron  when  a  magnet 
is  held  near,  or  a  wire,  through  which  a 
current  is  passing,  is  coiled  round  it. 

INDUCEMENT,  in-dus'ment,  n.  that  which 
induces  or  causes  :  [law)  a  statement  of 
facts  introducing  other  important  facts. 

INDUCIBLE,  in-dus'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
induced  :  offered  by  induction. 

INDUCT,  in-dukt',  v.t.  (lit.)  to  hrin{)  in  :^ 
to  introduce  :  to  put  in  possession,  as  of 
a  benefice.— H.  Induct'or.     [See  INDUCE.] 

INDUCTILE,  in-duk'til,  adj.  that  cannot 
be  drawn  out  into  wire  or  threads. — n. 
Inductil'ity. 

INDUCTION,  in-duk'shun,  n.  introduction 
to  an  otfice,  esp.  of  a  clergyman  :  the 
act  or  process  of  reasoning  from  particu- 
lars to  generals :  (phi/sics)  the  produc- 
tion by  one  body  of  an  opposite  electric 
state  in  another  by  proximity. — adj.  In- 
duc'tional.    [See  Induce.] 

INDUCTIVE,  in-duk'tiv,  adj.,  leading  or 
dratcing  :  leading  to  infei'ences  :  proceed- 
ing by  induction  in  reasoning. — adv.  In- 
duc't'ively. 

INDUE,  in-du',  v.t.  to  p^it  on,  as  clothes: 
to  invest  or  clothe  with  :  to  supply  with: 
—pr.p.  indu'ing  ;  pa.p.  indued  . — n.  IN- 
due'ment.  [L.  induo,  induere,  to  put  on.] 

INDUE,  in-du',  v.t.  a  corr.  of  Endue  (which 


see),  which  has  been  very  generally  con- 
fused with  Indue,  to  invest  with. 

INDULGE,  in-dulj',  v.t.  to  yield  to  the 
wishes  of :  to  allow,  as  a  favur  :  not  to 
restrain,  as  the  will,  etc. — v.i.  to  allow 
one"s  Self. — n.  IndULO'er.  [See  INDUL- 
GENT.] 

INDULGENCE,  in-dul'jens,  n.  permission  : 
gratification  :  in  R.  Catiiolic  Church,  a 
remission,  to  a  repentant  sinner,  ot  pun- 
ishment wliich  would  otherwise  await 
him  in  purgatory.     [Fr.] 

INDULGENT,  in-dufjent,  adj.  yielding 
to  the  wishes  of  others  :  compliant  :  not 
severe. — adv.  Indul'gently.  [Fr. — L.  in- 
dulgens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  indulgeo,  wliich 
pei-h.  is  from  in,  towards,  and  dulcis, 
sweet.] 

INDURATE,  in'du-rat,  v.t.  to  harden,  as 
the  feelings. — v.i.  to  gTov,'hard:  to  hard- 
en.— n.  Indura'tion.  [L.  induro,  indu- 
ratum — in,  in,  duro,  to  harden — durus, 
hard.] 

INDUSIAL,  in-du'zi-al,  adj.  (geol.)  com- 
posed of  indusia,  or  the  petrified  larva- 
cases  of  insects. 

INDUSIUM,  in-du'zi-um,  n.  (bot.)  a  sort  of 
hairy  cup  inclosing  the  stigma  of  a 
flower  :  the  scale  covering  the  fruit-spot 
of  ferns.  [Lit.  "  an  under  garment ;"  L. 
■ — induo.] 

INDUSTRIAL,  in-dus'tri-al,  adj.  relating 
to  or  consisting  in  industry. — adv.  Indus- 
trially. 

INDUSTRIALISM,  in-dustri-al-izm,  n.  de- 
votion to  labor  or  industrial  pursuits  : 
that  system  or  condition  of  society  in 
which  industrial  labor  is  the  chief  and 
most  characteristic  feature,  opp.  to  feu- 
dalism and  the  military  spirit. 

INDUSTRIOUS,  in-dus'tri-us,  adj.  diligent 
or  active  in  one's  labor  :  laborious  :  dili- 
gent in  a  particular  pursuit. — adv.  Indus'- 
triously.  [Fr. — L.;  perh.  from  indu, 
old  form  of  in,  within,  and  slruo,  to  build 
up,  to  arrange.] 

INDUSTRY,  in'dus-tri,  n.  quality  of  being 
industrious  :  steady  application  to  labor: 
habitual  diligence  :  applied  also  to  oc- 
cupations and  various  classes  of  manu- 
facturing ;  as,  the  iron  and  steel  industry, 
etc. 

INDWELLING,  in'dwel-ing,  adj.,  dwelling 
u-itliin. — n.  residence  within,  or  in  the 
heart  or  soul.  [E.  In, within,  and  DWELL- 
ING.] 

INEBRIATE,in-e'bri-at,  v.t.  to  make  drunk: 
to  intoxicate.  [L.  inebrio,  ineln'iatum 
— in,  inten.,  ebrio,  to  make  drunk — ebri- 
ns,  drunk.     See  Ebeeett.] 

INEBRIATION,  in-e-bri-a'shun,  INEBRI- 
ETY, in-e-brl'e-ti,  n.  drunkenness :  in- 
toxication. 

INEBRIOUS,  in-e'bri-us,  adj.  drunken  or 
causing  drunkenness  :  intoxicating. 
"  With  inebrious  fumes  distract  our 
brains." — Tom  Brown. 

INEDITED,  in-ed'it-ed,  adj.  not  edited:  un- 
published.    [L.  in,  not,  and  Edited.] 

INEFFABLE,  in-efa-bl,  adj.  that  cannot 
be  spoken  or  described.  —  adv.  Ineff'- 
ABLY. — n.  Ineff'ableness.  [Fr.— L.  in- 
effabilis — in,  not,  effabilis  —  effor,  to 
speak,  to  utter — ef,  for  ex,  out,  fari,  to 
speak.] 

INEFFACEABLE,  in-ef-fas'a-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  rubbed  out. — adv.  Inefface'- 
ABLY.      [Fr. — L.   in,   not,  and  Efface- 

ABLE.] 

INEFFECTIVE,  in-ef-fek'tiv,  adj.  ineffi- 
cient: useless. — adv.  Ineffec'tivelt.  [L. 
)■)),  not,  and  Effective.] 

INEFFECTUAL,  in-ef-fek'tu-al,  adj.  fruit- 
less.—  adv.  Ineffec'tuallt.  —  n.  Inef- 
fec'tualness. 

INEFFECTUALITY,  in-ef-fek-tu-al'i-ti,  n. 
something  powerless  or  unable  to  pro- 


duce the  proper  effect.  "A  vague  aurora- 

borealis,  and  brilliant    ineffectuality." — 

Carlyle. 
INEFFICACIOUS,  in-ef-fl-ka'shus,  adj.  not 

having  power  to  produce  an  effect. — adv. 

Ineffica'ciously'. 
INEFFICACY,    in-effi-ka-si,    n.   want    of 

etficaov  or  power  to  produce  effect. 
INEFFICIENT,  in-ef-fish'ent,  adj.  effecting 

nothing. — adv.    Ineffic'iently. — n.    In- 

EFFIC'lENCY'. 

INELEGANCE,  in-el'e-gans,  INELE- 
GANCY,  in-el'e-gan-si,  n.  want  of  ele- 
gance :  want  of  beautj'  or  polish. 

INELEGANT,  in-el'e-gant,  adj.  wanting 
in  beauty,  refinement,  or  ornament. — 
adv.  Inel'egantly'.  [L.  in,  not,  and 
Elegant.] 

INELIGIBLE,  in-el'i-ji-bl,  adj.  not  capable 
or  worth}'  of  being  chosen. — adv.  Inel'- 
IGIBLY.— "(i.  Ineligibil'ity.  [Fr. — L.  in, 
not.  and  ELIGIBLE.] 

INELOQUENCE,  in-el'o-kwens,  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  ineloquent :  want  of 
eloquence  :  habit  of  not  speaking  much, 
"  To  us,  as  already  hinted,  the  Abbot's  ^ 
eloquence  is  less  admirable  than  his  hi- ' 
eloquence,  his  great  invaluable  talent  of 
silence." — Carlyle. 

INELOQUENT,  in-el'o-kwent,  adj.  not 
fluent  or  persuasive.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not, 
and  Eloquent.] 

INEPT,  in-ept',  adj.  not  apt  or  fit :  unsuit- 
able :  foolish  :  inexpert. — adv.  Inept'LY. 
— n.  Inept'itude.  [Fr. — L.  ineptus — in, 
not,  aptus,  apt.    See  Apt.] 

INEQUALITY,  in-e-kwol'i-ti,  n.  want  of 
equality  :  difference  :  inadequacy  :  in- 
competency: unevenness :  dissimilarity. 
[Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Equality'.] 

INEQUITABLE,  in-ek-wi-ta-bl,  adj.  un- 
fair, unjust.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Equita- 
ble.] 

INEQUITY,  in-ek'wi-ti,  n.  unfairness  :  in- 
justice. "Habitually,  if  we  trace  party 
feeling  to  its  sources,  we  find  on  the  one 
side  maintenance  of  and  on  the  other 
opposition  to  some  form  of  inequity." 
— FT.  Spencer. 

INERADICABLE,  in-e-rad'i-ka-bl,  adj  not 
able  to  be  eradicated  or  rooted  out. — 
adv.  Ineead'icably.  [L.  in,  not,  and 
root  of  Eradicate.] 

INERT,  in-ert',  adj.  dull  :  senseless  :  inac- 
tive :  slow :  without  the  power  of  mov- 
ing itself,  or  of  active  resistance  to  mo- 
tion :  powerless.  —  adv.  Inert'ly.  —  ti. 
Inert'ness.  [Lit.  without  art  or  skill, 
from  L.  iners,  inertis — in,  not,  and  ars, 
aiiis,  art.     See  ART.] 

INERTIA,  in-er'shi-a,  n.,  inertness:  the 
inlicrent  property  of  matter  by  which  it 
tends  to  remain  forever  at  rest  when 
.still,  and  in  motion  when  moving. 

INESCAPABLE,  in-es-ltSp'a-bl,  adj.  not 
to  be  eluded  or  escaped  from  :  inevitable. 
"  Within  the  clutch  of  inescapable  an- 
guish."— George  Eliot. 

INESSENTIAL,  in-es-sen'shal,  adj.  not  es- 
sential or  necessary.  [L.  in,  not,  and 
Essential.] 

INESTIMABLE,  in-es'tim-a-bl,  adj.  not 
able  to  be  estimated  or  valued :  price- 
less.— adv.  Ines'timably.  [Fr. — L.  in, 
not.  and  Estimable.] 

INEVITABLE,  in-ev'it-a-bl,  adj.  not  able 
to  be  evaded  or  avoided  :  that  cannot 
be  escaped  :  irresistible. — adx\  Inev'ita- 
BLY'. — n.  Inev'itableness.  [Fr. — L.  in- 
erifabilis — in.  not,  and  ex'ltabilis,  avoid- 
able— evito,  to  avoid — e,  out  of,  and  vito, 
to  avoid.] 

INEXACT',  in-egz-akt',  adj.  not  precisely 
correct  or  true. — n.  Inexact'ness.  [L. 
in.  not.  and  Exact.] 

INEXCUSABLE,  in-eks-kuz'a-bl,  adj.  not 
justifiable  :    unpardonable. — adv.    Inex- 


INEXHAUSTED 


crs'ABLT.— n.  Inexcus'ableness.  [Fr.— 
L.  in,  not.  and  Excusable.] 

UNEXHAUSTED,  in-egz-ha\vst'ed,  adj.  not 
exhausted  or  spent.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Ex- 
hausted.] ,.  ,  ,       ,. 

INEXHAUSTIBLE,  in-egz-hawst'i-bl,  adj. 
not  able  to  be  exhausted  or  spent :  un- 
failing.—cidy.  INEXHAUST'IBLY.— M.  INEX- 
haustibil'ity.] 

INEXORABLE,  in-egz'or-a-bl,  ad],  not  to 
be  moved  by  entreaty  :  unrelenting  :  un- 
alterable.—arfr.  INEX'OEABLT.— JiS.  INEX  - 
ORABLENESS.     ISEXORABIL'irT.      [Fr.  —  L. 

inexoralnlh—in,  not,  and  e.vorabilts,  from 
ea-c-o— e.v.  and  oro,  to  entreat,  from  os, 
on«,  the  mouth.]  . 

ifNEXPANSIBLE,  in-eks-pans'1-bl.  adj.  m- 
capable  of  being  expanded,  dilated,  cr 
diffused.     Pi-of  Tyndall. 

mEXPECTABLE,  in-eks-pekt'a-bl,  ad;,  not 
to  be  expected  :  not  to  be  looked  for. 
"  What  inea-pectable,  unconceivable  mer- 
cy."—Bp.  Hall.  ,.       ^ 

SNfcXPECTANT,  in-eks-pekt'ant,  adj.  not 
expecting  :  not  waiting :  not  looking  for. 
"Loverless  and  inexpectant  of  love." 
—Charlotte  Bronte. 

UNEXPEDIENT,  in-eks-pe'di-ent,  adj.  not 
♦ending  to  promote  any  end  :  unfit  :  in- 
convenient.—adr.  Inexpe'diently.—  ns. 

INEXPE'DIENCE,  InEXPE'DIENCT.     [Fr.— L. 

in,  not.  and  Expedient.] 
INEXPENSIVE,   in  -  eks  -  pens '  IV,  adj.  ot 

slight  expense. 
INEXPERIENCE,  in-eks-pe'ri-ens,  «.  want 

of  experience.     [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Ex- 

PEEIEN'CE.] 

INEXPERIENCED,  in-eks-pe  n-enst,  adj. 
not  hiu-ing  experience  :  unskilled  or  un- 

tNEXPERT,  in-eks-pert',  adj.  unskilled.— 
n.  Inexpert'ness.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Ex- 
pert.] ,,      ,.       ^    ,, 

INEXPIABLE,  in-eks'pi-a-bl,  adj.  not  able 
to  be  expiated  or  atoned  for.— adv.  INEX- 
PIABLY.— ?1.    InEX'PIABLENESS.      [Fr.— L. 

in.  not,  and  Expiable.]  ,.  ^^  ^ 

JNEXPLICABLE,  in-eks'pli-ka-bl.  adj.  that 

.  cannot  be    explained  :    unintelligible.-^ 

adv.   INEX'PLICABLY.— }!«.   iNEXPLICABtL - 

ity.  Inex'plicableness.  [Fr.— L.  in,  not, 
and  Expucable.] 

INEXPLICIT,  in-cks-plis'it,  adj.  not  clear. 
[L.  in.  not,  and  EXPLICIT.] 

WEXPRESSIBLE.  in-eks-pres'i-bl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  expressed  :  unutterable  : 
indescribable  —adv.  Inexpress'ebly.  [L. 
in.  not,  and  EXPRESSIBLE.] 

INEXPRESSIVE,  in-eks-pres'iv,  adj.  not 
expressive  or  significant. — n.  INEXPRESS  - 
rVENESS.  .       ,       .  , 

INEXTINGUISHABLE,  in-eks-tmg'g^vish- 
a-bl.  adj.  that  cannot  be  extinguished, 
quenched,  or  destroyed.— adv.  Inexiw- 
GUlSHABLY.     [Prefix  irir,  not,  and  Extin- 

GtnSHABLE.] 

INEXTRICABLE,  in-eks'tri-ka-bl,  adj.  not 
able  to  be  extricated  or  disentangled.— 
adv.  Inex'tricably.     [Fr.— L.   in,   not, 

and  EXTRICABLE.] 

INF  ALL,  in'fawl,  7i.  an  incursion  :  an  m- 
road.     Carlyle. 

IlNFALLIBLE,  in-fal'i-bl,  adj.  incapable  of 
error  :  trustworthy  :  certain.— odv.  IN- 
fall'ibly.— H.  Ikfallibil'ity.  [Ft.- L. 
in.  not,  and  tALLIBLE.] 

■UFAMOUS,  iu'fa-mus,  adj.,  of  ill  fame  or 
bad  report :  having  a  reputation  of  the 
worst  kind:  publicly  branded  with  guilt: 
notoriously  vile  :  disgraceful.  —  adv.  In*- 
famouslyI      [Prefix    in-,  not,   and    Fa- 

MOUS/I 

INFAMY,  in' fa-mi,  n.,  ill  fame  or  repute  : 
public  disgrace:  extreme  vileness. 

.INFANCY,  in'fan-si,  n.  the  state  or  time  of 
being  an  infant :  childhood  :  the  begin- 
ning of  anything:  inexpressiveness:  want 


240 

of   utterance:    inability  to  speak.     "So 
darkly  do  the  Saxon  Annals  deliver  their 
meaning  with    more  than    wonted    in- 
fancy."— Milton. 
INFANT,  in'fant,  n.  a  babe:  in  lan\  a  person 
under  21  years  of  age,  though  for  many 
purposes  both  boys  and  girls  attain  their 
majority  at  18.— ady'.  belonging  to  infants 
or  to  infancy  :  tender  :   intended  for  in- 
fants.     [L.   infans,  -antis,  that  cannot 
speak— in,  not,  ami  funs,  pr.p.  otfari,  to 
speak,  Gv.  pliemi.    See  Fame.] 
INFANTA,  in-fan'ta,  /(.  a  title  given  to  a 
daughter  of  the  kings  of  Spain  and  Por- 
tugal, except  the  heiress-apparent.    [Sp., 
from  root  of  Infant.] 
INFANTE,  in-fan'ta,  n.  a  title  given  to  any 
son  of  the  kings  of  Spain  and  Portugal 
except  the  heir-apparent.  [Sp.,  from  root 
of  Infant.] 
INFANTICIDE,  in-fant'i-sid,  n.,  infant  or 
child  murder:  tlie  murderer  of  an  infant. 
—adj.  Infant'icidal.    [Fr.— L.  infantici- 
dium — infans,  and  credo,  to  kill.] 
INFANTILE,  in'fant-il  or  -il,  INFANTINE, 
in'fant-in  or  -in,  adj.  pertaining  to  infancy 
or  to  an  infant. 
INFANTRY,    in'fant-ri,    n.     foot-soldiers. 
[Fr.  infanterie— It.  infanteria— infante, 
fante,  a  child,  a  servant,  a  foot-soldier, 
foot-soldiers  being  formerly  the  servants 
irid  followers  of  knights.] 
INl' ATUATE.  in-fat'u-at.  v.t.  to  make  jooi- 
ish :  to  affect  with  folly :  to  deprive  of 
judgment:   to  inspire  with  foolish  pas- 
sion :  to  stupefy.— n.  Infatua'tion.     [L. 
infatuo,  -atum—in,  and  fatuus,  foolish.] 
INFATUATE,  in-fat'u-at,  adj.,  infatuatfd 

or  foolish. 
INFECT,  in-fekt',  v.t.  to  taint,  especially 
with  disease:  to  corrupt:  to  poison.  [Lit. 
"  to  dip  anything  into,"  from  Fr.  infect 
— L.  ii)ficio,'infectum—in,  into,  and /a«'o, 
to  make.]  .  .   .     j. 

INFECTION,  in-fek'shun,  n.  act  of  infect- 

ins- :  that  which  infects  or  taints.      

INFECTIOUS,  in-fek'shus,  INFECTIVE, 
in-fek'tiv,  adj.  having  the  quality  of  in- 
fecting:  corrupting:  apt  to  spread.— 
adv.  INFEC'TIOUSLY.— n.  Infec'tiousness. 
INFELICITOUS,  in-fe-lis'i-tus,  adj.  not 
felicitous  or  happy.  [L.  in,  not,  and 
Felicitous.]  ,  , 

INFELICITY,  in-fe-lis'i-ti,  n.  want  of  fe- 
licity or  happiness  :  misery  :  misfortune: 
unfavorableness. 
INFER,  in-fer',  v.t.  to  deduce:  to  derive,  as 


inferred'.     [Fr.— L.  infero—in,  into,  and 

fcTO  to  briufiT  1 
n^ERABLE,    in-fer'arbl,    INFERRIBLE, 

in-fer'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be  infeiTed  or 

deduced.  ,  .  .     • 

INFERENCE,  in'fer-ens,  n.  that  which  is 

inferred  or  deduced  :  conclusion :  conse- 

lOTERENTIAL,  in-fer-en'shal,  adj.  dedu- 
cible  or  deduced  by  inference.— adr.  IN- 
feren'tially. 

INFERIOR,  in-fe'ri-ur,  adj.,  loioer  in  any 
respect :  subordinate  :  secondary.  —  n. 
one  lower  in  rank  or  station:  one 
younger  than  another.  [Fr.— L.  infe- 
rior, comp.  of  inferus,  low.] 

INFERIORITY,  in-fe-ri-or'i-ti,  n.  the  state 
ot  being  inferior  :  a  lower  position  in  any 

respect.  .   ,    ,        .        4. 

INFERNAL,  in-fer'nal,  adj.  belonging  to 
the  Imcer  regions  or  hell :  resembling  or 
suitable  to  hell :  devilish.— odr.  INFER  - 
NALLY.     [Fr.— L.  infemiis— inferus.^ 

INFERTILE,  in-ler'til,  adj.  not  productive: 
barren.— n.  Inferttl'ity.  [L.  in,  not,  and 

INFEST,  in-fest',  v.t.  to  disturb  :  to  harass. 
[Fr.- L.  infesto,  from  infestus,  hostile, 


INFLEXIBLE 

from  in  and   an   old   verb  fendere,    to 
strike,  found  in  of-fendere,  de-fendere.] 

INFIDEL,  in'fi-del,  adj.,  unbelieving :  scep- 
tical: disbeUeving  Christianity:  heathen. 
— «.  one  who  withholds  belief,  esp.  from 
Christianity.  [Fr.— L.  infidelis—in,  not, 
fidelis.  faithful— /des,  faith.] 

INFIDELITY,     in-fl-del'i-ti,    n.,  want    of 
faith  or  belief :  disbelief  in  Christianity  : 
unfaithfulness,  esp.  to  the  marriage  con 
tract :  treachery. 

INFILTRATE,  in-fil'trat,  v.t.  to  enter  a 
substance  by  fdtration,  or  through  its 
pores. — n.  lNFILTRA''nON,  the  process  of 
infiltrating,  or  the  substance  infiltrated. 
[L.  in,  in,'and  Filtrate.] 

INFIISnTE.  in'fln-it.  adj.  without  end  or 
limit:  without  bounds:  {math.)  either 
greater  or  smaller  than  any  quantity 
that  can  be  assigned.— adt\  In'FINITELY. 

jj.  In'finite,  that  which  is  infinite  :  the 

Inflirate  Being  or  God.     [L.  in,  not,  and 

FINTTEj] 

INFINITESIMAL,    in-fin-i-tes'im-al,     adj. 
infinitflv  small.—?),   an  infinitely  small 
quBDtity.— adt'.   Infinites'imally. 
IISRi'INITIVE,  in-fin'it-iv,  adj.  (lit.)  unlim- 
ited, unrestricted:  (gram.)  the  mood  of 
the  verb  which  expresses  the  idea  with- 
out person  or  number.— adr.  iNFlN'mvE- 
LY.     [Fr. — L.  infinitivn».'\ 
INFINITUDE,  in-fln'i-tud,  INFINITY,  in- 
fin'i-ti.    n.    boundlessness :     immensity : 
countless  or  indefinite  number. 
INFIRM,  in-ferra'.  adj.  not  strong :  feeble  : 
sicklv  :  weak  :  not  solid  :  irresolute  :  im- 
becile.    [L.  in.  not,  and  PYrm.] 
INFIRMARY,  in-ferm'ar-i.  n.  a  hospital  or 
place  for  the  infirm.     [Fr.— Low  L.  i«- 
firmaria.'] 
INFIRMITY,  in-ferm'it-i,  n.  disease:  fail- 
ing :  defect :  imbecility. 
INFIX,  in-flks',  v.t.  to  fix  in:  to  drive  or 
fasten  in  :  to  set  in  by  piercing.     [L.  tn, 
in,  and  Fix.] 
INFLAME,  in-flam',  v.t.  to  cawsc  tojfanie: 
to  cause  to  burn  :  to  excite  :  to  increase  : 
to  exasperate.— V.I.  to  become  hot,  pain- 
ful,  or  angTV.      [Fr.— L.    in,   into,   and 

Flame.]        "  ,,        ,.    .,^   ^ 

INFLAMMABLE,  in-flam'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  burned :  combustible :  easily 
kindled.— n.  Inflammabil'ity. —adf.  In- 
flamm'ably. 

INFLAMM^^TION,  in-flam-a'shun,  n.  state 
of  being  in  flame  :  heat  of  a  part  of  the 
body,  with  pain  and  swelling:  \'iolent 
excitement :  heat. 

INFLAMMATORY,  in-flam'a-tor-i,  adj. 
tending  to  inflame:  inflamicg  :  exciting. 

INFLATE,  in-flat',  v.t  to  swell  with  air : 
to  puff  up.— adv.  Inflat'ingly.  [L.  inflo, 
inflatum—in,  into,  and/o,  to  blow,  with 
which  it  is  cog.]  , 

INFLATION,  in-fla'shun,  w.  state  of  being 
puffed  up  :  in  finance,  the  increased  is- 
sue of  a  paper  currency,  not  warranted 
by  the  security  and  other  circumstnnces. 

INFLATUS,  in-fla'tus,  n.  a  bloimng  or 
breathing  into  :  inspiration.     [L.] 

INFLECT,  in-flekt',  v.t.  tobend  in  :  to  turn 
from  a  direct  Une  or  course :  to  modu- 
late, as  the  voice  :  {gram.)  to  vary  in  the 
terminations.  [L.  inflecto—in,  in.  and 
J?ecfo, /ftTitm,  to  bend.] 

INFLECTION,  in-flek'shun.  n.  a  bending 

or  deviation  :  modulation  of  the  voice  : 

{gram.)  the  varying  in  termination— ad/. 

Inflec'tional.  ,.       ,  .    ^  , 

INFLECTIVE,  in-fleU'iv.   adj.  subject  to 

inflection.  ,.     ^     ^  ■  j 

INFLEXED,  in-flekst',  adj.,  bent  tnuard: 

bent  :  turned.  ,.    ^.     , 

INFLEXIBLE,  in-fleks'i-bl,  adj.  that  can- 
not be  bent :  unyielding :  unbending.- 
ns    Inflexibil'ity,    Inflex'ibleness.— 


INFLEXION 


241 


INITIAL 


adv.  Inflex'ibly.  [Tr.  —  L.  *»,  not. 
Flexible.  J 

INFLEXION.     Same  as  Inflection. 

INFLBXTUEE,  ia-fleks'ur,  n.  a  bend  or 
fold. 

INFLICT,  in-flikt',  v.t.  to  lay  on :  to  im- 
pose, ae  punishment.  [Lit.  "  to  strike 
agaiast,"  L.  in,  against,  and  Jligo,  to 
strike.] 

iNFLICTION,  in-flik'shun,  n.  act  of  in- 
flicting- or  imposing :  punishment  ap- 
plied. 

KNFLICTrVE,  in-flikt'iv,  ck^".  tending  or 
able  to  inflict. 

INFLORESCENCE,  in-flor-es'ens,  n.  char- 
acter or  mode  of  flowering  of  a  plant. 
[Fr. — L.  infloreseens — infloreseo,  to  oegin 
to  blossom.    See  Florescence.] 

INFLUENCE,  in'floo-ens,  n.  power  exerted 
on  men  or  things  :  power  in  operation  ; 
authority. — v.t.  to  affect :  to  move  ;  to 
direct.  [Orig.  a  term  in  astrology,  the 
power  or  virtue  supposed  to  flow  from 
planets  upon  men  and  things  :  Fr. — Low 
L.  iiijluentia — L.  in,  into,  and  fluo,  to 
flow.] 

INFLUENTIAL,  in-floo-en'shal,  adj.  hav- 
ing or  exerting  influence  or  power  over. 
— adv.  Inflcen'tially. 

INFLUENZA,  in-floo-en'za,  n.  a  severe 
epidemic  catarrh,  accompanied  with 
weakening  fever.  [It. — L.,  a  by-form  of 
Influence,  which  see.] 

INFLUX,  iu'fluks.  n.  a,  flotmng  in:  infu- 
sion :  abundant  accession.  [L.  injluxus 
— infliio.'] 

INFOLD,  in-fold',  v.t.  to  inwrap :  to  in- 
volve :  to  embraoe.  [E.  IN,  into,  and 
Fold.] 

INFORM,  in-form',  v.t.  to  give  form  to  :  to 
animate  or  give  life  to  :  to  impart  knowl- 
edge to  :  to  tell.  [Fr. — L.  in,  into,  and 
Form.] 

INFORMAL,  in-form'al,  adj.  not  in  proper 
form  :  irregular.— adv.  Inform' ally. — n. 
Informal'ITY.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Format,. ] 

INFORMANT,  in-form'ant,  n.  one  who  in- 
forms or  gives  intelligence. 

INFORMATION,  in-for-ma'shun,  n.  intel- 
ligence given  :  knowledge  :  an  accusa- 
tion given  to  a  magist^  ate  or  court. 

INFORMER,  in-form'e?,  n.  one  who  in- 
forms against  another'  for  the  breaking 
of  a  law. 

INFRACTION,  in-frak'shun,  n.  violation, 
esp.  of  law.  [Fr.  — L.  infractio — in,  in, 
and  frango,  fractus,  to  break.  See 
Fraction.] 

INFRANGIBLE,  in-fran'ji-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  broken:  not  to  be  violated. 
— ns.  Infranqibil'ity,  Ikfrau'gibleness. 
[See  Infraction.] 

I>fFREQUENT,  in-fre'kwent,  adj.  seldom 
occurring  :  rare  :  uncommon. — adv.  IN- 
fre'quently. — n.  Infre'qcency.  [L.  m, 
not,  and  FREQUENT.] 

INFRINGE,  in-frmj',  v.t.  to  violate,  esp. 
law  :  to  neglect  to  obey.  [Lit.  to  "  break 
into,"  from  L.  infringo — m,  and/rangro.] 

INFRINGEMENT,  in-frinj'ment,  n.  breach: 
violation  :  non-fulflllment. 

INFURIATE,  in-fu'ri-at,  v.t.  to  enrage :  to 
madden.  [L.  in,  and  furio,  -atum,  to 
madden— /itro,  to  rave.] 

OS  FUSE,  in-fuz',  v.t.  to  pour  into :  to  in- 
spire with :  to  introduce :  to  steep  in 
Uquor  without  boiling.  [Fr. — L.  in,  into, 
fundo,  fusnm,  to  pour.] 

INFUSIBLE,  in-fuzi-bl,  adj.  that  cannot 
be  dissolved  or  melted.  [L.  in,  not,  and 
Fusible.] 

INFUSION,  in-fQ'zhun,  ,i.  the  pouring  of 
water,  whether  boiling  or  not,  over  any 
substance,  in  order  to  extract  its  active 
qualities :  a  solution  in  water  of  an 
organic,  esp.  a  vegetable  substance  :  the 
liquor  so  obtained:  inspiration:  instilling. 


INFUSORIA,  in-fa-s5'ri-a,  n.pl.  microscopic 

animalcula  found  in  infusions  of  animal 
or  vegetable  material  exposed  to  the  at- 
mosphere.    [L.] 

INFUSORIAL,  in-fu-so'ri-al,  INFUSORY, 
in-fu'sor-i,  adj.  composed  of  or  containing 
infusoria. 

INGATHERING,  in'gfiife-er-ing,  n.  the 
collecting  and  securing  of  the  fruits  of 
the  earth  :  harvest.  [E.  In  and  Gather- 
ing.] 

INGENIOUS,  in-je'ni-us,  adj.  of  good  nat- 
ural abiUties :  skillful  in  inventing : 
showing  ingenuity  :  witty. — adv.  lnoE'- 
niously. — n.  Inge'niousness.  [Fr.— L. 
ingeniosus — ingenium,  mother-wit,  from 
in,  and  gen,  root  of  gigno,  to  beget.] 

INGENUITY,  in-jen-u'i-ti,  n.  power  of 
ready  invention :  facility  in  combining 
ideas :  curiousness  in  design.  [Orig. 
meant  "  ing-enupusness  ; "  L.  ingenuitas 
— ingenuusA 

INGENUOUS,  in-jen'u-u8,  adj.  frank: 
honorable  :  free  from  deception. — adv. 
Ingen'uously. — n.  Ingen'uousness.  [lit. 
"free-born,  of  good  birth ;"  L.  ingenuii8.\ 

INGLORIOUS,  in-glo'ri-us,  adj.  not  glori- 
ous ;  without  honor  :  shameful. — adv. 
Inglo'riously. — n.  Inglo'riousness.  [Fr. 
— L.  in,  not,  and  Glorious.] 

INGOT,  in'got,  n.  a  mass  of  unwrought 
metal,  esp.  gold  or  silver,  cast  in  a 
mould.  [Lit.  "something  poured  in," 
from  A.S.  in,  in,  and  goten,  pa.p.  of 
geotan,  to  pour  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  giessen, 
Goth,  gjutan,  and  L.  fu-n-do,  fud-i,  to 
pour.  The  Ger.  ein-guss  is  an  exact 
parallel  to  ingot.] 

INGRAFT,  in-gi-aft ,  v.t.  to  graft  or  insert 
a  shoot  of  one  tree  into  another :  to  in- 
troduce something  foreign  :  to  fix  deeply. 
[Fr. — L.  in,  into,  and  Graft.] 

INGRAFTMENT,  iu-graft'ment,  n.,ingraft- 
ing :  the  thing  ingrafted :  a  scion. 

INGRAIN,  in-gran',  v.t.  (orig.)  to  dye  in 
grain  (meaning  tmth  grain),  that  is,  coch- 
ineal :  hence,  to  dye  of  a  fast  or  lasting 
color  :  to  dye  in  the  raw  state  :  to  infix 
deeply.     [L.  in,  into,  and  see  Grain.] 

INGRATE,  in'grat,  adj.  unthankful.  [Fr. 
— L.  ingrattis.] 

INGRATIATE,  in-gra'shi-at,  v.t.  to  com- 
mend to  grace  or  favor  (used  reflexively, 
and  followed  by  ivith) :  to  secure  the 
good-will  of  another.  [L.  in,  into,  and 
gratia,  favor.     See  GRACE.] 

INGRATITUDE,  in-grat'i-tud,  n.  unthank- 
fulness  :  the  return  of  evil  for  good.  [Fr. 
— L.  in,  not,  and  Gratitude.] 

INGREDIENT,  in-gre'di-ent,  n.  that  which 
enters  into  a  compound  :  a  component 
part  of  anything.  [Fr. — L.  ingredieiis, 
-entis,  pr.p.  of  ingredior — in,  into,  and 
gradior,  to  walk,  to  enter.  See  Grade 
and  Ingress.] 

INGRESS,  in'gres,  n.,  entrance:  power, 
right,  or  means  of  entrance.  [L.  ingres- 
sus — ingredior.] 

INGUINAL,  ing'gwinal  adj.  relating  to 
the  groin.  [L.  inguinalis — inguen,  in- 
guinis,  the  groin.] 

INGULF,  in-gulf,  v.t.  to  swallow  up  whol- 
ly, as  in  a  gvlf:  to  cast  into  a  gulf  :  to 
overwhelm. — ».  Ingulf'mENT.  [E.  In 
and  Gulp.] 

INGURGITATE,  in-gur'ji-tat,  v.t.  to  swal- 
low up  greedily,  as  in  a  gulf.  [L.  ingur- 
gito,  -atum — in,  into,  and  gurges,  a  gulf, 
whirlpool.] 

INHABIT,  m-hab'it,  v.t.  to  dwell  in :  to 
occupy.  [Fr. — L.,  from  in,  in,  and  hah- 
ito,  to  have  frequently,  to  dwell — Tuxbeo, 
to  have.    Cf.  Habit.] 

INHABITABLE,  in-hab'it-a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  inhabited.  [Late  L.  inhabita- 
bUis.] 

INHABITAUrr,    in-nab'it-ant,    iSHMfTtEB. 


JB.),  n.  one  who  inhaoits  ;  a  resident. 
L.  inhabitans,] 
HALATIOl^,  in-ha-la'shun,  n.  the  draw- 
ing into  the  lungs,  as  air,  or  fumes. 
INHALE,  in-hal',  v.t.  to  draw  in  the  breath: 
to  draw  into  the  lungs,  as  air. — n.  Inhal'- 
ER.     [L.  inhalo,  to  breathe  upon — in,  up= 
on,  and  haJo,  to  breathe.] 
INHARMONIOUS,  m  har-mo'ni-us.adj.  ois. 
cordant :   unmusical.-  adi'.  Inharmo'ni-- 

OUSLY.— ?l.    INHARMO'NIOUSNESS.      [Preia 

in-,  not.  Harmonious.] 

INHERE,  in-her',  v.i.  to  stick  fast :  to  re- 
main Hmi  in.  [L.  inheereo — in,  and  haereo, 
to  stick.] 

INHERENCE,  in-her'ens,  INHERENCY, 
in-her'en-si,  Jt.  a  sticking  fast :  existence 
in  something  else :  a  fixed  state  of  being 
in  another  body  or  substance. 

INHERENT,  in-her'ent,  adj.,  sticking  fast  ; 
existing  in  and  inseparable  from  somo^ 
thing  else :  innate :  natural. — adv.  In- 
HER'ently.     [L.  inhmrens.] 

INHERIT,  in-her'it,  v.t.  to  take  as  heir  or 
by  descent  from  an  ancestor  :  to  possess. 
— v.i.  to  enjw,  as  property.  [L.  in,  and 
Pr.  hiriter — ^L.  heredito,  to  inherit.  See 
Heir.I 

INHERITABLE.    Same  as  Heritable. 

INHERITANCE,  in-her'it-ans,  n.  that 
which  is  or  may  be  inherited :  am 
estate  derived  from  an  ancestor :  he- 
reditary descent :  natural  gift ;  posses- 
sion. 

INHERITOR,  in-her'it-or,  n.  one  who  in- 
herits  or  may  inherit :  an  heir  •.—fern. 
InHER'ITRESS,  iNHER'nRIX. 

INHESION,  in-he'zhun.  Same  as  Inheb. 
ence. 

INHIBIT,  in-hib'it,  v.t.  to  Iwld  in  or  back  i 
to  keep  back:  to  check.  [L.  inhibeo, 
-hibitum — in,  in,  and  habeo,  to  have,  to 
hold.    Cf.  Habit.] 

INHmrriON,  In-hi-bish'un,  n.  the  act  of 
inhibiting  or  restraining:  the  state  of 
being  inhibited :  prohibition :  a  writ 
from  a  higher  court  to  an  inferior  judge 
to  stay  proceedings. 

INHIBITORY,  in-hib'it-or-i,  adj  proliibi- 
tory. 

INHOSPITABLE,  in-hos'pit-a-bl,  adj.  af- 
fording no  kindness  to  strangers. — adv, 
Inhos'pitably. — n.  Inhos'pitablenlss, 
[Fr. — ^L.  in,  not,  and  Hospitable.] 

INHOSPITALITY,  in-hos-pi-tal'i- ti,  n. 
want  of  hospitality  or  courtesy  to  stran- 
gers. 

INHUMAN,  in-hii'man,  adj.  barbarous : 
cruel :  unfeeUng.  —  adv.  Inhu'manly. 
[Fr. — L.  171,  not,  and  Human.] 

INHUMANITY,  in-hu-man'i-ti,  w.  the 
state  of  being  inhumau :  barbarity : 
cruelty. 

INHUMATION,  in-bu-ma'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  inhuming  or  depositing  in  the  grounds 
bm-ial. 

INHUME,  in-hum',  v.t.  to  inter.  [Fr.— L. 
inhume — in,  in,  and  humus,  the  ground.^ 

INIMICAL,  in-im'i-kal,  adj.  like  an  encny, 
not  friendly-:  contrary :  repugnant. — 
adv.  Inim'ically.  [L.  inimicalis — inv 
mious — in,  not,  and  amic^is,  friendly-^ 
aino,  to  love.] 

INIMITABLE,  in-im'it-a-bl,  adj.  that  can. 
not  be  imitated :  surpassingly  excellent. 
— adv.  Inim'itably.  [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  anfl'; 
ImitableJ  ^ 

INIQUITOUS,  in-ik'wi-tus,  adj.  unjust;: 
unreasonable :  wicked.  —  adv.  iNKj'uic 
tously. 

INIQUITY,  in-ik'wi-ti,  n.  want  of  equity 
or  fairness  :  injustice  :  wickedness  :  a 
crime.  (Tr. — L.  inimiitas — iniguus,  un- 
equal—  m,  not,  and  ceguus,  equal  or 
feir.l 

INITIAL,  in-ish'al,  a<^'.  commencing : 
placed  at  the  beginning. — n.   the  letter 


INITIATE 

beginning  a  word,  esp.  a  name. — vJ.  to 
put  the  initials  of  one's  name  to.  [L. 
mitialis  —  inititim.,  a  beginning,  ineo, 
initus—in,  into,  eo,  itnm,  to  go.] 

INITIATE,  in-ish'i-at,  v.t.  to  make  a  begin- 
ning :  to  instruct  in  principles  :  to  ac- 
quaint  with  :  to  introduce  into  a  new 
state  or  society.— u.i.  to  perform  the  first 
act  or  rite.— n.  one  who  is  initiated.— 
adj.  fresii  :  unpracticed.     [See  INITIAL.] 

INITIATION,  in-ish-i-a'shun,  n.  act  or  proc- 
ess of  initiating  or  acquainting  one  with 
principles  before  unknown  :  act  of  ad- 
mitting to  any  society,  by  instructing  m 
its  rules  and  ceremonies. 

INITIATIVE,  in-ish'i-a-tiv,  adj.  serv-mg  to 
initiate  :  introductory.— n.  aa  mtroduo- 
tory  step.  .       ,.    ,      ,. 

XNITL4.T0RY,  in-ish'i-a-tor-i,  adj.  tending 
to  initiate  :  introductory.— «.  introduc- 
tory rite.  .    ,     J,  .  i      4. 

INJECT,    in-jekt',    v.t.  to  throw  into:  to 
cast  on.     [L.  inj'icio,  injectum — in,  into, 
jacio,  to  throw.] 
"■"  "  '     ieVs 


')aci0,  to  llirow.j  .... 

nJfJECTION,  in-jeVshun,  n.  act  of  mjeot- 
ing  or  throwing  in  or  into  :  the  act  of  fill- 
ing the  vessels  of  an  animal  body  with 
any  Uquid  :  a  liquid  to  be  injected  into 
anv  part  of  the  body. 

INJUDICIAL,  in-joo-dish'al,  adj.  not  ac- 
cording to  law-forms.  [L.  in,  not,  and 
Judicial.]  .         ,.      .,    , 

INJUDICIOUS,  in-joo-dish'us,  adj.  void  ot 
or  wanting  in  judgment :  inconsiderate. 
—adv.  INJCDI'CIOUSLY.— W.  INJUDI'CIOUS- 

NESS.    [Ft.— L.  in,  not,  and  Judicious.] 
INJUNCTION,  in-jungk'shun,  n.  act  of  en- 
joining or  commanding:  an  order:  a  pre- 
cept :  exhortation  :  a  writ  of  prohibition 
granted  by  a  court  of  equity.     [L.  mmnc- 
tio—in,  and  jungo,  junctum,  to  join.] 
INJURE,  in'joor,  v.t.  to  act  with  injustice 
or  contrary  to  law :  to  wrong :  to  tlam- 
age :  to    annoy.      [Fr.    injurier—h.    in- 
jurior— injuria,  injury— 1»,  not,  and  jus, 
juris,  law.] 
INJURIOUS,   in-jo6'ri-us,  adj.  tending  to 
injure  :  unjust :  wrongful :  mischievous: 
damaging  reputation.— ad«.  Inju'RIOTTS- 

LY. — 71.  lN,IU'RIOUSNESS. 

INJURY,  in'joor-i,  n.  that  which  injures  : 
wrong  :  mischief :  annoyance  :  (fr.  Bk.) 
insult,  offence. 
INJUSTICE,  in-jus'tis,  n,  violation  or  with- 
holding   of   another's   rights    or   dues: 
wrong  :  iniquity.     [Fr.— L.  injustitia,  m, 
not,  and  JUSTICE.] 
INK,  ingk,  n.  a  colored  fluid  used  in  writ- 
ing, printing,  etc.— v.t.  to  daub  with  ink. 
[O.  Fr.  enque  (Fr.  erecre)- L.  encaustum, 
the  purple-red    ink    used    by  the  later 
Roman    emperors— Gr.   engkaustonr-en- 
gkaid,  to  burn  in.    See  Encaustic] 
INK-BERRY,  ingk'-be-ri,  n.  the  popular 
name  of  an  elegant  shrub  (Ilex  glabra) 
found  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North 
America.   It  grows  from  2  to  4  feet  high, 
■    has  slender  and  flexible  stems,  brilliant, 
evergreen  leaves,  leathery  and  shining 
on  the  surface  and  of  a  lanceolate  form, 
and  produces  small  black  berries. 
INKHOLDER,  ingk-hold-er,  INKSTAND, 

ingk'stand,  n.  a  vessel  for  holding  ink. 
INBBORN,    ingkTiorn,  n.  {obs.)   an  mfc- 
holder,  formerly  of  horn :  a  portable  case 
for  ink,  etc. 
INKINO-ROLLER,    ingk'ing-rol'er,    n.    a 
roller  covered  with  a  composition  for  ink- 
ing printing  types. 
INKING-TABLE,  ingk'ing-ta'bl,  «.  a  table 
or  flat  surface  used  for  supplying  the 
inking-roUer  wdth  ink  during  the  proc- 
ess of  printing. 
INKLE,  inglfl,  v.t.  to  guess :  to  conject- 
ure.   "She  turned  as  pale  as  death,  .  .  . 
and   she  inkled  what    it  was." — B.  D. 
Blackmore. 


I  242 

INKLING,  ingkOing,  n.  a  hint  or  whisper : 
intimation.  [From  the  M.E.  verb  to 
inkle  (for  im-k-le,  cog.  with  Ice.  ym-ta, 
to  mutter,  from  ym-r,  a  humming  sound), 
a  freq.  formed  from  an  imitative  base 
-urn  (Sw.  hum,  E.  Hum).] 

INKY,  ingk'i,  adj.  consisting  of  or  resem- 
bling ink  :  blackened  with  ink.— «.  Ink'- 

INESS. 

INLAID,  in-lad',  pa.p.  of  INLAT. 

INLAND,  in'land,  n.  the  interior  part  of  a 
countrj'. — adj.  remote  from  the  sea :  car- 
ried on  or  produced  within  a  country  : 
confined  to  a  country.  [A.S.  iniand,  a 
domain — in,  and  Zand.] 

INLANDER,  inland-er,  n.  one  who  hves 
inland.  ,     ,     . 

INLAY,  in-la',  v.t.  to  ornainent  by  laying 
in  or  inserting  pieces  of  metal,  ivory,  etc. : 
—pa.j).  Inlaid'.  — «.  pieces  of  metal, 
ivory,  etc.,  for  inlaying. — ns.  Inlay'ING, 
Inlat'er.    [E.  In  and  Lay.] 

ENLET,  in'let,  n.  a  {)assage  by  which  one 
is  let  in  :  place  of  ingress :  a  small  bay. 
[E.  In  and  Let.] 

Dni.Y,  in'li,  adj.,  inward:  secret. -;-aat;., 
inwardly:  in  the  heart.  [A.S.  inlio—in, 
and  lie,  like.] 

INMATE,  in'mat,  n.  one  who  lodges  m  the 
same  house  with  another  :  a  lodger :  one 
received  into  a  hospital,  etc.  [IN  and 
Mate.]  , 

INMEATS.  in'mets,  n.pl.  the  interna!  parts 
of  animal  bodies  :  the  viscera :  the  en- 
trails :  the  guts. 


Get  thee  gone. 
Or  I  shall  try  six  ioches  of  my  knife 
On  thine  own  inmeats  first.— Sir  H.  Taylor, 


INMOST.  See  Inotiemost. 
INN,  in,  n.  a  house  for  the  lodging  and  en- 
tertainment of  travellers :  a  hotel :  (B.)a. 
lodging  :  the  word  is  seldom  used  in  this 
country.— Inns  of  Court,  four  societies 
in  London  for  students-at-law,  qualifying 
them  to  be  called  to  the  bar.  [^A.S.  in, 
inn,  an  inn,  house — in,  inn,  within,  from 
the  prep,  in,  in  ;  Ice.  inni,  a  house,  inm, 
within.]  .... 

INNATE,  in'at  or  in-nat',  adj.,  inborn :  nat- 
ural: inherent.— w.  Inn'ateness.— adr. 
Inn'ately.  [L.  innatus—innaseor — in, 
in,  nascor,  to  be  born.] 
INNAVIGABLE,  in-na\''i-ga-bl,  adj.  im- 
passable by  ships.— adu.  InnaViqably, 
[Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Navigable.] 
INNER,  in'er,  adj.  (comp.  of  In),  further 

in  :  interior.  [A.S.l 
INNER,  in'er,  n.  in  rifle  practice,  that  part 
of  a  target  immediately  outside  tlie  bull's- 
eye,  inclosed  by  a  ring  varjnng  in  breadth 
according  to  the  distance  fired  from; 
called  also  the  Centre  :  a  shot  striking 
that  part  of  a  target.  „^,^„„     ., 

INNERIMOST,    in'er-most,    INMOST,    in- 
most,  adj.  (superl.  of  In),  furthest  in: 
most  remote  from  the  outer  part.     [A.S. 
innemest ;  for  the  termination  -most,  see 
Aftermost,  Foremost.] 
INNERVE,  in-erV,  v.t.  to  supply  with  force 
or   nervms  energy.  — n.    Innerva'tion, 
special  mode  of  acti\'ity  inlierent  in  the 
nervous  structure,  whereby  the  organism 
maintains  relations  with  external  media: 
nervous    activity.     [Fr.— L.  in,  in,  and 
Nerve.] 
INNING,  in'ing,  n.  the  ingathering  of  grain: 
turn  for  using  the  bat  in  base-ball  and 
cricket  (in  this  sense  used   only  in  the 
pi.)  -.—pi.  lands  recovered  from  the  sea. 
[A  verbal  noim  from  old  verb  to  inn,  i.e. 
to  house  corn,  which  is  from  noun  iNN.] 
INNKEEPER,  in'kep-er,  n.  one  who  keeps 
an  inn.  „^_,   .   , 

INNOCENCE,  in'o-sens,  INNOCENCY,  in'- 
o-sen-si,  n.  harmlessness:  blamelessness: 
purity  :  integrity. 
INNOCENT,   in'o-sent,  adj.   not    hurtful: 


INOSCULATE 

inoffensive  :  blameless  :  pure  :  lawfuL— 
n.  one  free  from  harm  or  fault.  —  adts, 
Inn'OCENTLY.  [Fr. — L.  iniwcens,  -entiS" 
in,  not,  and  noceo,  to  hurt.  Cf.  Noxious.] 
INNOCUOUS,  in-nok'u-us,  adj.  not  hurtful. 
harmless  in  effects. — adv.  ikNOC'COUSLY. 
— n.  li^NOC'uousNESs.    [L.  innocuus.} 

INNOMINABLES,  in-nom'in-a-blz,  n.pL  a 
humorous  euphemism  for  trousers  :  un- 
mentionables: inexpressibles.  "The lower 
part  of  his  dress  represented  innomina- 
bles  and  hose  in  one." — Southey. 

INNOVATE,  in 'o- vat,  v.t.  to  introduce 
something  new. — v.i.  to  introduce  novel- 
ties :  to  make  changes.— )is.  Inn'ovator. 
Innova'tion.  [L.  innovo,  -novatum — in., 
and  novus,  new.] 

INNOXIOUS.  Same  as  Innocuous.— ad«. 
iNNOx'iousLY.  [L.  in.  not,  and  Noxious.] 

INNUENDO,  in-u-cn'do,  n.  a  side-hint :  an 
indirect  reference  or  intimation.  [Lit.  a 
suggestion  conveyed  by  a  nod ;  L.;  it  is 
the  gerund  ablative  of  innvo—in,  and 
nuo,  to  nod.] 

INNLTMERABLE,  in-nu'mer-a-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  numbered  :    countless.— ad«= 

iNNlfMEBABLY.  —  n.     INNU'MERABLENBSS, 

[Pi-.— L.  ni,  not,  and  Numerable.] 

INNUTRITION,  in-nu-trish'un,  n.  want  ot 
nutrition  :  failure  of  nourishment. 

INNUTRITIOUS,  in-nu-trish'us,  adj.  not 
nutritious  :  without  nourishment.  [I* 
in,  not.  Nutritious.] 

INOBSERVANT,  in-ob-zerv'aut,  adj.  not 
observant :  heedless.  [L.  in,  not,  and 
Observant.] 

INOBTRUSIVE,  in-ob-troo'siv,  adj.  not  ob- 
trusive.—adv.  iNOBTRU'SrVELY.— «.  INOB 
tru'siveijess.  [L.  in,  not,  and  ObtrU- 
srvE.l 

INOCXJLATE,  in-oVu-lat.  v.t.  to  insert  ac 
eye  or  bud :  to  ingraft :  to  communicate 
disease  by  inserting  matter  in  the  skin 


isease  oy  inserims  mauler  lu  mc  o»iu 
-v.i.  to  propagate Ir^  budding :  tc  prao 
tice  inoculation.  [L.  inoculo,  -atiim-— 
in,  into,  and  oculus,  an  eye.  See  Ocu- 
lar.] 

INOCULATION,  in-ok-u-la'shun,  n.  act  or 
practice  of  inoculating :  insertion  of  the 
buds  of  one  plant  into  another  :  the  com- 
municating of  disease  by  inserting  matter 
in  the  skin. 

INODOROUS,  in-o'dur-us,  adj.  without 
smeU.     [L.  in,  not.  and  ODOROUS.] 

INOFFENSIVE,  in-of-fen'siv,  adj.  giving 
no  offence :  harmless.— adv.  Inoffen'- 
siVELY.— n.  Inoffen'siveness.  [Fr.— L. 
in,  not,  and  OffensiyE.] 

INOFFICIAL,  in-of-fish'al,  adj.  not  pro- 
ceeding  from  the  proper  oflScer  :  without 
the  usual  forms  of  authority.— adi\  In 
OFFIC'IALLY.    [Fr.— L,  in,  not,  and  Ofh 

CIAL.]^        

INOPERATIVE,  in-op'er-a-tiv,  adj.  not  in 
action :  producing  no  effect.  [Fr.- L. 
in,  not,  and  Operative.] 

INOPPORTUNE,  in-op-por-tun',  adj.  un^ 
seasonable  in  time.— adf.  Inopportune'- 
LY.     [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Opportune.1 

INORDINATE,  in-or'di-nat,  adj.  beyond 
usual  bounds  :  irregular  :  immoderate.- 
adv.  Inor'dinately.  — ?i.  Inor'dinatb- 
NESS.     [L.  in,  not,  and  Ordinate.] 

INORDINATION,  in-or-di-na'shun,  n  de 
viation  from  rule  :  irregularity. 

INORGANIC,  in-or-gan'ik,  adj.  without 
life  or  organization,  as  minerals,  etc.— 
adv.  Inobgan'ically.  [Fr.— L.  m,  not, 
and  Organic] 

INORGANIZED,  in-or'gan-izd,  adj.  same 
as  Inorganic.  ^        ,     .  ,. 

INOSCULATE,  in-os'kii-lat,  v.t.  and  i-.i.  to 
unite  by  mouths  or  ducts,  as  two  vessels 
in  an  animal  body  :  to  blend.— Ji.  INOS- 
cula'tion  [L.  in,  ajid  osculor,  -atum,  tc 
kiss.] 


INQUEST 


243 


INSPECTOR 


INQUEST,  in'kwest,  n.  act  of  inquiring : 
search  :  judicial  inquiry  :  a  jury  for  in- 
quiring into  any  matter,  esp.  any  case 
of  violent  or  sudden  deatli.  [O.  Fr.  en- 
queste  ;  see  Inquihe.    Doublet  Inquiry.] 

INQUIETUDE,  in-kwi'et-ud,  n.  disturbance 
or  uneasiness  of  body  or  mind.  [Fv. — L. 
in,  not,  and  Quietude.] 

INQUIRE,  in-kwir',  v.i.  to  ask  a  question  : 
to  make  an  inve.stig-ation. — v.t.  to  ask 
about :  to  make  an  examination  regard- 
ing.— n.  Inquir'ee.  [L,  inquiro — in,  and 
qucero,  qucesitum,  to  seek.] 

INQUIRING,  in-kwir'ing,  adj.  given  to  in- 
quiry.— adv.  iNQmR'iNGLT. 

INQUIRY,  in-kwi'ri,  n.  act  of  inquiring : 
search  for  knowledge  :  investigation  :  a 
question.     [Doublet  INQUEST.] 

INQUISITION,  in-kwi-zish'un,  n.  an  in- 
quiring  or  searching  for  :  investigation  : 
judicifU.  inquiry :  formerly  a  tribunal  in 
some  Catholic  countries  for  examining 
and  punishing  heretics.  [Fr. — ^L.  in- 
quisitio  ;  see  Inquihe.] 

INQUISITIONAL,  in-kwi-zish'un-al,  adj. 
making  inquiry :  relating  to  the  Inqui- 
sition.   

INQUISITIVE,  in-kwiz'i-tiv,  adj.,  searching 
into :  apt  to  ask  questions  :  curious. — 
adv.    iNQUlS'rriVELY.  —  n.    Inqots'itivk- 

NESS. 

INQUISITOR,  in-k\viz'i-tur,  n.  one  who 
inquires :  an  official  inquirer  :  a  member 
of  the  Court  of  Inquisition. — adj.  Inqbi- 
sito'eiaIi. — adv.  iNQmsiTO'EiMiY.    [L.] 

INROAD,  in'rod.Ji.  a,  riding  into  a.n  enemy's 
country  :  a  sudden  or  desultory  invasion: 
attack  :  encroachment.  [E.  IN,  into,  and 
Road.] 

INRUSH,  in'rush,  n.  a  sudden  invasion  or 
incursion  :  an  irruption.  "  The  ceaseless 
inrush  of  new  images." — Kingsley.  "Mor- 
decai  was  so  possessed  by  the  new  inrush 
of  belief  that  he  had  forgotten  the  ab- 
sence of  any  other  condition  to  the  fulfill- 
ment of  his  hopes." — George  Eliot. 

INSAtlVATION,  in-sal-i-va'shun,  n.  the 
process  of  mixing  the  food  with  the  saliva. 

INSALUBRIOUS,  in-sa-lo6'bri-us,  adj.  not 
healthful :  unwholesome.  —  n.  Insalu'- 
BRITY.    [L.  in,  not,  and  Salubrious.] 

INSANE,  in-san',  adj.  not  sane  or  of  sound 
mind :  mad :  pertaining  to  insane  persons: 
utterly  unwise. — adv.  Insane'ly.  [L.  in, 
not,  and  Sane.] 

INSANITY,  in-san'i-ti,  n.  want  of  sanity : 
state  of  being  insane  :  madness. 

INSATIABLE,  in-sa'shi-a-bl,  INSATIATE, 
in-sa'shi-at,  adj.  that  cannot  be  satiated 
or  satisfied. — adv.  Insa'tiably. — ns.  In- 
sa'tiableness,  Insatiabil'ity.  [Fr. — ^L. 
in,  not,  SATIABI.E,  Satiate.] 

INSCRIBE,  in-skrib',  v.t.  to  ivrite  upon :  to 
engrave,  as  on  a  monument  :  to  address: 
to  imprint  deeply  :  [gernn.)  to  draw  one 
figure  within  another. — n.  Inscrib'ee. 
[L.  inscribo,  inscriptus — in,  upon,  and 
seribo,  to  write.] 

INSCRIPTION,  in-skrip'shun,  n.  a  writing 
upon:  that  which  is  inscribed  :  title  :  ded- 
ication of  a  book  to  a  person.  [See  In- 
scribe.]   

INSCRIPTIVE,  in-skrip'tiv,  adj.  bearing  an 
inscription :  of  the  character  of  an  in- 
scription. 

INSCRUTABLE,  in-skro6farbl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  scrutinized  or  searched  into 
and  understood  :  inexplicable. — adv.  In- 
scrux'ably.  — ns.  Inscrutabil'ity,  In- 
scrut'ableness.  [Fr. — L.  inscrutabilis — 
in,  not,  and  scrutor,  to  search  into.] 

INSECT,  in'sekt,  n.  a  small  animal,  as  a 
wasp  or  fly,  with  a  body  as  if  out  in  the 
middle,  or  divided  into  sections  :  any- 
thing small  or  contemptible. — adj.  like 
an  insect :   small :   mean.     [Fr. — L.   in- 


aectum,  pa.p.  of  inseco — in,  into,  and 
seco,  to  cut.] 

INSECTILE,  in-sek'til,  adj  having  the 
nature  of  an  insect. 

INSECTION,  in-seVshun,  n.  a  cutting  in  : 
incision. 

INSECTIVOROUS,  in-sek-tiv'or-us,  adj., 
devouring  or  living  on  insects.  [L.  tn- 
sectum.  and  voro,  to  devour.] 

INSECURE,  in-se-kur',  adj.  apprehensive 
of  danger  or  loss  :  exposed  to  danger  or 
loss. — adv.  Insecurely. — n.  Insecur'- 
ITY.     [L.  in,  not,  and  Secure.] 

INSENSATE,  in-sen'sat,  adj.  void  of  sense  : 
wanting  sensibility  :  stupid.  [L.  insen- 
satus — in,  not,  and  sensatus,  from  sensus, 
feeling.] 

INSENSIBLE,  in-sen'si-M,  adj.  not  having 
feeling  :  callous  :  dull :  imperceptible  by 
the  senses. — adv.  Insbn'sibly. — n.  Insen- 
SIBIL'ITY.      [Fr. — L.   in,  not,    and    Sen- 

SIBLB.] 

INSENSIBLIST,  in-sens'i-blist,  n.  one  in- 
susceptible of  emotion  or  jiassion  :  one 
who  is  apathetic  or  who  affects  apathy. 
"Mr.  Meadows  .  .  .  since  he  commenced 
insensiblist,  has  never  once  dai-ed  to  be 
pleased." — Miss  Bumey. 

INSENTIENT,  in-sen'shi-ent,  adj.  not  hav- 
ing perception.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Senti- 
ent.] 

INSEPARABLE,  In-sep'ar-a-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  separated.  —  adv.  Insep'ae- 
A3LY. — n.<;.  Insep'arableness,  Insepar- 
abil'ity.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Separa- 
ble.] 

INSERT,  in-sert',  v.t.  to  introduce  into  :  to 
put  in  or  among.  [L.  in,  and  sera,  sertum, 
to  join.] 

INSERTION,  in-ser'shun,  n.  act  of  insert- 
ing :  condition  of  being  inserted  :  that 
which  is  inserted. 

INSESSORIAL,  in-ses-so'ri-al,  adj.  having 
feet  (as  birds)  formed  for  perching  or 
climbing  on  trees.  [L.  insessor,  from  in- 
sideo,  insessum — in,  on,  and  sedeo.  to  sit.] 

INSEVERABLE,  in-se\''er-a-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  severed  or  separated.  [L.  in, 
not,  and  Severable.] 

INSHEATHE,  in-she(/i',  v.t.  to  put  or  hide 
in  a  sheath.    IB.  In  and  Sheathe.] 

INSHORE,  in-shor',  adv.,  on  or  near  the 
shore.     [E.  In  and  Shobe.] 

INSHRINB,  in-shrin'.    Same  as  Enshrine. 

INSICCATION,  in-sik-ka'shun,  n.  act  of 
drying  in.  [L.  in,  in,  and  sicca,  siecatum, 
to  dry.]     _, 

INSIDE,  in'sid,  n.  the  side  or  part  ivithin. 
— adj.  being  within  :  interior. — adv.  or 
prep,  within  the  sides  of :  in  the  interior 
of.    [E.  In  and  Side.] 

INSIDIOUS,  in-sid'i-us,  adj.  watching  an 
opportunity  to  insnare :  intended  to  en- 
trap: treacherous. — adv.  Insid'iously. — 
n.  iNsro'iousNESS.  [Lit.  "  sitting  in 
wait,"  from  Fr. — L.  inaidiosus — insidice, 
an  ambush — insideo — in,  sedeo,  to  sit.] 

INSIGHT,  in'sit,  n.,  sight  into:  view  of  the 
interior  :  thorough  knowledge  or  skill : 
power  of  acute  observation.  [E.  In  and 
Sight.] 

INSIGNIA.,  in-sig'ni-a,  n.pl.,  signs  or 
badges  of  oflSce  or  honor :  marks  by 
which  anything  is  known.  [L.,  pi.  of 
insigne,  from  in,  and  signum,  a  mark.] 

INSIGNIFICANT,  in-sig-nif'i-kant,  adj. 
destitute  of  meaning  :  without  effect : 
unimportant :  petty.  —  adv.  Insignif'i- 
CANTLY'. — ns.  Insignip'icance,  Insignif'i- 
cancy.    [L.  in,  not,  and  Significant.] 

ESrSIGNIFICATIVE,  in-sig-nif  i-ka-tiv,  adj. 
not  significative  or  expressing  by  exter- 
nal signs. 

INSINCERE,  in-sin-ser',  adj.  deceitful:  dis- 
sembling :  not  to  be  trusted  :  unsound. — 
adv.  Insincere'ly.— ».  Insdjcer'ity.  [Fr. 
— L.  in,  not,  Sincere.] 


INSINUATE,  in-sin'u-at,  v.t.  to  introdt)c» 
gently  or  artfully  :  to  hint,  esp.  a  fault : 
to  work  into  favor. — v.i.  to  creep  or  flow 
in  :  to  enter  gently  :  to  obtain  access  by 
flattery  or  stealth. — n.  Insin'uator.  [L. 
insinuo,  -atum — i7i,  and  sinus,  a  curve, 
bosom.] 

INSINUATING,  in-sin'u-at-ing,  adj.  tend- 
ing' to  insinuate  or  enter^gently  :  insensJ"- 
bly  winning  confidence.--«dv.  Insin'uat 

INGLY. 

INSINUATION,  in-sin-u-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
insinuating  :  power  of  insinuating  :  that 
which  is  insinuated  :  a  hint,  esp.  convey 
iug  an  indirect  imputation. 

INSINUATIVE,  in-sin'u-a-tiv,  adj.,insini6' 
afingr  or  stealing  on  the  confidence  :  using 
insinuations. 

INSIPID,  in-sip'id,  adj.,  tasteless:  wanting- 
spirit  or  animation  :  duU. — adv.  Insip*- 
IDLY. — ns.  Insip'idness,  Insipid'ity,  want 
of  taste.  [Fr. — L.  insipidus — in,  not; 
sapidus,  well-tasted — sapio,  to  taste.] 

INSI.ST,  in-sist',  v.i.   to  dwell  on  in   dis 
course :   to  persist    in  pressing. — n.  In- 
SISt'ence.     [Fr. — L.   in,  upon,   sisto,  to- 
stand.] 

INSNARE,  in-snar",  v.t.  to  catch  in  a, 
snare  :  to  entrap :  to  take  by  deceit :  te. 
entangle.     [E.  In,  and  Snare.] 

INSOBRIETY,  in-so-brl'e-ti,  n.  want  of 
sobriety :  intemperance.  [Prefix  in; 
not,  and  Sobriety.] 

INSOLATE,  in'so-lat,  v.t.  to  expose  to  the 
sun's  rays.     [L.  iti,  in,  and  sol,  the  sun.] 

INSOLATION,  in-so-la'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
condition  of  being  heated  by  the  sutt_ 
"The  comparative  calmness  of  the  at- 
mosphere, the  clearness  of  the  sky,  the  ■ 
dryness  of  the  air,  and  the  strong  tn^ 
solation  which  took  place  under  these 
circumstances." — Encyc.  Brit.  [L.  Pre- 
fix in,  and  sol,  the  sun.] 

INSOLENT,  in'so-lent,  adj.  haughty  and 
contemptuous  :  insulting  :  rude. — adv. 
In'solently.— ».  In'solence.  [Lit.  "via- 
usual,"  Fr. — L.  insolens — in,  not,  solen&; 
pr.p.  of  soleo,  to  be  accustomed.] 

INSOLIDITY,  in-so-lid'i-ti,  n.  want  of  so- 
lidity :   weakness.     [Prefix  in-,  not,  auid' 
■  Solidity.] 

INSOLUBLE,  in-sol'u-bl,  adj.  not  capable 
of  being  dissolved  :  not  to  be  solved  or 
explained. — ns.  Insolubil'ity,  Insol'u- 
bleness.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Soluble.] 

INSOLVABLE,  in-solv'a-bl,  adj.  not  solva- 
ble  :  not  to  be  explained.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Solvable.] 

INSOLVENT,  in-solv'ent,  adj  not  able  to 
pay  one"s  debts  :  pertaining  to  insolvent 

E arsons. — n.  one  who  is  unable  to  psMf 
is  debts.— Ji.  Insolv'ency.     [L.  in,  notj 
and  Solvent.] 
INSOMNIA,  in-som'ni-a,  n.  sleeplessness.— 
adj.    Insom'nious.     [L.   insomnis,  sle^. 

INSOMNOLENCE,  in-som'no-lens,  n.  sleep- 
lessness :  insomnia.  Southey.  [L.  «»>• 
somnia,  sleeplessnsss.] 

INS05IUCH,  in-so-much',  adv.  to  such  a 
degree  :  so.    [In,  So,  Much.] 

INSPAN,  in-span',  v.t.  to  yoke  draught 
oxen  or  horses  to  a  vehicle.  [E.  In,  and 
Span,  a  yoke  of  oxen.] 

INSPECT,   in-spekt',  v.t.  to  look  into:  tO' 
examine  :  to  look  at  narrowly  :  to  super 
intend.     [L.   inspecto,  freq.  of  inspuiio, 
inspectum — in,  into,  and  specio,  to  looti 
or  see.] 

INSPECTION,  in-spek'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
inspecting  or  looking  into  :  careful  op 
official  examination. 

INSPECTOR,  in-spekt'ur,  n.  one  who  look» 
into  or  oversees  :  an  examining  officer  : 
a  superintendent.  —  n.  Inspeot'oesHIPi 
the  office  of  an  inspector. 


INSPIKABLE 


244 


INTACTIBLE 


INSPIRABLE,  in-splr'arbl,  adj.  able  to  be 
inhaled. 

INSPIRATION,  in-spi-ra'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  'ms^iring  or  breathing  into:  a  breath  : 
the  divine  influence  by  which  the  sacred 
writers  were  instructed  :  superior  elevat- 
ing or  exciting  influonce. 

INSPIRATORY,  in-splr'a-tor-i  or  in'spir-a- 
tor-i,  adj.  belonging  to  or  aiding  inspira- 
tion or  inhalation. 

INSPIRE,  in-spir',  v.t.  to  breathe  into  :  to 
draw  or  inhale  into  the  lungs  :  to  infuse"' 
by  breathing,  or  as  if  by  breathing  :  to 
infuse  into  the  mind  :  to  instruct  by 
divine  influence :  to  instruct  or  affect 
with  a  superior  influence. — v.i.  to  draw 
in  the  breath.— n.  Inspir'er.  [Fr.— L. 
inspiro — in,  into,  and  spiro,  to  breathe.] 

INSPIRIT,  in-spir'it,  v.t.  to  infuse  spirit 
into  :  to  give  new  life  to  :  to  invigorate  : 
to  encourage.     [IN  and  SpmiT.] 

INSPISSATE,  in-spis'at,  v.t.  to  thicken  by 
the  evaporation  of  moisture,  as  the 
juices  of  plants. — n.  Inspissa'tion.  [L. 
in.'spisso,  -atum — in,  and  spissus,  thick.] 

INSTABILITY,  in-sta-bil'i-ti,  n.  want  of 
stability  or  steadiness:  want  of  firmness: 
inconstancy:  fickleness:  mutabilitj'.  [Fr. 
— L.  in,  not,  and  Stabilttt.] 

INSTALL,  mSTAL,  in-stawl',  v.t.  to  place 
in  a  stall  or  seat  :  to  place  in  an  office  or 
order:  to  invest  with  any  charge  or  office 
with  the  customarj'  ceremonies.  [Fr. — 
Low  L. — L.  in,  in,  and  Low  L.  stallum,  a 
stall  or  seat — O.  Ger.  stal  (Grer.  stall,  E. 
Stall).] 

INSTALLATION,  in-stal-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  installing  or  placing  in  an  office  with 
ceremonies. 

INSTALMENT,  in-stawl'ment,  n.  the  act 
of  installing  :  one  of  the  parts  of  a  sum 
paid  at  various  times :  that  which  is  pro- 
duced at  stated  periods. 

INSTANCE,  in'stans,  n.  quality  of  being 
mstant  or  urgent :  sohcitation  :  occur- 
rence :  occasion  :  example. — v.t.  to  men- 
tion as  an  example  or  case  in  point.  [Fr. 
— L.  instantia — instans.} 

INSTANT,  in'stant,  adj.  pressing,  ui-gent : 
immediate  :  quick  :  without  delay  :  pres- 
ent, current,  as  the  passing  month. — ?i. 
the  present  moment  of  time:  any  mo- 
ment or  point  of  time. — adv.  In'stantlt, 
on  the  instant  or  moment:  immediately: 
(B.)  importunately,  zealously.  [L.  in- 
stans,  -antis,  pr.p.  of  insto,  to  stand  upon 
— in,  upon,  sto,  to  stand.] 

INSTANTANEOUS,  in-stan-tan'e-us,  adj. 
done  in  an  instant  :  momentary  :  occur- 
ring or  acting  at  once  :  very  quickly. — 
adv.  Instantan'eously. 

INSTANTER.in-stan'ter.adu.  immediately. 
[L.    See  Instant.] 

INSTATE,  in-stat',  v.t.  to  put  in  posses- 
sion :  to  install.     [IN  and  State.] 

INSTEAD,  in-sted',  adv.,  in  the  stead, 
place,  or  room  of.  [M.E.  in  stede — A.S. 
on  stede,  in  the  place.     See  Stead.] 

INSTEP,  in'step,  n.  the  prominent  upper 
part  of  the  human  foot  near  its  junction 
with  the  leg :  in  horses,  the  hindleg  from 
the  ham  to  the  pastern  joint.  [Prob. 
from  In  and  Stoop,  as  if  sig.  the  "in- 
bend  "  (Skeat).] 

INSTIGATE,  in'sti-gat,  v.t.  to  urge  on  :  to 
set  on  :  to  incite.  [L.  instigo — in,  and 
root  stig,  Gr.  stizo.  Sans,  tij,  to  prick. 
See  Stioma  and  Sting.] 

INSTIGATION,  in-sti-ga'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  instigating  or  inciting  :  impulse,  esp. 
to  evil. 

INSTIGATOR,  in'sti-gat-ur,  n.   an  inciter 

to  ill. 
INSTIL,  in-stil',  v.t.  to  drop  into  :  to  in- 
fuse slowly  into  the  mind  : — pr.p.  instill'- 
ing ;  pa.p.  instilled'.     [Fr.— L.  instiUo— 
in,  and  atillo,  to  drop.    See  Distil.] 


INSTILLATION,  in-stil-a'shun,  INSTIL- 
MENT, in-stil'ment,  n.  the  act  of  in- 
stilling or  pouring  in  by  drops  :  the  act 
of  infusing  slowly  into  the  mind  :  that 
which  is  instilled  or  infused. 

INSTINCT,  in'stingkt,  n.  impulse  :  an  in- 
voluntary or  unreasoning  prompting  to 
action  :  the  natural  impulse  by  which 
animals  are  guided  apparently  independ- 
ent of  reason  or  experience.  [L.  instinc- 
tus.  from  instinguo,  to  instigate — ni,  and 
stinguo — stig.'] 

INSTINCT,  in-stingkt',  adj.,  instigated  or 
incited  :  moved  :  animated. 

INSTINCTIVE,  in-stingkt'iv,  adj.  prompted 
bj'  instinct:  involuntary:  acting  accord- 
ing to  or  determined  by  natural  impulse. 
— adv.  Instinct'ively. 

INSTITUTE,  in'sti-tut,  v.t.  to  set  up  in: 
to  erect  :  to  originate  :  to  establish  :  to 
appoint :  to  commence  :  to  educate. — n. 
anything  instituted  or  formally  estab- 
Ushed:  established  law:  precept  or  prin- 
ciple :  a  book  of  precepts  or  prin- 
ciples :  an  institution :  a  literary  and 
philosophical  society.  [Lit.  to  "  cause  " 
to  "stand  up,"  L.  instituo  —  in,  and 
statue,  to  cause  to  stand — sto,  to  stand.] 

INSTITUTION,  in-sti-tu'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  instituting  or  establishing:  that  which 
is  instituted  or  established  :  foundation  : 
established  order  :  enactment  :  a  society 
established  for  some  object :  that  which 
institutes  or  instructs  :  a  system  of  prin- 
ciples or  rules. 

INSTITUTIONAL,  in-sti-tii'shun-al,  IN- 
STITUTIONAEY,  in-sti-tu'shun-ar-i,  adj. 
belonging  to  an  institution  :  instituted 
by  authoritv:  elementary. 

INSTITUTISt.  in'sti-tut-isv,  n.  a  writer  of 
institutes  or  elementary  rules. 

INSTITUTIVE,  in'sti-tut-iv,  adj  able  or 
tending  to  institute  or  establish  :  depend- 
ing on  an  institution. 

INSTRUCT,  in-strukt',  v.t.  to  prepare:  to 
inform  :  to  teach  :  to  order'or  command. 
— n.  Instruct'or  •.—fern.  Instruct'ress. 
[Lit.  to  "put  in  order,"  L.  instruo,  in- 
structiim — in,  and  struo,  to  pile  up,  to  set 
in  order.] 

INSTRUCTIBLE,  in-strukt'i-bl,  adj.  able  to 
be  instructed. 

INSTRUCTION,  in-struk'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  instructing  or  teaching :  information  : 
command^ 

INSTRUCTIVE,  in-strukt'iv,  adj.  contain- 
ing instruction  or  information  :  convey- 
ing knowledge. — adv.  Instruct'ively. — 
n .  Insteuct'iveness. 

INSTRUMENT,  in'stroo-ment,  n.  a  tool  or 
utensil  :  a  machine  producing  musical 
sounds  :  a  writing  containing  a  contract : 
one  who  or  that  which  is  made  a  means. 
[Lit.  "  that  which  instructs  "  or  "  builds 
up,"  Fr. — L.  instrumentum — instruo.  See 
Instruct.] 

INSTRUMENTAL,  in-stroo-ment'al,  adj. 
acting  as  an  instrument  or  means  :  serv- 
ing to  promote  an  object  :  helpful  :  be- 
longing to  or  produced  by  musical  instru- 
ments.— adv.  Instrument' allt. — n.  In- 
strumental'ity,  agency. 

INSTRUMENTALIST,  in-stroo-ment'al-ist, 
M .  one  who  plays  on  a  musical  instrument. 

INSTRUMENTATION,  in  -  stroo  -  men  -  ta'- 
shun,  n.  (mime)  the  arrangement  of  a 
composition  for  performance  by  difl'erent 
instruments  :  the  plajing  upon  musical 
instruments. 

INSUBJECTION,  in-sub-jek'shun.  n.  want 
of  subjection  or  obedience.  [Prefix  in-, 
not,  and  Subjection.] 

INSUBORDINATE,  in-sub-or'din-at,  adj. 
not  subordinate  or  submissive  :  disobe- 
dient.— n.  Insubordina'tion.  [In,  not, 
and  Subordinate.] 

INSUFFERABLE,  in-suf'er-a-bl,  adj.  that 


cannot  be  suffered  or  endured  :  unbear- 
able :  detestable.  — adv.  Insuff'erably, 
[In,  not,  and  Sufferable.] 
INSUFFICIENT,  in-suf-fish'ent,  adj.  not 
sufficient :  deficient :  unfit :  incapable.— 
rtdl'.lNSUFFl'CIENTLY. — H .  InSUFFI'CIENCY. 

[In.  not,  and  Sufficient.] 

INSULAR,  in'su-lar,  adj.  belonging  to  an 
island  :  surrounded  by  water. — adv.  In*- 
SULABLT. — n.  Insular'ity,  the  state  of 
being  insular,  [Fr. — L.  insularis  —  in- 
sula, an  island.    See  Isle.] 

INSULATE,  in'su-lat,  v.t.  to  place  in  a  de- 
tached situation  :  to  prevent  connection 
or  communication  :  (electricity)  to  sep- 
arate by  a  non-conductor. — n.  Insula'- 
TlON.  [Lit.  to  make  an  island  of  :  from 
L.  insiua.] 

INSULATOR.  in'sQ-lat-ur,  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  insulates  :  a  non-conductor  of 
electricity. 

INSULT,  in-sult',  v.t.  to  treat  with  indig- 
nity or  contempt  :  to  abuse  :  to  affront. 
— In'sult,  n.  abuse  :  affront  :  contumely. 
[Fr. — L.  insidto — insilio,  to  spring  at — 
in,  upon,  and  salio,  to  leap.] 

INSULTINGLY,  in-sult'ing-li,  adv.  in  an 
insulting  or  insolent  manner. 

INSUPERABLE,  in-sQ'per-a-bl.  adj.  that 
cannot  be  passed  over :  insurmountable  : 
unconquerable. — adv.  Insu'PERABLT. — n. 
Insuperabil'ity.  [Fr. — L.  insiiperabilis 
— in,  not,  superamlis — supero,  to  pass 
over — super,  above.] 

INSUPPORTABLE,  in-sup-p6rt'a-bl,  adj. 
not  supportable  or  able  to  be  supported 
or  endured  :  unbearable  :  insufl'erable. — 
adv.  Insupport'ablt. — n.  Inbupport'a- 
bleness.  [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Support- 
able.] 

INSUPPRESSIBLE,  in-sup-pres'i-bl,  adj. 
not  to  be  suppressed  or  concealed.  [L. 
in,  not,  and  Suppressibi"  '^ 

INSURABLE,  in-shoor'a-bi,  .Jj.  that  ma" 
be  insured. 

INSURANCE,  in-shoor'ans,  n.  the  act  6. 
insuring,   or  a  contract  by  which  one 

.  party  undertakes  for  a  payment  or  pre- 
mium to  guarantee  another  against  risk 
or  loss  :  the  premium  so  paid. 

INSURE,  in-sho6r',  v.t.  to  make  sure  or  se- 
cure :  to  contract  for  a  premium  to  make 
good  a  loss,  as  from  Are,  etc.,  or  to  pay 
acertain  sum  on  a  certain  event,  as  death. 
— v.i.  to  practice  making  insurance.  [Fr. 
— L.  in.  intensive,  and  Sure.] 

INSURER,  in-shoor'er,  n.  one  who  insures. 

INSURGENCY,  in-sur'jen-si,  n.  a  rising  up 
or  against :  insurrection  :  rebelUon. 

INSURGENT,  in-sur'jent,  adj.,  rising  up 
or  against :  rising  in  opposition  to  au- 
thority :  rebellious. — n.  one  who  rises  in 
opposition  to  established  authority  :  a 
rebel.  [L.  in^urgens,  -entis — insurgo,  to 
rise  upon — in,  upon,  and  siirgo,  to  rise.] 

INSURMOUNTABLE,  in-sur-mownt'a-bl, 
adj.  not  surmountable  :  that  cannot  be 
overcome. — adv.  Insuemount'ably.  [Fr. 
— L,.  in,  not,  and  Surmountable.] 

INSURRECTION,  in-sur-rek'shun,  n.  a  ris- 
ing up  or  against :  open  and  active  oppo- 
sition to  the  execution  of  the  law  :  a  re- 
bellion.— adjs.  Insukrec'tional,  Insur- 
rec'tionary.  [L.  insurreetio — insurgo. 
See  Insurgent.] 

INSURRECTIONIST,  in-sur-rek'shun-ist,n. 
one  who  favors  or  takes  part  in  an  insur- 
rection. 

INSUSCEPTIBLE,  in-sus-sep'ti-bl,  adj.  not 
susceptible  :  not  capable  of  feeling  or  of 
being  affected. — n.  Insusceptibil'ity.  [L, 
in,  not,  and  Susceptible.] 

INTACT,  in-takt',  adj.,  untouched:  unin- 
jured. [L.  intactus — in,  not,  tango,  tac- 
tus,  to  touch.    See  Tangent  and  Tact.] 

INTACTIBLE,  in-takt'i-bl,  adj.=lNTANGI- 
ble. 


INTAGLIATED 


mTERCONNECTION 


INTAGLIATED,  in-tai'vat-ed,  adj.  ionned 

in  intaglio  :  engraved. 

INTAGLIO,  in-tal'yo,  n.  a  figure  eitt  into 
any  substance  :  a  stone  or  gem  in  which 
the  design  is  hollowed  out,  the  opposite 
of  a  cameo.  [It. — intagliare — in,  into, 
tagliare,  to  cut — Low  L.  taleo,  to  cut 
twigs — L.  talea,  a  rod,  twig.  See  Tally 
and  Detail.] 

INTANGIBLE,  in-tan'ji-bl,  adj.  not  tangible 
or  perceptible  to  touch. — ns.  Intan'gible- 
NESS,  Intangibil'ity.— adv.  Intau'oibly. 
[See  Intact.] 

INTEGER,  in'te-jer,  n.  that  which  is  left 
untouched^  or  undiminished,  a  whole  • 
(arith.)  a  whole  number.  [L. — in,  not, 
and  tag,  root  of  tango,  to  touch.  Doublet 
Entire.] 

T;NTEGRAL,  in'te-gral,  adj.,  entire  or  ichole: 
not  fractional. — n.  a  whole:  the  whole  as 
made  up  of  its  parts.— adr.  iN'TEGRAliLY. 
— n.  Integral  calculus,  a  branch  of  the 
higher  mathematics. 

ENTEGRANT,  in'te-grant,  adj.  making  part 
of  a  whole:  necessary  to  form  an  integer 
or  an  entire  thing.  [L.  integrans,  -antis, 
pr.p.  of  integro.] 

JCNTERGRATE,  in'te-grat,  v.t.  to  make  up 
as  a  ichole  :  to  make  entire  :  to  renew. — 
n.  Integra 'tion.  [L.  integro,  integratum 
— integer.    See  Integer.] 

ENTEGRITY,  in-teg'ri-ti,  n.  (lit.)  entire- 
ness,  wholeness :  the  unimpaired  state  of 
anything  :  uprightness  :  honesty  :  pur- 
ity.   [See  Integer.] 

INTEGUMENT,  iu-teg'ii-ment,  n.  the  ex- 
ternal protective  covering  at  a  plant  or 
animal. — adj.  Integument' aby.  [L.  in- 
tegumentum — intego — in,  upon,  tego,  to 
cover.] 

WTELLECT,  In'tel-lekt,  n.  the  mind,  in 
reference  to  its  rational  powers ;  the 
thinking  principle.  [Fr. — L.  intellectus 
— intelligo,  to  clioose  between — inter,  be- 
tween, lego,  to  choose.] 

INTELLECTION,  in-tel-lek'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  understanding :  (phil. )  apprehen- 
sion or  perce))tion. 

INTELLECTIVE,  in-tel-lekt'iv,  adj.  able  to 
understand:  produced  or  perceived  by 
the  understanding. 

INTELLECTUAL,  in-tel-lekt'O-al,  adj.  of 
or  relating  to  the  intellect  or  mind  ;  per- 
ceived or  performed  by  the  intellect : 
having  the  power  of  understanding. — 
adv.  Intellect'ually. 

iNTELLECTUALISM,  in-tel  iekt'u-al-izan, 
n.  system  of  doctrines  concernmg  the  iB- 
tellect  :  the  culture  of  the  intellect. 

ENTELLECTUALIST,  in-tel-lekt'Q-al-ist,  n, 
oce  who  overrates  the  human  intellect. 

INTELLIGENCE,  in-tel'i-jens,  n.,  intellect- 
ual skill  or  knowledge  :  inform?.tion  com- 
municated :  nev/s  :  a  spiritua,   being. 

IlNTELLIGENT,  in-tel'i-jent,  adj.  having 
intellect :  endowed  witii  the  faculty  of 
reason  :  well-informed.  —  adv.  Intkll'- 
igently.  [L.  intelligens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of 
intelligo.] 

INTELLIGENTIAL,  in-tel-i-jen'shal,  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  intelligence  :  consisting 
of  spiritual  being. 

INTELLIGIBLE,  in-tel'i-ji-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  understood :  clear. — adv.  Intell'- 
laiBLY. — ns.  Intell'igibleness,  Intellj- 
oibil'ity. 

INTEMPERANCE,  in-tem'per-ans,  n.  want 
of  due  restraint :  excess  of  any  kind  : 
habitual  indulgence  in  intoxicating  liq- 
uor.   [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Temperance.] 

jtNTEMPERANT,  in-tem'per-ant,  n.  one 
who  is  intemperate,  especially  one  who 
intemperately  indulges  in  the  use  of  al- 
coholic liquors.  Dr.  Richardson. 

INTEMPERATE,  in-tem'per-at,  adj.  in- 
dulging to  excess  any  appetite  or  passion: 
given  to  an  immoderate  use  of  intoxicat- 


ing   iiquioiwi     i!«»flK:oaat€  .   <3xceeding  the 
usual  degree. — adv.    Tntem'perately.— 

n.  iNTEM'PERATElSrESS 

INTEND,  iu-tend',  v.t.  to  fix  the  mind 
upon  :  to  design  :  to  purpose. — v.i.  to 
have  a  design  :  to  purpose.  [Orig.  "  to 
stretch  "  out  or  forth,  M.  E.  entend — Fr, 
entendre — L.  intendo,  intentum  and  in- 
tensum — in,  towards,  tendo,  to  stretch.] 

INTEND  ANT,  in-tend'ant,  n.  an  officer  who 
superintends. — n.  Intend' ancy,  his  office. 

INTENDED,  in-tend'ed,  adj.  purposed  :  be- 
trothed.— n.  an  affianced  lover. 

INTENSATION,  in-tens-a'shun,  7i.  the  act 
of  inteusifjing :  a  stretch  :  a  strain. 
"  Successive  intensations  of  their  art." — 
Carlyle. 

INTENSE,  in-tens',  adj.  closely  strained  ; 
extreme  in  degree  :  very  sevce. — adv. 
Intense'ly. — ns.  Intense'ness.  Intense*- 
iTY.    [See  Intend.] 

INTENSIFY,  in-tens'i-fj,  v.t.  to  make 
more  intense. — v.i.  to  become  intense : — 
pa. p.  intens'ifled. 

INTENSION,  in-ten'shun,  n.  a  straining  or 
bending :  increase  of  intensity  :  (logic) 
the  sum  of  the  quahties  implied  by  a 
general  name. 

INTENSIVE,  in-tens'iv,  adj.,  stretched: 
admitting  of  increase  of  degree  :  unre- 
mitted .  serving-  to  intensify :  (gram.) 
giving  force  or  emphasis. — adv.  Intens'- 
rvELY.— w.  Intens'iveness. 

INTENSIVE,  in-tens'iv,  n.  something  serv- 
ing to  give  force  or  emphasis :  speoifl- 
cally,  in  gram,  an  intensive  particle, 
word,  or  phrase. 

INTENT,  in-tent',  adj.  havmg  the  mind 
intense  or  bent  on :  fixed  with  clofee 
attention  :  diligently  applied.  —  n.  the 
thing  aimed  at  or  intended :  a  design  • 
meaning. — adv.  Intent'LY. — n.  Intent*- 
ness.    fSee  Intend.] 

INTENTION,  in-ten'shun,  n.  (lit.)  a,  stretch- 
ing of  the  mind  towards  any  object ; 
fixed  direction  of  mind :  the  object 
aimed  at :  design  r  purpose. 

INTENTIONAL,  in-ten'shun-al,  INTEN" 
TIONED,  in-ten'shund,  adj.,  with  in- 
tention :  Intended  :  designed. — ^Weli^  (or 
III)  Intentioned,  having  good  (or  ill) 
designs.— adv.  Inten'tionally. 

INTER,  in-ter',  v.t.  to  bury  -.-^r.p.  interr'- 
ing  ;  pa.p.  interred'.  [Pr.  interrer — Low 
L.  interro — L.  in,  into,  terra,  the  earth.] 

INTERACT,  in'ter-akt,  v.i.  to  act  recipro 
oally  ■■  to  act  on  each  other  Prof.  Tyn- 
dall.  *'  The  two  complexions,  or  two 
styles  of  mind — the  perceptive  class,  and 
the  practical  finality  class — are  ever  in 
counterpoise,  interacting  mutually." — 
Emerson. 

INTERACTION,  in-ter-ak'shun,  n.,  action 
between  bodies,  mutual  action.  [L.  in/- 
ter,  between,  and  Action.] 

INTERBRACHIAL,  in-ter-bra'ki-al,  adj. 
situated  between  the  arms  or  brachia. 
"  The  reproductive  organs  .  .  .  open  by 
orifices  on  the  ventral  surface  of  the 
body  or  in  the  interbraehial  areas." — H. 
A.  Nicholson.  [L.  prefix  inter,  and  &ra. 
ehium,  the  arm.] 

INTERCALAEY,  in-ter'kal-ar-i,  INTER- 
CALAR,  in-ter'kal-ar,  adj.  inserted  be- 
tween others. 

INTERCALATE,  in-ter'kal-at,  v.t.  to  in- 
sert between,  as  a  day  in  a  calendar. — n. 
Inteecala'tion.  [L.  intercalo,  -atuni — 
inter,  between,  co7o,  to  call.  See  Cal- 
ends.] 

INTERCEDE,  in-ter-sed',  v.t.  to  act  as 
peacemaker  between  two  :  to  plead  for 
one. — n.  Interced'er.  [Fr. — L.  mtercedo, 
-cessum — inter,  between,  cedo.  to  go.  See 
Opdk  1 

INTERCEDENT,  iu-ter-sed'ent,  adj.  going 


between  :  pleading  for. — adv.  Interceb'. 
ently. 

INTERCELLULAR,  in-ter-sel'Q-lar.  adj 
lying  between  cells.  [L.  inter,  between, 
and  Cellular.] 

INTERCEPT,  in-ter-sept',  v.t.  to  stop  and 
seize  on  its  passage:  to  obstruct,  check: 
to  interrupt  communication  with :  to 
cut  off :  (math.)  to  take  or  compre 
hend  between. — ns.  Intercept'ee,  In 
tercept'or,  Inteecep'tion.  —  adj.  In- 
TERCEPT'rvE.  [Fr.— L.  interctpio,  -ceptum 
— inter,  between,  capio,  tp  seize.] 

INTERCESSION,  in-ter-sesh'un,  n.  act  of 
interceding  or  pleading  for  another. 

INTERCESSIONAL,  in-ter-sesh'un-al,  adj. 
containing  intercession  or  pleading  for 
others. 

INTERCESSOR,  In-ter-ses-ur,  n.  one  who 
goes  between:  one  who  reconciles  two 
enemies :  one  who  pleads  for  another :  a 
bishop  who  acts  during  a  vacancy  in  a 
see. — adj.  Intercesso'rial. 

INTERCESSORY,  in-ter-ses'or-i,  adj.  inter- 
ceding. 

INITERCHANGE,  In-ter-chanj',  v.t.  to  give 
and  take  mutually:  to  excHange:  to  suc- 
ceed alternately. — n.  mutual  exchange: 
alternate  succession.  [Fr. — L.  inter,  be- 
tween, and  CH.4.NGE.] 

INTERCHANGEABLE,  in-ter-chanj'a-bl, 
adj.  that  may  be  Interchanged  :  follow- 
ing each  other  in  alternate  succession. 
-  adv.  Interchange' ably.  —  ns.  Inter- 
CH  A  NGE' ableness,  Interchangeabil'ity. 

INTERCIPIENT,  in-ter-sip'i-ent,  adj.,  in- 
tercepting.— n.  the  person  or  thing  that 
intercepts.  [L.  intereipiens,  -entis,  pr.p. 
of  interci7jio.'\ 

INTERCLUTDE",  in-ter-klood',  v.t.  to  shut 
out  from  anything  by  something  coming 
between:  to  intercept :  to  cut  off. — n.  In- 
terclu'sion.  [L.  mterchido — i7iter,  be- 
tween, claudo,  to  shut.] 

INTERCOLONIAL,  in-ter-kol-o'ni-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  relation  existing  between 
colonies.  [L.  inter,  between,  and  Colo- 
nial.] 

INTERCOLUMNIATION,  in-ter-ko-lum-ni- 
a'shun,  n.  (arch.)  the  distance  betvxer- 
columns,  measured  from  the  lower  pari 
of  their  shafts.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
root  of  ColumnJ 

INTERCOMMUNE,  in-ter-kom-Qn',  i-.^.  to 
commune  betivccn  or  together.  [L.  inter, 
between,  and  COMMUNE.] 

INTERCOMMUNICABLE,  in-ter-kom-fln'i- 
karbl,  adj.  that  may  be  communicated 
between  or  mutuallj'. 

INTERCOMMUNICATE,  in-ter-kom-un'i- 
kat,  v.t.  to  communicate  beticeen  or  mu- 
tually.— n.  Intercommunica'tion. 

INTERCOMMUNION,  in-ter-kom-un'yun, 
».,  communion  between  or  mutual  com- 
munion. 

INTERCOMMUNITY,  in-ter-kom-un'i-ti,  n. 
mutual  communication :  reciprocal  in- 
tercourse. 

IN'TERCOMPLEXITY,  in-ter-kom-pleka'i- 
ti,  n.  a  mutual  involvement  or  entangle" 
ment.  "  Intercomplcvities  had  arisen 
between  all  complications  and  inter- 
weavings  of  descent  from  three  original 
strands." — De  Quincey. 

INTERCONNECT,  iu-ter-kon-nekt',  v.t.  tc 
conjoin  or  unite  closely  or  intimately. 
"  So  closely  interconnected  and  so  muttv 
ally  dependent." — H.  A.  Nicholson. 

INTERCONNECTION,  in-ter-kon-nekshun, 
n.  the  state  or  condition  of  being  inter- 
connected :  intimate  or  mutual  connec- 
tion. "  There  are  cases  where  two  stars 
dissemble  an  interconnection  which  they 
really  have,  and  other  cases  where  they 
simulate  an  interconnection  which  they 
have  not." — De  Quincey. 


INTERCOSTAL 


346 


INTERNMENT 


INTERCOSTAL,  ia-ter-kost'al,  acU.  (anat.) 
lying  betu-een  the  ribs.  [Fr.— L.  inter, 
between,  and  Costal.] 

INTERCOURSE,  in'ter-kors,  n.  connection 
by  dealings :  coiumunication :  com- 
merce :  communion.  [Fr.  —  L.  inter, 
between,  and  Course.] 

INTERCUERENT,  in-ter-kur'ent,  adj.,  run- 
ning between  :  intervening. — n.  Inter- 
cdkr'ence.    [L.  inter,  between,  and  CCB- 

REIQT  1 

^INTERDEPENDENCE,  in-ter-de-pend'ens, 
M.  mutual  dependence :  dependence  of 
parts  one  on  another.  [L.  inter,  be- 
tween, and  Dependence.] 

INTERDICT,  in-ter-dikt',  v.t.  to  prohibit : 
to  forbid :  to  forbid  communion. — n. 
iNTERDKyxioN.  [L.  interdtco,  -dictum- 
inter,  between,  and  dieo,  to  say,  pro- 
nounce.] 

INTERDICT,  in'ter-dikt,  n.  prohiDition  :  a 
prohibitory  decree  :  a  probibitioa  of  the 
Pope  restraining  the  clergy  from  per- 
forming divine  service. 

INTERDICTIVE,  in-ter-dik-t'iv,  INTER- 
DICTORY, in-ter-dikt'or-i,  adj.  contain- 
ing interdiction :  prohibitory. 

INTEREST,  in'ter-est,  n.  advantage :  pre- 
mium paid  for  the  use  of  money  (in  COM- 
POUND Interest,  the  interest  of  each 
period  is  added  to  its  principal,  and  the 
amount  forms  a  new  principal  for  the 
next  period) :  any  increase  :  concern  : 
special  attention  :  influence  over  others : 
share :  participation  :  a  collective  name 
for  those  interested  in  any  particular 
business,  measure,  or  the  uke  ;  as,  the 
Jancled  interes*  of  the  country,  the  ship- 
ping interest  of  our  principal  ports.  [O. 
Fr.  interest  (Fr.  intirety—lj.  interest,  it  is 
profitable,  it  concerns — inter,  between, 
and  esse,  to  be.    See  Essence.] 

CNTEREST,  in'ter-est,  v.t.  to  enga,2:e  the 
attention  :  to  awaken  concern  in  :  to  ex- 
cite (in  behalf  of  another).  [From  obs. 
interess — O.  Fr.  interesser,  to  concern — L. 

itl  tCTCSSQ  1 

INTERESTED,  in'ter-est-ed,  adj.  having  an 
interest  or  concern  :  liable  to  be  affected. 
—adv.  In'terestedly. 

INTERESTEDNESS,  in'ter-est-ed-nes,  n, 
the  quality  or  state  of  being  interested, 
or  of  having  a  personal  interest  in  a 
question  or  event :  a  regard  for  one's 
own  private  views  or  profit.  "  I  might 
give  them  what  degree  of  credit  I  pleased, 
and  take  them  with  abatement  for  Mr. 
Solmes's  interestedness,  if  I  thought  fit.'' 
— Richardson. 

INTERESTING,  in'ter-est-ing,  ac^.  engag- 
ing the  attention  or  regard  :  exciting 
emotion    or   passion.  —  adv.    In'terest- 

TNGLT. 

CQfTERFERE,  in-ter-fer'.  v.i.  to  come  in 
collision  :  to  intermeddle  :  to  interpose  '. 
to  act  reciprocally — said  of  waves,  rays 
of  light,  etc. — ns.  Interfer'er,  Inter- 
5^R'ence.      [Lit.    "to    strike    between," 
througli  O.  Fr.,  from  L.  inter,  between, 
and  ferin,  to  strike.] 
4NTERFLUENT,    in-ter'floo-ent,    INTER- 
FLUOUS,    in-ter'floo-us.    adj.,   Jlov.ing 
it>etwee>i.     [L.  interftuens — infer,  bet«-ean, 
and  /?!(o,  to  flow.] 
SNTERFOLIACEOtrS,      in-ter-fS-U-a'shus, 
adj.  placed  between   leaves.      [L.   inter, 
between,  and  Foliaceous.] 
.mTERFEETTED.  in-ter-fret'ed,  adj., fret- 
ted  between    or  interlaced.      [L.   inter, 
between,  and  Fretted.] 
jfNTERFUSED,  in-ter-fuzd',  adj..  poured  or 
spread  between.    [ L.   interfvsus  —  inter, 
between.  and/«;ido,  to  pour.] 
INTERFUSION,  in-ter-fu'zhun,  n.  a.  pour- 

ing  or  spreading  hetneen. 
<2JTERDI.  in'ter-im,  n.  time  between  or  in- 


terreninff  :  the  mean  time.     [L.— wtter, 

between.] 

INTERIOR,  in-t«'ri-ur,  adj.,  inner:  inter- 
nal :  remote  from  the  frontier  or  coast : 
inland. — n.  the  inside  of  anything :  the 
inland  part  of  a  country. — adv.  Inte'- 
BIOHLY.     [L.— conip.  of  interns,  inward.] 

INTERJACENCY,  in-ter-ja'sen-si,  n.  a  ly- 
ing bettoeen :  a  space  or  region  between 
others. 

INTERJACENT,  in-ter-ja'sent,  adj.,  Ijfing 
betweeti :  intervening.  [L.  inter,  between, 
and  jaceo,  to  Ue.] 

INTERJECT,  in-ter-jekt',  v.t.  to  throw  be- 
ttoeen  :  to  insert. — v.i.  to  throw  one's  self 
between.  [L.  inter,  between,  and  jacto, 
freq.  of  jaeio,  to  throw.] 

INTERJECTION,  in-ter-jek'sbim.  n.  a 
throwing  between :  {gram.)  a  word  thrown 
in  to  express  emotion.— -ad/.  Interjec'- 
TIONAL.     [Fr. — L.  interject io.] 

INTBRJUNCTION,  in-ter-jungk'shun,  n.  a 
junction  or  joining  betu^een.  [L.  inter, 
between,  and  JUNCTION.] 

INTERKNIT,  in-ter-nit',  v.t.  to  knit  to- 
gether: to  unite  closely.  [L.  inter,  be- 
tween, and  BJaT.] 

INTERLACE,  in-ter-las',  v.t.  to  lace  to- 
gether :  to  unite :  to  insert  one  thing 
within  another :  to  intermix. — n.  INTEK- 
lace'ment.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
LaceJ 

INTERLARD,  in-ter-lard',  v.t.  to  mix  in, 
as  fat  with  lean :  to  diversify  by  mixt- 
ure.   [L.  inter,  between,  and  Lard.] 

INTERLAY,  in-ter-la',  v.t.  to  lay  among  or 
between.     [L.  inter,  between,  and  Lay.] 

INTERLEAVE,  in-ter-lev',  v.t.  to  put  a 
leaf  between :  to  insert  blank  leaves  in  a 
book.    [L.  inter,  and  Leap.] 

INTERLINE,  in-ter-lin',  v.t.  to  write  in  al- 
ternate lines :  to  write  between  lines. 
[L.  inter,  between,  and  Line.] 

mTERLINEAR,  in-ter-lin'e-ar,  adj.  writ- 
ten between  lines.  [L.  inter,  between, 
and  Linear.] 

INTERLINEATION,  in-ter-lin-e-a'shun,  n. 
act  of  interlining :  that  which  is  inter- 
lined. 

INTERLINK,  in-ter-lingk',  v.t.  to  connect 
by  uniting  links.  [L.  inter,  between, 
and  Link.] 

INTERLOBULAR,  in-ter-lob'Q-lar,  adj. 
being  between  lobes.  [L.  inter,  between, 
and  LobTJLAR.] 

INTERLOCATION,  in-ter-lo-ka'shun,  n.  a 
placing  between.    [L.  inter,  between,  and 

LOCATION.l 

INTERLOCUTION,  in-ter-lo-kQ'shun,  n. 
conference  :  an  intermediate  decree  be- 
fore final  decision.  [Fr. — L.  interlocutio, 
from  interloquor — inter,  between,  and 
loqiior.  lociiiiis,  to  speak.] 

INTERLOCUTOR,  in-ter-loVii-tur,  n.  one 
who  apeahs  between  or  in  dialogue : 
{.Scolfli.  law)  an  intermediate  decree  be- 
fore final  decision. — adj.  iNTERLOC'trrOKY. 

INTERTjOPE,  in-ter-lop',  v.t.  to  intrude  in- 
to any  matter  in  whicli  one  has  no  fair 
concern. — it.  Interlop'er.  [L.  inter, 
between,  and  Dirt,  loopen.  to  run  ;  Scot. 
Imtp:  E.  leap.] 

INTERLUDE,  isi'ter-lood,  i).  a  short  dra- 
inaUc  performanci!  oi-  ]}kiy  between  the 
play  and  afterpiece,  or  Ix-tweeti  tlie  acts 
of  a  play :  a  short  piece  of  music  played 
between  the  parts  of  a  song.  [From  L. 
inter,  between,  Indii.'f,  play.] 

INTERLUDED,  in-ter-16od'ed,  adj.  inserted 
as  an  interlude  :  having  interludes. 

lNTERLUN.tUi,  m-tei--lc6'n.ar,  INTERLU- 
.NARY.  in-ter-lou'nar-i,  adj.  belonging  to 
till'  time  when  the  moon,  nbout  to  change, 
is  vnvisibl".  [Lit.  "  between  the  moons  ; '' 
L.  inter:  between,  and  LuSAR.  J 

INTERMARRY,  in-ter-mar'i.  v.i.  to  marry 
between  or  amoiu;  ■  lo  rcaj'ry  reciprocally 


or  take  one  and  give  another  in  mar- 
riage.— 71.  Intermabr'iage. 

INTERMAXILLARY,  in-ter-matea-ar-i, 
atHj.  situated  between  the  jaicbones.  [L. 
inter,  between,  and  Maxillaby.] 

INTERMEDDLE,  in-ter-med'l,  v.i.  to  med- 
dle or  mix  with  :  to  interpose  or  inter- 
fere improperly. — n.  Intermedd'ler.  [Fr, 
— L.  inter,  among,  and  Meddle.] 

INTERMEDIATE,  in-ter-me'di-at,  INTER 
MEDIARY,  in-ter-me'di-ar-i,  INTERME- 
DIAL,  in-ter-me'di-al,  adjs.  in  the  inid- 
dle  between  :  intervening. — adv.  Inter- 
Me'diately.      [L.    inter,    between,    and 

MEDL4.TE,   MEDIARY,  MeDIAL. 

INTERMEDIUM,  in-ter-me'di-um,  n.  a  me- 
dium between :  an  intervening  agent  or 
instrument. 

INTERMENT,  in-ter'ment,w.  burial.  [From 
Inter.] 

INTERMIGRATION,  in-ter-ml-gra'shun,  n. 
reciprocal  migration.  [L.  inter,  among, 
and  Migration.] 

ENTERJIINABLE,  in-ter'min-a-bl,  INTER- 
MINATE,  in-ter'min-at,  adj.,  withmd  ter- 
mination or  limit :  boundless :  endless. — 
adv.  Inter'minably. — n.  Inteb'minable- 
NESS.  [L.  interminabilis  —  in,  not,  and 
terminus,  a  boundary.] 

INTERMINGLE,  in-ter-ming'gl,  v.t.  or  v.i. 
to  mingle  or  mix  together.  [L.  inter, 
among,  and  MiNOLE.] 

INTERMISSION,  in-ter-mish'un,  n.  act  of 
intermitting:  interval:  pause. — adj.  In- 
TERiMlss'lVE,  coming  at  intervals, 

INTERMIT,  in-ter-mit',  v.t.  to  cause  to 
cease  for  a  time  :  to  interrupt.  [L.  in- 
termitto,  -missum — inter,  between,  and 
milto,  to  cause  to  go.] 

INTERjriTTANCE,  in-ter-mit'ens,  n.  the 
act  or  state  of  intermitting ;  intermis- 
sion.     Pr<f.  Tyndall. 

INTERMITTENT,  in-ter-mit'ent,  adj.,  in- 
termitting  or  ceasing  at  intervals,  as  a 
fever. — adv.  Inteeottt'ixgly. 

INTERMIX,  in-ter-miks',  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  mix 
among  or  together.  [L.  inter,  among, 
and  Mix.] 

INTERMIXTURE,  in-ter-miks'tur,  n.  a 
mass  formed  by  mixture  :  something 
intermixed. 

INTERSIUNDANE,  in-ter-mun'dan,  adj., 
between  worlds.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
Mundane.] 

INTERMURAL,  in-ter-mu'ral,  adj.  lying 
betiveen,  icalls.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
Mural.] 

INTERMUSCULAR,  in-ter-mus'ku-lar,  adj. 
between  the  muscles.  [L.  inter,  between, 
and  MuscOLAR.] 

INTERMUTATION,  in-ter-mfl-ta'shun,  7!., 
mutual  chaiige:  interchange.  [J^.  inter, 
between,  and  Mutation.] 

INTERN,  in-tern',  v.t.  (jnil.)  to  disarm  and 
quarter  in  a  neutral  country  such  troops 
as  have  taken  refuge  within  its  frontier, 
[Fr.  interner.    See  Imeekal.] 

INTERNAL,  in-ter'nal,  adj.  being  in  the 
interior:  domestic,  as  opposed  to  foreign: 
intrinsic  :  pertaining  to  the  heart  : — oj)- 
posed  to  EsTERN.^L. — adv.  Inter'nally. 
[L.  iiiternits — infer,  within.] 

INTERNATIONAL,  in-ter-nash'un-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  relations  between  na- 
tions.— ad(%  Intkp.na'tionally.  [L.  inter 
between,  and  N.\tional.] 

INTERNECINE,  in-ter-ne  sin,  adj.,  mittu, 
ally  destructive :  deadly,  [h.  interneco— 
inter,  between,  and  neeo,  to  kill,  akin  to 
Sans,  root  nak.] 

INTERNIXY,  in-tern'i-ti,  «.  the  state  or 
condition  of  being  interior  :  inwardness. 
"Tlie  interndty  of  His  ever-living  light 
kindled  up  an  externity  of  corporeal  irra- 
diation."— Henry  Brooke. 

INTERNMENT,  in-tern'ment,  n.  the  ftat« 
or  coDditioD   of  being  interned  :  confine 


nS'TERNODE 


247 


INTIMIDATE 


aient,  as  of  prisoners  of  war,  in  the  in- 
terior of  a  countrj'. 

INTERNODE,  in'ter-nod,  n.  {bot.)the  space 
belux'iii  two  nodes  or  points  of  ttie  stem 
from  whicli  tlie  leaves  arise. — adj.  Inter- 
NO'DIAL.  [L.  intei-nodimn,  from  inter,  be- 
tween, and  nodus,  a  knot.] 

tlffTERNUNCIO,  in-ter-nun'slii-o,  ».  a  mes- 
senger between  two  parties  :  tiie  Pope's 
representative  at  republics  and  small 
courts. — adj.  Internun'cial.  [Sp.  —  L. 
intern uncius — inter,  between,  and  mtn- 
ciiis.  a  messeng'er.l 

1NTER0CEAN1C,  in-ter-o-she-anlk,  adj., 
betircen  oceans.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
OcEAjnc] 

INTEROCULAR,  in-ter-ok'u-lar,  adj.,  .be- 
tween the  eyes.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
Oci-LAK.1 

ESITEROSSEAL,  in-ter-os'e-al,  INTEROS- 
SEUS,  in-ter-os'e-us,  adj.  situated  betiveen 
bones.  [L.  inter,  between,  and  Osseal, 
Osseous.] 

INTERPELLATION,  in-tPr-pel-a'shu!i,  n. 
a  question  raised  during  the  course  of  a 
debate:  interruption:  intercession:  a 
summons:  an  earnest  address. — v.t.  IN- 
tbb'pellate,  to  question.  [Fr. — L.  in- 
terpellatio,  from  interjjeHo,  interpella- 
turn,  to  disturb  by  speaking — inter,  be- 
tween, and  pello.  to  drive.] 

INTERPETALARY,  in-ter-pet'al-ar-i,  adj. 
(bot.)  between  the  petals.  [L.  inter,  be- 
tween, and  Petal.] 

INTERPETIOLAR,  in-ter-pet'i-o-lar,  adj. 
(bot.)  betiveen  the  petioles.  [L.  inter,  be- 
tween, and  Petiole.] 

INTERPILASTER,  in  -  ter  -  pi  -  las'ter,  n. 
{arcii.)  space  between  tv.'o  pilasters.  [L. 
inter,  between,  and  Pilaster.) 

INTERPLANETARY,  iu-ter-plan'et-ar-i, 
adj..  between  Uieplanets.  [L.  inter,  be- 
tween, and  Plaxet.] 

WTERPLEAD,  in-ter-pled',  v.i.  (law)  to 
plead  or  discuss  a  point,  happening  &e- 
ttveen  or  incidentally,  before  the  princi- 
pal cause  can  be  tried. 

INTERPLEADER,  in-ter-pled'er,  n.  one 
who  interpleads  :  {law)  a  bill  in  equity 
to  determine  to  wliich  of  the  parties  a 
suit,  debt,  or  rent  is  due. 

iNTERPLEDGE,  in-ter-plej',  v.t.  to  pledge 
mutually :  to  give  and  take  a  pledge. 
[L.  inter,  between,  mutually,  and 
Pledge.] 

tNTERPOLABLE.  m-tev-pol'a-bl,  adj.  car- 
pable  of  being  interpolated  or  inserted  : 
suitable  for  interpolation.     De  Morgan. 

INTERPOLATE,  in-ter'po-lat,  v.t.  to  in- 
sert unfairly,  as  a  spurious  word  or  pas- 
sage in  a  book  or  manuscript :  to  cor- 
rupt :  imatli.)  to  fill  up  tlie  intermedi- 
ate terms  of  a  series. — ns.  Intbr'polatoe, 
Jntep.i'ola'tion.  [L.  interpolo,  inter' 
palatum,  from  inter,  between,  a.nd polio, 
to  polish.! 

INTERPOLITY,  in-ter-pol'i-ti,  n.  inter- 
course of  one  city  with  another  :  intez'- 
chauge  of  citizenship.  "An  absolute 
sermon  upon  emigration,  and  the  trans- 
planting and  interpoUty  oi  our  species." 
— Lord  L'gtton. 

INTERPOSAL,  in-ter-poz'al.    Same  as  IN- 

TERPl 'SITION. 

INTERPOSE,  in-ter-iwz',  v.t.  to  place  be- 
tween •  to  thrust  in :  to  oflfor,  as  aid  or 
services. — v.i.  to  come  between  :  to  medi- 
ate :  to  put  in  by  way  of  interruyjtiou  : 
to  interfere. — n.  "Lvterpos'er.  [Fr.— L. 
inter,  between,  and  Fr.  poser,  to  place. 
See  Pose  n  1 

INTERPOSITION,  in-ter-p5-zish'un,  n.  act 
of  interposing:  intervention  :  mediation: 
anytliing  interposed.      [Fr. — inter,    and 

POPITION'.l 

INTERPRE'r,  in-ter'pret,  v.t.  to  explain 
the  meaning  of ;  to  translate  into  intel- 


ligible or  familiar  terms.  fPV. — L.  inter- 
pretor,  -pretatus — inteipres,  from  inter, 
between,  the  last  part  of  the  word  being 
of  uncertain  origin.  ] 

INTERPRETABLE,  in-ter'pret-a-bl,  adj. 
capable  of  interpretation. 

INTERPRETATION,  in-ter-pre-ta'shun,  n. 
act  of  interpreting :  the  sense  given  by 
an  interpreter :  the  power  of  explaining. 

INTERPRETATIVE,  in-ter'pre-ta-tiv,  adj. 
collected  by  or  containing  interpretation. 
— adi:  Inter'pretatively. 

INTERPRETER,  iu-ter'pret-er,  n.  one  who 
explains  betiveen  two  parties ;  an  ex- 
pounder :  a  translator. 

INTERREGNUM,  in-ter-reg'nutn,  n.  the 
time  between  two  reigns :  the  time  be- 
tween the  cessation  of  one  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  another  government :  used 
chiefly  witli  reference  to  monarchies. 
[L.  inter,  between,  regniim,  rule.] 

INTERRELATION,  in-ter-re-la'shun,  n. 
mutual,  reciprocal,  or  corresponding  re- 
lation: correlation.    Fitzcdivard  Hall. 

INTERREX,  in'ter-reks,  n.  one  who  rules 
during  an  interregnum :  a  regent.  [L. 
inter,  between,  and  rex,  a  Idng.] 

INTERROGATE,  in-ter'o-gat,  v.t.  to  ques- 
tion :  to  examine  by  asking  questions. — 
v.i.  to  ask  questions  :  to  inquire.  —  n. 
Interr'ogator.  [L.  interrogn,  interro- 
gatum,  from  inter,  between,  and  rogo, 
to  ask.J 

INTERROGATION,  in-ter-o-ga'shun,  n.  act 
of  interrogating :  a  question  put :  the 
mark  of  a  question  (?),  orig.  the  first  and 
last  letters  of  L.  qiicestio,  a  question. 

INTERROGATIVE,  in-ter-rog'a-tiv,  adj. 
denoting  a  question:  expressed  as  a  ques- 
tion.— n.  a  word  used  in  asking  a  ques- 
tion.— adv.  Interrog'atively. 

INTERROGATORY,  in-ter-rog'a-tor-i,  n.  a 
question  or  inquiry. — adj.  expressing  a 
question. 

INTERRUPT,  in-ter-rupt',  v.t.  to  break  in 
between :  to  stop  or  hinder  by  breaking 
in  upon  :  to  divide :  to  break  continu- 
ity. [L.  interrumpo — inter,  between,  and 
rumpo,  ruptum,  to  break.] 

INTERRUPTEDLY,  in-ter-rup'ted-li,  adv. 
with  interruptions. 

INTERRUPTION,  in-ter-rup'shun,  n.  act 
of  interi'upting  :  hinderance  :  cessation. 

INTERRUPTIVE,  in-ter-ruptiv,  ad;",  tend- 
ing to  interrupt. — adv.  Interrup'tively. 

INTERSCAPULAR,  in-ter-ska'pii-lar,  <tdj. 
(anat.)  between  the  shcmlder-blades.  [L. 
inter,  between,  and  SCAPULAR.] 

INTERSCRIBE,  in-ter-skrih',  v.t.  to  u-rite 
between.  [L.  interseribo — inter,  between, 
and  scribo,  to  write.] 

INTERSECANT,  in-ter-se'kant,  adj.  divid- 
ine:  into  parts  :  crossing. 

INTERSECT,  in-ter-sekt',  v.t.  to  c^itbeticeen 
or  asunder  :  to  cut  or  cross  mutually  :  to 
divide  into  parts.  —  v.i.  to  cross  each 
other.  [L.  inter,  between,  and  seco,  sec- 
turn,  to  cut.] 

INTERSECTION,  in-ter-sek'shun,  n.,  inter- 
secting :  (geom.)  the  point  or  line  in  which 
two  lines  or  two  planes  cut  each  other. 

INTERSIDEREAL,  in-ter-si-de're-al,  adj. 
situated  between  or  among  the  stars  ;  as, 
in  tersidereal  space. 

INTERSPERSE,  in-ter-spers',w.f.  to  scatter 
or  set  here  and  there. — n.  Intersper'sion. 
[L.  intersjjergo,  interspersum  —  inter, 
among,  spargo,  to  scatter,  akin  to  Gr. 
speiro,  to  sow.] 

INTERSTELLAR,  in-ter-stcl'ar,  INTER- 
STELLARY,  in-ter-stel'ar-i,  adj.  situated 
beyond  the  solar  system  or  among  the 
stars  :  in  the  intervals  betiveen  the  stars. 
JTi.  inter,  between,  and  .stella.  a  star.] 

INTERSTICE,  in'ter-stis  or  in-ter'stis,  n.  a 
s:iu;ll  spice  between  things  closely  sot,  or 


between  the  parts  which  compose  a  body. 
—adj.  Interstit'ial.  [Fr.— L.  intersU 
tiuin — inter,  between,  and  sisto,  stitum, 
to  stand.] 

INTERSTRATIFIED,  in-ter-strat'i-fld,  adj. 
stratified  between  other  booses.  [L.  in- 
ter, between,  and  Stratified.] 

INTERTEXTURE,  in-ter-teks'tur,  n.  a 
being  interwoven.  [L.  inter,  between, 
3.11(1  Testttre  1 

INTERTROPICAL,  in-ter-trop'ik-al,  adj., 
between  the  tropics.  [L.  inter,  betweenj 
and  Tropical.] 

INTERT^aNE,  in-ter-twin',  v.t.  to  twine 
or  twist  together. — v.i.  to  be  twisted  to- 
gether :  to  become  mutually  involved.— 
adv.  Intertwin'ingly.  [L.  inter,  to 
getber,  and  Twine.] 

INTERTWIST,  in-ter-twist',  v.t.  to  txcist 
together.— adv.  Intertwist'ingly.  [L. 
inter,  together,  and  Twist.] 

INTERVAL,  iu'ter-val,  n.  time  or  space  be- 
tween :  the  distance  between  two  given 
sounds  in  music.  [Lit.  the  space  between 
the  ramjMrt  of  a  camp  and  the  soldiers' 
tents.  Fr. — ^L.  intervalhun  —  inter,  be- 
tween, and  vallum,  a  rampart.] 

INTERVENE,  in-ter-ven',  v.i.  to  come  or 
be  between :  to  occur  between  points  of 
time :  to  happen  so  as  to  interrupt :  to 
interpose. — v.t.  to  separate.  [Fr. — L.  in- 
ter, between,  and  venio,  to  come.] 

INTERVENTION,  in-ter-ven'shun,  n.,  in- 
tervening: interference:  mediation:  in- 
terposition. 

INTERVIEW,  in'ter-vu,  n.  a  mutual  view 
or  sight :  a  meeting :  a  conference  :  a 
conversation  with  a  journalist  for  publi- 
cation in  a  newspaper. — v.t.  to  visit  a 
person  with  a  view  to  publishing  a  re 
port  of  his  conversation  in  the  news 
papers.  [Fr.  entrevve — L.  inter,  between 
and  View.] 

INTERVITAL,  in-ter-vi'tal,  adj.,  betiveen 
lives,  between  death  and  resurrection. 
[L.  inter,  between,  and  inta,  life.] 

INTERWEAVE,  in-ter-wev',  v.t.  to  iveave 
together  :  to  intermingle.  [L.  inter,  to- 
gether, and  Weave.] 

INTESTACY,  in-tes'ta-sy,  n.  the  state  of 
one  dying  without  having  made  a  valid 
will. 

INTESTATE,  in-tes'tat,  adj.  dying  without 
having  made  a  valid  ivill:  not  disposed 
of  by  will,— )(.  a  person  who  dies  without 
maUing  a  valid  will.  ['L.  inteHatus — Mi, 
not,  and  testatus — fester,  to  make  a  will.] 

INTESTINAL,  in-tes'tin-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  intestines  of  an  animal  bodv. 

INTESTINE,  in-tes'tin,  adj.,  internal:  con. 
tained  in  the  animal  body  :  domestic  : 
not  foreign. — n.  (usually  in  pZ.)  the  part 
of  the  alimentary  canal  that  lies  between 
the  stomach  and"  the  anus.  [Fr. — L.  in- 
testinus — intus,  within,  on  the  inside.] 

INTHRAL,  in-thrawl',  v.t.  to  bring  into 
thraldom  or  bondage  :  to  enslave  :  to 
shackle  : — pr.p.  inthrall'ing  ;  pa.p.  in- 
thralled'.     [E.  In,  into,  and  Thrall.] 

INTHRALMENT,  in-thrawl'ment,  n.  act  o( 
inthralling  or  enslaving  :  slavery. 

INTIMACY,  in'ti-ma-si,  n.  state  of  being 
intimate :  close  familiarity. 

INTIMATE,  in'ti-mat,  adj.,  innermost:  in- 
ternal :  close :  closely  acquainted  :  fa- 
miliar.— n.  a  familiar  friend  :  an  associ 
ate. — adv.  In'timately'.  [L.  intimus.  in 
nermost — intus,  within.] 

INTBIATE,  in'ti-mat,  v.t.  to  hint:  to  an- 
nounce. [Lit.  to  make  one  intimate  with, 
L.  intimo.  -atum — in1us.'\ 

INTIMATION,  in-ti-ma'shun,  n.  obscure 
notice  :  hint :  announcement. 

INTIMIDATE,  in-tim'i-d.:t,  v.t.  to  make 
timid  or  fearful  :  to  dispirit.  [L.  in,  and 
timidus,  fearful — timeo,  to  feac] 


INTIMIDATION 


248 


INVALID 


tNTIMTDATION,  in-tim-i-da'shim,  n.  act 
of  intimidating  :  state  of  being  intimi- 
dated. 

INTITULED,  in-tit'Old.  Same  as  Entitled. 

INTO,  in'too,  jirep.  noting  passage  inwards: 
noting  the  passage  of  a  tiling  from  one 
state  to  another :  (B.)  often  used  for 
Unto.  [Lit.  coming  to  and  going  in.  In 
and  To.] 

INTOLERABILITY.  in-tol-er-a-bil'i-ti,  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  intolerable  : 
unbearableness:  excessive  badness.  "The 
goodness  of  your  true  pun  is  in  the  direct 
ratio  of  its  mtolerability." — Poe. 

INTOLERABLE,  in-tolVr-a-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  endured.— n.  Intol'erableness. 
— adv.  Intol'esably.  [Ft. — ^Lk  in,  not, 
and  Toij:rable.1 

JJNTOLERANT,  in-tol'er-ant.  adj.  not  able 
or  willing  to  endure  :  not  enduring  differ- 
ence of  opinion,  esp.  on  questions  of  relig- 
ious dogma:  persecuting. — n.  one  opposed 
to  toleration. — adv.  Intol'EEAntly. — ns. 
Intol'erakce,  Intolera'tion.  [L,  in, 
not.  and  Tolerant.] 

INTOMB,  in-toom'.    Same  as  Entomb. 

INTONATE,  in'ton-at,  v.i.  to  sound  forth : 
to  sound  the  notes  of  a  musical  scale  :  to 
modulate  the  voice.  [Low  L.  intono, 
-atum — L.  in  tonum,  according  to  tone. 
See  Tone.] 

INTONATION,  in-to-na'shun,  n.  act  or 
manner  of  sounding  musical  notes :  mod- 
ulation of  the  voice. 

£NTONE.  in-ton',  v.i.  to  utter  in  tones :  to 
give  forth  a  low  protracted  sound. — v.t. 
to  chant :  to  read  (the  church  service)  in 
a  singing,  recitative  manner.  [See  In- 
tonate.] 

3INT0RSI0N,  in-tor'shun,  n.  a  ticisting, 
winding,  or  bending.  [L.  in,  and  TOE^ 
sioxj 

INTOXICABLE,  in-toks'i-ka-bl,  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  intoxicated  or  made  drunk  : 
capable  of  being  highly  elated  in  spirits. 
"  If  .  .  .  the  people  (were)  not  so  intoxi- 
eable  as  to  taM  in  with  their  brutal  as- 
sistance, no  good  could  come  of  any  false 
plot." — Roger  North. 

5NT0XICATE,  in-toks'i-kat,  v.t.  to  poison. 
"  Meat,  I  say,  and  not  poison.  For  the 
one  doth  intoxicate  and  slay  the  eater, 
the  other  feedeth  and  nourishetb  him," 
— Latimer. 

MNTOXICATE,  in-toks'i-kat,  v.t.  to  make 
drunk  :  to  excite  to  enthusiasm  or  mad- 
ness. [Lit.  to  drug  or  poison,  from  Low 
L.  intoxico,  -atum — toxicum — Gr.  toxi- 
kon,  a  poison  in  which  arrows  were 
dipped — tcvon,  an  arrow.] 

INTOXICATION,  in-toks-i-ka'shui.,  n.  state 
of  being  drunk  :  high  excitement  or  ela- 
tion. 

13?TRACTABLE,  in-trakt'arbl,  adj.  un- 
manageable :  obstinate. — ns.  Intracta- 
bil'itt,  Intract'ableness.  —  adv.  In- 
tract'ably.  [Ft.— L.  in,  not.  Tract- 
able.]          

INTRA-MERCURIAL,  in-tra-mer-kfl'ri-al, 
adj.  situated  between  Mercury  and  the 
sun :  applied  to  the  liypothetical  planet 
Vulcan. 

ENTRAMURAL,  in-tra-mu'ral,  adj.,  vrithin 
the  iralls,  as  of  a  city.  [L.  intra,  within, 
and  Mitral.] 

INTRANSIGENT,  in-trans'i-jent,  adj  re- 
fusing to  agree  or  come  to  an  understand- 
ing :  uncompromising :  irreconcilable : 
used  sspecially  of  some  extreme  politi- 
cal partj'.  [Fr.  intransigeaiit,  from  L. 
in,  not,  and  transigo,  to  transact,  to  come 
to  a  settlement.] 
INTRANSIGENT,  in-trans'i-jent,  n.  an  ir- 
reconcilable  person  :  especially  one  who 
refuses  to  agree  to  some  political  settle- 
ment.   

ENTRANSIGENTES,in-trans-i-3en'taz,«.pZ. 


the  name  given  to  the  extreme  left  in  the 
Spanish  Cortes,  and  afterwards  to  a  very 
advanced  rEpublican  party,  correspond- 
ing to  the  extreme  Communists  of  France 
and  elsewhere.  The  name  was  first  used 
in  its  latter  sense  in  the  Spanish  troubles 
consequent  upon  the  resignation  of  King 
Amadeus,  in  1873. 

INTRANSITIVE,  in-tran'si-tiv,  CK^".  not 
passing  over  or  indicating  passing  over  : 
[gram.)  representing  action  confined  to 
tht  agent. — adv.  Intrak'sitively.  [L. 
in.  not,  and  Transitive.] 

INTRANSMISSIBLE,  in-trans-mis'i-bl,  adj. 
tliat  cannot  be  transmitted.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Transmissible.] 

INTRANSMUTABLE.  in  -  trans-mfit'a-bl, 
adj.  that  cannot  be  changed  into  another 
substance. — n.  Intranssiutabil'ITY.  [L. 
in,  cot,  Transmutable.] 

INTRANT,  in'trant,  adj.,  entering:  pene- 
trating.— n.  one  who  enters,  esp.  on 
some  public  duty.  [L.  intrana,  -antis 
—intro,  to  enter.    See  Enter.] 

INTRAPARIETAL,  in-tra-pa-rfet-al,  adj. 
situated  or  happening  within  walls  or 
within  an  inclosure :  shut  out  from 
public  view  :  hence,  private  :  as,  intra/- 
parietal  executions.  [L.  intra,  and 
naricx.  jjarietis,  a  wall.] 

INTRENCH,  in-trensh',  v.t.  to  dig  a  treneti 
around :  to  fortify  with  a  ditch  and  parar 
pet :  to  furrow. — v.i.  to  encroach.  [E. 
In  and  Trench.] 

INTRENCHMENT,  in-trensh'ment,  n.  act 
of  intrenching :  a  trench  :  a  ditch  and 
parapet  for  defence :  any  protection  or 
defence :  an  encroachment. 

INTREPID,  in-trep'id,  adj  without  trepi- 
dation or  fear :  undaunted  :  brave. — n. 
Intrepid'ITT,  firm,  unshaken  courage. — 
adv.  INTREP'IDLY.  [L.  intrepidus — in. 
not,  and  root  of  Trepidation.]^ 

INTRICATE,  in'tri-kat,  adj.  involved  :  en- 
tangled :  perplexed. — ?).t.  In'tricacy,  In"- 

TRICATilNESS.— Odf.     In'TRICATELY.        J^L. 

intricatus — in,  and  tricar,  to  make  difP- 
culties — tric(B.  hinderances.] 

INTRIGUE,  in-treg',  n.  a  complex  plot  :  a 
private  or  party  scheme :  the  plot  of  a 
play  or  romance:  secret  Ulicit  love. — v.i. 
to  form  a  plot  or  scheme:  to  carry  on 
illicit  love  •.—pr.p.  intrigu'ing  ;  paja.  in- 
trigued'. [Fr.  intriguer — root  of  Intri- 
cate.] 

INTRIGUER,  in-treg'er,  n.  one  who  in- 
trigues, or  pursues  an  object  by  secret 
ftrtificGS 

INTRINSl'c,  in-trinsik,  INTRINSICAL,  in- 
trin'sik-al,  adj.  inward ;  essential :  gen- 
uine :  inherent.  —  n.  Intrinsical'ity. — 
adv.  Intrin'sically.  [Fr. — L.  in  t rinse- 
ms — intra,  within,  and  secus,  following.] 

INTRODUCE,  in-tro-dus',  v.t.  to  lead  or 
bring  in :  to  conduct  into  a  place  :  form- 
ally to  make  known  or  acquainted :  to 
bring  into  notice  or  practice  :  to  com- 
mence :  to  preface.  [L.  introdnco,  -dvui- 
turn — intro,  within,  duco,  to  lead.  See 
Duke.] 

INTRODUCTION,  in-tro-duk'shun,  n.  act 
of  conducting  into  :  act  of  making  per- 
sons known  to  each  other  :  act  of  bring- 
ing into  notice  or  practice  :  preliminary 
matter  to  the  main  thoughts  of  a  book  ; 
a  treatise  introductory  to  a  science  or 
course  of  study.     [See  INTRODUCE.] 

INTRODUCTORY,  in-tro-duk'tor-i,  IN- 
TRODUCTIVE,  in-tro-duk'tiv,  adj.  serv- 
ing to  introduce:  preliminary:  prefatory. 
— adv.  Introduc'torily. 

INTROMISSION,  in-tro-mish'un,  n.,sending 
uithin  or  into :  {Scot,  latv)  intermeddling 
with  another's  goods.     [See  INTROMIT.] 

INTR.OMIT,  in-tro-mit',  v.t.  to  send  vrith- 
in :  to  admit :  to  permit  to  enter  i—pr.p. 


intromitt'ing ;  ^or.^.    intromitt'ed.      [L, 
intro,  within,  mitto,  missum,  to  send.] 

INTROSPECTION,  in-tro-spek'shun,  «.  a 
sight  of  the  inside  or  interior :  self-ex- 
amination. —  adj.  Introspeo'ttve.  [L, 
intro,  within,  specio,  to  see.] 

INTROSPECTIONIST,in-tr6-spek'shun-ist 
n.  one  given  to  introspection  :  one  who 
studies  the  operations  of  his  own  mini 

INTROVERT,  in-tro-vert',  v.t.  to  turn  in^ 
ward.  [L.  intro,  within,  and  verto.  to 
turn.] 

INTRUDE,  in-trood',  v.i.  to  thrust  one's 
self  in  :  to  enter  uninvited  or  unwelcome. 
— v.t.  to  force  in. — n.  Intrud'ee.  [L.  in, 
in,  trudo,  to  thrust.] 

INTRUSION,  in-troo'zhun,  n.  act  of  intrud- 
ing or  of  entering  into  a  place  without 
welcome  or  invitation  :  encroachment. 

INTRUSIVE,  in-tro6'siv,  adj.  tending  or 
apt  oo  intrude:  entering  without  wel- 
come or  right. — adv.  Intru'sivelt. — «. 
Intrd'siveness. 

INTRUST,  in-trust',  v.t.  to  give  in  trugt: 
to  commit  to  another,  trusting  his  fidel- 
ity.   [E.  In,  in,  and  Trust.] 

INTUITION,  in-tu-ish'un,  n.  the  power  of 
the  mind  by  which  it  immediately  per- 
ceives the  truth  of  things  without  rea- 
soning- or  analysis  :  a  truth  so  perceived, 
— adj.  iNTUl'flONAL.  [Lit.  a  looking 
upon  or  into.  L.  in,  into  or  upon,  and 
fnitio — tueor,  tuitus,  to  look.  See  Tui- 
tion and  Tutor.] 

INTUITIVE,  in-tu'i-tiv,  adj.,  perceived  or 
perceiving  by  intuition :  received  or 
known  by  simple  inspection. — adv.  In- 
tu'ititely. 

INTUMESCENCE,   in-tu-mes'ens,    n.    the 
action  of  siveUing :  a  swelling  :  a  tumic" 
state.     [Fr. — L.  in,  and  tumesco,  -cens- 
tiimeo.  to  swell.] 

ENTWINE,  in-twin'.  Same  as  Entwine 
[In  and  Twine.] 

INTWIST.  in-twist'.  Same  as  Entwist. 
[In  and  Twist.] 

INUMBRATE,  in-um'brat,  v.t.  to  cast  a 
shadoio  upon  :  to  shade.  [L.  inumbro, 
innmbratum — in,  and  unibro,  to  shade  — 
umbra,  a  shadow.] 

INUNDATE,  in-un'dat  or  in'-,  v.t.  to  jlow 
upon  or  over  in  waves  (said  of  water) : 
to  flood :  to  fill  with  an  overflowing 
abundance. — n.  Inunda'tion,  act  of  in- 
undating :  a  flood  :  an  overflowing.  [L., 
from  inundo,  -atum — in,  and  u7ido,  to 
rise  in  waves — unda,  a  wave.] 

INURE,  in-ur',  i\t.  to  use  or  practice  hab- 
itually: to  accustom  :  to  tiarden. — v.i 
(laic)  to  come  into  use  or  effect :  to 
serve  to  the  use  or  benefit  of.  [From 
in,  and  an  old  word  ure  (used  in  the 
phrase,  "to  put  in  ure" — i.e.  in  opera- 
tion), which  is  from  O.  Fi-.  ovre,  cure 
(Fr.  oetwre,  work) — L.  opera,  work  ;  the 
same  word  ure  is  found  in  manure,  which 
see.l 

INUREMENT,  in-ur'ment,  n.  act  of  inm^ 
ing  :  practice. 

INURN.  in-um',  v.t.  to  replace  in  an  urn: 
to  entomb,  to  bury.  [L.  in,  in,  and 
Urn.] 

INUTILITY,  in-u-til'i-ti,  n.  want  of  utiUty: 
uselessness :  unprofitableness.  [Fr. — L. 
in,  not.  and  Utility.] 

INVADE,  Ln-vad',  v.t.  to  enter  a  countn^ 
as  an  enemy :  to  attack :  to  encroach 
upon  :  to  violate  :  to  seize  or  fall  upon. 
— n.  Intad'er.  [Fi-. — L.  invado,  invasnim 
— in,  and  vado,  to  go.    See  Wade.] 

INVALID,  in'va-lid,  adj.  not  valid  or 
strong  :  infirm  :  -  sick.  —  n.  one  who  is 
weak  :  a  sickly  person  :  one  disabled  for 
active  ser\-ice.  esp.  a  soldier  or  sailor. — 
v.t.  to  make  invalid  or  affect  with  dis- 
ease :    to  enrol  on  the  list   of  invalids. 


INVALID 


249 


IOTA 


[Fr.  invalide — L.  invalidus — in,  not,  and 
vcUidus,  strong.     See  Valid.] 

UNVAUD,  in-val'id,  adj.  not  sound:  weak: 
without  value,  weight,  or  cogency:  hav- 
ing no  effect :  void  :  null.  [Fr. — L.  in, 
not,  and  Vaud.] 

INVALIDATE,  in-val'id-at,  v.t.  to  render 
invalid  :  to  weaken  or  destroy  the  force 
,of.— re.  Invaltda'tion. 

SNVALIDITY,  in-val-id'i-tl,  n.  want  of  co^ 
gency  :  want  of  force. 

aNVALUABLE,  in-val'u-a-bl,  adj.  that  can- 
not  be  valued  .  priceless. — adv.  Inval'u- 
ABLY.     [Fr.—L.  in,  not,  and  Valuable.] 

JQSVARLABLE,  in-va'ri-a-bl,  adj.  not  ^ari- 
ab^e:  writhout variation  or  change:  un- 
alterable V  constantly  in  the  same  state. 
— ad«;.lNVA'RIABLY.— /i.Inva'rlableitess 
[Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Vajuable.] 

Invasion,  In-va'zhun,  n.  the  act  of  in- 
vaxiing :  an  attack  :  an  incursion  :  an  at- 
tack on  the  rights  of  anot  her :  an  en- 
croachment :  a  violation.    See  Invade.] 

ilNVASIVE,  in-va'siv,  adj.  making  inva^ 
sion  :  aggressive  :  infringing  another's 
rights. 

ENVECTIVE,  in-vek'tiv,  n.  a  severe  or  re- 

.  proachf  ul  accusation  brough  t  against  any 
one  :  an  attack  with  words  :  a  violent 
utterance  of  censure  :  sai'casm  or  satire  : 
• — adj.  railing:  abusive:  satirical.  [See 
Inveigh.] 

iINVECrriVENESS,  in-vek'tiv-nes,  n.  the 
qualicy  of  being  invective  or  vituperar 
tive  :  abusiveness.  "  Some  wonder  at  his 
inveetiveness  ;  1  wonder  more  that  he  in- 
veig'heth  so  little." — Fuller. 

JNVEIGH,  in-va,  v.i.  to  attack  with  words : 
to  rail  against :  to  revile.  [Lit.  to  carry 
or  bring  against,  L.  inveho,  mvectuin — in, 
and  veho,  to  carry.    See  Vehicle.] 

fNVEIGLE,  in-ve'gl,  v.t.  to  entice:  to  se- 
duce :  to  wheedle.  [Ety.  dub.;  prob.  a 
corr.  of  Fr.  aveugle,  bhnd — L.  ab,  with- 
out, oeultis,  the  eye ;  therefore  perh.  (lit.) 
"  to  hoodwink."] 

JlNyEIGLEMENT,  in-ve'gl-ment,  n.  an  en- 
ticing :  an  enticement. 

JJSVENT  in-vent',  v.t.  to  devise  or  contrive; 
to  make:  to  frame:  to  fabricate:  to  forge. 
[Lit.  to  come  upon  ;  Fr. — L.  invenio,  in- 
ventum — 1»,  upon,  and  venio,  to  come.] 

lENVENTlON,  in-ven'shun,  n.  that  which 
is  invented:  contrivance:  a  deceit:  power 
or  faculty  of  inventing :  ability  displayed 
by  any  invention  or  effort  of  the  imagi- 
nation. 

;INVENTrVE,  in-vent'iv,  adj.  able  to  invent: 
ready  in  contrivance.— adv.  Invent'ively. 
— n.  "Invent'iveness. 

IjNVENTOR,  INVENTER.  in-vent'ur,  n. 
one  who  invents  or  finds  out  something 
new  ■.—fern.  Invent'ress. 

IJSVENTORY,  in'ven-tor-i,  n.  a  catalogue 
of  furniture,  goods,  etc. — v.t.  to  make  an 
inventory  or  catalogue  of.  [Fr.  invent- 
aire — L.  inventarium,  a  list  of  the  tJmigs 
found.    See  Invent.] 

ENVEI^E,  in-vers',  adj.,  inverted:  in  the 
reverse  or  contrary  order :  opposite. — 
adv.  In^'eese'ly. 

larVERSION,  in-ver'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
inverting :  the  state  of  being  inverted  :  a 
change  of  order  or  position. 

i^NVERT,  ia-vert',  v.f.  to  turn  in  or  about : 
to  turn  upside  down :  to  reverse :  to 
change  the  customary  order  or  position. 
[L.  inverto.  uiversum — in,  and  verto,  to 
turn.    See  Verse.]  

HNVERTEBRAL,  in-vert'e-bral,  INVERT- 
ElBRATE,  in-vert'e-brat,  adj.  without  a 
vertebral  column  or  backbone. — n.  IN- 
VERT'ebrate,  an  animal  destitute  of  a 
skull  and  vertebral  column.  [L.  in,  not, 
and  Vertebrate.] 

JKVERTEDLY.  in-vevt'ed-li,  adv.  in  an 
inverted  or  contrary  manner. 


INVEST,  in- vest',  t'.f.  to  put  vesture  on,  to 
dress  :  to  confer  or  give :  to  place  in  of- 
fice or  authority:  to  adorn:  to  surround* 
to  block  up  :  to  lay  seige  to  :  to  place,  as 
property  in  business  :  to  lay  out  money 
on.  [L.  investio, -itum — in,  on,a.nA  vestio, 
to  clothe.    See  Vest.] 

INVESTIGABLE,  in-vest'i-garbl,  adj.  able 
to  be  investigated  or  searched  out. 

INVESTIGATE,  in-vest'i-gat,  v.t.  (lit.)  to 
trace  the  vestiges  or  tracks  of  :  to  search 
into :  to  inquire  into  with  care  and  ac- 
curacy. [L.  investigo  -atum — in,  and 
vestige,  to  track.    See  Vestige.] 

INVESTIGATION,  in-vest-i-ga'shun,  n. 
act  of  investigating  or  examining  into  ■ 
research  :  study. 

INVESTIGATIVE,  in-vest'i-ga-tiv,  IN- 
VESTIGATORY,  in-vest'i-ga-tor-i,  adj. 
promoting  or  given  to  investigation. 

INVESTIGATOR,  in-vest'i-ga-tur,  n.  one 
who  investigates  or  examines  into. 

INVESTITURE,  in-vest'i-tur,  n.  the  act  or 
the  riglit  of  investing  or  putting  in  pos- 
session :  specifically,  in  the  Old  World, 
the  right  claimed  by  temporal  rulers  of 
investing  bishops  with  authority  within 
their  dominions.  The  word  is  little  used 
in  the  affairs  of  this  country,  in  any 
sense. 

INVESTMENT,  in-vest'ment,  n.  the  act  of 
investing :  a  blockade  :  the  act  of  sur- 
rounding or  besieging :  laying  out  money 
on  :  that  in  which  anything  is  invested. 

INVETERATE,  in-vet'er-at,  adj.  firmly 
established  by  long  continuance :  deep- 
rooted  :  violent. — adv.  Invet'erately. 
— ns.  Invet'eeateness,  Invet'eracy, 
firmness  produced  by  long  use  or  con- 
tinuance. [Lit.  grown  old,  L.  invetero, 
-atum,  to  ^'ow  old — in,  and  vetus,  veteris, 
old.    See  Veteran.] 

INVIDIOUS,  in-vid'i-us,  adj.  likely  to  incur 
or  provoke  ill-will :  likely  to  excite  envy, 
enviable. — adv.  Invid'iously. — n.  Intid'- 
lOUSNESs.  [L.  invidiosus — invidia.  See 
Envy.] 

INVIGORATE,  in-vig'or-at,  v.t.  to  give 
vigor  to  :  to  strengthen  :  to  animate. — n. 
Invigora'tion,  the  act  or  state  of  being 
invigorated.     [L.  in,  in,  and  Vigor.] 

INVINCIBLE,  in-vin'si-bl,  adj.  that  cannot 
be  overcome  :  insuperable. — adv.  Invin'- 
CIBLY. — ns.  Invin'cibleness,  Invtncibil'- 
ity.    [Fr.—L.  in,  not,  and  Vincible.] 

INVIOLABLE,  in-vT'6l-a-bl,  adj.  that  can- 
not be  profaned  :  that  cannot  be  injured, 
— adv.  Invi'olably.— ji.  Inyiolabxl'itYo 
fFr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Violable.] 

INVIOLATE,  in-vi'o-lat,  INVIOLATED, 
in-vi'o-lat-ed,  adj,  not  violat'^d  r  unpro- 
faned  :  uninjured.     fL.] 

INVISIBLE,  in-viz'i-bl,  adj.  not  visible  or 
capable  of  being  seen. — adv>.  Invis'IBLY, 
—ns.  Inatisibil'ity,  Invis'ibleness.  [Fr. 
— L.  in,  not,  and  Visible.] 

INVITATION,  in-vit-a'shun.  n.  the  act  of 
inviting  :  an  asking  or  solicitation. 

INVITE,  in-vit',  v.t.  to  ask :  to  summon : 
to  allure  :  to  attract. — v.i.  to  ask  in  in- 
vitation.— n.  Invit'ee.  [Fr. — L.  invito, 
■atu7n.] 

INVITINGLY,  in-vit'ing-li,  adv.  in  an  in- 
viting or  tempting  manner. 

INVOCATE,  in'vo-kat,  v.t.  to  invoke  or 
call  on  solemnly  or  with  prayer :  to  im- 
plore.   [See  Invoke.] 

INVOCATION,  in-vo-ka'shun,  n.  the  act  or 
the  form  of  invOcating  or  addressing  in 
prayer  :  a  call  or  summons,  especially  a 
judicial  order. 

INVOICE,  in'vois,  n.  a  letter  of  advice  of 
the  despatch  of  goods,  with  particulars  of 
their  price  and  quantity. — v.t.  to  make 
an  invoice  of.  [Prob.  a  corr.  of  envois, 
English  plur.  of  Fr.  envoi.    See  Envoy.] 

INVOKE,  m-vok'  v.t  to  call  upon  earnest- 


ly or  solemnly  :  to  implore  assistance 
to  address  in  prayer.     [Fr.—L.  invoeo 
-atum — in,  on,  voco,  to  call,  conn,  wit!- 
vox,  vocis,  the  voice.] 

INVOLUCRE,  in-vol-u'ker,  n.  (bat.)  agroujf 
of  bracts  in  the  form  of  a  whorl  arouncj 
an  expanded  flower  or  umbel.  [Lit.  ar. 
envelope  or  icrapiper,  L.  involucrum-  in 
volvo.    See  Involve.]  • 

INVOLUNTARY,  in-vol'un-tar-i,  adj.  not 
voluntary :  not  having  the  power  of  wit 
or  choice:  not  done  willingly:  not  chosen. 
—n.  Intol'untaeiness.— adf.  Invol'un 
taeily.    [L.  in,  not,  and  Voluntary.] 

INVOLUTE,  in'vo-lut,  n.  that  which  is  in 
volved,  or  rolled  inward  :  a  curve  tracec 
by  the  end  of  a  string  unwinding  itself 
from  another  curve. 

INVOLUTE,  in'vo-lut,  INVOLUTED,  in 
vo-lat-ed,  adj.  (bot.)  rolled  spirally  in- 
ward :  (conchology)  turned  inward  :  also, 
twisted  ;  involved  ;  confusedly  mingled. 
' '  The  style  is  so  involute  that  one  cannot 
help  fancying  it  must  be  falsely  con- 
structed."—Poe.     [See  Involve.] 

INVOLUTION,  in-vo-lu'shun,  n.  the  actiot 
of  involving :  state  of  being  involved  or 
entangled  :  (arith.)  act  or  process  of  rais 
ing  a  quantity  to  any  given  power. 

INVOLVE,  in-volv',  v.t.  to  wrap  up  :  to 
envelop :  to  implicate  :  to  include :  to 
complicate  :  to  overwhelm  :  to  catch  . 
(arith.)  to  multiply  a  quantity  into  itself 
any  given  number  of  times.  [Fr. — L.  in- 
volvo — in,  upon,  volvo,  vohdum,  to  roll.j 

INVOLVEMENT,  in-volVment.  n.  act  of 
involving  :  state  of  being  involved  or  en- 
tangled. 

INVULNERABLE,  in-viU'ner-a-bl,  adj 
that  cannot  be  wounded. — ns.  Invulner- 
abil'ity,  Invul'nerableness.— adi'.  In 
vul'nerably.    [Fi-. — L.  in,  not,  and  Vui, 

NERABLE.] 

INWARD,  in'ward,  adj.  placed  or  being 
within :  internal :  seated  in  the  mind  or 
soul :  (B.)  intimate. — n.pl.  (B.)  the  in- 
testines.— adv.  toward  the  inside :  toward 
the  interior :  into  the  mind  or  thoughts, 
[A.S.  inneweard — /ji.and  ward.direction.i 

INWAUDLY,  in'ward-li,  adv.  in  the  parts 
unthin :  in  the  heart :  privately :  toward 
the  centre. 

INWARDS,  in'wardz,  adv.  same  as  In- 
ward. 

INWEAVE,  in-wev*,  v.t.  to  weave  into  :  to 
entwine :  to  complicate.  [E.  In  and 
Weave.] 


IN  WRAP,  in-rap',  v.t.  to  cover  by  tm-ap^ 
ping :  to  perplex :  to  transport.  [E.  Ik 
and  Wrap.] 


INWREATHE,  \n-reth',  v.t  to  encircle  as 

with  a  wreath,  or  the  form  of  a  wreath, 

[E.  In  and  Wreathe.] 
ESrWROUGHT,  in-rawt*.  adj.,  wrought  in 

or  among  other  things  :   adorned  with 

figxu-es.     [E.    In   and   Wrought.      See 

Work.] 
lODATE,  I'o-dat,  n.  a  combination  of  iodic 

acid  with  a  salifiable  base. 
IODIDE,  I'o-did,  n.  a  combination  of  iodine 

with  a  simple  body. 
IODINE,  i'o-din,  n.  one  of  the  elementary 

bodies,  so  named  from  the  inolet  color  of 

its    vapor. — adj.    Iod'ic.      [Gr.    ioeide.^. 

violet-colored — ion,  a  violet,  and  eidos 

form,  appearance.] 
lOLITE,  i'o-Iit,  n.  a  transparent  gem  whicVi 

presents  a  violet-blue  color  when  looked 

at  in  a  certain  direction.      [Gr.  ion,    a 

violet,  and  lithos,  a  stone.] 
IONIC,   i-on'ik,   adj.  relating  to  Ionia  ic 

Greece :  denoting  an  order  in  architect 

ure    distinguished   by  the    ram's     horr 

volute  of  its  capital. 
IOTA,  i-6'ta,  ??.  a  jot :   a  very  small  quae 

tity  or  degree      [Gr    the  smallest  letter 


IFECACUANHA 


250 


IRRESPONSIBLE 


m  the  alphabet,   corresponding  to   the 
English  !.     See  Jot.] 

IPECACUANHA,  ip-e-kak-u-an'a,  n.  a 
West  Indian  plant,  whose  root  affords  a 
useful  emetic.  [Brazilian,  roadside-sicTc- 
m(t1ting(  plant)r] 

IRADE,  i-ra'de,  n.  a  decree  or  proclama- 
tion of  the  Sultan  of  Turkev.     [Turk.] 

IRASCIBLE,  I-ras'i-bl,  adj.  susceptible  of 
ire  or  anger :  easily  provoked  :  irritable. 
— n.  Irascibil'ity. — adv.  laAS'ciBLT. 
[Fr. — L.  irascibilis — irascor,  to  be  angry 
— ira.'\ 

IRATE,  I-rat',  adj.  enraged :  angry.  [L. 
iratus,  pa.p.  of  irascor,  to  be  angry.] 

IRE,  ir,  «.,  anger :  rage  :  keen  resentment. 
[Fr.— L.  ira.] 

EREFI'L,  Ir'fool,  adj.,  full  of  ire  or  wrath  : 
resentful. — adv.  Ire'fully. 

IRID.  I'rid,  n.  the  circle  round  the  pupU  of 
the  eye  :  the  iris.  "Many  a  sudden  ray 
levelled  from  the  irid  under  his  well- 
charactered  brow." — Charlotte  Bronte. 

IRIDESCENT,  ir-i-des'ent,  IRISATED,  I'- 
ris-at-ed,  adj.  colored  like  the  iris  or 
rainbow.— H.  Ieides'cence.    [See   Iris.] 

IRIS,  I'ris,  71.  the  rainbow :  an  appearance 
resembling  the  rainbow  :  the  contractile 
curtain  perforated  by  the  pupil,  and 
forming  the  colored  part  of  the  eye :  the  , 
fleur-de-lis  or  tlagflower  : — pi.  I'EISES.  i 
[L.  iris,  iridis — Gr.  iris,  iridos,  the  mes- 
senger of  the  gods,  the  rainbow.] 

IRISH.  Irish,  adj.  relating  to  or  produced 
in  Ireland. — n.  language  of  the  Irish,  a 
form  of  Celtic  : — pi.  the  natives  or  in- 
habitants of  Ireland. 

IRITIS,  i-ri'tis,  n.  inflammation  of  the  iris 
of  the  eye. 

tRK.  erk,  v.t.  to  weary :  to  trouble :  to 
distress  (now  used  only  impersonally). 
[From  a  Teut.  root  found  in  A.S.  ireorc- 
Sinn,  painful,  Sw.  yrla,  to  urge  press; 
L.  urgere.    See  Urge.] 

IRKSOME,  erk'sum,  aclj.  causing  uneasi- 
ness :   tedious :    unpleasant. — adv.   Irk'- 

S05IEL.T. — n.  IEK'SOMEXESS. 

IRON,  Turn,  n.  the  most  common  and  use- 
ful of  the  metals  :  an  instrument  or  uten- 
sil made  of  iron  :  strength  :— j?/.  fetters : 
chains.— ad/,  formed  of  iron:  resembling 
iron  :  inide  :  stern :  fast-binding  :  not  to 
be  broken  :  robust  :  dull  uf  understand- 
ing.— i:t.  to  smooth  with  au  iron  instru- 
ment :  to  arm  with  iron :  to  fetter.  — 
Cast-iron,  a  compound  of  irou  and  car- 
bon, obtained  direetlj-  from  iron  ore  by 
smelting.  [A.S.  iren ;  Ger.  eisen.  Ice. 
jam.  ^\  .  haiarn.\ 

ERONBOUNU,  fum-bownd,  adj.,  bound 
with  iron  :  rugged,   as  a  coast. 

IRONCLAD,  i'urn-klad,  adj..  clad  in  iron: 
covered  or  protected  with  iron. — n.  a 
vessel  defended  bv  iron  plates. 

IRON-FOUNDER,  i'urn-fownd'er,  n.  one 
who   founds  or  makes  castings  in  iro7l. 

IRON-FOUNDRY,  i'um  -  fownd'ri,  n.  a 
place  where  iron  is  founded  or  cast. 

tRONGRAY,  T'lirn-gra,  adj.  of  a  gray  color. 
like  tliat  of  iron  freshly  cut  or  broken. — 
n.  this  color. 

IRON-HANDED,  furn-hand'ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing hamls  hard  as  iron. 

IRON-HEARTED,  I'urn-hart'ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing a  heart  hard  as  iron :  cruel. 

vRONlCAL,  i-ron'ik-al,  adj.  meaning  the 
opposite  of  wh;it  is  expressed  :  satirical. 
— nrfr.  Iron'ically.     [See  Ieoxy.] 

IRON-JIASTER,  i'urn-mas'ter,  n.  a  master 
or  proprietor  of  I'ronworks. 

IRONMONGER,  f'urn-mung-ger,  n.  a  mon- 
ger or  dealer  in  articles  made  of  iron. 
[Briti^^h.] 

IRONMONGERY.  I'urn-mung-ger-i,  n.  a 
gener.U  name  for  articles  made  of  iron: 
hardware.     [British.] 

IRONMOULD,  rum-mold,  n.  the  spot  left 


on  wet  cloth  after  touching  rusty  iroii. 
[See  Mould,  dust  or  earth] 

IRONWARE,  I'urn-war,  n.,  wares  or  goods 
of  iron. 

IRONWOOD,  T'urn-wood,  n.  applied  to  the 
timber  of  various  trees  on  account  of 
their  hardness. 

IRONWORK,  i'urn-wurk,  n.  the  parts  of  a 
building-,  etc.,  made  of  iron :  anything  of 
iron  :  a  furnace  where  iron  is  smelted,  or 
a  foundry,  etc.,  where  it  is  made  into 
hea\'y  work. 

IRONY,  i'urn-i,  adj.,  made,  consisting,  or 
partaking  of  iron  :  like  iron  :  hard. 

IRONY,  i'run-i,  n.  a  mode  of  speech  con- 
vening the  opposite  of  what  is  meant : 
satire.  [Fr. — L.  ironia,  Gr.  eironeia, 
dissimulation — eirOn,  a  dissemblei- — eiro, 
to  talk.] 

IRRADIANCE,ir-ra'di-ans,  IRRADIANCY, 
ir-ra'di-an-si,  n.  the  throwing  of  rays  of 
light  on  (any  object) :  that  which  irradi- 
ates or  is  irradiated  :  beams  of  light 
emitted  :  splendor. 

IRRADIANT,  ir-ra'di-ant,  adj.,  irradiating 
or  shedding  beams  of  light. 

IRRADIATE,  ir-ra'di-at,  v.t.  to  dart  rays 
of  light  upon  or  into :  to  adorn  with  lus- 
tre: to  decorate  with  shining  ornaments: 
to  animate  with  light  or  heat :  to  illu- 
minate the  understanding. — i:i.  to  emit 
rays  :  to  shine. — adj.  adorned  with  rays 
of  Ught  or  with  lustre.  [L.  irradio,  ir- 
radiatiim — in,  on,  and  Radiate.] 

IRRADIATION,  ir-ra-di-a'shun.  n.  act  of 
irradiating  or  emitting  beams  cf  light : 
that  which  js  irradiated  :  brightness  :  in- 
tellectual light. 

IRRATIONAL,  ir-rash'un-al,  adj.  void  of 
reason  or  understanding :  absurd.  —  n, 
Ikrational'ity.  —  udv.  Irra'tionally. 
[L.  in,  not,  and  Ratioxal.] 

IRREALIZABLE,  ir-re-al-iz'a-bl,  adj.  inca- 
pable of  being  realized  or  defined.  "  That 
mighty,  unseen  centre,  incomprehen- 
sible, irrealizable,  with  strange  mental 
efl:ort  only  divined." — Charlotte  Bronte. 

IRRECLAIMABLE,  ir-re-klam'a-bl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  reclaimed  or  reformed : 
incorrigible. — adv.  Irreclatsi'ably.  [Fr. 
— L.  in.  not,  and  Reclaihable.] 

IRRECOGNITION,  ir-relc-og-ni'shun.?i.  the 
act  of  ignoring,  or  the  withholding  of 
recosnition.     Carlyle. 

IRRECONCIL^VBLE,  ir-rek-on-sil'a-bl,  adj. 
incapable  of  being  brought  back  to  a 
state  of  friendship  :  inconsistent. — n.  Ir- 
RECOXcn/ABLENEss.  —  adv.  Irrecojjcil'- 
ABLY.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Reconcil- 
able.] 

IRRECOVERABLE,  ir-re-kuv'er-a-bl,  adj. 
irretrievable. — n.  IrrecoVerableness. — 
adv.  Irrecov'erably.  [Fr. — L.  in,  not, 
and  Recoverable.] 

IRREDEEJLIBLE,  ir-re-dera'a-bl,  adj.  not 
redeemable  :  not  subject  to  be  paid  at  the 
nominal  value. — ns.  Irredeem'ableness, 
Irredeemabil'ity. — adr.  Irredeem'ably. 
[Prefix  in-,  not,  and  RedeejiaBLE.] 

IRREDUCIBLE,  ir-re-dfis'i-hl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  reduced  or  brought  from  one 
form  or  state  to  another. — «.  Irredcc'- 
iblexess. — adv.  Irredcc'iely.  [L.  in, 
not,  and  Reducible.] 

IRREFLECTm;,  ir-re-flekt'iv,  adj.  not  re- 
flective.    [L.  in.  not,  and  REFLECTIVE.] 

IRREFRAGABLE,  ii--refra-ga-bl.  adj.  that 
cannot  be  refuted  or  overthrown  :  un- 
answerable.— 7!.s.  Irrefragabil'ity,  Ir- 
ref'ragablen'ess. — adv.  Irref'ragably. 
[L.  that  cannot  be  broken  or  bent,  from 
Fr. — L.  in,  not,  re.  backward;:,  and  frag, 
root  rf  frango.  to  break.] 
IRRKFUTABLE,  ir-re-fut\a-bl  or  ir-ref'u- 
ta-b!.  iidj.  that  cannot  be  refuted  or 
proved    false^- - '?•'•'•.      Irkkpvt'ably    or 


1'rrkf'utably.  [Fi\ — L.  in,  not,  and 
F:    utable.] 

Ik-ni-GULAR,  ir-reg'u-lar,  adj.  not  accord- 
ing to  rule  :  unnatural  :  unsystematic  ; 
vicious  :  (yra?)!.)  departing  from  the  ordi- 
nary rules  in  its  inflection  :  variable : 
not  symmetrical. — n.  a  soldier  not  in 
regular  service.  —  adv.  Irreo'ulahly. 
[h.  in,  not,  and  Regular.] 

IRREGULARITY,  ir-reg-u-lar'i-ti,  n.  state 
of  being  irregular :  de^dation  from  a 
straight  line,  or  from  rule  :  departure 
from  method  or  order :  vice. 

IRRELATIVE,  ir-rel'a-tiv,  adj.  not  rela- 
live  :  unconnected. — adv.  Irrel'aTIVELY. 
[L.  in.  not.  and  Relative.] 

IRRELEVANT,  ir-rel'e-vant,  adj.  not  bear- 
ing directly  on  the  matter  in  hand. — 
n.  Irrel'evaxcy.— adr.  Ihrel'evantly. 
[Pi'efix  in-,  not,  and  RelevaisT.] 

IRRELIGION,  ir-re-lij'un,  n.  want  of  re- 
ligion. 

IRRELIGIOUS,  ir-re-lij'us,  adj.  destitute 
of  religion  :  ungodly. — adv.  Ierelig'ious- 
ly.— n.  Ierelig'iousness.  [Fr.— L.  in, 
not.  and  Reugious.] 

IRREMEDIABLE,  ir-re-me'di-a-bl,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  remedied  or  redressed. — 
n.  Irheme'diableness.  —  adv.  Irbesie'- 
DLABLT.  [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Remedi 
able.] 

IRREMISSIBLE,  ir-re-mis'i-bl,  adj.  not  to 
be  remitted  or  forgiven. — n.  Ieremiss'I- 
bleness.     [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and  Pemissi- 

BLE.] 

IRREMOVABLE,  ir-re-moov'a-bl,  adj.  not 
removable:  steadfast. — ns.  Irremovabil'- 
ity,  Ieremov'ableness.— CTdf.  Ieremov'- 
ABLY.   [Prefix  in-,  not,  and  Removable.] 

IRREPARABLE,  ir-rep'ar-a-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  recovered. — n.  Irrep' arable 
N^ESS. — adv.  Ireep'arably.  [Fr. — L.  in 
not,  and  Reparable.] 

IRREPEALABLE,  ir-re-pel'a-bl,  adj.  thai 
cannot  be  repealed  or  annulled. — adv.  Ir 
eepeal'ably.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Repeal- 
able.] 

IRREPREHENSIBLE,  ir-rep-re-hens'i-bl. 
adj.  that  cannot  be  blamed.— ade.  Ir- 
repeehens'ibly.  —  n.  Irreprehens'ible 
N-ESS.     [Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Reprehexsi- 

BLE.] 

IRREPRESSIBLE,  ir-re-prcs'i-bl.  adj.  not 

to  be  restrained. —  adv.  Irrepp.ESS'IBLY. 

[Fr. — L.  in.  not,  and  Repressible.] 
IRREPRO.\CHABLE,  ir-re-proch'a-bl,  adj 

free  from  blame  :    upright  :  innocent. — 

adv.  Ireeproach'ably.   [Fr.— L.  in,  not, 

and  Reproachable.] 
IRREPROVABLE,  ir-re-prooVa-bl,  adj 

blameless. — adv.  Irrepeov'aBly. — n.  la 

reprov'ablexess.     [Fr.— L.  in,  not,  and 

Repbovable.] 
IRRESISTANCE,  ir-re-zist'ans,  n.  want  ol 

resistance  :  passive  submission.     [L.  in, 

not.  and  RESISTANCE.] 
IRRESISTIBLE,   ir-re-zist'i-bl,  adj.  not  to 

be    opposed    with    succi?ss. — adv.   Ieee- 

SIST'IBLY. — ns.  iRREiSIST'lBLEXESS,  IEES- 
SISTABIL'ITY. 

IRRESOLUTE,  ir-rez'o-Iut,  adj.  not  firm  in 
purpo.se. — adv.   Irres'olutely.     [L.    in 
not.  and  Resolute.] 

IRRESOLUTENESS,  ir-rez'o-lut-nes,  IR- 
RESOLUTION, ir-rez-o-lia'shuu,  n.  want 
of  resolution,  or  of  firm  determination  o? 
purpose. 

IRRESOLVABLE,  ir-re-zolv'a-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  resolved.  [L.  in,  not,  and  Re- 
solvable.]  

IRRESPECTIVE,  ir-re-spekt'iv,  ad/,  not 
bavine  I'effard  to. — adv.  lEEESPEcrr'm;- 
ly.     [Fr.— L.  in.  not.  and  RESPrcmvE.] 

IRRESPONSIBLE,  ir-re-spons'i  bl.  adj.  not 
I'esponsible  or  liable  to  answer  (for).— 
cidr.  Irrespons'ibly. — )?.  Irresponsibil- 
ity.   [L.  in,  not,  Responsible.] 


IRRETENTION 


351 


ITCHY 


IRRETENTION,  ir-re-ten'shun,  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  irretentive  :  want  of 
retaining  power.  "  From  irretention  of 
memory  he  (Kant)  could  not  recollect 
the  letters  which  composed  his  name." — 
De  Quincey. 

IRRETRIBVABLE,  ir-re-trev'a-bl,  adj.  not 
to  be  recovered  or  repaired. — adi-i.  Iree- 

TRIET  '  ABLY.  —  n.   IRRETRIEV  '  ABLENESS. 

[Fr. — L.  in,  not,  and  Retrievable.] 
IRREVERENCE,  ir-rev'er-ens,  n.  want  of 
reverence  or  veneration  :   want  of  due 
regard  for  the  character  and  authority 
of  the  Supreme  Being'. 
IRREVERENT,  ir-rev'er-ent,  adj.  not  rev- 
erent :    proceeding    from    irreverence. — 
adi:  Irrev'erently.      [Fr.— L.  in,  not, 
and  Reverent.] 
IRREVERSIBLE,    ir-re-vers'i-bl,   adj.  not 
reversible  :  that    cannot  be    recalled  or 
annulled. — adv.  Irrevers'ibly. — n.  Irre- 
VBRS'iBLENESS.       [L.  ill,    not,    and    Re- 

IRREVOCABLE,  ir-reVo-ka-bl,  adj.  that 
cannot  be  recalled. — adv.  Irrev'ocably. 
— n.  Irrev'ocableness.  [Fr. — L.  in, 
not,  and  Revocable.] 

IRRIGATE,  ir'i-gat,  v.t.  to  icater :  to  wet 
or  moisten  :  to  cause  water  to  flow  upon. 
[L.  irrigo,  -atuni — in,  upon,  rigo,  to  wet; 
akin  to  Ger.  regen,  E.  rain.] 

IRRIGATION,  ir-i-ga'shun,  n.  act  of  water- 
ing, esp.  of  watering  lands  artificially; 
as  is  done  in  the  Great  Basin  of  this 
counti-y,  by  means  of  canals. 

IRRIGUOUS,  ir-rig'u-us,  a(^.,  watered  : 
wet  :  moist. 

IRRISION,  ir-rizh'un,  n.  act  of  laughing 
at  another.  [Fr. — L.  irrisio — in,  against, 
rideo,  risiim,  to  laugh.] 

IRRISORY,  ir-rl'zo-ri,  adj.  addicted  to 
laughiQg  or  sneering  at  others.  "  I 
wish  that,  even  there,  you  had  been 
less  ifrisory.  less  of  a  pleader." — Landor. 
[L.  irrisorius.     See  Irrision.] 

IRRITABILITY,  ir-i-ta-bil'i-ti,  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  easily  irritated:  the  peculiar 
susceptibility  to  stimuli  possessed  by  the 
living  tissues. 

IRRITABLE,  ir'i-ta-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
irritated:  easily  provoked:  (med.)  suscep- 
tible of  excitement  or  irritation. — adv. 
Irr'itably. — ;;.  Irr'itableness.  [L.  ir- 
riinbilis.    See  Irritate.] 

IRRITANT,  ir'i-tant,  adj.,  irritating. — n. 
that  which  causes  irritation.  [L.  irri- 
tant, -antis,  pr.p.  of  irrito.'] 

IRRITATE,  ir'i-tat,  v.t.  to  make  angry:  to 
provoke  :  to  excite  heat  and  redness  in. 
[L.  irrito,  -atum,  prob.  freq.  of  irrio,  to 
snarl,  as  a  dog.] 

IRRITATION,  ir-i-tii'shun,  n.  act  of  irri- 
tating or  exciting  :  excitement  :  (med.) 
a  v'itifited  state  of  sensation  or  action. 

IRRITATIVE,  iv'i-tat-iv,  IRRITATORY, 
ir'i-ta-tor-i,  adj.  tending  to  irritate  or 
excite :  accouipanied  with  or  caused  by 
irritation. 

IRRUPTION,  ir-rup'sluin,  n.  a  breaking  or 
bursting  in  :  a  sudden  invasion  or  incur- 
sion. [Fr. — L.  irriqMo — in,  and  nnnpo, 
rnptani,  to  break.] 

IRRUFnVE,  ir-rupt'iv,  adj.,  ruahing  sitd- 
denly  in,  or  upon. — adv.  Irrupt'ively. 

IS.  iz,  third  person  sing.  pres.  of  BE.  [A.S. 
is ;  Ger.  ist,  L.  est,  Gr.  esti,  Sans,  asti — 
as.  to  be.] 

ISAGON,  I'sa-gon,  ?(.  a  figure  having  equal 
angles.  [Fr.  isagone  —  Gr.  isos,  equal, 
gonia.  an  angle.] 

ISCHIADIC,  isk-i-ad'ik,  ISCHIATIC,  isk-i- 
at'ik,  adj.  relating  to  the  region  of  tlie 
hip.  [Fr. — L. — Or.,  from  is-cliion,  the 
hip-ioint.J 

ISINGLASS,  I'zing-glas,  ?i.  a  glutinous 
substance,  chiefly  prepared  from  the  air- 
bladders  of  the  sturgeon.     [A  corr.  of 


Dut.  huizenblas — hiiizen,  a  kind  of  stur- 
geon, bias,  a  bladder  ;  Ger.  hausenblase. 
See  Bladder.] 

ISLAM,  iz'lam,  ISLAMISM,  iz'lam-izm,  n. 
the  Mohammedan  religion. — adj.  Isla- 
mit'ic.  [Lit.  complete  submission  to  the 
tvill  of  God,  from  Ar.  islam — salama,  to 
submit  to  God.] 

ISLAND,  i'land,  n.  land  sui-rounded  with 
water :  a  lai'ge  floating  mass.  [M.E. 
Hand,  A.S.  igland  —  ig,  an  island,  and 
land,  laud  ;  Dut.  and  Ger.  eiland,  Ice. 
eyland,  Swed.  and  Dan.  Oland.  2V.S.  »(/•= 
Ice.  ey,  Swed.  and  Dan.  6,  and  is  from  a 
root  which  appears  in  A.S.  ea,  L.  aqua, 
water,  so  that  it  orig.  means  water-land. 
The  s  in  island  is  due  to  a  confusion  with 
isle,  from  L.  insida.] 

ISLANDER,  riand-er,  n.  an  inhabitant  of 
an  island. 

ISLE,  II,  n.  an  island.  [M.  E.  He,  yle—0. 
Fr.  isle  (Fr.  ilc) — L.  insula,  considered  to 
be  so  called  because  lying  in  salo,  in  the 
main  sea,  L.  salum  being  akin  to  Gr.  .lalos, 
the  main  sea,  while  both  are  allied  to  E. 
sivell,  Ger.  sehivellen,nnd  mean  the  "swell- 
ing "  or  "  billowing,"  the  high  sea  ;  Celt. 
innis,  ennis,  Scot,  inch.] 

ISLET,  i'let,  n.  a  little  isle. 

ISOCHEIMAL.  i-so-ki'mal,  ISOCHEIMEN- 
AL,  I-so-ki'men-al,  adj.  having  the  same 
mean  winter  temperature.  [Lit.  having 
equal  unnters,  Gr.  isos,  equal,  cheima, 
winter.] 

ISOCHROMATIC,I-so-kro-mat'ik,  adj.  {ojJ- 
tios)  liaving  the  same  color.  [Gr.  t.sos, 
equal,  and  chroma,  color. 

ISOCHRONAL,  T-sok'ron-al,  ISOCHRON- 
OUS, i-sok'ron-us,  adj.  oi  equal  time :  per- 
formed in  equal  times.  [Gr.  isochronos 
— isos,  equal,  chronos,  time.] 

ISOCHRONISM,  r-sok'ron-izm,  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  isochronous  or  done  in  equal 
times. 

ISOLATE,  T'so-lat,  is'o-lat,  or  iz'-,  i'.^.  to 
place  in  a  detached  situation,  like  an 
island. — n.  Isola'tion.  [It.  isolare  — 
isola — L.  insula,  an  island.] 

ISOLATING,  I'so-lat-ing,  adj.  in  philol.  ap- 
plied to  that  class  of  languages  in  which 
each  word  is  a  simple,  uninflected  root : 
monosyllablic.     A.  H.  Sayce. 

ISOMERIC,  I-so-mer'ik,  adj.  applied  to 
compounds  which  are  made  up  of' the 
same  elements  in  the  same  proportions, 
but  having  different  properties.  —  n. 
Isom'erism.  [Lit.  having  .qiial  parts, 
Gr.  isos,  equal,  meros,  part.] 

ISOMETRIC,  i-so-met'rik,  ISOMETRICAL, 
I-so-met'rik-al,  adj.  having  equality  of 
measure.  [Gr.  isos,  equal,  metron,  meas- 
ure.] 

ISOMORPHISM,  I-so-morf'izra,  n.  the  prop- 
erty of  being  isomorphous. 

ISOMORPHOUS,  I-so-morf'us,  adj.  having 
the  same  crystalUne  form,  but  composed 
of  different  elements.  [Gr.  isos,  equal, 
and  morphe,  form.] 

ISONOMY,  I-son'o-mi,  «.,  equal  law, 
rights,  or  privileges.  [Gr.  isonomia — 
isos,  equal,  nomas,  law — nemo,  to  deal 
out,  distribute.] 

ISOPOLITY,  i-so-pol'i-ti,  n.  equal  rights 
of  citizenship,  as  conferred  by  the  peo- 
ple of  one  city  on  those  of  nnothei-. 
"  Niebuhr  .  .  .  establishes  the  principle 
that  the  census  comprehended  all  the 
confederate  cities  [in  Ancient  Rome] 
which  had  the  right  of  isopolity." — Mil- 
man.  [Gr.  isos,  equal,  and  politeia,  gov- 
ernment, from  polis,  a  city.] 

ISOSCELES,  i-sos'e-lez,  adj.  ((;eo»i.)ha'ving 
two  equal  sides,  as  a  triangle.  [Lit.  hav- 
ing equal  legs,  Gr.  isoskeles — isos,  equal, 
skelos,  a  leg.] 

ISOSEISMAL,  i-so-sls'mal,  ISOSEISMIC, 
I-so-sis'mik,  adj.  applied  to  lines  of  equal 


seismal  disturbance  on  the  earth's  surface. 
"It  is  generally  possible  after  an  earth- 
quake to  trace  a  zone  of  maximum  dis- 
turbance, where  the  damage  to  the 
shaken  country  has  been  greatest.  The 
line  indicating  this  maximum  is  termed 
the  meizoseismic  curve,  whilst  lines 
along  which  the  overthrow  of  objects 
may  be  regai-ded  as  practically  the  same 
are  known  as  isoseismic  curves." — Ency, 
Brit.  [Gr.  isos,  equal,  and  eeismos,  a 
shaking,  an  earthquake,  from  seio,  to 
shake.  T 

ISOTHERAL,  i-soth'er-al,  adj.  having  the 
same  mean  summer  temperature.  [Lit. 
having  equal  summers,  Gr.  isos,  equal, 
thcriiH,  summer — thero,  to  be  warm.] 

ISOTHERMAL,  i-so-ther'mal,  adj.  having 
an  equal  degree  of  heat.  [Fr.  isotherine 
— Gr.  isos,  equal,  therme,  heat — thermos, 
hot.] 

ISOTONIC,  i-so-ton'ik,  adj.  having  equal 
tones.     [Gr.  isos,  equal,  tonos,  tone.] 

ISRAELITE,  iz'ra-el-it,  n.  a  descendant  of 
Israel,  or  Jacob  :  a  Jew.  [Gr.  Israelites 
— Israel,  Heb.  Yisrael,  contender,  soldier 
of  God— .sara,  to  fight,  and  El,  God.] 

ISRAELmC,  iz-ra-el-it'ik,  ISRAELITISH, 
iz'ra-el-Jt-ish,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  Isra- 
elites or  Jews. 

ISSUE,  ish'u,  v.i.  to  go,  flow,  or  come  out : 
to  proceed,  as  from  a  source  :  to  spring : 
to  be  produced  :  (laiv)  to  come  to  a  point 
in  fact  or  law  :  to  terminate. — v.t.  to 
send  out :  to  put  into  circulation :  to 
give  out  for  use. — n.  Iss'uer.  [Fr.  issue 
— O.  Fr.  is.5iV,  to  go  or  flow  out — L.  exire 
— ex,  out,  ire,  to  go.] 

ISSUE,  ish'ii,  71.  a  going  or  flowing  out: 
act  of  sending  out :  that  which  flows  or 
passes  out :  fruit  of  the  body,  children  : 
produce,  profits  :  circulation,  as  of  bank- 
notes :  publication,  as  of  a  book  :  a  giv 
ing  out  for  use  :  ultimate  result,  conse- 
quence :  political  question  for  discussion  : 
(law)  the  question  of  fact  submitted  to  a 
jui-y  :  (med.)  an  ulcer  produced  artifi- 
cially. 

ISSUELESS,  ish'60-les,  adj.  without  issue  : 
childless. 

ISTHMUS,  ist'mtis,  n.  a  neck  of  land  con- 
necting two  larger  portions  of  land.  [L. 
— Gr.  isthmos,  a  passage,  an  isthmus, 
allied  to  ithma,  a  step,  from  root  of 
eimi,  to  go.] 

IT,  it,pron.  the  thing  spoken  of  or  referred 
to.  [M.E.  and  A.S.  hit,  neut.  of  he ;  Ice. 
hit,  Dut.  het,  Goth,  ita ;  akin  to  L.  id. 
Sans,  i,  pronominal  root=here.  The  t  Is 
an  old  neuter  suffix,  as  in  tha-t,  wha-t, 
and  cognate  with  d  in  L.  illu-d,  istu-d, 
quo-d.] 

ITALIAN,  i-tal'yan,  ITALIC,  i-tal'ik,  adj. 
of  or  relating  to  Italy  or  its  people. — n. 
a  native  of  Italy  :  the  language  of  Italy. 
[It.  Italiano,  Italico — L.  Italia — Gr.  ita- 
los,  a  bull,  L.  vituhis,  a  calf.] 

ITALIANIZE,"  i-talyan-Iz,  v.t.  to  make 
Italian. — v.i.  to  play  the  Italian:  to 
speak  Italian. 

ITALICIZE,  i-tal'i-siz,r.f .  to  print  in  Italics. 

ITALICS,  i-tal'iks,  n.j)!.  a  kind  of  types 
which  slope  to  the  right  (as  in  the  last 
four  words),  so  called  because  first  used 
bv  an  Italian  printer,  Aldo  Manuzio,  about 
1.500. 

ITCH,  ich,  n.  an  uneasy,  irritating  sen= 
sation  in  the  skin  :  an  eruptive  disea.se 
in  the  skin,  caused  by  a  parasitic  animal  : 
a  constant  teasing  desire. — v.i.  to  have  an 
uneasy,  irritating  sensation  in  the  skin  : 
to  have  a  constant,  teasing  desire.  [A.S. 
gictha,  gicenes,  an  itching  —  giecan,  to 
itch  ;  Scot,  youk,  yuck,  Ger.  jiicken,  to 
itch.] 

ITCHY,  ich'i,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  affected 
with  itch. 


ITEM 


262 


JAWBONE 


ITEM,  rtem,  adv.  (lit.)  likeiiHse :  also.— *». 
a  separate  article  or  particular. — v.t.  to 
make  a  note  of.  [L. — id,  that,  akin  to 
Sans,  ittham,  thus.] 

ITERATE,  it'er-at,  v.t.  to  do  again:  to  re- 
peat, in  modern  usage  replaced  by  the 
verb  reiterate. — n.  Itera'tion,  repetition. 
[L.  itero,  -atiim — iterum  {is,  this,  and 
comparative  affix  tcrum),  beyond  this, 
again  ;  akin  to  Sans,  itara,  other.] 

gTERATIVE,  it'er-at-iv,  adj..  Treating. 
[L.  iterativus.'\ 

ffrlNERANT,  i-tin'er-ant,  adj.,  making 
journeys  from  place  to  place :  travel- 
linsr. — ;(.  one  who  travels  from  place  to 
place,  esp.  a  preacher :  a  wanderer.— 
adv.  Itd/erantly. — ns.  iTiN'EKAcr,  Itin'- 
ERANCY.  [L.  itinerans,  -antis,  part,  of 
obs.  V.  itinera,  to  travel — ^L.  iter,  ttineris, 
a  journey — eo,  itum,  to  go.] 

liTINERARY,  I-tin'er-ar-i,  adj.,  travelling: 
done  on  a  journey. — n.  a  book  of  travels : 
a  guide-book  for  travellers :  a  rough 
sketch  and  description  of  the  country 
through  which  troops  are  to  march.  [L. 
itinerarius — iter.  ] 

nXNERATE,  I-tin'er-at,  v.t.  to  travel  from 
place  to  place,  esp.  for  the  purpose  of 
preaching  or  lecturing.  [L.  itinera — iter, 
ttineris — eo.  itum,  to  go.] 

MS,  its,  poss.^tm.,  the  possessive  of  IT. 
[The  old  form  was  his,  its  not  being  older 
than  the  end  of  the  16th  century.  Its 
does  not  occur  in  the  English  Bible  of 
1611  or  in  Spenser,  rarely  in  Shakespeare, 
and  is  not  common  until  the  time  of  Dry- 
den.] 

fflSELF.  it-self,  pron.  the  neuter  reciprocal 
pronoun,  apphed  to  things.  [It  and  Self.] 

mED,  IVYED,  rvid,  XVY-MANTLED, 
Fvi-man'tld,  adj.  overgrown  or  mantled 
with  ivy. 

WORY,  Tvo-ri,  n.  the  hard,  white  sub- 
stance composing  the  tusks  of  the  ele- 
phant and  of  the  sea-horse. — adj.  made 
of  or  resembling  ivory.  [O.  Fr.  ivurie, 
Fr.  ivoire  —  L.  ebur,  eboins,  ivory — O. 
Egyptian  ebon,  Sans,  ibha,  an  elephant.] 

iTORY-BLACK,  fvo-ri-blak,  n.  a  black 
powder,  orig.  made  from  burnt  ivory,  but 
now  from  bone. 

)fVORY-NIJT,  fvo-ri-mit,  n.  the  nut  of  a 
species  of  palm,  containing  a  substance 
hke  ivory. 

liYY,  fvi,  a  creeping  evergreen  plant  on 
trees  and  walls.  [  A.8.  i^ ;  O.  Ger.  ebah ; 
BFob.  conn,  with  L.  apium,  parsley.] 


JABBER,  jab'er,  v.i.  to  gabble  or  talk  rap- 
idly and  indistinctly :  to  chatter. — v.t.  to 
utter  indistinctly  : —  Tpr.p.  jabb'ering ; 
pa.p.  jabb'ered.  —  n.  rapid  indistinct 
speaking'. — n.  Jabb'eeee.  [From  root  of 
Gabm^ 

JACINTH,  ja-sinth,  n.  (B.)  a  precious  stone, 
a  red  variety  of  zircon,  now  called  hya^ 
cinth  :  a  dark-purple  color.  [Contr.  of 
Hyacinth.  J 

HACK,  jak,  n.  used  as  a  familiar  name  or 
diminutive  of  John ;  a  saucy  or  paltry 
fellow :  a  sailor :  any  instrument  serving 
to  supply  the  place  of  a  boy  or  helper,  as 
a  bootjack  for  taking  off  boots,  a  contriv- 
ance for  turning  a  spit,  a  screw  for  rais- 
ing heavy  weights  :  the  male  of  some 
animals  :  a  young  pike :  a  support  to 
saw  wood  on  :  a  miner's  wedgp  :  a  flag 
displayed  from  the  bowsprit  of  a  ship : 
a  coat  of  mail.  [Fr.  Jacques,  the  most 
common  name  in  France,  hence  used  as 
a  substitute  for  John,  the  most  common 
name  in  England  •  bvit  it  is  really  ^ 


James  or  Jaedb — ^L.  Jacobtu.    Bee  J&OO- 

binJ 

.JACK,  JAK,  jak,  n.  a  tree  of  the  E.  Indies 
of  the  same  genus  as  the  b'  ead-fruit- 
tree. 

JACKAL,  jak'awl,  n.  a  wild,  gregarious 
animal  closely  allied  to  the  dog.  [Pers, 
shaghal ;  Sans,  crigi'da.} 

JACKANAPES,  jal?a-naps,  n.  an  impu- 
dent fellow :  a  coxcomb.  [For  Jack  o' 
apes,  being  one  who  exhibited  monkeys, 
with  an  n  inserted  to  avoid  the  hiatus.] 

JACKASS,  jak'as,  v.  the  ?)iaZe  of  the  ass: 
a  blockhead.  [Jack  —  the  male,  and 
Ass.l  * 

JACKBOOTS,  jakTsoots,  n.pl.  large  boats 
reaching  above  the  knee,  to  protect  the 
leg,  formerly  worn  by  cavalry,  and  cov 
ered  with  plates  of  iron.  [JACK  —  coat 
of  mail,  and  BOOTS.] 

JACKDAW,  jak'daw,  n.  a  species  of  crow, 
[Jack  and  Daw.] 

JACKET,  jak'et,  n.  a  short  coat.  [O.  Fr. 
jaquette,  a  jacket,  or  sleeveless  coat,  a 
dim.  of  O.  Fr.jaqiie,  a  coat  of  mail.] 

JACKETED,  jak'et-ed,  adj.  wearing  a 
jacket. 

JACKSCREW,  jak'skrOS,  n.  a  screw  for 
raising  heavy  weights.[jACK  and  SCREW.] 

JACOBIN,  jak'o-bin,  n.  one  of  an  order  of 
monks,  so  named  from  their  orig.  estab- 
lishment in  the  Rue  St.  Jacques  (St 
James's  Street),  Paris ;  one  of  a  society 
of  revolutionists  in  France,  so  called  from 
their  meeting  in  a  Jacobin  convent ;  a 
demagogue  :  a  hooded  pigeon.  [Fr. — L. 
Jacobus,  James — Gr.  Jaeobos — Heb.  Ja'~ 
akob.] 

JACOBINICAL,  jak-o-bin'i-kai,  adj.  pei^ 
taining  to  the  Jacobins  or  revolutionists  of 
France:  holding  revolutionary  principles. 

JACOBINISM,  jak'o-bin-izm,  n  the  pnnci- 
ples  of  the  Jacobins  or  French  revolution- 
ists. 

JACOBITE,  jak'o-bit,  n.  an  adherent  of 
James  II.  and  his  descendants. — adj.  of 
or  belonging  to  the  Jacobites.  —  adj. 
Jacobit'ical.— n.  Jac'obitism. 

JACOB'S-LADDER,ja'kobs-lad'ep,re.(naM«.) 
a  ladder  made  of  ropes  with  wooden 
steps;  a  garden  plant  with  large  blue 
flowers.  [Fi'om  the  ladder  which  J  acob 
saw  in  his  dream.] 

JACQUERIE,  zhak^-re,  n.  name  given  to 
the  revolt  of  the  French  peasants  in  the 
14th  century.  [From  Jaques  (Bonhomme), 
Jack  (Qoodfellow),  a  name  applied  in  de- 
rision to  the  peasants.] 

JADE,  jad,  n.  a  tired  horse :  a  worttUess 
nag :  a  woman — in  contempt  or  irony. — 
v.t.  to  tire  :  to  harass.  [Ety.  dub. ;  Sc. 
yad,  yaud.} 

JADE,  jad,  n.  a  dark-green  stone  used  for 
ornamental  purposes.  [Fr. — Sp.  ijada, 
the  flank— L.  ilia.  It  was  believed  to 
cure  pain  of  the  side.] 

JAG,  jag,  n.  a  notch :  a  ragged  protuber- 
ance :  (bat.)  a  cleft  or  division. — v.t.  to 
cut  into  notches  •.—pr.p.  jagg'ing ;  pa.p. 
jagg'ed.     [Celt,  gag,  a  oleftrl 

JAGGED,  jag'ed,  adj.,  notched:  rough- 
edged.— ad?;.  Jagg'edly.— «.  Jagg'ed- 

NESS. 
JAGGER,  jag'er,  n.  a  brass  wheel  with  a 

notched  edge  for  cutting  cakes,  etc.,  into 

ornamental  forms. 
JAGGY,    jag'i,    adj.,  notched :  set   with 

teeth  :   uneven. 
JAGUAR,  jag'a-Sr  or  iag-wSr',  n.  a  powei^ 

f ul  beast  of  prey,  allied  to  the  leopard, 
'  ■    ~     ■■    "        ■         [Braz.  janmi- 


found  in  South  America. 
ara."^ 


JAH,  Jfi,  n.  Jehovah.     [HebJ 

JAIL,  JAILER.    Same  as  GFaol,  GaOLEE. 

JALAP,  jal'ap,  n.  the  purgative  root  of  a 

plant  first  brought  from  Jalapa  or  Xal- 

apa.  in  Mexico. 


JAM,  jam,  «.  a  conserve  of  fruit  boQed 
with  sugar.  [Ety.  dub. ;  perh.  from  jam^ 
to  squeeze.] 

JAM,  jam,  v.t.  to  press  or  squeeze  tight  :— 

f>r.p.  jamm'ing :  pa.p.  jammed'.     [From 
he  same  root  as  champ.'] 

JAMB,  jam,  n.  the  sidepiece  or  post  of  £ 
door,  fireplace,  etc  [Fr.  jambe,  O.  Fr. 
gambe,  It.  gamba  a  leg  —  Celt,  cam, 
bent.] 

JANGLE,  jang'l,  v.i.  to  sound  discordant- 
ly as  in  lorangling :  to  wrangle  or  quarrel 
— v.t.  to  cause  to  sound  harshly. — n.  dis- 
cordant sound  :  contention. — ns.  Jang'' 
LER,  Jang'ung.  [O.  Fr.  jangler,  from 
the  sound,  like  JiNGLE  and  Chink.] 

JANITOR,  jan'i-tor,  n,  a  doorkeeper :  a 
porter  •.—fern.  Jau'itris.  [L.,  from  jan^ 
iia.  a  door.] 

JANlZARY,  ]an'i-zar-i,  JANISSARY,  jan'- 
i-sar-i,  n.  a  soldier  of  the  old  Turkish 
foot-guards,  formed  originally  of  a  trib- 
ute of  children  taken  from  Christian 
subjects. — adj.  Janiza'rian.  [Fr.  Janis- 
saire — Turk,  yeni,  new,  and  askari,  a 
soldier.] 

JANTILY,  JANTINESS,  JANTY.  See 
Jatinty,  etc. 

JANUARY,  jan'u-ar-i,  n.  the  first  month 
of  the  year,  dedicated  by  the  Romans  to 
Janus,  the  god  of  the  sun.  [L.  Januar* 
ius — Janus,  the  sun-god.] 

JAPAN,  ja-pan',  v.t.  to  varnish  after  the 
manner  of  the  Japanese  or  people  of  Ja^ 
pan :  to  make  black  and  glossy  : — pr.p, 
qapann'ing  ;  pa.p.  japanned'. — n.  work 
japanned  :  the  varnish  or  lacquer  used  in 
japanning. — n.  Japann'ee. 

JAR,  jiir,  v.i.  to  make  a  harsh  discordant 
sound  :  to  quarrel :  to  be  inconsistent.— 
v.t.  to  shake: — pr.j}.  jarr'ing;  pa.p. 
jarred'. — n.  a  harsh  rattling  sound  :  clash 
of  interests  or  opinions  :  discord. — adv. 
Jarr'ingly.  [Fi'om  an  imitative  Teut. 
root,  kar,  found  also  in  Care,  and  conn, 
with  Jargon,  and  L.  garrire,  to  prattle.] 

JAR,  jar,  w.  an  earthen  or  glass  bottle 
with  a  wide  mouth  :  a  measure.  [Fr, 
Jarre — Pers.  jarrah,  a  water-pot.] 

JARGON,  jar'gun,  n.  confused  talk  :  slang. 
[Ft.  jargon.    See  Jab,  to  quarrel.] 

JARGONELLE,  jar-go-nel',  n.  a  kind  of 
pear.     FFr.] 

JASMINE,  jas'min,  JESSAMINE,  jes'a- 
min,  n.  a  genus  of  plants,  many  species 
of  which  have  very  fragrant  flowers. 
[At.  and  Pers.  jismin."] 

JASPER,  jas'per,  n.  a  precious  stone,  being 
a  hard  siliceous  mineral  of  various  colors. 
[Fr.  jaspe — L.  and  Gr.  iaspis — Arab. 
yasb.J 

JAUNDICE,  jan'dis,  n.  a  disease,  charac- 
terized by  a  yelloivness  of  the  eyes,  skin, 
etc.,  caused  by  bile.  [Fr.  jannisse,  from 
jaune,  yellow — ^L.  gatbanus,  yellowish, 
gaUms,  yellow.] 

JAUNDICED,  jan'dist,  adj.  affected  with 
jaundice :  prejudiced. 

JAUNT,  jant,  v.i.  to  go  from  place  to 
place  :  to  make  an  excui-sion. — n.  an  ex- 
cursion :  a  ramble.  [Old  form  jaurux~ 
O.  FT.jancer,  to  stir  (a  horse).] 

JAUNTING,  jant'ing,  adj.,  strolling :  mak- 
ing an  excursion. 

JAUNTY,  JANTY,  jant'i,  acfj.  airy:  showy; 
dashing:  finical.  —  adv.  Jaunt'ily.— »i, 
Jaunt'iness.     [From  JAtJNT.l 

JAVELIN,  jav'lin,  ?;.  a  spcorabout  six  feet 
long,  anciently  used  bj'  both  infantry  and 
cavalry.     [Fr.  javeline,  of  uncertain  ori 

JAW,  jaw,  m.  the  bones  of  the  mouth  in 
which  the  teeth  are  set :  the  mouth : 
anything  like  a  jaw.  [Old  spelling  chaw, 
akin  to  Chew.] 

JAWBONE,  jaw'bon,  n.  the  bone  of  the 
jaw,  in  which  the  teeth  are  set. 


JAWED 

iiAWED,  jawd,  adj.  ha,vin^  jaws :  denoting 
the  appearance  of  the  jaws,  as  lantern- 
jawed. 

JAWFALL,  jaw'fawl,  n.  a  falling  of  the 
jaw  :  (Jig.)  depression  of  spirits.  [Jaw 
and  Fall.] 

JTAY,  ja,  n.  a  bird  of  the  crow  family  with 
gay  plumage.  [O.  Fr.  Jay,  Fr.  geai ;  from 
root  of  Gay.] 

-fEALOUS,  jeFus,  adj.  suspicious  of  or  in- 
censed at  rivalry  :  anxious  to  defend  the 
honor  of. — adv.  Jeal'ously. — n.  Jeal'- 
OUSY.  [Fr.  jaUmx—L.  zeltis— Or.  zelos, 
emulation.] 

JEAN,  jan,  n.  a  twilled  cotton  cloth.  [From 
Jaen,  in  Spain.] 

JEER,  jer,  v.t.  to  make  sport  of :  to  treat 
with  derision. — v.i.  to  scoff :  to  deride  : 
to  make  a  mock  of. — n,  a  railing  remark: 
biting  jest:  mockery. — adv.  Jeee'ingly. 
[Ace.  to  Skeat,  from  the  Dut.  phrase  den 
gek  seheeren,  lit.  to  shear  the  fool,  to  mock, 
the  words  gefesc/ieerew  being  run  together, 
and  corr.  into  jeer.] 

JEHOVAH,  je-ho'va,  n.  the  eternal  or  self- 
existent  Being,  the  chief  Hebrew  name  of 
the  Deity.  [Heb.  Yehovah,  from  liayah, 
to  be.] 

JEJUNE,  je-joon'  adj.  empty :  void  of  in- 
terest :  barren.  —  adv.  Jejune'ly.  —  n. 
Jejtke'ness.  [L.  J^nus,  abstaining 
from  food,  hungry.] 

JEJUNTTM,  je-^o6'num,  n.  a  part  of  the 
smaller  intestine,  so  called  because  gen- 
erally found  empty  after  death.  [L. — 
jejunus.l 

Jellied,  jel'id,  adj.  in  the  state  of  ^%. 

JELLY,  jel'i,  n.  anything  gelatinous  :  the 
juice  of  fruit  boiled  with  sugar.  [Any- 
thing congealed  or  frozen,  Fr.  gel4e,  from 
geler — Xugelo,  to  freeze.] 

JiELLY-FISH,  jel'i-flsh,  n.  marine  radiate 

animals  Viku  jelly.    [Jelly  and  Fish.] 
iKNNET,  also  spelt  GENNET,    GENET, 
jen'et,  n.   a  small  Spanish  horse.     [Fr. 
gre/;ef— Sp.  ginete,  a  na^,  orig.  a  horse- 
soldier  :  of  Moorish  origin.] 

JENNETING,  ien'et-ing,  ».  a  kind  of  early 
apple.     [?1 

JENNY,  jenl,  n.  a  gin  or  machine  for  spin- 
ning.   [From  root  of  Gin,  a  machine.] 

JEOPARD,  jep'ard,  JEOPARDIZE,  jep'- 
ard-iz,  v.t.  to  put  in  jeopardy. 

>EOPARDOTJS,  jep'ard-us,  aaj.  exposed  to 
danger  or  loss.—itdv.  Jeop'aedously. 

JEOPARDY,  jep'ard-i,  n.  hazard,  danger. 
[Fr.  jeu  parti,  lit.  a  divided  game,  one  in 
which  the  chances  are  even  —  Low  L. 
jocHS partitas — L.  jbcJts,  a  game,  partitus, 
divided— parftor,  to  divide.] 

JERBOA,  jer'bo-a  or  ier-bo'a,  n.  a  genus 
of  small  rodent  quadrupeds,  remarkable 
for  the  leng^th  of  their  hindlegs  and 
their  power  of  jumping.  [Ar.  yerbSa, 
yarbiki.] 

JEREMIAD,  jer-e-mfad,  n.  a  lamentation . 
a  tale  of  grief:  a  doleful  story.  [From 
Jeremiah,  the  prophet,  author  of  the 
book  of  Lamentations.] 

JERFALCON.    Same  as  Qtepalcon. 

JERK,  jerk,  v.t.  to  tlarow  with  a  quick 
effort :  to  g^ive  a  sudden  movement. — n. 
a  short,  sudden  movement :  a  striking 
against  with  a  sudden  motion.  [Orig. 
to  strike,  Scot,  yerk,  by-forms  being  Jeri 
and  gird,  and  conn,  with  yard,  a  rod.] 

,IERKED-BEEF,  jerkt'-bef,  n.,  beef  cut 
into  thin  pieces  and  dried  in  the  sun. 
[Chilian  charquL] 

JERKIN,  jer'kin,  n.  a  iacket,  a  short  coat 
or  close  waistcoat.  [Dut.,  dim.  of  jurk, 
a  frock.] 

JERSEY,  jer'zi,  n.  the  finest  part  of  wool : 
combed  wool :  a  kind  of  close-fitting 
woollen  shirt  worn  in  rowing,  etc. 
[From  the  island  Jersey.} 

lERUSALEM     ARTICHOKE,     je-rdS'sa- 


253 

lem  fir'ti-ch5k,  n.  a  plant  of  the  same 
genus  as  the  common  sunflower,  the 
roots  of  which  are  used  as  food.  [A. 
corr.  of  It.  girasole  (L.  gyrare,  to  turn, 
and  sol,  the  sun),  sunflower,  and  Aeti- 
CHOKE,  from  the  similarity  in  flavor  of 
its  root  to  that  of  this  plant.] 
JESS,  jes,  n.  a  short  strap  round  the  legs 
of  a  hawk,  by  which  she  is  held  and  let 
go.  [Lit.  a  throw,  O.  Fr.  ject—jecter,  to 
throw — L.  jactare,  to  tlirow.] 

JESSAMINE,  jes'armin.    See  Jasmine. 

JESSE,  jes'i,  n.  a  large  branched  candle- 
stick used  in  churches.  [From  its  Uke- 
ness  to  the  genealogical  tree  of  Jesse, 
the  father  of  David,  formerly  hung  up 
in  churches.] 

JESSED,  jest,  adj.  having  jesses  on. 

JEST,  jest,  n.  something  ludicrous  :  joke  : 
fun  :  something  uttered  in  sport :  object 
of  laughter. — v.i.  to  make  a  jest  or  mer- 
riment.— adv.  Jest'ingly.  [Orig.  a  deed, 
a  story,  M.  E.  geste—O.  PV.  gesie—h,  ge»- 
tum—gero,  to  do.] 

JESTER,  jest'er,  n.  one  who  jests :  a  buf- 
foon.   [Orig.  a  story-teller.] 

JESUIT,  jez'u-it,  n.  one  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus,  founded  in  1634  by  Ignatius 
Loyola,  the  members  of  which  are  re- 
putedly celebrated  for  craftiness. — adjs. 
Jesuit'ic,  Jescit'ical.  —  adv.  Jesuit'i- 
cally. 

JESUITISM,  jez'u-it-izm,  n.  the  pnnciples 
and  practices  of  the  Jesuits:  cunning: 
deceit. 

JESUS,  je'zus,  the  Saviour  of  mankind, 
[Gr.  Jesous — Heb.  Jo^liua  —  Jehoshua, 
help  of  Jehovah,  the  Saviour — yasha,  to 
save.] 

JET,  jet,  n.  a  mineral  very  compact  and 
black  used  for  ornaments,  [Fr.  jaiet — 
L.,  Gr.  gagatSs,  from  Gagas,  a  town  and 
river  in  Lycia,  in  Asia  Minor,  where  it 
was  obtained.] 

JET,  jet,  v.i.  to  throw  or  shoot  forward  :  to 
^ut. — v.t.  to  emit  in  a  stream  •.—pr.p. 
jett'ing ;  pa.p.  jett'ed.  [Fr.  Jeter — L. 
jaeto,  treq.  of  Jaeio,  to  throw.] 

JET.  jet,  n.  a  spouting  stream ;  a  short 
pipe  emitting  a  flame  of  gas.  [Fr.,  It. 
geto — L.  Jactus,  from  Jacio,  to  throw.] 

JET-BLACK,  jet'-blak,  adj.,  black  as  jet, 
the  deepest  black  color. 

JETSAM,  jet'sam,  JETSON,  jet'sun,  JET- 
TISON, jet'i-sun,  n.  the  throwing  of 
goods  overboard  in  a  case  of  great  peril 
to  lighten  a  vessel ;  the  goods  so  thrown 
away  which  remain  under  water. 

JETTY,  jet'i,  adj.  made  of  jet,  or  black  a« 
jet. — n.  JeTT'INESS. 

JETTY,  jet'I,  n.  a  projection  :  a  kind  of 
pier.    [Fr.  jetie,  thrown  out— ;/e<er.] 

JEW,  joo,  w.  an  inhabitant  of  Judea :  a 
Hebrew  or  Israelite  •.—fern.  Jew'ess.  [O. 
Fr.  Juis — L.  JudcEus,  Gr.  lovdaios — 
loudaia,  Judea.] 

JEWEL,  joo'el,  n.  an  ornament  of  dress :  a 
precious  stone :  anything  highly  valued. 
— V.  t.  to  dress  or  adorn  with  jewels :  to 
fit  with  a  jewel:— ^r.p.  jew'elling;  pa.p. 
jew'elled.  [O.  Fr.jaud,  Fr.  Joyau ;  either 
a  dim.  of  Fr.Joie,  joy,  from  L.  gaudium, 
joy — gaudeo,  to  rejoice  (see  Joy),  or  de- 
rived through  Low  L.  joeale,  from  L. 
jneari,  to  jest.] 

JEWELLER,  j55  el-er,  n.  one  who  makes  or 
deals  in  jewels.         

JEWELRY,  joo'el-ri,  JEWELLERY,  jOO'el- 
er-i,  n.,je%fels\xx  general. 

JEWISH,  jo5'ish,  adj.  belonging  to  the 
Jews.— acto.  Jew'ishly. — n.  Jew'ishness. 

JEWRY,  j05'ri,  n.,  Judea:  a  district  in- 
habited by  Jews. 

JEW'S- HAIIP,  jooz'-h3,rp,  n.  a  small  harp- 
shaped  musical  instrti.iient  played  be- 
tween the  teeth  by  striking  a  spring  with 


JOCUND 

the  finger.     [From  Jew,   and  Hakp;  a 
name  prob.  given  in  derision.] 

JIB,  jib,  (i.  a  triangular  sail  borne  in  front 
of  the  foremast  in  a  ship,  so  called  from 
its  shifting  of  itself.— r.t  to  shift  a  boom 
sail  from  one  tack  to  the  other. — v.i.  to 
move  restively.  [Dan.  gibbe,  Dut.  gijpen 
to  turn  suddenly.] 

JIB-BOOM,  jib'-boom,  n.  a  boom  or  exten- 
sion of  the  bowsprit,  on  which  the  jib  i« 
spread. 

JIBE.    Same  as  Gibe. 

JIG,  jig,  n.  a  quick,  lively  tune :  a  quick 
dance  suited  to  the  tune. — v.i.  to  dance 
ajig-.—pr.p.  jigg'ing;  pa.p.  jigged', 
[Fr.  gigue,  a  stringed  instrument— Ger 
geige ;  conn,  with  Gig.] 

JILT,  jilt,  n.  a  woman  who  encourages  a 
lover  and  then  neglects  or  rejects  him  ; 
a  flirt. — V.t.  to  encourage  and  then  dis- 
appoint in  love.  [Soot,  jillet,  dim.  of 
Jill  (L.  Juliana — Julius),  a  female  name, 
used  in  contempt.] 

JINGLE,  jing'l,  n.  a  jangling  or  clinking 
sound ;  that  which  makes  a  rattling 
sound  :  a  Correspondence  of  sounds. — v.v, 
to  sound  with  a  jingle.  [Formed  from 
the  sound,  like  Jangle.] 

JINGOISM,  jing'o-izm,  n.  nickname  for  a 
phase  of  the  mUitarv  spirit  in  England. 
[Jingo  is  said  to  be  the  Basque  name  tat 
"lord."] 

JOB,  job,  n.  a  sudden  stroke  or  stab  with  a 
pointed  instrument  like  a  beak.— v.t.  to 
strike  or  stab  suddenly  : — pr.p.  jobb'ing; 
pa.p.  jobbed'.  [Gael,  goh,  W.  gyh,  a  beak; 
conn,  vfith  Gobble,  Job.] 

JOB,  job,  71.  any  piece  of  work,  esp.  of  a 
trifling  or  temporary  nature :  any  under- 
taking with  a  view  to  profit  :  a  mean 
transaction,  in    which    private  gain  is 
sought  under  pretence  of  public  service 
— v.i.  to  work  at  jobs  :  to  buy  and  sell 
as  a  broker :  to  hire  or  let  out  for  a  short 
time,  esp.   horses.     [Lit.    "a  lump "  o 
"  portion,"  and  formerly  spelt  gob,  M.  \ 
gobet — O.  Fr.  gob,  a  mouthful ;  from  the 
same  Celtic  root  as  Gobble.] 

JOBBER,  job'er,  n.  one  who  jobs ;  one  who 
buys  and  sells,  as  a  broker :  one  who 
turns  oflicial  actions  to  private  advan- 
tage :  one  who  engages  in  a  mean,  lu- 
crative affair. 

JOBBERY,  job'er-i,  n.,  jobbing :  unfair 
means  employed  to  procure  some  private 
end.    

JOB'S-NEWS,  jobz'-niiz,  n.  evU  tidings. 
bad  news,  such  as  Job's  servants  brought 
him.  "  Poverty  escorts  him  ;  from  home 
there  can  nothing  come  except  t7o6'» 
ft&ivs  ^^'^Gct'vl'iil& 

JOB'S-'POST,  jobz'-post,  n.  a  bearer  of  iU 
news  :  a  messenger  carrying  evil  tidings. 
"This  Job's-post,  from  Dumouriez,  thick- 
ly preceded  and  escorted  by  so  many 
other  JoVs-posts.  reached  the  conven- 
tion."— Carlyle. 

JOCKEY,  jok-i,  n.  a  man  (orig.  a  boy)  who 
rides  horses  in  a  race :  a  liorsedealer  :  one 
who  takes  undue  advantage  in  business. 
— v.t.  to  jostle  by  riding  against:  to 
cheat.  [Dim.  of  Jock,  northern  E.  for 
Jack,  which  see.] 

JOCKEYISM,  jok'i-izm,  JOCKEYSHIP, 
jok'i-ship,  71.  the  art  or  practice  of  a 
jockey. 

JOCOSE,  jo-k6s',  adj.  full  ot  jokes:  humor. 
ous  :  merry. —  adv.  Jocose'ly. — n.  Jo 
cose'ness.  [L.  Jocosus—jocus,  a  joke. 
See  Joke.] 

JOCULAR,  jok'u-lar,  adj.  given  to  Jokes  ; 
humorous:  droll:  laughable. — adv.  Joo*- 
CLAELY. — n.  Jocular'ity.  [h.  jocularii 
—jocus.] 

JOCUND,  jok'und,  adj.  in  a,  jocose  humor  i 
merry  :  cheerful :  pleasant,— ad».  Joo"" 


JOG 


254 


JUDICIARY 


DMDLY. — n.  JocuND'iTY.  [L.  jociindxis — 
jocus.'] 

JOG,  jog,  v.t.  to  shock  or  shake:  to  push 
with  the  elbow  or  hand. — v.i.  to  move 
by  small  shocks  :  to  travel  slowly  :—pr  p. 
jogg'ing;  pa.p.  jogged'.— «.  'a  slight 
shake  :  a  push.  [A  weakened  form  of 
Shock.] 

JOCrGLE,  jog'l,  v.t.  to  jog  or  shake  slightly: 
to  jostle. — v.i.  to  shake  i—jn-.p.  jogg'- 
ling  ;  pa.}),  jogg'led.     [Dim.  of  JOG.] 

JOGTROT,  jog' trot,  n.  a.  slov/ jogging  trot. 

JOHN  DOREE.     See  Doeee. 

JOIN,  join,  v.t.  to  connect:  to  unite:  to  as- 
sociate: to  add  or  annex. — v.i.  to  be  con- 
nected with  :  to  grow  together :  to  be  in 
close  contact:  to  unite  (with).  [Fr.  joindre, 
It.  giugnere — h.  jungeie,  junctiivi ;  conn, 
with  Gr.  zeugnUmi,  Sans,  yuj,  to  join. 
See  Yoke.] 

JOINER,  join'er,  «.  one  who  joins  or 
unites  :  a  carpenter. 

JOINERY,  join  er-i,  the  art  of  the  joiner. 

JOINT,  joint,  n.  a,  joining  :  the  place  where 
two  or  more  things  join  :  a  knot  :  a 
hinge :  a  seam :  the  place  where  two 
bones  are  joined  :  (cooA\)  the  part  of  the 
limb  of  an  animal  cut  off  at  the  joint. — 
adj.  joined,  united,  or  combined  :  shared 
among  more  than  one. — i:t.  to  unite  by 
joints :  to  fit  closely :  to  provide  with 
joints  :  to  cut  into  joints,  as  an  animal. 
— v.i.  to  fit  like  joints.  [Fr.,  O.  Fr.  joinct 
— Fr. Joindre.    See  Join.] 

JOINTLESS,  joint'les,  adj.  having  no  joint: 
hence,  stiff,  rigid.  "  'Let  me  die  here,' 
were  her  words,  remaining  jointless  and 
immovable." — Richardson. 

JOINTLY,  joint'li,  adv.  in  a  joint  manner  : 
unitedly  or  in  combination  :  together. 

JOINT-STOCK,  joint'-stok,  n.,  stock  held 
jointly  or  in  compan}'. 

JOINTURE,  joint'ur,  n.  property  joined  to 
or  settled  on  a  woman  at  marriage  to  be 
enjoyed  after  her  husband's  death. — v.t. 
to  settle  a  jointure  upon.  [Fr-,  O.  Fr. 
joincture — L.  jiinctura.    See  Join.] 

JOINTURESS,  jointTir-es,  JOINTRESS, 
joint'res,  n.  a  woman  on  whom  a.  jointure 
is  settled. 

JOIST,  joist,  n.  the  timbers  to  which  the 
boards  of  a  floor  or  the  laths  of  a  ceiling 
are  nailed. — v.t.  to  fit  with  joists.  [Lit. 
"  that  on  which  anj'thing-  lies,"  Scot. 
geist — O.  Fr.  giste,  from  Fr.  gesir — ^L.  ja- 
eere,  to  lie.    See  Gist.] 

JOB^,  jok,  n.  a  jest :  a  witticism  :  some- 
thing witty  or  sportive :  anything  said 
or  done  to  excite  a  laugh. — v.t.  to  cast 
jokes  at :  to  banter :  to  make  merry 
vrith. — v.i.  to  jest:  to  be  merry:  to 
make  sport.     [L.  jocus.'] 

JOKER,  jok'er,  n.  one  wno  jokes  or  jests, 
an  additional  card  in  the  pack  of  52,  used 
in  certain  games  as  the  highest. 

JOKESMITH,  jok'smith,  n.  a  professional 
joker  :  one  who  manufactures  jokes.  "  I 
feared  to  give  occasion  to  the  jests  of 
newspaper  jokesmiths. " — Southey. 

JOKINGLY,  jok'ing-li,  adv.  in  a  joking 
manner. 

JOLE,  another  form  of  Jowl. 

JOLLIFICATION,  jol-i-fi-ka'shun,  n.  a 
making  jolly :  noisy  festivity  and  merri- 
ment.    [JoiXY,  and  L.  facio,  to  make.] 

JOLLY,  jol'i,  adj.,  merry:  expressing  or 
exciting  mirth  :  comely,  robust. — adv. 
JoLL'tLY. — ns.  Joll'ity,  Joll'iness.  [Ft. 
joli — Ice.  jot,  a  Cliristmas  feast,  E.  yide.} 

JOLLYBOAT,  jol'i-bot,  «.  a  small  boat 
belonging  to  a  ship.  [Jolly  (a  corr.  of 
Dan.  jolle,  a  boat,  a  yawl)  and  Boat.  See 
Yawl] 

JOLT,  jolt,  v.i.  to  shake  with  sudden  jerks. 
— v.t.  to  shake  with  a  sudden  shock. — n. 
a  sudden  jerk.  [Old  form  jolt,  prob.  conn, 
with    Jowl,   and    so  orig.   meaning  to 


knock  one  head  against  another,  as  in  the 

phrase,  jolthead.] 
JOLTINGLY,  jolt'ing-li,  adv.  in  a  jolting 

manner. 
JONQUIL,    jon'kwil,    JONQUILLE,    jon- 

kwel',  71.  a  name  given  to  certain  species 

of  narcissus  with  nts7t-like  leaves.     [Fr. 

jonquille — h.juncus,  a  rush.] 
JOSS,  jos,  n.  a  Chinese  idol.    "  Those  pagan 

josses. " —  Wolcot. 

Critick  in  jars  and  josses,  shows  her  birth. 
Drawn,  like  the  brittle  ware  itself,  from  earth. 

— Cdleman. 

[Chinese  joss,  a  deity,  corrupted  from 
Port,  deos,  from  L.  deus,  a  god.] 

JOSS-HOUSE,  jos'-house,  »i.  a  Chinese  tem- 
ple.    [See  Joss.] 

JOSS-STICK,  jos'-stik,  n.  in  Cliina,  a  stick 
of  gum  burned  as  incense  to  their  gods. 
[Chinese  joss,  a  god.] 

JOSTLE,  jos'l,  v.t.  to  j'ous?  or  strike  against: 
to  drive  against.     [Freq.  of  JOUSTJ 

JOT,  jot,  71.  the  least  quantity  assignable. — 
v.t.  to  set  down  briefly  :  to  make  a  mem- 
orandum of  :— pr.jj.  jott'ing  ;  pa.j).  jott'- 
ed.  [L. — Gr.  iota — Heb.  yod,  the  smallest 
letter  in  the  alphabet,  E.  i.] 

JOTTING,  jot'ing,  ?;.  a  memorandum. 

JOURNAL,  jur'nal,  n.  a  diurnal  or  daily 
register  or  diary  :  a  book  containing  an 
account  of  each  day's  transactions  :  a 
newspaper  pubUshed  daily  or  otherwise: 
a  magazine :  the  transactions  of  any 
society.  [Fr. — L.  diurnalis.  See  Diur- 
nal.] 

JOURNALISM,  jur'nal-izm,  n.  the  keeping 
of  a  journal:  the  profession  of  conduct- 
ing public  journals. 

JOURNALIST,  jur'nal-ist,  n.  one  who 
writes  for  or  conducts  a  journal  or 
newspaper. 

JOURNALISTIC,  jur-nal-ist'ik,  adj.  per- 
taining to  journals  or  newspapers,  or  to 
journalism. 

JOURNEY,  jur'ni,  n.  any  travel :  tour  : 
excursion. — v.i.  to  travel  -.^pr.p.  jour'- 
nejnng  ;  pa.p.  jour'neyed  (-nid).  [Lit.  a 
day's  travel,  Fr.  jour7iee—jour.  It.  giorno, 
a  day — L.  diurmis.'] 

JOURiSTEYMAN,  jur'ni-man,  n.  one  who 
works  by  the  day  :  any  hired  workman : 
one  whose  apprenticeship  is  completed. 

JOUST,  just  or  joost,  n.  the  encounter  of 
two  knights  on  horseba'ck  at  a  tourna- 
ment.— v.i.  to  run  in  the  tilt.  [Lit.  a  C07n- 
ing  together,  O.  Fr.joiiste,  juste — li.juxta, 
nigh  to.] 

JOVIAL,  jo'vi-al,  adj.  joyous  :  full  of  mirth 
and  happiness. — adv.  JO'vially. — ns.  Jo- 

VIAL'ITY,  Jo'VIALNESS.      [L.  Jovicdis—Jtl- 

piter,  Jovis,  Jupiter,  the  star,  which,  ac- 
cording to  the  old  astrology,  had  a  happy 
influence  on  human  affairs.] 

JOVIALIZE,  jo'vi-al-Iz,  v.t.  to  make  jovial: 
to  cause  to  be  merry  or  jolly.  "  An  ac- 
tivity that  jovialized  us  all."  —  Miss 
Burney. 

JOVIAN,  jo'vi-an,  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Jove,  the  chief  divinity  of  the  Romans, 
or  to  the  planet  Jupiter.     [See  Jovial.] 

JOWL,  JOLE,  jol,  n.  the  jaiv  or  cheek. 
[M.E.  forms  are  choxd,  chaul,  corr.  from 
chavel,  and  this  again  from  A.Si  ceafl, 
the  jaw.] 

JOY,  joy,  n.  gladness  :  rapture  :  mirth  : 
the  cause  of  joy. — v.i.  to  rejoice :  to  be 
^lad  :  to  exult  -.^pr.p.  joy^ing  ;  pa.p. 
joyed'.  [Fr.  joie.  It.  gioja — L.  gaiidixim 
— gaudeo,  to  rejoice,  allied  to  Gr.  gethed.] 

JOYFUL,  joy'fool,  adj.  full  of  joy  :  very 
glad,  happy,  or  merry. — adv.  Joy'fully. 

— ?!.  JOY^FULNESS. 

JOYLESS,  joy'les,  adj.  without  joy  :  not 
giving  joy. — adv.  Joy'lessly. — w.  JOY*- 

LESSNESS. 

JOYOUS,  joy'us,   adj.   full  of  joy,  happi- 


ness, or  merriment. — adv.  JOY'OUSLY. — 

n.  JOY'OUSNESS. 

JUBILANT,  joo'bi-lant,  adj.  shouting  for 
joy  :  rejoicing  :  uttering  songs  of  tri' 
umph.  [L.  jubilo,  to  shout  for  joy,  not 
conn,  with  JUBILEE.] 

JUBILATE,  joo'bi-la'te,  n.  the  third  Sun 
day  after  Easter,  so  called  because  the 
Church  Service  began  on  that  day  with 
the  66th  Psalm,  "Jubilate  Deo|"  etc. 
[From  root  of  Jubilant.] 

JUBILATE,  joo'bi-lat,  v.t.  to  rejoice  :  to 
exult:  to  triumph.  "Hope  jidnlafi/ig 
cries  aloud." — Cai-lyle.  "The  hurralis 
were  yet  ascending  from  our  jitbilati7ig 
lips." — De  Qui7icey. 

JUBILATION,  joo-bi-la'shun,  n.  a  shouting 
for  joj' :  the  declaration  of  triumph. 
^ee  Jubilant.] 

JUBILEE,  j66'bi-le,  n.  the  year  of  release 
among  the  Jews  every  fiftieth  year,  pro- 
claimed by  the  sound  of  a  trumpet :  any 
season  of  great  public  joy  and  festi\'ity. 
[Fr.  jiibiU—Ij.  jtdnkeus — Heb.  yobd,  a 
trumpet,  the  sound  of  a  trumpet.] 

JUDAIC,  joo-da'ik,  JUDAICAL,  j6o-da'- 
ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  Jeivs. — adv. 
Juda'ically.  [L.  Jtidaicus — Juda,  Ju- 
dah,  one  of  the  sons  of  Israel.] 

JUDAISE,  j6o'da-Iz,  v.i.  to  conform  to  or 
practice  Judais7n. 

JUDAISM,  j66'da-izm,  ?).  the  doctrines 
and  rites  of  the  Jeivs :  conformity  to  the 
Jewish  rites. 

JUDEAN,  joo-de'an,  adj.  belonging  to 
Judea. — n.  a  native  of  Judea. 

JUDGE,  jtij,  v.i.  to  point  out  or  declare 
what  is  just  or  law :  to  hear  and  decide  : 
to  pass  sentence  :  to  compare  facts  to 
determine  the  truth  :  to  form  or  pass  an 
opinion  :  to  distinguish. — v.t.  to  hear  anfi 
determine  authoritatively  :  to  sentence  ; 
to  be  censorious  towards  :  to  consider  : 
(B.)  to  condemn.  [Fr.  juger — L.  Judieo 
— jus,  law,  and  dico,  to  declare.] 

JUDGE,  juj,  n.  onewho  judges:  aciviloflB- 
cer  who  hears  and  settles  any  cause, 
either  in  connection  witli  a  jury  or  with- 
out one  :  an  arbitrator :  one  who  can 
decide  upon  the  merit  of  anything :  in 
Jewish  history,  a  magistrate  ha^^ng  civil 
and  military  powers  i—^l.  title  of  7th 
book  of  the  Old  Testament.  [Fr.  juge, 
L.  judex— judieo.] 

JUDGESHIP,  juj'ship,  n.  the  office  of  a 
judge. 

JUDGMENT,  juj'ment,  n.  act  of  judging: 
the  comparing  of  ideas,  to  eUcit  truth : 
faculty  by  which  this  is  done,  the  rea- 
son :  opinion  formed  :  taste :  sentence : 
condemnation  :  doom. 

JUDGMENT-DAY,  juj'ment-da,  n.  the  day 
on  which  God  wUl  pronounce  final  judg- 
ment on  mankind. 

JUDGMENT-SEAT,  juj'ment-set,  n.,  seat 
or  bench  in  a  court  from  ■which  judgment 
is  pronounced. 

JUDICABLE,  joo'di-ka-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  judged  or  tried.     [L.  judicabilis.] 

JUDICATIVE,  jo6'di-ka-tiv,  adj.  having 
power  to  J7tdge. 

JUDICATORY,  joo'di-ka-tor-i,  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  judge  :  distributing  justice. 
— n.  distribution  of  justice  :   a  tribunal, 

JUDICATURE,  joo'di-ka-tur,  n.  professioB 
of  a  judge  :  power  or  system  of  dispens- 
ing justice  by  legal  trial :  jurisdiction  :  a 
tribunal. 

JUDICIAL,  joo-dish'al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  judge  or  court :  practiced  in,  or  pro- 
ceeding from  a  cotwt  of  justice :  estab- 
lished by  statute. — adv.  Judi'cially.  [O. 
Fr. — L.  judicialis.] 

JUDICIARY,  joo-dish'i-ar-i,  n.  tlie  judges 
taken  collectively :  one  of  the  depart- 
ments of  the  Federal  and  State  Govern- 


JUDICIOUS 


25: 


JUXTAPOSITION 


ments. — adj.  pertaining  to  the  courts  of 
law:  passing  judg-meut.  [L.  judiciarius.] 

JUDICIOUS,  joo-disli'us,  adj.  according-  to 
sound  judgment :  possessing  sound  judg- 
ment :  ilisoreet.  —  n.  Judi'ciousness. — 
adv.  JrDl'CIOUSLY. 

JUG,  jug,  n.  a  large  vessel  with  a  swelling 
body  ami  narrow  mouth  for  liquors. — v.t, 
to  toil  or  stew  as  in  a  jug' : — pr.p.  jugg'- 
ing;  pa.p,  jugged'.  [Prob.  a  familiar 
equivalent  of  Joan  or  Jenny,  and  jocularly 
applied  to  a  drinking-vessel;  of.  Jack  and 
Jill  in  a  like  sense.] 

JUG,  jug,  v.i.  to  utter  the  sound  jug,  as 
certain  birds,  esp.  the  nightingale.  [From 
the  sound.] 

JUGGLE,  jug'l,  v.i.  to  joke  or  jest :  to  amuse 
by  sleight-of-hand  :  to  conjure  :  to  prac- 
tice artifice  or  imposture.— n.  a  trick  by 
sleight-of-hand :  an  imposture.  [O.  Fr. 
jongler — L.  jocidor,  to  jest— /ocus,  a  jest.] 

JUGGLER,  jug'ler,  n.  one  who  performs 
tricks  by  sleight-of-hand, a  trickish  fellow. 
[M.  E.  jogelour—Fr.  jongleur— li.  joeulator, 
a  JBster.] 

JUGGLEBY,  jug'ler-i,  n.  art  or  tricks  of  a 
juggler :  legerdemain  :  trickery. 

JUGLANDINE,  jug-lan'din,  n.  a  substance 
contained  in  tlie  juice  expressed  from  the 
green  shell  of  the  walnut  {Juglans  regia). 
It  is  used  as  a  remedy  in  cutaneous  and 
scrofulous  diseases,  also  for  dyeing  the 
hair  black. 

JUGULAE,  joo'gu-lar,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  collar-bone,  which  joins  the  neck  and 
shoulders. — n.  one  of  the  large  veins  ou 
each  side  of  the  neck.  [L.  jugulum,  the 
collar-bone— jMK(/o,  to  join.] 

JUICE,  joos,  n.  the  sap  of  vegetables  :  the 
fluid  part  of  animal  bodies. — adj.  Jotce'- 
LESS.     [Fr. — L.  jus.  lit.  mixture!] 

JUICY,  joos'i,  adj.,  full  of  juice. — n.  Jcic'- 

INESS. 

JUJUBE,  jSo'joob,  n.  a  genus  of  spiny 
shrubs  or  small  trees,  the  fruit  of  which 
is  dried  as  a  sweetmeat :  a  lozenge  made 
of  sugar  and  gum.  [Fr. — L.  zizyphus— 
Gr.  zizyphon — Pers.  zizfun,  the  jujube- 
tree.] 

JULEP,  joo'lep,  JULAP,  jSo'lap,  n.  a 
pleasant  liquid  medicine  in  which  other 
dauseous  medicines  are  taken.  [Liit.  rose- 
water,  Fr. — Ar.  julab — Pers.  gul,  rose,  db, 
water.] 

JULIAN,  jool'yan,  adj.  noting  the  old  ac- 
count of  time  established  by  Julius 
Caesar,  and  used  from  4&  B.C.  till   1752. 

JULIENNE,  zhti-lS-en,  n.  a  kind  of  soup 
made  with  various  herbs  or  vegetables 
cut  in  very  small  pieces.     [Fr.] 

JULY,  j56-li',  n,  the  seventh  month  of  the 
year,  so  called  from  Cains  Julius  Cajsar, 
who  was  born  in.  this  month. 

JUMBLE,  jum'bl,  v.t.  to  mix  confusedly  : 
to  throw  together  without  order. — v.i. 
to  be  mixed  togetlier  confusedly:  to  be 
agitated. — n.  a  confused  mixtiwe.  [M.E. 
jontbre,  prob.  a  freq.  of  Jump,  in  the 
sense  of  to  stamp  or  shake  about.] 

JUMBLINGLY,  jum'bling-U,  adv.  in  a 
jwinbled  or  confused  manner. 

JUMP,  jump,  v.i.  to  spring  upward,  or  for- 
ward, or  both:  to  bound:  to  pass  to  as  by 
a  leap. — v.t.  to  pass  by  a  leap  :  to  skip 
over  •.—pr.p.  jump'ing  ;  pa.p.  jumped'. 
— n.  act  of  jumping  :  a  bound.  [From  a 
Teut.  root  seen  in  Sw.  gumpa,  O.  G«r. 
gii/mpen,  to  jump.] 

JUNCTION,  jungk'shun,  n.  a  joining,  a 
union  or  combination  :  place  or  point  of 
union :  a  place,  not  in  a  town  or  city, 
■where  two  or  more  railroads  meet  or 
cross  one  another ;  when  such  a  place 
becomes  a  town  or  city  it  sometimes  re- 
tains the  word  junction  in  its  title  of  in- 
corporation.    [See  Join.] 

JUNCTURE,   jungk'tur,   n.   a  joining,   a 


union:  a  critical  or  import  an  point  of 
time.     [L.  junetura.] 

JUNE,  joon,  n.  the  sixth  month,  orig.  of 
36  days,  but  since  Julius  Caesar's  time  of 
30.  [L.  Junius,  the  name  of  the  sixth 
montli,  and  also  of  a  Roman  gens  or 
clan,  prob.  from  root  of  L.  juvenis, 
junior.  Sans,  juwan,  j'oung,  and  so  = 
the  month  of  growth.'] 

JUNGLE,  jung'gl,  n.  land  covered  with 
thick  brushwood,  etc. — adj.  Jung'ly. 
^ans.  jangala,  desert.] 

JUNIOR,  joon'yur,  adj.,  younger:  less  ad- 
vanced.— n.  "one  younger  or  less  ad- 
vanced. [Contr.  of  L.  juvenior,  younger 
—juvenis,  young.] 

JUNIORITY,  j6o-ni-or'i-ti,  JUNIORSHIP, 
jo6'ni-ur-ship.  n.  state  of  heing  junior. 

JUNIPER,  joo'ni-per,  n.  an  evergreen 
shrub,  the  berries  of  which  are  used  in 
making  gin.  [L.  juniperus — juvenis, 
young,  and  pario,  to  bring  forth  ;  lit. 
young-bearing,  from  its  evergreen  ap- 
pearance.] 

JUNK,  jungk,  n.  a  Chinese  vessel,  hav- 
ing three  masts.  [Port,  jmjico— Chinese 
chic'an,  a  boat.] 

JUNK,  jungk,  n.  pieces  of  old  cordage, 
used  for  making  mats,  etc.,  and  when 
picked  to  pieces  forming  oakum  for  the 
seams  of  ships  :  salt  meat  supplied  to  ves- 
sels for  long  voyages,  so  called  because  it 
becomes  as  hard  as  okl  rope.  [L.  jimeus, 
a  rush,  of  which  ropes  used  to  be  made.] 

JUNKET,  jung'ket,  n.  any  sweetmeat,  so 
called  from  being  carried  in  little  baskets 
made  of  rushes  :  a  stolen  entertainment. 
— v.i.  to  feast  in  secret. — v.t.  to  feast: — 
jjr.j).  jun'keting;  pa.p.  jun'keted.  [It. 
giuneata — h.juncus,  a  rush.] 

JUNTA,  jun'ta,  n.  a  body  of  men  joined  or 
united  :  a  Spanish  grand  council  of  state: 
a  word  used  in  the  Spanish-American 
States  for  various  political  combinations, 
revolutionary  and  other.  [Sp.,  a  fern, 
form  of  JtlNTO.] 

JUNTO,  jun'to,  n,  a  body  of  men  joined  or 
united  for  some  secret  intrigue  :  a  con- 
federacy :  a  cabal  or  faction  •.—■pi.  JuN'- 
TOS.     [Sp. — L.  juncius—juiigo.] 

JUPITER,  joo'pi-ter,  n.  the  chief  god 
among  the  Romans :  the  largest,  and, 
next  to  Venus,  the  brightest  of  the 
planets.  [Contr.  from  Jovis  pater  or 
Diespiter,  "Jove-father"  or  "Heaven- 
father,"  from  Jovis  (==  Gr.  Zeus,  Sans. 
Dyaus,  A.S.  Tiui,  O.  High  Ger.  Zio,  L. 
dies,  divwm,  and  sig,  light,  heaven),  and 
pater,  father.] 

JURIDICAL,  joo-rid'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to 
the  distribution  of /Msh'ce:  i>ertaining  to 
a  judge  :  used  in  courts  of  law. — adv.  Ju- 
ElD'lCALLY.  [L.  juridicus—jua,  juris,  law, 
and  dico,  to  declare.] 

JURISCONSULT,  joo-ris-kon'sult,  n.  one 
who  is  consulted  on  the  law:  a  lawyer 
who  gives  opinions  on  cases  put  to  him  : 
a  jurist.  [L.  jus,  juris,  law,  and  consultus 
— cons^do,  to  consult.] 

JURISDICTION,  j66-ris-dik'shun,  ii.  the 
distribution  ot  justice:  legal  authority : 
extent  of  power  :  district  over  which  any 
authority  extends.-^at^'.  JtrRlSDlc'TiONAL, 
[Fr. — L.  jurisdictio.  See  JusT  and  Dic- 
tion.] 

JURISPRUDENCE,  joo-ris-proo'dens.  n. 
the  science  or  ImouHedge  of  laiv.  [Fr.^ 
L.  jurisprudentia—jus,  juris,  law,  and 
prudent ia,  knowledge.  See  JusT  and 
Prudence.] 

JURIST,  joo  rist,  n.  one  who  professes  or 
is  versed  in  the  science  of  la}c,  especially 
the  Roman  or  civil  law  :  a  civilian.  [Fr. 
juriste.] 

JUROR,  j65'rur,  JURYMAN,  joo'ri-man, 
n.  one  who  serves  on  a  jury.  [Fr. 
jureur.} 


JURY,  joo'ri,  n.  a  body  of  noi  Isss  than 
twelve  men,  selected  and  Sivorn,  as  pre- 
scribed by  law,  to  declare  the  truth  on 
evidence  before  them  :  a  committee  for 
deciding  prizes  at  a  public  exhibition, 
though  in  this  sense  confined  to  England 
chiefly— in  U.S.,  such  a  committee  re- 
ceives the  more  dignified  and  scriptural 
title  of  judges.  [Fr.  juri,  sworn— jurer 
— L.  juro,  to  swear.] 

JURYMAST,  joo'ri-mast,  n.  a  temporary 
mast  erected  in  a  ship  instead  of  one 
lost  or  destroyed.  [Ety.  dub.,  by  some 
thought  to  be  an  abbrev.  of  'injury- 
mast.] 

JURY-RUDDER,  joo'ri-rud'er,  n.  a  tem- 
porary rudder  for  one  lost. 

JUSSlfiUAN,  jus-su'an,  acfj.  in  bot.  applied 
to  the  natural  system  of  classifying 
plants  originally  promulgated  by  Jus- 
sieu,  a  French  botanist,  which  superseded 
the  artificial  system  of  Linna?us.  1116 
system  has  been  improved  by  De  Can- 
doUe,  Lindley,  the  Hookers,  and  others, 
though  the  broad  principles  are  the  same 
as  originally  sketched  out  by  its  founder. 

JUST,  n.  a  tilt.    Same  as  Joust. 

JUST,  just,  adj.,  lauful:  upright  :  exact: 
regular:  true:  righteous. — adv.  accurate- 
ly :  barely.     [Fr. — L.  Justus— jus.  \a,vr.] 

JUSTICE,  jus'tis,  n.  quality  of  being  just : 
integrity  :  impartiality  :  desert :  retribu- 
tion: a  judge:  a  magistrate  :  in  the  U.S. 
the  term  is  applied  to  the  lowest  order  of 
the  judiciary — the  local  magistrates  or 
Justices  of  the  Peace,  and  to  the  highest 
— the  Justices  of  State  and  Federal  Su- 
preme Courts  ;  the  intermediate  county, 
circuit  and  district  courts  being  presided 
over  by  judges.     [Fr. — L.  justitia.] 

JUSTICESHIP,  jus'tis-ship,  «-.  oflice  or 
dignity  of  a  justice  or  judge. 

JUSTICIARY,  jus-tish'i-ar-i,  JUSTICIAR, 
jiis-tish'i-ar,  n.  an  administrator  of  jus- 
tice: a  chief -justice. 

JUSTIFIABLE,  jus-ti-fi'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  justified  or  defended. — n.  Justiti'able- 
NESS.— adr.  Justifi'ably. 

JUSTIFICATION,  jus-ti-fi-lva'shun,  n.  vin- 
dication :  absolution :  a  plea  of  sufiicient 
reason  for. 

JUSTIFICATIVE,  jus'ti-fi-ka-tiv,  JUSTI- 
FICATORY, jus'ti-fl-kartor-i,  adj.  having 
power  to  justify. 

JUSTIFIER,  jus'ti-fl-er,  n.  one  who  de- 
fends, or  vindicates  :  be  who  pardons  and 
absolves  from  guilt  and  punishment. 

JUSTIFY,  jus'ti-fl,  vj.  to  make  just:  to 
prove  or  show  to  be  just  or  right :  to  vin- 
dicate: to  absolve:  ia  printi7ig,  to  adjust 
and  cause  to  fit  as  type  in  the  forms  : — 
pr.p.  jus'tifying;  pa.p.  jus'tified.  [Fr. — L. 
justiJico—jvMus,  just,  and /acio,  to  make.] 

JUSTLE,  v.t.    Same  as  Jostle. 

JUSTLY,  just'li,  adv.  in  a  just  manner : 
eqviitably  :  uprightly  :  accurately  :  by 
right. 

JUSTNESS,  just'nes,  n.  equity :  propriety: 
exactness. 

JUT,  jut,  v.i.  to  shoot  forward  :  to  project : 
— pr.p.  jutt'ing ;  pa.p.  jutt'ed.  [A  form 
of  Jet.] 

JUTE,  joot,  11.  the  fibre  of  an  Indian  plant 
resembling  hemp,  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  coarse  bags,  mats,  etc.  [Orissa 
jh/)t,  Sfms.  jhat.] 

JUVENESCENT,  joo-venres'ent,  adj.  be- 
coming young. — 71.  JUVENES'CENCB.  [L. 
juvenesc'ens—juvenesco,  to  grow  young.] 

JUVENILE,  joo've-nil  or  -nil,  adj.,  young: 
pertaining  or  suited  to  j'outh  :  puerile.— 

ns.   Ju'VENILENESS,    JUTENIL'lTY.      [Fr.— 

L.  jui-enilis—jurenis,  young  ;  akin  to 
Sans,  /'uwan,  young,  and  dy'it?ia,  sportive.] 
JUXTAPOSITfON,  juks-ta-po-zish'im,  n.  a 
placing  or  being  placed  near  :  contigu- 
ity.    [L.  juxta,  near,  and  Position.] 


KAFFIR 


256 


KINDi^KGARTEN 


K 


KAFFIR,  kaf'ir,  n.  one  of  a  native  race  of 
S.  E.  Africa.     [Ar.  Kafir,  unbeliever.] 

KAIL,  KALE,  kal,  n.  a  cabbage  with  open 
curled  leaves.  [The  Northern  E.  form 
of  Cole.] 

KALEIDOSCOPE,  ka-lT'do-skop,  n.  an  oj> 
tical  toy  in  which  we  see  an  endless  vari- 
etv  of  beautiful  colors  and  forms.  [Gr. 
kalos,  beautiful,  eidos,  form,  and  skopeo, 

to  S6G  1 

KALENDAR,  KALENDS.  Same  as  CaLt 
ENDAK,  Calends. 

KAMPTULICON,  kamp-tu'li-kon,  n.  a 
floorcloth  made  of  ground  cork  and 
caoutchouc.     [Gr.  kampto,  to  bend.] 

KANGAROO,  kang-gar-o6',  n.  an  Austra- 
lian quadruped,  remarkable  for  the 
length  of  its  hindlegs  and  its  power  of 
leaping.     [The  native  name.] 

KEDGE,  kej,  ?i.  a  small  anchor  for  keeping 
a  ship  steady  and  for  warping  the  ship. 
— v.t.  to  move  by  means  of  a  kedge,  to 
warp. — 11.  Kedg'er,  a  kedg<^.  [Ice.  kaggi, 
a  cask  fixed  to  an  anchor  as  a  buoy.] 

KEEL,  kel,  n.  the  part  of  a  ship  extending 
along  the  bottom  from  stem  to  stern,  and 
supporting  the  whole  frame  :  a  low  flat- 
bottomed  boat :  (hot.)  the  lowest  petals 
of  the  corolla  of  a  papilionaceous  flower. 
— v.t.  or  v.i.  to  plough  with  a  keel,  to  nav- 
igate :  to  turn  keel  upwards.  [A.S.  oeol, 
a  ship ;  Ger.  and  Dut.  kiel ;  prob.  con- 
fused with  Ice.  kiolr,  the  keel  of  a  ship.] 

KEELAGE,  kel'aj,  "  dues  f or  a  fceeZ  or  ship 
in  port. 

KEELED,  keld,  adj.  (bot.)  keel-shaped: 
having  a  prominence  on  the  back. 

KEELHAUL,  kel'hawl,  v.t.  to  punish  by 
hauling  under  the  keel  of  a  ship  by  ropes 
from  the  one  side  to  the  other  :  to  treat 
a  subordinate  in  a  galling  manner. 

KEELSON,  KELSON,  kel'sun,  n.  an  inner 

keel  placed  right  over  the  outer  keel  of 

»     a  ship,    and    securely  fastened  thereto. 

[Swed.  kolsmn,  Norw.  kjolsvill,  the  latter 

syllable=Ger.  schioelle,  E.  Sill.] 

KEEN,  ken,  adj.  eager:  sharp,  having  a 
fine  edge:  piercing:  acute  of  mind:  pene- 
trating.— adv.  Keen'ly. — ».  Keen'ness. 
[A.S.  cene  :  Ger.  kiilin,  bold  ;  Ice.  kcerin, 
wise.  It  is  from  the  same  root  as  ken 
and  can,  the  orig.  sense  being  able  or 
knowing.] 

KEEP,  kep,  v.t.  to  have  the  care  of :  to 
guard  :  to  maintain  :  to  have  in  one's 
service  :  to  remain  in  :  to  adhere  to  :  to 
practice  :  not  to  lose  :  to  maintain  hold 
upon  :  to  restrain  from  departure :  to 
preserve  in  a  certain  state. — v.i.  to  re- 
main in  any  position  or  state  :  to  last 
or  endure  :  to  adhere  -.—pr.p.  keep'ing ; 
pa.t.  and  j)a.p.  kept.  —  n.  that  which 
keeps  or  protects  :  the  innermost  and 
strongest  part  of  a  castle,  the  donjon : 
a  stronghold. — n.  Keep'er. — n.  Keep'er- 
SHIP,  office  of  a  keeper.  [A.S.  eepan, 
orig.  to  traflSc,  hence  to  store  up,  keep^ 
ceap,  price.  See  Cheap.] 
KEEPrNG,  kep'ing,  n.  care  :  just  propor- 
tion, harmony  :  (paint.)  due  proportion 
of  light  and  shade. 
KEEPSAKE,  kep'sak,  n.  something  giveta 

to  be  kept  for  the  .^ake  of  the  giver. 
KEG,  keg,  n.  a  small  cask  or  barrel.     [Ice. 

kaggi,  a  cask.] 
KELP,  kelp,  n.  the  calcined  ashes  of  sea- 
weed, once  used  in  making  glass.     [Ety. 
unknown.] 
KELPIE,  KELPY,  kel'pi,  n.  a  water-sprite 

in  the  form  of  a  horse.     [Ety.  dub.] 
KELSON.    Same  as  KEELSO'N. 
KEN,  ken,  v.t.  to  knotv :  to  see  and  recog- 
nize at  a  distance. — n.  reach  of  knowl- 


edge or  sight.  [Ice.  ke^ma,  orig.  to 
cause  to  know.     See  Can  and  Know.] 

KENDAL-GREEN,  ken'dal-gren,  «.,  green 
cloth  made  at  Kendal  in  Westmoreland. 

KENNEL,  ken'el,  n.  a  house  for  dogs  .<  a 
pack  of  hounds  :  the  hole  of  a  fox,  etc.  : 
a  haunt. — v.t.  to  keep  in  a  kennel. — v.i. 
to  live  in  a  kennel:^jr.p.  kenn'elling  ; 
pa.p.  kenn'elled.  [Norm.  Fr.  kenil,  Fr. 
ehenil — L.  canlle — canis,  a  dog.] 

KENNEL,  ken'el,  n.  the  water-course  of  a 
street :  a  gutter.     [A  form  of  Canal.] 

KENNEL-COAL.    Same  as  Cannel-coal. 

BIEPT,  past  tense  and  past  participle  of 
KIeep. 

KERBSTONE,  kerb'ston,  n.  a  form  of  Curb- 
stone. 

KERCHIEF,  ker'chif,  n.  (prig.)  a  square 
piece  of  clotb  worn  by  women  to  cover 
the  head:  any  loose  cloth  used  in  dress. 
[M.E.  couerchef,  Fr.  couvrechef — couvrir, 
to  cover,  chef,  the  head.    See  Cover  and 

KERN.  '  See  Quern. 

KERN,  KERNE,  kern,  n.  an  Irish  foot-sol- 
dier.    [Ir.  ceam,  a  man.] 

KERNEL,  kern'el,  n.  anything  in  a  husk 
or  shell :  the  substance  in  the  shell  of  a 
nut :  the  seed  of  a  pulpy  fruit.  [Lit.  a 
grain  of  corn,  A.S.  cyrncl,  from  A.S. 
corn,  grain,  and  dim.  suflix  -el ;  Ger. 
kern,  a  grain.    See  Corn  and  Grain.] 

KERNELLY,  kern'el-i,  adj.  full  of  or  re- 
serablingkernels. 

KEROSENE,  ker'o-sen,  n.  an  oil  obtained 
from  bituminous  coal,  used  for  lamps, 
etfc.     [Gr.  keros,  wax.] 

KERSEY,  ker'zi,  n.  a  coarse  woollen  cloth. 
[Peru,  from  Kersej'  in  Suffolk,  where  a 
woollen  trade  was  once  carried  on.] 

KERSEYMERE,  ker-zi-mer'  or  ker'-,  n.  a 
twilled  cloth  of  the  finest  wools.  [A  corr. 
of  Cassimere,  Cashmere.] 

KESTREL,  kes'trel,  n.  a  small  species  of 
falcon  like  the  sparrow-hawk.  [Fr.  cres- 
serelle,  of  unknown  origin.] 

KETCH,  kech,  to.  a  small  two-masted  ves- 
sel, generally  used  as  a  yacht  or  as  a 
bomb-vessel.  [Corr.  from  Turk,  qaiq,  a 
boat,  sldff,  whence  also  Fr.  ca'iqueT^ 

KETCHUP.    Same  as  Catchup. 

KETTLE,  ket'l,  n.  a  vessel  of  metal,  for 
heating  or  boiling  liquids.  [A.S.  cetel ; 
Ger.  kessel,  Goth,  katils ;  all  conn,  with 
and  perh.  borrowed  from  L.  catillus, 
dim.  of  catinus,  a  deep  cooking-vessel.] 

KETTLEDRUM,  ket'1-drum,  n.  a  drum 
made  of  a  metal  vessel  like  a  kettle,  and 
covered  with  parchment :  a  tea-party. 
fSee  Drum.] 

KEY,  ke,  TO.  an  instrument  for  shutting  or 
opening  a  lock  :  that  by  which  some- 
thing is  screwed  or  turned  :  (arch. )  the 
middle  stone  of  an  arcli :  a  piece  of  wood 
let  into  another  piece  crosswise  to  pre- 
vent warping  :  {mus.)  one  of  the  small 
levers  in  musical  instruments  for  pro- 
ducing notes  :  the  fundamental  note  of 
a  piece  of  music  :  that  which  explains  a 
mystery  :  a  book  containing  answers  to 
exercises,  etc.  [A.S.  coeg,  a  key;  O.  Fris. 
kei,  kai.] 

KEYBOARD,  ke'bord,  n.  the  keys  or  levers 
in  a  piano  or  organ  arranged  along  a  flat 
board. 

KEYHOLE,  ke'hol,  w.  the  hole  in  which  a 
key  of  a  door,  etc.,  is  inserted. 

KEYNOTE,  ke'not,  n.  the  key  or  funda- 
mental note  of  a  piece  of  music. 

KEYSTONE,  ke'ston,  to.  the  same  as  Key, 
in  arch. 

KHAN,  kan,  to.  in  N.  Asia,  a  prince  or 
chief  :  in  Persia,  a  governor. — n.  Kban'- 
ATE,  the  dominion  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
khan.  [Pers.  khan,  lord  or  prince,  which 
is  a  modification  of  a  Tartar  word.] 

KHEDIVE,  ked'iv,  to.  the  title  of  the  ruler 


of    Egypt.     [Persian    khid'iv,    prince  or 
sovereign.] 

BUBE,  kib,  n.  a  chilblain.  [W.  cibwst,  from 
cih,  a  cup,  expressive  of  the  swollen  ot 
rounded  appearance  of  the  disease,  and 
gwst,  a  disease.] 

KICK,  kik,  v.t.  to  hit  with  the  foot. — v.i. 
to  thrust  out  the  foot  with  violence  :  to 
show  opposition. — n.  a  blow  with  the 
foot.  [M.E.  kiken — W.  eicio — cic,  the 
foot.] 

KICKSHAW,  kik'shaw,  to.,  something  un- 
common or  fantastical  that  has  no  name: 
(cook.)  a  fantastical  dish.  [Corr.  of  Fr. 
gtielque  chose,  something.] 

KID,  kid,  11.  a  young  goat. — v.t.  or  v.i.  to 
bring  forth  a  goat  i—pr.p.  kidd'ing ; 
pa.j).  kidd'ed.  [Scand.,  as  in  Ice.  kidh; 
Ger.  kitze,  a  young  kid.] 

KIDLING,  kid'ling,  n.  a  j'oung  kid. 

KIDNAP,  kid'nap,  v.t.  to  steal,  as  a  human 
being: — pr.p.  kid'napping  ;  pa.t.  and 
ja.p.  Idd'napped. — n.  Kid'napper.  [V\i1- 
gar  kid  (see  Km),  a  child,  and  vulgar 
nab,  to  steal.] 

KIDNEY,  kid'ni,  to.  one  of  two  flattened 
glands,  on  each  side  of  the  loins,  which 
secrete  the  urine.  [M.E.  kidvere — A.S. 
cvnd,  Scot,  kyte.  Ice.  kvidr,  the  womb, 
the  belly,  and  Ice.  nyra,  Gter.  niere,  a 
kidney.] 

KIDNEYBEAN.  kid'ni-ben,  to.  a  kind  of 
bean  shaped  like  a  kidney. 

KILDERKIN,  kil'der-kin,  ?!.  a  SJnaH  barrel: 
a  liquid  measure  of  18  gallons.  [Old 
Dut.  kindeken,  kinneken,  Scot,  kinken, 
dim.  of  Dut.  kind,  a  child.] 

KILL,  kil,  v.t.  to  put  to  death  :  to  slay. — 
TO.  Kill'ek.  [M.E.  killen  or  cullen — Ice. 
kolla,  to  hit  on  the  head — kollr,  the  head ; 
or  perh.  a  doublet  of  Quell.] 

KILN,  kil,  n.  a  large  oven  in  which  corn, 
bricks,  etc.,  are  dried  :  bricks  piled  for 
burning. — v.t.  Kiln'-DRY,  to  dry  in  akQn. 
[A.S.  cyln ;  Ice.  kijlna,  a  drying-house 
for  corn  :  ace.  to  Skeat  from  L.  culina, 
Q  kitchiGii  I 

KILOGRAMME,  kil'o-gram,  to.  a  French 
measure  of  weight  =  1000  grammes,  or 
2J  lbs.  avoirdupois.  [Lit.  1000  grammes, 
Gr.  chilioi,  1000,  and  Gramme.] 

KILOMETRE,  kil'o-me-tr,  to.  a  French 
measure,  being  1000  metres,  or  nearly  J 
of  a  mUe.  [Fr. — Gr.  chilioi,  1000,  and 
Metre.] 

KILT,  kilt,  TO.  a  kind  of  short  petticoat, 
worn  by  the  Highlandmen  of  Scotland, 
[Northern  E.  kilt,  to  tuck  up,  from  Dan. 
kilte,  to  tuck  up,  cf.  Ice.  kilting,  a  skirt.] 

KIN,  kin,  to.  persons  of  the  same  family  : 
relatives :  relationship  :  affinity.  [A.S. 
cyn  ;  Ice.  kyn,  Goth,  kuni,  family,  race, 
from  a  root  gan,  to  beget,  found  in  L. 
genus,  Gr.  genos.  See  Genus,  also  Kind, 
Kindred,  King.] 

KIND,  kind,  to.  those  of  kin,  a  race :  sort 
or  species:  nature:  style:  character:  prod- 
uce, as  distinguished  from  money. — adj. 
having  the  feelings  natural  for  tliose  of 
the  same  family  :  disposed  to  do  good 
to  others. — n.  Kind'ness. — adj.  Kind'- 
hearted.  [A.S.  eynd — cyn.  kin.  See 
Kin.] 

KINDERGARTEN,  kin'der-gar-tn,  to.  a  kind 
of  infant's  school,  intermediate  between 
the  nursery  and  the  primary  school,  in 
which  play  is  combined  with  a  certain 
amount  of  educational  training,  the  latter 
being  based  especially  on  object  lessons, 
and  in  teaching  the  child  to  produce 
simple  articles  or  objects  of  an  elementary 
kind  so  as  to  develop  the  thinking  faculty 
and  induce  habits  of  order.  The  name  was 
given  by  the  originator  of  the  system, 
Friedrich  Froebel.  [Ger.,  lit.  children- 
garden.] 


KINDLE 


257 


KNOT 


KINpLE,  kin'dl,  v.t.  to  set  flre  to :  to  light : 
to  iuflame,  as  the  passions:  to  provoke: 
to  excite  t?  action. — v.i.  to  take  fire:  to 
begin  to  be  excited  :  to  be  aroused. — n. 
Kin'dler.  [Ice.  kynda,  to  set  fire  to, 
Jcyndylt,  a  torch,  conn,  with   Candle.] 

KINDLY,  kind'li,  adj.  (orig.)  belonging  to 
the  kind  or  race:  natural:  benevolent. 
—adv.  KiND'LY.— ?2.  Kind'liness. 

KINDRED,  kin'dred,  n.  (lit.)  state  of  being 
of  the  same /ami'Zt/:  relatives:  relation- 
ship :—23Z.  (B.)  families.— acy.  related: 
congenial.  [M.  E.  kinrede — A.  S.  cyn, 
kin,  and  the  sufiix  rceden,  expressing 
mode  or  condition.] 

KINE,  kin,  n.pl.  {B.)  cows.  [M.  E.  kyen, 
a  doubled  plur.  of  A.  S.  cu,  a  cow,  the 
plur.  of  which  is  cy ;  of.  Scotch  kye.J 

KINEMATICS,  kin-i-mat'iks,  n.  the  science 
of  pure  motion  without  reference  to 
force. — adj.  Kinemat'ical.  [Gr.  kinSma, 
-atos.  motion — kineo,  to  move.] 

KINETICS,  kinet'iks,  n.  the  science  of 
motion  viewed  with  reference  to  its 
causes. — adj.  Kinet'ic.  [Gr.  kinetikos, 
putting  in  motion — kineo,  to  move.] 

KING,  king,  n.  the  chief  ruler  of  a  nation  : 
a  monarch  :  a  card  having  the  picture  of 
a  king :  the  most  important  piece  in 
chess  -.—fern.  Queen. — adjs.  King'less, 
Kino'like.  [A.S.  cyning — cyn,  a  tribe  ; 
SsbViS.  janaka,  father — root  gan.  to  beget, 
therefore  meaning  "  father,"  the  father 
of  a  tribe,  the  "  king  of  his  own  kin  ; " 
but  ace.  to  Skeat,  cyning=cyn  (as  above) 
and  suffix  -ing,  meaning  "  belonging  to," 
"•  son  of  "  the  "  tribe,"  the  elected  chief 
of  the  people.    See  Kin.] 

KING-AT-ARMS,  king-at-armz',  n.  one  of 
the  three  chief  officers  of  the  Herald's 
College. 

KINGCRAB,  king'krab,  n.  the  chief  or 
largest  of  the  crab  genus,  most  common 
in  the  Molucca  Islands. 

KINGCRAFT,  king'kraft,  n.  the  art  of 
governing,  mostly  in  a  had  sense. 

Kingcup,  klng'kup,  n.  the  buttercup  or 
upright  meadow  crowfoot. 

KINGDOM,  Idng'dum,  n.  the  state  or  at- 
tributes of  a  king :  the  territory  of  a 
king :  government :  a  region  :  one  of  the 
three  grand  divisions  of  Nat.  Hist.,  as 
the  animal,  vegetable,  or  mineral. 

KINGFISHER,  king'flsh-er,  n.  a  bird  with 
very  brilliant  or  kingly  plumage,  which 
feeds  on  fish,  the  halcyon. 

KINGLET,  king'let,  n.  a  little  or  petty 
king  :  the  golden-crested  wren. 

KINGLY,  king'li,  adj.  belonging  or  suitable 
to  a  king  :  royal :  noble. — adv.  KiNG'LT. 
— n.  Kdjg'liness. 

KING'S  BENCH,  Idngz'  bensh,  n.  the  bench 
or  seat  of  the  king:  one  of  the  high  courts 
of  law,  so  called  because  the  king  used  to 
sit  there,  called  Queen's  Bench  dming  a 
queen's  reign. 

KING'S-EVIL,  kingZ-e'vl,  n.  a  scrofulous 
disease  or  evil  formerly  supposed  to  be 
healed  by  the  touch  of  the  king. 

KINSFOLK,  kinz'fok,  n.,  folk  or  people 
kindred  or  related  to  one  another. 

KINSMAN,  Jrinz'man,  n.  a  man  of  the  same 
^        kin  or  race  with  another  •.—fern.  KlNS'- 

WOMAN. 

KIOSK,  ki-osk',  n.  an  Eastern  garden  pa- 
vilion.    [Turk,  kieuchk.'] 

KIPPER,  kip'er,  n.  a  salmon  in  the  state 

I  of  spawning :  a  salmon  split  open,  sea- 
soned, and  dried. — v.t.  to  cure  or  pre- 
serve, as  a  salmon.  [Lit.  spaumer — Dut. 
kippen,  to  hatch,  to  seize;  Norw.  kippa.'] 

KIRK,  kerk,  n.  in  Scotland,  a  church.  [A 
Northern  E.  form  of  CHURCH.] 

KTRTLE,  ker'tl,  n.  a  sort  of  gown  or  outer 
petticoat:  a  mantle.  [A.S.  cyrtel ;  Dan. 
leiortel;  Ice.  kyrtill;  perh.  conn,  with 
&CIRT  and  Shert.] 

Q 


KISS,  kis,  v.t,  to  salute  by  touching  with 
the  lips  :  to  treat  with  fondne.ss :  to  touch 
gently. — v.i.  to  salute  with  the  lips. — n. 
a  salute  with  the  lips. — n.  Kiss'er.  [A.S. 
cyssan,  to  kiss,  coss,  a  kiss  ;  Ger.  kicssen, 
Dan.  kys ;   alhed  to  CHOOSE.] 

KIT,  kit,  n.  a  small  wooden  tub:  a  soldier's 
outfit.  [Dut.  kit,  kitte,  a  hooped  beer- 
can.] 

KIT,  kit,  n.  a  smail  pocket  violin.  [Con- 
tracted from  A.S.  cytere  ;  see  Cithern  ; 
Guitar.] 

KITCAT,  kit'kat,  adj.  the  name  of  a  Lon- 
don club  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne, 
which  met  at  the  house  of  Christopher 
Kat :  a  portrait  28  by  36  inches  in  size, 
so  called  from  the  portraits  of  the  Kitcat 
Club  painted  by  Sir  G.  Kneller. 

KITCHEN,  kich  en,  n.  a  room  where  food 
is  cooked :  a  utensil  with  a  stove  for 
dressing  food,  etc.  [-^-S.  cicen  ;  G^r. 
kiiche,  Fr.  cuisine,  all  from  L.  coqaina — 
coquor,  to  cook.] 

KITCHEN-GARDEN,  kich'en-gSr'dn,  n.  a 
garden  where  vegetables  are  cultivated 
for  the  kitchen. 

KITCHEN-MAID,  kich'en-mad,  n.  a  maid 
or  servant  whose  work  is  in  the  kitchen. 

KITE,  kit,  n.  a  rapacious  bird  of  the  hawk 
kind :  a  rapacious  person  :  a  paper  toy 
for  flying  in  the  air.  [A.S.  cyta ;  cf.  W. 
cud,  Bret,  kidel,  a  hawk.] 

KITTEN,  kit'n,  n.  a  young  csA.—v.i.  to 
bring  forth  young  cats.  [M.  E.  kyton, 
dim.  of  Cat,  Scot,  killing;  L.  catulus,  a 
whelp.] 

KLEPTOMANIA,  klep-to-ma'ni-a,  n.  a 
mania  for  stealing:  a  morbid  impulse 
to  secrete  things.  [Gr.  klepto,  to  steal, 
and  mania,  madness.] 

KLICK.    Same  as  Click. 

KNACK,  nak,  n.  a  petty  contrivance:  a 
toy :  a  nice  trick  :  dexterity.  [Orig.  an 
imitative  word  ;  cf.  Gael,  cnac,  Dut.  knak, 
a  crack,  Ger.  knacken,  to  crack.] 

KNACKER,  nak'er,  n.  a  dealer  in  old 
horses  and  dog's-meat.  [From  Ice. 
knakkr,  a  saddle.] 

ElNAG,  nag,  71.  a  Knot  in  wood  :  a  peg. 
[From  a  root  found  in  Dan.  knag,  Ger. 
knagge,  Ir.  and  Gael,  enag,  a  knot  ia 
wood,  a  loiob.] 

KNAGGY,  nag'i,  adj.,  knotty:  rugged. 

KNAP,  nap,  (obs.)  v.t.  to  snap  or  break 
with  a  snapping  noise  : — pr.p.  knapp'ing ; 
pa.p.  knapped'.  [Perh.  from  Dut.  knap- 
pen,  to  crack  or  crush ;  but  cf.  Celtic 
root  cnapji 

KNAPSACK,  nap'sak,  n.  a  provision-sack : 
a  case  for  necessaries  borne  by  soldiers 
and  travellers.  [Dut.  knappen,  to  crack, 
eat,  and  zak,  a  sack.] 

KNAVE,  nav,  n.  a  false,  deceitful  fellow  : 
a  villain  :  a  card  bearing  the  picture  of  a 
servant  or  soldier. — n.  Knav'ery,  dis- 
honesty. [A.S.  cnafa,  cnapa,  a  boy,  a 
youth,  Ger.  knabe,  knappe,  Gael,  kna- 
pack.] 

KNAVKH,  nav'ish,  adj.  fraudulent :  vil- 
lainous.— adv.  Knav'ishly. 

KNEAD,  ned,  v.t.  to  work  and  press  to- 
gether into  a  mass,  as  flour  into  dough. 
— n.  Knead'er.  [A.S.  enedan;  Ice.  knoda, 
Ger.  kneten,  to  knead.] 

KNEADING-TROUGH,  ned'ing-tmf,  n.  a 
trough  for  kneading. 

KNEE,  ne,  n.  the  joint  between  the  thigh 
and  shin  bones  :  a  piece  of  timber  hke  a 
bent  knee.  [A.S.  cneoiv,  cneo ;  Ger.  knie, 
L.  genu,  Gr.  gonu.  Sans,  jdnu.] 

KNEED,  ned,  adj.,  having  knees:  (bat.) 
having  angular  joints  like  the  knee. 

KNEEL,  nel,  v.i.  to  bend  the  knee  :  to  rest 
or  fall  on  the  knee  : — pa.t.  andpo.p. 
kneeled',  knelt.     [Formed  from  Knee.] 

KNELL,  nel,  n.  the  stroke  of  a  beU  :  the 
sound  of  a  bell  at  a  death  or  funeral. — 


v.i.  to  sound  as  a  bell :  toU.  [A.S.  enyl- 
Ian,  to  beat  noisily  ;  Sw.  and  Ger.  knaU, 
loud  noise ;  Ice.  gnella,  to  scream^  Low 
L.  nola,  a  bell.] 

KNEW,  nil,  past  tense  of  Know. 

KNICKERBOCKERS,  nik-er-bok'erz,  n.pL 
loose  breeches  gathered  in  at  the  knee. 
[From  the  wide-breeched  Dutchmen  in 
"Knickerbocker's"  (Washington  IrV" 
ing's)  humorous  Histon/  of  New  York.'\ 

KNICK-KNACK.  :aik-naK,  n.  a  trifle  or 
toy.     [A  doubling  of  Knack.] 

KINIFE,  nif,  n.  an  instrument  for  cutting  i 
a  sword  or  dagger  : — pi.  Kntves,  nlvz. 
[A.S.  cnif ;  Ger.  kneif,  knife,  kneifen,  to 
nip.] 

KNIFE-EDGE,  nif-ej,  n.  (mech.)  a  sharp 
piece  of  steel  like  a  knife's  edge  servingf 
as  the  axis  of  a  balance,  etc. 

KINIGHT,  nit,  n.  a  man-at-arms  :  cham- 
pion :  one  admitted  in  feudal  times  to  a 
certain  military  rank  :  the  rank  of  g'en- 
tlemen  next  below  baronets  .•  a  piece 
used  in  the  game  of  chess. — v.t.  to  cre- 
ate a  knight. — adj.  and  adv.  Knight'ly. 
— Knight  op  the  Shire,  a  member  of 
parliament  for  a  county.  [Lit.  a  youth, 
a  servant,  A.S.  cniht  ;  Ger.  and  Dut. 
knecht,  Dan.  knegt,  a  servant.] 

KNIGHT-ERRANT,  nit-er'ant,  n.  a  knight 
who  travelled  in  search  of  adventures,— 
n.  Knight-err' antey. 

KNIGHTHOOD,  nit'hood,  n.  the  character 
or  privilege  of  a  knight:  the  order  or 
fraternity  of  knights. 

KNIGHT-MARSHAL,  nit-mar'shal,  n.  an 
officer  of  the  royal  household. 

KNIGHT-SERVICE,  nit-ser'vis,  n.  tenure 
by  a  knight  on  condition  of  mihtary  ser- 
vice. 

KNIT,  nit,  v.t.  to  form  into  a  knot :  to 
tie  together  :  to  unite  into  network  by 
needles  :  to  cause  to  grow  together :  to 
unite  closely  :  to  draw  together,  to  con- 
tract.— v.i.  to  interweave  with  needles:  ■ 
to  grow  together  : — pr.p.  knitt'ing  ;  pa.t, 
and  pa.p.  knitt'ed  or  knit. — n.  Knitt'er. 
[A.S.  cnyttan  :  from  A.S.  cnotta,  a  knot.1 

KNITTING,  nit'ing,  n.  the  work  of  a  knif- 
ter :  union,  junction  :  the  network  formed 
by  knitting. 

KNIVES,  plural  of  Knife. 

KNOB,  nob,  n.  a  hard  protuberance :  a  hard 
swelling  :  a  round  ball.  [A  later  form  of 
Knop.] 

KNOBBED,  aobd,  adj.  containing  or  set 
with  knobs. 

KNOBBY,  nob'i,  adj.  full  of  knobs :  knotty. 
— n.  Knobb'iness. 

KNOCK,  nok,  v.i.  to  strike  with  something 
hard  or  heavy :  to  drive  or  be  driven 
against :  to  strike  for  admittance :  to 
rap. — v.t.  to  strike  :  to  drive  against. — n, 
a  sudden  stroke  :  a  rap.  [A.S.  aiucian 
— Gael,  and  Ir.  cnag,  a  crack;  Ger.  lenack- 
en,  to  crack  or  snap,  like  Knack  and 
Crack,  orig.  imitative  of  the  sound.] 

BINOCKER,  nok'er,  n.  the  hammer  sus» 
pended  to  a  door  for  making  a  knock. 

KNOCK-KNEED,  nok'-ned,  adj.  having 
knees  that  knock  or  touch  in  walking. 
[Knock  and  Knee.] 

KNOLL,  nol,  n.  a  round  hillock  :  the  top 
of  a  hill.  [A.S.  cnol ;  Ger.  knollen,  a- 
knob,  lump  ;  perh.  a  dim.  of  Gael.  cnoG. 
a  hill.] 

KNOLL,  nol.    Same  as  Knell. 

KNOP,  nop,  n.  (B.)  a  knob,  a  bud.  [A.S, 
cncep;  Dut.  knop,  Ger.  knopf;  conn,  witlj 
and  perh.  derived  from  the  Celt.,  as  Gael, 
cwap.] 

KNOT,  not,  n.  a  wading  bird  much  resem- 
bling a  snipe,  said  in  Drayton's  PolyoU 
bion  to  be  named  from  king  Canute,  with 
whom  it  was  a  favorite  article  of  food. 

KNOT,  not,  n.  anything  confusedly  fast- 
ened or  twisted,  as  threads,  etc.:  a  figure 


KNOT-GRASS 


358 


LADE 


the  lines  of  which  are  interlaced  :  a  bond 
of  union  :  a  lUtficulty  :  a  cluster  :  the 
part  of  a  tree  where  a  branch  shoots 
out :  an  epaulet :  pad  for  supporting 
burdens  carried  on  the  head  :  [naut.)  a 
division  of  the  log-line,  a  mile. — v.t.  to 
tie  in  a  knot  :  to  unite  closely. — v.i.  to 
form  knots  or  joints  :  to  knit  knots  for 
■a    fringe  -.—jir.p.    kuott'ing ;   pa.t.    and 

;    pa. p.  knott'ed.     [A.S.  cnotta  ;  Ger.  Icnot- 

]    en,  Dan.  knude,  L.  nodus  for  gnodiis.] 

KNOT-GRASS,  not'-gras,  n.  a  common 
weed  or  grass,  so  called  from  the  joints 
or  knots  of  its  stem. 

KNOTTY,  not'i,  adj.  containing  knots: 
hard,  rugged:  difficult,  intricate. — n. 
Knott'iness. 

KNOUT,  nowt,  n.  a  whip  formerly  used  as 
an  instrument  of  punishment  in  Russia  : 
punishraant  inflicted  by  the  knout.  [Russ. 
knute.] 

KNOW,  no,  v.t.  to  be  informed  of:  to  be  as- 
sured of:  to  be  acquainted  with:  to  recog- 
nize: (B.)  to  approve: — j)r.p.  know'ing; 
jxi.t.  knew  (nu) ;  pa.p.  known  (non). — n. 
Know'ableness.  [A.S.  enawan;  Ice.  kna, 
Euss.  znate,  L.  noseo  for  gnosco,  Gr.  gig- 
nosko.  Sans,  jna.] 

KNOWING,  no'ing,  adj.  intelligent :  skill- 
ful: cunning.— odf.  Know'lngly. 

KNOWLEDGE,  nol'ej,  n.  assured  belief: 
that  which  is  known  :  information,  in- 
struction: enlightenment,  learning:  prac- 
tical skill.  [M.E.  knowleche,  where -leche 
is  the  Northern  form  of  the  suffix  in  ived- 
loek,  being  A.S.  lac,  gift,  sport.  See 
Lark,  a  game.] 

KNUCKLE,  nuk'l,  n.  projecting  joint  of 
the  fingers  :  (cook.)  the  knee-joint  of  a 
calf  or  pig. — v.i.  to  bend  the  fingers :  to 
yield.  [M.E.  knokil ;  prob.  from  a  (not 
found)  A.S.   form,  like  Dut.   and  Dan. 

i     knokel-l 

KOBOLD,  ko'bold,  n.  same  as  Goblin. 

KOPECK,  ko'pek,  n.  a  Russian  copper  coin 
about  the  size  of  a  cent. 

KORAN,  ko'ran,  n.  the  Mohammedan 
Scriptures  :  Alcoran.  [Lit.  reading,  the 
hook—Ai.  quran,  reading — root  qara-a, 
he  read.] 

KRAAL,  kral,  n.  a  Hottentot  village  or 
hut,  so  named  by  the  Dutch  settlers  from 
the  huts  being  arranged  like  a  coral,  or 
string  of  beads. 

KRAKEN,  kra'ken,  n.  a  fabled  sea-animal 
of  enormous  size.     [Scand.] 

KREATIN,  KREOSOTE.  See  Ceeatin, 
Creosote. 

KREESE.    See  Crease,  a  Malay  dagger. 

KYANIZE,  ki'an-iz,  v.t.  to  preserve  wood 
from  dry-rot  by  immersing  it  in  a  solu- 
tion of  corrosive  sublimate.  [Kyan,  the 
inventor.] 

KYRIE,  kir'i-e,  n.  (lit.)  O  Lord :  the  first 
word  of  all  masses  :  (music)  a  part  of  a 
mass.     rVoc.  case  of  Gr.  kyrios.  Lord.] 

KYTHE,  ^th  (Scot.),  v.t.  to  make  known. 
— v.i.  to  show  one's  self,  to  appear.  [Scot. 
— A.S.  cythan,  to  make  known.  See  Un- 
couth.] 


LA,  la,  int.,  lo!  seel  behold!  ah!  indeed  I 

i     [A.S.] 

'iiARARUM,  lab'a-rum,  n.  a  Roman  mili- 

'  tary  standard,  adopted  as  the  imperial 
standard  after  Constantine's  conversion. 
It  bore  the  Greek  letters  XP  (Chr),  joined 
in  a  monogram,  to  signify  the  name  of 
Christ.     [Gr.] 

LABEL,  la  bel,  n.  a  small  slip  of  writing 
affixed  to  anything  to  denote  its  contents, 
ownership,  etc.:  (law)  a  paper  annexed 
to  a  will,  as  a  codicil :  {her.)  a  fillet  with 


pendants :  (arch.)  the  dripstone  over  a 
Gothic  window  or  doorway  arch. — v.t.  to 
aflix  a  label  to: — pr.p.  la'belling;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  la'belled.  [O.  Fr.  label  (Fr. 
lambeu-u.) ;  perh.  from  O.  Ger.  lappa  (Ger. 
lappen).] 

LABELLUM,  la-bel'um,  n.  the  lower  petal 
of  a  llovver,  esp.  an  orchis.  [L.  dim.  of 
labium,  a  lip.] 

LABIAL,  la'bi-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
lips:  formed  by  the  lips. — n.  a  sound 
formed  by  the  lips:  a  letter  representing 
such  a  sound  as  b,  p. — adv.  La'bially. 
[Fr. — L.  labium,,  a  lip.     See  LiP.] 

LABIATE,  la'bi-at,  LABIATED.  la'bi-at-ed, 
adj.  (bot.)  having  two  unequal  divisions, 
as  in  tlie  monopetalous  corolla  of  the 
minis.     [See  Labial.] 

LABIODENTAL,  la-bi-o-dent'al.  adj.  pro- 
nounced both  by  the  lips  and  teeth.  [L. 
labium,  a  lip.  Dental.] 

LABORATORY,  lab'or-a-tor-i,  n.  a  chem- 
ist's ivorkroom:  a  place  where  scientific 
experiments  are  systematically  carried 
on  :  a  place  for  the  manufacture  of  arms 
and  war-material:  a  place  wliere  any- 
thing is  prepared  for  use.  [L.  laborare — 
labor,  work.] 

LABOR,  la'bur,  n.  toil  or  exertion,  esp. 
wlieu  fatiguing:  work  :  pains:  duties:  a 
task  requiring  hard  work  :  the  pangs  of 
childbirth. — v.i.  to  undergo  labor:  to 
work  :  to  take  pains :  to  be  oppressed  : 
to  move  slowly:  to  be  in  travail :  (naut.) 
to  pitch  and  roll  heavily.  [Fr.  labeur — 
L.  labor.] 

LABORED,  laTjurd,  adj.  bearing  marks  of 
labor  or  effort  in  the  execution. 

LABORER,  la'bur-er,  n.  one  who  labors: 
one  who  does  work  reqiiiring  little  skill. 

LABORIOUS,  la-bo'ri-us,  adj.  full  of  labor : 
toilsome  :  wearisome  :  devoted  to  labor  : 
industrious. — adv.  Labo'RIOUSLT. — n.  La- 
bo'riocsness.  [Fr.  laborieux — L.  labori- 
osus — labor.] 

LABURNUM,  la-bur'num,  n.  a  small  tree 
with  beautiful  yellow  flowers,  a  native 
of  the  Alps.     [L.] 

LABYRINTH,  lab'i-rinth,  n.  (orig.)  a  build- 
ing consisting  of  halls  connected  by  in- 
tricate passages :  a  place  full  of  inextri- 
cable windings:  an  inexplicable  diSiculty: 
(anat.)  the  cavities  of  the  internal  ear. 
[Fr.  labyrinthe  —  L.  labyrinthus  —  Gr. 
labyrinthos ;  akin  to  laura,  a  passage.] 

LABYRINTHIAN,  lab-i-rinth'i-an,  LABY- 
RINTHINE, lab-i-rinth'in,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  like  a  labyrinth :  winding :  in- 
tricate :  perplexing'. 

LABYRINTHIFORM,  lab -i-rinth'i- form, 
adj.  having  the  form  of  a  labyrinth :  in- 
tricate. 

LAC,  lak,  n.  the  term  used  in  the  E.  Indies 
for  100,000,  primarily  applied  to  money. 
At  the  exchange  of  50c.  for  the  rupee,  a 
lac=$50,000.  [Hind,  lak,  Sans,  laksha, 
I'O.OOO,  a  mark.] 

LAO,  lak,  n.  a  resinous  substance,  pro- 
duced on  trees  in  the  Esat  by  the  lac 
insect,  used  in  dyeing.  [Pers.  lak ;  Sans. 
laksha — ranj,  to  dye.] 

LACE,  las,  n.  a  plated  string  for  fastening : 
an  ornamental  fabric  of  fine  thread 
curiously  woven. — v.t.  to  fasten  with  a 
lace  :  to  adorn  with  lace.  [Fr.  lacer,  to 
lace — L.  laqueus,  a  noose.] 

LACERABLE,  las'er-a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
lacerated  or  torn. 

LACERATE,  las'er-at,  v.t.  to  tear:  to 
rend  :  to  wound  :  to  afflict.  [L.  lacero, 
-atum.,  to  tear — lacer,  torn  ;  akin  to  Gr. 
lakis  and  rakos,  a  rent.] 

LACERATION,  las-er-a'shun,  n.  act  of  lao- 
erating  or  tearing :  the  rent  or  breach 
made  by  tearing. 

LACERATIVE,  las'er-a-tiv,  adj.,  tearing : 
having  power  to  tear. 


•«! 


LACHRYMAL,  lak'ri-mal,  adj.  pertaining 
to  tears  :  secreting  or  conveying  tears. — 
n.  same  as  Lachrymatory.  [L,  lachryma 
•(properly  lacrima),  a  tear ;  akin  to  Gr. 
ddkru.  E.  Tear.] 

LACHRYMARY,  lak'ri-raar-i,  adj.  contain- 
ing tears. 

LACHRYMATORY,  lak'ri-ma-tor-i,  n.  a 
vessel  anciently  interred  with  a  deceased 
person,  sy  mboHzing  the  tears  shed  for  his( 
loss.  [LowL.  lacrymatorium — lachryma.' 

LACHRYMOSE,  lak'ri-mos,  adj.  full  ' 
tears :  generating  or  shedding  tears. — 
adv.  Lach'ryjmosely. 

LACING,  las'ing,  n.  a  fastening  with  a 
lace  or  cord  through  eyelet-holes :  a 
cord  used  in  fastening. 

LACK,  lak,  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  leant:  to  be  in 
want :  to  be  destitute  of. — n.  want :  des- 
titution. [From  an  O.  Low  Ger.  root 
found  in  Dut.  lak,  blemisli  ;  Ice.  lakr, 
defective  ;  akin  to  T.ay  and  Slack.] 

LACKADAISICAL,  lak-a-da'zi-kal,  adj. 
affectedly  pensive,  sentimental.  [^Alack- 
a-day.    See  Alack.] 

LACK-A-DAY,  lak-a-da',  int.  see  Alack- 
a-day. 

LACKER.    See  Lacquer. 

LACrKEY,  lak'i,  n.  a  menial  attendant :  a 
footman  or  footboy. — v.t.  !3nd  v.i.  to  pay 
servile  attendance  :  to  act  as  a  footman. 
[O.  Fr.  laquay,  Fr.  laquais — Sp.  lacayo, 
a   lackey ;    of   uncertain    origin,    perh. 

LACONIC,  la-kon'ik,  LACONICAL,  la-kon'- 
ik-al,  adj.  expressing  in  few  words  .nTter 
the  manner  of  the  Lacones  or  S2}arta>is  : 
concise  :  pithy. — adv.  Lacon'ically.  [L. 
— Gr.  Lakonikos — Lakon,a,  Laconian.t 

LACONISM,  lak'on-izm,  LACONICISM,  la- 
kon'i-sizm,  n.  a  laconic  or  concise  style : 
a  short,  pithy  phrase. 

LACQUER,  LACKER,  lak'er,  n.  a  varnisb 
made  of  lac  and  alcohol. — v.t.  to  cover 
with  lacquer :  to  varnish.  [Fr.  laque — 
Lac] 

LACQUERER,  lak'er-er,  n.  one  who  var- 
nishes or  covers  with  lacquer. 

LACTATION,  lak-ta'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
giving  milk :  the  period  of  suckling.  [See 
Lacteal.] 

LACTEAL,  lak'te-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
resembling  milk:  conveying  chyle. — Ji. 
one  of  the  absorbent  vessels  of  the  in- 
testines which  convey  the  chyle  to  the 
thoracic  ducts.  [L.  lac,  lactis,  akin  to 
Gr.  gala,  galaktos,  milk.] 

LACTESCENT,  lak-tes'ent,  adj.  turning  to 
milk :  producing  milk  or  white  juice  : 
mUkj'. — n.  Lactes'cence.  [L.  lactesco, 
to  turn  to  mUk — lac] 

LACTIC,  lak'tik,  adj.  pertaining  to  rni7fc. — 
Lactic  Acid,  an  acid  obtained  from  milk. 

LACTIFEROUS,  lak-tif'er-us,  adj  produc- 
ing  milk  or  white  juice.  [L.  lac,  and  fero, 
to  bear.] 

LACUNA,  la-kQ'na,  n.  a  gap  or  hiatus.  [LJ 

LACUSTRAL,  la-kus'tral,  LACUSTRINE, 
la-kus'trin,  adj.  pertaining  to  lakei, 
[From  L.  lacus,  a  lake.] 

LAD,  lad,  n.  a  boy  :  a  youth  -.—fern.  Lass. 
[W.  llawd ;  It.  lath,  a  youth,  champion, 
perh.  cognate  with  Goth,  lauths,  from 
liiidan,  to  grow,  and  so  akin  to  Ger.  lode 
or  latte,  a  shoot.] 

LADANUM,  lad'a-num,  n.  a  resinous  exuda^ 
tion  from  the  leaves  of  a  shrub  growing 
round  the  Mediterranean.  [L. — Gr.  led, 
anon— Fers.  ladan.    See  Laudanom. ] 

LADDER,  lad'er,  n.  a  frame  made  with 
steps  placed  between  two  upright  pieces, 
by  which  one  may  ascend  a  building, 
etc. :  anything  by  which  one  ascends  :  a 

fradual    rise.      [A.S.    hlaeder ;    O.    Ger, 
leitra,  Ger.  letter.] 
LADE,   lad,  v.t.  a  form  of   LOAD.      [See 
Load.] 


LADE 


259 


LAND-TAX 


LADE,  lad,  v.t.  to  throw  in  or  out,  as  a 
fluid,  with  a  ladle  or  dipper.  [A.S. 
hladan.l 

LADEN,  lad'n,  adj.,  laded  or  loaded :  op- 
pressed. 

LADING,  lad'ing,  n.  that  which  lades  or 
loads:  load  :  cargo :  freight.  [See  Load.] 

LADLE,  lad'l,  n.  a  large  spoon  for  lading 
or  lifting  out  liquid  from  a  vessel :  the 
receptacle  of  a  mill-wheel  which  receives 
the  water  that  turns  it.  [See  Lade,  to 
throw  in  or  out.] 

LADY,  la'di,  n.  the  mistress  of  a  house  : 
a  wife  :  a  title  of  the  wives  of  knights, 
and  all  degrees  above  them,  and  of  the 
daughters  of  earls  and  all  higher  ranks : 
a  title  of  complaisance  to  any  woman  of 
refined  manners.  [A.S.  hlcef-dige — hlcef, 
a  loaf,  bread,  and  dcegee,  a  kneader,  and 
thus  lit.  a  bread-kneader,  or  =  hldf- 
weardige  {i.e.  loaf-keeper,  bread-distribu- 
ter, see  Ward),  and  thus  a  contr.  fem.  of 
Lord.] 

LADYBIRD,  la'di-berd,  n.  a  genus  of  little 
beetles,  usually  of  a  brilliant  red  or  yellow 
color,  called  also  Ladybug,  Ladycow. 
[Lit.  "  Our  Lady's  "  bug  ;  Lady  =  Virgin 
Mary,  and  Brao,  a  corruption  of  Bug.] 

LADY-CHAPEL,  la'di-chap'el,  n.  a  eliapel 
dedicated  to  "  Our  Lady,"  the  Virgin 
Mary. 

LADYDAY,  la'di-da,  n.  the  35th  March, 
the  daj'  of  the  Annunciation  of  "  Our 
Lady,"  the  Virgin  Mary. 

LADYFERN,  la'di-fern,  n.  one  of  the  pretti- 
est varieties  of  British  ferns. 

LADYLIKE,  la'di-lik,  adj.,  like  a  lady  in 
manners  :  soft,  delicate. 

LADYLOVE,  la'di-lu^,  n.  a  lady  or  woman 
loi-ed :  a  sweetheart 

LADYSHIP,  ladi-ship,  n.  the  title  of  a 
lady.     [See  Lady.] 

LAG,  lag,  adj. ,  slack :  sluggish  :  coming 
behind. — n.  he  who  or  that  which  comes 
behind:  the  fag-end. — v.i.  to  move  or 
walk  slowly:  to  loiter: — pr.p.  lagg'ing; 
pa.p.  lagged'.  [From  the  Celt.,  as  in  W. 
Hag,  loose,  sluggish,  Gael,  lag,  feeble  ; 
akin  to  Gr.  lagaros,  slack,  L.  laxus,  loose.] 

LAGGARD,  lag'ard,  adj.,  lagging:  slow: 
backward. 

LAGGARD,  lag'ard,  LAGGER,  lag'er,  n. 
one  who  lags  or  stays  behind  :  a  loiterer: 
an  idler. 

LAGGINGLY,  lag'inj-li,  adv.  in  a  lagging 
manner. 

LAGOON,  LAGUNE,  la-go6n',  n.  a  shallow 
lake  or  pond  into  which  the  sea  flows. 
[It.   laguna  —  L.   lacuna,  from    root  of 

L.VKE.] 

LAIC,  LAICAL.    See  Lay,  adj. 

LAID,  pa.f.  a.nA  pa.p.  of  Lay. 

LAIN,  pa.]),  of  Lie,  to  rest. 

LAIR,  lar,  n.  a  lying-place,  esp.  the  den  or 
retreat  of  a  wild  beast.  [A.S.  leger,  a 
couch — licgan,  to  lie  down  ;  Dut.  leger, 
Ger.  lager.] 

LAITT,  la'i-ti,  n.  the  people  as  distinct 
from  the  clergy.     [See  Lay,  Laic] 

LAKE,  lak,  n.  a  color  like  lac,  generally  of 
a  deep  red.  [Fr.  laque.  See  Lac,  a  res- 
inous substance.] 

LAKE,  lak,  n.  a  large  body  of  water  within 
land. — Lake  dwellings  were  settlements 
in  prehistoric  times,  which  were  built  on 
piles  driven  into  a  lake,  and  of  which 
many  remains  have  bee.,  discovered  in 
late  years.  [A.S.  too— L.  lacus,  akin  to 
Gr.  lakkos,  a  pit,  a  pond.] 

LAKELET,  lak'let,  n,  a  little  lake. 

LAKH,  n.    See  Lac,  term  used  for  100,000. 

LAKY,  lak'i,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  lake  or 
lakes. 

LAMA,  n.  an  animal.    See  Llama. 

LAMA,  la'ma,  n.  a  Buddhist  priest  in  Tibet. 
[Tib.  llama,  spiritual  teacher  or  lord.] 

LAMAISM,  la'ma-izm,  n.  the  reUgion  pre- 


vaiUng  in  Tibet  and  Mongolia,  a  develop- 
ment of  Buddhism,  the  object  of  worship 
being  the  Grand  Laraa. 

LAMB,  lam,  n.  the  young  of  a  sheep  :  one 
innocent  and  gentle  as  a  lamb  :  the  Sav- 
iour of  the  world. — v.i.  to  bring  forth 
young,  as  sheep.     [A.S.] 

LAMBENT,  lam'bent,  adj.  moving  about 
as  if  licking,  or  touching  lightly  :  play- 
ing about :  gliding  over  :  flickering.  [L. 
lumbeiis — lambo,  to  lick.] 

LAMBKIN,  lam'kin,  n.  a  little  lamb. 

LAMBLIKE,  lam'llk,  adj.  like  a  lamb: 
gentle. 

LAME,  lam,  adj.  disabled  in  the  limbs : 
hobbling :  unsatisfactory :  imperfect. — 
v.t.  to  make  lame  :  to  cripple  :  to  render 
imperfect. — adv.  Lame'ly. — n.  Lame'- 
NESS.  [A.S.  lama,  lame ;  Ice.  lami, 
broken,  enfeebled,  from  lama,  to  break.] 

LAMENT,  la-ment',  v.i.  to  utter  grief  in 
outcries:  to  wail:  to  mourn. — v.t.  to 
mourn  for :  to  deplore. — n.  sorrow  ex- 
pressed in  cries :  an  elegy  or  mournful 
ballad.  [Fi-.  lamenter — L.  lamentor,  akin 
to  clainc,  to  cry  out.] 

LAMEN'rABJ.E.  la-ii'ent-a-bl,  adj.  deserv- 
ing or  expressing  sorfcw :  sad  :  pitiful, 
despicable. — adv.  LAM'EJfTABLY. 

LAMENTATION,  lam-en-ta  shun,  n.  act 
of  lamenting :  audible  expression  of  grief  . 
vpailing  :^pl.  (B.)  a  book  of  Jeremiah,  so 
called  from  its  contents. 

LAMENTINGLY,  la-ment'ing-li,  adv.,  vnth 
lamentation. 

LAMINA,  lam'i-na,  n.  a  thin  plate :  a  thin 
layer  or  coat  lying  over  another : — pi. 
LAMiN.a;,  iam"i-ce. — adj.  Laminable. 
[L.J 

LAMINAR,  lam'i-nar,  adj.  in  lamince  or 
thin  plates  :  consisting  of  or  resembling 
thin  plates. 

LAMINATE,  lam'i-nat,  LAMINATED, 
lam'i-nat-ed,  adj.  in  lamince  or  thin 
plates':  consisting  of  scales  or  layers, 
one  over  another. — n.  Lamina'tion,  the 
arrangement  of  stratified  rocks  in  thin 
lamince  or  layers. 

LAMINIFERO'US,  lam-in-if'er-us,  adj.  con- 
sisting of  laminae  or  layers.  [L.  lamina, 
and  fcro,  to  bear.] 

LAMISH,  lam'ish,  adj.  a  little  lame:  hob- 
bling. 

LAMMAS,  lam'as,  n.,  loaf -mass  or  feast  of 
first-fruits,  on  1st  August.  [A.S.  hlaf- 
moesse  and  hlatnmcesse — hlaf,  loaf,  and 
7ncBsse,  feast.] 

LAMP,  lamp,  7i.  a  vessel  for  burning  oil 
with  a  wick,  and  so  giving  light :  a  light 
of  any  kind.  [Fr.  lampe — Gr.  lampas — 
lampo,  to  shine.] 

LAMPBLACK,  lamp'blak,  n.  the  black  sub- 
stance formed  by  the  smoke  of  a  lamp : 
a  fine  soot  formed  of  the  smoke  of  pitch, 
etc. 

LAMPOON,  lam-poon',  n.  a  personal  satire 
in  writing  :  low  censure. — v.t.  to  assaU 
with  personal  satire  :  to  satirize  -.—pr.p. 
lampoon'ing ;  pa.p.  lampooned'.  [O.  Fr. 
lampon,  orig.  a  drinking-song,  with  the 
refrain  lampons=\et  us  drink — lamper  (or 
taper,  to  lap),  to  drink.] 

LAMPOONER,  lam-poon'er,  n.  one  who 
writes  a  lampoon,  or  abuses  with  per- 
sonal satire. 

LAMPOONRY,  lam-poon'ri,  n.  practice  of 
lampooning:  written  personal  abuse  or 
satire. 

LAMPREY,  lam'pre,  ?i.  a  genus  of  cartilagi- 
nous fishes  resembling  the  eel,  so  called 
from  tbeir  attaching  themselves  to  rocks 
or  stones  by  their  mouths.  [Fr.  lamproie 
— Low  L.  lampreda,  lampetra — L.  lambo, 
to  lick,  and  petra,  rock.] 

LANCE,  lans,  n.  a  long  shaft  of  wood,  with 
a  spear-head,  and  bearing  a  small  flag. — 
v.t.  to  pierce  with  a  lance :  to  open  with 


a  lancet.     [Fr. — L.  lancea,  akin  to  Gr. 
longche,  a  lance.] 

LANCEOLATE,  lan'se-o-lat,  LANCEO- 
LATED,  lan'se-o-lat-ed,  adj.  (bot.)  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  lance-head  :  tapering 
toward  both  ends.  [L.  lanceolatus — 
lanceola,  dim.  of  lancea.] 

LANCER,  lan'ser,  n.  name  given  to  a  kind 
of  cavalry  armed  with  a  lance : — pi.  a 
kind  of  dance. 

LANCET,  lan'set,  n.  a  surgical  instrument 
used  for  opening  veins,  etc.  :  a  high  and 
narrow  window,  pointed  like  a  lance. 
[Fr.  lancette,  dim.  of  lance.] 

LANCH.    Same  as  Launch. 

LAND,  land,  n.  earth,  the  solid  portion  of 
the  surface  of  the  globe :  a  country :  a 
district:  soil :  real  estate  :  a  nation  or 
people. — v.t.  to  set  on  land  or  on  shore. 
— v.i.  to  come  on  land  or  on  shore.  [A.S. ; 
found  in  all  the  Teut.  languages.] 

LANDAU,  lan'daw,  n.  a  coach  or  carriage 
with  a  top  which  may  be  opened  and 
thrown  back,  so  called  from  Landau  in 
Germany. 

LANDBREEZE,  land'brez,  n.  a  breeze  set- 
ting from  the  land  towards  the  sea. 

LANDCRAB,  land'krab,  n.  a  family  of 
(^abs  which  live  much  or  chiefly  on  land. 

LAlNliFLOOD,  land'flud,  n.  a  flooding  or 
overflowing  of  land  by  water  ;  inunda- 
tion. 

LANDFORCE.  land'fors,  n.  a  military  force 
serving  on  land,  as  distinguished  from  a 
naval  force. 

LANDGRAVE,  land'grav,  n.  a  German 
earl. — ns.  Landgra'viate,  the  territory 
of  a  landgrave.  Landgravine,  land'g^ar 
ven,  the  wife  of  a  landgrave.  [Lit. 
"  land-earl,"  Land,  and  Ger.  graf,  earl, 
fem.  grdfin.] 

LANDHOLDER,  land'hold-er,  n.  a  holder 
or  proprietor  of  land. 

LANDING,  land'ing,  w.  act  of  going  on 
land  from  a  vessel :  a  place  for  getting 
on  shore  :  the  level  part  of  a  staircase 
between  the  flights  of  steps. — adj.  relat- 
ing to  the  unloading  of  a  vessel's  cargo. 

LANDLADY,  land'la-di,  n.  a  lady  or  wo- 
man who  has  property  in  lands  or  houses: 
the  mistress  of  an  inn  or  lodging-house. 

LANDLOCK,  land'lok,  v.t.  to  lock  or  in- 
close by  land. 

LANDLORD,  land'lord,  n.  the  lord  or  own- 
er of  land  or  houses :  the  master  of  an 
inn  or  lodging-house. 

LAND-LUBBER,  land'-lub'er,  n.  a  lands- 
man, a  term  used  by  sailors. 

LANDMARK,  land'milrk,  n.  anything  serv- 
ing to  mark  the  boundaries  of  la^id :  any 
object  on  land  that  serves  as  a  guide  to 
seamen. 

LANDRAIL,  land'ral,  n.  the  crake  or  corn- 
crake, so  named  from  its  cry.  [Land  and 
Rail.] 

LANDSCAPE,  land'skap,  n.  the  shape  or 
appearance  of  that  portion  of  land  which 
the  eye  can  at  once  view:  the  aspect  of 
a  country,  or  a  picture  representing  it. 
[Borrowed  from  the  Dutch  artists,  Dut. 
landschap,  lit.  the/orwi  or  fashion  of  the 
land,  from  laiid  and  -schap,  a  sufiix=i 
A.S.  -scipe,  and  the  mod.  E.  -ship.] 

LANDSLIP,  land'slip,  n.  a  portion  of  land 
that  falls  down,  generally  from  the  side 
of  a  hill,  usually  due  to  the  undermin- 
ing effect  of  water. 

LANDSMAN,  landz'man,  LANDMAN, 
land'man,  n.  a  man  who  lives  or  serves 
on  land :  one  inexperienced  in  sea-far^ 
ing. 

LAND-STEWARD,  land' -  stu'ard,  n.  a 
steward  or  person  who  manages  a  landed 
e.state. 

LAND-TAX,  land'-taks,n.  a  tax  upon  land. 


LAND  WAITER 

LANB-WAITER,  land'-wat'er,  n.  a  cus- 
tom-house officer  who  waits  or  attends 
on  the  landing  o(  goods  from  ships. 
[Land  and  Waiter.] 
liANDWARD,  land'ward,  adv.  towards 
the  land.— adj.  lying  toward  the  land, 
away  from  the  seacoast:  situated  in  or 
forming  part  of  the  country,  as  opposed 
to  the  town:  rural. 
LANE.  Ian,  Jt.  an  open  apace  between 
corn-fletds,  hedges,  etc.  ;  a  narrow  pas- 
sa'^e  or  road':  a  narrow  street.  [A..S. 
lane;  Scot,  loan.  North  E.  Zowrem,  Dut. 
laan.]  ,  .  ,    . 

LANGUAGE,  lang'gwaj,  n.  that  which  is 
spoken  by  the  tongue:  human  speech: 
speech  peculiar  to  a  nation  :  style  or  ex- 
pression peculiar  to  an  individual :  dic- 
tion :  any  manner  of  expressing  thought. 
[Fr.  langage—langue—lj.  lingua  (old  form 
dingua),  the  tongue,  akin  to  L.  lingo, 
Gr.  leicM.  Sans,  lih,  to  lick.] 
LANGUID,  lang'gwid,  adj.,  slack ov  feeble  : 
flao-o-ing :  exhausted  :  sluggish  :  spiritless. 
—  adv.  Lan'guidly.  —  n.  Lan'guidness. 
Pj.  languidus—langueo,  to  be  weak,  conn, 
with  LagJ 
LANGUISH,  lang'gwish,  v.i.   to    become 
languid  or  enfeebled:  to  lose  strength 
and  animation  :  to  pine  :  to  become  dull, 
as  of  trade.    [Fr.  languir—h.  languesco— 
langueo.] 
LANGUISHINGLY,  lang'gwish-ing-li,  adv. 
in  a  languishing,  weak,  dull,  or  tender 
manner. 
LANGUISHMENT,    lang'gwish-ment,    n. 
the  act  orstateof  tarafirMw/img';  tender- 
ness of  look. 
LANGUOR,  lang'gwur,  n.  state  of  being 
languid  or  faint :  dullness :  listlessness : 
softness. 
LANIARD.    Same  as  Lantakd. 
LANIFEROUS,lan-if'er-us,LANIGEROUS, 
lan-ij'er-us,  adj.,  wool-hearing.     [L.  lani- 
fer.  laniger—lana,  wool,  and  fero,  gero, 
to  bear.] 
LANK,   langk, 'adj.  (lit.)  faint  or  weak: 
languid  or  drooping:  soft  or  loose  :  thin. 
— adv.  Lane'ly.— )i.  Lank'ness.     [A.S. 
hlanc  ;  Dut.  slank,  Ger.  schlank,  slender, 
conn,  with  Lag  and  Slack.] 
LANSQUENET,  lans'ke-net,  n.  a  German 
foot-soldier:    a  game  at  cards.     [Fr.— 
Ger.    landsknecht—land,    country,    and 
knecM,  a  soldier.] 
LANTERN,  lant'ern,  n.  a  case  for  holding 
or    carrying    a    light:     a    drum-shaped 
erection    surmounting  a  dome   to  give 
light  and  to  crown  the  fabric  :  the  upper 
square  cage  which  illuminates  a  corridor 
or  gallery. — v.t.  to  furnish  with  a  lantern. 
[Fr.  lanteme—L.  lanterna—Gv.  lanvpter 
—lampo.  to  give  light.] 
LANTHORN,   ?l.   an  obsolete    spelling  of 
Lantern,  arising  from  the  use  of  horn 
for  the  sides  of  lanterns. 
\*ANYARD,  LANIARD,   lan'yard,  n.  the 
lanyards  are  short  ropes  used  on  board 
Aip  for  fastening  or  stretching.     [Fr. 
'niiiire,  perh.  from  L.  lanarius,  made  of 
<yool — tana,  wool.] 
ISjAP,  lap,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  lick  up  with  the 
tongue  :—pr.p.  lapp'ing;  pa.t.  a,nA pa.p. 
lapped'.   [A.S.  lapian ;  Fr.  laper,  Gr.  lap- 
to,  allied  to  L.  lambo.  Sans.  lih.  to  lick.] 
LAP,  lap,  n.  the  loose  or  overhanging  flap 
of  anything :  the  part  of  the  clothes  lying 
on  the  knees  when  a  person  sits  down : 
the  part  of  the  body  tlms  covered  :  a  fold. 
— v.t.  to  lay  over  or  on. — v.i.  to  be  spread 
on  or  over :  to  be  turned  over  or  upon. 
(A.S.  loeppa,  a  loosely  hanging  part;  Ice. 
lapa,  to  liang  loose,  Ger.  lappen,  any- 
thing hanging  loose ;  conn,  with  Flap.] 
LAP,  lap,  v.t.  to  wrap,  fold,  involve.    [M.E. 
wlappen,  being  a  form  of  Wrap.    See 
EnteuMB.]! 


260 

LAPEL,  la^pel',  n.  the  part  of  the  breast 
of  a  coat  which  folds  over  like  a  lap. — 
adj.  Lapelled'.    [Difii  of  Lap.] 
LAPFUL.  lap'fool,  n.  as  much  as  fills  a  lap. 
LAPIDARY,  lap'i-dar-i,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  cutting  of   stones. — ?i.  a  cutter  of 
stones,  esp.  precious  stones :  a  dealer  in 
precious  stones.     [L.   lapidarim— lapis, 
lapidis,  a  stone.] 
LAPIDESCENT,  lap-id-es'ent,  adj.  becom- 
ing stone:  having  the  quality  of  petrify- 
ing or  turning  to  stone. — n.   Lapides'- 
CENCE.     [L.  lapidesco,  to  become  stone.] 
LAPIDIFY,  la-pid'i-Q,   v.t.  to    make   into 
stone. — v.i.  to  turn   into  stone: — pr.p. 
lapid'ifving;  pa.}),  lapid'ified. — n.  Lapid- 
incA'TioN.  [L.  lapis,  and/acio,  to  make.] 
LAPIDIST,  lap'id-ist,  n.     Same  as  Lapi- 
dary. 
LAPPER,  lap'er,  re.  one  who  laps,  wraps, 

or  folds. 
LAPPET,  lap'et,  n.  a  little  lap  or  flap.— 

adj.  Lapp'eted.     [Dim.  of  Lap.] 
LAPSE,  laps,  v.i.  to  slip  or  glide  :  to  pass 
by  degrees  :  to  fall  from  the  faith  or  from 
virtue :  to  fail  in  duty :  to  pass  to  an- 
other  proprietor  by  the    negligence   of 
a  patron,    etc. :    to    become  void. — n.  a 
slipping  or  falling :  a.  failing  in  duty:  a 
fault :  a  gliding,  a  passing.      [L.  labor, 
lapsus,  to  slip  or  fall,  akin  to  Lap  and 
Flap.] 
LAPWING,  lap'wing,  n.  the  name  of  a  bird 
of  the  plover  famil.r,  also  called  peewit, 
from  Its  peculiar  cry.  [M.E.  lappeivinke 
— A.S.  hleapewince—hleapan,  to  leap  or 
run,  and  root  of  wink,  which   like  Ger. 
wanken  orig.  meant  to  move  from  side  to 
side ;  the  name  is  descriptive  of  the  move- 
ment of  the  bird.] 
LAR,  lar,  n.  among  the  ancient  Romans, 
a  household  god,  supposed  to  be  animated 
by  the  soul  of  a  deceased  ancestor  •.—pi. 
Laees,  la'rez.     [L.] 
LARBOARD,  lar'bord,  n.  an  obsolete  naval 
term  for  the  left  side  of  a  ship  looking 
from  the  stern,  now  substituted  by  the 
terra   port,    to     prevent    the     mistakes 
caused  by  its  resemblance  in  sound   to 
starboard. — adj.    pertaining  to  the   lar- 
board side.     [Ety.  dub.] 
LARCENIST,  lar'sen-ist,  n.  one  who  com- 
mits larceny :  a  thief. 
LARCENY,  lar'sen-i.  n.  the  legal  term  for 
stealing :  theft.     [Fr.  larcin—h.  latrocin- 
ium—latro,  Gr.  latris,  a  robber.] 
LARCH,  larch,  n.  a  cone-bearing  kind  of 

pine-tree.  [L.  and  Gr.  larix.'] 
LARD,  lard,  n.  the  melted  fat  of  swine.— 
v.t.  to  smear  with  lard:  to  stuff  with 
bacon  or  pork :  to  fatten  :  to  mix  with 
anything.  [Fr. — L.  laridum  or  lardum  ; 
akin  to  Fr.  larinos,  fa.t—laros,  sweet  or 
dainty.] 
LARDACEOUS,  lard-a'shus,  adj.  of  op  like 

lard. 

LARDER,  lard'er,  n.  a  room  or  place  where 

meat,  etc.,  is  kept.    [Lit.  a  place  where 

lard  is  kept.]  ,     ^     .  „ 

LARDY,  lard'i,  adj.  containing  lard :  full 

of  lard. 
LARGE,  larj,  adj.  great  in  size  :  extensive  s 
bulky:    wide:    Ions:    abundant. — adv. 
Laege'ly.— n.  LaeWness.— At  large, 
without  restraint  or  confinement :  fully. 

JFr. — L.  largusj 
RGE-HEAETED,  larj'-hart'ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing a  large  heart  or  liberal  disposition : 

generous. 
LARGESS,  lar  j'es,  n.  a  present  or  donation. 

[Fr.  largesse— !>.  largitio—largior,  to  give 

freely — largus.] 
LARIAT,  lar'i-at,  n.  a  lasso.    [Sp.| 
LARK,  lark,  n.  a  well-known  singing-bird. 

— v.t.  to  catch  larks.     [Scot,  and  M.  E. 

laverock— A.9.  laicerce;  Dut.  leeuverik, 

lercke,  Ger.  lerche.] 


LATCHET 

LARK,  lark,  n.  a  game,  frolic.    [A.  8.  lac, 
which  appears  as  suffix  in  kaow-ledge, 
and  wed-tocfc.] 
LARKSPUR,   laik'spur,  re.  a   plant  with 

showy  flowers. 
LARUM,  lar'um,  re.,  alarm:  a  noise  giving 

notice  of  danger,  [A  contr.  of  Alasm.] 
LARVA,  lar'va,  n.  an  insect  in  its  first 
stage  after  issuing  from  the  egg,  i.e.  in 
the  caterpillar  state:— pZ.  Larv^  (lar'- 
\e).—adj.  Lar'val.  [L.  larva,  a  spectre, 
a  mcsk,  a  fanciful  name  applied  to  the 
caterpillar,  because  it  hides  as  in  a  mask 
its  higher  life. 
LARYNGITIS,  lar-in-jl'tis, re.  inflammation 

of  the  larynx. 
LARYNGOSCOPE,    la-ring'go-skOp,    n.  a 
kind  of  reflecting  mirror  for  examining 
the  larynx  and  the  throat.    [Gr.  larynx, 
and  skopeo,  to  behold.] 
LARYNX,   lar'ingks  or  lar'ingks,  n.  the 
upper  part  of  the  windpipe:  the  throat. 
—adjs.  Laryn'geal,  Laeyn'gean.    [Gr. 
larynx,  laryngos.] 
LASCAR,  las'kar,  re.  a  native  East  Indian 
sailor.     [Hind.— Pers.  lashkar,  an  army, 
from  which  lashkari,  a  camp-follower.] 
LASCIVIOUS,    las-siv'i-us,    adj.    lustful; 
tending  to  produce   lustful  emotions. — 
adv.  Lasciv'iously.— re.  LasciViousness. 
[L.  lasciviis;  Sans,  lash,  to  desire.] 
LASH,  lash,  re.  a  thong  or  cord  :  the  flexible 
part  of  a  whip :  a  stroke  with  a  whip  or 
anything  pliant:  a  stroke  of  satire,   a 
sharp  retort. — v.t.  to  strike  with  a  lash  : 
to  whip :  to  dash  against :  to  fasten  or 
secure  with  a  rope  or  cord :  to  censure 
severely:  to  scourge  with  sarcasm    or 
satire. — v.i.  to  use  the  whip :  to  attack 
severely.     [From  a  Teut.  root,  seen  in  O. 
Low  G'er.  laske,  a  flap,   Ger.  lasche,  a 
stripe  or  flap,  influenced  perh.  by  Fr. 
forms  from  L.  lagueus,  a  snare,  and  iaa> 
Its,  loose.] 
LASHER,   lash'er,  n.  one  who  lashes  or 

whips. 
LASHING,  lash'ing,  n.  a  whipping  with  a 
lash :  a  chastisement :  a  rope  for  making 
anvthing  fast. 
LASS,  las,  n.  (fern,  of  Lad)  a  girl.  esp.  a 
country  girl.     [Prob.  a  contr.  of  laddess, 
formed  from  LaD  ;  or  directly  from  W. 
llodes.  fem.  of  llawd,  a  Lad.] 
LASSITUDE,  las'i-tud,  re., /airefreess;  weak- 
ness :  weariness :  languor.     [Fr.— L.  lass- 
itudo—lassiis,  faint;  akin  to  Languid.] 
LASSO,  las'o,  re.  a  rope  with  a  noose  for 
catching  wild  horses,  etc.:— pZ.  LaSS'OS. 
—V.i.  to   catch   with    the  lasso :— pr.p. 
lass'oing;  jia.p.   lass'oed.      [Port.    Ioqo, 
Sp.   lazo  —  h.    laqueus,   a    noose.      See 
Latch.] 
LAST,  last,  n.  a  wooden  mould  of  the  root 
on  which  boots  and  shoes  are  made. — v.t, 
to  fit  with  a  last.  [A.S.  last,  Goth,  laists, 
a  footmark.] 
LAST,  last,  v.t.  to  continue,  endure.  [Same 
word  as  above,  and  lit.  meaning  to  fol- 
low a  trace  or  footmark,  and  so  to  follow- 
out,  to  continue.]  i.      ^  j 
LAST,  last,  re.  a  weight  generally  estimated 
at  4000  lbs.,  but  varying  in  different  ar- 
ticles :    a  ship's    cargo.      [A.S.    hlcest— 
hladan,  to  load;  Ger.  last.  Ice.  Mass.] 
LAST,  last,  adj.,  latest:  coming  after  all 
the  others:  final:  next  before  the  pres- 
ent:    utmost:    meanest  —  advs.      Last, 
Last'ly.    [A  contr.  of  Latest.] 
LASTINGLY,  last'ing-li,  adv.  in  a  Uisting 

or  enduring  manner. 
LATCH,  lach,  re.  a  small  piece  of  wood  or 
iron  to  fasten  a  door.— P.t.  to  fasten  with 
a  latch.    [A.S.  loeccan,  to  catch  ;  akin  to 
L.  lammis.    See  Lack.  ,      ,.,    . 

LATCHET,  lach'et,  re.  a  lace  or  buckle  roe 
fastening  a  shoe.   [Dim.  of  Latch,] 


LATCHKEY 


261 


LAY 


liATCHKEY,  lach'ke,  n.  a  key  to  raise  the 
latch  of  a  door. 

LATE,  lat,  adj.  (comp.  Lat'er  ;  superl. 
Lat'est),  slow,  tardy :  behindhand  : 
coming  after  the  expected  time  :  long 
delayed  :  far  advanced  towards  the 
close  :  last  in  any  place  or  character : 
deceased  :  departed  :  out  of  office  :  not 
long  past. — advs.  Late,  Late'ly. — n. 
Late'ness,  state  of  being  late.  [A.S. 
IcEt,  slow;  Dut.  laat.  Ice.  latr,  Ger.  lass, 
weary  ;  L.  lassus,  tired.] 

LATEEN,  la-ten',  adj.  applied  to  a  tri- 
angular sail,  common  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean. [Lit.  Latin  ov  Roman  sa,i[s,  Fr. 
— L.  Latinus,  Latin.] 

LATENCY,  la'ten-si,  n.  state  of  being 
latent. 

LATENT,  la'tent,  adj.,  lying  hid:  con- 
cealed :  not  visible  or  apparent  :  not 
making  itself  knovvn  by  its  effects. — 
adv.  La'tently.  [L.  latens,  pr.p.  of  la- 
teo,  to  lie  hid  ;  akin  to  Gr.  lanthano,  to 
hide.] 

LATERAL,  lat'er-al,  adj.  belonging  to  the 
side :  proceeding  from  or  in  the  direction 
of  the  s\de.— adv.  Lat'brally.  [L.  lat- 
eralis— latus,  lateris,  a  side.] 

LATERITIOUS,  lat-erish'us.  adj.,  brick- 
colored.  [L.  lateritius — later,  lateris,  a 
brick.] 

LATH,  lath,  n.  a  thin  cleft  slip  ot  wood 
used  in  slating,  plastering,  etc.  -.—pi. 
Laths  (\Mhz). — v.t.  to  cover  with  laths. 
[A.  S.  Icettu ;  Dut.  lat,  Ger.  latte,  a  lath, 
W.  Udth,  a  rod.] 

LATHE,  la,th,  n.  a  machine  for  turning 
and  shaping  articles  of  wood,  metal,  etc. 
[Ice.  loth,  root  uncertain.] 

LATHER,  lai/i'er,  n.  a,  foam  or  froth  made 
with  water  and  soap  :  froth  from  sweat. 
— v.t.  to  spread  over  with  lather. — v.i.  to 
form  a  lather  :  to  become  frothy.  [A.S. 
leathor,  lather  ;  Ice.  lodr,  foam  of  the 
sea.] 

LATIN,  lat'in,  adj.  pertaining  to  Latin  or 
to  the  Latins  or  Romans:  written  or 
spoken  in  Latin. — n.  the  language  of  the 
ancient  Romans.  [L.  Latinus,  belong- 
ing to  Latium,  the  district  in  wliicli  Rome 
was  built. 

LATINISM,  lat'in-izm,  n.  a  Latin  idiom. 

LATINIST,  lat'in-ist,  n.  one  skilled  in 
Latin. 

LATINITY,  la-tin'i-ti,  Ji.  purity  of  Latin 
style  :  the  Latin  tongue,  style,  or  idiom. 

LATINIZE,  lat'in-Iz,  v.t.  to  give  Latin  ter- 
minations to. — v.i.  to  use  words  or 
phrases  from  the  Latin. 

LATISH,  lat'ish,  adj.  somewhat  late. 

LATITUDE,  lat'i-tud,  n.  the  distance  of  a 
place  north  or  south  from  the  equator : 
the  angular  distance  of  a  celestial  body 
from  the  ecliptic  :  fig.  extent  of  signifi- 
cation :  freedom  from  restraint  :  scope. 
fFr. — L.  latitudo,  -inis — latus,  broad.] 

LATITUDINAL,  lat-i-tud'i-nal,  adj.  per- 
taining to  latitude:  in  the  direction  of 
latitudi^. 

LATITUDINARIAN,  lat  -  i  -  ttid-i-na'ri-an, 
adj.,  broad  or  liberal,  esp.  in  religious 
belief:  not  orthodox:  lax:  not  restricted 
bv  ordinary  rules  or  limits. — n.  one  who 
ill  principle  or  practice  departs  from  or- 
tlioilnx  rule. — 71.  Latitddina'rianism. 

LATITUDINOUS,  lat-i-tud'i-nus,  adj.  hav- 
ing latitude  or  large  extent. 

.TjATRINE,  lat'rin,  n.  a  place  of  convenience 
for  soldiers  in  camp  or  barracks.  [Fr. — 
L.  lavatrina — lavo,  to  wash.] 

LATTEN,  lat'en,  n.  brass  or  bronze  used 
for  crosses  :  sheet  tin,  tinned  iron-plate. 
[O.  Fr.  laton,  Fr.  laiton :  from  Fr.  latte, 
a  lath,  the  metal  being  wrought  into  thin 
plates.     See  Lath.] 

LATTER,  lat'er,  adj.,  later:  coming  or  ex- 
isting after  ;  mentioned  the  last  of  two  ; 


modem:   recent.     [An  irreg.  comp.  of 

Late.] 

LATTERLY,  lat'er-li,  adv.  in  latter  time  : 
of  late. 

LATTICE,  lat'is,  n.  a  network  of  crossed 
laths  or  bars,  called  also  Lattice-work  : 
anything  of  lattice-work,  as  a  window. — 
v.t.  to  form  into  open-work :  to  furnish 
with  a  lattice.  [Fr.  lattis — latte,  a  lath, 
from  Ger.  latte,  cog.  with  E.  Lath.] 

LAUD,  lawd,  v.t.  to  praise  in  words,  or 
with  singing  :  to  celebrate. — n.  Laud'er. 
[L.  laudo — laus,  laudis,  praise,  probably 
akin  to  Gr.  kluo.  Sans,  gru,  to  hear.] 

LAUDABLE,  lawd'a-bl,  adj.  worthy  of  be- 
ing praised. — adv.  Laud' ably. — n.  Laxjd'- 

ABLENESS. 

LAUDANUM,  lawd'a-num,  n.  a  preparation 
of  opium  :  tincture  of  opium.  [Orig.  the 
same  word  as  Ladanoti,  transferred  to  a 
different  drug.] 

LAUDATORY,  lawd'a-tor-i,  adj.  containing 
praise  :  expressing  praise. — n.  that  which 
contains  praise. 

LAUGH,  laf ,  v.i.  to  make  the  noise  showing 
or  caused  by  mirth  :  to  be  gay  or  lively. 
— n.  the  sound  caused  by  merriment. — 
Laugh  at,  to  ridicule.  [A.S.  hlihan ; 
Ger.  lachen,  Goth,  hlahjan;  prob.  from 
the  sound  J 

LAUGHABLE,  laf'arbl,  adj.  fitted  to  cause 
laughter  :  ludicrous. — adv.  Laugh' ably. 
— n.  Laugh'ableness. 

LAUGHING-GAS,  laf'ing-gas,  n.  a  gas 
which  excites  laughter,  called  nitrous 
oxide. 

LAUGHINGLY,  laf'ing-li,  adv.  in  a  laugh- 
ing or  merry  way  :  with  laughter. 

LAUGHING-STOCK,  lafing-stok,  n.  an 
object  of  ridicule,  like  something  stuck 
up  to  be  laughed  at. 

LAUGHTER,  liif'ter,  n.  act  or  noise  of 
lauqliing. 

LAUiStCH.  LANCH.  lansh,  v.t.  to  throw  as 
a  lance  or  spear  :  to  send  forth  :  to  cause 
to  slide  into  the  water. — v.i.  to  go  forth, 
as  a  ship  into  the  water  :  to  expatiate  in 
language. — n.  act  of  launching  or  moving 
a  ship  into  the  water:  the  largest  boat 
carried  by  a  man-of-war.  [Fr.  lancer — 
lance,  a  lance.     See  Lance.] 

LAUNDER,  lawn'der,  n.  (mining)  a  trough 
used  in  washing  ore.  [Orig.  a  washer- 
woman, M.  E.  lavandre — Fr.  lavandiere 
■ — L.  lavare.l 

LAUNDRESS,  lawn'dres,  n,  a  loasherwo- 
man. 

LAUNDRY,  lawn'dri,  n.  a  place  or  room 
where  clothes  are  washed  and  dressed. 
[See  Lave.] 

LAUREATE,  law're-at,  adj.  crowned  with 
laurel. — n.  one  crowned  with  laurel :  the 
poet  -  laureate  or  court  poet. — v.t,  to 
crown  with  laurel,  in  token  of  literary 
merit  :  to  confer  a  degree  upon.  [See 
Laurel.] 

LAUREATESHIP,  law're-at-ship,  n.  office 
of  a  laureate. 

LAUREATION,  law-re-a'shun,  n.  act  ot 
laureating  or  conferring  a  degree. 

LAUREL,  law'rel,  n.  the  hay-treo,  used 
by  the  ancients  for  making  honorary 
wreaths.     [Fr.  laurier — L.  latirus.] 

LAURELLED,  law'reld,  adj.  crowned  with 
laurel. 

LAVA,  la'va  or  la'va,  n.  the  melted  matter 
discharged  from  a  burning  mountain,  and 
that  flows  down  its  sides.  [It.  lava,  a 
stream — L.  lavare,  to  wash.] 

LAVATORY,  lav'a-tor-i,  n.  a  place  for 
tcashing :  a  place  where  gold  is  got  by 
washing.     [See  Lave.] 

LAVE,  liiv,  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  wash :  to  bathe. 
[Fr.  laver — L.  lavo,  lavatum,  akin  to  Gr. 
loud,  to  wash.] 

LAVE,  lav,  v.t.  (obs.  and  pro  v.)  to  lift  or 


iade  or  throw  out  (as  water  from  a  boat). 
[Perh.  Fr.  lever — L.  leva,  to  lift.] 

LAVENDER,  lav'en-der,  n.  an  odoriferous 
plant,  so  called  from  its  being  laid  with 
newly  washed  clothes.  [Fr.  lavande. 
See  Lave.] 

LAVER,  la'ver,  n.  a  large  vessel  for  laving 
or  washing. 

LAVISH,  lav'ish,  v.t.  to  expend  profusely: 
to  waste. — adj.  lavishing  or  bestowing 
profuselj^ :  prodigal :  extravagant  :  wild  : 
unrestrained. — cidv.  Lav'ishly.  [From 
Lave,  to  throw  out.] 

LAVISHMENT,  lav'ish-ment,  LAVISH- 
NESS,  lav'ish-nes,  n.  state  of  being  lav- 
ish :  profusion  :  prodigality. 

LAW,  law,  }).  a  rule  of  action  laid  doum  or 
established  by  authority  :  edict  of  a  gov- 
ernment :  statute  :  the  rules  of  a  com- 
munity or  state  :  a  rule  or  principle  of 
science  or  art :  the  whole  jurisprudence 
or  the  science  of  law  :  established  usage: 
that  which  rules  :  conformity  to  law  : 
that  which  is  lawful :  a  theoretical  prin- 
ciple educed  from  practice  or  observa- 
tion :  (theol.)  the  Mosaic  code  or  the 
books  containing  it  :  (B.)  the  word  of 
God,  the  Old  Testament.  [M.  E.  lawe— 
A.S.  lagu,  lah,  from  lecgan,  to  lay,  or 
licgan,  to  lie  ;  Ice.  lag ;  akin  to  L.  lex, 
law,  Gr.  lego,  to  lay.] 

LAWFUL,  law'fool,  aq;.  according  to  lawt 
legal  :  constituted  by  law  :  rightful.— 
adv.  Law'fully. — n.  Law'fulness. 

LAWGIVER,  law'giv-er,  n.  one  who  gives 
or  enacts  laws  :  a  legislator.  [Law  and 
Giver.] 

LAWLESS,  law'les,  adj.  unrestrained  by 
law.  illegal. — adv.  Law'lessly. — n. 
Law'lessness. 

LAWMONGER,  law'mung-ger,  n.  a.monger 
or  low  dealer  in  law. 

LAWN,  lawn,  n.  a  sort  of  fine  linen  or  cam- 
bric.— adj.  made  of  lawn.  [Prob.  Fr. 
linon — L.  linum,  modified  perh.  by  con- 
fusion with  L.  lana,  wool.     See  Linen.J 

LAWN,  lawn,  n.  an  open  space  between 
woods:  a  space  of  ground  covered  with 
grass,  generally  in  front  of  or  around  a 
house  or  mansion.  [M.E.  laiind — O.  Fr. 
lande,  from  Ger.  land  (see  Land),  or  from 
Br-pt.  lann.] 

LAWN-TENNIS,  lawn'-ten'is,  n.  a  kind  of 
tennis  generally  played  on  an  open  lawn. 

LAWSUIT,  law'sut,  n.  a  s^lit  or  process  in 
law. 

LAWYER,  law'yer,  w.  one  versed  in  or 
who  practices  law:  (B.)  a  Jewish  divine 
or  expounder  of  the  law.  [Law,  and  suf- 
fix -yer.] 

LAX,  laks,  adj.,  slack  :  loose  :  soft,  flabby: 
not  crowded  :  not  strict  in  discipline  or 
morals  :  loose  in  the  bowels. — adv.  Lax"- 
ly.  [L.  laxus,  loose,  laxo,  -atum,  to  un- 
loose ;  prob.  akin  to  LANGUID.] 

LAXATION,  laks-a'shun,  n.  act  of  loosen- 
ing :  state  of  being  loose  or  slackened. 

LAXATIVE,  laks'a-tiv,  adj.  having  the 
power  of  loosening  the  bovvels. — n.  a 
purgative  or  aperient  medicine. — n.  Lax'- 
ativeness.     [Fr.  laxatif—h.  laxo.] 

LAXITY,  laks'i-ti,  LAXNESS,  laks'nes,  n. 
state  or  quality  of  being  lax:  want  of 
exactness. 

LAY,  pa.t.  of  Lie,  to  lay  one's  self  down. 

LAY,  la,  v.t.  to  cause  to  liedoion  :  to  place 
or  set  down  :  to  beat  down  :  to  spread 
on  a  surface  :  to  calm  :  to  appease :  to 
wager  :  to  bring  forth  :  to  impose  :  to 
charge:  to  present.  —  v.i.  to  produce 
eggs: — pr.p.  lay'ing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  laid. 
— Lay  to  {Pr.  Bh.)  to  apply  with  vigor. 

ilt  is  the  causal  of  lie,  from  A.S.  lecgan; 
ce.   leggja,   Ger.   legen ;    Gr.   lego.    See 
Lie.] 
LAY,  la,  n.  a  song:  a  lyric  or  narrative 
poem.    [O.  Fr,  lai,  of  Celtic  orig'in,  ai 


W.  ttais,  a  sound,  Gael,  laoidh,  a  verse, 
sacred  poem  ;    perh.    conn,   with    Ger. 

LAY,  la,  LAIC,  la'ik,  LAICAL,  la'ik-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  people :  not  cleri- 
cal. [Fr.  lai — L.  laicus — Gr.  laikos — 
laos,  the  people.] 

LAYER,  la'er,  n.  a  bed  or  stratum  :  a 
shoot  laid  for  propagation.  [See  Lay, 
v.t.] 

LAYERING,  la'er-ing,  m.  the  propagation 

of  plants  by  layers.  .,  ,  .^nvf  ,  -kt  i-» 

LAY-FIGURE,  la'-flg'ur,  or  LAYIMAN,  la- 
man,  ?i.  a  wooden  figure  used  by  artists 
to  represent  the  human  body,  and  which 
serves  as  a  model  for  attitude  and  drap- 
ery.    [Dut.  leeman,  a   jointed  image — 
ledt,  lid,  a  joint.] 
LAYMAN,  la'man,  n.  one  of  the  laity :  a 
non-professional  man.     [See  Lay,  Laic] 
LAZAR,    la'zar,    n.    one    afHicted  with  a 
filthy  and  pestilential  disease  hke  Laz- 
ants,  the  beggar.     [Fr.  lazare,  from  Laz- 
arus of  the  parable  in  Luke  xvi.] 
LAZARETTO,  laz-a-ret'o,  LAZARET,  laz'; 
a-ret.   n.  a  public  hospital  for  r"  .  «;ase. 
persons,  esp.  for  such  as  have  Ln.ictious 
disorders.     [It.   Inzzeretto .,    Fr.   lazjrei. 
See  LazaK.I 
LAZAR-HOUSE,  la'zar-hows,    n.  a   laza- 
retto :  a  hospital  tor  quarantine.   [Lazae 
and  House.] 
LAZARLIKE,  la'zar-lik,  adj.,  like  a  lazar: 

full  of  sores  :  leprous. 
LAZY,  la'zi,  adj.  disinclined  to  exertion  : 
averse  to  labor  :    sluggish :    tedious.  — 
adv.    La'zilt.— ra.    La'ziness,    state    or 
quality  of  being  lazy.     [M.E.  lasche—O. 
Fr.  lasche  (Fr.  Idche),  slack,  weak,  base— 
L.  la.vus,  loose.] 
LAZZARONI,  laz-a-r5'ni,  n.  name  given  to 
the  lowest  classes  in  Naples,  who  u.sedto 
live  an  idle  outcast  life.     [It.,  from  Laza- 
rus.] 
T,F.A  or  LEY,  le  (obs.  Lay),  n.  a  meadow: 
grassland,   pasturage.     [A.S.    leah;  cf. 
pi-ov.  Ger.  lohe,  loh,  found  also  in  place- 
names,  as  Waterloo  =  water-lea.] 
LEAD,  led,  n.  a  well-known  metal  of  ablu- 
ish-white  color :  the  plummet  for  sound- 
ing at  sea  :  a  thin  plate  of  lead  separat- 
ing lines  of  type  :—^l.  a  flat  roof  covered 
with  lead.— i\t.  to  cover  or  fit  with  lead  : 
(print.)  to  separate  hnes  with  leads. — n. 
Lead-pois'ONIng,   poisoning  by  the  ab- 
sorption and  diffusion  of  lead  m  the  sys- 
tem.    [A.S.;  Ger.  loth.] 
LEAD,  led,  v.t.  to  show  the  ieay  by  going 
first :  to  guide  by  the  hand :  to  direct : 
to  precede  :  to  allure. — v.t.  to  go  before 
and  show  the  way  :  to  have  a  tendency : 
to  exercise  dominion: — pr.p.  lead'ing; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  led. — n.  first  place  :  pre- 
cedence :    direction :    guidance.      [A.S. 
laedan,  to  make  to  go,  causal  form  of 
lidan,  to  go ;  Ice.  leida,  Gter.  leiten,  to 
lead.] 
LEADEN,  led'n,  adj.  made  of  lead :  heavy : 

dull. 
LEADER,  led'er,  n.  one  who  leads  or  goes 
first :  a  chief :  the  leading  editorial  ar- 
ticle in  a  newspaper :  principal  wheel  in 
anv  machinery. 
LEADERSHIP,  led'er-ship,  n.  state  or  con- 
dition of  a  leader  or  conductor. 
LEADING-STRINGS,  led'ing-stringz,  n.pl. 
stritigs  used  to  lead  children  when  be- 
ginning to  walk. 
LEAD-PENCIL,  led'-pen'sil,  n.  a  pencil  or 
instrument  for  drawing,   etc.,  made  of 
blackhead. 
LEAF,  lef,  n.  one  of  the  thin,  flat  parts  of 
plants  :  anything  beaten  thin  like  a  leaf  : 
two  pages  of  a  book  :  one  side  of  »  win- 
dow-shutter, etc.: — pi.  Leaves,   levz. — 
V.i.  to  shoot  out  or  produce  leaves : — 


262 


„. .  „.  leafing ;  pa.p.  leafed'.    [A-S. ;  Ger. 

lanb,  Dut.  loaf,  a  leaf.] 
LEAFAGE,  lef'aj.  n.,  leaves  collectively: 

abundance  of  leaves  :    season  of  leaves 

or  leafing. 
LEAFLESS,  lefles,  adj.  destitute  of  leaves. 
LEAFLET,  lef  let,  n.  a  little  leaf. 
LEAFY,  lef i,  adj.  full  of  leaves.— n.  Leaf*- 

INESS. 

LEAGUE,  leg,  n.  a  distance  of  about  three 
English  miles,  but  varying  greatly  in 
different  countries.— A  Sea-LEAGUE  eon- 
tains  3i  Eng.  miles  nearly.  [Fr.  lieiie— 
L.  leuca,  a  GalUc  mile  of  1500  Roman 
paces  ;  from  the  Celt.,  as  in  Bret,  leo, 
Gael.  leig.  a  league.] 

LEAGUE,  leg,  ?;.  a  bond  or  alliance:  union 
for  the  promotion  of  mutual  interest. — 
v.i.  to  form  a  league:  to  unite  for  mutual 
interest:— :pr. p.  leag'uing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
leagued'.  [Fr.  ligue  —  'Lovf  L.  liga  —  1.. 
ligo,  to  bind.]  I 

LEAGUER,  leg'er,  n.  a  camp,  esp.  of  a 
besieging  army.  [Dut.  leger,  a  lair.  See 
Beleaguer.] 

LEAK,  lek,  n.  a  crack  or  hole  in  a  vessel 
through  which  Uquid  may  pass:  the  ooz- 
ing of  any  fluid  through  an  opening. — 
v.i.  to  let  any  fluid  into  or  out  of  a  vessel 
through  a  leak.  [Ice.  leka,  Dut.  lekken, 
to  drip.]^ 

LEAKAGE,  leVaj,  n.  a  leaking :  that 
which  enters  or  escapes  by  leaking  :  an 
allowance  for  leaking. 

LEAKY,  lek'i,  adj.  having  a  leak  or  leaks : 
letting  any  liquid  in  or  out. — n.  Leak'I- 

NESS.  ,       ,       _, 

LEAL,  lei,  adj.  true-hearted,  faithful.    [M. 

E.  /ei— Norm.  Fr.  leal,  same  as  Loyai»] 
LEAN,  len,  v.i.  to  incline  or  bend :  to  turn 
from  a  straiarht  line :  to  rest  against :  to 
incline  towards :— pr.p.  lean'mg;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  leaned'  or  leant  (lent).  [A-S. 
hlinian  and  causal  form  hlmnan ;  Dut. 
leunen ;  akin  to  Gr.  klino,  L.  in-clino,  to 
bend.] 
LEAN,  len,  adj.  thin,  wanting  flesh :  not 
fat.— n.  flesh  without  fat.— adv.  Lean'ly. 
— n.  Lean'kess.  [A.S.  hUme ;  Low  Ger. 
leen ;  from  Lean,  to  bend,  from  want  of 
substance  or  support.] 
LEAP,  lep,  v.L  to  move  with  springs  or 
bounds :  to  spring  upward  or  forward : 
to  jump :  to  rush  with  vehemence.-^.*. 
to  spring  or  bound  over  -.—pr.p.  leap'ing ; 
pa.t.  leaped'  or  leapt  (lept) ;  ^Ja.ja.  leaped', 
rarely  leapt. — n.  act  of  leaping  :  bound : 
space  passed  by  leaping :  sudden  transi- 
tion. [A.S.  hleapan;  Ice.  hlaupa,  to 
spring,  Ger.  laufen,  to  run.] 
LEAP-FROG,  lep'-frog,  n.  a  play  in  which 

one  boy  leaps  over  another  hke  a,  frog. 
LEAP-YEAR,  lep'-yer,  n.  every  fourth 
year  which  leaps  forward  or  adds  one  day 
in  February,  a  year  of  366  days. 
LEAPN,  lern,  v.t.  to  acquire  knowledge  of, 
to  get  to  know  :  to  gain  power  of  per- 
forming.—4J.i.  to  gain  knowledge  :  to  im- 
prove by  example.  [A.S.  leornian ;  Ger. 
lernen.']  ,      .       , 

LEARNED,  lern'ed,  adj.  having  learning  : 
versed  in  literature,  etc. :  skillful.— adt'. 
Leaen'edly.— w.  Leakn'edness. 
LEARNER,  lern'er,  n.  one  who  learns :  one 
who  is  yet  in  the  rudiments  of  any  sub- 
ject. 
LEARNING,  lem'ing,  n.  what  is  learned  -• 
knowledge :  scholarship :  skill  in  lan- 
guages or  science. 
LEASE,  les,  n.  a  letting  of  tenements  for  a 
term  of  years  :  the  contract  for  such  let- 
ting :  any  tenure. — v.t.  to  let  for  a  term 
of  vears  -.-^pr.p.  leas'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
leased'.  [O.  Fr.  lesser,  Fr.  laisser,  to  let, 
leave,  relinquish— L.  laxo,  to  loose,  laxus, 
loose.] 


LED 

I  LEASEHOLD,  les'hold,  adj.,  held  by  lease 
or  contract. — n.  a  tenure  held  by  lease. 
LEASH,  lesh,  n.  a  lash  or  line  by  which  a 
hawk  or  hound  is  held  :  a  brace  and  a 
half,  three.— I'.f.  to  hold  by  a  leash  :  to 
bind.     [O.  Fr.  lesse,  Fr.  laisse,  a  thong  to 
hold  a  dog  by,  a  thong  held  loosely— L.. 
laxus,  loose.] 
LEASING,  lez'ing,  n.  (B.)  falsehood :  lies 
[A.S.  leasung — leas,  false,  loose,   Goth, 
laus.  Ice.  Zos.l 
LEAST,  lest,  adj.  (serves  as  superl.  of  Lrr< 
TLE),  little  beyond  all  others  :   smallest. 
— adv.  in  the  smallest  or  lowest  degree. 
[A.S.  lest,  contr.  from  Icesest,  from  root 
of  Less.] 
LEATHER,  leWi'er,  n.  the  prepared  skin  of 
an  animal. — adj.  consisting  of  leather. 
[A.S.  lether,  leather  ;  Dut.  and  Ger.?eder.] 
LEATHERN,  leth'era,  adj.  made  or  consist- 
ing of  leather. 
LEATHERY,    \eth' er-i,    adj.  resembhng 

leather:  tough. 
LEAVE,  lev,  n.,  permission :  liberty  grant- 
ed :  formal  parting  of  friends  :  farewelL 
[A.S.  leaf;  Ice.  leyfa,  to  permit ;  conn, 
with  Lief,  Love,  Believe,  Furlough.] 
LEAVE,  lev,  v.t.  to  allow  to  remain  :  to 
abandon,  resign  :  to  depart  from  :  to  have 
remaining  at  death  :  to  bequeath  :  to 
refer  for  decision.— r.i.  to  desist  :  to 
cease  -.-^pr.p.  leading  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
left.  [A.S.  loefan  ;  Ice.  leifa,  L.  linquo, 
Gr.  leipo.  to  leave.  The  primary  meaniig 
is  to  let  remain  ;  the  root  is  seen  in  A.S. 
lifia?i,  Ice.  Ufa,  to  be  remaining,  to  Live, 
also  in  Ger.  bleiben  (=he-leiben),  to  re- 
main.]^ 
LEAVED,  levd,  adj.  furnished  with  leaves: 
having  a  leaf,  or  made  with  leaves  or 
folds.  ,  .  ■  1 

IlEA^^;N,  lev'n,  n.  the    ferment    whicfei 
makes   dough  rise  in  a   spongy  form.J 
anything  that  makes  a  general  change: 
whether  good  or  bad. — v.t.  to  raise  with 
leaven  :  to  taint.     [Fr.  Zeram- L.  leva- 
men — leva,  to  raise — levis,  Ught.] 
LEAVES,  levz,  pi.  of  Leaf. 
LEAVINGS,   lev'ingz,  n.pl,    things  left: 

relics:  refuse. 
LECHER,  lech'er,  n.  a  man  addicted  to 
lewdness:  [Fr.  leeheur— lecher.,  to 
lick;  from  O.  Ger.  lecchon,  Ger.  lecken, 
E.  Lick  ;  L.  ligurio,  to  hck  up  what  is 
daintv.]  _       .  , 

LECHEROUS,    lech'er-us,     adj.     lustful: 
provoking  lust.— adr.    Lech'erously.— 
«s.  Lech'erousness,  Lech'ery. 
LECTERN,  lek'turn,  n.  a  reading-desk  in 
churches  from  which  the  Scripture  les- 
sons are  read.    [Corr.  from  Low  L.  lectri- 
num,  a  reading-desk — Low  L.  lectnim,  a 
pulpit— Gr.  lektron,  a   couch,  and  so  a 
support  for  a  book.] 
LECTION,  lek' shun,  n.  a  reading:  a  va- 
riety in  a  manuscript  or  book  :  a  portion 
of  Scripture  read  in  divine  service.     [L. 
lectio — lego,  tectum,  to  read.] 
LECTION ARY,  lek'shun-ar-i,  n.  the  R.  C. 
service-book,  containing  lections  or  por- 
tions of  Scripture. 
LECTOR.  leVtor,  n.  a  reader :  a  reader  of 

Scripture  in  the  ancient  churches. 
LECTURE,  lek'tur,  n.  a  discourse  on  any 
subject :  a  formal  reproof.— r.<.  to   in- 
struct by  discourses  :  to  instruct  authori 
tatively  :  to  reprove.— r.i.  to  give  a  leo 
ture  or  lectures.     [See  Lection.] 
LECTURER, lek'tur-er,  n.  one  who  lectures: 
one    who    instructs  by  gi%'ing  set    dis- 
courses.      .,        a= 

LECTURESHIP,  leVtur-ship,  n.  the  office 

of  a  lecturer. 
LECTURN,  lek'turn,  LETTERN,  let'em,  w. 

same  as  LECTERN. 
LED,  led,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Lead,  to  show 
the  way. 


LEDGE 


263 


LEOPARD 


LEDGE,  lej,  n.  a  shell  on  which  articles 
may  be  laid :  that  which  resembles  such 
a  shelf:  a  ridge  or  shelf  of  rocks:  a  layer: 
a  small  moulding.  [A.S.  lecgan,  to  lay. 
See  Lay,  v.f.] 

LEDGER,  lej'er,  n.  the  principal  book  of 
accounts  among  merchants,  in  which  the 
entries  in  all  the  other  books  are  laid  up 
or  entered. 

LEDGER-LINE.    See  Leger-Line. 

LEDGY,  lej'i,  adj.  abounding  in  ledges. 

LEE,  le,  n.  the  part  toward  which  the 
wind  blows. — adj.  as  in  Lee-side,  the 
sheltered  side  of  a  ship  :  Lee-shore,  the 
shore  opposite  to  the  lee-side  of  a  ship. 
[Lit.  a  sheltered  place,  A.S.  hleow,  shel- 
ter ;  Ice.  hie.  Low  Ger.  lee ;  cf.  Goth. 
hlija,  a  tent,  prov.  E.  lew,  a  shelter.] 

LEECH,  lech,  n.  a.  physician:  a  blood- 
sucking worm. — v.t.  to  apply  leeches  to. 
[A.S.  loece;  Goth,  lekeis,  a  physician, 
found  also  in  Celt,  and  Slav,  languages.] 

LEEK,  lek,  11.  a  kind  of  onion  :  the  na- 
tional emblem  of  Wales.  [A.S.  leac,  a 
leek,  a  plant,  which  is  present  also  in 
Chae-lock.  Gar-lic,  Hem-lock.] 

LEER,  ler,  n.  a  sly,  sidelong  look. — v.t.  to 
look  askance  :  to  look  archly  or  oblique- 
ly.    [A.S.  hleor,  face,  cheek  ;  Ice.  hlyr.l 

LEERINGLY,  ler'ing-li,  adv.  with  a  ieer- 
ing  look. 

LEES,  lez,  n.pl.  sediment  or  dregs  that 
settle  at  the  bottom  of  liquor.  [Fr.  He, 
ety.  dub.] 

LEET,  let,  n.  (Scot.)  a  selected  list  of  can- 
didates for  an  office. 

LEEWARD,  le'ward,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
in  the  direction  of  the  lee,  or  the  part 
toward  which  the  wind  blows. — adv. 
toward  the  lee. 

LEEWAY,  le'wa,  n.  the  way  or  distance  a 
ship  is  driven  to  leeward  of  her  true 
course.    [Lee  and  Wat.] 

LEFT,  lett,pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Leave. 

LEFT,  left,  adj.  the  weaker  as  opposed  to 
the  stronger,  heavier  right  :  being  on 
the  left  side. — n.  the  side  opposite  to  the 
right.  [M.E.  lift,  liift,  prob.  a  contr.  of 
lefed,  p.  of  A.S.  lefan,  to  weaken — lef, 
weak  ;  Dut.  loof,  weak.] 

LEFT-HANDED,  left-hand'ed,  adj.  having 
the  left  hand  stronger  and  readier  than 
the  right:  awkward:  unlucky. — ns.  Left- 
hand'edness,  Left-hand'iness,  awkward- 
ness. 

LEG,  leg,  n.  one  of  the  limbs  by  which  ani- 
mals walk:  a  long,  slender  support  of  any- 
thing, as  of  a  table. — adj.  liaoED',  hav- 
ing legs.  [Ice.  leggr,  a  stalk,  Dan.  liig, 
Sw.  lagg.] 

LEGACY,  leg'a-si,  n.  that  which  is  left  to 
one  by  will:  a  bequest  of  personal  prop- 
erty. [L.  as  if  legatia,  for  legatum — lego, 
to  leave  by  will.] 

LEGACY-HUNTER,  leg'a-si-hunt'er,  n. 
one  who  hunts  after  legacies  by  courting 
those  likely  to  leave  them. 

LEGAL,  le'gii'.  odj.  pertaining  to  or  accord- 
ing to  laio :  lawful:  created  by  law. — adv. 
Le'gally. — n.  Leqal'itt.  [Fi-. — L.  legalia 
— lex,  legis,  law.] 

LEGALIZE,  le'gal-iz,  v.t.  to  make  legal  or 
lawful :  to  authorize  :  to  sanction. 

LEGATE,  leg'at,  n.  an  ambassador,  esp. 
from  the  Pope. — n.  Leg'ateship,  the 
office  of  a  legate.  [Ft.  legal.  It.  legato — 
L.  legatus — lego,  to  send  with  a  commis- 
sion.] 

LEGATEE,  leg-a-te',  n.  one  to  whom  a 
legacy  is  left. 

LEGATINE,  leg'a-tin,  adj.  of  or  relating  to 
a  legate. 

LEGATION,  le-ga'shun,  n.  the  person  or 
persons  sent  as  legates  or  ambassadors : 
a  deputation. 

LEGEND,  lej'end  or  le'-,  n.  a  marvellous  or 
^       romantic  story  from   early  times  :  the 


motto  on  a  coat  of  arms,  medal,  or  coin. 
[Fr. — Low  L.  legenda,  a  book  of  chronicles 
of  the  saints  read  at  matins — L.  legendus, 
to  be  read — lego,  to  read.] 

LEGENDARY,  lej'end-ar-i,  n.  a  book  of 
legends  :  one  who  relates  legends. — adj. 
consisting  of  legends :  romantic  :  fabu- 
lous. 

LEGERDEIVIAIN,  lej-er-de-man',  n.,  light- 
ness or  nimbleness  of  hand :  sleight-of- 
hand  :  jugglery.  [O.  Fr.  legier  (Fr.  leger) 
de  main,  "  Ught  of  band  " — L.  as  it  leviar- 
ius — lems,  light,  and  Fr.  de,  of,  main,  L 
manns,  hand.] 

LEGER-LINE,  lej'er-lln,  n.  (mus.)  one  of 
the  short  lines  added  above  or  below  the 
staff  to  extend  its  compass.  [Fr.  leger, 
light,  and  Line.] 

LEGGING,  leg'ing,  n.  a  covering  for  the 
leg. 

LEGIBLE,  lej'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be  read : 
clear  and  distinct :  that  may  be  under- 
stood. —  adv.  Leg'ibly.  —  ns.  Leg'ible- 
NESS,  Leqibil'ity.    [L.  legibilis—lego.] 

LEGION,  le'iun,  n.  in  ancient  Rome,  a 
body  of  soldiers  of  from  three  to  six  thou- 
sand :  a  military  force  :  a  great  number. 
[Fr. — L.  legio — lego,  to  choose,  to  levy.] 

LEGIONAJRY,  le'jun-ar-i,  adj.  relating  to 
or  consisting  of  a  legion  or  legions :  con- 
taining a  great  number. — n.  a  soldier  of 
a  legion.     [L.  legionarius.] 

LEGISLATE,  lej'is-lat,  v.i.  to  bring  for- 
ward, propose,  or  make  laws. — n.  Legis- 
la'tion.  [L.  lex,  legis,  law,  fero,  latum, 
to  bear,  propose.  J 

LEGISLATIVE,  lej'is-lat-iv,  adj.,  giving  or 
enacting  laii-s :  pertaining  to  legislation. 

LEGISLATOR,  lej'is-la-tor,  n.  one  who 
makes  laws:  a  lawgiver:— -/gw.  Leg'isla- 

TRESS. 

LEGISLATURE,  lej'is-lat-ur,  n.  the  body 
of  men  in  a  state  who  have  the  power  of 
making  laivs. 

LEGIST,  le'jist,  n.  one  skilled  in  the  laws. 
[Fr.  legiste—ljow  L.  legista — L.  le.x.] 

LEGITIMACY,  le-jit'i-ma-si,  n.  state  of  be- 
ing legitimate  or  according  to  law :  law- 
fulness of  birth  :  genuineness :  regular 
deduction. 

LEGITIMATE,  le-jit'i-mat,  adj.  lawful: 
lawfully  begotten  :  genuine  :  fairly  de- 
duced :  foUowing  by  natural  sequence  : 
authorized  by  usage. — v.t.  to  make  law- 
ful ;  to  give  the  rights  of  a  legitimate 
chUd  to  an  illegitimate  one. — adv.  Legit'- 
IMATELY.  [Low  L.  legitimo,  -alum — L. 
lex.] 

LEGITIMATION,  le-jit-i-ma'shun,  n.  act  of 
rendering  legitimate,  esp.  of  conferring 
the  privileges  of  lawful  birth. 

LEGITIMIST,  le-jit'i-mist,  n.  one  who  sup- 
ports legitimate  authority:  in  France,  an 
adherent  of  the  Bourbons  deposed  in  1830. 

LEGLESS,  leg'les,  ad;,  without  legs. 

LEGUME,  leg'ura,  LEGUMEN,  le-gu'men, 
11.  (bot.)  a  seed-vessel  which  splits  into 
two  valves,  having  the  seeds  attached  to 
the  ventral  suture  only:  a  pod,  as  of  the 
pea,  bean,  etc. : — pi.  Legu'mens,  Legu'- 
MINA.  [Fr. — L.  legumen — lego,  to  gather; 
so  called  because  gathered  for  food.] 

LEGUMINOUS,  le-gu'min-us,  adj.  bearing 
legumes  as  seed  -  vessels  :  consisting  of 
pulse. 

LEISURE,  le'zhoor  or  lezh'-,  n.  time  free 
from  employment :  freedom  from  occu- 
pation.— adj.  unoccupied.  [M.  E.  leyser 
— O.  Ft.  leisir,  "to  be  permitted"  —  L. 
licet,  it  is  permitted.] 

LEISURELY,  le'zhoor-li,  adj.  done  at  lei- 
sure: slow:  deliberate. — adr.  in  a  leisure- 
ly manner. 

LEMAN,  le'man,  n.  a  sweetheart.  [M.  E. 
lemman,  earlier  form  leofmon — A.S.  leaf, 
loved,  and  Man.] 

LEMMA,   lem'a,  n.  (nuith.)  a  proposition 


demonstrated  for  the  purpose  of  being 
used  in  a  subsequent  proposition.  [L. 
— Gr.  lemma  —  lambano,  to  receive,  as- 
sume.] 

LEMMING,  lem'ing,  n.  a  species  of  rat  in 
northern  countries,  remarkable  for  mi- 
grating southward  in  great  numbers. 
[Norw.  lemming,  Sw.  lemel.  Lap.  loumik.\ 

LEMON,  lem'un,  n.  an  oval  fruit,  resem-, 
bling  the  orange,  with  an  acid  pulp  :  the 
tree  that  bears  lemons.  [Fr.  limon — 
Fers.  limun.] 

LEMONADE,  lem-un-ad',  n.  a  drmk  made 
of  lemon-juice,  water,  and  sugar. 

LEMUR,  le'mur,  n.  an  animal  in  Madagas- 
car, allied  to  the  monkey,  which  goes 
about  at  night,  whence  its  name.  [L 
lemur,  a  gliost.] 

LEND,  lend,  v.t.  to  give  for  a  short  time 
something  to  be  returned  :  to  afi'ord  or 
grant,  in  general :  to  let  for  hire  i—pr.p. 
lend'ing  ;  pa.t.  a.nApa.p.  lent. — n.  Lend'- 
er.  [M.E.  lenen — A.S.  Icenan ;  Ger.  leihen. 
See  Loan.] 

LENGTH,  length,  n.  quality  of  being  long: 
extent  from  end  to  end  :  the  longest 
measure  of  anything  :  long  continuance : 
detail.     [A.S.  length — lang,  long.] 

LENGTHEN,  length'n,  v.t.  to  increase  in 
length :  to  draw  out. — v.i.  to  grow  longer. 

LENGTHWISE,  length'wiz,  adv.  in  the 
u-ay  or  direction  of  the  length.  [For 
Lengthways.] 

LENGTHY,  length'!,  adj.  of  great  length: 
rather  long.  —  adv.  Length'ily.  —  n. 
Length'iness. 

LENIENT,  le'ni-ent,  adj.,  softening  or  miti- 
gating: mild:  merciful. — n.  (med.)  that 
which  softens :  an  emolhent. — it.  Le'ni- 
ENCY.  [L.  leniens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  lenio, 
to  soften — lenis,  soft.] 

LENITIVE,  len'it-iv,  adj.,  softening  or  miU 
igating  :  laxative. — n.  (med.)  an  appU- 
cation  for  easing  pain  :  a  mild  purgative. 

LENITY,  len'i-ti,  n.  mUdness  :  clemency. 

LENS,  lenz,  «.  (optics)  a  piece  of  glass  or 
other  transparent  substance  with  one  or 
both  sides  convex,  so  called  from  its  like- 
ness to  a  lentil  seed :  the  crj'staUine 
humor  of  the  eye.  [L.  lens,  lentis,  the 
lentil.] 

LENT,  lent,  n.  a  fast  of  forty  days,  ob- 
served in  commemoration  of  the  fast  of 
our  Saviour,  beginning  with  Ash-Wed- 
nesday and  continuing  tUl  Easter.  [M.E. 
lenten  —  A.S.  lencten,  the  spring  ;  Dut. 
lente,  Ger.  lenz ;  ace.  to  some  derived 
from  root  of  Long,  because  in  spring  the 
daj's  grow  long.] 

LENTEN,  lent'en,  adj.  relating  to  or  used 
in  Lent :  sparing. 

LENTICULAR,  len-tik'u-lar,  LENTIFORM, 
len'ti-forni,  adj.  resembhng  a  lens  or  len- 
til seed :  double-convex. — adv.  Lentic'tj- 
LAELY.  [L.  lenticularis — leniicula,  dim. 
of  lens,  a  lentil.] 

LENTIL,  len'til,  m.  an  annual  plant,  com- 
mon near  the  Mediterranean,  bearing 
pulse  used  for  food.  [Fr.  lentille — L.  lens, 
lentis,  the  lentil.] 

LENTISK,  len'tisk,  n.  the  mastic-tree. 
[Fr.  lentisque — L.  lentiscus — lentus.  sticky; 
so  called  from  the  stickiness  of  its  gum.] 

LENTOUS,  len'tus,  adj.,  sticky:  viscid. 
[See  Lentisk.] 

LEO,  le'6,  n.  (astr.)  the  Lion,  the  fifth  sign 
of  the  zodiac.     [L.] 

LEONINE,  le'o-nin,  adj.  of  or  like  a  lion. 

LEONINE,  le'o-nln,  adj.  a  kind  of  Latin 
verse  which  rhj'mes  at  the  middle  and 
end,  much  in  use  among  the  Latin  hymn- 
writers  of  the  Middle  Ages.  [Said  to  be 
named  from  Leoninus,  a  canon  in  Paris 
in  the  12th  century  ;  or  from  Pope  Leo  11., 
who  was  a  lover  of  music] 

LEOPARD,  lep'ard,  n.  an  animal  of  the  cat« 
kind,  with  a  spotted  skin.    £0.  Fr. — L. 


LEPEE 


264 


LIBEL 


leopardus  —  Gr.  leopardos  —  leon,  lion, 
pardos,  pard  ;  !  ecause  supposed  by  the 
ancients  to  '  e  a  mongrel  between  the 
pard  or  pan';ner  and  lioness.] 

LEPER,  lep'ar,  n.  one  affected  with  leprosy, 
which  covers  the  skin  with  scales.  [L. — 
Gr.  lepra,  leprosy— Zepros,  scaly— Zepos, 
a  scale — lepo,  to  peel  off.] 

LEPIDOPTERA,  lep-i-dop''ter-a,  n.pl.  an 
order  of  insects,  with  four  inngs  covered 
with  very  fine  scales  like  powder,  as  the 
butterfly,  moth,  etc.  [Gr.  lepis,  tejndos, 
a  scale,  ptcrnn,  a  wing.J 

LEPIDOPTERAL,  lep-i-dop'ter-al,  LEPI- 
DOPTEROUS,  lep-i-dop'ter-us,  adj.  per- 
taiuina:  to  the  lepidoptera. 

LEPORINE,  lep'o-rin,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  resembling  the  hare.  [L.  leporimis — 
lepus,  leporis,  the  hare.] 

LEPROSY,  lep'ro-si,  7i.  a  disease  of  the 
skin  marked  by  scales  or  scurfy  scabs. 

LEPROUS,  lep'rus,  adj.  affected  with  lep- 
1-csy. — adv.  Lep'eously. — n.  Lep'rous- 
NESS.    [See  Leper.] 

LESION,  le'zhun,  n.  a  Jiurt :  (med.)  an  in- 
jury or  wound.  [Fr. — L.  Icesio — Icedo, 
Icesum,  to  hurt.] 

LESS,  les,  adj.  (serves  as  comp.  of  Litt'le), 
diminished  :  smaller. — adv.  not  so  much: 
in  a  lower  degree. — ?!.  a  smaller  portion  : 
(B.)  the  inferior  or  younger.  [A.S.  Ices, 
IcBSsa ;  comparative  form  from  a  root 
las,  feeble,  found  also  in  Goth,  lasivs, 
weak,  Ice.  las,  weakness,  and  which  is 
not  conn,  with  the  root  of  Uttle.J 

LESSEE,  les-se',  n.  one  to  whom  a  lease  is 
granted. 

LESSEN,  les'n,  v.t.  to  make  less,  in  any 
sense  :  to  weaken  :  to  degrade.  —  v.i.  to 
become  less. 

LESSER,  les'er,  adj.  (B.)  less :  smaller :  in- 
ferior. [A  double  comp.,  formed  from 
Less.] 

LESSON,  les'n,  n.  a  portion  of  Scripture 
read  in  diviae  service  :  that  which  a  pu- 
pU  learns  at  a  time :  a  precept  or  doc- 
trine inculcated  :  instruction  derived 
from  experience :  severe  lecture.  [Fr. 
legon — L.  lectio — lego,  to  gather,  to  read. 
See  Lection.] 

LESSOR,  les'or,  n.  one  who  grants  a  lease. 

LEST,  lest,  conj.  that  not :  for  fear  that. 
[From  the  A.S.  phrase  thy  Ices  the  (that 
the  less  =  L.  quominus),  the  first  ■  word 
being  dropped,  while  the  third  joined  to 
the  second  made  lesthe,  teste.    See  Less.] 

LET,  let,  v.t.  to  slacken  or  loose  restraint 
:^pon :  to  give  leave  or  power  to :  to  al- 
low, permit,  suffer :  to  grant  to  a  ten- 
ant or  hii-er  -.—pr.p.  lett'ing ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  let.  [A.S.  icetan,  to  permit — loet. 
Ice.  latr,  slow,  lazy,  slack ;  Ger.  lassen, 
Fr.  laisser,  to  let,  permit.     See  Late.] 

LET,  let,  v.t.  (,B.)  to  prevent :  to  hinder. — 
n.  (lazv)  hinderance,  obstruction  :  delay. 
[A.S.  lettan,  to  make  late — loet,  slow, 
slack,  being  same  root  as  above.] 

LETHAL,  le'thal,  adj.,  death-dealing,  blot- 
ting out :  deadly:  moi-tal.  [L.  lethalis — 
lethum,  letum,  death  ;  akin  to  leo,  simple 
form  of  deleo,  to  blot  out,  or  to  Sans,  li, 
to  melt,  dissolve.] 

LETHAEGIC,  le-thar'jik,LETHARGICAL, 
le-thar'jik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  lethargy  : 
unnaturally  sleepy  :  duU. — adv.  Lethab'- 
GiCAiiY.  [L.  lethargicus  —  Gr.  lethar- 
gikos.] 
LETHARGY,  leth'ar-ji,  n.  heax-y  unnatural 
slumber  :  dullness.  [Fr. — L. — Gr.  lethar- 
gia,  drowsy  forgetfulness — lethe,  forget- 
fulness.] 
LETHE,  le'the,  n.  (myth.)  one  of  the  rivers 
of  hell  said  to  cause  forgetfulness  of  the 
past  to  all  who  drank  of  its  waters  :  ob- 
livion. [Gr. — letho,  old  form  of  lanthano, 
to  forget.] 


LETHEAN,  le-th5'an,  adj,  of  Lethe:  ob- 
livious. 

LETHIFEROUS,  le-thif'er-us,  adj.,  carry- 
ing death  :  deadly.  [L.  lethifer — lethum, 
death,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

LETTER,  let'er,  n.  a  conventional  mark  to 
express  a  sound  :  a  written  or  printed 
message  :  literal  meaning  :  a  printing- 
type  : — pi.  learning. — v.t.  to  stamp  let- 
ters upon. — n.  Lett'eeer.  [Fr.  lettre — 
L.  litera — lino,  littim,  to  smear;  so  called 
because  smeared  or  scrawled  on  parch- 
ment.] 

LETTERED,  let'erd,  adj.  marked  with  let- 
ters: educated  :  versed  in  literature  :  be- 
longing to  learning. 

LETTER -FOUNDER,  let'er-fownd'er,  n. 
one  who  founds  or  casts  letters  or  types. 

LETTERING,  let'er-ing,  n.  the  act  of  im- 
pre.s.if'og  letters:   the  letters  impressed. 

LETT'ER-OF-CRED'IT,  n.  a  letter  author- 
izing credit  or  cash  to  a  certain  sum 
to  be  paid  to  the  bearer. — Lett'er-OF- 
MAEQUE  (mark),  n.  a  commission  given 
to  a  private  ship  by  a  government  to 
make  reprisals  on  the  vessels  of  another 
state.     [See  IVIarque.] 

LETTERPRESS,  let'er-pres,  n.,  letters  im- 
23ressed  or  matter  printed  from  type,  as 
distinguished  from  engraving. 

LETTERS-PATENT,  let'erz-pat'ent,  n.  a 
writing  conferring  a  patent  or  authoriz- 
ing a  person  to  enjoy  some  privilege, 
so  called  because  written  on  open  sheets 
of  parchment.     [See  Patent.] 

LETTUCE,  let'is,  n.  a  plant  containing  a 
milky  white  juice,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
used  as  a  salad.  [O.  Fr.  laictuce,  Fr. 
laitue — L.  lactuca—lac,  milk.] 

LEVANT,  le-vant',  n.  the  point  where  the 
sun  I'ises :  the  East :  tlie  coasts  of  the 
Mediterranean  east  of  Italy. — adj.  Lev'- 
ant  or  Le'vant,  eastern.  [It.  levante — L. 
levare,  to  raise.] 

LEVANTER,  le-vant'er,  n.  a  strong  easter- 
ly wind  in  the  Levant  or  eastern  part  of 
the  Mediterranean. 

LEVANTINE,  le-vant'in,  adj.  belonging  to 
the  Levant. 

LEVEE,  lev'e,  n.  a  morning  assembly  of 
visitors  :  an  assembly  received  by  a  sov- 
ereign or  other  great  personage  :  a  bank 
along  the  river,  to  prevent  inundation. 
[Fr.  levee,  a  rising — lever. '^ 

LEVEL,  lev'el,  n.  a  horizontal  line  or  sur- 
face :  a  surface  without  inequalities : 
proper  position  :  usual  elevation  :  state 
of  equality:  the  line  of  direction  :  an  in- 
strument for  showing  the  horizontal. — 
adj.  horizontal:  even,  smooth:  even  with 
anything  else:  in  the  same  Une  or  plane: 
equal  in  position  or  dignity. — v.t.  to  make 
horizontal :  to  make  flat  or  smooth :  to 
make  equal:  to  take  aim: — pr.p.  lev'el- 
ling  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  lev'elled.  [O.  Fr. 
livel,  liveau  (Fr.  niveau) — L.  libella,  a 
plummet,  from  libra,  a  level,  a  balance.] 

LEVELLER,  lev'el-er,  n.  one  who  levels  or 
makes  equal. 

LEVELLING,  lev'el-ing,  n.  the  act  of  mak- 
ing uneven  surfaces  level :  the  process 
of  finding  the  differences  in  level  between 
different  points  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth. 

LE'ST^LNESS,  lev'el-nes,  n.  state  of  being 
level,  even,  or  equal. 

LEVER,  le'ver,  n.  a  bar  of  metal  or  other 
substance  turning  on  a  support  called  the 
fulcrum  or  prop,  for  raising  weights. 
[Lit.  that,  which  lifts  or  raises,  Fr.  Uvier 
— lever — L.  levo,' to  raise.] 
LEVERAGE,  le'ver-aj,  n.  the  mechanical 

power  gained  by  the  use  of  tlie  lever. 
LEVERET,  lev'er-et,  n.  a  young  hare :   a 
hare  in  its  first  year.     [O.   Fr.  levrault, 
Fr.  liivre — ^L.  lepus,  leporis,  a  hare.] 


LEVIABLE,  leVi-a-bl,  adj.  able  to  be  levied 
or  assessed  and  collected. 

LEVIATHAN,  le-vT'a-than,  n.  (B.)  a  huge 
aquatic  animal,  described  in  the  book  of 
Job  :  anything  of  huge  size.  [Heb.  hV- 
ydthdn — Vv'yah,  a  wreath,  Ar.  lawa\  to 
bend  or  twist ;  so  called  from  its  twisting 
itself  in  folds.] 

LEVIGATE,  lev'i-gat,  v.t.  to  make  smooth: 
to  grind  to  a  fine,  impalpable  powder. — 7i. 
Leviga'tion.  [L.  levigo,  levigatum — lems, 
Gr.  leios.  smooth,  akin  to  Level.] 

LEVITATION,  lev-i-ta'shun,  n.  act  of  ren- 
dering light.     [L.  lex^is,  light.] 

LEVITE,  le'vit,  n.  a  descendant  of  Levi : 
an  inferior  priest  of  the  ancient  Jewish 
Church. — adjs.  Levit'ic,  Levit'ical. — 
adv.  Levtt'icat.t.y.  [Heb.  Levi,  a  son  of 
Jacob,  whose  descendants  were  priests.] 

LEVITICUS,  le-vit'i-kus,  n.  the  name  of 
one  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament; 
so  called  from  its  containing  the  laws, 
etc.,  relating  to  the  Levites. 

LEVITY,  lev'it-i,  n.,  lightness  of  weight: 
lightness  of  temper  or  conduct:  thought- 
lessness :  disposition  to  trifle :  vanity. 
[L.  levitas — levis,  light.] 

LEVY,  lev'i,  v.t.  to  raise :  to  collect  by  au- 
thority, as  an  army  or  a  tax  -.—pr.p.  lev- 
ying ;  pa.t.  andpa./j.  leVied. — n.  the  act 
of  collecting  by  authority :  the  troops 
so  collected.  [Fr.  lever— 1^.  levo,  to  make 
light  or  raise — levis,  light.] 

LEWD,  lud  or  lood,  adj.  ignorant,  vicious, 
or  bad,  so  in  B.  :  lustful :  licentious  :  un- 
chaste :  debauched. — adv.  Lewd'lt. — n. 
Lewd'ness.  [A.S.  Icewed,  lay,  belonging 
to  the  laity,  either  the  pa.p.  of  the  verb 
Iceican,  to  weaken,  and  so  meaning  weak, 
simple,  untaught,  or  from  leod,  the  peo- 
ple.   See  Laitt.] 

LEXICOGRAPHER,  leks-i-kog'rarfer,  n. 
one  skUled  in  lexicography  or  the  art  of 
compiling  dictionaries. 

LEXICOGRAPHY,  leks-i-kog'ra-fl,  n.  the 
art  of  writing  a  dictionary. — adjs.  Lexi- 
coqraph'ic,  Lexicograph'ical.  [Gr. 
lexikon,  and  grapho,  to  write.] 

LEXICOLOGIST,  leks-1-kol'o-jist,  n.  one 
skilled  in  lexicology. 

LEXICOLOGY,  leks-i-kol'o-ji,  n.  that 
branch  of  philology  which  treats  of  the 
proper  signification  and  use  of  words. 
[Gr.  leans,  and  logos,  a  discourse  or  treat- 
ise.] 

LEXICON,  leks'i-kon,  n.  a  word-book  or 
dictionary. — adj.  Lex'ical,  belonging  to 
a  lexicon.  [Gr.  lexikon — lexis,  a  word — 
lego,  to  speaK.] 

LEY,  le,  n.     Same  as  Lea. 

LIABILITY,  li-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  state  of  being 
liable  or  responsible. 

LIABLE,  ll'a-bl,  adj.  able  to  be  bound  or 
obliged  :  responsible  :  tending  :  subject : 
exposed.     [Fr.  Her — L.  ligare,  to  bind.] 

LIAISON,  le'a-zong,  n.  union,  or  bond  of 
union:  connection,  esp.  an  illicit  intimacy 
between  a  man  and  woman.  [Fr. — Her, 
from  L.  ligare,  to  bind.j 

LIAR,  li'ar,  n.  one  who  lies  or  utters  false- 
hood. 

LIAS,  li'as,  n.  (geol.)  a  formation  of  argil- 
laceous limestone,  etc.,  underlying  the 
oolitic  system. — adj.  LlASSic,  ll-as'ilc,  per- 
taining to  the  lias  formation.  [Fr.,  of 
uncertain  origin,  perh.  from  Bret,  liach, 
a  stone.] 

LIBATION,  ll-ba'shun,  n.  the  pouring  forth 
wine  or  other  liquid  in  honor  of  a  deity: 
the  liquid  poured.  [L.  libatio — libo,  Gr. 
leibo,  to  pour.] 

LIBEL,  ll'bel,  n.  a  written  accusation  :  any 
malicious  defamatory  publication  :  (laiv) 
the  statement  of  a  plaintiff's  grounds  of 
complaint  against  a  defendant. — v.t.  to 
defame  by  a  libel :  to  satirize  unfairly ; 
(law)  to  proceed  against  by  producing  a 


LIBELLER 


265 


LIGHT 


written complaint:^^r.p.  li'belling;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  li'belled.     [Lit.  a  "  little  book," 
from  L.  Kbellus,  dim.  of  liber,  a  book.] 
LIBELLER,  li'bel-er,  n.  one  who  defames 

by  libels. 
LIBELLOUS,  ll'bel-us,   adj.   containing^  a 
libel :  defamatory. — adv.  Li'bellously. 

LIBERAL,  lib'er-al,  adj.  becoming  a  gentle- 
man :  generous  :  noble-minded  :  candid  : 
free  :  free  from  restraint  :  general,  ex- 
tensive.— ?i.  one  who  advocates  greater 
freedom  in  political  institutions.— arfy. 
Lib'erally.  [Lit.  "belonging  or  suit- 
able to  a  free-born  man,"  Fr. — L.  liberalis 
— liber,  free,  doing  as  one  pleases — Hbet, 
lubet,  to  please,  akin  to  Gr.  eleutheros, 
free,  Sans,  lubh,  to  desire.  See  Lief, 
Love.] 

LIBERALISM,  lib'er-al-izm,  Ji.  the  princi- 
ples of  a  liberal  in  politics  or  religion. 

LIBERALITY,  lib-er-al'i-ti,  n.  the  quality 
of  being  liberal :  generosity  :  largeness 
or  nobleness  ot  mind :  candor  :  impar- 
tiality. 

LIBERALIZE,  iib'er-al-Iz,  v.t.  to  make  lib- 
eral, or  enlightened  :  to  enlarge. 

LIBERATE,  Ub'er-at,  v.t.  to  set  free:  to 
release  from  restraint,  confinement,  or 
bondage. — n.  Libera'tion.  [L.  libera, 
liberatum.] 

LIBERATOR,  lib'er-at-or,  n.  one  who  lib- 
erates or  frees. 

LIBERTINE,  lib'er-tin  or  -tin,  n.  formerly, 
one  who  professed  free  opinions,  esp.  in 
religion  :  one  who  leads  a  licentious  life, 
a  rake  or  debauchee. — adj.  belonging  to 
a  freedman  :  unrestrained  :  licentious. 
[L.  libertinus,  a  freedma^i.] 

LIBERTINISM,  lib'er-tin-izm,  n.  the  con- 
duct of  a  libertine :  licentiousness  of 
opiuion  or  practice :  lewdness  or  de- 
bauchery. 

LIBERTY,  lib'er-ti,  n.  freedom  to  do  as  one 
pleases  :  freedom  from  restraint :  the  un- 
restrained enjoj'ment  of  natural  rights  : 
privilege  :  exemption  :  leave  :  relaxation 
of  restraint :  the  bounds  within  which 
certain  privileg-es  are  enjoyed :  freedom 
ot  speech  or  action  beyond  ordinary  civil- 
ity.    [Fr. — L.  libertas.} 

LIBIDINOUS,  li-bid'in-us,  adj.,  lustful: 
given  to  the  indulgence  of  the  animal 
passions. — adv.  Libid'inously. — n.  Ll- 
bid'inousness.  [Fr.  —  L.  libidinosus  — 
libido,  desire,  lust — lubet.'] 

LIBRA,  ll'bra,  n.  the  balance,  a  sign  of  the 
zodiac.     [L.] 

LIBRARIAN,  li-bra'ri-an,  n.  the  keeper  of 
a  library. — n.  Libra'bianship.  [L.  libra- 
rins,  a  transcriber  of  books.] 

LIBRAEY,  ll'brar-i,  w.  a  building  or  room 
containing  a  collection  of  books :  a  col- 
lection of  books.  [L.  librarium — liber,  a 
book.] 

LIBRATE,  li'brat,  v.t.  to  poise:  to  balance. 
— v.i.  to  move  slightly,  as  a  balance  :  to 
be  poised. — n.  Libra'tion,  balancing  :  a 
state  of  equipoise:  a  slight  swinging  mo- 
tion. [L.  libra,  libratuni — libra,  a  level, 
a  balance.     See  under  Level.] 

LIBRATORY,  li'bra-tor-i,  adj.  swaying  like 
a  balance. 

LIBRETTO,  li-bret'o,  n.  a  book  of  the  words 
of  an  opera  or  other  musical  composition. 
[It.,  dim.  of  libra — L.  liber,  a  book.] 

LICE,  iis,  plural  of  Louse. 

LICENSE,  LICENCE,  li'sens,  n.  a  being 
allowed:  leave  :  grant  of  permission:  the 
document  by  which  authority  is  con- 
ferred :  excess  or  abuse  ot  freedom. — 
Li'cENSE,  v.t.  to  grant  license  to :  to 
authorize  or  permit.  [Fr. — L.  licentia 
— licet,  to  be  allowed.] 

LICENSER,  ll'sens-er,  n.  one  who  grants 
license  or  permission  :  one  authorized  to 
license. 

LICENTIATE,  ll-sen'shi-at,  n.  one  who  has 


a  license  or  grant  of  permission  to  exer- 
cise a  profession. 

LICENTIOUS,  li-sen'shus,  adj.  indulging  in 
excessive  freedom  :  given  to  the  indul- 
gence ot  the  animal  passions  :  dissolute. 
— adv.  LicEnj'TiousLY. — n.  Licen'tiods- 
NESS.     [Fr. — L.  licentiosus.~\ 

LICHEN,  ll'ken  or  lich'en,  n.  one  of  an  or- 
der of  cellular  flowerless  plants  :  an  erup- 
tion on  the  skin.  [L. — Gr.  leichen,  from 
leicho.  Sans,  lih,  to  lick ;  from  its  lick- 
ing up  or  encroaching  on  the  soil.  See 
Lick.] 

LICHGATE,  lich'gat,  n.  a  churchyard  gate 
with  a  porch  to  rest  the  bier  under. 
[M.  E.  lich—A.B.  lie  (Ger.  leicUe,  Goth. 
leik,  a  corpse),  and  Gate.     See  Like,  adj.\ 

LICHWAKE,  lich'wak,  n.  the  icake  or 
watch  held  over  a  dead  body.  [M.  E. 
licli,  a  body,  a  corpse  (see  Like,  adj.),  and 
Wake.] 

LICK,  lik,  v.t.  to  pass  the  tongue  over: 
to  take  in  by  the  tongue  :  to  lap. — n. 
Lick'eb.  [A.S.  liccian  ;  Ger.  leeken,  L. 
lingo,  Gr.  leicho.  Sans.  lih.  See  Tongije 
and  Language.] 

LICKERISH,  lik'er-ish,  adj.  dainty  :  eager 
to  taste  or  enjov.     [From  Lick.] 

LICKSPITTLE,  lik'spit-1,  n.  a  mean  servile 
dependent. 

LICORICE.    Same  as  Liquorice. 

LICTOR,  lik'tor,  n.  an  officer  who  attended 
the  Roman  magistrates,  bearing  an  axe 
and  bundle  of  rods.  [L. ,  conn,  with  ligare, 
to  bind.] 

LID,  lid,  n.  a  cover :  that  which  slmts  a 
vessel  :  the  cover  of  the  eye.  [A.S.  hlid ; 
Dut.  lid ;  akin  to  L.  clivus,  Gr.  klino,  E. 
Lean.] 

LIE,  II,  n.  anything  meant  to  deceive  :  an 
intentional  violation  of  truth  :  anything 
that  misleads. — v.i.  to  utter  falsehood 
with  an  intention  to  deceive  :  to  make  a 
false  representation  : — pr.p.  ly'ing ;  p>a.t. 
and  pa.p.  lied'.  [A.S.  leogan  (lyga,  a 
falsehood),  prov.  E.  lig;  Dut.  liegen,  Goth. 
liugan,  Ger.  liigen,  to  lie.  Cf.  Lett,  leeks, 
"  crooked,"  and  L.  ob-liqu-us,  slanting.] 

LIE,  li,  v.i.  to  rest  in  a  reclining  posture  : 
to  lean  :  to  press  upon  :  to  be  situated : 
to  abide  :  to  consist :  (laic)  to  be  sustain- 
able : — pr.j}.  ly'ing  ;  pa.f.  laj' ;  pa.p.  lain, 
(B.)  li'en. — ns.  Li'er,  Lie-a-bed,  one  who 
lies  long  in  the  morning  (also  adj.). — To 
lie  in,  to  be  in  childbed.  [A.S.  liegan  ; 
Ger.  liegen ;  Goth,  ligan ;  Ice.  liggja  ;  Ir. 
luighim ;  Gr.  lechos,  a  bed,  L.  lectus.] 

LIEF,  lef,  adj.  ( poetry)  loved,  dear. — adv. 
lovingly  :  willingly,  now  chiefly  used  in 
the  phrase,  "  I  had  as  lief."  [A.S.  leaf; 
Ger.  lieb,  loved.] 

LIEGE,  lej,  adj.  true,  faithful:  subject: 
under  a  feudal  tenure:  sovereign  or  hav- 
ing lieges. — ».  one  under  a  feudal  tenure: 
a  vassal:  a  lord  or  superior  or  one  who 
has  lieges.  [Fr.  lige,  which  prob.  is  de- 
rived from  O.  Ger.  ledec,  Ger.  ledig,  free, 
unfettered.  Tlie  word  was  orig.  applied 
to  the  free  bands  in  the  German  tribes 
that  overturned  the  Roman  empire.  But 
as  the  free  bands  settled  on  the  conquered 
territory  and  formed  the  Feudal  System, 
the  meaning  of  the  word  gradually 
changed;  thus  it  orig.  meant  '-free," 
then  "true  to  their  chief,"  "loyal," 
"  bound  "  by  a  feudal  tenure  ;  but  the 
sense  of  "  bound  "  was  also  due  to  con- 
fusion with  L.  ligatus,  bound.] 

LIEN,  li'en  or  le'en,  n.  (law)  a  right  in  one 
to  retain  the  property  of  another  to  pay 
a  claim.  [Fr.,  tie,  band — L.  ligamen — 
liga,  to  bind.] 

LIEN,  li'en,  (B.)  pa.p.  of  Lie,  to  lie  down. 

LIETH,  li'eth,  (B.)  3d  pers.  sing,  of  Lie,  to 
lie  down. 

LIEU,  lu,  n.,  place,  stead.  [Fr.— L.  locus, 
place.] 


LIEUTENANCY,  lu-ten'an-si  or  lef-,  n., 
office  or  commission  of  a  lieutenant :  the 
body  of  lieutenants. 

LIEUTENANT,  lu-ten'ant  or  let-,  n.  an  offi= 
cer  holding  the  place  of  another  in  his 
absence  :  a  commissioned  officer  in  the 
army  next  below  a  captain,  or  in  the 
navy  next  below  a  commander  :  one 
holding  a  place  next  in  rank  to  a  su> 
perior,  as  in  the  compounds  lieutenant^ 
colonel,  lieutenant-general.  [Fr.,  from 
lieu,  a  place,  and  tenant,  holding — tenir, 
to  hold.    See  Lieu  and  Tenant.] 

LIFE,  lif,  n.  state  of  living :  animate  ex- 
istence :  union  of  soul  and  body  :  the 
period  between  birth  and  death  :  present 
state  of  existence  :  manner  of  living  : 
moral  conduct  :  animation  :  a  living 
being  :  system  of  animal  nature  :  social 
state :  human  affairs :  narrative  of  a 
life  :  eternal  happiness,  also  He  who  be- 
stows it :  a  quickening  principle  in  a 
moral  sense  -.—pi.  Lives,  livz.  [A.S., 
Ice.,  and  Sw.  lif;  Dut.  liif,  body,  life; 
Ger.  leben.  to  live.     See  Live.] 

LIFE  -  ASSURANCE,  Uf-  ash  -  shoor'ans. 
Same  as  Life-insurance. 

LIFEBOAT,  llf'bot,  n.  a  boat  of  peculiar 
construction  for  saving  shipwrecked  per- 
sons. 

LIFE-ESTATE,  lif-es-tat',  n.  an  estofeheld 
during  the  life  of  the  possessor. 

LIFE-GUARD,  lif'-gard,  n.  a  guard  of  the 
life  or  person  :  a  guard  ot  a  prince  or 
other  dignitary. 

LIFEHOLD,  llf'hold,  n.  land  held  by  lease 
for  life. 

LIFE-INSURANCE,  Uf'-in-shoor'ans,  n.  a 
contract  by  which  a  sum  of  money  is 
insured  to  be  paid  at  the  close  of  a  per- 
son's life.     [Life  and  Insurance.] 

LIFELESS,  lif  les,  adj.  dead:  without  vigor: 
insipid  :  sluggish. — adv.  Life'lessly. — n, 
Life'lessness. 

LIFELONG,  llf'long,  adj.  during  the  length 
of  a  life. 

LIFE-PRESERVER,  llf'-pre-zerv'er,  n.  an 
invention  for  the  preservation  of  life,  in 
cases  of  fire  or  shipwreck  :  a  cane  with  a 
loaded  head. 

LIFERENT,  lif'rent,  n.  a  rent  that  con- 
tinues for  life. 

LIFT,  lift,  v.t.  to  bring  to  a  higher  position: 
to  elevate  :  to  elate :  to  take  and  carry 
away. — v.i.  to  try  to  raise. — n.  act  of 
lifting:  tliat  which  is  to  be  raised:  that 
which  assists  to  lift.  [Lit.  "to  raise  into 
the  air,"  from  M.E.  lift  or  luft.  the  air, 
sky.  It  is  simply  a  form  of  LoFT,  which 
see.] 

LIGAMENT,  lig'a-ment,  n.  anything  that 
binds:  (anat.)  the  membrane  connecting 
the  movable  bones:  a  bond  ot  union. 
[Fr. — L.  ligamentum — ligo,  ligatum,  to 
bind.] 

LIGAMENTAL,  lig  -  a  -  ment'al,  LIGA- 
MENTOUS, lig-a-ment'us,  adj.  compos- 
ing or  resembling  a  ligament. 

LIGATION,  li-ga'shun,  n.  act  of  binding : 
state  of  being  bound. 

LIGATURE,  lig'a-tur,  n.  anything  that 
binds:  a  bandage  :  (inus.)  a  line  connect- 
ing notes  :  (print.)  a  type  of  two  letters: 
(med.)  a  cord  for  tying  the  blood-vessels, 
etc.    [See  Ligament.] 

LIGHT,  lit,  n.  that  which  shines  or  is  bril' 
liant :  the  agent  by  which  objects  are 
rendered  visible :  the  power  of  vision  ;■ 
day  :  dawn  ot  day :  that  which  gives 
light,  as  the  sun,  a  candle  :  the  illumi- 
nated part  ot  a  picture  :  (fig.)  mental  or 
spiritual  illumination  :  enlightenment : 
knowledge  :  public  view  :  point  of  view  : 
a  conspicuous  person  :  an  aperture  for 
admitting  light  :  {B.)  prosperity,  favor. 
— art/,  not  dark:  bright:  whitish. — v.t. to 
give  light  to  :   to  set  fire  to :  to  attend 


LIGHT 


266 


LINCHPIN 


with  a  light  -.-^pr-p.  light'ing  ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  light'ed  or  lit.— ?i.  Light'er.  [A.S. 
leoht,  lyht ;  Ger.  licht,  Goth,  liuhath,  W. 
llug,  L.  Ixix,  light,  Gr.  leukos;  akin  to 
Sans,  lok,  loch,  to  see,  to  shine,  ruch,  to 
shine.] 

LIGHT,  lit,  adj.  not  heavy  :  easily  suffered 
or  performed:  easily  digested:  not  heav- 
ily armed:  active:  not  heavily  burdened: 
unimportant :  not  dense  or  copious : 
gentle  :  easily  influenced  :  gay,  lively  : 
amusing  :  unchaste:  not  of  legal  weight: 
loose,  sandy  :  (B.)  idle,  worthless. — adv. 
Light'ly,  cheaply:  (JS.)  easily,  carelessly. 
— /(,  Light'ness  {B.)  levity,  fickleness. 
[A.S.  leoht ;  Ger.  leicht,  loe.  lettr ;  L. 
levis,  Gr.  elachys  ;  akin  to  Sans,  laghu, 
light.] 

LIGHT,  lit,  v.i.  (followed  by  on,  upon)  to 
stoop  from  flight :  to  settle  :  to  rest  :  to 
come  to  by  chance  :  (fol.  by  down,  from) 
to  descend,  to  alight: — pr.x>.  light'ing; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  hght'ed  or  lit.  [From 
Light,  not  heavy,  as  "to  light  from  a 
horse,"  to  relieve  him  of  his  burden.] 

LIGHTEN,  lit'n,  v.t.  to  make  light  or 
clear:  (fig.)  to  illuminate  with  knowl- 
edge: (B.)  to  free  from  trouble. — v.i. 
to  shine  like  lightning  :  to  flash:  to  be- 
come less  dark. 

LIGHTEN,  lit'n,  v.t.  to  mak&  lighter  ot less 
heavy  :  to  alleviate :  to  cheer. 

LIGHTEN  UPON,  v.i.  (Pr.  Bk.)  to  alight 
or  descend  upon. 

LIGHTER,  irt'er,  n.  a  large  open  boat  used 
in    lightening   (unloading)   and    loading 

ships. — n.  LiGHT'ERMAN. 

LIGHTERAGE  llt'er-aj,  n.  price  paid  for 

unloading  ships  by  lighters :  the  act  of 

thus  unloading. 
LIGHT-FINGERED,     Ut'-fing'gerd,     adj., 

light  or  active  with  one'sjingers:  thievish. 
LIGHT-HEADED,   llt'-hed'ed,    adj.   giddy 

in     the    head  :    thoughtless :    unsteady. 

[Light  and  Head.] 
LIGHT-HEARTED,  llt'-hart'ed,  adj.,  light 

or  merry   of  heart :  free  from  an.xiety  : 

cheerful.  —  adv.  Light'-heart'edly. — n. 

Light'-heart'edness. 
LIGHTHORSE,    llt'hors,    «.,   light-armed 

cavalry. 
LIGHTHOUSE,    lit'hows,    n.   a  tower  or 

house  with  a  liglit  at  the  top  to  guide 

mariners  at  night. 
LIGHT-INFANTRY,   llt'-in'fant-ri,  n.,  in- 

fantry  lightly  or  not  heavilv  armed. 
LIGHT-MINDED,  lit'-mind'ed,  adj.  having 

a  ligh  t  or  unsteady  niiyid :  not  considerate. 
LIGHTNING,  llt'ning,  n.  the  electric  flash 

usually  followed  by  thunder. 
LIGHTNING-ROD,  "llfning-rod,  n.  a  me- 
tallic rod  for  protecting  buildings  from 

lightning. 
LIGHTS,  llts,  n.pl.  the  lungs  of  animals. 

[So  called  from  their  light  weight.] 
LIGHTSOME,  llt'sum,  adj.,  light,  gay,  live- 
ly, cheering. — n.  Light'someness. 
LIGN-ALOES,  lin-al'oz,  LIGNALOES,  lig- 

nal'oz,  71.   (B.)  aloes-tvood.     [L.  lignum, 

wood,  and  ALOES.] 
LIGNEOUS,  Ug'ne-us.  adj.,  wooden :  woody: 

made  of    wood.      [L.   ligneus  —  lignum, 

wood.] 
LIGNIFEROUS,  lig-nif'er-us,  adj.,  prodtic- 

ing  icood.     [L.  lignum,  wood,  and  fero, 

to  bear.] 
LIGNIFY,  lig'ni-fl,  v.t.  to  turn  into  wood. 

— v.i.  to  become  wood  or  woody  : — pr.p. 

lig'nifying  ;  pa.p.  lig'nified. — n.  LlGNin- 

ca'tion.     [Fr.  ligniflei — L.  lignum,  wood, 

and  facio,  to  make.] 
LIGNINE,  lig'nin,  n.  pure  tcoody  Jibre. 
LIGNITE,   lig'nit,  n.   coal    retaining   the 

texture  of  wood. — adj.  Lignit'ic. 
LIGNUM- VIT^,  lig'num-ve'ta,  n.  popular 

name  of  a  South  American  tree  with  very 

hard  wood. 


LIGULE,  lig'ul,  n.  (bot.)  the  flat  part  of  the 

leaf  of  a  grass :  a  strap-shaped  petal  in 
certain  flowers.  [Lit.  "a  little  tongue," 
L.  ligula,  dim.  of  lingua,  a  tongue.] 

LIGURE,  li'giir  or  lig'ur,  n.  (B.)  a  precious 
stone.     [Gr.  ligurion.'\ 

LIKE,  Ilk,  adj.  equal  in  quantitj',  quality, 
or  degree:  similar:  likely. — n.  the  like 
thing  or  person  :  an  exact  resemblance: 
a  liking. — atto.  in  the  same  manner : 
probal)iy.  [A.S.  lie,  oftener  ge-lic.  Ice. 
likr,  Dut.  ge-lijk,  Ger.  gleieh  (=  geleich). 
Ace.  to  Bopp,  the  simple  forms,  as  in 
Ice.,  A.S.,  etc.,  are  abbreviations  of  the 
full  form,  as  seen  in  Goth,  ga-leik-s ; 
Goth,  leik,  A.S.  lie  means  body,  shape 
(see  Lichgate),  and  ga-,  ge-  ==  with,  L. 
cum ;  so  that  ge-lie  means  '■  having  body 
or  shape  in  common  with  another  "  = 
L.  conformis.  A.S.  lie  appears  in  the 
suffix  -ly  (godly),  and  the  same  root  may 
be  traced  in  L.  ta-li-s,  Gr.  tS-lik-os.] 

LIKE,  Ilk,  v.t.  to  be  pleased  with:  to  ap- 
prove: to  enjoy:  (o6s.)  to  please.  [Orig. 
the  verb  meant  "  to  be  pleasing,"  and 
was  used  impersonally,  as  "it  likes  me," 
i.e.  it  pleases  me,  A.S.  lician,  to  be 
pleasing — lie,  like,  similar,  conformable, 
suitable,  pleasing.] 

LIKELY  lik'li,  adj.,  like  the  thing  re- 
quired :  credible  :  probable  :  having  rea- 
son to  expect. — adv.  probably. — ns.  Ltkt,'- 

LINESS,  LIKE'LIHOOD. 

LHCELY,  lik'li,  adj.  that  may  be  liked : 
pleasing. 

LIKEN,  lik'n,  v.t.  to  represent  as  like  or 
similar :  to  compare. 

LIKENESS,  lik'nes,  n.  resemblance  :  one 
who  resembles  another  :  that  which  re- 
sembles :  a  portrait  or  picture  :  effigy. 

LIKEWISE,  lik'wlz,  adv.  in  like  wise  or 
manner  :  also  :  moreover  :  too.  [Like, 
adj.  and  Wise.] 

LIKING,  llk'ing,  n.  state  of  being  pleased 
with  :  inchnation  :  satisfaction  in  :  (B.) 
condition,  plight. — adj.  (B.),  as  in  Good- 
liking,  Well-liking,  in  good  condition. 

LILAC,  li'lak,  n.  a  pretty  flowering  shrub. 
[Sp. — the  Pers.  lilaj.] 

LILIACEOUS,  lil-i-a'shus,  adj.  pertaining 
to  lilies. 

LILIED.  lil'id,  adj.  adorned  with  lilies. 

LILLIPUTIAN,  lil-i-pu'shi-an,  n.  an  inhab- 
itant of  the  island  of  LUliput,  described 
by  Swift  in  his  Chdliver's  Travels :  a  per- 
son of  small  size,  a  dwarf. — adj.  of  small 
size  :  dwarfish. 

LILT,  lilt,  v.i.  to  do  anything  cleverly  or 
quickly,  as  to  hop  about  :  to  sing,  dance, 
or  play  merrily. — n.  a  cheerful  song  or 
air.     [Ety.  dub.] 

LILY,  lil'i,  n.  a  bulbous  plant,  with  showy 
and  fragrant  flowers. — LiLY  OF  THE  Val- 
ley, a  well-known  and  much -loved 
flower  of  the  lily  genus.  [A.S.  lilie — L. 
lilium — Gr.  leirion,  lily.] 

LIMB,  lim,  n.  a  jointed  part  in  animals  :  a 
projecting  part :  a  branch  of  a  tree. — v.t. 
to  supply  with  limbs :  to  tear  off  the 
limbs.  [A.S.  lim;  perh.  from  A.S. 
lemian  (hence  Lame),  to  break,  and  so 
orig.  "  a  part  broken  off,  fragment."} 

LIMB,  lim,  n.  an  edge  or  border,  as  of  the 
sun,  etc.:  the  edge  of  a  sextant,  etc.  [L. 
limbti.s.'] 

LIJIBER,  lim'ber,  n.  the  part  of  a  gun-car- 
riage consisting  of  two  wheels  and  a 
shaft  to  which  the  horses  are  attached. 
— v.t.  to  attach  to  the  limbers,  as  a  gun. 
[Prov.  E.  limbers,  shafts  —  Ice.  limar, 
boughs,  cart-shafts  orig.  being  only 
boughs  of  trees  ;  cf.  Limb,  a  branch  of  a 
tree.] 

LIMBER,  lim'ber,  adj.  pliant,  flexible. 
[See  Limp,  adj.] 

LIMBO,  lim'bo,  LIMBUS,  lun'bus,  n.  in 
the  creed  of  the  R.  Cath.  Church,  a  place 


on  the  borders  of  hell,  in  which  the  souls 
of  the  pious  who  died  before  the  time  of 
Christ  await  liis  coming,  and  where  the 
souls  of  unbaptized  infants  remain :  a 
place  of  confinement.  [It.  limbo,  L.  lim- 
bns,  border.] 

LIME,  lim,  n.  any  slimy  or  gluey  material : 
birdlime  ;  the  white  caustic  earth  from 
limestone,  and  used  for  cement. — v.t.  to 
cover  with  lime  :  to  cement :  to  manure 
with  lime  :  to  insnare.  [A.S.  Ii7n  :  cog. 
with  Ger.  leim,  glue,  L.  limits,  slime ; 
from  a  base  li  seen  in  L.  li-nere,  to  smear, 
and  Sans,  li,  to  be  viscous.] 

LIME,  lim,  n.  a  kind  of  citron  or  lem,on  tree 
and  its  fruit.     [FV.     See  Lemon.] 

LIME-JUICE,  lim'-jus,  n.  the  acid  juice  of 
the  lime,  used  at  sea  as  a  specific  against 
scurvy. 

LIMEKILN,  lim'kil,  n.  a  kiln  or  furnace  in 
whicli  limestone  is  burned  to  lime. 

LIMESTONE,  lim'st6n,n.,  sforae  from  wliich 
lime  is  procured  by  burning. 

LIME-TREE,  lim'-ti-e,  7i.  the  linden  tree, 
common  in  Europe,  with  heart-shaped 
leaves  and  panicles  of  yellowish  flowers. 
[Lime  is  a  corr.  of  line,  and  line  of  lind, 
which  is=linden  tree.     See  Lenden.] 

LIMETWIG,  Um'twig,  »i.  a  twig  smeared 
with  bird-Z!77ie. 

LIMIT,  lim'it,  n.  boundai-y:  utmost  extent: 
-restriction. — v.t.to  confine  within  boimds: 
to  restrain.  [Fi. — L.  limes,  limitis — limus, 
transverse.] 

LIMITABLE,  lim'it-a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
limited,  bounded,  or  restrained. 

LIMITARY,  lim'it-ar-i,  adj.  placed  at  the 
boundary,  as  a  guard,  etc. :  confined  %vith- 
in  limits. 

LIMITATION,  lim-it-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
limiting,   bounding,  or  restraining  :  theJ 
state  of  being  limited,   bounded,  or  re- ' 
strained :  restriction. 

LIMITED,  lim'it-ed,  adj.  within  limits, 
narrow :  resti'icted. — Limited  Liajbility, 
in  a  joint-stock  company,  means  that 
the  members  are  liable  only  in  a  fixed 
proportion  to  each  share. — adv.  LlM'- 
ITEDLY. — 71.   T.m'lTEDNESS. 

LIMITLESS,  lim'it-les,  adj.  having  no  lim- 
its :  boundless  :  immense  :  infinite. 

LIMN,  lim,  v.t.  (orig.)  to  illuminate  with 
ornamental  letters,  etc. :  to  draw  or  paint, 
esp.  in  water-colors.  [Contr.  of  Fi-.  enlu- 
miner — L.  illumino,  from  root  of  Lumin- 

ABY.] 

LIMNER,  lim'ner,  n.  one  who  limns,  or 
paints  on  jjaper  or  parchment :  a  portrait- 
painter. 

LIMOUS,  Um'us,  adj.,  gluey:  slimy:  mud- 
dy.    [See  Lime,  any  slimy  material.] 

LUSilP,  limp,  adj.  wanting  stiffness,  flex- 
ible :  weak,  flaccid.  [A  nasalized  form 
of  Lap,  seen  also  in  W.  llibin,  lleipr, 
drooping.  Ice.  limpa,  wealcness.] 

LDIP,  limp.  i\i.  to  halt :  to  walk  lamely. 
— n.  act  of  Umping  :  a  halt.  [A.S.  limp- 
healt,  lame ;  O.  Ger.  limphin,  to  limp : 
prob.  a  form  of  Lame.] 

LIMPET,  lim'pet,  n.  a  small  shell-fish, 
which  clings  to  bare  rocks.  [Prob. 
through  the  Fr.,  from  L.  and  Gr.  lejMS, 
a  limpet — Gr.  lepas,  a  bare  rock — lepo, 
to  peel.] 

LIMPID,  lim'pid,  adj.,  clear :  shining  i 
transparent :  pure.  —  ns.  Ltmpid'ity, 
Lim'pidness.  [Fr. — L.  limpidus,  perh.  a 
form  of  liquidus.    See  Liquid.] 

LHHt'INGLY,  hmp'ing-li,  adv.  in  a  limping 
manner. 

LIMY,  lim'i,  adj.,  glutinous:  sticky:  con- 
taining, resembling,  or  having  the  quaU- 
ties  of  lime. 

LINCHPIN,  linsh'pin,  n.  a  pin  used  to  keep 
the  wheel  of  a  carriage  on  the  axle-tree. 
[A.S.  lynis,  an  axle-tree  ;  cog.  with  Dut, 
tuns,  O.  Ger.  lun,  peg,  bolt,  and  Pin.] 


LINDEN 


267 


LITERATE 


LINDEN,  Un'den,  n.  the  lime-tree.  [A.S., 
Sw.,  Ice.  lind,  Ger.  Unde,  O.  Ger.  linta.] 

LINE,  Un,  n.  a  thread  of  linen  or  flax :  a 
slender  cord  :  (math.)  that  which  has 
length  without  breadth  or  thickness  :  an 
extended  strolve  :  a  straiglit  row  :  a  cord 
extended  to  direct  any  operations  :  out- 
line :  a  series,  succession  of  :  a  mark  or 
lineament,  hence  a  characteristic :  a 
row  :  a  rank  :  a  verse  :  a  short  letter  or 
note  :  a  trench,  in  pi.  military  works  of 
defence  :  limit :  method  :  the  equator  : 
lineage  :  direction  :  occupation  :  the 
regular  infantry  of  an  army  :  the  twelfth 
part  of  an  inch.     [L.  linea — linum,  flax.] 

LINE,  liQ,  i\t.  to  mark  out  with  lines:  to 
cover  with  lines :  to  place  along  by  the 
side  of  for  guarding  :  by  a  guard  within 
or  by  anything  added. 

LINE,  lin,  v.t.  to  cover  on  the  inside  with 
linen  or  other  material :  to  cover. 

LINEAGE,  lin'e-aj,  n.  descendants  in  a  line 
from  a  common  progenitor:  race:  family. 

LINEAL,  lin'e-al,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to  a 
line  :  composed  of  hnes  :  in  the,direction 
of  a  line  :  descended  in  a  direct  line  from 
an  ancestor. — adv.  Lin'eally. 

LINEAMENT,  lin'e-a-ment,  n.  feature:  dis- 
tinguishing mark  in  the  form,  esp.  of  the 
face.  [Lit.  "a  drawing;"  Fr. — L.  lineo, 
to  draw  aline.] 

LINEAR,  lin'e-ar,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to  a 
line :  consisting  of  or  having  the  form  of 
lines  :  straight. — adv.  Lin'eaely. 

LINEATION,  lin-e-a'shun,  71.  same  as  De- 
lineation. 

LINEN,  lin'en,  n.  cloth  made  of  lint  or  flax: 
underclothing,  particularly  that  made  of 
linen.— ad/,  made  of  flax :  resembling 
linen  cloth.  [Properly  an  adj.  with  suf- 
fix -en — A.S.  lin~-lj.  linum,  flax ;  Gr. 
linon.l 

LINER,  lln'er,  n.  a  vessel  belonging  to  a 
regular  line  or  series  of  packets. 

LING,  ling,  11.  a  fish  resembling  the  cod, 
so  called  from  its  lengthened  form.  [AS. 
long,  long.] 

LING,  ling,  n.  heather.     [Ice.  lyng.} 

LINGER,  ling'ger,  v.i.  to  remain  long  in 
any  state  :  to  loiter  :  to  hesitate.  [A.S. 
lengan,  to  protract — lang,  long.] 

LINGERING,  ling'ger-ing,  adj.,  lengthened 
out  in  time  :  protracted. — n.  a  remaining 
long. 

LINGET,  ling'get,  LINGOT,  ling'got,  n. 
same  as  Ingot.  [Fr.  lingot,  from  root  of 
Ingot.] 

LINGUADENTAL,  ling-gwa-den'tal.  adj. 
uttered  by  the  joint  action  of  the  tongue 
and  teeth,  as  of  the  letters  d  and  I. — n.  a 
sound  thus  produced.  [L.  lingua,  the 
tongue,  and  Dental.] 

LINGUAL,  ling'gwal,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  tongue.  —  n.  a  letter  pronounced 
mainly  by  the  tongue,  as  I. — adv.  Lin'- 
GUALLY.  [From  L.  lingua  (old  form  din- 
gua),  the  tong-ue.] 

LINGUIST,  ling'gwist,  n.  one  skilled  in 
tongues  or  languages. 

LINGUISTIC,  ling-gwist'ik,  LINGUISTIC- 
AL,  ling-gwist'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
languages  and  the  affinities  of  languages. 

LINGUISTICS,  ling-gwist'iks,  n..sing.  the 
science  of  languages  and  words,  the  gen- 
eral or  comparative  study  of  languages. 

LINIMEN  ?,  lin'i-ment,  n.  a  kind  of  thin 
ointment.  [L.  linimentum — lino,  to  be- 
smear.] 

LINING,  lln'ing,  n.  act  of  drawing  lines 
upon,  or  of  marking  with  lines  :  an  in- 
side covering. 

LINK,  lingk,  n.  something  bent  so  as  to 
form  a,  joint:  a  ring  of  a  chain:  anything 
connecting :  a  single  part  of  a  series. — 
v.t.  to  connect  as  by  a  link  :  to  join  in 
confederacy  :  to  unite  in  a  series. — v.i.  to 


be  connected.  [A.S.  hlence;  Ice.  hlekkr, 
Ger.  gelenk  {lenken,  to  bend).] 

LINK,  lingk,  n.  a  light  or  torch  of  pitch 
and  tow. — n.  Link'boy,  boy  who  cai-ries 
such  to  light  travellers.  [Prob.  corr. 
from  Dut.  lont,  a  gunner's  match  of  tow  ; 
Scot,  lunt,  Dan.  hmte.] 

LINKS,  lingks,  n.pl.  a  stretch  of  flat  or 
gently  undulating  ground  along  a  sea- 
shore,Gn  which  the  game  of  golf  is  played. 
[Scotch.] 

LINN^AN,  LINNEAN,  hn-ne'an,  adj.  per- 
taining to  Linnaius,  the  Latinized  form 
of  the  name  of  Linne,  the  celebrated 
Swedish  botanist  (1707-78),  or  to  the  artifi- 
cial system  of  classification  introduced  by 
him  into  Botany. 

LINNET,  lin'et,  71.  a  small  singing-bird,  so 
called  from  feeding  on  the  seed  of  flax. 

iFr.    linot  —  lin,   flax  —  L.    linum.      See 
jINEN.] 

LINOLEIjM,  lin-6'le-um,  n.  a  preparation 
used  as  a  floorcloth,  linseed -oil  being 
greatly  used  in  the  making  of  it.  [L. 
linum,  flax,  oleum,  oil.] 

LINSEED,  lin'sed,  LINTSEED,  lint'sed,  n., 
lint  or  flax  seed.    [From  Lint.] 

LINSEED-CAKE,  lin'sed-kak,  n.  the  cake 
remaining  wlien  the  oil  is  pressed  out  of 
li7it  or  flax  seed. 

LINSEED-OIL,  lin'sed-oil,  n.,  oil  tromflaa:- 
seed. 

LINSEY-WOOLSEY,  Un'ze-wool'ze,  adj. 
made  of  linen  and  wool  mixed:  mean  :  of 
unsuitable  parts. — n.  a  thin  coarse  stuff 
of  linen  and  wool  mixed. 

LINSTOCK,  lin'stok,  n.  a  staff  to  hold  a 
lighted  match  for  firing  cannon.  [Also 
lintstock,  lint  being  a  mistaken  form  of 
hint,  due  to  confusion  with  lint,  scraped 
linen,  from  Dut.  lontstok — lont,  a  match, 
and  stok,  a  stick.    See  Link.] 

TJINT,  lint,  n.,  flax :  linen  scraped  into  a 
soft  woolly  substance  to  lay  on  wounds. 
[See  Linen.] 

LINTEL,  lin'tel,  n.  the  piece  of  timber  or 
stone  over  a  doorway  :  the  headpiece  of 
a  door  or  casement.  [O.  Fr.  lintel  (Fr. 
linteau) — Low  L.  lintellus  for  limitellus, 
dim.  of  L.  limes,  a  boundarj',  border. 
See  Limit.] 

LION,  H'un,  n.  a  large  and  fierce  quadru- 
ped, remarkable  for  its  roar  :  {astr.)  Leo, 
a  sign  of  the  zodiac  :  any  object  of  inter- 
est ■.—/em.  Li'ONESS.  [O.  Fr.  lion—L.  leo 
— Gr.  Icon;  Ger.  lowe;  A.S.  leo,  bormwed 
directly  from  L.] 

LION-HEARTED,  li'un-hart'ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  lieart  or  courage  of  a  lion. 

LIONIZE,  ifun-Iz,  v.t.  to  treat  as  a  lion  or 
object  of  interest. 

LIP,  lip,  n.  the  muscular  border  in  front  of 
the  teeth  by  which  things  are  taken  into 
the  mouth  :  the  edge  of  anything.  [A.S. 
lippe ;  Dut.  lip,  Ger.  lippe,  L.  labium, 
akin  to  L.  lambo,  E.  lap,  expressive  of 
the  sound  of  lapping.] 

LIPPED,  lipt,  adj.  having  lips :  having  a 
raised  or  rounded  edge  like  the  lip. 

LIQUATION,  li-kwa'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
making  liquid  or  melting :  the  capacity 
of  being  melted.  [L.  liquo,  liquatum, 
to  make  liquid,  to  melt.] 

LIQUEFACTION,  Uk-we-fak'shun,  n.  the 
act  or  procesF  of  making  liquid :  the 
state  of  being  melted. 

LIQUEFY,  lik'we-fl,  I'.t  to  make  liquid: 
to  dissolve. — v.i.  to  become  liquid: — pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  liq'uefled.  [L.  liquefaeio — 
liqueo.  to  be  fluid  or  liquid,  and  fado,  to 
make.] 

LIQUESCENT,  li-kwes'ent,  adj.,  becoming 
liquid  :  melting. — n.  Liques'CENCY.  [L. 
liqueseens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  liquesco,  to  be- 
come liquid — liqueo.] 

LIQUEUR,  lik-er ,  n.  a  flavored  spirit :  a 
cordial.     [Fr.] 


LIQUID,  lik'wid,  adj.,  flomng:  fluid:  soft: 
smooth  :  clear. — n.  a  flowing  substance  : 
a  letter  of  a  smooth  flowing  sound,  as  t 
and  r  in  pla,  pra. — ns.  Liquid'ity,  Liq'- 
uidness.  [L.  liquidus,  fluid,  clear — liqueo, 
to  be  fluid  or  liquid.] 

LIQUIDATE,  lik'wi-dat,  v.t.  to  make  clear, 
esp.  to  clear  or  settle  an  account :  to  ar- 
range or  wind  up  the  affairs  of  a  bank- 
rupt estate.     [See  Liquid.] 

LIQUIDATION,  hk-wi-da'shun,  n.  the 
clearing  up  of  money  afi'airs,  esp.  the- 
adjustment  of  the  affairs  of  a  bankrupt, 
pst  itp 

LIQUIDATOR,  lik-wi-dat'or,  71.  one  en- 
gaged in  a  liquidation. 

LIQUOR,  lik'ur,  71.  anything  liquid :  strong 
drink. 

LIQUORICE,  lik'ur-is,  n.  a  plant  with  a 
sweet  root  which  is  used  for  medicinal 
purposes.  [Through  an  O.  Fr.  form, 
from  L.  liquiritia,  a  corr.  of  Gr.  glykyr- 
rhiza — glykys,  sweet,  and  rhiza,  root.] 

LISP,  lisp,  v.i.  to  speak  with  the  tongue 
against  the  upper  teeth  or  gums,  as  in 
pronouncing  th  for  s  or  2 ;  to  articulate 
as  a  child  :  to  utter  imperfectly. — v.t.  to 
pronounce  with  a  lisp. — 71.  the  act  or 
habit  of  lisping.  [A.S.  tiiisj),  lisping ; 
Dut.  lispen,  Ger.  lispeln  ;  from  the  sound.] 

LISPING,  Usp'ing,  adj.  pronouncing  with 
a  lis}}. — 71.  the  act  of  speaking  with  a 
lisp.— adv.  Lisp'rNGLY. 

LISSOME,  lis'um,  adj.  same  as  Lithesome. 

LIST,  list,  n.  a  stripe  or  border  of  cloth. 
[A.S.  ;  Ice.  lista,  Ger.  leiste,  border.] 

LIST,  list,  71.  an  edge  or  border  :  a  cata^- 
logue  or  roll. — v.t.  to  place  in  a  list  or 
catalogue  :  to  engage  for  the  public  ser- 
vice, as  soldiers.  [Orig.  a  strip,  as  of 
parchment,  hence  a  roll,  a  list  of  names, 
Fr.  liste — O.  Ger.  lista,  Ger.  leiste,  stripe^ 
border  ;  A.S.  list,  and  orig.  the  same 
word  as  the  above.] 

LIST,  list,  71.  a  line  inclosing  a  piece  of 
ground,  esp.  for  combat: — 2^t-  Lists,  the 
ground  inclosed  for  a  contest. — To  ENTER- 
THE  LISTS,  to  engage  in  contest.  [Fr. 
lice.  It.  lizza — Low  L.  licice,  barriers  ;  of 
unknown  origin.] 

LIST,  list,  v.i.  to  have  pleasure  in  :  to  de- 
sire :  to  like  or  please  :  to  choose.  [A.S. 
Iysta7i,  to  desire — lust,  pleasure ;  Dut. 
and  Ger.  lust,  pleasure.] 

LIST,  list,  v.t.  or  v.i.  dim.  of  LISTEN. 

LISTEN,  lis'n,  v.t.  to  hear  or  attend  to. 
—v.i,  to  give  ear  or  hearken  :  to  foUow 
advice.  [A.S.  hlistan  —  hlyst,  hearing, 
from  hlust,  the  ear  ;  Ice.  hlusta,  L.  duo, 
Gr.  kluo,  to  hear,  W.  dust,  an  ear.  See- 
Loud.] 

LISTENER,  lis'n-er,  n.  one  who  listens  or 
hearkens. 

LISTLESS,  list'les,  adj.  having  no  desire 
or  wish  :  careless  :  uninterested  :  weary: 
indolent.— adr.  List'lessly.— ?(.  List'- 
LESSNESS.     [From  LusT  and  suffix  -less.] 

LIT,  pn.^.  and  pa.p.  of  Light,  to  lighten, 
and  Light,  to  ahght. 

LITANY,  lit'a-ni,  n.  a  praying:  a  form  of 
supplication  in  public  worship.  [Fr. — 
L.  Htania—Gr.  litaneia — lite,  a  prayer.] 

LITERAL,  lit'er-al,  adj.  according  to  the 
letter :  plain :  not  figurative  or  meta- 
phorical :  following  the  letter  or  exact 
meaning,  word  for  word. — adv.  Lit'eral- 
LY. — n.  Lit'eralness.  [Fi\ — L.  literalis 
— litera,  a  letter.] 

LITERARY,  lit'er-ar-i,  adj.  belonging  to 
letters  or  learning  :  pertaining  to  men  of 
letters  :  derived  from  learning  :  skilled 
in  learning :  consisting  of  written  or 
printed  compositions.     [L.  literarius.] 

LITERATE,  lit'er-at,  adj.  acquainted  with 
letters  or  leai'ning :  learned. — n.  one 
educated  but  not  having  taken  a  univer- 
sity degree.     [L  literatus.] 


LITERATI 


268 


LOBSTER 


SJTERATI,  lit-er-a'ti,  n.pl.  men  of  letters, 

the  learned. 
LITERATURE,  lit'er-a-tur,  n.  the  science  of 
letters  or  what  is  written :  the  whole 
body  of  literary  compositions  in  any  lan- 
guage, or  on  a  g-iven  subject :  all  literary 
productions    except    those     elating    to 

Eositive  science  and  art,  usually  confined, 
owever,  to  tlie  belles-lettres.  [Fr. — L. 
literatura — litera.] 

LITHARGE,  lith'ai-j,  n.  tlie  semi-vitrifled 
oxide  of  lead  separated  from  silver  in  re- 
fining. [Lit.  "stone-silver,"  Fr. — Gr. 
Uthargyros—lithos,  a  stone,  and  argyros, 
silver.] 

OTHE,  nth,  adj.  easily  bent,  flexible, 
active. — u.  Lithe'kess.  [A.S.  lithe  (for 
linthe) ;  Ger.  ge-lind,  Ice.  linr,  akin  to  L. 
lenis,  soft,  tender.] 

LITHESOME,  liiTi'sum,  adj.  lithe,  supple, 
nimble. — n.  Lithe'SOMENESS.  . 

LITHOGRAPH,  lith'o-graf,  v.t.  to  rjorite  or 
engrave  on  stone  and  transfer  to  paper 
by  printing. — n.  a  print  from  stone.  [Gr. 
tithes,  a  stone,  and  grapho,  to  write.] 

LITHOGRAPHER,  lith-og'ra-fer,  n.  one 
who  practices  the  art  of  lithography. 

LITHOGRAPHIC,  lith-o-graf'ik,  LITHO- 
GRAPHICAL,  lith-o-graf'ik-al,  adj.  be- 
longing to  lithography.  —  adv.  Litho- 
graph'ically. 

LITHOGRAPHY,  lith-og'raf-i,  n.  the  art 
of  writing  or  engraving  on  sto7ie  and 
printing  therefrom. 

LITHOLOGY,  lith-ol'o-ji,  n.  a  department 
of  geology  treating  of  the  structure  of 
rocks. — adj.  Litholoq'ical. — n.  Lithol'- 
OGIST,  one  skilled  in  lithology.  [Gr. 
Hthos,  a  stone,  and  logos,  discourse.] 

UTHOPHYTE,  lith'o-flt,  n.  an  animal 
production  apparently  both  stone  and 
plant,  as  coral.  [Gr.  lithos,  stone, phyton, 
plant — phyb,  to  grow.] 

LITHOTOMY,  lith-ot'o-mi,  n.  the  opera^ 
tion  of  cutting  for  stone  in  the  bladder. 
— n.  LiTHOT'OMlST,  one  who  practices 
lithotomy.  [Gr.  lithos,  a  stone,  and 
tome,  a  cutting — temno.  to  cut.] 

LITHOTRIPSY,  lith-ot'rip-si,  LITHOT- 
RITY,  lithot'ri-ti,  n.  the  operation  of 
hrealcing  a  stone  in  the  bladder.  [Gr. 
lithos,  stone,  and  tribo,  cog.  with  L. 
tero,  to  grind.] 

LITIGABLE,  lit'i-ga-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
contested  in  law. 

LITIGANT,  lit'i-gant,  adj.  contending  at 
Jaw  :  engaged  in  a  lawsuit. — n.  a  person 
engaged  in  a  lawsuit. 

LITIGATE,  lit'i-gat,  v.t.  to  contest  in  law. 
— v.i.  to  carry  on  a  lawsuit. — n.  Litiga'- 
TION.  [L.  Htigo,  -atwm — lis,  litis,  a  strife, 
and  ago.  to  do.] 

LITIGIOUS,  li-ti]'yus,  adj.  inclined  to  en- 
gage in  lawsuits :  subject  to  contention. 
— adv.  LiTIG'lOUSLY. — n.  LlTIG'lOUSNESS. 

LITMUS,  lit'mus,  n.  a  purple  dye  obtained 
from  certain  lichens ;  known  also  as 
turnsole.  [For  lakmose — Dut.  lakmoes — 
lak,  lac,  and  moes,  pulp.] 

LITOTES,  lit'o-tez  or  li'-,  n.  (rfte/.)  a  soften- 
ing of  a  statement  for  simplicity  and 
sometimes  for  emphasis.  [Gr.  litotes, 
simplicity — litos,  plain.] 

LITRE,  le'tr,  »i.  a  French  liquid  measure, 
about  IS  E.  pints. 

LITTER,  lifer,  n.  a  heap  of  straw,  etc.,  for 
animals  to  lie  upon  :  materials  for  a  bed : 
any  scattered  collection  of  objects,  esp. 
of  little  va'^ue  :  a  vehicle  containing  a 
bed  for  carrying  about :  a  brood  of  small 
quadrupeds. — v.t.  to  cover  or  supply  with 
litter :  to  scatter  carelessly  about :  to 
give  birth  to  (said  of  small  animals). — 
v.i.  to  produce  a  litter  or  brood.  [Fr. 
litiere — ^Low  L.  lectaria — L.  lecius,  a  bed, 
from  root  of  Lis.] 

lilTTLE,   Ut'l.  adj:  (comp.   Less;   superl. 


Least)  small  in  quantity  or  extent : 
weak,  poor:  brief. — n.  that  which  is 
small  in  quantity  or  extent :  a  small 
space. — adv.  in  a  small  quantity  or  de- 
gree :  not  much. — n.  Litt'leness.  [-A..S. 
lytel ;  Ice.  litill,  O.  Ger.  luzil,  Goth. 
leitils.] 

LITTORAL,  lit'or-al,  adj  belonging  to  the 
sea-shore. — n.  the  strip  of  land  along  the 
shore.     [L.  littus,  -oris,  the  shore.] 

LITURGICS,  li-tur'jiks,  n.  the  doctrine  or 
theory  of  liturgies. 

LITURGIST,  lit'ur-jist,  n.  one  who  adheres 
to  or  has  a  knowledge  of  liturgies. 

LITURGY,  lit'ur-ji,  ■/(.  the  form  of  service 
or  established  ritual  of  a  church. — adjs. 
LiTDE'Gic,  Litur'gical.  [Fr. — Gr.  lei- 
tourgia — leitos,  public — laos,  the  people, 
and  ergo,  to  work,  do.] 

LIVE,  liv,  v.i.  to  have  life  :  to  continue  in 
life  :  to  be  exempt  from  death  :  to  last : 
to  subsist :  to  enjoy  life,  to  be  in  a  state 
of  happiness  :  to  be  nouiished  or  support- 
ed :  to  dwell. — v.t.  to  spend  :  to  act  in 
conformity  to  : — pr.p.  liv'ing ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  lived'.  —  n.  Liv'er.  [A.S.  lijian, 
lybban ;  Dut.  leven,  Ger.  leben ;  orig. 
meaning  to  remain,  to  continue.  See 
Leave,  v.t] 

LIVE,  liv,  adj.  having  life:  alive,  not  dead: 
active:  containing  fire:  burning:  vivid. — 
-Lived,  livd,  used  in  compounds,  as  Long- 
lived. 

LIVELIHOOD,  Uv'li-hood,  n.  means  of  liv- 
ing :  support.  [For  M.  E.  lijtode,  liflade, 
from  A.S.  lif,  life,  and  lad,  a  leading, 
way,  lit.,  life-leading.] 

LIVELONG,  liv'long,  adj.  that  lives  or  lasts 
lo7ia. 

LIVELY,  liv'li,  adj.  having  or  showing  life: 
vigorous,  active  :  sprightly  :  spirited  : 
strong:  vivid. — adv.  vivaciously,  vigor- 
ously.— n.  Live'liness. 

LIVER,  liv'er,  n.  the  largest  gland  in  the 
body,  which  secretes  the  bile.  [A.S. 
lifer:  Ger.  leber,  Ice.  lifr.] 

LIVER-GROWN,  liv'er-gron,  adj.  having 
a  swelled  or  overgroim  liver. 

LIVERIED,  liv'er-id,  adj.  having  or  wear- 
ing a  livery. 

LIVERWORT,liv'er-wurt.w.  Iceland-moss. 
[From  A.S.  imirt,  plant.] 

LIVERY,  liv'er-i,  n.  (orig.)  the  distinctive 
dress  worn  by  the  household  of  a  king  or 
nobleman,  so  called  because  delivered  or 
given  at  regular  periods:  the  uniform 
worn  by  servants:  a  dress  peculiar  to 
certain  persons  or  things,  as  in  the  trade- 
guilds  of  London :  any  characteristic 
dress  :  the  being  kept  and  fed  at  a  certain 
rate,  as  horses  at  livery  :  the  v/hole  body 
of  liverymen  in  London.  [Fr.  livrie — 
livrer — Low  L.  libero,  to  give  or  hand 
over.     See  Deuver.] 

LIVERYMAN,  liv'er-i-man,  n.  a  man  who 
wears  a  livery  :  a  freeman  of  the  city  ot 
London  entitled  to  wear  the  livery  and 
enjov  other  privileges  of  his  Company. 

LIVERY-STABLE,  liv'er -i-sta'bl,  n.  a 
stable  where  horses  are  kept  at  livery. 

LIVESTOCK,  Uv'stok,  n.  the  animals  em- 
ployed or  reared  on  a  farm. 

LIVID,  liv'id,  adj.  black  and  blue :  of  a 
lead  color  :  discolored. — n.  Liv'idness. 
[Fr. — L.  lividus—liveo,  to  be  of  a  lead 
color,  or  black  and  blue.] 

Lr\^ING,  liv'ing,  adj.  ha\ing  life:  active, 
lively  :  producing  action  or  vigor  :  run- 
ning or  flowing. — n.  means  of  subsist- 
ence :  a  property  :  the  benefice  of  a 
clergyman. — 'The  Living,  those  alive. 

LIVRE,  le'vr,  n.  an  old  French  coin,  about 
the  value  of  a  franc,  by  which  it  was  su- 
perseded.    [Fr. — L.  libra,  a  pound.] 

LIZARD,  li/ard,  n.  a  genus  of  four-footed 
scaly  reptiles.  [Fr.  lizard.  It.  lucerta — 
L.  lacerta.'l 


LLAMA,  la'ma  or  la'ma,  n.  a  small  species 
of  camel  peculiar  to  South  America. 
[Peruvian.] 

LLANO,  Ian*©,  n.  one  of  the  vast  steppes 
or  plains  in  the  northern  part  of  South 
America  -.—pi.  Llan'OS.  [Sp.,  from  L, 
planus,  plain.] 

LLOYD'S,  loidz,  n.  a  part  of  the  London 
Royal  Exchange  frequented  by  ship- 
owners, underwriters,  etc.,  to  obtain 
shipping  intelligence,  and  transact  ma- 
rine insurance.  [So  called  from  their 
orig.  meeting  in  Lloyd's  Cofl'ee-house.l 

LO,  lo,  int.  look :  see :  behold.  [A.S.  la, 
an  imitative  word.] 

LOACH,  LOCHE,  loch,  n.  a  small  river 
fish.     [Fr.  loche,  Sp.  loja.] 

LOAD,  lod,  v.t.  to  Zade  or  burden  :  to  put 
on  as  much  as  can  be  carried :  to  heap 
on  :  to  put  on  overmuch :  to  confer  or 
give  in  great  abundance:  to  charge,  as  a 
gun. — n.  a  lading  or  burden  :  as  much  as 
can  be  carried  at  once  :  freight  or  cargo : 
a  measure  :  any  large  quantity  borne  :  a 
quantity  sustained  with  difEculty :  that 
which  burdens  or  grieves  :  a  weight  or 
encumbrance.     [A.S.  hladan,  to  load.] 

LOADING,  lod'ing,  n.  the  act  of  loading  or 
lading:  a  charge,  cargo,  or  lading. 

LOADSTAR.    Same  as  Lodestar. 

LOADSTONE.    Same  as  Lodestone. 

LOAF,  lof,  «.  a  regularly  shaped  mass  of 
bread  :  a  mass  of  sugar :  any  lump  : — 
pi.  Loaves  (lovz).  [A.S.  hlaf;  Goth. 
hlaifs,  Ger.  laib,  Russ.  khlieb.'] 

LOAF,  lof,  v.i.  to  loiter,  pass  time  idly. — 
n.  Loaf'er.  [Pro  v.  Ger.  lof  en,  Ger.  lauf- 
en,  to  run  about.] 

LOAF-SUGAR,  lof'-shoog'ar,  n.  refined 
sugar  in  the  form  of  a  loaf  or  cone. 

LOAM,  lom,  n.  a  muddy  soil,  of  clay,  sand, 
and  animal  and  vegetable  matter. — v.t, 
to  cover  with  loam.  [A.S.  lam;  G«r. 
lehm,  akin  to  E.  Lime.] 

LOAMTY,  lom'i,  adj.  consisting  of  or  re- 
sembling loam. 

LOAN,  Ion,  n.  anything  lent:  the  act  of 
lending :  permission  to  use  :  money  lent 
for  interest. — v.t.  to  lend.  [A.S.  loen  ; 
Ice.  Ian,  Dan.  laan,  cf.  Ger.  lehen,a,  fief,] 

LOATH  or  LOTH,  loth,  adj.  disliking :  re- 
luctant,  unwilling. — adv.  Loath'ly. — n. 
Loath'ness.  [A.S.  lath  ;  Ger.  leiden,  to 
suffer.] 

LOATHE,  ]6th,  v.t.  to  dislike  greatly,  to 
feel  disgust  at.     [A.S.  lathian.] 

LOATHFUL,  loth' fool,  adj.  full  of  loathing, 
hate,  or  abhorrence  :  exciting  loathing  or 
disgust. 

LOA'THING,  loi/i'ing,  n.  extreme  hate  or 
disgust :  abhorrence. — adj.  hating. — adv. 
Loath'inglt. 

LOATHSOME,l6<7i'sum,ady.exciting  loath- 
ing or  abhorrence:  detestable.  —  adv. 
Loath'somely. — n.  Loath'someness. 

LOAVES,  lovz,  n.,  pi.  of  Loaf. 

LOBATE,  lob'at,  LOBED,  lobd',  adj.having 
or  consisting  of  lobes. 

LOBBY,  iob'i,  n.  a  small  hall  or  waiting 
room  :  a  passage  serving  as  a  common 
entrance  to  several  apartments.  [Low 
L.  labia — O.  Ger.  loube,  Ger.  laribe,  a  por. 
tico.  arbor — laub,  E.  leaf.    See  Lodge.] 

LOBE,  lob,  n.  the  lower  part  of  the  ear  : 
(anat.)  a  division  of  the  lungs,  brain, 
etc. :  (bot.)  a  division  of  a  leaf. — adj. 
Lob'ulak.  [Fr.,  prob.  through  Low  L. 
from  Gr.  lobos ;  akin  to  Lap,  to  fold.] 

LOBELET,  lob'let,  LOBULE,  lob'ul,  n.  a 
small  lobe. 

LOBELIA,  lob-e'li-a,  n.  an  ornamental 
flower,  the  roots  of  which  are  used  in 
medicine.     [Label,  a  Flemish  botanist.] 

LOBSTER,  lob'ster,  n.  a  shellfish  with 
large  claws,  used  for  food.  [A.S.  lop- 
pestre,  lopystre  ;  a.  corr.  of  L.  locmta,  a 
lobster.] 


LOBWORM 


269 


LOO 


LOBWOEM,  lob'wurm,  n.  a  large  worm 
used  as  bait.  [So  called  from  its  clumsy 
form.  See  Ltjbbard.] 
LOCAXi,  lo'kal,  adj.  of  or  belongring  to  a 
place:  confined  to  a  spot  or  district. — 
adv.  Lo'CALLY.  [Fr. — L.  localis — locus, 
a  place.] 
LOCALITY,  lo-kal'i-ti,  n.   existence   in  a 

place :  position  :  district. 
LOCALIZE,  lo'kal-Iz,  v.t.  to  make  local:  to 

put  into  a  place. — n.  Localiza'tion. 
LOCATE,  16-kat'  or  lo'kat,  v.t.  to  place  :  to 
set  in  a  particular  position  :  to  designate 
the  place  of. 
LOCATION,  lo-ka'shun,  n.  act  of  locating 
or  placing :  situation :  {law)  a  leasing  on 
rent. 
LOCATIVE,  lo'ka-tiv,  adj.  (gram.)  indicat- 
ing place. 
LOCH,  loch,  n.  a  lake  or  arm  of  the  sea. 
[Gael,  and  Ir.  loch,  W.  llwch,  L.  lacus, 
E.  Lake.] 
LOCHE,  n.    See  Loach. 
LOCK,   lok,   n.    an  instrument  to  fasten 
doors,  etc.  :  an  inclosure  in  a  canal  for 
raising  or  lowering  boats  :  the  part  of 
a  firearm  by  which  it  is  discharged  :    a 
grapple  in  wrestling  :   a  state  of  being 
immovable  :   any  narrow  confined  place. 
— v.t.  to  fasten  with  a  lock  :  to  fasten  so 
as  to  impede  motion  :    to   shut  up  :   to 
close  fast :  to  embrace  closely:  to  furnish 
with  locks. — v.i.  to  become  fast:  to  unite 
closely.      [A.S.  loca,  a  lock ;  Ice.  loka,  a 
bolt,  Ger.  loch,  a  dungeon.] 
LOCK,  lok,  71.  a  tuft  or  ringlet  of  hair  :  a 
flock  of  wool,  etc.    [A.S.  locc;  Ice.  lokkr, 
Ger.  locke,  a  lock.] 
LOCKAGE,  lok'aj,  n.  the  locks  of  a  canal : 
the  difference  in  their  levels,  the  materi- 
als used  for  them,  and  the  tolls  paid  for 
passing  through  them. 
LOCKER,  lok'er,  n.  any  closed  place  that 

may  be  locked. 
LOCKET,  lok'et,  n.  a  .'miall  lock :  a  little 
ornamental  case  of  gold  or  silver,  usually 
containing  a  miniature. 
LOCKJAW,  lok' -jaw,    LOCKED-JAW, 
lokt'-jaw,  n.  a  contraction  of  the   mus- 
cles of  the  jaiv  by  which  its  motion  is 
suspended.     [LOCK  and  Jaw.] 
LOCK-KEEPER,   lok'-kep'er,  n.  one  who 

keeps  or  attends  the  locks  of  a  canal. 
LOCKRAM,   lok'ram,  n.   a  kind  of  coarse 
linen,  so  called  fi-om  Locrenan,  in  Bre- 
tagne,  where  it  is  made. 
LOCKSMITH,  lok'smith,  n.   a  smith  who 

makes  and  mends  locks. 
LOCKSTITCH,  lok'stich,  n.  a  stitch  formed 

by  the  locking  of  two  threads  together. 
LOCKUP,  lok'up,   n.  a  place  for  locking 
up  O!  confining  persons  for  a  short  time. 
LOCOMOTION,   lo-ko-mo'shun,    n.  act   or 

power  of  moving  from  p^ace  to  place. 
LOCOMOTIVE,  lo-ko-mo'tiv  or  16'-,  adj., 
moving  from  place  to  place :  capable  of 
or  assisting  in  locomotion. — n.   a  toco- 
m,otive  machine  :  a   railway  engine. — n. 
LocOMOTlv'rTT.     [L.   locus,  a  place,  and 
moveo,  motum,  to  move.] 
LOCULOUS,  lok'u-lus,  adj.  (hot.)  divided 
internally  into  cells.     [L.  loculus,  a  cell, 
dim.  of  locus.] 
LOCUS,  lo'kus,  n., place :  (math.)  the  curve 
described  by  a  point,  or  the  surface  gen- 
erated by  a  line,  moving  in  a  given  man- 
ner.   J"L.] 
LOCUS'T,  lo'kust,  n.  a  migratory  winged 
insect,   in  shape   like  the  grasshopper, 
highly    destmctive    to     vegetation  :     a 
name  of  several   plants  and  trees.     [L. 
locusta.~\ 
LODE,   lod,  n.  (mining)  a  course  or  vein 
containing  metallic    ore.     [A.S.   Idd,   a 
course— lithan,  to  lead.    See  Lead,   to 
Bfaow  the  way.] 


LODESTAR,  lod'star,  n.  the  star  that  leads 
or  guides  :  the  pole-star. 

LODESTONE,  lod'ston,  n.  a  stoiie  or  ore  of 
iron  that  leads  or  attracts  other  pieces 
of  iron.  [Made  up  of  Lode  and  Stone. 
See  Magnet.] 

LODGE,  loj,  n.  a  small  house  in  a  park  (B., 
a  liut) :  the  cottage  of  a  gatekeeper  :  a 
retreat  :  a  secret  association,  also  the 
place  of  meeting. — v.t.  to  furnish  with  a 
temporary  dwelling :  to  infix,  to  settle  : 
to  drive  to  covert  :  to  lay  flat,  as  grain. 
— v.i.  to  reside  :  to  rest :  to  dwell  for  a 
time  (B.,  to  pass  the  night)  :  to  lie  flat, 
as  grain.     [Fr.  loge,  from  root  of  Lobby.] 

LODGER,  loj'er,  n.  one  who  lodges  or  lives 
at  board  or  in  a  hired  room  :  one  who 
stays  in  any  place  for  a  time. 

LODGING,  loj'ing,  n.  temporary  habitar 
tion  :  a  room  or  rooms  hired  in  the  house 
of  another  (often  in  pi.) :  harbor. 

LODGMENT,  loj'ment,  n.,  act  of  lodging, 
or  state  of  being  lodged  :  accumulation  of 
something  that  remains  at  rest :  (mil.) 
the  occupation  of  a  position  by  a  be- 
sieging party,  and  the  works  thrown  up 
to  maintain  it. 

LOFT,  loft,  n.  the  room  or  space  immedi- 
ately under  a  roof :  a  gallery  in  a  hall  or 
church  :  (B.)an  upper  room.  [From  the 
Scand.,  as  in  Ice.  lopt  (pronounced  loft), 
the  sky  or  air,  an  upper  room  ;  A.S.  lyft, 
Ger.  luft,  the  air.     See  Lift.] 

LOFTY,  loft'i,  adj.  high  in  position,  char- 
acter, sentiment,  or  diction:  high:  state- 
ly: haughty.— ad«.  Loft'ily. — n.  Loft'i- 

NESS. 

LOG,  log,  n.  a  Hebrew  liquid  measure=4 
or  f  of  a  pint.  [Heb.,  a  basin — lug,  to  be 
hollow.] 

LOG,  log,  n.  a  bulky  piece  of  wood :  (naut.) 
a  piece  of  wood,  with  a  line,  for  measur- 
ing the  speed  of  a  ship.  [Scand.,  as  in 
Ice.  lag,  Dan.  log.] 

LOGARITHM,  log'a-rithm,  n.  (of  a  number) 
the  power  to  .which  another  given  num- 
ber must  be  raised  in  order  that  it  may 
equal  the  former  number.  [Lit.  "  the 
number  of  the  ratios,"  Gr.  logos,  ratio, 
and  arithmos,  number.] 

LOGARITHMIC,  log-a-rith'mik,  LOGA- 
RITHMIC AL,  log-a-rith'mik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  consisting  of  logarithms. — 

adv.  LOGAEITH'mCALLY. 

LOGBOARD,  log'bord,  LOGBOOK,  log'- 
book,  ns.  (naut.)  a  hoard  and  hook  on 
which  the  tog-reckoning  is  kept. 

LOG-CABIN,  log'-kab'in,  LOGHOUSE, 
log'hows,  LOGHUT,  log'hut,  ns.  a  cahin, 
house,  or  hut  built  of  tog's. 

LOGGERHEAD,  log'er-hed,  n.  a  blockhead: 
a  dunce  :  (naut.)  a  round  piece  of  timber, 
in  a  whale-boat,  over  which  the  line  is 
passed  :  a  species  of  sea-turtle  -.—pi.  quar- 
rel :  dispute.  [LOQ,  a  piece  of  wood,  and 
Head.] 

LOGIC,  loj'ik,  n.  the  science  and  art  of 
reasoning  correctly :  the  science  of  the 
necessary  laws  of  thought.  [Gr.  logike, 
from  logos,  speech,  reason.] 

LOGICAL,  loj'ik-al,  adj.  according  to  the 
rules  of  logic  :  skilled  in  logic  :  discrimi- 
nating.— adv.  LOG'ICALLT. 

LOGICIAN,  lo-jish'an,  n.  one  skilled  in 
logic. 

LOGISTIC,  lo-jis'tik,  LOGISTICAL,  lo-jis'- 
tik-al,  adj.  (lit.)  skilled  in  calculating  : 
(math.)  made  on  the  scale  of  sixty.  [Gr. 
logistikos  —  logizomai,  to  calculate  — 
logos,  a  number.] 

LOGLINE,  log'lin,  n.  the  line  fastened  to 
the  log,  and  marked  for  finding  the  speed 
of  A  vpssgI 

LOGOGRAPHY,  lo-gog'ra-fi,  n.  a  method 
of  printing  with  whole  words  cast  in 
a  single  type.    [Or.  logographia,  word- 


writing —  togros,   word,   and  grapho,    to 

write.] 

LOGOMACHY,  lo-gom'a-ki,  n.,  contention 

about  words  or  in   words  merely.     [Gr. 

logomachia — tog'os,    word,    and    mache^ 

fight.] 

LOGREEL,  log'rel,  n.  a  reel  for  the  togfline. 

LOGWOOD,  log' wood,  7i.  a  red  trood  much 

used  in  dyeing.     [LoG  and  Wood.] 
LOIN,  loin,  n.  the  back  of  a  beast  cut  for 
food  ■.—pi.  the  reins,  or  the  lower  part  of 
the  back.  [O.  Fr.  logne,  Fr.  longe,  loin—  ' 
L.  lumhus,  loin.] 
LOITER,  loi'ter,  v.i.  to  delay  :  to  be  slow 
in   moving  :    to   linger.  —  n.    Loi'TEEER. 
[Dut.  leuteren,  to  trifle ;  Ger.  lottern,  to 
waver  ;  from  root  of  LoUT.] 
LOLL,  lol,  v.i.  to  lie  lazily  about,  to  lounge: 
to   hang  out   from  the  mouth. — v.t.  to 
thrust  out  (the  tongue).    i[M.  E.  lollen, 
prob.  from  O.  Dut.  lollen,  to  sit  over  the 
fire ;  Ice.    lalla,  to    move   slowly.      See 
Lull.] 
LOLLARDS,  lol'ards,  n.pl.  a    sect  of  re- 
formers in  Germany,  arising  about  1300 
A.D.:   the  followers  of  Wycliffe   in    En- 
gland.    [Prob.   from  Low  Ger.  lollen,  to 
sing,  to   hum,  the  name   having  arisen 
from  the  manner  of  singing  peculiar  to 
them  ;  cf.  Lull.] 
LONE,  Ion,  LONELY,  lon'li,  adj.,   alone.- 
having  no  company  :  solitary  :  retired  ; 
standing  by  itself.— Ji.  Lone'liness.  [Con- 
traction of  Alone.] 
LONESOME,  lon'sum,  adj.  solitary:  dismal. 
—adv.  Lone'somely. — n.  Lone'someness, 
LONG,  long,  adj.  (comp.  Long'er  ;  superl. 
Long'est)  extended:  not  short:  extended 
in  time :  slow  in  coming  :  tedious :  far- 
reaching. — adv.  to  a  great  extent  in  space 
or  time  :  through  the  whole  :  all  along. 
— v.i.  to    desire   earnestly  :  to   have  an 
eager  appetite.— adv.  Long'ingly.     [A.S. 
lang ;  found  in  all  the  Teut.  languages, 
as  in  Ger.  lang,  also  in  L.  longus.] 
LONGBOAT,  long'bot,  n.  the  longest  boat 

of  a  ship. 
LONGEVAL,     lon-je'val,    LONGEVOUS, 
lon-je'vus,    adj.   of    long   or  great  age. 

ih.  lonffus,  long,  oevum,  age.] 
NGEVITY,  lon-jev'i-ti,  n.,  long  life:  old 
age. 

LONGIMANOUS,  lon-jim'a-nus,  adj.,  long- 
handed.  [L.  longus,  long,  and  manus,  a 
hand,] 

LONGISH,  long'ish,  adj.  somewhat  long. 

LONGITUDE,  lon'ji-tud,  n.  distance  of  a 
place  east  or  west  of  a  given  mei-idian  : 
distance  in  degrees  from  the  vernal  equi- 
nox, on  the  eehptio.  [Lit.  "  length," 
Fr.— L.  longitudo.] 

LONGITUDINAL,  lon-ji-tud'i-nal,  adj.  per- 
taining to  longitude  or  length  :  extend- 
ing lengthwise. — adv.  Longitud'inally. 

LONG-MEASURE,  long'-mezh'ur,  n.  the 
measure  of  length. 

LONGRUN,  long'run,  n.  the  long  or  whole 
run  or  course  of  events  :  the  ultimate 
result. 

LONGSHORE-MAN,  long'shor-man,  n.  a 
man  employed  atongr  the  shore  or  about 
wharves  in  loading  and  unloading  vessels. 

LONG-SIGHTED,  long'-sit'ed,  adj.  able  to 
see  at  a  long  distance :  sagacious.— n. 
Long'-sight'edness. 

LONG-SUFFERING,  long'-suf'er-ing,  adj., 
suffering  or  enduring  long. — n.,  long  en- 
durance or  patience.  '• 

LONG-VACATION,  long'-va-ka'shun,  n. 
(laxc),  in  autumn,  the  period  during  which 
judicial  proceedings  are  intermitted. 

LOO,  loo,  n.  a  game  at  cards.— u.<.  to  beat 
in  the  game  of  loo  -.—pr.p.  156'ing  ;  pa.p, 
looed'.  [Formerly  lanterloo-Fr.  Ian- 
turelu,  nonsense,  fudge,  a  game  at  cards, 
orig.  the  refrain  of  a  famous  vaudeviUa 
of  the  time  of  Cardinal  Richelieu.] 


LOOF 


2ro 


LOW 


LOOF,  loof,  n.  the  after-part  of  a  ship's 
bow  where  the  planks  begin  to  curve  in 
towards  the  cut-water.     [See  LUFF.] 

liOOK,  look,  v.i.  to  turn  the  eye  toward 
so  as  to  see ;  to  direct  the  attention  to  : 
to  watch  :  to  seem  :  to  face,  as  a  house  : 
(B.)  to  expect. — v.t.  to  express  by  a 
look:  to  influence  by  look. — Jjook  after, 
to  attend  to  or  take  care  of :  {B.)  to  ex- 
pect. —  Look  into,  to  inspect  closely. — 
Look  on,  to  regard,  view,  think. — Look 
out,  to  watch  :  to  select. — LOOK  TO,  to 
take  care  of :  to  depend  on.  —  Look 
THROUGH,  to  peneti-ate  with  tlie  eye  or 
the  understanding.  —  n.  LoOK'ER-ON. 
[A.S.  locian,  to  see;  O.  Ger.  luogen.] 

liOOK,  look,  n.  the  act  of  looking  or  see- 
ing :  sight :  air  of  the  face  :  appearance. 

LOOK,  look,  imp.  or  int.  see  :  behold. 

LOOKING,  look'ing,  n.,  seeing :  searcher 
searching.  —  Look'djg-for,  (B.)  expecta- 
tion.— Look'ing-glass,  a  glass  which  re- 
flects the  image  of  the  person  looking 
into  it,  a  mirror. 

LOOKOUT,  look'owt,  n.  a  careful  looking 
out  or  watching  for  :  an  elevated  place 
from  which  to  observe  :  one  engaged  in 
watching. 

LOOM,  loom,  n.  the  frame  or  machine  for 
weaving  cloth  :  the  handle  of  an  oar,  or 
the  part  within  the  rowlock.  [A.S.  gelo- 
ma,  furnitui-e,  utensils.] 

LOOM,  loom,  v.i.  to  shine  or  appear  above 
the  horizon  :  to  appear  larger  than  the 
real  size,  as  in  a  mist :  to  be  seen  at  a 
distance  in  the  mind's  eye,  as  something 
in  the  future.  [A.S.  leomian,  to  shine — 
leoma,  a  beam  of  light.  Allied  to  Light.] 

LOOMING,  loom'ing,  n.  the  indistinct  and 
magnified  appearance  of  objects  seen  in 
certain  states  of  the  atmosphere :  mi- 
rage. 

LOON,  loon,  n.  a  low  fellow,  a  rascal.  [O. 
Dut.  loen.\ 

LOON  (also  LOOM),  loon,  n.  a  genus  of 
web-footed  aquatic  birds,  with  short 
wings,  and  legs  placed  very  far  back, 
also  called  Divers  from  their  expertness 
in  diving.  [Ice.  lomr,  prob.  influenced 
by  loon,  as  above,  from  their  awkward 
manner  of  walking.] 

LOOP,  loop,  n.  a  doubling  of  a  cord  through 
which  another  may  pass  :  an  ornamental 
doubling  in  fringes. — v.t.  to  fasten  or 
ornament  with  loops.  [Prob.  from  Celt. 
luh,  a  bend,  a  fold.] 

LOOP,  loop,  LOOPHOLE,  loop'hol,  n.  a 
small  liole  in  a  wall,  etc.,  through  which 
small-arms  may  be  fired  :  a  means  of 
escape. — adj.  Loof'holed. 

COOPERS,  loop'erz,  n.pl.  the  caterpillars 
of  certain  moths,  which  move  by  draw- 
ing up  the  hindpart  of  their  body  to  the 
head,  thus  forming  a  loop. 

LOOSE,  loos,  adj.,  slack, free:  unbound: 
not  confined :  not  compact  :  not  strict  : 
uni-estrained  :  licentious  :  inattentive. — 
adv.  Loose'ly. — n.  Loose'ness. — Break 
loose,  to  escape  from  confinement. — 
Let  loose,  to  set  at  liberty.  [A.S.  leas, 
loose,  weak  ;  from  the  same  root  as 
Loose,  v.t.  and  Lose,  seen  also  in  Goth. 
laiis,  Ger.  los,  loose.] 

LOOSE,  166s,  v.t.  to  free  from  any  fasten- 
ing :  to  release  :  to  relax. — v.i.  (B.)  to  set 
sail.  [A.S.  losian :  Ger.  losen,  Goth. 
lausjan,  to  loose.     From  root  of  Lose.] 

LOOSEN,  loos'n,  v.t.  to  make  loose:  to  re- 
lax anything  tied  or  rigid  :  to  make  less 
dense  :  to  open,  as  the  bowels. — v.i.  to 
become  loose  :  to  become  less  tight. 

LOOT,  loot,  71.  act  of  plundering,  esp.  in  a 
conquered  city:  plunder. — v.t.  or  v.i.  to 
plunder.  [Hindi  lut — Sans,  lotra,  loptra, 
stolen  goods.] 

iiOP,  lop,  v.t.  to  cut  off  the  top  or  extreme 
parts  of,  esp.  of  a  tree  :  to  curtail  by 


cutting  away  the  superfluous  parts : — 
pir.p.  lopp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  lopped'. — 
11.  twigs  and  small  branches  of  trees  cut 
off.  [put.  lubben,  to  cut  ;  perhaps  con- 
nected with  Leaf.] 

LOQUACIOUS,  lo-k^va'shus,  adj.,  talkative. 
— adv.  Loqua'ciouslt. — ns.  Loqua'cious- 
NESS,  LOQUAC'ITY,  talkativeness.  [L.  lo- 
quax,  -acis — loqtior,  to  speak.] 

LORD,  lawrd,  n.  a  master  :  a  superior  :  a 
husband  :  a  ruler :  the  proprietor  of  a 
manor  :  a  baron  :  a  peer  of  the  realm  : 
the  son  of  a  duke  or  marquis,  or  the 
eldest  son  of  an  earl  :  a  bishop,  esp.  if  a 
member  of  parliament:  (B.)  the  Supreme 
Being,  Jehovah  (when  printed  in  capitals). 
— v.t.  to  raise  to  the  peerage. — v.i.  to  act 
the  lord  :  to  tjTannize.  —  Lord's  Day, 
the  first  day  of  the  week. — Lord's  Supper, 
the  sacrament  of  the  communion,  insti- 
tuted at  our  Lord's  last  supiper.  [M.E. 
loverd,  laverd — A.S.  hlaford — hlaf,  a  loaf, 
bread,  and  either  iceard,  warder,  or  ord, 
origin  ] 

LORDLING,  lawrd'ling,  n.  a  little  lord:  a 
would-be  lord. 

LORDLY,  lawrdli,  adj.,  like,  becoming  or 
pertaining  to  a  Zord  ;  dignified:  haughty: 
tyrannical. — adv.  Lord'ly. — n.  Loed'li- 
ness. 

LORDSHIP,  lawrd'ship,  n.  state  or  con- 
dition of  being  a  lord :  the  territory 
belonging  to  a  lord:  dominion:  authority. 

LORE,  lor,  n.  that  which  is  learned  or 
taught :  doctrine :  learning.  [A.S.  lar, 
from  root  of  Learn.] 

LORICA,  lo-ri'ka,  n.  in  ancient  Rome,  a 
cuirass  made  of  thongs.  [L. — lorum,  a 
thong.] 

LORICATE,  lor'i-kat,  v.t.  to  furnish  with  a 
lorica  or  coat  of  mail :  to  plate  or  coat 
over.     [L.  lorico,  -atuin — lorica.] 

LORICATION,  lor-i-ka'shun,  n.  a  coating 
or  crusting  over,  as  with  plates  of  mail. 
[L.  loricatio.] 

LORIOT,  lo'ri-ut,  n.  the  oriole.  [Fr.  le,  the, 
and  oriol — L.  aureolus,  dim.  of  aureus, 
golden — aurum,  gold.     See  ORIOLE.] 

LORRY,  lor'i,  n.  a  four-wheeled  wagon 
without  sides.  [Perh.  from  prov.  E.  lurry, 
to  pull  or  lug.] 

LORY,  lo'ri,  n.  a  small  bird  allied  to  the 
parrot.     [Malay  luri.] 

LOSE,  looz,  v.t.  the  opposite  of  keep  or 
gain  :  to  be  deprived  of  :  to  mislay  :  to 
waste,  as  time  :  to  miss  :  to  bewilder  :  to 
cause  to  perish:  to  ruin:  to  suffer  waste  : 
— pr.2}.  losing  (looz'ing);  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
lost. — adj.  Los'able. — n.  Los'er.  [A.S. 
losian — leosan  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  \er-lieren, 
to  lose,  Gr.  luo,  to  loose  ;  perh.  akin  to 
Less.    See  Loose.] 

LOSING,  I66z'ing,  aaj.  causing  loss. — adv. 
Los'ingly. 

LOSS,  los,  n.  the  act  of  losing :  injury : 
destruction  :  defeat :  that  which  is  lost : 
waste.  [A.S.  los  —  leosan,  to  lose.  See 
Lose.] 

LOST,  lost,  adj.  parted  with:  no  longer 
possessed  :  missing  :  thrown  away  : 
squandered  :  ruined. 

LOT,  lot,  n.  one's  fate  in  the  future  :  that 
which  falls  to  any  one  as  his  fortune : 
that  which  decides  by  chance  :  a  separate 
portion. — v.t.  to  allot :  to  separate  into 
lots  :  to  catalogue  : — pr.p.  lott'ing  ;  pa.p. 
lott'ed.  [A.S.  hlot,  a  lot,  hlcotan,  to  cast 
lots ;  Ice.  hlutr,  lot,  hljota,  to  cast  lots.] 

LOTE,  lot,  LOTUS,  lo'tus.  LOTOS,  lo'tos, 
n.  the  water-lily  of  Egypt :  a  tree  in  N. 
Africa,  fabled  to  make  strangers  who  ate 
of  its  fruit  forget  their  home  :  a  genus 
of  leguminous  plants. — Lo'tus-eat'ee,  n. 
an  eater  of  the  lotus :  one  given  up  to 
slotli.     [L.  lotus — Gr.  lotos.] 

LOTH,  loth,  adj.  same  as  Loath. 

LOTION,  16'shun,  n.  (m«d.)  a  fluid  for  ex- 


ternal application   to  a  wound,  bruise, 
etc.   [Fr. — L.  lotio — lavo,  lotum,  to  wash.] 

LOTTERY,  lot'er-i,  n.  a  distribution  of 
prizes  by  lot  or  chance:  a  game  of  chance. 

LOTUS,  n.    See  Lote. 

LOUD,  lowd,  adj.  making  a  great  sound  ; 
striking  the  ear  with  great  force  :  noisy  : 
clamorous. — adi-s.  LoCD,  LoUD'LY. — n. 
LouD'NESS.  [Lit.  "heard,"  A.S.  Mud; 
Ice.  hliod,  Ger.  luut,  sound  ;  L.  inclytus, 
much  heard  of,  Gr.  klytos,  heard— klyo. 
Sans,  kni,  to  hear.] 

LOUGH,  loch,  n.  the  Irish  form  of  Loch. 

LOUIS-D"OR,  I66'e-d6r',  ?!.  a  French  gold 
coin,  superseded  in  1795  by  the  20-franc 
piece.  [Fr.  Louis,  king's  name,  and  or — 
L.  aurum,  gold.] 

LOUNGE,  lownj,  v.i.  to  recline  at  one's 
ease  :  to  move  about  listlessly. — n.  the 
act  or  state  of  lounging:  an  idle  stroll: 
a  place  for  lounging:  a  kind  of  sofa. — n. 
Louno'er.  [Fr.  longis,  one  that  is  long 
in  doing  anj'thing,  formed  (but  with  a 
pun  on  L.  longus,  long)  from  L.  Loiigius 
or  Longinus,  the  legendary  name  of  the 
centurion  who  pierced  the  body  of  Christ.] 

LOUSE,  lows,  n.  a  common  wingless  para- 
sitic insect  :—pl.  LiCE  (lis).  [A.S.  Zms,  pi. 
lys ;  Ger.  laiis ;  from  the  root  of  Goth. 
liusan,  to  destroy,  to  devour,] 

LOUSY,  lowz'i,  adj.  swarming  with  lice. — 
n.  Lous'iNEss. 

LOUT,  lowt,  71.  a  clown  :  a  mean,  awlrward 
fellow.  [From  old  rerb  lout — ^A.S.  lu- 
tan.  to  stoop.] 

LOUTISU.  owt'ish,  adj.  clownish  :  awk- 
■waro  ana  clumsy. — adv.  Lout'ishly. — n. 
Lout'ishjtess. 

L0U^T:R,  LOUYRE,  lo6'ver,  n.  an  open, 
ing  in  the  roofs  of  ancient  houses  serv- 
ing for  a  skyligltt,  often  in  the  form  of 
a  turret  or  small  lantern. — LounR-wiN- 
DOW,  an  open  window  in  a  church  tower, 
crossed  by  a  series  of  sloping  boards. 
[O.  Fr.  louvert  for  I'ouvert,  the  open 
space.    See  Overt.] 

LOVABLE,  luv'arbl,  adj.  worthy  of  love  : 
amiable. 

LOVE,  luv,  n.  fondness:  an  affection  of 
the  mind  caused  by  that  which  dehghts  : 
pre-eminent  kindness:  benevolence:  rev- 
erential regard  :  devoted  attachment  to 
one  of  the  opposite  sex :  the  object  of 
affection  :  tlie  god  of  love,  Cupid  :  noth- 
ing, in  billiards  and  some  other  games. 
— v.t.  to  be  fond  of  :  to  regard  with  affec- 
tion :  to  delight  in  with  exclusive  affec- 
tion :  to  regard  with  benevolence.  [A.S. 
lufu,  love ;  Ger.  Hebe ;  akin  to  L.  libet, 
lubet,  to  please,  Sans,  lubh,  to  desire.] 

LOVEBIRD,  luVberd,  n.  a  genus  of  small 
birds  of  the  parrot  tribe,  so  called  from 
their  love  or  attachment  to  each  other. 

LOVEKNOT,  luv'not,  n.  an  intricate  knot, 
used  as  a  token  of  love. 

LOVELOCK,  luVlok,  n.  a  loch  or  curl  of 
hair  hanging  at  the  ear,  worn  by  men  of 
fashion  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and 
James  I. 

LOVELORN,  lu-i-aorn,  adj.  forsaken  by 
one's  love.     [See  Forlorn.] 

LOVELY,  luv'h,  adj.  exciting  love  or  ad- 
miration :  amiable  :  pleasing :  deUght- 
ful.— re,  Lote'liness, 

LOVER,  luVer,  ti,  one  who  loves,  esp.  one 
in  love  with  a  person  of  the  opposite 
sex  :  one  who  is  fond  of  anything  :  (B.) 
a  friend. 

LOVING,  luv'ing,  adj.  having  love  or  kind- 
ness: affectionate:  fond:  expressing  love. 
— adv.  LoVingly. — n.  Lov'ingness, 

LOVING-KINDNESS,  luv'ing-klnd'nes,  n., 
ki7idness  full  of  love :  tender  regard : 
mercv  :   favor. 

LOW,  15,  v.i.  to  make  the  loud  noise  of 
oxen:  to  bellow.  [A.S.  hlowa7i;  Dut. 
loeijen :  formed  from  the  sound.] 


LOW 


271 


LUNCH 


RiOW,  16,  adj.  {comp.  Low'er  ;  '  superl. 
Low'est),  lying  on  an  inferioi-  place  or 
position:  not  high:  deep:  shallow:  small: 
moderate:  cheap:  dejected:  mean:  plain: 
in  poor  circumstances  :  humble. — adv. 
not  aloft :  cheaply  :  meanly  :  in  subject- 
tiou,  poverty,  or  disgrace  :  in  times  near 
our  own:  not  loudly:  (astr.)  near  the 
equator.— n.  Low'ness.  [Ice.  lagr,  Dut. 
,  laag,  low  :  allied  to  A.S.  licgan,  to  lie.] 
;LOW- CHURCH,  lo'-chnrch,  n.  a  party 
within  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
who  do  not  attach  any  fjreat  importance 
to  ecclesiastical  constitutions,  ordi- 
nances,  and  forms  : — opposed  to  HlGH- 

OHUECH. 

LOWER,  lo'er,  v.t.  to  bring  low  :  to  de- 
press :  to  degrade  :  to  dirainish. — v.i.  to 
fall :  to  sink  :   to  grow  less. 

LOWER,  low'er,  v.i.  to  gather  and  appear 
gloomy,  as  the  clouds  :  to  threaten  a 
storm  :  to  frown.  [M.  E.  louren — Dut. 
loeren,  to  frown  ;  or  from  M.  E.  lure,  lere, 
the  cheek,  allied  to  A.S.  hleor,  and  thus 
another  form  of  Leer.] 

LOWERING,  lo'er-ing,  n.  the  act  of  bring- 
ing low  or  reducing. — adj.  letting  down  : 
sinking  :  degrading. 

LOWERING,  low'er-ing,  adj.,  looking  suU 
len  :  appearing  dark  and  threatening. — 
adv.  Low'eeingly. 

LOWERMOST,  lo'er-most,  adj.  lowest.  [See 
Foremost.] 

LOWING,  lo'ing,  adj.  bellowing,  or  making 
the  loud  noise  of  oxen. — n.  the  bellowing 
or  cry  of  cattle. 

LOWLAND,  lo'land,  n.,  land  low,  with 
respect  to  higher  land. — n.  Low'landee, 
a  native  of  lowlands. 

LOWLY,  lo'li,  adj.  of  a  low  or  humble  mind: 
not   high  :   meek  :    modest. — n.   Low'ii- 

NESS. 

LOW-PRESSURE,  lo'-presh'ur,  adj.  em- 
ploying or  exerting  a  low  degree  of  press- 
ure (viz.,  less  than  50  lbs.  to  the  sq.  inch), 
said  of  steam  and  steam  engines. 

LOW-SPIRITED,  lo'-spir'it-ed,  adj.  having 
the  spirits  low  or  cast  down  :  not  lively  : 
sad. — n.  Low'-spir'itedness. 

LOW -WATER,  lo'-waw'ter,  n.  the  lowest 
point  of  the  tide  at  ebb. 

LOYAL,  loy'al,  adj.  faithful  to  one's  sover- 
eign :  obedient  :  true  to  a  lover. — adv. 
Lot' ALLY. — n.  Loy'alty.  [Orig.  faithful 
to  law,  Fr. — L.  legalis,  pertaining  to  the 
law — lex,  legis,  law.] 

LOYALIST,  loy'al-ist,  n.  a  loyal  adherent 
of  his  sovereign,  esp.  in  English  history, 
a  partisan  of  the  Stuarts:  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  one  that  sided  with  the 
British  troops. 

LOZENGE,  loz'enj,  n.  an  oblique-angled 
parallelogram  or  a  rhombus  :  a  small 
cake  of  flavored  sugar,  orig.  lozenge  or 
diamond  shaped:  (/ie)\)the  rhomb-shaped 
figure  in  which  the  arms  of  maids, 
widows,  and  deceased  persons  are  borne. 
[Fr.  losange,  of  uncertain  origin.] 

LUBBER,  lub'er,  LUBBARD,  lub'ard,  n. 
an  awkward,  clumsy  fellow :  a  lazy, 
sturdy  fellow. — adj.  and  adv.  Lubb'erly. 
[W.  llob,  a  dolt,  llabbi,  a  stripling,  perh. 
conn,  with  lleipr,  flabby.] 

LUBRICATE,  loo'bri-kat,  v.t.  to  make 
smooth  or  slippery. — ns.  Lt/BRICATOR, 
Lubrica'tion,  Lx^beicant.  [L.  lubrico, 
-attim — lubricus,  slippery.] 

LUBRICITY,  166-bris'i-ti,  n.,  slipperiness: 
smoothness  :  instability  :  lewdness. 

LUCE,  loos,  n.  a  fresh-water  fish,  the  pike. 
[O.  Ft.  lus — L.  lucius.] 

LUCENT,  166'sent,  adj.,  shining:  bright. 
[L.  lueens — luceo,  to  shine — luxe,  lueis, 
light.] 

LUCERNE,  loo-sem',  n.  a  well-known  fod- 
der-plant. [Fr.  luzeme,  from  the  Grael. 
llysian,  a  plant.] 


LUCID,  loo'sid,  adj.,  shining:  transpar- 
ent :  easily  understood :  intellectually 
bright:  not  darkened  with  madness. — 
adv.  Lu'ciDLY. — ns.  Lucid'ity,  Lu'cid- 
NESS.     [L.  lueidus — lux,  lueis,  light.] 

LUCIFER,  loo'si-fer,  n.  (lit.)  light-bringer  : 
the  planet  Venus  when  it  appears  as  the 
morning-star:  Satan:  a  match  of  wood 
tipped  with  a  combustible  substance 
which  is  ignited  by  friction.  [L.  lux, 
lueis,  light,  and /ero,  to  bring.] 

LUCK,  luk,  n.  fortune,  ^ood  or  bad :  chance: 
lot  :  good  fortune.  [From  a  Low  Ger. 
root,  seen  in  Dut.  IvJc,  also  in  Ger.  gliXck, 
prosperity,  fortune.] 

LUCKLESS,  luk'les,  adj.  without  good- 
luck  :  unhappy.— adv.  Luck'lessly. — n. 
Luck'lessness. 

LUCKY,  luk'i,  adj.  having  good-luck : 
fortunate  :  auspicious. — adv.  Luck'ily. 
— n.  Luck'iness. 

LUCRATIVE,  166'kra-tiv,  adj.  bringing 
lucre  or  gain:  profitable.  —  adv.  Lu- 
cratively. 

LUCRE,  loo'ker,  n.,  gain  (esp.  sordid  gain) : 
profit :  advantage.  [Fr.-  -L.  lucrum,  gain, 
akin  to  Gr.  leia,  booty,  Ir.  luach,  wages, 
Ger.  lohn,  pay,  Sans,  lotra  for  loptra, 
booty.    See  Loot.]  ' 

LUCUBRATE,  loo'ku-brat,  v.i.  to  work  or 
study  by  lamplight  or  at  night.  [L.  lu- 
cubro,  -atum — lux.'\ 

LUCUBRATION,  l6o-ku-bra'shun,  n.  study 
by  laxnplight :  that  which  is  composed 
by  night :  any  composition  produced  in 
retirement. 

LUCUBRATORY,  loo'ku  -  bra,  -  tor  -  i,  adj. 
composed  by  candle-Ztgr/if. 

LUCULENT,  "loo'ku-lent,  adj.  lucid :  clear  : 
transparent :  evident.  [L.  luculentus — 
lux.] 

LUDICROUS,  loo'di-krus,  adj.  that  serves 
for  sport :  adapted  to  excite  laughter : 
laughable  :  comic. — adv.  Ltj'dicrously. 
— n.  Ltj'DicROUSisrESS.  [L.  ludicrus — ludo, 
to  play.] 

LUFF,  luf,  n.  the  windivard  side  of  a  sliip  : 
the  act  of  sailing  a  ship  close  to  the  wind: 
the  loof. — v.i.  to  turn  a  ship  towards  the 
wind.  [Orig.  the  palm  of  the  hand  (Scot. 
loof),  then  a  fixed  paddle  (like  the  palm 
of  the  hand)  attached  to  a  ship's  side, 
and  which  being  placed  to  suit  the  wind, 
gave  its  name  to  the  windward  side  of  a 
ship ;  found  in  M.E.  lof,  which  is  cog. 
with  and  (in  this  sense)  perh.  borrowed 
from  Dut.  ?oe/.] 

LUG,  lug,  v.t.  to  pitZZ  along:  to  drag:  to 
pull  with  difficulty:  —  jir.p.  lugg'ing  ; 
jja.t.  and  jja.p.  lugged'.  [From  a  Scand. 
root,  found  in  Sw.  lugga,  to  pull  by  the 
hair — lugg,  the  forelock ;  from  a  base  luk, 
to  pull,  present  in  Scot,  lug,  the  ear.] 

LUGrGAGE,  lug'aj,  n.  the  trunks  and  other 
baggage  of  a  traveller,  so  called  from 
their  being  lugged  or  dragged  along. 

LUGGER,  lug'er,  n.  a  small  vessel  with 
two  or  three  masts,  a  running  bowsprit, 
and  long  or  lug  sails. 

LUGSAIL,  lug^sal,  n.  a  square  sail  bent 
upon  a  yard  that  hangs  obliquely  to  the 
mast. 

LUGUBRIOUS,  lo6-gu'bri-us,  adj.,  mourn- 
ful :  sorrowful.  —  adv.  LUGU  BRIOUSLY. 
XL.  lugubris — lugeo,  to  mourn.] 

LUGWORM,  lug'wurm,  n.  a  sluggish  ivorm 
found  in  the  sand  on  the  sea-shore,  much 
used  for  bait  by  fishermen,  also  called 
Lob'worm.  [From  root  of  Lag,  Log, 
and  Worm.] 

LUKEWARM,  look'wawrm,  adj.,  partially 
or  moderately  warm  :  indifferent. — adv. 
Luke'warmly.— M.  Luke'warmness. 
[M.  E.  leuk,  luke,  an  extension  of  leic, 
cog.  with  the  A.S.  hleo,  the  source  of 
Lee,  or  from  A.S.  whxc,  warm ;  cf.  Dut. 
leuk,  Ger.  lau.'\ 


LULL,  lul,  x\t.  to  soothe  :  to  compose  :  to 
quiet. — v.i.  to  become  calm  :  to  subside. 
— n.  a  season  of  calm.  [Scand.,  as  in  Sw. 
lulla  ;  an  imitative  word,  like  Ger.  lallen, 
Gr.  laleo.] 

LULLABY,  lul'a-bi,  n.  a  song  to  lull  chil- 
dren to  sleep. 

LUMBAGO,  lum-bil'go,  n.  a  rheumatic 
pain  in  the  loins  and  small  of  the  back. 
[L. — lunibus,  a  loin.] 

LUMBAR,  lum'bar,  LUMBAL,  lum'bal, 
adj.  pertaining  to  or  near  the  loins.  [See 
Ldmbago.] 

LUMBER,  lum'ber,  n.  anything  cumber- 
some or  useless  :  timber  sawed  or  split 
for  use. — v.t.  to  fill  with  lumber  :  to  heap 
together  in  confusion.  [Fr. — Ger.  Lang- 
bart ;  the  lumber-rooru  being  orig.  the 
Lombard-room  or  place  where  the  Lom- 
bards, the  mediaeval  bankers  and  pawn- 
brokers, stored  their  pledges.] 

LUMBER,  lum'ber,  v.i.  to  move  heavily 
and  laboriously.  [From  a  Scand.  root 
seen  in  prov.  Sw.  lomra,  to  resound,  Ice. 
hljomr,  a  sound.] 

LUMBERING,  Imn'ber-ing,  adj.  filling  with 
lumber :  putting  in  confusion  (See  Lum- 
ber, u.) :  moving  heavily.  (See  Lumber, 
v.i.) 

LUMINARY,  loo'min-ar-i,  n.  any  body 
which  gives  light,  esp.  one  of  the  heavenly 
bodies  :  one  who  illustrates  any  subject 
or  instructs  mankind.  [L.  lumen,  lumi- 
nis,  light — luceo,  to  shine.] 

LUMINIFEROUS,  lo6-miu-if'er-us,  adj., 
transmitting  light.  [L.  lumen,  luminis, 
light^'cro,  to  carry.] 

LUillNOUS,  lo6'min-us,  adj.  giving  light : 
shining  :  illuminated  :  clear  :  lucid.  — 
adv.  Lu'snNOusLY. — ns.  Lu'minousness, 

LUMINOS'ITY. 

LUMP,  lump,  n.  a  small  shapeless  mass : 
the  whole  together  :  the  gross. — v.t.  to 
throw  into  a  confused  mass  :  to  take  in 
the  gross.  [From  a  Scand.  root  seen  in 
Norw.  lump,  Dut.  lomp.] 

LUMPER,  lump'er,  n.  a  laborer  employed 
in  the  lading  or  unlading  of  ships.  [From 
Lump,  v.t.] 

LUMPFISH,  lurap'fish,  n.  a  clumsy  sea- 
fish  with  a  short,  deep,  and  tliick  body 
and  head,  and  a  ridge  on  its  back,  also 
called  Lump'sucker,  from  the  power  of 
its  sucker.     [Lump  and  Fish.] 

LUMPING,  lump'ing,  adj.  in  alum,p:  heavy: 
bulky. 

LUMPISH,  lump'ish,  adj.  like  a  lump : 
heavy:  gross:   dull. — adv.  LUMP'ISHLY. 

— n.  LUMP'ISHNESS. 

LUMPY,  lump'i,  adj.  full  of  lumps. 

LUNACY,  loo'na-si,  n.  a  kind  of  madness 
formerly  supposed  to  be  affected  by  the 
moon  :  msanity. 

LUNAR,  loon'ar,  LUNARY,  loon'ar-i,  adj. 
belonging  to  the  moon  :  measured  by  the 
revolutions  of  the  moon  :  caused  by  the 
moon  :  like  the  moon. — Lunar  caustic, 
fused  crystals  of  nitrate  of  silver,  applied 
to  ulcers,  etc.  [L.  lunaris — luna,  the 
moon — luceo,  to  shine.] 

LUNATE,  loon'at,  LUNATED,  16on'at-ed, 
adj.  formed  Uke  a  half- )?jook  ;  crescent- 
shaped. 

LUNATIC,  loo'na-tik,  adj.  affected  with 
lunacy. — n.  a  person  so  affected  :  a  mad- 
man. 

LUNATION,  l5o-na'shun,  n.  the  time  be- 
tween two  revolutions  of  the  m,oon:  a 
lunar  month. 

LUNCH,  lunsh,  LUNCHEON,  lunsh'un,  n. 
a  slight  repast  between  breakfast  and 
dinner. — v.i.  to  take  a  lunch.  [Our  word 
lunch  is  a  contr.  of  luncheon,  and  the 
latter  is  prob.  from  prov.  E.  lunch,  a 
lump  of  bread,  which  again  is  simply  a 
form  of  Lump.] 


LUNE 


272 


MACERATE 


LUNE,  loon,  11.  anything  in  the  shape  of  a 

half-»ioo?j.     [Fr.  lune—L.  luna.] 
LUNETTE,  loo-net',  7i.  a  little  moon:  (fort.) 
a  detached  bastion  :   a  hole  in  a  concave 
ceiling  to  admit  light:  a  watch-glass  flat- 
tened  more  than   usual  in   the  centre. 
(Tr.,  dim.  of  lune.] 
LUNG,   lung,   n.    one   of    the    organs    of 
breathing,  so   called    from  its  light   or 
spongy  texture.  —  adj.   Lunged.      [A.S. 
lungan,  the  lungs ;  from  a  root  seen  in 
Sans,  laghit,  light.] 
LUNGE,  lunj,  71.  a  sudden  thrust  in  fenc- 
ing.— v.i.    to   give    such    a    thrust.     [A 
clipped  form  of  Fr.  allonger,  to  lengthen 
— L.  ad,  and  longus,  long,  the  arm  being 
extended  in  delivering  a  thrust.] 
LUNGWORT,  lung'wurt,  n.  an  herb  with 
purple  flowers,  so  called  from  a  fancied 
likeness  of  its  spotted  leaves  to  the  lungs: 
a    lichen    that   grows   on    tree   trunks. 
nUlNO,  and  A.S.  uiirt,  plant.] 
LUPINE,  loo'pin,  adj.  like  a  ivolf:  wolfish. 

[L.  lujiinus — lupus,  Gr.  lykos,  a  wolf.] 
LUPINE,   loo'pin,  n.  a  kind  of  flowering 
pulse.     [Fr. — L.  lupinus,  same  word  as 
the  above.] 
LUPUS.  166'pus,  71.  a  malignant  corroding 
skin-disease,  often  affecting  the  nose.  [L. 
lupus,  a  wolf ;  so  called  from  its  eating 
away  the  flesh.] 
LURCH,  lurch.  To  leave  in  the,  to  leave 
in  a  difficult  situation,  or  without  help. 
[O.  Fr.  loiirche,  a  game  at  tables,  also 
used  when  one  party  gains  every  point 
before  the  other  makes  one.] 
LURCH,  lurch,  v.i.  to  evade  by  stooping, 
to  lurk  :  to  roll  or  pitch  suddenly  to  one 
side  (as  a  ship). — n.  a  sudden  roll  of  a 
ship  to  one  side.     [From  root  of  Lurk.] 
LURCHER,  lurch'er,  n.  one  who  lurks  or 
lies  in  wait :  one  who  watches  to  steal, 
or  to  betray  or  entrap  :  a  dog  for  game 
(a   cross    between   the   greyhound    and 
collie). 
LURE,  loor,  n.  any  enticement :  bait,  de- 
coy.—  v.t.  to  entice.      [Orig-.  an  object 
dressed  up  like  a  bird  to  entice  a  hawk 
back,  O.  Fr.  loerre,  Fr.  leurre—Ger.  luder, 
bait.] 
LURID,  loo'rid,  adj.  ghastly  pale  :  wan : 

gloomy.     [L.  luridus.'] 
LURK,  lurk,  v.i.  to  lie  in  wait :  to  be  con- 
cealed.    [Prob.  from  Scand.,  as  in  Sw. 
lurka.'\ 
LURKING,  lurk'ing,  adj.  lying  hid  :  keep- 
ing out  of  sight. 
LUSCIOUS,  lush'us,  adj.  sweet  in  a  great 
degree  :  delightful :  fulsome  as  flattery. 
— adv.  Lus'ciousLY. — n.  Lus'ciousness. 
[Old  form  lushious,  from  LusTY.] 
LUSH,  lush,  adj.  rich  and  juicy,  said  of 
grass.     [A  contr.  of  lushious,  old  form  of 
Luscious.] 
LUST,  lust,  n.  longing  desire:  eagerness  to 
possess:  carnal  appetite:  (B.)  any  violent 
or  depraved  desire. — v.i.  to  desire  eagerly: 
to  have  carnal  desire  :  to  have  depraved 
desires.     [A.S.  lust,  orig.  meaning  pleas- 
ure; found  in  all  the  Tent,  languages.  See 
List,  to  have  pleasure  in.] 
LUSTFUL,  lust'fool,  adj.  having  lust :  in- 
citing to  lust:  sensual. — adv.  Lust'fully. 
— n.  Lust'fulness. 
LUSTRAL,    lus'tral,    adj.    relating  to  or 
used  in  lustration  or  purification.     [See 
Lustre,  a  period.] 
LUSTRATION,    lus-tra'shun,  n.  a  purifica- 
tion  by  sacrifice :  act  of  purifying.      [L. 
— lustro,  to  purify — lustrum.  See  Lustre, 
a  period.] 
LUSTRE,  lus'ter,  n.  brightness  :  splendor: 
(Jig.)  renown  :  a  candlestick  ornamented 
with  pendants  of  cut-glass.     [Fr. ;  either 
from   L.  licstro,  to  purify — lustrum  (see 
below),  or  from  the  root  of  L.  luceo,  to 
shine.] 


LUSTRE,  lus'ter,  LUSTRUM,  lus'trum,  n. 
a  period  of  five  years  :  (orig.)  the  solemn 
offering  for  the  purifica,tion  of  the  Roman 
people  made  by  one  of  the  censors  at  the 
conclusion  of  the  census,  taken  every  five 
years.  [L.  lustrum — luo,  to  wash,  to  pur- 
ify.] 

LUSTRELESS,  lus'ter-les,  adj.  destitute  of 
lustre. 

LUSTRING,  lus'tring,  n.  a  kind  of  glossy 
silk  cloth.  [Fr.  lustrine — It.  lustrino. 
See  Lustre,  brightness.] 

LUSTROUS,  lus'trus,  adj.  bright:  shining  : 
luminous.— adu.  Lus'trously. 

LUSTY,  lust'i,  adj.  vigorous  :  healthful : 
stout:  bulky.— odi'.  Lu"St'ily.— Jis.  Lust'- 
IHOOD,  Lust'iness.  [From  Lust,  mean- 
ing pleiisure.] 

LUTARIOUS,  16o-ta'ri-us,  adj.  of  or  like 
mud.     [See  Lute,  composition  like  clay.] 

LUTE,  loot,  71.  a  stringed  instrument  of 
music  like  the  guitar.— ?w.  Lut'er,  Lut'- 
IST,  a  player  on  a  lute.  [O.  Fr.  leut,  Fr. 
luth ;  like  Ger.  laute,  from  Ar.  al-'ud — 
al.  the,  and  ud,  wood,  the  lute.] 

LXjTE,  loot,  LUTING,  loot'ing,  n.  a  com- 
position like  clay  for  making  vessels  air- 
tight, or  protecting  them  when  exposed 
to  fire. — v.t.  to  close  or  coat  with  lute. — 
n.  Luta'tion.  [Lit.  mud,  what  is  washed 
down,  L.  lutum,  from  luo,  to  wash.] 

LUTESTRING,  loot'string,  n.  the  string  of 
a  lute. 

LUTESTRING,  n.  a  lustrous  silk.  [A 
blunder  for  LusTRING.] 

LUTHERAN,  166'ther-an,  adj.  pertaining 
to  Luther,  the  German  Protestant  re- 
former (1483-1546),  or  to  his  doctrines  :  a 
follower  of  Luther. — n.  Lu'theranism, 
his  doctrines. 

LUXATE,  luks'at,  v.t.  to  put  out  of  joint : 
to  displace. — n.  Luxa'TION,  a  dislocation. 
[L.  liuvo,  luxatum — luxiis,  Gr.  loxos, 
slanting.] 

LUXURIANT,  lug-zu'ri-ant,  adj.  exuber- 
ant in  growth  :  overabundant.  —  adv. 
Luxu'riantly. — ns.  Luxu'rlance,  Lux- 
u'riancy. 

LUXURIATE,  lug-zu'ri-at,  v.i.  to  be  luxu- 
riant :  to  grow  exuberantly  :  to  live  lux- 
uriously :  to  expatiate  with  delight. 

LUXURIOUS,  lug-zu'ri-us,  adj.  given  to 
luxury  :  administering  to  luxury  :  fm-- 
nished  with  luxuries  :  softening  by  pleas- 
ure.— adv.    Luxu'riously. — n.  Luxu'Ri- 

OUSNESS. 

LUXURY,  luks'u-ri  or  luk'shu-ri,  n.  free 
indulgence  in  rich  diet  or  costly  dress  or 
equipage  :  anytliing  delightful  :  a  dainty. 
[Lit.  "excess,  extravagance,"  from  L. 
luxuria,  luxury — luxus,  excess.] 

LYCANTHROPY,  li-kan'thro-pi,  n.  a  form 
of  madness,in  which  the  patient  imagines 
himself  to  be  a  wolf.  [Gr.  lykos,  a  wolf, 
and  anthropos,  a  man.] 

LYCEUM,  iT-se'um,  n.  a  place  devoted  to 
instruction  by  lectures  :  an  association 
for  literary  improvement.  [Orig.  the 
place  where  Aristotle  the  Greek  philoso- 
pher taught,  L. — Gr.  lykeion.  from  the 
temple  of  Apollo  Lykeios,  the  Wolf-Slayer 
— li/kos,  a  wolf.] 

LYCHGATE.     Same  as  Lichgate. 

LYE,  li,  ?i.  a  mixture  of  ashes  and  water 
for  washing.  [A.S.  leak;  Ger.  lauge; 
allied  to  lavo,  to  wash.] 

LYING,  li'ing,  adj.  addicted  to  telling  lies. 
— n.  the  habit  of  telling  lies. — adv.  Lt'- 

INGLY. 

LYMPH,  limf,  7i.  water  :  a  colorless  nutri- 
tive fluid  in  animal  bodies.     [L.  lympha.] 

LYMPHATIC,  lim-fat'ik,  adj.  pertaining 
to  lymph. — n.  a  vessel  which  conveys  the 
lymph. 

LYNCH,  linch,  v.t.  to  judge  and  punish 
without  the  usual  forms  of  law.    [From 


Lynch,  a  farmer  in  N.  Carolina,  who  so 

LYNCH -LAW,  linch'-law,  n.  a  kind  of 
summary  justice  exercised  by  the  people 
in  cases  where  ths  regular  law  is  thought 
inadequate. 

LYNX,  lingks,  n.  a  wild  animal  of  the  cat- 
kind  noted  for  its  sharp  sight.  [L.  and 
Gr.  lytix  ;  prob.  from  Gr.  hjke,  liglit,  and 
so  called  from  its  bright  eyes.] 

LYNX-EYED,  lingks'-Id.ady'.  sharp-sighted 
like  the  lynx.     [Lynx  and  Eye.] 

LYON  COURT,  If  un  kort,  n.  the  Heralds' 
College  of  Scotland,  the  head  of  wlvich 
is  the  Lyon  King-at-arms.  [From  the 
heraldic  lion  (O.  Fr.  lyon)  of   Scotland.] 

LYRATE,  ll'rat,  adj.  (bot.)  lyre-shaped. 

LYRE,  lir,  ?!.  a  musical  instrument  like 
the  harp,  anciently  used  as  an  accom- 
paniment to  poetry :  Lyra,  one  of  the 
northern  constellations.  —  n.  Lyr'ist,  a 
player  on  the  Ij're  or  harp.  [Fr. — L. 
lyra — Gr.] 

LYREBIRD,  lir'berd,?;.  an  Australian  bird 
about  the  size  of  a  pheasant,  having-  the 
16  tail-feathers  of  the  male  arranged  in 
the  form  of  a  lyre. 

LYRIC,  lir'ik,  LYRICAL,  lir'ik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  lyre  :  fitted  to  be  sung  to 
the  lyre :  written  in  stanzas :  said  of 
poetry  which  expresses  the  individual 
emotions  of  the  poet :  that  composes 
lyrics. — n.  Lye'ic,  a  lyiric  poem. 


M 


MAB,  mab,  n.  the  queen  of  the  fairies. 
[W.  mab,  a  male  child.] 

MACADAMIZE, mak-ad'am-iz,i'.f.  to  cover, 
as  a  road,  with  small  broken  stones,  so  as 
to  form  a  smooth,  hard  surface. — n.  Mac- 
adamiza'tion.  [From  Macadam,  the  in- 
ventor, 1736-1836.] 

MACARONI,  mak-a-rO'ni,  n.  a  preparation 
of  vi'heat-flour  in  long  slender  tubes :  a 
medley  :  something  fanciful  and  extrava- 
gant :  a  fool :  a  fop.  [O.  It.  maccaroni — ■ 
maccare,  to  crush,  prob.  from  the  root 
of  Macerate.] 

MACAEONIC,  mak-a-ron'ik,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  like  a  macaroni,  medley,  or  fool : 
trifling  :  affected  :  consisting  of  modern 
words  Latinized,  or  Latin  words  modern- 
ized, intermixed  with  genuine  Latin 
words. — n.  a  jumble  :  a  macaronic  com- 
position. 

MACAROON,  mak-a-ro6n',  7!.  a  sweet  bis- 
cuit made  chiefly  of  almonds  and  sugar. 
[Fr. — It.  macarone,  sing,  of  Macaroni.] 

MACASSAE- OIL,  ma-kas'ar-oil,  n.  an  oil 
much  used  for  the  hair,  imported  from 
India  and  other  Eastern  countries.  [So 
called  because  orig.  exported  from  Ma- 
cassar, the  Dutch  capital  of  the  island  of 
Celebes.] 

MACAW,  ma-kaV,  n.  a  genus  of  large  and 
beautiful  birds  of  tropical  America,  close- 
ly allied  to  the  parrots.  [Said  to  be  the 
native  name  in  the  W.  India  Islands.] 

MACE,  mas,  n.  a  staff  used  as  an  ensign  of 
authority  :  the  heavier  rod  used  in  bill- 
iards :  formei-ly,  a  weapon  of  offence, 
consisting  of  a  staff  headed  with  a  hea\'y 
spiked  ball  of  iron.  [O.  Fr.  mace  (Fr. 
masse) — obs.  L.  matea,  whence  L.  dim. 
mateola,  a  mallet.] 

MACE,  mas,  n.  a  spice,  the  second  coat  of 
the  nutmeg.  [Fr.  macis—L.  macei — Gr. 
maker  ;  cf.  Sans,  makar-anda,  nectar  of 
a  flower.] 

MACER,  mas'er,  n.  a  (.nace-bearer. 

MACERATE,  mas'er-at,  v.t.  to  steep  :  to 
soften  by  steeping.  [L.  macero,  -atus,  to 
steep.] 


MACERATION 


273 


MAGNOLIA 


MACERATION,  mas-er-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
softening  by  steeping- :  mortification  of 
the  flesii  by  fasting  and  otlier  austerities. 

MACHIAVELIAN,  mak-i-a-vel'yan,adj.  po- 
litically cunning  :  crafty  :  perfidious.— n. 
one  who  imitatei?  Machiavel.— >i.  Machi- 
A-vrEL'lAinsM.  [Lit.  "pertaining to Jl/ac/w- 
avel,"  a  Florentine  statesman  and  polit- 
ical writer  fl469-1537),  who  expounded  a 
peculiar  system  of  statecraft.] 

MACHICOLATION,  mach-i-ko-la'shun,  n. 
(arch.)  a  projecting  parapet  with  aper- 
tures for  pouring  molten  sicbstances  upon 
assailants. — adj.  Machic'Olated,  having 
machicolations.  [Fi\  macliecoiilis,  from 
■meche,  a  match,  and  colder,  to  flow — L. 
oolo,  to  filter.] 

MACHINATE,  mak'i-nat,  v.t.  to  contrive 
skillfully  :  to  form  a  plot  or  scheme. 
[L.  macliinoi;  -atus — machina.  See  Ma- 
chine.] 

MACHINATION,  mak-i-na'shun,  n.  act  of 
machinating  or  contriving  a  scheme  for 
executing  some  purpose,  esp.  an  evil  one: 
an  artful  design  deliberately  formed. 

MACHINATOR,  mak'i-na-tur,  n.  one  who 
machinates. 

MACHINE,  marshen',  n.  any  artificial 
means  or  contrivance :  an  instrument 
formed  by  combining  two  or  more  of 
the  mechanical  powers  :  an  engine  :  (fg.) 
supernatural  agency  in  a  poem  :  one  wlio 
can  do  only  what  he  is  told.  [Fr. — L. 
machina — Gr.  mechane,  akin  to  mech-os, 
contrivance,  and  to  the  root  of  May, 
v.i.  to  be  able,  and  Make.] 

MACHINERY,  ma-slien'er-i,  n.,  machines 
in  general  :  the  parts  of  a  machine  : 
means  for  keeping  in  action :  supernat- 
ural agency  in  a  poem. 

MACHINIST,  ma-shen'ist,  n.  a  constructor 
of  machines :  one  well  versed  in  machin- 
ery :  one  who  works  a  machine. 

MACKEREL,  mak'er-el,  n.  a  sea-fish 
largely  used  for  food.  [O.  Fr.  inakercl 
(Fr.  maquereau),  prob.  from  L.  macula, 
a  stain,  and  so  meaning  the  "  spotted  " 
one.] 

MACKINTOSH,  mak'in-tosh,  n.  a  water- 
proof overcoat.  [From  Maehintosh,  the 
inventor.] 

MACROCOSM,  mak'ro-kozm,  n.  the  whole 
universe  : — opposed  to  MICROCOSM.  [Lit. 
the  "great  world,"  Gr.  makros,  long, 
great,  and  kosmos,  the  world.] 

MACULA,  mak'u-la,  n.  a  spot,  as  on  the 
skin,  or  on  the  surface  of  the  sun,  moon, 
or  planets  : — pi.  Macule,  mak'u-le.   [L.j 

MACULATE,  mak'u-lat,  v.t.  to  sjmt,  to  de- 

r  file. — n.  Macula'tion,  act  of  spotting,  a 

"spot.     [L.  maculo,  -atus — ?« acuta,  a  spot. ] 

MAD,  mad,  adj.  {camp.  Madd'er  ;  superl. 
Madd'est)  disordered  in  intellect:  insane: 
proceeding  from  madness  :  troubled  in 
mind :  excited  with  any  violent  passion 
or  appetite  :  furious  with  anger. — adv. 
Mad'ly.— n.  Mad'ness.  [Prob.  lit.  "  hurt," 
"  weakened,"  A.S.  ge-mced  ;  cog.  with  O. 
Sax.  ge-med,  foolish.  Ice.  meidd-r,  hurt.] 

MADAM,  mad'am,  n.  a  courteous  form  of 
address  to  a  lady-:  a  lady.  [Fr.  madame 
— ma,  my — L.  mea,  and  Fr.  dame,  lady — 
L.  domina.] 

MADCAP,  mad'kap,  n.  a  wild,  rash,  hot- 
headed person.     [Mad  and  Cap.] 

MADDEN,  mad'n,  v.t.  to  make  mad:  to 
enrage. — v.i.  to  become  mad:  to  act  as 
one  mad. 

MADDER,  mad'er,  n.  a  plant  whose  root 
affords  a  red  dye.  [A.S.  mcedere;  cog. 
with  Ice.  madhra,  and  Dut.  meed,  mad- 
der.] 

MADE,  mad,  pa. f.  and  pa. p.  of  Make. 

MADE  CONTINUALLY,  {Pr.  Bk.)  estab- 
lished for  ever. 

MADEIRA,  ma-de'ra,  n.  a  rich  wine  pro- 
duced in  Madeira. 
R 


MADEMOISELLE,  mad-mwa-zel',  n.  a 
courteous  form  of  address  to  a  young 
lady  :  Miss.  [Fr.  ma,  my,  and  demoiselle. 
See  Damsel.] 

MADHOUSE,  mad'hows,  n.  a  house  for 
mad  persons. 

MADMAN,  mad'man,  n.  a  maniac. 

MADONNA,  MADONA,  ma-don'a,  n.  a 
name  given  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  esp.  as 
represented  in  art.  [It.  madonna,  lit. 
"  my  lady" — L.  mea  domina.] 

MADREPORE,  mad're-por,  7i.  the  common 
coral.  [Lit.  "  mother-stone,"  Fr. — It., 
from  madre,  mother,  and  -pora  —  Gr. 
poros,  tufa.] 

MADRIGAL,,  mad'ri-gal,  n.  (mus.)  an  elab- 
orate vocal  composition  in  five  or  six 
parts  :  a  short  poem  expressing  a  grace- 
fvil  and  tender  thought.  [Lit.  "pastoral," 
It.  madrigale,  from  mandra,  a  sheepfold 
— L.  and  Gr.  mandra,  a  fold  ;  the  affix 
-gal — L.  -calis.] 

MADWORT,  mad'wurt,  n.  a,  plant  believed 
to  cure  canine  madness.  [From  A.S. 
umrt,  plant.] 

MAELSTROM,  mal'strom,  n.  a  celebrated 
whirlpool  off  the  coast  of  Norway. 
[Norw.  "  grinding  stream."] 

MAGAZINE,  mag-a-zen',  n.  a  storehouse  : 
a  receptacle  for  military  stores :  the 
gunpowder-room  In  a  ship  :  a  pamphlet 
published  periodically,  containing  mis- 
cellaneous compositions.  [Fr.  magasin 
— It.  magazzino^Av.  makhzan,  a  store- 
house.] 

MAGDALEN,  mag'da-len,  n.  a  reformed 
prostitute.  [From  Mary  Magdalene  of 
Scripture.] 

MAGENTA,  ma-jen'ta,  n.  a  delicate  pink 
color.  [From  the  battle  of  Magenta  in 
N.  Italy,  1859.] 

MAGGOT,  mag'ut,  m.  a  worm  'or  grub  :  a 
whim. — adj.  Magg'Ott,  full  of  maggots. 
[Lit.  "something  bred,"  W.  maceiad,  akin 
to  magiaid,  worms — magu,  to  breed.] 

MAGI,  ma'jl,  n.pl.  priests  of  tlie  Persians  : 
the  Wise  Men  of  tlie  East.  [L.— Gr. 
magos,  orig.  a  title  equivalent  to  "  Rev- 
erend," "Doctor,"  given  by  the  Akka- 
dians, tluG  primitive  inhabitants  of  Chal- 
dea,  to  their  wise  men,  whose  learning 
was  chiefly  in  what  we  should  now  call 
astrology  and  magical  arts.  The  word 
is  found  in  cuneiform  inscriptions ;  it 
was  adopted  by  the  Semitic  inhabitants 
of  Babylon,  and  from  them  by  the  Per- 
sians and  Greeks.] 

MAGIAN,  ma'ji-an,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
Magi. — n.  one  of  the  Magi. — n.  SIa'giak- 
ISll,  the  philosophy  or  doctrines  of  the 
Magi. 

MAGIC,  maj'ik,  n.  the  science  of  tlie  Magi : 
the  pretended  art  of  producing  marvel- 
lous results  contrary  to  nature,  generally 
by  evoking  spirits  :  enchantment :  sor- 
cery.    [Fr.    See  Magi.] 

MAGIC,  maj'ik,  MAGICAL,  niaj'ik-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to,  used  in,  or  done  by  magic  : 
imposing  or  startling  in  performance. — 
adv.  Mag'ically. — Magic-Lantern,  an 
optical  instrument  whicli  produces  strik- 
ing effects  by  throwing  a  magnified 
image  of  a  picture  on  a  screen. 

MAGICIAN,  ma-jish'an,  n.  one  sldlled  in 
magic. 

MiVGISTERIAL,  maj-is-te'ri-al,  adj.  per- 
taining or  suitable  to  a  master :  au- 
thoritative :  proud:  dignified. — adv. 
Magiste'rially. — n.  Magiste'rtat.ness. 
[L.  magisterius  —  magister,  a  master — 
mag,  root  of  L.  mng-nus,  great.  See 
MiY,  v.i.  to  be  able.] 

MAGISTRACY,  maj'is-tra-si,  n.  the  office 
or  dignity  of  a  magistrate :  the  body  of 
magistrates. 

MAGISTRATE,  niaj'is-trat,  n.  a  public  civil 
officer    invested    with    authority,  as   a 


president,  a  governor,  or  a  justice  of 
the  peace. — adj.  Magisteat'ic.  [Fr. — 
L.    magistratus,   magister.    See  Maois* 

TERIAL.J 

MAGNA  CHARTA,  mag'na  kar'ta,  n.  the 
Oreat  Charter  obtained  from  King  John, 
1315  A.D.     [L.] 

MAGNANIMITY,  mag-na-nim'i-ti,  n., 
greatness  of  soul :  mental  elevation  or 
dig-nity  :  generosity.  [Fr.— L.  magnani- 
mttas — magnus,  great,  and  animus,  the 
mind.] 

MAGNANIMOUS,  mag  -  nan'i  -  mus,  adj., 
great-soided :  elevated  in  soul  or  senti- 
ment :  noble  or  honorable  :  brave  :  un- 
selfish.— adv.  Magnan'imously.    [L.] 

MAGNATE,  mag'nat,  n.  a  great  man  :  a 
noble :  a  man  of  rank  or  wealth.  [Fr. 
magnat,  a  title  of  nobles  of  Hungary  and 
Poland — L.  magnas,  magnatis,  a  prince 
—magnus,  great.] 

MAGNESIA,  mag-ne'shi-a  or  -si-a,  n.  the 
single  o.xide  of  magnesium,  occurring  as 
a  light,  white  powder.  [So  called  from 
some  resemblance  to  tne  Magnet  or 
"Magnesian"  stone.] 

MAGNESIAN,  mag-ne  slii-an  or  -si-an,  adj. 
belonging  to,  containing,  or  resembling 
magnesia. 

MAGNESIUM,  mag-ne'shi-um  or  -si-um,  n, 
the  metallic  base  of  magnesia. 

MAGNET,  mag'net,  w.  the  lodestone,  an 
iron  ore  which  attracts  iron,  and,  when 
freely  suspended,  points  to  the  poles  :  a 
bar  or  piece  of  steel  to  which  the  prop- 
erties of  the  lodestone  have  been  im- 
parted. [Through  O.  Fr.,  from  L.  mag- 
nes,  a  magnet — Gr.  magnes,  properly 
"  Magnesian  "  stone,  from  Magnesia,  a 
town  in  Lydia  or  Thessaly.] 

MAGNETIC,  mag-net'ik,  SlAGNETICAL, 
mag-net'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  themag- 
net :  having  the  properties  of  the  mag- 
net :  attractive. — adv.  Magnet'ically. 

MAGNETISM,  niag'net-izm,  n.  the  cause 
of  the  attractive  power  of  the  magnet : 
attraction :  the  science  which  treats  of 
the  properties  of  the  magnet. 

MAGNETIST,  mag'net-ist,  n.  one  skilled 
in  magnetism. 

MAGIsrETIZE,  mag'net-iz,  v.t.  to  render 
magnetic :  to  attract  as  if  by  a  magnet. 
— v.i.  to  become  magnetic. 

MAGNETIZER,  mag'net-Iz-er,  n.  one  who 
or  that  which  imparts  magnetism. 

MAGNIFIC,  mag-nifik,  MAGNIFICAL, 
mag-nif'ik-al,  adj.  great :  splendid  :  no- 
ble. [L.  magnifieus — magnus,  great,  and 
facio,  to  do.] 

MAGNIFICAT,  niag-nif'i-kat,  n.  the  song 
of  the  Virgin  Mary,  Luke  i.  46-55,  begin- 
ning in  the  Latin  Vulgate  with  this  wordo 
[L.  "(my  soul)  doth  magnify,"  3d  pers. 
sing.  pres.  ind.  of  magnijico.] 

MAGNIFICENT,  mag-iiif'i-sent,  adj.  grand: 
noble  :  pompous  :  displaying  grandeur. 
—  adv.  Magnif'icently.  —  n.  Magnif'- 
ICENCE.  [Lit.  "doing  great  things." 
See  Magnify.] 

MAGNnry,  mag'ni-fl,  v.t.  to  make  great 
or  greater :  to  enlarge  :  to  increase  the 
apparent  dimensions  of  :  to  exaggerate  s 
to  praise  highly  ■.—pa.}),  mag'nified.  [Fr,. 
— L.  magnijico.     See  IIagnific] 

MAGNILOQUENT,  mag-nil'o-kwent,  adj.. 
speaking  in  a  grand  or  pompous  style; 
bombastic. — adv.  Maonil'oquently. — », 
Magnil'oquence.  [L.,  from  magnus. 
great,  and  loquor,  to  speak.] 

MAGNITUDE,  mag'ni-tud,  n.,  greatness; 
size  :  extent :  importance.  [L.  magnitv^ 
do — magnus.l 

MAGNOLIA,  mag-nol'i-aor -ya,  n.  aspecies 
of  trees  of  beautiful  flower  and  foliage 
found  chiefly  in  N.  America.  [Named 
after  Pierre  Magnol.  once  professor  of 
botany  at  Montpellier.] 


MAGNUM 


274 


MALL 


MAGNTJM,  mag'aum,  w.  a  bottle  holding 
two  quarts.     [L.] 

MAGPIE,  niag'pi,  n.  a  chattering  bird  of  a 
genus  allied  to  the  crow,  with  pied  or 
colored  feathers.  \_Mag,  a  familiar  contr. 
of  Margaret  (of.  Robin-Redbreast,  Jenny- 
Wren),  and  Tm,  from  L.  jnca,  a  magpie, 
from  pingo,  pictum,  to  paint.] 

MAHOGANY,  ma-hog'a-ni,  n.  a  tree  of 
tropical  America :  its  wood,  of  great 
value  for  making  furniture.  [MaJwgon, 
the  native  South  American  name.] 

MAHOMEDAN,  JIAHOMETAN.  See  Mo- 
hammedan. 

MAID,  mad,  MAIDEN,  mad'n,  n.  an  unmar- 
ried woman,  esp.  a  young  one :  a  virgin  : 
a  female  servant.  [A.S.  ma:de7i,  mcEgden 
— vueg  or  mcege,  a  "  may,"  a  maid — root 
mag.    See  May,  v.i.  to  be  able.] 

MAIDEN,  mad'n,  n.  a  maid  :  in  Scotland,  a 
machine  like  tlie  guillotine,  formerly 
used  for  a  like  purpose. — adj.  pertaining 
to  a  virgin  or  young  woman  :  consisting 
of  maidens:  (Jig.)  unpolluted:  fresh:  new: 
unused  :  first. 

MAIDENHAIR,  mad'n-har,  n.  a  name 
given  to  a  fern,  from  the  fine  hair-like 
stalks  of  its  fronds. 

MAIDENHOOD,  mad'n-hood,  MAIDEN- 
HEAD, mad'n-hed,  w.  the  state  of  being 
a  maid:  virginity:  purity:  freshness. 

MAIDENLY,  mad'n-li,  adj.,  maiden-like : 
becoming  a  maiden :  gentle :  modest. — 
n.  Maid'enliness. 

MAIL,  mal,  n.  defensive  armor  for  the  body 
formed  of  steel  rings  or  network  :  armor 
g'enerally. — v.t.  to  clothe  in  mail.  [Fr. 
viaille  (It.  maglia) — L.  macula,  a  spot  or 
a  mesh.] 

MATT,,  mal,  n.  a  bag  for  the  conveyance 
of  letters,  etc.:  the  contents  of  such  a 
bag :  the  person  or  the  carriage  by 
which  the  mail  is  conveyed.  [Fr.  malle, 
a  trunk,  a  mail — O.  Ger.  malalia,  a  sack ; 
akin  to  Gael,  mala,  a  sack.] 

MAIM,  mam,  n.  a  bruise :  an  injury  :  a 
lameness  :  the  deprivation  of  any  essen- 
tial part. — v.t.  to  bruise  :  to  disfigure  :  to 
injure :  to  lame  or  cripple  :  to  render  de- 
fective. [O.  Fr.  mehaing,  a  bruise  or  de- 
fect, of  uncertain  origin.] 

MAIMEDNESS,  mam'ed-nes,  n.  the  state 
of  being  maimed  or  injured. 

MAIN,  man,  n.  might :  strength.  [A.S. 
mcegen — mag,  root  of  Mat,  v.i.  to  be  able.] 

MAIN,  man,  adj.  chief,  principal :  first  in 
importance:  leading. — n.  the  chief  or 
principal  part :  the  ocean  or  main  sea:  a 
continent  or  a  larger  island  as  compared 
with  a  smaller. — adv.  Main'lt,  chiefly, 
principally.  [O.  Fr.  maine  or  magne, 
great — magnus,  great.] 

MAINDECK,  man'dek,n.  t\ieprinaipalAec\i 

f  j  of  a  ship.  So  in  other  compounds,  Matn'- 
MAST,    Main'sail,    Main'speing,    Matn'- 

STAY,  MaIN'TOP,  MaIN'YARD. 

MAINLAND,  man'land,  n.  the  principal  or 
larger  land,  as  opposed  to  a  smaller  por- 
tion. 

MAINTAIN,  men-tan',  v.t.  to  keep  in  any 
state  :  to  keep  possession  of :  to  carry 
on  :  to  keep  up  :  to  support :  to  make 
good :  to  support  by  argument :  to  affirm  : 
to  defend. — v.i.  to  affirm,  as  a  position  : 
to  assert.  [Fr.  inaintenir  —  L.  manii 
I  tenere,  to  hold  in  the  hand — manus,  a 
hand,  and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

MAINTAINABLE,  men-tan'a-bl,  adj.  that 
can  be  supported  or  defended. 

MAINTENANCE,  man'ten-ans,  n.  the  act 
of  maintaining,  supporting,  or  defend- 
ing :  continuance  :  the  means  of  sup- 
port :  defence,  protection. 

MAIZE,  maz,  n.  a  plant,  and  its  fruit, 
called  also  Indian  corn  or  wheat.  [Sp. 
maiz  (Fr.  maw) — Haitian  mahiz,  maRts.] 


MAJESTIC,  ma-jes'tik,  adj.  having  or  ex- 
hibiting majesty :  stately  :  sublime. 

MAJESTY,  maj'es-ti,  n.,  greatness :  grand- 
eur :  dignity  :  elevation  of  manner  or 
style  :  a  title  of  kings  and  other  sover- 
eigns. [Fr.  majeste — L.  majestas — majus, 
coinp.  of  mag-nus,  great.] 

MAJOLICA,  ma-jol'i-ka,  n.  name  applied 
to  painted  or  enamelled  earthenware. 
[So  called  from  the  island  of  Majorca, 
where  it  was  first  made.] 

MAJOR,  ma'jur,  adj.,  greater :  (logic)  the 
term  of  a  syllogism  which  forms  the 
predicate  of  the  conclusion. — n.  a  per- 
son of  full  age  (21  years) :  an  officer  in 
rank  between  a  captain  and  a  lieutenant- 
colonel.  —  Major-General,  ma'jur-jen'- 
eral,  n.  an  officer  in  the  army  next  in 
rank  below  a  lieutenant-general.  [L., 
comp.  of  mag-nus,  great.] 

MAJORATS,  ma'jur-at,  MAJORSHIP,  ma'- 
jur-ship,  n.  the  office  or  rank  of  major: 
majority. 

MAJOR-]!)OMO,  ma'jur-do'mo,  n.  an  official 
wlio  has  the  general  management  in  a 
large  household  :  a  general  steward :  a 
chief  minister.  [Sp.  mayor  -  domo,  a 
house  -  steward — ^L.  major,  greater,  and 
domus,  a  house.] 

MAJORITY,  ma-jor'i-ti,  n.  the  greater 
number :  the  amount  between  the 
greater  and  the  less  number :  full  age 
(at  21) :  the  office  or  rank  of  major. 

MAKE,  mak,  v.t.  to  fashion,  frame,  or  form: 
to  jiroduce  :  to  bring  about :  to  perform  : 
to  force  :  to  render :  to  represent,  or 
cause  to  appear  to  be :  to  turn :  to  oc- 
casion :  to  bring  into  any  state  or  con- 
dition :  to  establish :  to  prepare :  to 
obtain  :  to  ascertain  :  to  arrive  in  sight 
of,  to  reach  :  (B.)  to  be  occupied  with,  to 
do. — v.i.  to  tend  or  move :  to  contribute: 
(B.)  to  feign  or  pretend  •.—pa.t.  anApa.p. 
made. — Make  away,  to  put  out  of  the 
way,  to  destroy. — Make  foe,  to  move 
toward  :  to  tend  to  tlie  advantage  of,  so 
in  B. — Make  of,  to  understand  by  :  to  ef- 
fect :  to  esteem. —  Make  out,  to  discov- 
er :  to  prove  :  to  furnish  :  to  succeed. — 
Make  over,  to  transfer.— Make  up  to, 
to  approach  :  to  become  friendly. — Make 
UP  FOR,  to  compensate.  [A.S.  maeian, 
cog.  with  Ger.  m,achen,  A.S.  and  Goth. 
magan,  all  from  mag,  root  of  L.  mag-nus, 
Gr.  meg-as,  great.  See  May,  v.i.  to  be 
able,  and  JIatch,  v.] 

MAKE,  mak,  n.  form  or  shape  :  structure, 
texture. 

MAKER,  mak'er,  n.  one  who  mdlces:  the 
Creator. 

MAKESHIFT,  mak'shift,  n.  that  which 
serv-es  a  shift  or  turn :  a  temporary  ex- 
pedient. 

MAKEWEIGHT,  mak'wat,  n.  that  which 
is  thrown  into  a  scale  to  maJce  up  the 
weight :  something  of  little  value  added 
to  supply  a  deficiency. 

MALACHITE,  mal  VMt,  n.  a  green-colored 
mineral,  composed  essentially  of  carbon- 
ate of  copper,  much  used  for  inlaid- 
work.  [Formed  from  Gr.  malache,  a 
mallow,  a  plant  of  a  green  color.] 

MALADJUSTMENT,  mal-ad-just'ment,  n. 
a  bad  or  wrong  adjustment.  [Fr.  mal — 
L.  malus,  bad,  and  Adjustment.] 

MALADMINISTRATION,  mal-ad-min-is- 
tra'slmn,  n.  bad  management,  esp.  of 
public  affairs.  [Fr.  mal — L.  malus,  bad, 
and  Administration.] 

MALADY,  mal'a-di,  n.,  illness:  disease, 
bodily  or  mental.  [Fr.  maladie — malade, 
sick — L.  male  habitus,  in  ill  condition — 
male,  badly,  and  habitus,  pa.  p.  of  habeo, 
have,  hold.] 

MALAPERT,  mal'a-pert,  adj.  saucy :  im- 
pudent.— adv.  Mal'apeetly. — n.  Mal'- 
apertness.    [O.  Fr.  mal — L.  malus,  bad. 


and  apert,  well-bred — L.  apertus,  open. 

See  Aperient.] 

MALARIA,  ma-la'ri-a,  n.  the  noxious  ex- 
halations of  marshy  districts,  producing 
fever,  etc.:  miasma. — adjs.  Mala'rious, 
Mala'rial.  ["Bad  air;"  It.  mala  aria 
— L.  malus,  bad,  and  aer.    See  Air.] 

MALCONFORMATION,  mal-kon-for-ma'-  ■ 
slinn,  n.,  bad  conformation  or  form  :  im», 
perfection  or  disproportion  of  parts.  [Fr.' 
mal — L.  malus,  bad,  and  Conformation.] 

MALCONTENT,  MALECONTENT,  mal'- 
kon-tent,  adj.  discontented,  dissatisfied; 
esp.  in  political  matters. — n.  one  who  is 
discontented.  —  n.  Malcontent'edness. 
[Fr. — L.  male,  ill,  and  Fr.  content.  See 
Content.] 

MALE,  mal,  adj.,  mascidine:  pertaining  to 
the  sex  that  begets  (not  bears)  young  : 
(bot.)  bearing  stamens. — n.  one  of  the 
male  sex :  a  he-animal :  a  stamen-bearing 
plant.  [Fr.  m&le — L.  7nascidus,  male — 
tnas  (for  man-s),  a  male,  cog.  with  Man.] 

MALEDICTION,  nial-e-dik'shun,  n.,  evil- 
speaking  :  denunciation  of  evil :  curse  : 
execration  or  imprecation.  [Fr.  —  L. 
maledictio — viale,  badly,  dico,  dictus,  to 
speak.] 

MALEFACTOR,  mal'e-fak-tur  or  mal-e- 
falc'tur,  «.  an  evil-doer:  a  criminal.  [L., 
from  male,  badly,  and  factor,  a  doer — 
faeio,  to  do.] 

MALEVOLENT,  mal-ev'o-lent,  adj.,  jn«7i- 
ing  evil :  ill-disposed  towards  others  :  en- 
vious :  malicious. — adv.  IiIalev'olently. 
— n.  Malev'olence.  [L.  inale,  badly, 
volens,  pr.p.  of  volo,  to  wish.] 

MALFORMATION,  mal-for-ma'shun,  n., 
bad  or  wrong  formation  :  irregular  or 
anomalous  structure.  [Fr.  7nal  —  L. 
mains,  bad,  and  Formation.] 

MALICE,  mal'is,  n.  (lit.)  badness — so  in 
B.  :  ill-will :  sjjite  :  disposition  to  harm 
others  :  deliberate  mischief.  [Fr.  —  L. 
malitia — malus,  bad,  orig.  dirty,  black 
=  Gr.  melas.] 

MALICIOUS,  ma-lish'us,  adj.  bearing  ill- 
will  or  spite :  prompted  by  hatred  or 
ill-will :  with  mischievous  intentions. — 
adv.  Malic'iously. — n.  Mauo'iousness. 
[See  Mat, ICE.] 

MALIGN,  ma-lin',  adj.  of  an  evil  nature  or 
disposition  towards  others  :  malicious  : 
unfavorable.  —  v.t.  (orig.)  to  treat  with 
malice  :  to  sp.eak  evil  of. — adv.  Malign'- 
LY. — n.  JLalign'er.  [Fr.  malin,  fem.  ma- 
ligne — L.  malignus,  for  maligenus,  of  evil 
disposition — malus,  bad,  and  gen,  root  of 
Genus.] 

MALIGNANT,  ma-lig'nant,  adj.,  malign: 
acting  maliciously :  actuated  bj'  extreme 
enmity:  tending  to  destroy  life. — n.  (Eng. 
Hist.)  a  name  applied  by  the  Puritan  par- 
ty to  one  who  had  fought  for  Charles  I. 
in  the  Civil  War. — adv.  Malig'nantly. — 
n.  JIaug'nancy,  state  or  quality  of  being 
malignant.  [L.  malignans,  pr.p.  of  ma- 
ligna, to  act  maliciously.    See  Malign.] 

MALIGNITY,  ma-lig'ni-ti,  n.  extreme  mal- 
evolence :  virulence  :  deadly  quality. 

MALINGER,  ma-ling'ger,  v.i.  to  feign  sick- 
ness in  order  to  avoid  duty.  [Fr.  ma- 
lingre,  sickly,  from  mal,  badly — L.  malus. 
bad,  and  O.  Fr.  heingre,  emaciated — L. 
ceger,  sick.] 

MALISON,  mal'i-zn,  n.  a  curse — opposed  to 
Benison.  [O.  Fr.,  a  doublet  of  Maledic- 
tion ;  cf.  Benison  and  Benediction.] 

MALL,  mawl  or  mal,  n.  a  large  wooden 
beetle  or  hammer. — v.t.  to  beat  with  a 
7nall  or  something  heavy :  to  bruise. 
[Fr.  mail — L.  malleus,  prob.  akin  to  Ice. 
Mjol-nir,  Thor's  hammer.] 

MALL,  mal  or  mel,  n.  (orig.)  a  place  for 
playing  in  with  malls  or  mallets  and 
balls :  a  level  shaded  walk :  a  public 
walk.     [Contr.  through  O.  Fr.  of  O.  ItaL 


MALLARD 


375 


MANIPULATE 


palamaglio— It.  palla,  a  ball,  and  maglio, 
a  inace,  or  hammer.] 

MALLAED,  mal'ard,  n.  a  drake  :  the  com- 
mon duck  in  its  wild  state.  [O.  Fr.  mal- 
ard  (Fr.  malart) — m&le,  male,  and  sufiix 
-ard.\ 

MALLEABLE,  mal'e-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  malleated  or  beaten  out  by  hammer- 
ing-.— ns.  Mall'eabIiENESs,  Maixeabil'- 
ITT,  quality  of  being  malleable.     [O.  Fr. 

,    See  Malleate.I 

MALLEATE,  mal'e-at,  v.t.  to  hammer:  to 
extend  by  hammering-. — n.  Mallea'tion, 
[L.  malleus.    See  Mall,  a  hammer.] 

MALLET,  mal'et,  n.  a  wooden  hammer. 
[Dim.  of  Mall,  a  hammerj 

MALLOW,  mal'6,  MALLOWS,  mal'oz,  n. 
a  plant  having  soft  dotcny  leaves  and 
relaxing  properties.  [A.S.  malice  (Ger. 
malve) ;  borrowed  from  L.  malua,  akin 
to  Gr.  malache,  from  malasso,  to  make 
soft.] 

MALMSEY,  mam'ze,  n.  a  sort  of  grape  :  a 
strong  and  sweet  wine.  [Orig.  malvcsie 
— Fr.  malvoisie,  from  Maloasia,  in  the 
Morea.] 

MALPRACTICE,  mal-prak'tis,  n.  evil  prac- 
tice or  conduct :  practice  contrary  to 
established  rules.  [L.  male,  evil,  and 
Practice.] 

MALT,  mawlt,  n.  barley  or  other  grain 
steeped  in  water,  allowed  to  sprout,  and 
dried  in  a  kiln. — ?;.<.  to  make  into  malt. 
— v.i.  to  become  malt. — adj.  containing 
or  made  with  malt.  [A.S.  mealt,  pa.t. 
of  meltan  (see  Melt)  ;  cog.  with  Ice. 
matt,  Ger.  malz.    See  also  Mild.] 

MALTREAT,  mal-tret',  v.t.  to  abuse:  to 
use  roughly  or  unkindly. — n.  Maltreat'- 
MENT.  [Fr.  maltraiter — L.  male,  ill,  and 
tractare.    See  Treat.] 

MALSTER,  mawlt'ster,  n.  one  whose  trade 
or  occupation  it  is  to  make  malt,  {-ster 
was  up  to  the  end  of  the  13th  century  a 
fem.  affix.    Cf.  Spinster.] 

MALVACEOUS,  mal-va'shus,  adj.  {hot.) 
pertaining  to  mallows.     [See  Mallow.] 

MALVERSATION,  mal  -  ver  -  sa'shun,  n. 
fraudulent  artifices  :  corruption  in  office. 
[Fr. ;  from  L.  male,  badlj',  and  versor,  ver- 
satiis,  to  turn  or  occupy  one's  self.] 

MAMJ1..LUKE,  mam'a-look,  MAMELUKE, 
mam'e-look,  n.  (formarly)  one  of  a  force 
of  light  horse  in  Egypt  formed  of  Circas- 
sian slaves.  [Fr.  Mamehic — Ar.  mamliik, 
a  purchased  slave — inalaka,  to  possess.] 

MAMMA,  mam-ma',  n.,  mother — used  chief- 
ly by  young  children.  [Ma-^ma,  a  repeti- 
tion of  ma,  the  first  syllable  a  child  nat- 
urally utters.] 

MAMMAL,  mam'al,  n.  (zool.)  one  of  the 
mammalia :  —  pi.  Mammam,  mam'alz. 
[See  Mammalia.] 

MAMMALIA,  mam-raa'li-a,  n.pl.  {zool.)  the 
whole  class  of  animals  that  suckle  their 
young. — adj.  Mamma'lian.  [Formed  from 
L.  mammalis  (neut.  pi.  mammalia),  be- 
longing to  the  breast — ^L.  mamma,  the 
breast.  1 

MAMMALOGY,  mam-mal'o-ji,  n.  the  sci- 
ence of  mammals.  [Mammal,  and  logos, 
discourse.] 

MAMMIFER,  mam'i-fer,  n.  an  animal  hav- 
1  ing  breasts  or  paps. — adj.  Mammif'erous. 
f     [L.  mamma,  breast,  and /ero,  to  bear.] 

M  A MMILLARY,  mam-il'ar-i  or  mam'il- 
ar-i,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  resembling 
the  breasts.  [L.,  from  mammilla,  dim. 
of  mamma,  breast.] 

MAMMILLATED,  mam'il-lat-ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing small  nipples  or  paps,  or  little  globes 
like  nipples. 

MAMMON,  mam'un,  n.,  riches :  the  god  of 
riches.  [L.  manimona — Gr.  mamonas — 
Syriao  mani6nd,  riches.] 

MAMMONIST,  mam'un-isi,  MAMMONITE, 


mam'un-It,  n.  one  devoted  to  mammon 
or  riches  :  a  worldling. 

MAMMOTH,  mam'uth,  n.  an  extinct  spe- 
cies of  elephant. — adj.  resembling  the 
mammoth  in  size  :  very  large.  [Russ. 
mamanf,  from  Tartar  mamma,  the  earth, 
because  believed  by  the  Tartars  to  have 
worked  its  way  in  the  earth  like  a  mole.] 

MAN,  man,  n.  a  human  being  :  mankind  : 
a  grown-up  male :  a  male  attendant : 
one  possessing  a  distinctively  masculine 
character  :  a  husband :  a  piece  used  in 
playing  chess  or  draughts  i^pl.  Men. — 
v.t.  to  supply  with  men  :  to  strengthen 
or  fortify: — pr.j).  mann'ing;  j^a-t.  and 
pa.p.  manned'.  [Lit.  "the  thinking 
animal,"  A.S.  mann — root  man,  to  think  ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  and  Goth,  man,  Ice.  madhr 
(for  mannr).    See  Mind.] 

MANACLE,  man'a-kl,  n.  a  handcuff. — v.t. 
to  put  manacles  on  :  to  restrain  the  use 
of  the  limbs  or  natural  powers.  [Through 
O.Fr.,  from  L.  manieula,  dim.  of  mamca, 
a  sleeve — 7nanus,  the  hand.] 

MANAGE,  man'aj,  v.t.  to  conduct  with 
economy:  to  control:  to  wield:  to  handle: 
to  have  under  command  :  to  contrive  : 
to  train,  as  a  horse. — v.i.  to  conduct 
affairs. — n.  Man'ager.  [Fr.  manege,  the 
managing  of  a  horse — It.  maneggio  {lit.) 
a  handling — L.  mamis,  the  hand.] 

MANAGEAI3LE,  man'aj-a-bl,  adfj.  that  can 
be  managed:  governable. — w.  Man'age- 
ableness. 

MANAGEMENT,  man'aj-ment,  m.  manner 
of  directing  or  using-  anything:  adminis- 
tration :  skillful  treatment. 

MANATEE,  man-a-te',  ?i.  an  aquatic  ani- 
mal, also  called  the  sea-cow  or  Dugong 
(which  see).   [Sp.  manati — ^West  Indian.] 

MANCHET,  man'chet,  n.  a  small  loaf  or 
cake  of  fine  white  bread. 

MAN-CHILD,  man'-child,  n.  a  male  child. 

MANDARIN,  man-da^reu',  n.  a  European 
name  for  a  Chinese  official,  whether  civil 
or  military.  [Port,  mandarim — Malayan 
mantri,  counsellor — Sans,  mantra,  coun- 
sel— root  man.    See  Man.] 

MANDATARY,  man'da-tar-i,  MANDA- 
TORY, man'da-tor-i,  n.  one  to  whom  a 
mandate  is  given. 

MANDATE,  man'dat,  n.  a  charge :  an 
authoritative  command :  a  rescript  of 
the  Pope.  [Lit.  "something  put  into 
one's  hands,  Fr.  mandat — L.  m.andatum, 
from  mando — manus,  the  hand,  and  do, 
to  give.] 

MANDATORY,  man'da-tor-i,  adj.  contain- 
ing a  mandate  or  command :  preceptive  : 
directory. 

MANDIBLE,  man'di-bl,  n.  (zool.)  a  jaw. — 
adj.  Mandib'ulak,  relating  to  the  jaw. 
[Lit.  "  that  which  chews,"  L.  mandwula 
— mando,  to  chew.] 

MANDRAKE,  man'drak,  n.  a  narcotic 
plant.  [A  corr.  of  A.S.  mandragora, 
through  L.,  from  Gr.  mandragorasA 

MANDREL,  man'drel,  n.  the  revolving 
shank  to  which  turners  fix  their  work  in 
the  lathe.  [A.  corr.  of  Fr.  mandrin  ; 
prob.  through  Low  L.  from  Gr.  mandra, 
an  inclosed  sp-ace.     See  Madrigal. J 

MANDRILL,  man'dril,  n.  a  large  kind  of 
baboon.     [Fr.] 

MANE,  man,  n.  the  long  hair  flowing  from 
the  neck  of  some  quadrupeds,  as  the 
horse  and  lion.  [Ice.  mo7i;  cog.  with 
Ger.  miilme.} 

MANEGE,  man-azh',  n.  the  managing  of 
horses  :  the  art  of  horsemanship  or  of 
training  horses  :  a  riding-school.  [Fr. 
See  Manage.] 

MANFUL,  man'fool,  adj.  full  of  manliness: 
bold  :  courageous. — adv.  Man'ftjlly. — n. 

MAN'FtJLNESS. 

MANGANESE,  mang-ga-nez'  or  mang'ga- 
nez,  n.  a  hard  and  orittle  metal  of  a  red- 


dish-white color.  —  adj.  Mangane'siah. 
[O.  Fr.  manganese,  a  material  used  in 
making  glass — It.] 

MANGE,  manj,  n.  the  scab  or  itch  which 
eats  the  skin  of  domestic  animals.  [From 
the  adj.  MaNQY.] 

MANGEL-WURZEL,  mang '  gl  -  wur '  zl, 
MANGOLD-WURZEL,  mang-gold-wur'- 
zl,  n.  a  plant  of  the  beet  kind  cultivated 
as  food  for  cattle.  [Lit.  "  beet-root," 
Ger.  mangold,  beet,  and  wurzel,  root.] 

MANGER,  manj'er,  n.  an  eaiuij/ -  trough 
for  horses  and  cattle.  [Fr.  mangeoire— 
manger,  to  eat — L.  manducus,  a  glutton 
— mando,  to  chew.] 

MANGLE,  mang'gl,  v.t.  to  cut  and  bruise  : 
to  tear  in  cutting  :  to  mutilate  :  to  take 
by  piecemeal. — n.  Mang'ler.     [Freq.  of 
M.E.  manlcen,  to  mutilate — A.S.  mancian. 
— L.  mancus,  maimed.] 

MANGLE,  mang'gl,  n.  a  rolling-press  for' 
smoothing  linen. — v.t.  to  smooth  with  a 
mangle :  to  calender.  —  n.  Mang'ler. 
[Dut.  mangelen,  to  roll  with  a  rolling- 
pin  (It.  mangano,  a  calender),  through 
Low  L.,  from  Gr.  mangganon,  the  axis 
of  a  pulley.] 

MANGO,  mang'go,  n.  the  fruit  of  the 
mango-tree  of  the  East  Indies  :  a  green 
musk-melon  pickled.     [Malay  mangga.'] 

MANGROVE,  man'grov,  n.  a  tree  of  the 
E.  and  W.  Indies,  whose  bark  is  used  for 
tanning.     [Malayan.] 

MANGY,  manj'i,  adj.  scabby. — n.  Mang'I- 
NESS.  [Anglicized  form  of  Fr.  mangi, 
eaten,  pa.p.  of  manger,  to  eat.  See  E. 
Manger.] 

MANHOOD,  man'hood,  n.  state  of  being  a 
man  :  manly  quality  :  human  nature. 

MANIA,  ma'ni-a,  n.  violent  madness :  in- 
sanity :  excessive  or  unreasonable  desire." 
[L. — Gr.  mania — root  tnan,  to  think.] 

MANIAC,  ma'ni-ak,  n.  one  affected  with 
mania:  a  madman. — adj.  Maniacal,  ma^ 
ni'a-kal.     [Fr.  maniaque — Mama.] 

MANIFEST,  man'i-fest,  adj.  clear:  ap- 
parent :  evident. — i\t.  to  make  mani- 
fest ;  to  show  plainly :  to  put  beyond 
doubt  :  to  reveal  or  declare. — adv.  Man'- 
ipestly.— n.  Man'ifestness,  state  of  be- 
ing manifest.  [Lit.  "  hand-struck,"  i.e. 
palpable,  Fr. — L.  manifestus — manus,  the 
hand,  and  -festus,  pa.p.  of  obs.  fendo,  to 
dash  against.] 

MANIFEST,  man'i-fest,  n.  a  list  or  invoice 
of  a  ship's  cargo  to  be  exhibited  at  the 
custom-house. 

MANIFESTABLE,  man-i-fest'a-bl,  MANI- 
FESTIBLE,  man-i-fest'i-bl,  adj.  that  can 

MANIFESTATION,  man-i-fest-a'shun,  n. 
act  of  disclosing  :  display  :  revelation. 

MANIFESTO,  man-i-fest'o,  n.  a  public 
written  declaration  of  the  intentions  of 
a  sovereign  or  state.  [It. — L.  See  Mani- 
fest, adj.] 

MANIFOLD,  man'i-fold,  adj.  various  in 
kind  or  quality :  many  in  number : 
multiplied. — adv.  Man'ieoldly.  [A.S. 
manig-feald.    See  Many  and  Fold.] 

MANIKIN,  man'i-kin,  n.  {orig.)  a  little 
man :  a  pasteboard  model,  exhibiting 
the  different  parts  and  organs  of  the 
human  body.  [O.  Dut.  mann-ek-en,  a 
double  dim.  of  man,  E.  Man.] 

MANIPLE,  man'i-pl,  n.  a  company  of  foot- 
soldiers  in  the  Roman  army  :  a  kind  of 
scarf  worn  by  a  R.  Cath.  priest  on  the 
left  arm,  a  stole.  —  adj.  Manip'ular. 
[Lit.  a  "  handful,"  L.  manipulus — manus, 
the  ha,n&,  pleo,  to  fill.] 

MANIPULATE,  ma-nip'u-lat,  v.t.  to  u-ork 
until  the  hands. — v.i.  to  use  the  hands, 
esp.  in  scientific  experiments  :  to  handle 
or  manage.  [Low  L.  manipulo,  manipu- 
latum.'\ 


MANIPULATION 


276 


MARINE 


MANIPULATION,  ma-nip-u-la'shun,  n.  act  ' 
of  manipidating  or  working  by  hand  : 
use  of  the  hands,  in  a  skillful  manner,  in 
science  or  art. 
MANIPULATIVE,     ma-nip'u-lat-iv,    5IA- 
NIPULATORY,     ma-nip'u-la-tor-i,    adj. 
done  by  manipulation. 
MANIPXILATOR,   ma-nip'u-lat-ur,  n.   one 
who    manipulates    or  works    with    the 
hand. 
MANKIND,  man-kind',  n.  the  hind  or  race 

of  man. 
MANLY,  manli,  adj.,  manlike :  becoming 
a  man :  brave :  dignified  :  noble  :  per- 
taining to  manhood :  not  childish  or 
womanish. — n.  Man'IINESS. 
MANNA,  man'a,  n.  the  food  supplied  to 
the  Israelites  in  the  wilderness  of  Arabia: 
a  sweetish  exudation  from  many  trees, 
as  the  ash  of  Sicily.  [Heb.  man  liu, 
what  is  it  ?  or  from  man,  a  gift.] 
MANNER,  man'er,  n.  mode  of  action  :  way 
of  performing  anything :  method  :  fash- 
ion :  peculiar  deportment :  habit :  cus- 
tom :  style  of  writing  or  thought :  sort : 
style  -.^pl.  morals  :  behavior :  deport- 
ment :  respectful  deportment.  —  IN  A 
MANNER,  to  a  certain  degree. — In  or  with 
THE  MANNER,  (B.)  in  the  very  act,  "  man- 
ner "  here  being  a  corr.  of  manuopere,  as 
in  the  legal  phrase,  cum  manuopere  cap- 
tus.  [Ft.  maniere — main — L.  mantis,  the 
hand.] 
MANNERISM,  man'er-izm,  n.  peculiarity 
of  manner,  esp.  in  literary  composition, 
becoming  wearisome  by  its  sameness. — 
n.  ;Mann  ERIST,  one  addicted  to  manner- 
ism. 
MANNERLY,  man'er-li,  adj.  showing  good- 
manners :  decent  in  deportment :  com- 
plaisant :  not  rude. — adv.  with  good 
■    manners :  civilly :  respectfully  :  without 

rudeness. — n.  ifANN'ERlINESS. 
MANCEUVRE,  ma-noo'ver  or  ma-nu'-,  n.  a 
piece  of  dexterous  management :  strata- 
gem :  an  adroit  movement  in  military  or 
naval  tactics. — v.t.  to  perform  a  manoeu- 
vre :  to  manage  with  art :  to  change  the 
position  of  troops  or  ships.— n.  Manoeu'- 
VRER.  [Lit.  "  hand- work,"  Fr. — main — 
L.  manus,  the  hand,  and  oeuvre — L.  opera, 
work.  See  Manure.] 
MAN-OF-WAR,  man-of-wawr',  n.  a  ship- 

of-war  :  {B.)  a  warrior. 
MANOR,  man'or,  n.  the  land  belonging  to 
a  nobleman,  or  so  much  as  he  formerly 
kept  for  his  own  use  :  jm-isdiction  of  a 
court  baron.      [Fr.   manoir — L.   maneo, 
mansum,  to  stay.    See  Mansion.] 
MANOR-HOUSE,  man'or-hows,  MANOR- 
SEAT,  man'or-set,  n.  the  house  or  seat 
belonging  to  a  manor. 
MANORIAL,  ma-no'ri-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 

a  manor. 
MANSE,  mans,  n.  the  residence  of  a  clergy- 
man (Scot.).      [Low  L.  mansa,  a  farm — 
maneo,  mansus,  to  remain.] 
MANSION,  man'shun,  n.  a  house,  esp.  one 
of  some  size  :  a  manor-house.     [Lit.  "a 
resting-place,"  so  in  B.;  O.  Fr.— L.  man- 
■    sio,  -onis,  akin  to  Gr.  me>io,  to  remain.] 
MANSION-HOUSE,  man'shun-hows,  n.  a 
mansion ;  the  official    residence    of    the 
Lord  Mayor  of  London.    [Mansion  and 
HorsE.] 
MANSLAUGHTER,   man'slaw-ter,   n.  the 
j    slaying  of  a  man  :  (lau-)  the  killing  of  any 
j     one  unlawfully,  but  without  malice  or 
'      premeditation.     [Man  and  SLAUGHTER.] 
MANSLAYER,  man'sla-er,  n.  one  who  slays 

a  man. 
MANTEL,  man'tl,  n.  the  shelf  over  a  fire- 
place (which  in  old  fireplaces  was  formed 
like  a  hood,  to  intercept  the  smoke) :  a 
narrow  shelf  or  slab  above  a  fireplace : 
also  Man'tel-piece,  Man'tel-shelf. 
{Doublet  of  ^Mantle.] 


MANTELET.    See  Mantlet. 
MANTLE,  man'tl,  n.  a  covering :  a  kind  of 
cloak  or  loose  outer  garment :  (zool.)  the 
thin  fleshy  membrane  lining  the  shell  of 
a  mollusk. — v.t.  to  cover,  as  with  a  man- 
tle :  to  hide  :  to  disguise. — v.i.  to  expand 
or  spread  like  a  mantle :   to  revel  :   to 
joy :  to  froth  :  to  rush  to  the  face  and 
impart  a  crimson  glow,  as  blood.     [O. 
Fr.  mantel,  Fr.  manteau — L.  mantellum, 
a  napkin.] 
MANTLET,  man'tlet,  MANTELET,  man'- 
tel-et,    n.    a    small    cloak    for  women: 
(fort.)  a  movable    parapet    to    protect 
pioneers.     [Dim.  of  SIantle.] 
MANTLING,  man'tling,  n.  (her.)  the  repre- 
sentation of  a  mantle,  or  the  drapery  of 
a  coat-of-arms. 
MANTUA,  man'tu-a,  n.  a  lady's  cloak  or 
mantle  :    a  lady's    gown. — n.    Man'tua- 
mak'er,  a  maker  of  mantuas  or  ladies' 
dresses.     [Prob.  arose  through  confusion 
of  Fr.  manteau  (It.  manto),  with  Mantua, 
in  Italy.] 
MANUAL,  man'u-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
hand :  done,  made,  or  used  by  the  hand. 
— adi'.MAN'UALLY.   [Ij.manualis — mantis, 
the  hand.] 
MANUAL,    man'u-al,  n.   a   Tiandbook :    a 
handy  compendium  of  a  large  subject  or 
treatise  :  the  service-book  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church. 
MANUFACTORY,    manru-falct'or-i,    n.    a 
factoi~y  or  place  where  goods  are  manu- 
factured. 
MANUFACTURE,   man-u-fakt'ur,    v.t.  to 
make  from  raw  materials  by  any  means 
into  a  form  suitable  for  use. — v.i.  to  be 
occupied  in  manufactures. —  n.  the  proc- 
ess of  manufacturing  :   anything  manu- 
factured.—  adj.   Manufact'cral.      [Lit. 
"  to  make  by  the  hand,"  Fr.— L.  mantis, 
the  hand,  and  factura.  a  making,  from 
faeio.  factum,  to  make.] 
MANUFACTURER,    man-u-fakt'ur-er,    n. 

one  who  manufactures. 
MANUMISSION,  man-u-mish'un,  n.  act  of 

manumitting  or  freeing  from  slavery. 
MANUMIT,  man-u-mit',  v.t.  to  release  from 
slavery  :   to  set  free,  as  a  slave  i—pr.p. 
manumitt'ing ;    pa.t.   and  pa.p.  manii- 
mitt'ed.      [Lit.    "to  send  away  or   free 
from  one's  hand  or  power,"  L.  manumit- 
to — mantis,  the  hand,  andmitto,  missum,, 
to  send.] 
MANURE,  man-ur',  v.t.  to  enrich  land  with 
any   fertilizing  substance. — n.  any  sub- 
stance used  for  fertilizing  land. — n.  Man- 
TJR'er.     [Orig.  "  to  work  with  the  hand," 
contr.  of  Fr.  manceuvrer.  SeeMANCEUVRE.] 
MANURING,  man-ur'ing,  n.  a  dressing  or 

spreading  of  manure  on  land. 
MANUSCRIPT,  man'u-skript,  adj. ,' icritten 
by  the  hatid. — n.  a  book  or  paper  written 
by  the  hand.  [L.  manus,  the  hand,  scrfbo, 
scriptum,  to  write.] 
MANX,  manks,  ti.  the  language  of  the 
Isle  of  Man.  a  dialect  of  the  Celtic— adj. 
pertaining  to  the  Isle  of  Man  or  its  in- 
habitants. 
MANY,  men'i,  ad/.— comp.  MORE  (mor) ; 
superl.  Most  (most) — comprising  a  great 
number  of  individuals  :  not  few  :  numer- 
ous.— 71.  many  persons  :  a  great  number: 
the  people.  [A.S.  tnanig ;  cog.  forms 
are  found  in  all  the  Teut.  languages  ; 
allied  to  L.  magnus.'] 
MAP,  map,  n.  a  representation  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth,  or  of  part  of  it  on  any 
plane  surface :  a  representation  of  the 
celestial  sphere. — v.t.  to  draw,  as  the 
figure  of  any  portion  of  land  :  to  de- 
scribe clearly: — p>^'-P-  mapp'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  mapped'.  [L.  mappa,  a  nap- 
kin, a  painted  cloth,  orig.  a  Punic  word.] 
MAPLE,  ma'pl,  n.  a  tree  of  several  species, 


from  one  of  which,  the  rock-maple,  sugar 
is  made.     [A.S.  mapid,  maple.] 
MAR,  mar,  v.t.  to  injure  by  cutting  off  a 
part,  or  by  wounding :  to  damage  :  to  in- 
terrupt :    to  disfigure  -.—pr.p.  marr'ing ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  marred'.     [A.S.  merran, 
tnirran,  from    a  widely  diffused  Aryan 
root  tnar,  to  crush,  bruise,  found  in  L. 
molo,  to  grind,  morior,  to  die,  Gr.  m.ar- 
aino,  to  wither.  Sans,  mri,  to  die ;  also 
in  E.  Meal,  Mill.    See  Mortal.] 
MARANATHA,    mar-a-na'tha    or    mar-a- 
nath'a,  ti.  (lit.)  our  Lord  cometh  to  take 
vengeance,    part    of    a    Jewish    curse. 
[Svriac] 
MARAUD,  ma-rawd',  v.i.  to  rove  in  quest 
of    plunder.      [Fr.    marauder — maraud, 
vagabond,  rogue.] 
MARAUDER,     ma-rawd'er,    n.    one    who 

roves  in  quest  of  booty  or  plunder. 
MARAVEDI,  mar-a-ve'di,  n.  the  smallest 
copper  coin  of  Spain.  [Sp. — Arab.  Mura- 
bitin,  the  dynasty  of  the  Almora\'ides.] 
MARBLE,  mar'bl,  n.  any  species  of  lime- 
stone taking  a  high  polish  :  that  which 
is  made  of  mai-ble,  as  a  work  of  art,  or  a 
little  ball  used  by  boys  in  play.— ad/, 
made  of  marble  :  veined  like  marble  : 
hard  :  insensible.— f.i.  to  stain  or  vein 
like  marble. — n.  Mar'bler.  [Lit.  "the 
sparkling  stone,"  Fr.  marbre — L.  mar- 
mor ;  cog.  with  Gr.  marmaros,  from 
tnarmairo,  to  sparkle,  flash.] 
MARBLY,  mar'bli,  adr.  in  the  manner  of 

viarble. 

MARCESCENT,     mar-ses'ent,     adj.    (hot.) 

withering,    decaying.      [L.    marcescens, 

-entis,  pr.p.  of  marcesco—marceo,  to  fade.] 

MARCH,  march,  ti.  the  third  month  of  the 

year,  named  from  Mars,  the  god  of  war. 

[L.   Martins   (mensis),    (the    month)    of 

MarSj] 

MARCH,  march,  n.  a  border  :  frontier  of  a 

territory  :— used  chiefly  in  pi.  March'es. 

[A.S.  m'earc  ;  doublet  of  JIark.] 

MARCH,  march,  v.i.  to  move  in  order,  as 

soldiers :  to  walk  in  a  grave  or  stately 

manner.— r.?.  to  cause  to  march. — n.  the 

movement  of  troops  :  regular  advance  : 

a  piece  of  music  fitted  for  marching  to : 

the  distance  passed  over.     [Fr.  marcher. 

Ety.  dub.;  ace.  to  Scheler,  prob.  from  L. 

marcus,  a  hammer  (cf.  "  to  beat  time  ") ; 

others  suggest  root  of  March,  a  frontier.] 

MARCHIONESS,  mar'shun-es,  «.,  fern,  of 

Marquis. 
MAlRE,  mar,  n.  the  female  of  the  horse. 
[A.S.  tnere,  fem.  of  m'earh,  a  horse  ;  cog. 
with  Ger.  miihre.  Ice.  mar,  W.  march,  a 
horse.] 
MARESCHAL,  mar'shal.    Same  as  Mab- 

SHAL. 

MARGE,  marj,  m.  edge,  brink.  [Fr.— L. 
margo.    See  Margin.] 

MARGIN,  mar'jin,  n.  an  edge,  border:  the 
blank  edge  on  the  page  of  a  book.  [L. 
margo,  marginis ;  cog.  with  E.  Mark.] 

MARGINAL,  mar'jin-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  margin  :  placed  in  the  margin. — adv. 
Mar'ginally. 

MARGINATE,  mar'jin-at,  MARGINATED, 
mar'jin-at-ed,  adj.  having  a  margin.  [L. 
??!argi?ia<!(s,  pa.p.  of  margitio,  to  border.] 

MARGRAVE,  mar'grav,  n.  (orig.)  a.  lord  or 
keeper  of  tlie  tnarches:  a  German  noble- 
man of  the  same  rank  as  an  English  mar- 
quis :— /em.  SlARGRAVnfE,  mar'gra-venc 
[Dnt.markgraaf  (Ger.marhgraf  )—mark, 
a  border,  and  graaf,  a  count,  which  is 
cog.  with  Ger.  graf,  A.S.  gerefa,  E. 
Reeve  and  She-riff.  See  March,  a  bor» 
der.] 

ItfARIGOLD,  mar'i-gold,  n.  a  plant  bearmg 
a  yellow  flower.  [From  the  Virgm  Mary, 
and  Gold,  because  of  its  yellow  color.] 

MARINE,  ma-ren',  adj.  of  or  belonging  to 
the  sea :  done  at  sea :  representing  the 


MARINER 


277 


MARVELLOUS 


sea;  near  the  sea. — n.  a  soldier  serving 
on  shipboard  :  the  whole  navy  of  a  coun- 
try or  state  :  naval  affairs.  [Fr. — L. 
marinus — mare,  sea  ;  akin  to  E.  Mere.] 

MAEINER,  mar'i-ner,  n.  a.  seaman  ov sailor: 
one  wlio  assists  in  navigating:  ships.  [Fr. 
marinier.] 

MARIOLATRY,  ma-ri-ora-tri,  n.  the  wor- 
ship of  the  Virgin  Mary.  [Formed  from 
L.  Maria,  Mary,  and  Gr.  latreia,  wor- 
shipj 

MARISH,  mar'ish,  n.  (B.).  Same  as  Marsh. 

MARITAL,  mar'i-tal,  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
husband.  [Fr. — L.  maritalis — maritus, 
a  husband — mas,  maris,  a  male.  See 
Male.] 

MARITIME,  mar'i-tira,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  sea  :  relating  to  navigation  or  naval 
affairs  :  situated  near  the  sea  :  having  a 
navy  and  naval  commerce.  [L.  marir 
tivius — mare.    See  Marine.] 

MARJORAM,  mar'jo-ram,  n.  an  aromatic 
plant  used  as  a  seasoning  in  cookery. 
[Fr.  marjolaine — Low  L.  majoraca — L. 
amaracus  —  Gr.  amarakos ;  prob.  an 
Eastern  word.] 

MABK,  mark,  n.  a  visible  sign :  any  ob- 
ject serving  as  a  guide  :  that  by  which 
anything  is  known :  badge :  a  trace  : 
proof  :  any  visible  effect :  symptom  :  a 
thing  aimed  at :  a  character  made  by  one 
who  cannot  write  :  distinction. — v.t.  to 
make  a  mark  on  anything :  to  impress 
with  a  sign :  to  take  notice  of  :  to  re- 
gard.— v.i.  to  take  particular  notice. — n. 
Mark'er,  one  who  marks  the  score  at 
games,  as  billiards.  [A. 8.  mearc,  a 
boundary ;  found  in  all  tlie  Teut.  lan- 
guages, as  Ger.  mark,  and  Goth,  marka  ; 
also  akin  to  L.  margo,  and  perh.  to  Sans. 
marga,  a  trace.] 

MAEK,  mark,  n.  an  obsolete  English  coin, 
value  about  $3.32 :  a  coin  of  the  present 
German  Empire,  value  about  25c.:  a 
silver  coin  of  Hamburg,  value  about  32c. 
[A.S.  inarc,  another  form  of  the  above 
word.] 

MARKET,  mar'ket,  n.  a  public  place  for 
the  purposes  of  buying  and  selling :  the 
time  for  the  market :  sale  :  rate  of  sale  : 
value. — v.i.  to  deal  at  a  market :  to  buy 
and  sell.  [Through  the  O.  Fr.  (Fr.  mar- 
che,  It.  mercato),  from  L.  mercatus,  trade, 
a  market — merx,  merchandise.] 

MAKKETABLE,  mar'ket-a-bl,  adj.  fit  for 
the  market:   salable. — n.  Mar'ketable- 

NESS. 

MARKET-CROSS,  mar'ket-kros,  n.  a  cross 
anciently  set  up  where  a  market  was 
held. 

MARKET-TOWN,  mar'ket-town,  n.  a  totm 
having  the  privilege  of  holding  a  public 
market. 

MARKING-INK,  mark'ing-ingk,  n.  indeli- 
ble ink,  used  for  marking  clothes. 

MARKSMAN,  marks'nian,  n.,  one  good  at 
hitting  a  mark :  one  who  shoots  well. 
[Mark  and  Man.] 

MARL,  marl,  n.  a  fat  or  rich  earth  or  clay 
often  used  as  manure. — v.t.  to  cover  or 
manure  with  marl.  [O.  Fr.  marie  (Fr. 
morvie),  from  a  Low  L.  dim.  of  L.  marga, 
marl.] 

MARLACEOUS,  marl-a'shus,  adj.  having 
the  qualities  of  or  resembling  marl. 

MARLINE,  mar'lin,  n.  a  small  line  for 
winding  round  a  rope. —  v.t.  Marline, 
mar'lin,  Marl,  marl,  to  hind  or  wind 
round  with  marline.  [Dut.  marlijn,  mar- 
ling—mcrren,  to  bind.  E.  Moor  (a  ship), 
and  lijn,  lien,  a  rope,  E.  Line.] 

MARLI'NFSPIKE,  mar'lin-splk,  n.  an  iron 
tool,  like  a  spike,  for  separating  the 
strands  of  a  rope. 

MARLITE,  mar'lit,  n.  a  variety  of  marl.— 
adj.  Maiujt'ic. 


MARLY,  marl'i,  adj.  having  the  qualities 
of  or  resembling  marl:  abounding  in  marl. 

MARMALADE,  mar'ma-lad,  ?;.  a  jam  or 
preserve  generally  of  oranges,  orig.  of 
quinces.  [Fr.,  from  Port,  mannelada — 
marmelo,  a  quince,  L.  meUmelum,  Gr. 
melimelon,  a  sweet  apple,  an  apple  graft- 
ed on  a  quince — meli,  honey,  melon,  an 
apple.] 

MAJRMORACEOUS,  mar-mo-ra'shus,  adj. 
belonging  to  or  hke  marble.  [From  L. 
marinor,  marble.] 

MARMOREAL,  mar-mo're-al,  MARMORE- 
AN,  mar-mo're-an,  adj.  belonging  to  or 
like  marble :  made  of  marble.  [L.  mar- 
mor-eus.] 

MARMOSET,  mar'mo-zet,  n.  a  small 
variety  of  American  monkey.  [Fr.  mar- 
mouset,  a  little  grotesque  figure  (hence 
applied  to  an  ape),  a  figure  in  marble— 
L.  marmor,  marble.] 

MARMOT,  mar'mot,  n.  a  rodent  animal, 
about  the  size  of  a  rabbit,  which  inhabits 
the  higher  parts  of  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees. 
[Lit.  "the  mountain  mouse,"  It.  mar- 
motto — L.  m,its,  muris,  a  mouse,  and 
vions,  mantis,  a  mountain.] 

MAROON,  laa-roon', adj.  brownish  crimson. 
[Lit.  "chestnut-colored,"  Fr.  marron,  a 
chestnut — It.  marrone.} 

MAROON,  ma-roon',  n.  a  fugitive  slave 
Uving  on  themoimtains,  in  the  W.  Indies. 
— v.t.  to  put  on  shore  on  a  desolate  island. 
[Fr.  marron,  a  shortened  form  of  Sp.  d.n- 
arron,  wild — cima,  a  mountain-summit.] 

MARQUE,  mark,  n.  a  license  to  pass  the 
inarches  or  limits  of  a  country  to  make 
reprisals  :  a  ship  commissioned  for  mak- 
ing captures.  [Fr.,  from  root  of  Mark 
and  March.] 

MARQUEE,  mar-ke',  n.  a  large  field-tent. 
[Fr.  marquise,  ace.  to  Littre,  oiig.  a 
marchioness's  tent.     See  Marquess.] 

MARQUIS,  mar'kwis,  MARQUESS,  mar'- 
kwes,  n.  (orig.)  an  officer  who  guarded 
the  marches  or  frontiers  of  a  kingdom: 
a  title  of  nobility  next  below  that  of  a 
duke  :  — fern.  Mar'chioness.  [Fr.  (It. 
marchese),  from  the  root  of  March, 
Mark,  a  frontier.] 

MARQUISATE,  mar'kwis-at,  n.  the  dig- 
nity or  lordship  of  a  marquis. 

MARRIAGE,  mar'ij,  n.  the  ceremony  by 
which  a  man  and  woman  become  hus- 
band and  wife  :  the  union  of  a  man  and 
woman  as  husband  and  wife.  [See 
Marry.] 

MARRIAGEABLE,  mar'ij-a-bl,  adj.  suit- 
able for  marriage :  capable  of  union. — 
n.  Marr'iageableness. 

MARROW,  mar'o,  n.  the  soft,  fatty  matter 
in  the  cavities  of  the  bones  :  tlie  pith  of 
certain  plants :  the  essence  or  best  part. 
— adj.  Marr'owy.  [A.S.  mearh;  Ice. 
viergr,  Ger.  mark,  W.  mer.] 

MARROW-BONE,  mar'6-bon,  n.  a  bone 
containing  marroic. 

MARROWISH,  mar'o-ish,  adj.  of  the  na- 
ture of  or  resembling  marrmv. 

MARRY,  mar'i,  v.t.  to  take  for  hu.sband  or 
wife  :  to  unite  in  matrimony. — v.i.  to  en- 
ter into  the  married  state  :  to  take  a  hus- 
band or  a  wife  :^5r.p.  marr'ying  ;  pa.^. 
and  pa.j>.  marr'ied.  [Fr  mari -r  —  L. 
marito — mariivs,  ahusb"r;l— mc:.-,  maris, 
a  male.     See  Male.] 

MARSALA,  mar'sa-la,  n.  n  \  ■'  ^ne  re- 
sembling sherry,  from  Mc:  m  Sicily. 
MARSEILLAlSfi,  mar'sal  •  yaz,  n.  the 
Frencli  revolutionary  hymn,  fir.st  .sung 
by  men  of  Marseilles  brought  to  Paris  to 
aid  in  the  Revolution  in  1793. 
MARSH,  marsh,  n.  a  tract  of  low  jce<  land: 
a  morass,  swamp,  or  fen. — arf/.  pertain- 
ing to  wet  or  boggy  places.  [A.S.  mersc, 
for  mer-isc,  as  if  "  mere-ish,"  full  of 
meres.    See  ""JiRE,  a  pool.] 


MARSHAL,  mar'shal,  n.  (orig.)  a  title 
given  to  various  officers,  who  had  the 
care  of  horses,  esp.  those  of  a  prince : 
a  title  of  honor  applied  to  the  holder  of 
various  high  offices  :  tlie  chief  officer  who 
regulated  combats  in  the  hsts  :  a  master 
of  ceremonies  :  a  pursuivant  or  harbin- 
ger :  a  herald  :  in  France,  an  officer  of 
the  highest  military  rank  :  in  the  United 
States,  the  civil  officer  of  a  district,  cor« 
responding  to  the  sheriff  of  a  county  ia 
England. — v.t.  to  arrange  in  order :  to 
lead,  as  a  herald  -.—pr.p.  mar'shalhng ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  mar'shalled.  [Lit.  "  horse- 
servant,"  Fr.  marechal ;  from  O.  Ger. 
marah,  a  horse,  and  schalh  (Ger.  schalk),  a 
servant.] 
MARSHALLER,   mar'shal-er,  n.  one  who 

marshals  or  arranges  in  order. 
MARSHALSHIP,  mar'shal-ship,  n.  office  of 

marshal. 
MARSH-MALLOW,    marsh'-mal'o,    n.    a 
species  of  mallow  common  in  meadows 
and  marshes. 
MARSHY,  marsh'i,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
produced     in    marshes  :    abounding    in 
marshes. — n.  Marsh'iness. 
MARSUPIAL,  mar-su'pi-:'.'.,  adj.  carrying 
young  in  a  pouch. — it.  a  marsupial  ani- 
mal.   [L.  marsupium — Gr.  marsupion,  a 
pouch.] 
MART,  mart,  ii.  amarket  or  place  of  trade. 

[A  contraction  of  Market.] 
MARTELLO,  mar-tel'o,  n.  a  circular  fort 
erected  to  protect  a  coast.    [Orig.  a  tower 
(on  the  Italian  coast),  from  whicli  warn- 
ing against  pirates  was  given  by.  striking 
a  bell  with  a  hammer.  It.   martello,  a 
hammer — L.  martellus,  dim.  of  marcus, 
a  hammer.] 
MARTEN,  mnr'ten,  n.  a  destructive  kind 
of  weasel  valued  for  its  fur.  [Fr.  martre, 
also  marte  —  Low   L.   marturis,  from   a 
Teut.  root  seen  in  Ger.  marder,  and  A.S. 
mearth,  a  marten.] 
JLiRTIAL,    iiiKr'shal,    adj.    belonging   to 
Mars,  the  god  of  war :  belonging  to  war : 
warlike  :  brave.— adt'.  M^ir'tiallt.    [Fr. 
— L.  mariiaUs—Mars.  Martis.^ 
MAirriN,  mar'tin,  MARTINET,  mar'tin-et, 
n.  a  bird  of  the  swallow  kind.     [Named 
after  Si.  Martin.]  , 

MARTINET,  mar'tin-et,  n.  a  strict  disciplin- 
arian. [From  Martinet,  a  very  strict  offi- 
cer in  the  army  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France.] 
MARTINGALE,  mar'tin-gal  or  -gal,  MAR- 
TINGAL,  mar'tin-gal,  n:  a  strap  fastened 
to  a  horse's  girth  to  hold  his  head  down  : 
in  ships,  a  short  spar  under  the  bowsprit, 
[Fr.,  a  kind  of  breeches,  so  called  from 
Martigues  in  Provence,  where  they  were 
worn.] 
MARTINlilAS,  mar'tin-mas,  n.  the  mass  or 
feast  of  St.  Martin:  11th  November.  [See 
Mass.  1 
MARTLET,  mart'let,  n.  martin,  the  bird. 

[From  Fr.  martinet,  dim.  of  Martin.] 
MARTYR,  mar'ter,  n.  one  who  by  his  death 
bears  tcitness    to  the   truth :    one  who 
suffers  for  his  belief.— r.f.  to  put  to  death 
for  one's  belief.    [A.S.,  L.,  Gr.,  a  witness, 
from  the  same  root  as  JIe.mory.] 
MARTYRDOM,  niar''tor-dum,  n.  the  suffer- 
ings or  death  of  a  martyr. 
MARTYROLOGY,  mar-ter-ol'o-ji,  n.  a  his- 
tory  of  martyrs:  a  discourse  on  martyr^ 

dom.  —  )(.    MARTYROL'OaiST.        [MARTYB, 

and  Gr.  logos,  a  discourse.] 

MARVEL,  niar'vel,  n.  a  u-onder  :  anything 
astonishing  or  wonderful. — v.i.to  won^^^er: 
to  feel  astonishment  -.—pr.p.  mar'velling  ; 
pa.t.  waApa.p.  mar'velled.  [Fr.  merveUle 
— L.  mirabilis,  wonderful  —  jniror,  to 
wonder.] 

MARVELLOUS,  mar'vel-us,  adj.  astonish- 
ing :  beyond  belief:  improbable. —  adv, 
Mar'vellously. — n.  Mar'vellousness. 


MARYBUD 


278 


MATRIMONY 


MARYBUD,  ma'ri-bud,  n.  the  marigold. 

MASCULINE,  tnas'ku-lin,  adj.  having  the 
qualities  of  a  man  :  resembling  a  man : 
robust :  bold :  expressing  tlie  male  gen- 
der.—ady.  Mas'culinely. —  n.  Mas'cu- 
LDTESESS.  (Tr. — L.  mascuUnus — mascii- 
lus.  male — mas,   a  male.] 

MASH,  mash,  v.t.  to  beat  into  a  mixed 
mass:  to  bruise:  in  brewing,  to  mis  malt 
and  hot  water  together. — n.  a  mixture  of 
ingredients  beaten  together  :  in  brewing, 
a  mixture  of  crushed  malt  and  hot  water. 
[Prob.  from  root  of  Mrs.] 

MASHY,  mash'i,  adj.  of  the  nature  of  a 
tiiash.  

MASK,  MASQUE,  mask,  n.  anything  dis- 
guising or  conceahng  the  face  :  anything 
that  disguises :  a  pretence :  a  masquer- 
ade :  a  dramatic  performance  in  which 
the  actors  appear  masked. — v.t.  to  cover 
the  face  with  a  mask :  to  disguise  :  to 
hide. — v.i.  to  join  in  a  mask  or  masquer- 
ade :  to  be  disguised  in  any  way :  to 
revel.  [Fr.  masque — Sp.  mascara,  Ar. 
'viaskharat,  a  jester,  a  man  in  masquer- 
ade.] 

MASKER,  mask'er,  n.  one  who  wears  a 
mask. 

MASON,  ma'sD,  n.  one  who  cuts,  prepares, 
and  lays  stones  :  a  builder  in  stone  :  a 
freemason.  [Fr.  magon — Low  L.  maeio  ; 
of.  O.  Grer.  meizan,  to  hew,  cut,  from 
which  are  Gter.  messer,  a  knife,  stein-metz, 
a  stone-mason.] 

MASONIC,  ma-son'ik,  adj.  relating  to 
freemasonry. 

MASONRY,  ma'sn-ri,  n.  the  craft  of  a 
mason :  the  work  of  a  mason  :  the  art  of 
building  in  stone :  freemasonry. 

MASQUE.     See  Mask. 

MASQUERADE,  m;isk-er-ad',  n.  an  assem- 
bly of  persons  wearing  masks,  generally 
at  a  ball  :  disguise. — v.t.  to  put  into  dis- 
guise.— V.  i.  to  join  in  a  masquerade  :  to 
go  in  disguise.  [Fr.  mascarade.  See 
Mask.] 

MASQUERADER,  mask-er-ader,  n.  one 
wearing  a  mask :  one  disguised. 

MASS,  mas,  n.  a  lump  of  matter :  a  quan- 
tity :  a  collected  body :  the  gross  body  : 
magnitude  :  the  principal  part  or  main 
body :  quantity  of  matter  in  any  body. — 
v.t.  to  form  into  a  mass  :  to  assemble  in 
masses.  [Fr.  masse — L.  massa — Gr.  mxiza 
— masso,  to  squeeze  together.] 

MASS,  mas,  n.  the  celebration  of  the  Lord's 
Supper  in  R.  Cath.  churches.  [Fr.  messe. 
It.  messa,  said  to  be  from  the  Latin  words 
ite,  missa  est  (ecclesia),  "go,  the  congre- 
gation is  dismissed,"  said  at  the  close  of 
the  service.] 

MASSACRE,  mas'a-ker,  n.  indiscriminate 
killing  or  slaughter,  esp.  with  cruelty : 
carnage. — v.t.  to  kUl  with  violence  and 
cruelty :  to  slaughter.  [Fr. ;  from  the 
Teut.,  as  in  Low  (Jer.  7natsken,  to  cut, 
Ger.  metz-ger,  a  butcher.] 

MASSIVE,  mas'iv,  adj.  bullvy  :  weighty. — 
adv.  Mass'ivelt. — n.  MASs'rvE>rESS. 

MASSY,  mas'i,  adj.,  massive. — /i.  Mass'- 

INESS. 

MAST,  mast,  n.  a  long  upright  pole  for 
sustaining  the  yards,  rigging,  etc.,  in  a 
ship. — v.t.  to  supply  with  a  mast  or 
masts.  [A.S.  incest,  the  stem  of  a  tree ; 
Ger.  mast,  Fr.  mdt.] 

MAST,  mast,  n.  the  fruit  of  the  oak,  beech, 
chestnut,  and  other  forest  trees,  on  which 
swine /eed;  nuts,  acorns.  [A.S.  moest; 
Ger.  mast,  whence  masten,  to  feed  ;  akin 
to  Meat.] 

MASTER,  mas'ter,  n.  one  who  commands  : 
a  lord  or  owner  :  a  leader  or  ruler :  a 
teacher  :  an  employer :  the  commander 
•of  a  merchant-ship:  the  officer  who  navi- 
gates a  ship-of-war  under  the  captain  : 
a  degree  in  universities  :  one  eminently 


skilled  in  anything:  the  common  title  of 
address  to  a  young  gentleman. — a<^/.  be- 
longing to  a  master,  chief,  principal. — 
v.t.  to  become  master  of  :  to  overcome  : 
to  become  skillful  in  :  to  execute  with 
skill.  [O.  Fr.  maistre  (Fr.  maitre) — L. 
magister,  from  viag,  root  of  magnus, 
great.] 

MAS'TER,  in  many  compounds=chief,  as  in 
Mas'tee-build'er,  JIas'tee-ma'son,  etc. 

MASTER -HAND,  mas'ter-hand,  n.  the 
hand  of  a  master:  a  person  highly 
skilled. 

MASTERKEY,  mas'ter-ke,  n.  a  key  that 
viasters  or  opens  many  locks :  a  clue  out 
of  difficulties. 

MASTERLESS,  mas'ter-les,  adj.  without 
a  master  or  owner :  ungoverned :  un- 
subdued. 

MASTERLY,  mas'ter-U,  adj.  like  a  master: 
with  the  skill  of  a  master  :  skillful :  ex- 
cellent.— adv.  with  the  skill  of  a  master. 

MASTERPIECE,  mas'ter-pes,  n.  a  piece  or 
work  worthy  of  a  master:  a  work  of 
superior  skill :  chief  excellence. 

MASTERSHIP,  mas'ter-ship,  n.  the  ofiBce 
olma.'ifer:  riile or  dominion:  superiority. 

MASTERSTROKE,  mas'ter-strok,  n.  a 
stroke  or  performance  worthy  of  a  Tnas- 
fer :  superior  performance. 

MASTERY,  mas'ter-i,  ?i.  the  power  or  au- 
thority of  a  master :  dominion  :  victory : 
superiority:  the  attainment  of  superior 
power  or  skill. 

MASTIC,  SIASTICH,  mas'tik,  n.  a  species 
of  gum-resin  from  the  lentisk-tree :  a 
cement  from  mastic  :  the  tree  producing 
mastic.  [Fr. — L.  viastieJie — Gr.  m.as- 
ticks — masaomai,  to  chew  ;  so  called  be- 
cause it  is  chewed  in  the  East.] 

MASTICATE,  mas'ti-kat,  v.t.  to  chew :  to 
grind  with  the  teeth. — adj.  Mas'ticable. 
— 71.  Mastica'tion.  [L.  mastico,  -atum — 
mastiche.    See  Mastic] 

MASTICATORY,  mas'ti-ka-tor-i,  adj., 
cheicing :  adapted  for  chewing. — n.  (nicrf.) 
a  substance  to  be  chewed  to  increase  the 
saliva. 

MASTIFF,  mas'tif,  n.  a  large  and  strong 
variety  of  dog  much  used  as  a  watchdog. 
[M.E.  and  O.  Fr.  mestif  (Fr.  mdh'n)— Low 
L.  masnada,  a  family — ^L.  mansio,  a 
house.     See  MANSION.] 

MASTODON,  mas'to-doQ,  n.  an  extinct 
animal,'  resembling  the  elephant,  with 
nipple-like  projections  on  its  teeth.  [Gr. 
m.a.'itos,  the  breast  of  a  woman,  odous, 
odontos,  a  tooth.] 

MAT,  mat,  n.  a  texture  of  sedge,  etc.,  for 
cleaning  the  feet  on :  a  web  of  rope-yarn. 
■ — v.t.  to  cover  with  mats  :  to  interweave : 
to  entangle: — -pr.p.  raatt'ing;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  matt'ed.     [A.S.  meatta — L.  matta.'\ 

MATADORE.  mat  a-dor,  n.  the  man  who 
kills  the  bull 'in  bull-fights.  [Sp.  mata- 
dor— matar,  to  kill — L.  maelo,  to  kill,  to 
honor  by  sacrifice  —  mactus,  honored, 
from  root  mag  in  magnus.l 

MATCH,  mach,  n.  a  piece  of  inflammable 
material  used  for  obtaining  flre  easily :  a 
prepared  rope  for  firing  artillery,  etc. :  a 
lucifer.  [Fr.  meche — Low  L.  myxus — Gr. 
my.va,  the  snuff  or  wick  of  a  lamp,  dis- 
charge from  the  nose  (which  the  snuff  of 
a  wick  resembles),  from  root  of  Mucus.] 

MATCH,  mach,  n.  anj'thing  which  agrees 
with  or  suits  another  thing :  an  equal : 
one  able  to  cope  with  another :  a  contest 
or  game  :  a  marriage  :  one  to  be  gained 
in  marriage. — v.i.  to  be  of  the  same  make, 
size,  etc. — v.t.  to  be  equal  to  :  to  be  able 
to  compete  with  :  to  find  an  equal  to  :  to 
set  against  as  equal :  to  suit :  to  give  in 
marriage. — n.  Match'ee.  [A.S.  mceca, 
gemceca,  earlier  maca,  a  mate,  a  wife. 
See  Mak-f.  and  Mate.] 

MATCHLESS,    mach'les.   atlj.  having  no 


match  or  equal. — adv.  MATCH'LESSLT.-^n, 
Match'lessness. 

MATCHLOCK,  mach'lok,  n.  the  lock  of  a 
musket  containing  a  match  for  firing  it : 
a  musket  so  fired. 

MATE,  mat,  n.  a  companion  :  an  equal : 
the  male  or  female  of  animals  that  go 
in  pairs  :  in  a  merchant-ship,  the  second 
in  command  :  an  assistant.— 1'.<.  to  be 
equal  to  :  to  match  :  to  maiTy.  [A.S. 
ge-maca,  lit.  "  having  inake  or  shape  in 
common  with  another ; "  Ice.  viaki,  an 
equal,  from  the  same  root  as  Make.  See 
MlATCH,  and  cf.  Like.] 

MATE,  mat,  n.  and  v.t.  in  chess.  Same  as 
Checkjiate. 

MATELESS,  mat'les,  adj.  without  a  mate 
or  companion. 

MATERIAL,  ma-te'ri-al,  adj.  consisting  of 
matter :  corporeal,  not  spiritual :  sub- 
stantial: essential:  important. —  n.  esp. 
in  pi.  that  out  of  which  anj-thing  is  to  be 
made. —  adv.  Mate'kially. —  7is.  Mate'- 
RIALXESS,  Mateeial'ITY.  [Fr. — L.  mate- 
ria lis — m  ate  ria.^ 

MATERIALISM,  ma-te'ri-al-izm,  n.  the 
doctrine  that  denies  the  independent  ex- 
istence of  spirit,  and  maintains  that  there 
is  but  one  substance — \tz.  matter. 

MATERIALIST,  ma-te'ri-al-ist,  n.  one  who 
holds  the  doctrine  of  materialism. 

MATERLiLISTIC,  ma^te-ri-al-ist'ik.  MA- 
TERIALISTICAL,  ma  -  te  -  ri-al-ist'ik-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  materialism. 

MATERIALIZE,  ma-te'ri-al-Iz,tJ.f.  to  render 
material :  to  reduce  to  or  regard  as  mat- 
ter :  to  occupy  with  material  interests. 

MATERNAL,  ma-ter'nal,  adj.  belonging  to 
amother:  motherly. — adv.  Mater'nally. 
[Fr.  maternel.  It.  maternale — L.  viatemUs 
— mater,  mother.] 

MATERNITY,  ma-ter'ni-ti,  n.  the  state. 
character,  or  relation  of  a  mother. 

MATHEMATIC,  math-e-mat'ik,  MATHE- 
MATICAL, math-e-mat'ik-al,  adj.  peP' 
taining  to  or  done  by  mathematics :  very 
accurate. — adv.  Mathemat'ically. 

MATHEMATICIAN,  math-e-ma-tish'an,  n. 
one  versed  in  mathematics.  [L.  mathe- 
maticus.] 

MATHEiMATICS,  math-e-mat'iks,  n.sing. 
the  science  of  number  and  space,  and  of 
aU  their  relations.  [Fr.  mathematiques — 
L.  mathematica — Gr.  mathematike  (epis- 
teme,  skill,  knowledge),  relating  to  learn- 
ing or  science — mathema — manthano,  to 
learn.] 

MATIN,  mat'in,  adj.,  morning:  used  in  the 
morning. — n.  in  pi.  morning  prayers  or 
service  :  in  R.  Cath.  Church  the  earhest 
canonical  hours  of  prayer.  [Fr.  —  L, 
matutinus,  belonging  to  the  morning — 
Matuta,  the  goddess  of  the  morning, 
prob.  akin  to  maturus,  early.  See  Ma- 
ture.] 

MATRICE,  ma'tris  or  mat'ris,  n.  same  as 
Mateix. 

MATRICIDE,  mat'ri-sid,  ti,  a  murderer  of 
his  mother  :  the  murder  of  one's  mother. 
— adj.  Mat'ricidai,.  [Fr. — L.  matrieida, 
one  who  kills  his  mother,  matricidium, 
the  kiUing  of  a  mother — mater,  mother, 
ccedo.  to  kill.] 

MATRICULATE,  ma-trik'u-lat,  v.t.  to  ad' 
mit  to  membership  by  entering  one's 
name  in  a  register,  esp.  in  a  college: 
to  enter  a  university  by  being  enrollee) 
as  a  student. — n.  one  admitted  to  mem= 
bership  in  a  society. — n-  Matricula'tion. 
[L.  matrieida,  a  register,  dim.  of  viatrix.\ 

MATRIMONIAL,  mat-ri-mo'ni-.d,  adj.  re- 
lating to  or  derived  from  narriage.^ 
adv.  Matrimo'nially. 

MATRIMONY,  mat'ri-mun-i,  n.  marriage  : 
the  state  of  marriage.  [O.  Fr.  matrimo' 
nie — L.  matrimonium — mater,\ 


MATEIX 


279 


MEANING 


MATRIX,  ma'triks  or  mat'riks,  n.  {anat.) 
the  cavity  ia  which  an  animal  is  formed 
before  its  birth,  the  womb  :  the  cavity 
in  which  anything-  is  formed,  a  mould  : 
(mining)  substances  in  which  minerals 
are  found  imbedded  :  {dyeing)  the  five 
simple  colors  (black,  white,  blue,  red, 
and  yellow)  from  which  all  the  others 
are  formed  -.—pi.  Matrices,  ma'tri-sez  or 
mat'ri-sez.  [Fr. — L.  matrix,  -ids — mater, 
mother.] 

MATRON,  ma'trun,  n.  an  elderly  married 
woman  :  an  elderly  lady :  a  female  su- 
perintendent in  a  hospital.  [Fr. — L. 
matrona,  a  married  lady— ?((aifcr-,  mother.! 

MATRONAGE,  ma'trun-aj,  :MATR0N- 
HOOD,  ma'trun-hood,  n.  state  of  a 
mairon. 

MATRONAL,  ma'trun-al  or  mat'run-al, 
adj.  pertaining  or  suitable  to  a  matron : 
motherly :  g-rave. 

MATRONiZE,  ma'trun-iz  or  mat'-,  v.t.  to 
render  matronly :  to  attend  a  lady  to 
public  places,  as  protector. 

MATRONLY,  mil'trun-li,  adj.  like,  becom- 
ing, or  belonging  to  a  matron :  elderly : 
sedate. 

MATTER,  mat'er,  n.  fluid  in  abscesses  or 
on  festering  sores,  pus.  [An  application 
of  the  word  below.] 

ittATTER,  mat'er,  n.  that  which  occupies 
space,  and  with  which  we  become  ac- 
quainted by  our  bodily  senses  :  that  out 
of  which  anything  is  made  :  the  subject 
or  thing  treated  of  :  that  with  which  one 
has  to  do:  cause  of  a  thing:  thing  of  con- 
sequence: importance:  indefinite  amount: 
— v.i.  to  be  of  importance  :  to  signify. — 
pr.p.  matt'ering  ;  pa.p.  niatt'ered. — adj. 
Matt'erless. — Matter-of-fact,  adj.  ad- 
hering to  the  matter  of  fan  :  not  fanci- 
ful:  dry.  [Lit.  "  building  stuff,"  Fr. 
matiire — L.  materia,  from  a  root  ma,  to 
measure,  to  build  or  construct ;  akin  to 
Mother ] 

MATTING,  mat'ing,  n.  a  covering  with 
mats:  a  texture  like  a  mat,  but  larger: 
material  for  mats. 

MATTOCK,  mat'uk,  n.  a  kind  of  pickaxe 
having  the  iron  ends  broad  instead  of 
pointed.     [A.S.  maituc — W.  madog.'\ 

MATTRESS,  mat'res,  n.  a  sort  of  quilted 
bed  stuffed  with  wool,  horse-hair,  etc. 
[O.  Fr.  materas  (Fr.  matelas) — Ar.  mat- 
rah.] 

MATURATE,  mat'u-rat,  v.t.  to  make  ma- 
ture :  (med.)  to  promote  the  suppui-ation 
of. — !•./.  (med.)  to  suppurate  perfectly. — 
n.  Matura'tion.  [L.  maturo — maturus, 
ripe.] 

MATURATIVE,  mat'u-rat-iv,  adj.,  matur- 
ing or  ripening :  (med.)  promoting  sup- 
puration.— n.  a  medicine  promoting  sup- 
puration. 

MATURE,  ma-tur',  adj.,  grown  to  its  full 
size:  perfected:  ripe:  (oied.)  come  to  sup- 
puration :  fully  digested,  as  a  plan. — v.t. 
to  ripen  :  to  bring  to  perfection  :  to  pre- 
pare for  use. — v.i.  to  become  ripe  :  to  be- 
come payable,  as  a  bill. — adv.  Mature'- 
LY. — )i.  Mature'ness.  [L.  maturus,  ripe.] 

MATURESCENT,  mat-u-res'ent,  adj.,  be- 
coming ripe:  approaching  maturity.  [L. 
matiire.'ico,  to  become  ripe — maturus.] 

MATURITY,  ma-tilr'i-ti,  n.  ripeness:  a  state 
of  completeness.  [L.  maturitas — matu- 
rus. ripe.] 

MATUTINAL,  mat-u-tl'nal,  MATUTINE, 
mat'u-tin,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  morn- 
ing :  early.  [L.  matutinalis,  m,atutinu^. 
See  Matin.] 

MAUDLIN,  mawd'lin,  adj.  silly,  as  if  half 
drunk  :  sickly  sentimental.  [Contr.  from 
M.E.  Maudeleyne,  which  comes  through 
O.  Fr.  and  L.  from  Gr.  Magdalene,  the 
orig.  sense  being  "shedding  tears  of 
penitence,"  hence  "with  eyes  red  and 


swollen  with  weeping,"  like  Mary  Mag- 
dalene.] 

MAUGER,  MAUGRB,  maw'ger,  prep,  in 
spite  of.  [Lit.  "not  agreeable  to,"  or 
"against  one's  wUl,"  Fr.  malgre  —  L. 
male  gratum  —  Tnale,  badly,  gratum, 
agreeable.] 

MAUL,  mawl.  Same  as  Maix,  to  beat 
with  a  mall. 

MAULSTICK,  mawl'stik,  n.  a  stick  used  by 
painters  to  steady  their  hand  when  work- 
ing. [Ger.  malerstock — maler,  painter, 
and  stock,  stick.] 

MAUNDER,  mawn'der,  v.i.  to  grumble  : 
to  mutter.  [Fr.  mendier,  to  beg — L. 
mendicare.    See  Mendicant.] 

MAUNDY-THURSDAY,  mawn'di-thurz'- 
da,  71.  the  Thursday  in  Passion-week, 
when  royal  charity  is  distributed  to  the 
poor  at  Whitehall,  in  London,  Eng. 
[M.E.  maundee,  a  command  —  O.  Fr. 
mande  (Fr.  mandi) — L.  mandatum,  com- 
mand, i.e.  the  "new  Commandment,"  to 
love  one  another,  mentioned  in  John 
xiii.  34.] 

MAUSOLEAN,  maw-so-le'an,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  mausoleum  :  monumental. 

MAUSOLEUM,  maw-so-le'um,  n.  a  mag- 
nificent tomb  or  monument.  [L. — Gr. 
Mausoleion,  from  Mausolus,  king  of  Caria, 
to  whom  his  widow  erected  a  splendid 
tomb.] 

MAUVE,  mawv,  n.  a  beautiful  purple  dye 
extracted  from  coal-tar,  so  called  from  its 
likeness  in  color  to  the  flowers  of  the  mal- 
loic :  this  color.  [Fr.  —  L.  malva,  the 
mallow.] 

MAVIS,  ma'vis,  n.  the  song-thrush.  [Fr. 
viauvis;  prob.  from  Bret,  miljid,  a  mavis.] 

MAW,  maw,  n.  the  stomach,  esp.  in  the 
lower  animals  :  the  craw,  in  birds.  [A.S. 
maga  :  Ger.  magen.] 

MAWKISH,  mawk'ish,  adj.  loathsome,  dis- 
gusting, as  anything  beginning  to  breed 
maivks  or  maggots. — adv.  Mawk'ishly. 
— n.  Mawk'ishness.  [Witli  suffix  -ish 
from  M.E.  mauk,  from  same  root  as  Mag- 
got.] 

MAWWORM,  maw'wurra,  n.  a  u-orm  tiiat 
infests  the  stomach,  the  threadworm. 
[See  Maw.] 

MAXILLAR,  maks'U-ar,  MAXILLARY, 
maks'il-ar-i,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  jaiv- 
bone  or  jaw.  [L.  maxillaris — maxilla, 
jawbone,  dim.  from  root  of  Macerate.] 

MAXIM,  maks'im,  n.  a  general  principle, 
usually  of  a  practical  nature  :  a  proverb. 
[Fr.  maxirne — L.  maxima  (sententia,  an 
opinion),  superl.  of  magnus,  great.  ] 

MAXIMUM,  maks'i-mum,  adj.  the  greatest. 
— n.  the  greatest  number,  quantity,  or 
degree  :  (math.)  the  value  of  a  variable 
when  it  ceases  to  increase  and  begins  to 
decrease : — pi.  Max'ima.  [L.,  superl.  of 
magnus,  great.] 

MAY,  ma,  v.i.  to  be  able  :'  to  be  allowed  : 
to  be  free  to  act :  to  be  possible  :  to  be  by 
chance  :— pa. f.  might  (mit).  [A.S.  mceg, 
pr.t.  of  mugan,  to  be  able,  pa.t.  meahte, 
mihte;  cog.  with  Goth,  magan,  Ger. 
mogen  ;  also  with  L.  mag-nus,  great,  Gr. 
mech-ane,  contrivance  ;  all  from  a  root 
mag  or  magli,  to  have  power.] 

MAY,  ma,  n.  the  fifth  month  of  the  year  : 
the  early  or  gay  part  of  life. — v.i.  to 
gather  Slay  (prov.  E.  the  blossom  of  the 
hawthorn,  which  blooms  in  May)  i-^r.p. 
May'ing.  [Fr.  ^fai — L.  Maius  (mensis,  a 
month),  sacred  to  Maia,  the  mother  of 
Mercury  ;  prob.  from  root  mag.  Sans. 
mah,  to  grow,  and  so  May  =  the  month 
of  growth.] 

MAYDAY,  ma'da,  n.  the  first  day  of  May. 

MAY-FLOWER,  ma'-flow'er,  n.  the  haw- 
thorn, which  blooms  in  May. 

MAYFLY,  ma'fll,?i.  an  ephemeral  ^y  which 
appears  in  May. 


MAYOR,  ma'ur,  n.  the  chief  magistrate  o( 
a  city  or  borough.  [Fr.  maire—L.  major. 
comp.  of  magnus,  great.] 

MAYORALTY,  ma'ur-al-ti,  MAYORSHIP, 
ma'ur-ship,  n.  the  office  of  a  mayor. 

MAYPOLE,  ma'pol,  n.  a  pole  erected  for 
dancing  round  on  Mayday. 

MA  Y-QUEEN,ma'-kwen,»j.a  young  womaa 
crowned  with  flowers  as  queen  on  May^ 
day.  \ 

MAZE,  maz,  n.  a  place  full  of  intricate 
windings :  confusion  of  thought :  per- 
plexity.— v.t.  to  be^vilder  :  to  confuse. 
[Prov.  E.  to  viazle,  to  wander,  as  if  stupe- 
fied, from  the  Scand.,  as  in  Ice.  masa,  to 
jabber.] 

MAZURKA,  ma-zoor'ka,  n.  a  lively  Polish 
dance,  or  music  such  as  is  played  to  it. 

MAZY,  maz'i,  adj.  fuU  of  mazes  or  windings: 
intricate. — adv.  JIaz'ily. — n.  Maz'iness. 

ME,  me,  personal  pron.  the  objective  case 
of  I.     [A.S.;  L.,  Gr.  me.  Sans.  m&.] 

MEAD,  med,  n.,  honey  wad  water  fermented 
and  flavored.  [A.S.  medo ;  a  word 
common  to  the  Aryan  languages,  as 
Ger.  meth,  W.  medd,  mead,  Gr.  inethu, 
strong  drink,  Sans,  m-adhu,  sweet,  honey 
(which  was  the  chief  ingredient  of  the 
drink).] 

MEAD,  med,  MEADOW,  med'o,  7i.  a  place 
where  grass  is  mown  or  cut  down:  a  rich 
pasture-ground.  [A.S.  moid — mawan,  to 
mow  ;  Ger.  mahd,  a  mowing,  Swiss  m.att, 
a  meadow.    See  Mow,  to  cut  down.] 

MEADOWY,  med'o-i,  adj.  containing  mead- 
ou-s. 

MEAGRE,  MEAGER,  me'ger,  adj.,  lean: 
poor:  barren:  scanty:  without  strength. 

— adv.      MeA'GRELY.  —  n.     MEA'GRENESiii. 

[Fr.  maigre — L.  macer,  lean ;  cog.  with 
Ger.  mager.'] 

MEAL  mel,  «.  the  food  taken  at  one  time; 
the  act  or  the  time  of  taking  food.  [A.S. 
mml,  time,  portion  of  time  ;  Dut.  m,aal, 
Ger.  mahl.] 

MEAL,  mel,  n.  grain  ground  to  powder. 
[A.S.  melu ;  Ger.  mehl,  Dut.  meet,  meal, 
from  the  root  of  Goth,  malan,  L.  nwlo, 
to  grind.] 

MEALY,  mel'i,  adj.  resembling  meal :  be- 
sprinkled as  with  meal. — n.  Meal'iness, 

MEALY-MOUTHED,  mel'i-mow</id,  adj. 
smooth-tongued  :  unwilling  to  state  the 
truth  in  plain  terms. 

MEAN,  men,  adj.  low  in  rank  or  birth  : 
base :  sordid  :  low  in  worth  or  estimar 
tion  :  poor  :  humble. — adv.  Mean'lt. — n, 
Meau'ness.  [A.S.  moine,  wicked  ;  perh. 
conn,  with  A.S.  gemcene,  Ger.  gemein, 
common,  Goth,  gamains,  unclean.] 

MEAN,  men,  adj.,  middle:  coming  be- 
tween :  moderate. — n.  the  middle  point, 
quantity,  value,  or  degree  :  instrument: 
— 2^1.  income  :  estate  :  instrument.  [O. 
Fr.  meien  (Fr.  moyen) — L.  mediantis,  en- 
larged form  of  medius  ;  cog.  with  Gr. 
mcsos.  Sans,  madhya,  middle.] 

MEAN,  men,  v.t.  to  have  in  the  mind  or 
thoughts  :  to  intend  :  to  signify. — v.i.  to 
have  in  the  mind  :  to  have  meaning : — 
Xir.p.  mean'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  meant 
(nient).  [A.S.  ma:nan  ;  Ger.  meinen,  to 
think  ;  from  a  root  7nan,  found  also  ia 
M   N  and  MiND.] 

-iEANDER,  me-an'der,  n.  a  zrinding. 
course:  a  maze:  perplexity. — v.i.  to 
flow  or  run  in  a  winding  course  :  to  be 
intricate. — i'.^  to  wind  or  flow  round. 
[L. — Gr.  the  name  of  a  winding  river  in 
Asia  Minor.] 

MEANDERING,  me-an'dor-ing,  adj.,  wind- 
ing in  a  course. — n.  a  winding  course. 

MEANING,  men'ing,  n.  that  which  is  in 
the  mirid  or  thoughts  :  signification  :  the 
sense  intended  :  purpose. — adj.  signifi- 
cant.— adv.  MEAN'iNaLY.  [See  Mean,  r.i.] 


MEANINGLESS 


280 


MEGRIM 


MEANINGLESS,  men'ing-les,  adj.  without 
meaning. 

MEANLY,  MEANNESS.  See  Mean,  low 
in  rank. 

MEANT,  i^a.f.  a,nApa.p.  of  Mean,  to  have 
in  the  mind. 

MEASLED,  me'zld,  MEASLY,  me'zU,  adj. 
infected  with  measles. 

MEASLES,  me'zlz,  n.sing.  a  contagious 
fever  accompanied  with  small  red  S2]0ts 
upon  the  skin.  [Dut.  maselen,  measles, 
from  masa,  a  spot,  cog.  with  O.  Ger. 
masa.  a  spot,  Ger.  niasern,  measles.] 

MEAStjRABLE,  mezh'ur-a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  measured  or  computed :  moder- 
ate :  in  small  quantity  or  extent. — adv. 
Meas'urablt. 

MEASURE,  mezh'ur,  n.  that  by  which  ex- 
tent is  ascertained  or  expressed  :  the  ex- 
tent of  anvthing :  a  rule  by  which  any- 
thing is  a(5justed :  proportion  :  a  stated 
quantity  :  degree :  extent :  moderation : 
means  to  an  end :  metre  :  musical  time. 
— v.t.  to  ascertain  the  dimensions  of :  to 
adjust :  to  mark  out :  to  allot. — v.i.  to 
have  a  certain  extent :  to  be  equal  or 
uniform.  [Fr.  mesure — L.  mensura,  a 
measure — metior,  to  measure,  aldn  to  Gr. 
metron,  a  measure,  Sans,  root  ind,  m&d, 
to  measure.] 

MEASURED,  mezh'iird,  adj.  of  a  certain 
measure :  equal :  uniform  :  steady :  re- 
stricted. 

MEASURELESS,  mezh'ur-les,  adj.  bound- 
less :  immense. 

MEASUREMENT,  mezh'ur-ment,  n.  the 
act  of  measuring :  quantity  found  by 
measuring. 

MEAT,  met,  n.   anything  eaten  as  food : 

,  the  flesh  of  animals  used  as  food.  [A.S. 
mete ;  Goth,  mats,  food,  Dut.  viet,  Dan. 
mad;  prob.  from  a  root  seen  in  L.  mando, 
to  chew,  as  in  MANDIBLE.] 

MEAT-OFFERING,  met'-of'er-ing,  n.  a 
Jewish  offering  of  meat  or  food  in  their 
religious  services. 

MECHANIC,  me-kan'ik,  MECHANICAL, 
me-kan'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  Tnachities 
or  mechanics :  constructed  according  to 
the  laws  of  m^'chanics  :  acting  by  physi- 
cal power :  done  by  a  machine  :  pertain- 
ing to  artisans  :  done  simply  by  force  of 
habit :  vulgar.  —  n.  Mechan'ic,  one  en- 
gaged in  a  mechanical  trade:  an  artisan. 
— adv.  Mechan'ically.  [O.  Fr. — L.  me- 
chaniais;  Gr.  mechanikos  —  mechane  — 
mcchos.  a  contrivance.] 

MECHANICIAN,  mek-an-ish'an,  MECH- 
ANIST, mek'an-ist,  n.  a  machine-maker : 
one  skilled  in  mechanics. 

MECHANICS,  me-kan'iks,  n.  the  science 
which  treats  of  machines :  the  science 
which  determines  the  effect  produced  by 
forces  on  a  body. 

MECHANISM,  mek'an-izm,  n.  the  construc- 
tion of  a  machine :  the  arrangement  and 
action  of  its  parts,  by  which  it  produces 
a  given  result. 

MEDAL,  med'al,  n.  a  piece  of  metal  in  the 
form  of  a  coin  bearing  some  device  or  in- 
scription :  a  reward  of  merit.  [Fr.  m.t'- 
daille — It.  medaglia ;  through  a  Low  L. 
form  medalla  or  medalia,  a  small  coin, 
from  L.  metallum,  a  metal.     See  Metal.] 

MEDALLIC,  me-dal'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
medals. 

MEDALLION,  me-dal'yun,  n.  a  large  an- 
tique medal :  a  bass-relief  of  a  round 
form  :  an  ornament  of  a  circular  form, 
in  wliich  a  portrait  or  hair  is  inclosed. 
[See  Medal.] 

MEDALLIST,  MEDALIST,  med'al-ist,  n. 
one  skilled  in  medals :  an  engraver  of 
medals  :  one  who  has  gained  a  medal. 

MEDDLE,  med'l,  v.i.  to  interfere  officiously 
(fvith  or  in) :  to  have  to  do  (unth).    [O. 


Fr.  medler,  a  corr.  of  mesler  (Fr.  mSler) — 
Low  L.  misculare — L.  misceo,  to  mix.] 

MEDDLER,  med'ler,  n.  one  who  meddles 
or  interferes  with  matters  in  which  he 
has  no  concern. 

MEDDLESOME,  med'1-sum,  adj.  given  to 
meddling. — n.  Medd'lesomeness. 

MEDDLING,  med'ling,  adj.  interfering  in 
the  concerns  of  others:  officious. — n. 
officious  interposition. 

MEDIEVAL.    Same  as  ^Medieval. 

MEDIAL,  me'di-al,  adj.  noting  a  mean  or 
average.  [Low  L.  medialis — L.  m,edius, 
middle,  cog.  with  root  of  Mid.] 

MEDIATE,  me'di-at,  adj.,  middle:  between 
two  extremes  :  acting  by  or  as  a  means. 
— v.i.  to  interpose  between  parties  as  a 
friend  of  each:  to  intercede.  —  v.t.  to 
effect  by  mediation. — adv.  Me'diately. — 
n.  Me'diateness.  [Low  L.  mediatus — 
L.  mediiis.    Cf.  Medial.] 

MEDIATION,  me-di-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
mediating  or  interposing :  entreaty  for 
another. 

MEDIATIZE,  me'di-a-tiz,  v.t.  to  annex  as 
a  smaller  state  to  a  larger  neighboring 
one. 

MEDIATOR,  me'di-at-ur,  n.  one  who  medi- 
ates or  interposes  between  parties  at 
variance. 

MEDIATORIAL,  me-di-a-to'ri-al,  adj.  be- 
longing to  a  mediator  or  intercessor. — 
adv.  ]\Iediato'eiallt. 

MEDIC,  med'ik,  n.  a  genus  of  leguminous 
plants,  with  leaves  like  those  of  clover. 
[L.  medica — Gr.  medike{poa),  lit.  "  medi- 
an "  (grass),  orig.  brought  from  Media, 
in  Asia.] 

MEDICABLE,  med'i-ka-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  healed. 

MEDICAL,  med'i-kal,  adj.  relating  to  the 
art  of  healing  diseases :  containing  that 
which  heals  :  intended  to  promote  the 
study  of  medicine. — adv.  BIed'ically. 
[Low  L.  medicalis — L.  medieus,  pertain- 
ing to  healing,  a  physician — medeor  to 
heal.] 

MEDICAMENT,  med'i-ka-ment,  n.  a  medi- 
cine or  healing  application. 

MEDICATE,  med'i-kat,  v.t.  to  treat  with 
medicine  :  to  impregnate  with  anything 
medicinal.  [L.  medico,  to  heal — medieus. 
See  Medical.] 

MEDICATED,  med'i-kat-ed,  adj.  tinctured 
or  impregnated  with  medicine. 

MEDICATION,  med-i-ka'shun,  n.  the  act 
or  process  of  medicating  or  of  tincturing 
with  medicinal  substances :  the  use  of 
medicine. 

MEDICATIVE,  med'i-ka-tiv,  adj.,  healing : 
tending  to  heal. 

MEDICINAL,  me-dis'in-al,  adj.  relating  to 
medicine :  fitted  to  cure  or  lessen  disease 
or  pain. — adv.  Medic'inally. 

MEDICINE,  med'i-sin  or  med'sin,  n.  any- 
thing applied  for  the  cure  or  lessening 
of  disease  or  pain.  [Fr. — L.  7nedicina — 
viediciis.    See  Medical.] 

MEDIEVAL,  MEDIEVAL,  me-di-e'val, 
adj.  relating  to  the  middle  ages.  [L. 
medius,  middle,  and  cevxim,  an  age.  See 
Medial  and  Age.] 

MEDIEVALIST,  MEDIEVALIST,  me-di- 
e'val-ist,  n.  one  versed  in  the  history  of 
the  middle  ages. 

AIEDIOCRE,  me'di-o-ker,  adj.,  middling. 
moderate.  [Fr. — L.  mediocris — medius, 
middle.] 

MEDIOCRii'Y,  me-di-oVri-ti,  n.  a  middle 
state  or  condition :  a  moderate  degree. 

MEDITATE,  med'i-tat,  v.i.  to  consider 
thoughtfully  :  to  purpose. — v.t.  to  think 
on :  to  revolve  in  the  mind :  to  intend. 
[L.  meditor,  a  freq.  form  from  root  med, 
seen  in  L.  mederi  and  Gr.  manthano,  to 
learn.] 


MEDITATED,  med'i-tat-ed,  adj  thought 
of  :  planned. 

MEDITATION,  med-i-ta'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
meditating :  deep  thought :  serious  con- 
templation. 

MEDITATIVE,  med'i-tat-iv,  a(^:  given  to 
meditation:  expressing  design. — adv. 
BIed'itatively. — n.  Med'itativeness. 

MEDITERRANEAN,  med  -  i  -  ter  -  ra'ne-an, 
MEDITERRANEOUS,med-i-ter-ra'ne-us, 
adj.  situated  in  the  middle  ot  the  earth  or 
land  :  inland. — Mediterranean  Sea,  so 
called  from  being,  as  it  were,  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  land  of  the  Old  World.  [L., 
from  meditis,  middle,  and  tei-ra,  eai-th, 
land.] 

MEDIUM,  me'di-um,  n.  the  middle:  the 
middle  place  or  degree :  anything  inter- 
vening :  means  or  instrument :  the  sub- 
stance in  which  bodies  exist,  or  through 
which  the}'  move  :  in  spiritualism,  the 
person  through  whom  spirits  are  alleged 
to  make  their  communications  : — pi.  Me'- 
DiuMS  or  IMe'dia.  [L.  See  Medial  and 
Mid.] 

MEDLAR,  med'lar,  n.  a  small  tree,  common 

•  in  Gt.  Britain  and  Europe,  with  fruit  like 
a  pear.  [O.  Fr.  meslier,  a  medlar-tree — 
L.  mespilum — Gr.  mespi/on.] 

MEDLEY,  med'li,  ?;.  a  mingled  and  con- 
fused mass:  a  miscellany.  [Orig.  pa.p. 
of  O.  Fr.  medler,  to  mix,  thus  the  same 
word  with  mod.  Fr.  melee.  See  Meddle.] 

MEDULLAR,  me-dul'ar,  MEDULLARY, 
me-dul'ar-i,  adj.  consisting  of  or  resem- 
bling marroiv  or  pith.  [L.  medullaris— 
medidla,  marrow — medius,  middle.] 

MEDUSA,  me-du'sa,  n.  (myth.)  one  of  the 
Gorgons,  whose  head,  cut  off  by  Perseus 
and  placed  in  the  aagis  of  Minerva,  had 
the  power  of  turning  beholders  intc 
stone  :  the  name  given  to  the  common 
kinds  of  jelly-fishes,  prob.  from  the  like= 
ness  of  their  tentacles  to  the  snakes  on 
Medusa's  head  -.—pi.  Medu's^.  [Gr.  me- 
dousa,  fem.  of  niedon,  a  ruler — medio,  to 
rule.] 

MEED,  med,  n..  wages:  reward:  that  which 
is  bestowed  for  merit.  [A.S.  med  ;  cog, 
with  Gk)th.  mizdo,  reward,  Ger.  miethe, 
hire;  allied  to  Gr.  misthos,  hire,  wages.] 

MEEK,  mek,  adj.,  mild:  gentle:  submis- 
sive. —  adv.  Meek'ly.  —  n.  Meek'ness. 
[Ice.  mjukr,  Dut.  muik,  Dan.  myg.] 

MEERSCHAUM,  mer'shawm,  n.  a  fine 
white  clay  used  for  making  tobacco- 
pipes,  so  called  because  once  supposed 
to  be  the  petrified  scum  or  foam  of  the 
sea.  [Ger.  meer,  the  sea  (E.  Mere),  and 
schaum,  foam  (E.  Scum).] 

MEET,  met,  adj.  fitting:  qualified:  adapted, 
— adv.  Meet'ly. — n.  Meet'ness.  [A.S.  ge- 
met,  fit — metan,  to  measure.    See  Mete.] 

MEET,  met,  v.t.  to  come  face  to  face  :  to 
encounter  :  to  find  :  to  receive,  as  a  wel- 
come. —  v.i.  to  come  together  :  to  as- 
semble :  to  have  an  encounter: — pa.t, 
and  2}a.p.  met.  —  n.  a  meeting,  as  of 
huntsmen.  [A.S.  metan,  to  meet — mot, 
ge-mot,  a  meeting.    Cf.  Moot.] 

MEETING,  met'ing,  n.  an  interview  :  an 
assembly. 

MEETING-HOUSE,  met'ing-hows,  n.  a 
house  or  building  where  people  meet  for 
public  worship. 

MEGALOSAURUS,  meg-a-lo-saw'rus,  n, 
the  great  saurian  or  lizard,  a  gigantic 
fossil  found  in  England.  [Gr.  megas,  me- 
gale,  great,  sauros,  a  lizard.] 

MEGATHERIUM,  meg-a-the'ri-um,  n.  a 
gigantic  fossil  quadruped  found  in  the 
pampas  of  S.  America.  [Gr.  megas,  great, 
thcrion,  wild  beast.] 

MEGRIM,  me'grim,  n.  a  pain  affecting  one 
half  of  the  head  or  face.  [Fr.  migraine, 
corr.  of  Gr.  hemicrania — hemi,  half,  and 
kranion,  the  skull.     See  Cranium.] 


MEIOCENE 


281 


MERCHANT 


MEIOCENE.     Same  as  ItfiocENE. 

MEIOSIS,  rul-6'sis,  n.  {rhet.)  a  species  of 
hypei-bole  representing  a  thing  as  less 
than  it  is.  [Gr.  meiosis — meio-o,  to  lessen.] 

MELANCHOLIC,  mel'an-Ivol-ik  or  -Ivorils:, 
adj.  affected  witli  melancholy  :  dejected : 
mournful. 

MELANCHOLY,  mel'an-kol-i,  n.  a  disease 
causing  gloomy  groundless  fears,  and 
general   depression   of  spirits,   so   called 

.  because  it  was  supposed  to  be  occasioned 
by  an  excess  of  black  bile :  dejection. — 
adj.  gloomy :  producing  grief.  [Fr. — L. 
melancholia  —  Gr.  melangcholia — melan, 
black,  and  cholS,  bile,  E.  Gall.] 

MELIORATE,  me'U-or-at,  v.t.  to  make  beU 
ter :  to  improve.  [L.  melioro,  -atus,  to 
make  better — melior,  better.] 

MELIORATION,  me-li-or-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  making  better :  improvement. 

MELLAY,  mel'a,  n.  confusion.  [Fr.  melie. 
See  Medley.] 

MELLIFEROUS,  mel-if'er-us,  adj.,  honey- 
producing.  [L.  mel,  honey,  and  fero,  to 
produce.] 

aiELLIFLUENT,  mel-if'loo-ent,  MELLIF- 
LUOUS, mel-if'loo-us,  adj.,  Jiowing  with 
honey  or  sweetness  :  smooth. — advs.  Mel- 
lif'luently,  Mellif'luously. — n.  Mel- 
LIf'luence.  [L.  mel,  and  Jiuens—Jluo,  to 
flow.] 

MELLOW,  mel'o,  adj.,  soft  and  ripe :  well 
matured  :  soft  to  the  touch. — v.t.  to  soft- 
en by  ripeness  or  age  :  to  mature. — v.i. 
to  become  soft :  to  be  matured.  [A.S. 
mearu,  soft,  cog.  with  Dut.  munv  and 
mollig,  L.  mollis,  Gr.  malakos.  See  Mab- 
kow.] 

MELLOAVNESS,  mel'o-nes,  n.,  softness: 
maturity. 

MELLOW Y,  mel'6-i,  adj.,  soft :  oily. 

MELODIOUS,  me-lo'di-us,  adj.  full  of  mel- 
ody: harmonious. — adv.  Melo'DIOUSLY. 
— n.  Melo'diousness. 

MELODRAMA,  mel-o-dram'a,  MELO- 
DRAME,  mel'o-dram,  n.  a  kind  of  sensa- 
tional drama,  formerly  largely  inter- 
mixed with  songs.  [Gr.  melos,  a  song, 
and  drama,  a  drama.] 

MELODRAMATIC,  mel-o-dra-mat'ik,  adj. 
of  the  nature  of  melodrama :  over- 
strained :  sensational. 

MELODRAMATIST,  mel-o-dram'a^tist,  n. 
one  skilled  in  melodramas,  or  who  pre- 
pares them. 

MELODY,  mel'o-di,  n.  an  air  or  tune ; 
music:  an  agreeable  succession  of  a  single 
series  of  musical  sounds,  as  distinguished 
from  "harmony"  or  the  concord  of  a 
succession  of  simultaneous  sounds. — n. 
Mel'odist.  [Fr. — L. — Gr.  melodia — melos, 
a  song,  and  ode,  a  lay.] 

MELON,  mel'un,  n.  a  kind  of  cucumber  and 
its  fruit,  which  resembles  an  apple.  [Fr. 
— L.  vielo — Gr.  melon,  an  apple.] 

MELT,  melt,  v.t.  to  make  liquid,  to  dis- 
solve :  to  soften  :  to  waste  away. — v.i. 
to  become  liquid:  to  dissolve:  to  become 
tender  or  mild  :  to  lose  substance  :  to  be 
discouraged.  [A.S.  meltan,  prob.  conn, 
with  Marrow,  Mellow.] 
MELTING,  melt'ing,  n.  the  act  of  making 
liquid  or  of  dissolving  :  the  act  of  soften- 
ing or  rendering  tender. — adv.  Melt'- 
ingly. 
MEMBER,  mem'ber,  n.  a  limb  of  an  animal: 
a  clause  :  one  of  a  community :  a  repre- 
sentative in  a  legislative  body:  (B.,  mpl.) 
the  appetites  and  passions. — adj.  Mem'- 
BERED,  having  Umbs.  [Fr.  menibre—Jj. 
membrum.'] 
MEMBERSHIP,  mem'ber-ship,  n.  the  state 
of  being  a  member  or  one  of  a  society :  a 
community. 
MEMBRANE,  mem'bran,  n.  the  thin  tissue 
wbich  covers  the  members  or  parts  of  the 


body  :  the  film  containing  the  seeds  of  a 
plant.     [Fr. — L.  membrana — membrum.} 
MEMBRANEOUS,   mem-bran'e-us,    MEM- 
BRANOUS, mem'bran-us,  MEMBRANA- 
CEOUS, mem-bran-a'shus,  adj.  relating 
to,  consisting  of,  or  like  a  membrane. 
MEMENTO,  me-men'to  n.  a  suggestion  or 
notice  to  awaken  memory  i—pl.  Memen'- 
TOS.     [L.  imper.  of  memini,  to  remember, 
from  root  of  Mention.] 
MEMOIR,    mem'wor    or    me-moir',    n.    a 
familiar  notice   of  anything  as  remem- 
bered by  the  writer  :  a  short  biographical 
sketch  :  a  record  of  researches  on  any 
subject :  the  transactions  of  a  society. 
[Fr.   memoire  —  L.  memoria,  memory — 
memor,  mindful,  akin  to  Sans,  root  smri, 
to  remember.] 
MEMORABLE,  mem'or-a-bl,  adj.  deserving 
to  be  remembered:   remarkable.  —  adv. 
Mem'orably. 
MEMORANDUM,  mem-or-an'dum,ra.  some- 
thing- to  be  remembered :  a  note  to  assist 
tlie  memory  :—pl.  Memoban'dtois,  Mem- 
oran'da. 
MEMORIAL,  me-mo'ri-al,  adj.  bringing  to 
memory :  contained  in  memory. — n.  that 
which  serves  to  keep  in  remembrance  :  a 
monument :  a  note  to  help  the  memory  : 
a    written    statement  with  a   petition, 
laid  before  a  legislative  or  other  body : 
(B.)  memoiy. 
MEMORIALIST,  me-mo'ri-al-ist,  n.  one  who 

writes,  signs,  or  presents  a  memorial. 
MEMORIALIZE,  me-mo'ri-al-iz,t'.^  to  pre- 
sent a  memorial  to :  to  petition  by  me- 
morial. 
MEMORY ,  mem'o-ri,  n.  a  having  or  keeping 
in  the  mind :  the  faculty  of  the  mind  by 
which  it  retains  the  knowledge  of  pre- 
vious thoughts    or    events :    retention  ; 
remembrance.     [See  MEMOIR.] 
MEN,  phiral  of  Man. 

MENACE,  men'as,  v.t.  to  threaten. — n.  a 

threat  or  threatening.     [Fi-. — L.  minor, 

to    threaten  —  mince,    the    overhanging 

points  of  a  wall.] 

MENACING,  men'as-ing,  adj., overhanging: 

threatening. — adv.  Men'acingly. 
MENAGERIE,  JIENAGERY,  men-azh'e-ri 
or  men-aj'er-i,  n.  a  place  for  managing 
and  keeping  wild  animals :  a  collection 
of  such  animals.     [Fr.,  from  root  of  Man- 
age.] 
MEND,  mend,  v.t.  to  remove  a,  fault:  to 
repair :  to  correct,  improve. — v.i.  to  grow 
better.— )i.  Mend'er.     [Short  for  Amend.] 
MENDACIOUS,  men-da'shus,  adj.,  lying: 
toXse.—adv.  Menda'ciously.  [L.  mendax, 
mendacis — mentior,  to  lie.] 
MENDACITY,  men-das'i-ti,  n.,  lying:  false- 
hood. 
MENDICANCY,  men'di-kan-si,  n.  the  state 
of  being  a  mendicant  or  beggar :  beggary. 
MENDICANT,   men'di-kant,   adj.  poor  to 
beggary:  practicing  beggary. — n.  one  who 
is  in  extreme  want,  a  beggar  :  one  of  the 
begging  fraternity  of  the  R.  Cath. Church. 
[L.  mendicans,^  -antis,  pr.p.  of  mendico, 
to  beg — mendicus,  a  beggar,  perh.  conn, 
with  L.  menda,  a  want.] 
MENDICITY,  men-dis'i-ti,  n.  the  state  of 
being  a  mendicant  or  beggar :  the  life  of 
a  beggar. 
MENDING,  mend'ing,  n,  the  act  of  repair- 
ing. 
MENIAL,  me'ni-al,  adj.  servile  :  low. — n. 
a  domestic  servant :  one  performing  ser- 
vile work  :  a  person  of  servile  disposition. 
[Orig.  an  adj.  from  M.E.  meine,  a  house- 
hold'; through  O.  Fr.  from  Lovy  L.  mail- 
sion-ata,   maisnada — L.    mansio,    -onis. 
See  Mansion.] 
MENINGITIS,  men-in-ji'tis,  n.  inflamma- 
tion of  the  membranes  of  the  brain.  [Gr. 
meninx,  meninggos,  a  membrane.] 


MENIVER,    men'i-ver,    MINEVER,   MIN. 
TVER,  min'i-ver,  71.  the  ermine :  its  fur. 
[O.  Fr.  menu  vei — inenu,  small — L.  viin'- 
utus,  and  vair,  fur — L.  varius,  chadging, 
mottled.] 
MENSES,  men'sez,  n.pl.  the  mcmth.ly  Ais- 
charge  from  the  womb.     [L.  meiisis,  a 
month.] 
MENSTRUAL,  men'stroo-al,  adj.,  monthlyi 
belonging  to  a  menstruum.    [L.    me» 
striialis  1 
MENSTRUANT,  men'stroo-ant,  adj.   sub- 
ject to  menses.     [L.  mensti~uans,  -antis, 
pr.p.  of  menstruoT] 
MENSTRUATE,  men'stroo-at,  v.i.  to  dis- 
charge the  vienses. — n.  Mei^'steuation. 
[L.  menstriio,  -atum.'] 
MENSTRUOUS,  men'stroo-us,  adj.  having 
or  belonging  to  menses.     [L.  menstnms^ 
MENSTRUUM,  men'stroo-um,  n.  a  solvent 
or  dissolving  substance  : — pi.  Men'steua, 
the  menses.     [L.,  from  a  fancy  of  the  old 
chemists  that  dissolvents  could  be  pre- 
pared only  at  certain  stages  of  the  moon.] 
MENSURABLE,    mens'u-ra-bl,    adj.    that 
can  he  measured:  measurable. — n.  IVIens- 
URAbil'ity,  quality  of  being  mensurable. 
[L.  mensurabilis — mensuro,  to  measui-e. 
See  Measure.] 
MENSURAL,   mens'u-ral,  adj.   pertaining 

to  measure. 
SIENSURATION,  mens-il-ra'shun,  n.    the 
act,  process,  or  art  of  measuring :  art  of 
finding  the  length,   area,  or  volume  of 
bodies :  the  result  of  measuring. 
MENTAL,  men'tal,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
mind :    intellectual.  —  adv.   Men'tatj.y. 
[From  L.  mens,  mentis,  the  mind — Sans, 
root  man,  to  think.] 
MENTION,  men'shun,  71.  a  brief  notice  ot 
remark  :  a  hint. — v.t.  to  notice  briefly : 
to  remark:    to  name. — adj.   Men'tion 
ABLE.     [L.  mentio,  mentionis,  from  root 
men,  Sans.  ma?i,  to  think.] 
MENTOR,  men'tor,  n.  a  wise  and  faithful 
counsellor  or  monitor. — adj.  Mentor'iau 
[From  Gr.  Mentor,  the  friend  of  Ulysses 
— root  of  Mental.] 
MENU,  men'oo,  n.  list  of  things  compos- 
ing a  repast.    [Lit.  "detailed,"  "minute," 
Fr. — L.  minutus,  small.     See  MiNTJTE.] 
MEPHISTOPHELEAN,    mef-is-tof-e'le-an, 
adj.  cynical,  sceptical,  malicious.    [From 
Mephistopheles,  a  character  in  Goethe's 
Faust.} 
MEPHITIC,   me-flt'ik,   adj.  pertaining  to 
mephitis:  offensive  to  the  smell:   nox- 
ious :  pestilential. 
MEPHITIS,  me-fi'tis,  MEPHITISM,  mefi- 
tizm,  n.   a   foul,  pestilential  exhalation 
from  the  ground.     [L.  mephitis.} 
MERCANTILE,  mer'kan-tO,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  merchants  :  commercial.     [Fr.  and 
Jt.  —  Low  L.    mercantilis — L.    mercans, 
-antis,  pr.p.  of  mercor,  to  trade — merx, 
mercis.  merchandise — mereo,  to  gain.] 
MERCENARY,  mer'se-nar-i,  adj.  hired  for 
money  :  actuated  by  the  liope  of  reward: 
greedy  of  gain  :  sold  or  done  for  money. 
^n.  one  who  is  hired  :  a  soldier  hired 
into    foreign  service.     [Fr. — L.   mercen- 
arius — mcrces,  hire.] 
MERCER,  mer'ser,  n.  a  merchant  in  silks 
and  woollen  cloths.     [Fr.  mercier,  from 
root  of  Merchant.] 
MERCERY,  mer'ser-i,   n.  the   trade  of   a 

mercer :  the  goods  of  a  mercer. 
MERCHANDISE, mer'chand-Tz,  ?(.the  goods 
of  a  merchant :  anything  traded  in.  [Fr. 
marchaiidise — marchand,  a  merchant.] 
MERCHANT,  mer'chant,  n.  one  who  carries 
on  trade,  esp.  on  a  large  scale  :  one  who 
buys  and  sells  goods  :  a  trader.  —  adj. 
pertaining  to  trade  or  merchandise.  [Fr. 
marchand— L.  mercans,  -antis,  pr.p.  o.^ 
mercor,  to  trade.] 


MERCHANTMAN 


282 


METALLOID 


MERCHANTMAN,  mer'chant-man,  n.  a 
tradin,^-ship :  (B.)  a  merchant: — pi.  Mer'- 

CHANTilEN.      [MEECHAMT  and  MaN.] 

MERCIFUL,  mer'si-fool,  adj.  full  of  or  ex- 
ercising mercy :  willing  to  pity  and  spare: 
compassionate:  tender:  humane. — adv. 
Mer'cifully. — n.  Mee'cifxilness. 

MERCILESS,  mer'si-les,  adj.  without  mercy: 
unfeeling  :  hard-hearted :  unsparing  : 
cruel.— adf.  JIek'cllessly. — n.  Mek'ci- 
LESSNESS,  want  of  mercy. 

MERCURIAL,  mer-ku'ri-al,  adj.  having 
the  qualities  said  to  belong  to  the  god 
Mercury :  active :  sprightly  :  containing 
or  consisting  of  mercury.  [L.  Tnercun- 
alii.    See  Mercury.] 

MERCURIALIZE,  raer-ku'ri-al-Iz,  v.t.  to 
make  mercurial :  (iiied.)  to  affect  with 
mercury :  to  expose  to  the  vapor  of 
mercury. 

MERCURY,  mer'ku-ri,  n.  the  god  of  mer- 
chandise and  eloquence,  and  the  messen- 
ger of  the  gods  :  the  planet  nearest  the 
sun  :  a  white,  liquid  metal,  also  called 
quicksilver  :  a  messenger:  a  newspaper. 
[Fr. — L.  Mereurius — merx,  mercis,  mer- 
chandise.   See  Merchant.] 

MERCY,  mer'si,  n.  a  forgiving  disposition : 
clemency  :  leniency  :  tenderness  :  an  act 
of  mercy.  [Fr.  merci,  grace,  favor — L. 
merces,  mereedis,  pay,  reward,  in  Low  L. 
also  pity,  favor.] 

MERCY-SEAT,  mer'si-set,  n.  {lit.)  the  seat 
or  place  of  mercy :  the  covering  of  the 
Jewish  Ark  of  the  Covenant :  the  throne 
of  God. 

MERE,  mer,  n.  a  pool  or  lake.  [A.S.  mere; 
Ger.  and  Dut.  meer ;  akin  to  L.  mare, 
the  sea,  Fr.  mer  and  mare,  pool  ;  prob. 
conn,  with  Sans,  maru,  desert,  7nri,  to 
die,  and  with  the  root  of  MORTAL.  See 
MarSh  and  Marine.] 

MERE,  mer,  adj.  unmixed :  pure :  only 
this  and  nothing  else  :  alone  :  absolute. — 
mIv.  Mere'ly,  purely,  simply :  only :  thus 
and  no  other  way :  solely.  [L.  merus, 
unmixed  (of  wine).] 

MERE,  mer,  n.  a  boundary.  [A.S.  mcere, 
ge-mcere.] 

MERESTEAD,  mer'sted,  w.  the  land  with- 
in the  boundaries  of  a  farm.  [From 
Mere,  a  boundarj',  and  Stead.] 

MERETRICIOUS,  mer-e-trish'us,  adj.  allur- 
ing by  false  show  :  gaudy  and  deceitful : 
false. — adv.  Meretri'ciocsly. — n.  JMer- 
etri'ciousness.  IL.  mereiricius — mere- 
trix,  meretrieis,  a  harlot — mereo,  to  earn. 
See  Mercantile.] 

MERGANSER,  mer-gan'ser,  n.  a  diving 
bird  or  sea-duok.  [L.  mergus,  a  diver, 
and  anser,  a  goose.] 

MERGE,  merj,  v.t.  to  dip  or  plunge  in  :  to 
sink :  to  cause  to  be  swallowed  up. — v.i, 
to  be  swallowed  up,  or  lost. — n.  Merg'ee 
(law)  a  merging.  [L.  merge,  mersum, 
akin  to  Sans,  majj,  to  dive,  to  sink.] 

MERIDIAN,  me-rid'i-an,  adj.  pei-taimng  to 
mid-day:  being  on  the  meridian  or  at 
mid-day  :  raised  to  the  hig'hest  point. — 
n.,  mid-day :  the  highest  point,  as  of 
success :  an  imaginary  circle  on  the 
earth's  surface  passing  through  the  poles 
and  any  given  place:  {astr.)  an  imaginary 
circle,  passing  through  the  poles  of  the 
heavens,  and  the  zenith  of  the  spectator, 
which  the  sun  crosses  at  mid-day.  [Fr. 
-  L.  meridianus,  pertainiag  to  mid-day, 
from  meridies  (corr.  for  medidies),  mid- 
day —medius,  middle,  and  dies,  day.] 

MERIDIONAL,  me-rid';  un-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  meridian:  southern:  having  a 
southern  aspect.  —  adv.  Merid'ionallt, 
in  the  direction  of  the  meridian. — n.  Me- 
EIDIONal'ity.     [Fr.— L.  meridionalis.] 

MERINO,  rae-re'no,  n.  a  variety  of  sheep 
having  very  fine  wool,  orig.  from  Spain  : 
a  fabric  of  merino  wool. — adj.  belonging 


to  the  merino  sheep  or  their  wool.  [Sp., 
and  meaning  "  moving  from  pasture  to 
pasture "  —  merino,  inspector  of  sheep- 
walks — Low  L.  majorinus,  from  root  of 
Major.] 

MERIT,  mer'it,  n.  excellence  that  deserves 
honor  or  reward :  worth  :  value :  that 
which  is  earned. — v.t.  to  earn  :  to  have  a 
right  to  claim  as  reward  :  to  deserve. 
[Fr. — L.  meritum — mereo,  meritum,  to 
obtain  as  a  lot  or  portion,  to  deserve  ;  cf. 
Gr.  meiromai,  to  divide.  See  Mercan- 
tileJ 

MERITORIOUS,  nier-i-to'ri-us,  adj.  possess- 
ing merit  or  desert:  deserving  of  reward, 
honor,  or  praise.— <idv.  Merito'EIOUSLY. 
— ^.  Merito'riocsness. 

MERK,  merk,  7i.  an  old  Scotch  silver  coin 
worth  13s.  4d.  Scots,  or  ISJd.  sterUng. 
[Same  word  as  English  mnrfc.] 

MERLE,  meri,  n.  the  blackbird.  [Fr.— L. 
merula.^ 

MERLIN,  merlin,  n.  a  species  of  smaU 
hawk :  a  wizard.  [Fr.  evierillon,  prob. 
same  as  Merij:.] 

MERLON,  mer'lon,  n.  (fort.)  the  part  of 
a  parapet  which  lies  between  two  embra- 
sures.   {Fr.;  ety.  dub.] 

MERMAID,  mer'mad,  n.,  maid  of  ths  sea,  a 
fabled  marine  animal,  having  the  upper 
part  like  a  woman  and  the  lower  Uke  a 
fish: — masc.  Mee'man.  [A.S.  mere,  a  lake 
(influenced  by  Fr.  mer,  the  sea),  and 
vuegd,  a  maid.] 

MERRIMENT,  mer'i-ment,  MERRINESS, 
mer'i-nes,  n.  gaiety  with  laughter  and 
noise  :  mirth  :  hilarity. 

MERRY,  mer'i,  adj.,  sportive:  cheerful: 
noisily  gay :  causing  laughter  .-  Uvely.— 
adv.  SIerr'ily.  [A.S.  merg,  from  the 
Celtic,  as  in  Gael,  and  Ir.  mear,  tvoiamir, 
to  sport.    See  Mirth.] 

MERRY^-ANDREW,  mer'i-an'dr05,  n.  a 
buffoon  :  one  who  attends  a  mountebank 
or  quack  doctor.  [Merry,  and  perhaps 
Andrew  Borde,  a  physician  in  the  time 
of  Henrv  VUL,  noted  for  his  facetious 
savings.] 

MERRY -MAKING,  mer'i-mak'lng,  n.  a 
merry  entertainment,  a  festival. 

MERRY-THOUGHT,  mer'i-thawt,  n.  the 
forked  bone  of  a  fowl's  breast,  which  two 
persons  pull  at  in  play,  the  one  who 
breaks  off  the  longer  i)art  being  thought 
likely  to  be  first  married.  [Merry  and 
Thought.] 

MERSION,  mer'shun,  n,  same  as  Immer- 
sion. 

MESEEMS,  me-semz*,  v.im.pers.  it  seems  to 
me  (used  only  in  poetry).  [Me,  the  da- 
tive of  I,  and  Seems  used  impersonally.] 

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM,  me-zem-bri- 
an'the-mum,  n.  a  genus  of  succulent 
plants,  mostly  belonging  to  South  Africa. 
[Gr.  meseinbria,  mid-day — mesos,  middle, 
hemera,  day,  and  anthema — antheo,  to 
blossom,  so  called  because  their  flowers 
usually  expand  at  mid-day.] 

MESENTERY,  mes'en-ter-i  or  mez'-,  n.  a 
membrane  in  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen, 
attached  to  the  vertebrae,  and  serving  to 
support  the  intestines. — adj.  Mesenter'- 
ic.  [L. — Gr.  mesenteron — mesos,  middle, 
enteron,  intestines — entos,  within.] 

MESH,  mesh,  n.  the  opening  between  the 
threads  of  a  net :  network. — v.t.  to  catch 
in  a  net. — adj.  Mesh'Y,  formed  like  net- 
work. [M.E.  maske — A.S.  max,  a  net ; 
Ggf  iixctscTiQ  1 

MESMERIC,  inez-mer'ik,  MESMERICAL, 
mez-mer'ik-al,  adj.  of  or  relating  to  mes- 
merism. 

MESMERISM,  mez'mer-izm,  n.  art  of  mes- 
merizing. 

MESMERIZE,  mez'mer-Iz,  v.t.  to  induce  an 
extraordinary  state  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem, in  which  the  operator  is  supposed 


to  control  the  actions  of  the  subject.— 
n.  MEb  MERIZER  or  Mes'merist,  one  who 
mesmerizes.  [From  Mesmer,  a  German 
physician  (1733-1815),  who  brought  mes' 
merism  into  notice.] 

MESNE,  men,  adj.,  intermediate:  applied 
to  a  writ  issued  between  the  beginning 
and  end  of  a  suit.  [Norm.  Fr.  mesne, 
middle.] 

MESS,  mes,  n.  a  viixture  disagreeable  tc 
the  sight  or  taste :  a  medley  :  disorder : 
confusion.    [A  form  of  Mash.] 

MESS,  mes,  n.  a  dish  or  quantity  of  food 
served  vp  at  one  time  :  a  number  of  per- 
sons who  eat  together,  esp.  in  the  army 
and  navy. — v.t.  to  supply  with  a  mess.— 
v.i.  to  eat  of  a  mess  :  to  eat  at  a  common 
table.  [O.  Fr.  ines  (Fr.  mets),  a  dish,  a 
course  at  table — L.  mitto,  missum,  to 
send,  in  Low  L.  to  place.] 

MESSAGE,  mes'aj,  n.  any  communication 
sent  from  one  to  another :  an  errand  :  an 
official  communication.  [Fr. — Low  L. 
missaticum,  from  viitto,  missus,  to  send.] 

MESSENGER,  mes'en-jer,  n.  the  bearer  of 
a  message:  a  forerunner. 

MESSIAH,  mes-si'a,  MESSIAS,  mes-sl'as, 
n.  the  anointed  one,  the  Christ. — n.  Mes- 
si'ahship.  [Heb.  mashiach — mashach,  to 
anoint.] 

MESSIANIC,  mes-si-an'ik,  a^'.  relating  to 
the  Messiah. 

MESSJIATE,  mes'mat,  n.  one  who  eats  at 
the  same  table.     [MESS  and  Mate.] 

MESSUAGE,  mes'waj,  Ji.  (law)  a  du-elling 
and  offices  with  the  adjoining  lands  ap- 
propriated to  the  use  of  the  household, 
[O.  Fr. — Low  L.  messuagium — L.  mansa, 
pa.p.  of  maneo,  to  remain.  See  Man- 
sion.] 

MESTEE,  mes-te',  n.  the  offspring  of  s 
white  person  and  a  quadroon.  [West 
Indian.] 

MESTIZO,  mes-tez'o,  n.  the  offspring  of  E 
Spaniard  or  Creole  and  a  native  Ameri= 
can  Indian.  [Sp. — L.  mixtus — misceo,  tc 
mix.] 

MET,  2^a.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Meet. 

METACARPAL,  met-a^kar'pal,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  part  of  the  hand  between 
the  lerist  and  the  Angers.  [Gr.  nieta, 
after,  and  karpos,  wrist.] 

METACHRONISM,  me-tak^-on-izm,  n.  the 
placing  of  an  event  after  its  real  tiine. 
[Fr. —  Gr.  metachronos  —  meta,  beyond, 
and  chronos,  time.] 

METAGE,  met'aj,  ft.,  measurement  of  coal: 
price  of  measurement.     [See  Mete.] 

METAL,  met'al,  n.  a  solid,  shining  opaque 
body,  such  as  gold,  etc.:  broken  stone 
used  for  macadamized  roads.  [Fr. — L. 
metallum — Gr.  metallon,  amine,  a  metal, 
prob.  from  metallao,  to  search  after.  Cf. 
Mettle.] 

METALLIC,  me-tal'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
Uke  a  metal:  consisting  of  metal.  [L. 
metallicus.] 

METALLIFEROUS,  met-al-ifer-us,  adj., 
producing  or  yielding  metals.  [L.  metal- 
lifer — metallum,  metal,  and/ero,  to  bear, 
to  produce.] 

METALLIFORM,  me-tal'i-form,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  form  of  metals  :  like  metal. 

METALLINE,  met'al-in,  adj.  pertaining  te 
a  metal:  consisting  of  or  impregnatec 
with  metal. 

METALLIST,  met'al-ist,  n.  a  worker  ia 
metals :  one  skilled  in  metals. 

METALLIZE,  met'al-tz,  v.t.  to  form  into 
metal :  to  give  to  a  substance  its  metaUio 
properties. — n.  Metalliza'tion. 

METALLOID,  met'al-oid,  n.  that  which 
has  a  form  or  appearance  like  a  metal : 
usually,  any  of  the  non-metallic  inflam- 
mable bodies,  as  sulphur,  phosphorus, 
etc.  [Gr.  metallon,  a  metal,  and  eidos, 
form.] 


METALLOID 


283 


MICROSCOPIC 


METALLOID,  met'al-oid,  METALLOmAL, 
met-al-oid'al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  met- 
alloids. 

\rETALLURGIST,  met'aJ-ur-iist,  n.  one 
who  works  metals :  one  skilled  in  metal- 

/     lurgT. 

HjETALLUEGY,  met'al-ur-ji,  n.  the  art  of 
working  metals :   the  art  of  separating 

■    metals  from  tlieir  ores. — adj.  Metallue - 

>     GIO,    pertaining    to    metallurgy.      [Gr. 

/    metal/on,  a  metal,  ergon,  work.] 

JtETAMORPHIC,  met-a-mor'fik,  adj.  sub- 
ject to  change  olform :  (geol.)  applied  to 
rocks,  which,  tliough  of  aqueous  origin, 
have  been  greatly  altered  by  heat. — n. 
Metamor'phism,  state  or  quality  of  being 
metaniorphic. 

METAMORPHOSE,  met-a^mor'fSz,  v.t.  to 
change  into  another /onre;  to  transform. 
[Gr.  metamorphoo  —  meta,  expressing 
change,  morphe.  form.] 

METAMORPHOSIS,  met-armor'fo-siB,  n., 
change  of  form  or  shape :  transforma^ 
tlon  :  the  change  living  beings  undergo 
in  the  course  of  their  growth  •.—pi.  Met- 
amor'phoses. 

METAPHOR,  met'a-fur,  n.  (rhet.)  a  trans- 
ference (of  meaning) :  the  putting  of  one 
thing  for  another  which  it  only  resem- 
bles. Es  when  hiioivlalge  is  calleJ  a  tamp, 
or  words  are  said  to  be  bitter.  [Fr. — Gfr. 
metaphora  —  metaphero  —  meta,  over, 
jphero,  to  carry.] 

METAPHORIO,  met-a-for'ik;  METAPHOR- 
ICAL, met-a-for'i-kal,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  coataining  metaphor :  figurative. — 
adv.  Metaphoe'ically. 

METAPHRASE,  met'a-fraz,  n.  a  transla- 
tion from    one   language    into  another 
word  forward.    [Gr.  metaphrases — meta, 
denoting  change,  and  phrasis,  a  speaking 
.     —phrazo,  to  speak.] 

METAPHRAST,  mefarfrast,  n.  one  who 
♦     translates  word  for  word.— adj.  Meta- 
phras'tic. 

METAPHYSICAL,  met-a-fl/ik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  metaphysics:  abstract.— octv. 
Metaphts'icaixy. 

METAPHYSICIAN,  met-a-fl-zish'an,  n.  one 
versed  in  metaphysics. 

METAPHYSICS,  met-a-flz'iks,  n.sing.  the 
science  which  investigates  tfie  first  nria- 
ciples  of  nature  and  thought :  ontology 
or  the  science  of  being.  [So  called  from 
certain  works  of  Aristotle  which  followed 
or  were  studied  after  his  physics — Gr. 
meta,  after,  and  physika,  physics,  from 
physis,  nature.] 

METaTARS.VL,  met-a-tfir'sal,  a4f.  belong- 
ing  to  the  front  part  of  the  foot,  just 
behind  the  toes.  [Gr.  msta,  beyond,  and 
tarson,  the  flat  of  the  foot.] 

METATHESIS,  me-tath'es-is,  n.  (gram.) 
transposition  of  the  letters  of  a  word. 
[Gr. — metatithSmi,  to  transpose — meta, 
over,  tith&mi,  to  place.] 

METAYER,  me-ta'yer,  n.  a  farmer  who 
pays,  instead  of  other  rent,  a  lialf,  or 
other  fixed  proportion,  of  the  crops.  [Fr. 
— Low  L.  medtetarius — L.  medielaa,  the 
half — mediua,  middle.] 

METE,  mSt,  v.t.  to  measure.  [A.S.  metan; 
Ger.  messen,  Goth,  mitan,  L.  metior.  Sans. 
m&J 

*j£ETEMPSYCHOSIS,  me-temp-si-k6'sis,  n. 
the  transmigrationot  the  sawZ  after  death 
(nto  some  other  body  :—pl.  LIetempsy- 
CHO'SES.  [Gr. — mefa,  expressing  change, 
and  empsychosis,  an  amniating — en,  m, 
jjp^jche,  soul.] 

«ilETEOR,  me'te-or,  n.  a  body  which,  in 
passing  through  the  earth's  atmosphere, 
becomes  incandescent  and  luminous,  as  a 
shooting-star  or  fire-ball  :  formerly  used 
of  any  appearance  in  the  atmosphere,  as 
clouds,  rain :  (Jig.)  anything  that  tran- 
siently daaalea  c*  strikes  wjth  wonder. 


(lit.  "  that  which  is  suspended  in  the  air," 
Gr.  meteoron — meta,  beyond,  and  eora, 
anytliing  suspended,  from  aeiro,  to  lift.] 

METEORIC,  me-te-or'ik.  a4j.  oettainrng  to 
or  consisting  of  meteors :  proceedmg  trom 
a  meteor  :  influenceij  by  the  Mieather. 

METEOROLITE,  mg-te-or'o-Ut,  METEOR- 
ITE, me'te-or-it,  «.  a  meteoric  stone. 
[Gr.  meteoros,  lithos,  stone.] 

SIETEOROLOOIST,  mS-te-or-ol'o-jist,  n. 
one  skilled  in  meteorology. 

METEOROLOGY,  me-te-or-ol'o-ji,  n.  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  atmosphere 
and  its  phenomena,  esp.  of  the  weather. 
—  adjs.  Meteoeoloo'ic,  Meteoeolog'io 
Al»   TGr.  vieteoros,  and  logos,  discourse.] 

METER,  me'ter,  ».  one  who  or  that  whicai 
measures,  esp.  an  apparatiia  for  measur- 
ing gas.    [See  Metre.] 

3IETEYARD,  met'yard,  n.  (B.)  a  yard  or 
rod  for  meting  or  measui-ing. 

atETHEGLIN,  meth-eg'lin,  n.  mead,  a  fer- 
mented liquor  made  from  honey.  [W. 
meddyglyn,  from  medd,  mead,  and  llyn, 
liquor.] 

METHINKS,  me-thingks',  (B.)  METHINK'- 
ETH,  v.im.pera.,  it  seems  to  me :  I  think  : 
—pa.t.  Mjethought,  me-thawt'.  [A.S. 
me  thynceth — m£,  dative  of  I,  and  myn- 
3o»,  to  seem  (impersonal).  Not  from 
thencan,  to  think.  Cf.  Qer.  dUnken,  to 
seem/l 

METHCto,  meth'ud,  n.  the  mode  or  rule  of 
accomplishing  an  end:  orderly  procedure: 
manner :  arrangement :  system  :  rule  : 
classification.  [Lit.  "  the  way  after  any- 
thing," JFr. — L.  viethodus — Gfr.  methodos 
— meta,  after,  and  hodos,  a  way.] 

METHODIC,  me-thod'ik,  METHODICAL, 
me-thod'ik-al,  adj.  arranged  with  method : 
disposed  in  a  just  and  natural  manner : 
formal. — adv.  METHOD'iCAIiY. 

METHODISM,  meth'ud-ian,  n.  the  prin- 
ciples and  practice  of  the  Methodists. 

METHODIST,  meth'ud-ist,  n.  (orig.)  one 
who  observes  method :  one  of  a  sect  of 
Christians  founded  by  John  Wesley  (1703 
— 1791),  noted  for  the  strictness  of  its 
discipline:  one  strict  or  formal  in  religion. 
[The  name  fii'st  apphed  in  1729,  in  derision, 
by  their  fellow  students  at  Oxford,  to 
John  Wesley  and  his  associates,  l 

METHODISTIC,  meth-ud-ist'ik,  METHOD- 
ISTICAL,  meth-ud-ist'ik-al,  adj.  resem- 
bling the  Methodists:  strict  in  religious 
matters. — adv.  Methodist'icaixy. 

METHODIZE,  meth'ud-Ia,  v.t.  to  reduce  to 
method :  to  dispose  in  due  order. 

METHOUGHT.    See  Muthinks. 

METHYLATED  SPIRIT,  meth'U-at-ed 
spir'it,  n.  a  mixture  of  pure  alcohol  with 
10  per  cent  of  naphtha  or  wood-spirit,  to 
m|event  people  drinking  it. 

METONIC,  me-ton'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
lunar  cycle  of  nineteen  yeare.  [From 
Meton,  an  Athenian,  the  discoverer, 
about  430  B.O.] 

METONYMIC,  met-o-nlm'ik,  JIETONYM- 
ICAIi,  met-o-nim'ik-al,  aitj.  used  by  way 
of  metonymy. — adv.  Metonym'icaixy. 

METONYMY,  me-ton'i-ml  or  met'o-nim-l, 
».  (rhet.)  a  trope  In  which  one  word  is 
put  for  another  related  to  it,  as  the  effect 
for  the  cause.  [Lit.  "a  change  of  name," 
L. — Gr.  metHnifmia^meta,  espree&ixig 
change,  and  onoma,  a  name.] 

METRE,  me'ter,  n.  poetical  measure  or  ar- 
rangement of  syllables  :  rhj'thm  :  verse: 
a  French  measure  of  length  equal  to 
nearly  39J  inches.  [Fr.  —  L.  metrum — 
Gr.  mctron.    See  Mete.] 

METRIC,  met'rik,  METRICAL,  met'rik-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  metre  or  to  metrology: 
consisting  of  verses.  The  Metrical  sys- 
tem is  the  French  system  of  weights  and 
measures, which  is  founded  on  the  French 
m4tre:  it  divides  at-  iciS'Itipli'Sti  by  Sen, 


and  is  therefore  a  decimal  system. — ad» 

Met'eically. 

METROLOGY,  me-trol'o-ji,  n.  the  scienct 
of  weights  and  measures.  [Gr.  metron, 
measure,  and  logos,  discourse.] 

METRONOME,  met'ro-noni,  n.  an  instru 
ment   which    measures    musical    time  ' 
[Gr.  metron,  measure,  and  nemo,  to  dis 
tribute.] 

METRONOjMY,  me-tron'o-mi,  n.  measure 
ment  of  time  by  a  metronome.  ' 

METROPOIJS,  me-trop'o-Us,  n.  the  chief 
city  or  capital  of  a  country  :  (properly) 
the  chief  cathedral  city,  as  Canterbunr 
of  England  :—pl.  Meteop'olises.  [Lit, 
"  mother  city,  L. — Gr.  metSr,  mother 
—polls,  a  city.j 

METROPOLITAN,  met-ro-pol'it-an,  adj. 
belonging  to  a  metropolis:  pertaining 
to  the  mother-church. — n.  (orig.)  the 
bishop  of  a  metropolis  or  chief  city  :  the 
bishop  who  presides  over  the  other  bish- 
ops of  a  province.  [L.  metropolitanus. 
See  Metropolis.] 

METTLE,  met'l,  n.  ardor  or  keenness  of 
temperament:  spirit:  sprightliness:  couf' 
age.  [A  metaphor  from  the  metal  of  a 
blade.T 

METTLED,  metad,  METTLESOME,  metl- 
sum,  adj.  high-spirited  :  ardent. 

MEW,  mu,  n.  a  sea-fowl :  a  gulL  [A.S. 
nujBw ;  cog.  with  Dut.  meeuw.  Ice.  mar, 
Ger.  mitwe — all  imitative.] 

MEW,  mii,  v.i.  to  ciy  as  a  cat.— «.  the  «ry 
of  a  cat.     [Imitative.] 

MEW,  mil,  v.t.  to  shed  or  cast :  to  cop  fine, 
as  in  a  cage. — v.i.  to  change :  to  cast  the 
feathers  :  to  moult. — n.  a  place  for  mew- 
ing or  confining  :  a  cage  for  hawks  while 
mewing  :  generally  in  pi.  a  stable  be- 
cause the  roval  stables  were  buUt  where 
the  king's  tawks  were  vieived  or  con- 
fined :  a  place  of  confinement.  [Fr.  mue, 
a  changing,  esp.  of  the  coat  or  skin—, 
muer,  to  mew — L.  mvto,  to  change.] 

MIASM,  mi'azm,  MIASMA,  mi-a^ma,  n. 
infectious  matter  floating  in  the  air  aris- 
ing from  putrefying  bodies  :  — pi.  Mi"- 
Aaits,  .Miasmata,  mf-az'ma-ta.  [Gr.  ini- 
asma — miaino,  to  stain.] 

MIASMAL,  ml-az'mal.  MLASMATIC,  tot 
az-mat'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  contain-' 
ing  miasma. 

MICA,  mi'ka,  n.  a  glittering  mineral  which 
cleaves  into  thin  transparent  plates, 
sometimes  used  as  glass. — at(j.  MlCA'- 
CEOus.    [L.  mica,  a  crumb.] 

MICE,  mis,  pi.  of  Mouse. 

MICHAELJlAS,  mik'el-mas,  n.  the  moss  or 
feast  of  St.  Michael,  a  R.  Cath.  festive 
celebrated  Sept.  29. 

MICROCOSM,  mfkro-kozm,  n.  man,  who 
was  regarded  by  ancient  philosophers  as 
a  model  or  epitome  ot  tliie  universe.— adja. 
MiCROCOS'Mic,  Microcos'mical.  pertain- 
ing to  the  mia'ocosm.  [Lit.  the  "  little 
world,"  Fr. — L.— Gr.,  from  miki-os,  little: 
fcosmos,  world.] 

MICROGRAPHY,  ml-krog'ra-fl.  n.  the  c2e- 
aeription  of  small  or  microscopic  objects. 
[Gr.  mikros,  Uttle,  and  grapho,  to  write.} 

MIC^RCTMETER,  ml-krom'e-ter,  «.  an  in- 
strument used  with  a  telescope  or  micro- 
scope for  measuring  very  small  spaces.™- 
adj.  Micromet'ricai^  [Gr.  mikros,  little 
and  metron,  measure.] 

MICROPHONE,  mrkro-fon,  n.  an  instrO' 
ment  which,  by  means  of  an  electric  cur 
rent,  renders  the  faintest  sounds  dis 
tinctly  audible.  [Gr.  mikros,  little,  and 
phone,  sound.] 

MICROSCOPE,  mi'kro-skop,  n.  an  opticaX 
instrument  for  viewing  small  or  minute 
objects. — n.  Micros'copy.  [Gr.  mikros, 
little,  and  skoped,  to  look  at.] 

MICROSCOPIC,  ml-kro-skop'ik,  MICRO 
SCOPICAL,  ml-kro-akop'ix-al,  adj,  peLf^ 


MICROSCOPIST 


284 


MILLION 


^  _        made  by  or 

resembling  a  microscope  :  visible 


taining  to  a   microscope: 


e  by 
1  only  by 
the  aid  o"!  a  microscope. — adv.  MlCBO- 

SCXDP'ICALLY. 

MICROSCOPIST,  mi'kro-skop-ist,   n.    one 

skilled  in  the  use  of  the  microscope. 
MID,  mid,  adj.,  middle:  situated  between 
extremes.     [A.S.  mid.  midd ;  cog.  with 
Ger.  mitte  and  mittel,  L.  medius,  Gr.  me- 
sas. Sans,  niadhya.1 
dID-DA.Y,  mid'-da,  n.  the  middle  of  the 

day :  noon. 
MIDDEN,  mid'en,  n.  a  heap  of  ashes  or 
dung.  [From  Scand.,  as  Dan.  modding— 
mog,  dung  ;  ef.  Mud  and  MuCK.] 
MIDDLE,  mid'l,  acj/.  equally  distant  from 
the  extremes  ;  intermediate  :  interven- 
ing.— n.  the  middle  point  or  part :  midst : 
central  portion.  [A.S.  7>iiddel—mid  (see 
Med);  cog.  with  Dut.  middd,  Ger.  mittel.^ 
MEDDLE-MIAN,  mid'1-man,  n.  one  who 
stands  in  the  middle  betwp':^  two  per- 
sons :  an  agent  between  trfo  parties  :  in 
Ireland,  one  who  rents  land  of  proprie- 
tors in  large  tracts,  and  lets  it  in  portions 
to  the  peasantry. — n.  Middle  Ages,  the 
period  from  the  overthrow  of  the  Roman 
Empire  in  the  5th  century  to  the  Revival 
of  Learning  at  the  end  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury.— adjs.  Middlemost,  Midmost,  (B.) 
nearest  the  middle. — n.  Middle-passage, 
in  the  slave-trade,  the  voyage  across  the 
Atlantic  from  Africa. — n.  Middle  teem 
(logic)  that  term  of  a  syllogism  with 
■which  the  two  extremes  are  separatt-'y 
compared. 
MIDDLING,  midlin^,  adj.  of  middle  rate, 
state,  size,  or  quahty:  about  equally  dis- 
tant from  the  extremes  :  moderate. 
lODGE,  mij,  n.  the  common  name  of  sev- 
eral species  of  smaU  dipterous  insects, 
resembling  gnats,  but  having  a  shorter 
proboscis.  [A.S.  micge,  cog.  with  Ger. 
mUcke,  a  gnat,  and  Dut.  mug.] 
jUIDLAND,  mid'land,  adj.  in  the  middle  of 
or  surrounded  by  land :  distant  from  the 
coast :  inland. 
MIDNIGHT,  mid'nlt,  n.  the  middle  of  the 
night :  twelve  o'clock  at  night. — adj. 
being  at  midnight :  dark  as  midnight. 
MIDRIB,  mid'rib,  n.  (bot.)  the  continuation 

of  the  leaf-stalk  to  the  point  of  a  leaf. 
MIDRIFF,  mid'rif,  7i.  the  diaphragm.   [Lit. 
the  "  middle  of   the  belly,"  A.S.   mid, 
middle,  and  hrif,  the  belly.] 
MTDSHIP,  mid'ship,  adj.  being  in  the  mid- 
dle of  a  ship. — adv.  Mid'ships. 
MIDSHIPMAN,  mid'ship-man,  n.  a  naval 
cadet  or  oflBcer  whose  rank  is  intermedi- 
ate between  the  common  seamen  and  the 
superior  officers. 
MIDST,  midst,  n.  the  middle,  — adv.  in 
the  middle.     [From  the  M.  E.  phrase  in 
midde-s,  in  the  midst,  with  excrescent  t 
(cf.  whil-s-t\    See  Mm.] 
MIDSUMMER,  mid'sum-er,  n.  the  middle  of 
summer :  the  summer  solstice  about  the 
21st  of  June. 
MIDWAY,  mid'wa,  n.  the  middle  of  the 
way  or  distance. — adj.  being  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  way  or  distance. — adv.  half- 
way.  

MIDWIFE,  mid'wit  n.  a  woman  who 
assists  others  in  jhildbirth  •.—pi.  Mnv 
WIVES  (mid'wTvz).  [Lit.  "  helping- wo- 
man," A.S.  mid,  together  with  (cog.  with 
Ger.  mit,  Gr.  met-a),  and  wif,  woman.] 
,»IIDAVIFERY,  mid'wif-ri  or  mid'wif-ri,  n. 
ai't  or  practice  of  a  midwife  or  accouch- 
euse.     

MIDWINTER,  mid'win-ter,  n.  the  middle 
of  icinter:  the  winter  solstice  (21st  De- 
cember), or  the  time  about  it. 
MIEN,  men,  n.  the  look  or  appearance,  esp. 
of  the  face  :  manner :  bearing.  [Fr.  mine 
—  mener,  to  lead,  conduct;  Prov.  se 
menar,  to  behave  one's  self — ^L.  viino,  m 


Low  L.,  to  drive  cattle.    See  AUENABLS 
and  DemeaNOE.J 

MIGHT,  mit,  pa.f.  of  May. 

MIGHT,  mit,  n.,  poicer:  ability:  stren^h: 
energy  or  intensity  of  purpose  or  feehng. 
— Might  and  Main,  utmost  strength. 
[A.S.  meaht,  miht ;  Goth,  mahts,  Ger. 
maolit ;  from  root  of  May.] 

MIGHTINESS,  mit'i-nes,  n.  power :  great- 
ness :  a  title  of  dignity  :  excellency. 

MIGHTY,  mlt'i,  adj.  having  great  power  : 
strong:  vahaut:  very  great:  important: 
exhibiting  might :  wonderful.  —  adv. 
Might'ily. 

MIGNONETTE,  min-yo-net',  n.  an  annual 
plant,  bearing  sweet-scented  flowers, 
fFr.,  dim,  of  migrum,  darling.  See 
JSdnnoN.l 

MIGRATE,  mTgrat,  v.i.  to  remove  lor  resi- 
dence from  one  country  to  another.  [1>. 
viigro,  viigratus,  akin  to  meo,  to  go.] 

MIGRATION,  ml-gra'shun,  n.  a  change  of 
abode  from  one  country  or  climate  to 
another.     [Fr. — L.] 

MIGRATORY,  mTgra-tor-i,  a4j.,  migrating 
or  accustomed  to  migrate :  wandering. 

MHiCH,  milch,  adj.  giving  milk.  [Another 
form  of  Milk.] 

MELD,  nuld,  adj.  gentle  in  temper  and  dis- 
position :  not  sharp  or  bitter :  acting 
gently :  gently  and  pleasantlv  affecting 
the  senses:  soft:  calm. — adv.  'MiLD'LY. — 
fi.  Meld'ness,  [A.S.  milde,  mild,  merci- 
ful ;  a  word  common  to  the  Teut.  lan- 
guages, as  Ger.  viild.  Ice.  mildr,  gracious, 
etc.] 

MILDEW,  mil'du,  n.  a  disease  on  plants, 
marked  by  the  growth  on  them  of  minute 
fungi. — v.t.  to  taint  with  mildew.  [A.S. 
m£:le-dedw,  prob.  sig.  "  honev-dew ; " 
mele-  being  prob.  cog^.  with  L.  ntei,  honey, 
Gr.  m,eli.    See  DewT] 

MILE,  mil,  n.  1760  yards.  [A.S.  mU ;  Fr. 
viiUe ;  both  a  contr.  of  L.  mitle  jiossuum, 
a  thousand  paces,  the  Roman  mile.] 

MILEAGE,  mll'aj,  n.  fees  paid  by  the  mile 
for  travel  or  conveyance:  length  in  miles. 

MILESTONE,  mll'ston,  n.  a  stone  set  to 
mark  the  distance  of  a  mile. 

MILFOIL,  mil'foil,  n.  the  herb  yarrow,  re- 
markable for  the  numerous  divisions  of 
its  leaf.  [L.  millefolium — mUle,  thousand, 
and  folium.,  a  leaf.] 

MILIARY,  mU'yar-i,  a^j.  resembling  a  miZ- 
let-seed  :  attended  with  an  eruption  of 
small  red  pimples,  like  millet-seeds,  as 
fever.   JX.  milium.] 

MILJTANT,  mil'i-tant,  acfj.  fighting :  en- 
gaged in  warfare.  [L.  mUitans,  -antia, 
pr.p.  of  milito.] 

MILITARISM,  miri-tar-izm,  n.  an  escess 
of  the  military  spirit. 

MILITARY,  mil'i-tar-i,  adj.  pertaining  to 
soldiers  or  warfare  :  warlike  :  becoming 
a  soldier :  engaged  in  the  profession  of 
arms :  derived  from  service  as  a  soldier. 
— n.  soldiery  :  the  army.    [L.  militaris— 
viiles,  a  soldier.] 
MILITATE,  mil'i-tat,  v.i.  (lit.)  to  be  a  sol- 
dier, to  fight :  to  contend :  to  stand  op- 
posed. 
MILITIA,  nii-lish'a,  n,  a  body  of  men  en- 
rolled and  di-illed  as  soldiers,  but  only 
liable  to  home  service.    [L.  militia,  war- 
fare, soldiery — miles,  mihtis.] 
MrLITIAMAN,  mi-hsh'a-man,  7U  a  Tnan  or 

soldier  in  the  militia  force. 
MILK,  milk,  v.t.  to  squeeze  or  draw  mUk 
from  :  to  supply  with  milk. — n.  a  white 
fluid  secreted  by  female  mammals  for  the 
nourishment  of  their  young :  a  milk- 
like  juice  of  certain  plants. — n.  MiLK'ER. 
[A.S.  meolc,  milk ;  (jer.  milch,  milk,  L. 
m^dgeo,  to  roUk ;  orig.  meaning  to 
"stroke,"  "squeeze,"  as  in  Sans,  marj, 
to  rub,  stroke.] 
MILK-FEVEE.  milk'-fe'vej-,  n,  a  fever  ac- 


companying the  secretion  of  milk  aft«f 

bearing. 
MILKMAID,  mUk'mad,  n.  a  woman  who 

milks :  a  dairymaid. 
MILKSOP,  milk'sop,  n.  a  piece  of  bread 

sopped  or  soaked  in  milk :  an  effeminate, 

silly  feUow. 
MILK-TREE,  mUk'-tre,  n.  a  tree  yieldmg 

a  7ai7fc-Uke,  nourishing  juice,  as  the  cow> 

tree  of  S.  America. 
MILKY,  milk'i,  adj.  made  of,  full  of,  like, 

or   yielding   milk:    soft:    gentle. — adv. 

MiLK'ILY. — n.      MXLK'KTESS. — n.     MlLK'Y- 

WAY  (astr.)  a  broad,  luminous  or  whitish 
zone  in  the  sky,  supposed  to  be  the  light 
of  innumerable  fixed  stars. 

MILL,  mil,  n.  a  machine  for  grinding  any 
substance,  as  grain,  by  crushing  it  be- 
tween two  hard,  rough  surfaces  :  a  place 
where  grinding  or  manufacture  of  some 
kind  is  carried  on. — v.t.  to  grind  :  to 
press  or  stamp  in  a  mill :  to  stamp,  as 
coin :  to  clean,  as  cloth.  [A.S.  miln, 
which  like  Ger.  miihle,  is  from  L.  mola,  a 
mil] — 7nolo,  to  grind,  akin  to  Sans,  mrid, 
to  bruise.    See  Mae.] 

MILLCOG,  mil'kog,  n.  a  cog  of  a  miU- 
wheel. 

MILLDAM,  mil'dam,  MILLPOND,  mil'- 
pond,  n.  a  dam  or  pond  to  hold  water  for 
driving  a  mUl. 

MILLENARIAN,  mil-le-na'ri-an,  adj.  last- 
ing a  thousand  years:  pertaining  to  the 
millennium. —  n.  one  believing  in  the 
millennium. — ns.  Millena'rianisji,  Mil'- 
LENAKISM,  the  doctrine  of  millenarians. 

MILLENARY,  mU'e-nar-i,  adj.  consisting 
of  a  thousand. —  n.  a  thousand  years, 
fli.  millenarius — milleiii,  a  thousand  each 
— 7nHle,  a  thousand.] 

MILLENNIAL,  mil-len'i-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  thousand  years :  pertaining  to  the 
millennium. 

MTLLENNIAJSTISM,  mil-len'i-an-izm,  JUL- 
LENNIARISM,  mil-len'i-ar-izm,  n.  beUef 
in  the  millennium. — n.  Millekn'iaust,  a 
behever  in  the  millennium. 

MILLENNIUM,  mil-len'i-um,  n.  a  thousand 
years :  the  thousand  years  diu-ing  which, 
as  some  believe,  Christ  will  personallv 
reign  on  the  earth.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand, 
anniis,  a  yeai'.l 

MILLEPED,  mit'e-ped,  n.  a  small  worm- 
like animal,  with  an  immense  number  of 
legs:— ^Z.  Mill'epeu)ES  (-pedz).  [L.  77iille- 
peda — mille,  a  thousand,  and  pes,  pedis, 
a  foot.] 

MILLER,  mil'er,  n.  one  who  attends  a  cortv- 
mill. 

MILLER'S -THUMB,  mil'erz-th-  ■-,  v.  a, 
small  fresh-water  fish  with  a  larp-'-,  broad, 
and  rounded  head  like  a  miller's  thumb, 
the  river  bull-head. 

MILLESIMAL,  mil-les'im-al,  adj.,  tluyw- 
sandth:  consisting  of  thousandth  parts, 
— adv.  MiLLES'DiALLY.  [L.  millesimTis — 
mille,  a  thousand.] 

MILLET,  mil'et  «.  a  grass  yielding  grain 
used  for  food.  [Fr.  millet — L.  milium; 
from  7nille,  a  thousand,  from  the  number 
of  its  seeds.] 

MILLIARD,  mil'yard,  n.  a  thousand  mill' 
ions.     [Fr. — L.  mille,  a  thousand.] 

MILLINER,  mil'in-er,  n.  one  who  maket 
head-dre.sses,  bonnets,  etc.,  for  women. 
[Prob.  from  Mila7ier,  a  trader  in  Milan 
wares,  esp.  female  finery.] 

MILLINERY,  mil'in-er-i,  n.  the  articles 
made  or  sold  by  milliners. 

MILLING,  mil'ing,  n.  the  act  ot  passing 
through  a  mill:  the  act  of  fulhng  cloth  : 
the  process  of  indenting  coin  on  the  edge. 

MILLION,  mil'yun,  Ji.  a  thousand  thou' 
sa7ids  (1,000,000) :  a  very  great  number. 
[Fr. — Low  L,  miUio—li,  mille,  a  thou^ 
sand.] 


MILLIONAIRE 

MILLIONAIRE,     mil'yun-ar,    n.    a    man 
worth  a  million  of  money  or  enormously 
rich.     [Fr.] 
MILLIONAEY,  mil'yun-ar-i,  adj.  pertain- 
ing' to  or  consisting  of  millions. 

MILLIONTH,  mil'yunth,  adj.  or  n.  the  ten 
hundred  thousandth. 

MILLRACE,  mil'ras,  n.  the  current  of 
water  that    turns  a  mi'Hwheel,  or    the 

\     canal  in  wliich  it  runs. 

MILLSTONE,  mil'ston,  n.  one  of  the  two 
■'     stones  used  in  a  ■mill  for  grinding  grain. 

MILLSTONE-GRIT,  mil'ston-grit,  n.  (geol.) 
a  hard  gritty  variety  of  sandstone  suit- 
able for  millstones. 

MILLWRIGHT,  mil'rlt,  n.  a  wright  or 
mechanic  who  builds  and  i-epairs  mills. 

MILT,  milt,  n.  the  soft  roe  of  fishes:  (anat.) 
the  spleen. — v.t.  to  impregnate,  as  the 
spawn  of  the  female  fish. — «.  Milt'er,  a 
male  fish.  [A.S.  milte;  Ger.  milz  ;  from 
the  root  of  Melt,  or  corr.  fi-om  Milk,  as 
in  Sw.  mjolk,  milk,  mjolke,  milt  of  fishes, 
and  Ger.  mileh,  milk,  milt  of  fishes.] 

MIME,  mlm,  n.  a  kind  of  farce,  in  which 
scenes  from  actual  life  were  represented 
by  action  and  gesture  :  an  actor  in  such 
a  farce.     [Gr.  mimos.'] 

MIMETIC,  ml-met'ik,  MIMETICAL,  mi- 
met'ik-al,  adj.  apt  to  mimic  or  imitate. 
[Gr.  mimetikos — mimos,  an  imitator  ;  of. 
L.  i-mi-to,  to  imitate.] 

MIMIC,  mim'ik,  MIMICAL,  mim'ik-al,  adj., 
imitative :  apt  to  copy :  consisting  of 
ludicrous  imitation  :  miniature. 

MIMIC,  mim'ik,  v.t.  to  imitate  for  sport: — 
pr.p.  niim'icking  ;  pa.p.  mim'icked. — ?i. 
one  who  mimics  or  imitates:  a  buffoon:  a 
servile  imitator. 

MIMICRY,  mim'ik-ri,  n.  act  or  practice  of 
one  who  mimics. 

"tllMOSA,  mi-mo'za,  n.  a  genus  of  legu- 
minous plants,  including  the  sensitive 
plant,  said  to  be  so  called  from  its  imi- 
tating animal  sensibility.  [From  Gr. 
mimos,  an  imitator  ;  cf.  L.  i-mi-to.] 

MINA,  ml'na,  n.  (B.)  a  weight  of  money 
valued  at  fifty  shekels.  [L.  mina,  Gr. 
mna.'] 

MINARET,  min'a-ret,  n.  a  turret  on  a 
Mohammedan  mosque,  from  which  the 
people  are  summoned  to  prayers.  [Sp. 
minarete  —  Ar.  manarat,  lighthouse — 
nar,  fire.] 

MINATORY,  mlnVtor-i,  adj.  threatening: 
menacing.  [L.  minor,  minatus,  to  threat- 
en.] 

MINCE,  mins,  v.t.  to  cut  into  small  pieces: 
to  chop  fine  :  to  diminish  or  suppress  a 
part  in  speaking  :  to  pronounce  affect- 
edly.— v.i.  to  walk  with  affected  nicety  : 
to  speak  affectedly  :  — pr.p.  minc'ing  ; 
pa.p.  minced  (minsf).  [A.S.  minsian — 
mire,  small  ;  prob.  from  same  Teut.  base 
as  Fr.  mince,  thin.] 

MINCED -PIE,  minst'-pl,  MINCE -PIE, 
niins'-pi,  n.  a  pie  made  with  minced 
meat,  etc. 

MINCING,  mins'ing,  adj.  not  giving  fully: 
speaking  or  walking  with  affected  nicety. 

— adv.  SllNC'lNGLY. 

MIND,  mind,  n.  the  faculty  by  which  we 
think,  etc.  :  the  understanding :  the 
whole  spiritual  nature  :  choice  :  inten- 
tion :  thoughts  or  sentiments  :  belief  : 
remembrance  :  (B.)  disposition.  —  v.t. 
(orig.)  to  remind :  to  attend  to  :  to  obey: 
(Scotch)  to  remember. — v.i.  (B.)  to  intend. 
[A.S.  ge-mynd — munan,  to  think ;  Ger. 
meinen,  to  think ;  L.  mens,  the  mind, 
Gr.  menos,  mind.  Sans,  manas,  mind,  all 
from  root  man,  to  think.] 

MINDED,  mind'ed,  adj.  having  a  mind: 
disposed  :  determined.— n.  Mind'edness. 

MINDFUL,  mind'fool,  adj.,  bearing  in 
TO  Mid;  attentive:  observant. — a^v.  Mind'- 

FULLY.— ?!.  MIND'FULNESS. 


285 

MINDLESS,  mind'les,  adj.  without  mind: 
stupid. 

MINE,  min,  adj.pron.  belonging  to  me:  my. 
[A.S.  niin  ;  Ger.  mein.    See  Me,  My.] 

MINE,  min,  v.t.  to  dig  for  metals  :  to  ex- 
cavate :  to  dig  underground  in  order  to 
overturn  a  wall :  to  destroy  by  secret 
means. — w.  a  place  from  which  metals 
are  dug  :  an  excavation  dug  under  a  for- 
tification to  blow  it  up  with  gunpowder  : 
a  rich  source  of  wealth.  [Lit.  to  "  lead  " 
or  form  a  passage  underground,  Fr. 
miner — Low  L.  minare,  to  lead,  drive 
(cattle)  by  threats — L.  minor,  to  threaten 
— mince,  threats.  See  Amenable  and 
Menace.] 

MINER,  min'er,  n.  one  who  digs  in  a  mine. 

MINERAL,  min'er-al,  n.  an  inorganic  sub- 
stance found  in  the  earth  or  at  its  sur- 
face :  any  substance  containing  a  metal. 
— adj.  relating  to  minerals  :  impregnated 
with  minerals,  as  water  :  a  term  applied 
to  inorganic  substances.  [Fr. — Low  L. 
minerale — minera,  a  mine.     See  Mine  ] 

MINERALIST,  min'er-al-ist,  n.  one  versed 
in  or  employed  about  minerals. 

MINERALIZE,  min'er-al-Tz,  v.t.  to  make 
into  a  mineral :  to  give  the  properties  of 
a  mineral  to  :  to  impregnate  with  min- 
eral matter. — v.i.  to  collect  minerals. — n. 
Mineealiza'tion. 

MINERALOGICAL,  min-er-al-oj'ik-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  mineralogy. — adv.  Minek- 
aloo'ically. 

MINERALOGIST,  min-er-al'o-jist,  n.  one 
versed  in  mineralogy. 

MINERALOGY,min-er-aro-ji,  n.  the  science 
of  minerals:  the  art  of  describing  and 
classifying  minerals.  [Mineral,  and  Gr. 
logos,  discourse,  science.] 

MINEVER,  min'e-ver,   n.   same  as  Meni- 

VER. 

MINGLE,  ming'gl,  v.t.  to  mix :  to  unite 
into  one  mass :  to  confuse :  to  join  in 
mutual  intercourse. — v.i.  to  be  miyed  or 
confused. — n.  Ming'ler.  [A.S.  mengan  ; 
Dut.  mengelen,  Ger.  mengen;  conn,  with 
Among,  Many.] 

MINGLING,  ming'gling,  re.,  mixture:  a 
mixing  or  blending  together. — adv.MssQ'- 
lingly. 

MINIATURE,  min'i-a-tur  or  min'i-tur,  re. 
a  painting  on  a  small  scale  :  a  small  or 
reduced  copy  of  anything. — adj.  on  a 
small  scale  :  minute. — v.t.  to  represent 
on  a  small  scale.  [Fr. — It.  miniatura,  a 
painting  like  those  used  to  ornament 
manuscripts  —  m,inio,  to  write  with  red 
lead — L.  minium,  vermilion.] 

MINIKIN,  min'i-kin,  re.  a  little  darling :  a 
small  sort  of  pin. — adj.  small.  [Dim.  of 
Minion.] 

MINIM,  min'im,  n.  (med.)  the  smallest 
liquid  measure,  a  drop,  ^  drachm : 
(mus.)  a  note  equal  to  two  crotchets. 
[Fr.  minime — L.  minimus,  the  least,  the 
smallest.] 

MINIMIZE,  min'i-miz,  v.t.  to  reduce  to  the 
smallest  possible  proportion:  to  diminish. 
[From  Minim.] 

MINIMUM,  min'i-mum,  n.  the  least  quan- 
tity or  degree  possible  :  a  trifle  :  — pi. 
Min'ima.     [L.] 

MINING,  min'ing,  n.  the  art  of  forming  or 
working  mines. 

MINION,  min'yun,  n.  a.  darling,  a.  favorite, 
esp.  of  a  prince  :  a  flatterer  :  (print.)  a 
small  kind  of  type.  [Fr.  mignon,  a  dar- 
ling— O.  Ger.  minni,  minne,  love,  from 
the  root  of  Man  and  Mind.] 

MINISH,  min'ish,  v.t.  (B.)  to  make  little  or 
less  :  to  diminish.  [Fr.  menuiser,  to  cut 
small,  said  of  a  carpenter — L.  minuo,  to 
lessen — minor,  less.    See  Minor.] 

MINISTER,  min'is-ter,  n.  a  servant :  one 
serving  at  the  altar :  a  clergyman  :  one 
transacting    .()usiness    under    another : 


MINTER 

one  intrusted  with  the  management  of 
state  affairs  :  the  representative  of  a 
government  at  a  foreign  court.— v.i.  to 
attend,  as  a  servant :  to  perform  duties  : 
to  give  things  needful.— 1;.<.  to  furnish': 
—pr.p.  min'istering  ;  pa.p.  min'istered. 
[L.— minor,  less.  See  Minor.  See  Mag- 
istrate.] 

MINISTERIAL,  min-is-te'ri-al,  adj.  par^ 
taining  to  attendance  as  a  servant :  acting 
under  superior  authority  :  pertaining  to 
the  office  of  a  minister  :  clerical :  exec- 
utive.— adv.  Ministe'rially. 

MINISTRANT,  min'is-trant,  adj.  adminis- 
tering :  attendant.  [L.  ministrans,  -an- 
tis,  pr.p.  of  ministro,  to  minister — min- 
ister.] 

MINISTRATION,  min-is-tra'shun,  n.  act  of 
ministering  or  performing  service  :  office 
or  ser\'ice  of  a  minister.  [L.  ministratio 
— ministro.] 

MINISTRATIVE,  min'is-trat-iv,  adj.  serv- 
ing to  aid  or  assist. 

MINISTRY,  min'is-tri,  n.  act  of  minister- 
ing :  service  :  office  or  duties  of  a  minis- 
ter :  the  clergy  :  the  clerical  profession  : 
the  body  of  persons  employed  to  admin- 
ister the  government ;  cabinet  ;  ad- 
ministration. 

MINIVER.     Same  as  Mentver. 

MINK,  mingk,  n.  a  small  quadruped  of  the 
weasel  kind,  valued  for  its  fur.  [A  form 
of  Min'x.] 

MINNOW,  min'o,  n.  a  very  small  fresh- 
water fish  :  the  young  of  larger  fish. 
[A.S.  myne,  prob.  from  A.S.  min,  small, 
and  therefore  from  the  same  root  as 
Mince  and  Minute.] 

MINOR,  mi'nor,  adj.,  smaller  :  less:  inferior 
in  importance,  degree,  bulk,  etc.:  incon- 
siderable: lower:  (jrewsic)  lower  by  a  semi- 
tone :  (logic)  the  term  of  a  sj'llogism 
which  forms  the  subject  of  the  conclu- 
sion.— n.  a  person  under  age  (31  years). 
[L. — root,  min,  small.] 

MINORITE,  mi'nor-It,  n.  name  for  the 
Franciscan  friars,  adopted  in  humility  by 
St.  Fi'ancis  the  founder.  [L.  Fratres 
Minores,  "lesser  brethren."] 

MINORITY,  mi-nor'i-ti,  n.  the  being  under 
age  :  the  smaller  number  : — opposed  to 
Majority. 

MINOTAUR,  min'o-tawr,  n.  the  bull  of 
Minos,  a  fabulous  monster,  half  man 
half  bull.  [L.  minotaurus — Minos,  an 
ancient  king  of  Crete,  and  taurus,  a  bull.] 

MINSTER,  nain'ster,  n.  the  church  of  a 
monastery  or  one  to  which  a  monastery 
has  been  attached :  sometimes  a  cathe- 
dral church.  [A.S.  mynstei — L.  monas- 
terium,  a  monastery.     See  Monastery.] 

MINSTREL,  min'strel,  n.  one  who  minis- 
tered to  the  amusement  of  the  rich  by 
music  or  jesting  :  one  of  an  order  of  men 
who  sang  to  the  harp  verses  composed 
by  themselves  or  others :  a  musiciwi. 
[O.  Fr.  menestrel  —  Low  L.  ministralis, 
from  L.  minister.    f",ee  Minister.] 

MINSTRELSY,  min'strel-si,  v.  the  art  or 
occupation  of  a  minstrel :  the  collective 
body  of  minstrels  :  a  body  of  song  :  in- 
strumental music. 

MINT,  mint,  re.  the  place  where  money  is 
coined  by  authority  :  a  place  where  any- 
thing is  invented  or  fabricated  :  any 
source  of  abundant  supply. — v.t.  to  coin: 
to  invent.  [A.S.  mynet,  money  —  L. 
moneta  (the  "  warning  "  one),  a  surname 
of  Juno,  in  whose  temple  at  Rome  money 
was  coined — moneo,  to  remind.] 

MINT,  mint,  n.  an  aromatic  plant  produc- 
ing a  highly  odoriferous  oil.  [A.S.  minte 
— L.  mrntha — Gr.  nmttha.] 

MINTAGE,  mint'aj,  n.  that  which  is  minted 
or  coined  :  the  duty  paid  for  coining. 

MINTER,  mint'er,  n.  one  who  mints  op 
coins  :  an  inventor. 


MINUEND 


286 


MISPRINT 


MINUEND,  min'u-end,  n.  the  number  to 
be  lessened  by  subtraction.  [L.  minu- 
endum — minuo,  to  lessen,  from  root  of 
Minor.] 

MINTJET,  min'u-et,  n.  a  slow,  graceful 
dance  with  short  steps  :  the  tune  regu- 
lating such  a  dance.  [Fr.  menuet — menu, 
small — root  of  Minor.] 

MINUS,  mi'nus,  adj. ,  less :  the  sign  (  — )  be- 
fore quantities  requiring  to  be  sub- 
tracted.    [L.,  neuter  of  minor,  less.] 

MINUTE,  min-ut',  adj.  very  small:  ex- 
tremely slender  or  little  :  of  small  con- 
sequence :  slight :  attentive  to  small 
things  :  particular :  exact. — adv.  MlN- 
ute'ly. — n.  Minute'ness.  [Fr. — L.  min- 
utus,  pa.p.  Of  minuo,  to  lessen.] 

MINUTE,  min'it  or  -ut,  n.  the  sixtieth  part 
of  an  hour :  the  sixtieth  part  of  a  degree: 
an  indefinitely  small  space  of  time  :  a 
brief  jotting  or  note  : — pi.  a  brief  report 
of  the  proceedings  of  a  meeting. — v.t.  to 
make  a  brief  jotting  or  note  of  anything. 
[Same  word  as  above,  and  lit.  sig.  a 
"  small  portion  "  of  time.] 

MINUTE-BOOK,  min'it-book,  n.  a  booh 
containing  minutes  or  short  notes. 

MINUTE-GLASS,  mih'it-glas,  n.  a  g-tassthe 
sand  of  which  measures  a  minute  in  run- 
nings 

MINTJTE-GUN,  mln'it-gun,  n.  a  gun  dis- 
charged every  minute,  as  a  signal  of  dis- 
tress or  mourning. 

MINUTE-HAND,  min'it-hand,  n.  the  hand 
that  points  to  the  minutes  on  a  clock  or 
watch. 

MINUTL^,  mi-nu'shi-e,  n.pl.,  minute  or 
small  things :  the  smallest  particulars  or 
details.     [L.] 

MINX,  mingks,  n.  a  pert  young  girl :  a  she- 
puppy  :  a  mink.     [Contr.  of  JIinikin.] 

Miocene,  mi'o-sen,  adj.  (geol.)  less  recent, 
applied  to  the  middle  division  of  the  ter- 
tiary strata.  [Gr.  meion,  less,  and  kainos, 
recent.] 

MIRACLE,  mir'a-kl,  n.  anything  rconder- 
ful :  a  prodigy  :  anything  beyond  human 
power,  and  deviating  from  the  common 
action  of  the  laws  of  nature  :  a  supernat- 
ural event.  [Fr. — L.  miraeulum,  from 
miror,  miratus,  to  wonder.] 

MIRACULOUS,  mi-rak'u-lus,  adj.  of  the 
nature  of  a  miracle :  done  by  supernat- 
ural power:  very  wonderful:  able  to  per- 
form miracles. — adv,  Mirac'ulously. — 

n.  MiEAC'ULOUSNESS. 

MIRAGE,  mi-razh',  n.  an  optical  illusion 
by  which  objects  are  seen  double  as  if  re- 
flected in  a  mirror,  or  appear  as  if  sus- 
pended in  the  air.  [Fr.,  from  root  of 
MniROR.] 

MIRE,  mir,  n.  deep  mud. — v.t.  to  plunge 
and  fix  in  mire :  to  soil  with  mud. — v.i. 
to  sink  in  mud.  [Ice.  myri,  marsh  ;  Dut. 
moer.  mud,  bog.] 

MIRROR,  mir'ur,  n.  a  looking-glass  :  any 
polished  substance  in  which  objects  may 
be  seen  :  a  patte"n. — v.t.  to  reflect  as  in 
a  mirror  -.—pr.p.  niirr'oring  ipa.p.  mirr*- 
ored.  [Fr.  miroir — L.  miror,  -atus,  to 
wonder  at.] 

MIRTH,  merth,  n.,  vurrriness :  pleasure : 
delight :  noisy  gaiety  :  jollity :  laughter. 

.  [A.S.  myrth,  from  Gael,  mireadh — mir, 
to  sport.    See  Merry.] 

MIRTHFUL,  merth'fool,  adj.,fiin  of  mirth 
or  merriment :  merry  :  jovial.  —  adv. 
Mirth  fully. — n.  Mirth'fulness. 

SfERY,  mi'ri,  ad),  consisting  of  or  abound- 
ing in  mire:  covered  with  mire. — n. 
Miriness. 

MiS-.  This  prefix  has  two  sources ;  it  is 
either  A.S.  from  root  of  verb  to  Miss  ;  or 
it  stands  for  Fr.  mes-,  from  L.  minus, 
less ;  in  both  cases  the  meaning  is 
"  wrong,"  "  ill."  Where  the  prefix  is  Fr., 
it  is  80  noted.    See  list  of  Prefixes, 


MISADVENTURE,  mis-ad-Ten'tiir,  n.  an 
unfortunate  adventui-e  :  Hi-luck  :  disas- 
ter.   [Fr.  mes-,  ill,  and  Adventure.] 

MISADVISED,  mis-ad-vizd',  adj.  ill-ad- 
vised, ill-directed. 

MISALLIANCE,  mis-al-ll'ans,  n.  a  bad  or 
improper  alliance  or  association.  [Fr., 
mes-.] 

MISANTHROPE,  mis'an-throp,  MISAN- 
THROPIST, mis-an'thro-pist,  n.  a  liater 
of  mankind.  [Fr. — Gr.  misanthropos — 
miseo,  to  hate,  anthropos,  a  man.] 
'MISANTHROPIC,  mis-an-throp'ik,MISAN- 
THROPICAL,  mis-an-throp'ik-al,  adj. 
hating    mankind. — adv.   Misanthkop'ic- 

AI.T.Y. 

MISANTHROPY,  mis-an'thro-pi,  n.  hatred 

to  mankind. 
MISAPPLY,  mis-ap-pli',  v.t.  to  apply  amiss 

or  wrongly. — »i.  Misapplica'TION. 
MISAPPREHEND,  mis-ap-pre-hend',  v.t.  to 

apprehend  wrongly. —  n.  MlSAPPREHBa*'- 

SION. 

MISAPPROPRIATE,  mis-ap-pro'pri-at,  v.t. 
to  appropriate  wrongly. — n.  Misaffbo- 
prm'tion. 

MISARRANGE,  mis-ar-ranj',w.f.  to  arrange 
wrongly. — n.  Misarrange'MENT. 

MISBECOME,  mis-be-kum',  v.t.  not  to  suit 
or  befit. 

MISBEHAVE,  mis-be-hav',  v.i.  to  behave 
ill  or  improperlv. — n.  MisbehaVioe. 

MISBELIEVE,  mis-be-lev',  v.t.  to  believe 
wrongly  or  falsely. — ns.  Misbelief',  Mis- 
believ'er. 

MISCALCULATE,  mis-kal'kfi-lat,  v.t.  to 
calculate  wrongly. — n.  Miscalcula'tion. 

MISCALL,  mis-kawl',  v.t  to  call  by  a  wrong 
name  :  to  abuse  or  revile. 

MISCARRIAGE,  mis-kar'ij,  n.  the  act  of 
miscarrying :  failure  :  ill-conduct :  the 
act  of  bringing  forth  young  prematurely. 

MISCARRY,  mis-kar'i,  i\i.  to  carry  badly  : 
to  be  unsuccessful :  to  fail  of  the  in- 
tended effect :  to  bring  forth,  as  young, 
prematurelv. 

MISCEl,LAN'EOUS,  mis-sel-lan'i-us,  adj., 
mixed  or  mingled  :  consisting  of  several 
Idnds.— arfi'.  Miscellan'eously. — n.  Mis- 
CF.T.T , A  n'eousness.  [L.  misedlaTieus — mis- 
ceo,  to  mix.    See  Jlrs.] 

MISCELLANY,  mis'el-an-i  or  mis-el',  n.  a 
mixture  of  various  kinds :  a  collection  of 
writings  on  dUferent  subjects. — n.  MlS- 
Cell'anist,  a  writer  of  miscellanies. 

MISCHANCE,  mis-chans',  n.  ill-luck  :  mis- 
hap, misfortune  :  calamity.     [Fr.  mes-.] 

MISCHIEF,  mis'chif,  n.  that  which  ends 
ill :  an  ill  consequence :  evil :  injury  : 
damage.  [O.  Fr.  meschef,  from  mes-,  ill, 
and  cJief — L.  caput,  the  head.] 

MISCHIEVOUS,  mis'chiv-us,  adj.  causing 
mischief  :  injiuious  :  prone  to  mischief. 
— adv.   Mis'cHiEvousLY. — n.   Mis'chiev- 

OUSNESS. 

MISCIBLE,  mis'si-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
mixed.    [Fr. — L.  misceo,  to  mix.] 

inSCONCEIVE,  mis-kon-sev',  v.t.  to  con- 
ceive wrongly  :  to  mistake. — v.i.  to  have 
a  wrong  conception  of  anything. — ti.  Mis- 
conception. 

MISCONDUCT,  mis-kon'dukt,  n.  bad  con- 
duct.—r.f.  Misconduct',  to  conduct  badly. 

MISCONSTRUE,  mis-kon'stroo,  v.t.  to  con- 
strue or  interpret  wrongly. — n.  MlSCON- 
struc'tion. 

MISCOUNT,  mis-kownt',  v.t.  to  count 
wrongly. — n.  a  wrong  counting.  [Fr. 
m-es-.V 

MISCREANT,  misTrre-ant,  n.  formerlyj  a 
misbeliever :  an  infidel :  a  vile  or  unprin- 
cipled fellow.  [O.  Fr.  mescreant — mes-, 
and  L.  credens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  credo,  to 
believej 

MISDATE,  mis-dat',  n.  a  wrong  date.— f.f. 
to  date  wrongly  or  erroneously. 


MISDEED,  mis-ded',  n.  a  bad  deed  :  fault  ; 
crime. 

MISDEMEANOR,  mis-de-men'ur,  n.  Ul  de- 
meaner  :  bad  conduct :  a  petty  crime. 

MISDIRECT,  mis-di-rekt',  v.t.  to  direct 
wrongly. — n.  MiSDIREC'TlON. 

MISDO,  mis-doo',  v.t.  to  do  wrongly  :  to 
commit  a  crime  or  fault. — n.  Misdo'ee. 

MISEMPLOY,  mis-em-ploy',  v.t.  to  employ 
wrongly  or  amiss  :  to  misuse. 

MISER,  mi'zer,  n.  an  extremely  covetous 
person :  a  niggard  :  one  whose  chief 
pleasure  is  the  hoarding  of  wealth.  [L. 
miser,  wretched  or  miserable.] 

MISERABLE,  miz'er-a-bl,  adj.,  wretched  or 
exceedingly  unhappy  :  causing  misery ; 
very  poor  or  mean:  worthless:  despicable: 
barren. — adv.  Mis'erably. — n.  Mis'ek- 
ABLEN'ESS.     [Fr. — L.  miserabilis — 7niser.] 

MISERERE,  miz-e-re're,  n.  in  R.  C.  Church, 
the  51st  psalm,  beg:inning  with  this  word, 
and  usually  appointed  for  penitential  acts: 
a  musical  composition  adapted  to  this 
psalm.  [L.  2d  pers.  sing,  imperative  of 
misereor,  to  have  mercy,  to  pity — miser, 
wretched.] 

MISERLY,  mi'zer-li,  adj.  excessively  cov- 
etous :  sordid :  niggardlj'. 

MISERY,  miz'er-i,  n.,  tcretehedness :  great 
unhappiness :  extreme  pain  of  body  or 
mind.  [O.  Fr.  miserie — L.  miseria.  See 
Miser.]  - 

MISFORTUNE,  mis-for'ttin,  n.  iU-fortune  s 
an  evil  accident :  calamity. 

MISGIVE,  mis-giv',  v.i.  to  fail,  as  the  heart. 
— n.  MiSGlv'iNG,  a  failing  of  confidence  : 
mistrust. 

MISGOTTEN,  mis-got'n,  adj.  wrongly  got- 
ten :  unjustly  obtained. 

MISGOVERN,  mis-guv'ern,  v.t.  to  govern 
ill.— »(.  Misoov'eenment. 

MISGUIDE,  mis-gid',  v.t.  to  guide  wronglys 
to  lead  into  error. — n.  Misguid'ance. 

MISHAP,  mis-hap',  ?2.,  ill-hap  or  chance; 
accident :  ill-luck  :  misfortune. 

MISOIPROVE,  mis-im-proov',  v.t.  to  apply 
to  a  bad  purpose  :  to  abuse  :  to  misuse. 

— n.  MiSIlIPROVE'MENT. 

MISINFORBI,  mis-in-form',  v.t.  to  inform 

or  tell  incorrectly. — ns.  Misinforma'tion, 

Misinform'er. 
MISINTERPRET,    mis-in-ter'pret,    v.t.    to 

interpret  wrongly. — ns.  Misinteepreta'- 

TION.  tMisinter'preter. 
MIS  JO  IN.  mis-join',  v.t.  to  join  improperly 

or  unfitly. 
MISJOINDER,  mis-join'der,  n.  (late)  an  in- 
correct union  of  parties  or  of  causes  of 

action  in  a  suit. 
MISJUDGE,  mis-juj',  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  judge 

wrongly. — n.  Misjudg'menT. 
MISLAY,   mis-la',  v.t.  to  lay  in  a  wrong 

place  or  in  a  place  not  remembered  :  to 

lose. 
MISLE,  miz'l.    See  Mizzle. 
MISLEAD,  mis-led',  v.t.  to  lead  wrong  :  to 

guide  into  error :  to  cause  to  mistake. 
MISLETOE.    See  Mistletoe. 
MISMANAGE,  mis-man'aj,  v.t.  to  manage 

or  conduct  ill. — n.  Misman'agement. 
MISNAME,  mis-nam',  v.t.  to  call  by  the 

wrong  name. 
MISNOMER,  mis-no'mer,  n.  a  misnaming: 

a  wrong  name.     [O.  Fr.,  from  Fr.  mes-, 

and  nommer — L.  noniino,  to  name.     See 

Nominate.] 
MISOGAMIST,  mis-og'a-mist,  n.  a  hater  of 

marriage.— n.  Misog'amy.     [Gr.  miseo,  to 

hate,  and  gamos,  marriage.] 
MISOGYNIST,  mis-oj'i-nist,  n.  a  w-owion- 

hater. — n.  Misog'yny.      [Gr.   miseo,  to 

hate,  and  gyne,  a  woman.] 
MISPLACE,  mis-plas',  v.t.  to  put  in  a  wrong 

place  :  to  set  on  an  improper  object. — n, 

Misplace'ment. 
MISPRINT,  mis-print',  f.f.  to  print  wrong, 

— n,  a  mistake  in  printing. 


MISPRISION 


287 


MOCKERY 


MISPRISION,  mis-prizh'un,  n.  (law)  over- 
sight, neglect,  contempt.  [Ft.  See  Mis- 
prize.] 

MISPRIZE,  mis-priz',  v.t.  to  slight  or  un- 
dervalue.   [Fr.  mes-,  and  Prize.] 

MISPRONOUNCE,  niis-pro-nowns',  v.t.  to 
pronounce  incorrectly. 

IJISPRONUNCIATION,  mis-pro-nun-si-a'- 
shun,  n.  wrong  or  improper  pronuncia- 
tion. 

SCISQUOTE,  mis-kwot',  v.t.  to  quote  wrong- 
ly.—«.  Misquota'tion,  a  wrong  quotation. 

MISRECKON,  mis-rek'n,  v.t.  to  reckon  or 
compute  wrongly. — n.  MiSEECK'ONING. 

MISREPRESENT,  mis-rep-re-zent',  v.t.  to 
represent  incorrectly. — n.  Misrepkesen- 
ta'tion. 

MISRULE,  mia-rool',  n.  wrong  or  unjust 
rule  :  disorder :  tumult. 

MISS,  mis,  11.  a  title  of  address  of  an  un- 
married female :  a  young  woman  or  girl : 
—pi.    Miss'ES.      [Contracted    from  SIlS- 

TRESS.] 

MISS,  mis,  v.t.  to  fail  to  hit,  reach,  find,  or 
keep  :  to  omit :  to  fail  to  have :  to  dis- 
cover the  absence  of :  to  feel  the  want 
of. — v.i.  to  fail  to  hit  or  obtain. — n.  a 
deviation  from  the  mark.  [A.S.  inissan ; 
Dut.  missen,  to  miss.  Ice.  viissa,  to  lose.] 

MISSAL,  mis'al,  n.  the  Roman  Catholic 
mass-book.  [Low  L.  missale,  from  viissa, 
mass.    See  Mass.] 

MISSEL,  miz'l,  MISSEI/-BIRD,  mizl-berd, 
n.  the  largest  of  the  European  thrashes, 
which  feeds  on  the  berries  of  the 
m  istlctoG. 

MISSEL,  MISSELTOE.    See  Mistletoe. 

MISSHAPE,  mis-shap',  v.t.  to  shape  ill : 
to  deform. 

MISSILE,  mis'il,  adj.  that  may  be  fhroum 
from  the  hand  or  any  instrument. — n.  a 
weapon  throum  by  the  hand.  [L.  missilis 
— mitto,  viissum,  to  send,  throw.] 

MISSING,  mis'ing,  adj.  absent  from  the 
place  where  it  was  expected  to  be  found: 
lost :  wanting.     [See  Miss,  v.t.] 

MISSION,  mish'un,  n.  a  sending :  a  being 
sent  with  certain  powers,  esp,  to  propa- 
gate religion  :  persons  sent  on  a  mission: 
an  embassy :  a  station  or  associatior.  of 
missionaries :  duty  on  which  one  is  sent: 
purpose  of  life.     fL.  niisszo.] 

MISSIONARY,  misn'un-ar-i,  n.  one  sent 
upon  a  mission  to  propagate  religion.— 
adj.  pertaining  to  missions.  [Fr.  mis- 
sionnaire.] 

MISSIVE,  mis'iv,  adj.  that  may  be  sent: 
intended  to  be  thrown  or  hurled. — n. 
that  wh-'-h  is  sent,  as  a  letter.  [Fr. — ^L. 
■tnissits.    See  Missile.] 

MISSPELL,  mis-spel',  v.t.  to  spell  wrongly. 
— n.  Misspell'ing,  a  wrong  spelUng. 

MISSPEND,  mis-spend',  v.t.  to  spend  ill: 
to  waste  or  squander  •.—■pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
misspent . 

MISSTATE,  mis-stat',  v.t.  to  state  wrongly 
or  falsely. — n.  MissTATE'ment. 

MIST,  mist,  n.  watery  vapor  in  the  atmo- 
sphere :  rain  falling  in  very  fine  drops. 
[A.S.  mist,  darkness,  cog.  with  Ice. 
mistr,  mist,  Dut.  mist.] 

MISTAKE,  mis-tak',  v.t.  to  understand 
wrongly :  to  take  one  thing  or  person  for 
another. — v.i.  to  ert-  in  opinion  or  judg- 
ment.— n.  a  taking  or  understanding 
wrongly  :  an  error. — adj.  Mistak'able. 

MISTAICEN,  mis-tak'n,  adj.,  taken  or  un- 
derstood incorrectly:  guilty  of  a  mistake: 
erroneous:  incorrect. — adv.  Mistak'enly. 
MISTER,  mis'ter,  n.  sir  :  a  title  of  address 
to  a  man,  written  Mr.  [A  corr.  of  Mas- 
ter, through  the  influence  of  Mistress.] 
MISTERM,  mis-term',  v.t.  to  term  or  name 

wrongly. 
MISTIME,  mis-tira',  v.t.  to  time  wrongly. 
MISTINESS.    See  MiSTY. 


MISTITLE,  mis-tl'tl,  v.t.  to  call  by  a  wrong 

title. 

MISTLETOE,  MISLETOE,  or  MISSELTOE, 
miz'l-to,  n.  a  parasitic  evergreen  plant, 
sometimes  found  on  the  apple  and  oak, 
[A.S.  mistel-tan  (Ice.  mistel-teinny-mislel. 
mistletoe  (as  in  Sw.  and  Ger.),  and  A.S. 
tan.  twig  (Ice.  teinn) ;  mistel  is  a  dim.  of 
mist,  a  root  which  in  Ger.  means  "dung," 
the  connection  prob.  being  through  the 
slime  in  the  berries.] 

MISTRANSLATE,  mis-trans-lat',  v.t.  to 
translate    incorrectly. — n.  Mistransla'- 

TION. 

MISTRESS,  mis'tres,  n.  (fern,  of  Master), 
a  woman  having  power  or  ownership : 
the  female  head  of  a  family,  school,  etc. : 
a  woman  well  skilled  in  anything :  a 
woman  loved  :  a  concubine :  {fem.  of 
Mister)  a  form  of  address  (usually  written 
Mrs.  and  pronounced  Missis).  [O.  Fr. 
maistresse  (Fr.  mattresse),  from  i  >jt  of 
Master.] 

MISTRUST,  mis-trust',  n.  want  of  trust  or 
confidence. — v.t.  to  regard  with  suspicion: 
to  doubt. 

MISTRUSTFUL,  mis-trust'fool,  adj.  fuU  of 
mistrust.  —  adv.  MISTRUST '  F0LLY.  —  n. 
Misteust'fulness. 

MISTY,  mist'i,  adj.  fuU  of  mist :  dim  :  ob- 
scure.— adv.  Mist'ilt. — n.  Mist'iness. 

MISUNDERSTAND,  mis-un-der-stand',  v.t. 
to  understand  wrongly  :  to  take  in  a 
wrong  sense. 

MISUNDERSTANDING,mis-un-der-.stand'- 
ing,  n.  a  misconception  :  a  slight  dis- 
agreement or  difference. 

MISUSE,  mis-iiz',  v.t.  to  misapply:  to 
treat  ill :  to  abuse. — n.  Misuse,  -iis',  im- 
proper use :  application  to  a  bad  pur- 
pose. 

MITE,  rait,  n.  a  very  small  insect,  which 
generally  breeds  in  cheese.  [Lit.  "  the 
biter,"  A.S.  mite — root  mit-,  to  cut  small.] 

MITE,  mit,  n.  the  minutest  or  smallest  of 
coins,  about  i  of  a  cent :  anything  very 
small :  a  veiy  httle  quantity.  [O.  Dut. 
mijt,  a  small  coin.  From  same  root  as 
above.] 

MITIGABLE,  mit'i-ga-bl,  adj.  that  can  be 
mitigated. 

MITIGATE,  mit'i-gat,  v.t.  to  alleviate  ;  to 
soften  in  severity  :  to  temper  _:  to  reduce 
in  amount  (as  evil).  [L.  mitigo,  -at us — 
mitis,  soft,  mild.] 

MITIGATION,  mit-i-ga'shun,  m.  act  of 
mitigating ;  alleviation :  abatement. 

MITIGATIVE,  mit'i-gat-iv,  adj.  tending  to 
mitigate  :  soothing. 

MITIGATOR,  mit'i-gat-or,  n.  one  who 
mitigates. 

MITRAILLEUSE,  mit-ral-yaz',  n.  a  breech- 
loading  gun,  consisting  of  several  barrels, 
which  are  discharged  almost  simultane- 
ously. [Fr.  mitrailler,  to  fire  with  grape- 
shot — mitraille,  grapeshot,  small  shot, 
broken  pieces  of  metal,  from  O.  Fr.  mite, 
a  small  coin,  from  same  root  as  Mite.] 

MITRAL,  mt'tral,  adj.,  of  or  resembling  a 
mitre.     [Fr.] 

MITRE,  mi'ter,  n.  a  head-dress  or  crown  of 
archbishops  and  bishops,  and  sometimes 
of  abbots  :  fig.  episcopal  dignity  :  (arch.) 
a  junction  of  two  pieces,  as  of  moulding, 
at  an  angle  of  45°.— ».i.  to  adorn  with  a 
mitre  :  to  unite  at  an  angle  of  45°.  [Fr. 
— L.  mitra—Gr.  mitra.  belt,  fillet,  head- 
dross,  perh.  akin  to  mit  s,  thread.] 

MITRIFORM,  mit'ri-form  adj.  havmg  the 
form  of  a  mitre :  (hot.)  conical  and  some- 
what dilated  at  the  base.  [Mitre  and 
Form.] 

MITT,  mit,  short  for  Mitten. 

MITTEN,  mit'n.  n.  a  kind  of  glove  for 
winter  use,  without  a  separate  cover  for 
each  finger:  a  glove  for  the  hand  and 
wrist,  but  not  the  fingers.     [Fr,  mitainx. 


perh.  from  0.  Ger.  mittamo  (from  root 
of  Mid),  half,  and  so  properly  "half- 
glove."] 

MITTIMUS,  mit'i-mus,  n.  (law)  a  warrant 
granted  for  sending  to  prison  a  person 
charged  with  a  crime :  a  writ  by  which 
a  record  is  transferred  out  of  one  court 
into  another.  [L.,  "  we  send  " — mitto,  tc 
send.] 

MITY,  mit'i,  adj.  full  of  mites  or  insects. 

MIX,  miks,  v.t.  to  unite  two  or  more  things 
into  one  mass :  to  mingle  :  to  associate. 
— v.i.  to  become  mixed :  to  be  joined  :  to 
associate. — n.  Mix'er.  [A.S.  miscan  ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  mischen,  L.  misceo,  Gr. 
mignymi,  misgo,  Sans,  njjfr.] 

MIXTTIRE,  miks'tur,  n.  act  of  mixing  or 
state  of  being  mixed  :  a  mass  or  com- 
pound formed  by  mixing  :  (chem.)  a  com- 
position in  which  the  ingredients  retain 
their  properties.     [L.  mi.vtura.] 

MIZZEN,  miz'n,  n.  in  a  three-masted  ves- 
sel, the  hindmost  of  the  fore-and-aft 
saUs,  lying  along  the  middle  of  the  ship. 
— adj.  belonging  to  the  mizzen  :  nearest 
the  stern.  [Fr.  misaine — It.  mezzana — 
Low  Ij.medianus — L.  medius,the  middle.] 

MIZZEN-MAST,  miz'n-mast,  n.  the  mast 
that  bears  the  mizzen. 

MIZZLE,  miz'l,  v.i.  to  rain  in  small  drops. 
^n.  fine  rain.  [For  mist-le,  freq.  from 
Mist.] 

MNEMONIC,  ne-mon'ik,  MNEMONICAL, 
ne-mon'ik-al,  adj.  assisting  the  memory. 
[Gr.  mnemonikos  —  mnenion,  mindful  — 
mnaomai.  to  remember  ] 

MNEMONICS,  ne-mon'iks,  n.  the  art  or 
science  of  assisting  the  memory. 

MOA,  mo'a,  n.  a  large  wingless  bird  of 
New  Zealand,  now  extinct  or  nearly  so. 
[Native  name.] 

MOAN,  mon,  v.i.  to  make  a  low  sound  of 
grief  or  pain  :  to  lament  audibly. — tj.t, 
to  lament. — n.  audible  expression  of  pain. 
[A.S.  manan.] 

MOAT,  mot,  n.  a  deep  trench  round  a  cas- 
tle or  fortified  place,  sometimes  filled 
with  water. — v.t.  to  surround  with  a 
moat. — adj.  Moat'ed.  [O.  Fr.  mote,  a 
mound,  also  a  trench  (cf.  Dike  and 
Ditch)  ;  of  uncertain  origin.! 

MOB,  mob,  n.  the  mobile  or  fickle  common 
people  :  the  vulgar :  a  disorderly  crowd  : 
a  riotous  assembly. — v.t.  to  attack  in  a 
disorderly  crowd  :— pr.p.  mobb'ing;  pa.p. 
mobbed'.  [Contr.  for  L  mobile  (valgus), 
the  fickle  (multitude) ;  mobile  is  for  movi- 
bile,  from  moveo,  to  move.] 

MOB  or  MOB-CAP,  mob,  n.  a  kind  of  cap. 
fO.  Dut.  mop ;  prob.  akin  to  MUFF  and 
Muffle.] 

MOBILE,  mo'bil  or  mo-bel',  adj.  that  can 
be  moved  or  excited. — n.  Mobil'ity,  qual- 
ity of  being  mobile.  [Fr.,  from  root  of 
MOB.j 

MOBILIZE,  mob'i-liz,  v.t.  to  call  into  ac- 
tive service,  as  troops. — n.  Mobiliza'tion. 
[Fr.  mobiliser.1 

MOBOCRACY,  uiob-ok'ra-si,  n.  rule  or  as- 
cendency exercised  by  the  mob.  [MoB, 
and  Gr.  Icrateo,  to  rule.] 

MOCCASIN  or  MOCASSIN,  mok'a-sin,  n.  a 
shoe  of  deerskin  or  other  soft  leather, 
worn  by  the  North  American  Indians 
[A  native  word.] 

MOCK,  mok,  v.t.  to  laugh  at:  to  makf 
sport  of :  to  mimic  in  ridicule :  to  disap 
point  the  hopes  of  :  to  deceive. — n.  ridi 
cule  :  a  sneer. — adj.  imitating  reality,  but 
not  real:  false. —  n.  Mock'er. —adr. 
Mock'ingly.  [Fr.  moqtter ;  from  aTeut. 
root  seen  in  Ger.  mucken,  to  mutter  ;  of 
imitative  origin.]  

MOCKERY,  mok'er-i,  MOCKING,  mok'ing. 
n.  derision:  ridicule:  subject  of  laughter 
or  sport :  vain  imitation :  false  shoWi 
[Fr.  moquerie — moquer.] 


MOCK-HEROIC 


288 


MOMENTOUS 


MOCK-HEROIC,  mok-he-ro'ik,  adj.  mock- 
irg-  the  heroic,  or  actioas  or  characters 
of  heroes. 

MOCKING-BIRD,  mok'ing-berd,  n.  a  bird 
of  North  America,  of  the  thrush  family, 
which  mocks  or  imitates  the  notes  of 
birds  and  other  sounds. 

MODAL,  mo'dal,  adj.  relating  to  mode  or 
form  :  consisting  of  mode  only  :  (logic) 
indicating  some  mode  of  expression. — 
adv.  Mo'DALLY. — n.  Modal'ity.  [See 
Mode.] 

alODALIST,  mo'dal-ist,  n.  (theol.)  one  of  a 
class  who  consider  the  three  persons  of 
the  Godhead  as  only  modes  of  being,  and 
not  as  distinct  persons. 

MODE,  mod,  n.  rule:  custom:  form:  man- 
ner of  existing  :  that  which  exists  only 
as  a  quality  of  substance.  [Fr. — L.  modus, 
a  measure  ;  cog.  with  Gr.  medos,  plan, 
from  root  mad  (Mete),  an  extension  of 
root  ma,  to  measure  (cf.  MooN).J 

MODEL,  mod'el,  7i.  something  to  show  the 
mode  or  way  :  something  to  be  copied  •  a 
pattern:  a  mould:  an  imitation  of  some- 
thing on  a  smaller  scale :  something 
worthy  of  imitation. — v.t.  to  form  after 
a  model :  to  shape  :  to  make  a  model  or 
copy  of :  to  form  in  some  soft  material. 
— v.i.  to  practice  modelling  : — pr.p.  mod'- 
elling;  pa.p.  mod'elled. — n.  Mod'eluer. 
[Fr.  modele — L.  modulus,  dim.  of  modus, 
a  measurej 

MODELLING-,  mod'el-ing,  n.  the  act  or  art 
of  making  a  model  of  something,  a  branch 
of  sculpture. 

MODERATE,  mod'er-at,  v.t.  to  k^ep  within 
measure  or  bounds  :  to  regulate  :  to  re- 
duce in  intensity:  to  make  temperate  or 
reasonable  :  to  pacify :  to  decide  as  a 
moderator. — v.i.  to  become  less  violent 
or  intense  :  to  preside  as  a  moderator. — 
jdj.  kept  within  measure  or  bounds  :  not 
excessive  or  extreme  :  temperate :  of 
•iiiddle  rate.  —  adv.  Mod'erately.  —  n. 
Mod'erateness.  [L.  moderor,  -atus  — 
modus,  a  measure.] 

MODERATION,  mod-er-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
moderating  :  state  of  being  moderated  or 
moderate  :  freedom  from  excess  :  calm- 
ness of  mind. 

MODERATISM,  mod'er-a-tizm,  n.  moderate 
op.nions  in  religion  or  politics. 

MODERATO,  mod-er-a'to,  adv.  (mus.)  with 
moderate  quickness.     [It.] 

MODERATOR,  mod'er-a-tor,  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  moderates  or  restrains :  a 
president  or  chairman,  esp.  in  Presby- 
terian Church  courts. — n.  Mod'erator- 
SHIP.     [L.] 

yODERN,  mod'ern,  adj.,  limited  to  the 
present  or  recent  time :  not  ancient. — n. 
one  of  modern  times: — pi.  the  nations 
after  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  who  are 
called  the  ancients. — adv.  Mod'erni.y. — 
n.  Mod'ernness.  [Fr. — L.  modernus — 
modo,  just  now,  (lit.)  "  with  a  limit  "  (of 
time);  orig.  ablative  of  modus.  See  Mode.] 

SIODERNISM,  mod'ern-izm,  n.  modern 
practice  :  something  of  modern  origin. 

MODERNIST,  mod'ern-ist,  n.  an  admirer  of 
the  moderns. 

MODERNIZE,  mod'ern-Iz,  v.t.  to  render 
modern  :  to  adapt  to  the  present  time. — 
n.  Mod'ernizer. 

MODEST,  mod  est,  adj.  restrained  by  a  due 
lense  of  propriety  :  not  forward  :  decent : 
chaste  :  pure  and  delicate,  as  thoughts 
or  language  :  moderate. — adv.  Mod'bst- 
L.Y.  [Fr. — ^L.  modestus,v,'ithin  due  bounds 
— modtis,  a  measure.] 

MODESTY,  mod'est-i,  n.  absence  of  pre- 
sumption :  decency  :  chastity  :  purity  ; 
moderation.  [Fr.  modestie — L.  modestia.] 

MODICUM,  mod'i-kum,  n.  something  of  a 
moderate  size  :  a  little.  [L.,  neut.  of 
modicus.  moderate — modus.    See  Mode.] 


MODIFICATION,  raod-i-fi-ka'shun,  n.  act 
of  modifying :  changed  shape  or  con- 
dition.    [Fr. — L.  tiiodijicatio.] 

MODIPTT,  mod'i-fi,  v.t.  to  make  or  set 
bounds  to :  to  moderate  :  to  change  the 
form  of :  to  vary. — n.  Mod'ifier. — adj. 
Modifi'able.  [Fr.  modijier — L.  modijico, 
-atus — modus,  a  measure,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

MODISH,  mo'dish,  adj.  according  to  or  in 
the  mode,  i.e.  the  fashion  :  fashionable. 
— adv.  Mo'dishly. — n.  Mo'dishness. 

MODIST,  mo'dist,  n.  one  who  follows  the 
mode  or  fashion. — Modiste,  mo-dest',  n. 
one  who  makes  dresses  according  to  the 
fashionable  mode.     [Fr.] 

MODULATE,  mod'u-lat,  v.t.  to  measure,  to 
regulate  :  to  vary  or  inflect,  as  sounds  : 
(mus.)  to  change  the  key  or  mode. — v.i. 
to  pass  from  one  key  into  another.  [L. 
modulor,  -atus — modulus,  a  little  meas- 
ure, dim.  of  modus.} 

MODULATION,  mod-u-la'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  modulating:  state  of  being  modulated: 
(mus.)  the  changing  of  the  keynote  and 
the  alteration  of  the  original  scale  by  the 
introduction  of  a  new  sharp  or  flat. 

MODULATOR,  mod'u-Iat-or,  n.  one  who 
or  that  which  modulates :  a  chart  in  the 
Tonic  Sol-fa  musical  notation  on  which 
the  modulations  or  transitions  from  one 
scale  to  another  are  indicated  by  the 
relative  position  of  the  notes. 

MODULE,  mod'ul,  n.  (arch.)  a  measure  for 
regulating  the  proportion  of  columns  :  a 
model.     [Fr. — L.  moduhis.] 

MODULUS,  mod'u-lus,  n.  (math.)  a  con- 
stant multipUer  in  a  function  of  a  vari- 
able, by  which  the  function  is  adapted  to 
a  particular  base. 

MOHAIR,  mo'har,  n.  the  fine  silken  hair  of 
the  Angora  goat  of  Asia  Minor  :  cloth 
made  of  mohair.  [O.  Fr.  mouaire  (Fr. 
moire)—Ar.  mvlchayyar.  Doublet,  Moire.] 

MOHAMMEDAN,  mo-ham'ed-an,  adj.  per- 
taining to  Mohammed  or  to  his  religion. 
— n.  a  follower  of  Mohammed  :  one  who 
professes  Mohammedanism  :  also  written 
Mahom'etan,  Mahom'edan.  [Moluun- 
med,  the  great  prophet  of  Arabia,  born 
about  570 — ^Ar.  muhammad,  praiseworthy 
— hamd,  praise.] 

MOHAMMEDANISM,  mo-ham'ed-an-izm, 
M0HAMMEDIS5I,  mo-ham'ed-izm,  n. 
the  religion  of  Mohammed,  contained 
in  the  Koran. 

MOHAMMEDANIZE,  mo-ham'ed-an-Iz,  v.t. 
to  convert  to,  or  make  conformable  to 
Mohammedanism. 

MOHUR,  mo'hur,  n.  in  British  India,  a 
gold  coin^fifteen  rupees  or  about  $7.35. 
[The  Pers.  word.] 

MOIDORE,  moi'dor,  n.  a  disused  gold  coin 
of  Portugal,  worth  about  $6.50.  [Port. 
moeda  d'ouro  —  L.  monetta  de  aura, 
money  of  gold.] 

MOIETY,  moi'e-ti,  n.,  half:  one  of  two 
equal  parts.  [Fr.  moitie — L.  medietas, 
-talis,  middle,  half — medius,  middle.] 

MOIL,  moil,  v.t.  to  daub  with  dirt. — v.i. 
to  toil  or  labor :  to  drudge.  [O.  Fr. 
moiler  (Fr.  mouiller),  to  wet — ^L.  mollis, 
soft.     See  MoT.T.TT'Y.] 

MOIRE,  mwor,  n.  watered  silk.     [Fr.    See 

MOHAIE.] 

MOIST,  moist,  adj.,  damp:  humid  :  juicy: 
containing  water  or  other  liquid. — n. 
Moist'ness.  '  O.  Fr.  moiste  (Fr.  moite) 
—  L.  Tnusteu.i,  fresh,  sappy  —  Tuustum, 
juice  of  grapes,  new  wine.] 

MOISTEN,  mois'n,  v.i.  to  make  moist  or 
damp  :  to  wet  slightly. 

MOISTURE,  moist'ur,  n.,  moistness:  that 
which  moistens  or  makes  slightly  wet : 
a  small  quantity  of  any  liquid. 

MOLAR,  mo'lar,  adj.,  grinding,  as  a  mill: 
used  for  grinding. — n.  a  grinding  tooth, 


which  is  double.  [L.  molaris — mala,  a 
mill — molo,  to  grind.] 

MOLASSES,  mo-las'ez,  n.sing.  a  kind  of 
syrup  that  drains  from  sugar  during  the 
process  of  manufacture  :  treacle.  [Port. 
7?tcZa(-o  (Fr.  melasse)—lj.  mell-aceus,  honey- 
like— mcl,  mellis,  honey.] 

MOLE,  mol,  n.  a  permanent  dark-brown 
spot  or  mark  on  the  liuman  skin.  [A.S. 
mal;  cog.  with  Scand.  and  Ger.  maal,  and 

Srob.  also  with  L.  mac-ida,  a  spot.] 
LE,  mol,  n.  a  small  animal  with  very 
small  eyes  and  soft  fur,  which  burrows 
in  the  ground  and  casts  up  little  heaps 
of  mould. — US.  Mole'cast,  Mole'hill,  a 
little  hill  or  heap  of  earth  cast  up  by  a 
mole. — adj.  Mole-eyed,  having  eyes  like 
those  of  a  mole  .  seeing  imperfectly. — n. 
Mole'-track,  the  track  made  by  a  mole 
burrowing.  [Short  for  the  older  mold- 
M-arjj=  mould-caster  —  M.  E.  molde  (E. 
Mould),  and  iverpen  (E.  Warp).] 

MOLE,  mol,  n.  a  breakwater.  [Fr. — L. 
moles,  a  huge  mass.] 

MOLE-CRICKET,  mol'-krik'et,  n.  a  bur- 
rowing insect  like  a  cricket,  with  fore- 
legs like  those  of  a  mole. 

MOLECULAR,  mo-lek'u-lar,  adj.  belonging 
to  or  consisting  of  molecules. — n.  Molec- 
ulae'ity. 

MOLECULE,  mol'e-kul,  n.  one  of  the  mi- 
nute particles  of  which  matter  is  com- 
posed. [Fr.,  a  dim.  coined  from  L.  moles, 
a  mass.1 

MOLERAT,  mol'rat,  n.  a  rai-like  animal, 
which  borrows  like  a  mole. 

MOLESKIN,  mol'skin,  n.  a  superior  kind  of 
fustian,  or  coai'se  twilled  cotton  cloth,  so 
called  from  its  being  soft  like  the  skinx)f 
a  mole. 

MOLEST,  mo-lest',  v.t.  to  trouble,  disturb, 
or  annoy. — n.  Molest'er. — adj.  Molest"- 
FUL.  [Fr.  molester — L.  molesto — molestus, 
troublesome — moles,  a  mass,  a  difficulty.] 

MOLESTATION,  mol-es-ta'slum,  n.  act  of 
molesting :  state  of  being  molested  :  an- 
noyance. 

MOLLIENT,  mol'yent,  adj.  serving  to 
soften  :  assuaging.  [L.  viollis,  soft.  See 
Emollient.] 

MOLLIFICATION,  mol-i-fi-ka'shun,  n.  act 
of  mollifying  :  state  of  being  mollified  : 
mitigation. 

MOLLIFY,  mori-fl,  v.t.  to  make  soft  or 
tender :  to  assuage  :  to  calm  or  pacify  : 
—pa.p.  moll'ified.— ad/.  Moll'ifiable. — 
n.  Moll'dter.  [Fr. — L.  mollijico — mol- 
lis, soft,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

MOLLUSC,  MOLLUSK,  morusk,  n.  one 
of  the  Mollus'ca,  those  animals  which 
have  a  .loft  inarticulate  fleshy  body,  as 
the  snail  and  all  shellfish  i—pl.  MOLL' 
uses,  MoLL'usKS,  or  Mollus'ca.  [Ft., 
from  L.  molluscus,  softish — mollis,  soft.] 

MOLLUSCAN,mol-us'kan,MOLLUSCOUS, 
mol-us'kus,  adj.  of  or  like  violluscs. — n. 
MOLLUS'CAU,  a  mollusc. 

MOLTEN,  molt'n,  adj.,  melted  :  made  of 
melted  metal.     [Old  pa.p.  of  Melt.] 

MOMENT,  mo'ment,  n.,  moving  cause  or 
force  :  importance  in  effect :  value  :  the 
smallest  portion  of  time  in  which  a 
movement  can  be  made :  an  instant : 
(mech.)  the  moment  of  a  force  about  a 
point  is  the  product  of  the  force  and  the 
perpendicular  on  its  line  of  action  from 
the  point.  [Fr. — L.  momentum,  for  movi' 
mentum — moveo,  to  move.] 

MOMENTARY,  mo'ment-ar-i,  adj.  lasting 
for  a  moment :  done  in  a  moment. — adv. 
Mo'mentarily. — n.  Mo'mentariness. 

MOMENTLY,  mo'ment-li,  adv.  for  a  mo- 
ment :  in  a  moment :  everj-  moment. 

MOMENTOUS,  mo-ment'us,  adj.  of  moment 
or  importance :  of  great  consequence. — 
adv.  Mojiemt'ously.  —  n.    Moment'ous« 

NESS. 


MOMENTUM 

MOMENTUM,  mO-ment'um,  n.  the  quantity 
of  motion  in  a  body,  which  is  measured 
by  the  product  of  the  mass  and  the  ve- 
locity of  the  moving  body :— pZ.  Moment'a. 

MONACHAL,  mon'ak-aJ,  a^j-  living  alone : 

§rtaining  to  monks  or  to  a  monastic  life. 
ee  Monastery.] 
TACHISM,monak-izm,».,wcmasficlife: 
state  of  being  a  monk. 
MONAD,  mon'ad,  n.  an  ultimate  atom  or 
simple  unextended  point :  a  simple,  pri- 
mary element  assumed  by  Leibnitz  and 
other  philosophers :  (zool.)  one  of  the  sim- 

glest  of  animalcules.  [L.  monas,  -adia — 
fr.  monas,  -ados — monos,  alone.] 

MONADBLPHIAN,  mon-a-del'fl-an,  MON- 
ADELPHOUS,  mon-a-del'fus,  adj.  (bot.) 
having  the  stamens  united  into  one 
brotherhood  or  body  by  the  tJanients. 
[Gr.  monos,  alone,  adelphos,  a  brother.] 

MONADIC,  mon-ad'ik,  MONADICAL, 
mon-ad'ik-al,  adj.  being  or  resembling 
a  monad. 

MONANDRLU*!,  mon-an'dri-an,  MONAN- 
DROUS,  mon-an'drus,  ac^'.  (bot.)  having 
only  one  stamen  or  male  organ.  [Qr. 
monos,  and  anSr,  andros,  a  male.] 

MONARCH,  mon'ark,  n.,  sole  or  supreme 
nder :  a  sovereign  :  the  chief  of  its  Idnd. 
—  adj.  supreme :  superior  to  others. 
[Fr.  momarque,  through  L.,  from  Or. 
monarcMs — monos,  alone,  arehe,  rule.] 

MONARCHAL,  mon-Srk'al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  monarch  :  regal. 

MONARCHIC,  mon-ark-ik,  MONAKCH- 
ICAL,  mon-irk'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to  a 
monarch  or  monarchy :  vested  in  a  single 
ruler. 

MONARCHIST,  mon'ark-ist,  n.  an  advocate 
of  monarchy. 

MONARCHIZB,  mon'ark-Iz,  v.t.  to  rule 
over,  as  a  monarch :  to  convert  into  a 
monarchy. 

MONARCHY,  mon'ark-i,  n.  government 
headed  by  a  monarch  :  a  kingdom. 

MONASTERY,  mon'as-ter-i,  n.  a  house  for 
monks  :  an  abbey  :  a  convent.  [L.  wiora- 
ctsterium — Or.  monast&rion — monastea,  a 
monk — monos,  alone.] 

MONASTIC,  mon-as'tik,  MONASTICAL, 
mon-as'tik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  monaa- 
teries,  monks,  and  nuns :  recluse :  soli- 
tary.—adi».  MONASTICAUiT. 

MONASTIC,  mon-as'tik,  n.  a  monk. 

MONASTICISM,  mon-as'ti-sizm,  n.  mon- 
astic life. 

MONDAY,  mun'da,  n.  the  day  sacred  to 
the  moon :  the  second  day  of  the  week. 
[Moon  and  Day.] 

MONETARY,  mun  e-tar-i,  ad^.  relating  to 
money  or  moneyed  affairs :  consisting  of 
money. 

MONEY,  mun'i,  n.  coin  :  pieces  of  stamped 
metal  used  in  commerce  :  any  currency 
used  as  the  equivalent  of  money  :  wealth: 
—pi.  MoN'EYB.  [Ft.  monnaie—it.  moneta, 
from  root  of  MiST.] 

MONEY-BROKER,  mun'i-brSk'er,  MON- 
EY-CHANGER, mun'i-chanj'er,  n.  a 
broker  who  deals  in  money  or  exchanges. 

MONEYED,  mun'id,  adj.  having  money  : 
rich  in  monev :  consisting  in  money. 

MONEYLESS,"^mun'i-les,  adj.  destitute  of 
money. 

MONGER,  mung'ger,  n.  a  trader :  a  dealer, 
used  chieflv  in  composition,  sometimes 
in  a  depreciatory  sense. — v.t.  to  trade  or 
deal  in.  [A.S.  mangere — mang,  a  mix- 
ture, aUied  to  manig.  Many.  Cf.  Ice. 
tnangari — manga,  to  trade,  and  perh.  L, 
m/ingo,  a  trader.] 

MONGREL,  mung-'grel,  adj.  of  a  mixed 
breed. — n.  an  animal  of  a  mixed  breed. 
[A  contracted  dim.  from  a  root  seen  in 
A.S.  mangian,  later  mengan,  to  mix. 
See  Mingle  and  MoNaEE.] 

MONITION,  mon-ish'un,  n.  a  reminding  or 


289 

admonishing :  warning  :  notice.  [JL 
monitio — moneo,  -itum,  to  remind — root 
vmn,  to  think.] 

MONITIVE,  mon'i-tiv,  adj.  conveying  ad- 
monition. 

MONITOR,  mon'i-tor,  n,  one  who  admon- 
ishes :  an  adviser :  an  instructor  :  a  pupil 
who  assists  a  schoolmaster  •.-—fern.  Mon'- 
iTREss.— w.   Mon'itoeship.    [See  Moni- 

TlONj 

MONITORIAL,  mon-i-to'ri-al,  adj.  relating 
to  a  monitor :  performed  or  taught  by  a 
monitor. — adv.  Monito'EIALLY. 

MONITORY,  mon'i-tor-i,  acb'.  reminding 
or  admonishing:  giving  admonition  or 
warning'. 

MONK,  mungk,  n.  formerly,  one  who 
retired  alone  to  the  desert  to  lead  a 
religious  life :  one  of  a  religious  com- 
munity living  in  a  monastery,  rA.S. 
muneo — L.  monachus — Gr.  mmiamos — 
monos,  alone.] 

MONKEY,  mungk'i,  n.  a  name  of  contempt, 
esp.  for  a  mischievous  person :  the  order 
of  mammalia  next  to  man,  having  their 
feet  developed  like  hands  :  an  ape  -.—pi. 
MoNK'EYS.  \p.  It.  numiechio,  dim.  of  O. 
It.  monna,  mckname  for  an  old  woman, 
an  ape,  contr.  of  It.  madonna,  mistress. 
See  Madonna.] 

MONKISH,  mungk'ish,  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  monk :  like  a  monk  :  monastic. 

MONK'S-HOOD,  mungks'-hood,  n.  the 
aconite,  a  poisonous  plant  with  a  flower 
like  a  monk's  hood. 

MONOCHORD,  mon'o-kord,  n.  a  musical 
instrument  of  one  chord  or  string.  [Gr. 
monos,  alone,  and  Chobd.] 

MONOCHROMATIC,  mon-o-krO-mat'ik, 
adj.  of  one  color  only.  [Or.  monos,  and 
Chromatic.] 

MONOCOTYLEDON,  mon-o-kot-i-ie'don,  n. 
a  plant  with  only  one  cotyledon. —  adj. 
MoNOCOTYLE'DONons.  [Gr.  m,onoa,  alone, 
and  Cotyledon.] 

MONOCULAR,  mon-ok'a-lar,  MONOCU- 
LOUS, mon-ok'u-lus,  adj.  mth  one  eye 
only.    [Gr.  monos,  and  Occlae.] 

MONODIST,  mon'o-dist,  n.  one  who  writes 
monodies. 

MONODY,  mon'o-di,  n.  a  mournful  ode  or 
poem  in  which  a  single  mourner  bewails. 
— adj.  MONOD'IOAI*  [Qr.  monos,  single, 
and  Ode.] 

MONOGAMY,  mon-og'a-mi,  n,,  viarriage 
to  erne  wife  only  :  the  state  of  such  mar- 
riage.—ad/.  MoNoa'AMoua— »i.  Monoo'a- 
JOST.  [Gr.  monos,  one,  gamos,  marriage.] 

MONOGRAM,  men  o-gram,  n.  a  character 
or  cipher  of  several  letters  interwoven  or 
written  into  one.  [Or.  monos,  alone, 
gramma,  a  letter.] 

MONOGRAPH,  mon'o-graf,  m.  a  paper  or 
treatise  written  on  one  particular  sub- 
ject or  a  branch  of  it.  [Gr.  monos,  alone, 
and  grapko,  to  write.] 

MONOGRAPHER,  mon-og'rarfer,  MONOG- 
RAPHIST,  mon-og'rarflst,  «.  a  writer  ol 
monographs. 

MONOGRAPHIC,  mon-o-grafik,  MONO- 
GRAPHICAL,  mon-o-graf  i-kal,  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  monograph  :  drawn  in  hnea 
without  colors. 

MONOGRAPHY,  mon-og'ra-fl,  n.  a  repre- 
sentation by  one  means  only,  as  lines :  an 
outline  drawing, 

MONOGYNIAN,  mon-o-jin'i-an,  MONOG- 
YNOUS,  mon-oj'i-nus,  adj.  (bot.)  having 
only  one  pistil  or  female  organ.  [Gr. 
monos,  alone,  and  ^/»/?,  a  female.] 

MONOLITH,  mon'o-hth,  ri.  a  pillar,  or  col- 
umn, of  a  single  stone. — atys,  Monolith'- 
ic,  Monolith' AL.  [Gr.  monoa,  alone,  and 
lithos,  stone.] 

MONOLOGUE,  mon'o-log,  n.  a  speech  ut- 
tered by  one  person  :  soliloquy  :  a  poem. 


MONTH 

etc.,  for  a  single  performer.    [Fr.— Qi». 
monos,  alone,  and  logos,  speech,] 

MONOMANIA,  mon-o-ma'ni-a,  n.,  ma^nesi 
confined  to  one  subject,  or  one  faculty  of 
the  mind.  [Gr.  monos,  alone,  and  mania, 
madness.] 

MONOMANIAC,  mon-o-ma'ni-ak,  adj.  af- 
fected with  monomania. — n.  one  aSected 
with  monomania. 

MONOME,  mon'om,  MONOML\L,  mou. 
6'mi-al,  m.  an  algebraic  expression  of  on« 
tervi  only:  a  series  of  factors  of  single 
terms.  —  adj.  Mono'mial.  [Gr.  monos, 
alone,  and  nome,  division.! 

MONOPHYLLOUS,  mon-of  il-us  or  mon-o- 
Bl'us,  adj.  having  a  leaf  of  but  one  piece. 
[Gr.  monos.  atone,  phyllon,  a  leaf.] 

MONOPOLIZE,  mon-op'o-liz,  v.t.  to  obtain 
possession  of  anything  so  as  to  be  the 
only  seller  of  it :  to  engross  the  whole  of. 
—ns.  MONOP'OLIZEE,  MONOP'OUST,  one 
who  monopolizes. 

MONOPOLY,  mon-op'o-li,  n.  the  sole 
power  of  dealing  in  anything  :  exclus- 
ive command  or  possession.  [L.  mon- 
opolium — Gr.  monos,  alone,  and  poleo, 
to  sell.] 

MONOSPERMOUS,  mon-o-sperm'us,  ad^. 
(bot.)  having  OTie  seed  only.  [Gr.  monos, 
alone,  sperma,  seed.] 

MONOSTICH,  mon'o-stik,  n.  a  poem  com- 
plete in  one  verse.  [Gr.  monos,  alone, 
stichos,  verse,] 

MONOSTROPHlC,  mon-o-strof  ik,  adj.  hav- 
ing but  one  strophe :  not  varied  in 
measure.  [Gr.  monos,  alone,  strophe,  a 
strophe.] 

MONOSYLLABIC,  mon-o-sil-Iab'ik,  ac{). 
consisting  of  one  syllable,  or  of  words  of 
one  syllable. 

MONOSYLLABLE,  mon-o-sUTa-bl,  n.  a 
word  of  one  syllable.  [Fr. — L.— Gr.  monos, 
alone,  syllabt,  a  syllable.] 

MONOTHEISM,  mon'o-the-izm,  n.  the  be- 
lief in  only  OTie  God.  [Gr.  monos,  alone, 
and  theos,  God.] 

MONOTHEIST,  mon'o-the-ist,  n.  one  who 
believes  that  there  is  but  one  God. — adj. 
Monotheistic. 

MONOTONE,  mon'o-ton,  n.  a  single,  un- 
varied tone  or  sound :  a  succession  of 
sounds  having  the  same  pitch.  [Gr. 
monos,  alone,  and  tonos,  a  tone,  note.] 

MONOTONOUS,  mon-ot'o-nus,  adj.  uttered 
in  one  unvaried  tone:  marked  by  dull 
uniformity. — adv.  Monot'ONOUSLY. 

MONOTONY,  mon-ot'o-ni,  n.  dull  uniform- 
ity of  tone  or  sound :  (fig.)  irksome 
sameness  or  want  of  variety. 

MONSOON,  mon-s55n',  n.  a  periodical 
wind  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  wtuch  blows 
from  the  S.W.  from  April  to  October, 
and  from  the  N.E.  the  rest  of  the  year : 
similar  winds  elsewhere.  [Through  FV. 
oi  It.  froii)  Malay  musim — Ar.  maiesim,  a 
time,  a  se)j;on.J 

MONSTER,  mon  ster,  n,  anything  out  of 
the  usual  course  of  nature :  a  prodigy : 
anything  horrible  from  ugliness  or  wick- 
edness. [Lit.  a  warning  or  portent,  PV. — 
L,  monstrum,  a  divine  omen  or  warning, 
a  bad  omen,  a  monster — moneo,  to  warn, 
admonish — root  man,  to  think.  See 
Man,  JIind.]^ 

MONSTRANCE,  mon'strans,  n.  in  the  R 
Oath.  Church,  the  utensil  in  which  the 
consecrated  wafer  is  sJioum,  to  the  con- 
gregation. [Fr. — L.  monstro,  to  show— 
monstmm,  an  omen.] 

MONSTROSITY,  mon-stros'i-ti,  n.  state  oi 
being  monstrous :  an  unnatural  produo' 
tion. 

MONSTROUS,  mon'strus,  adj.  out  of  the 
common    course  of  nature  :  enormous 
wonderful:  horrible.— adv.  Mon'steously, 

MONTH,  munth,  n.  the  period  of  one  revo- 
lution of  the  moon  (now  distinguished  as 


MOKTHLY 


390 


MORPHIA 


a  "lunar"  month),  one  of  the  twelve 
parts  of  the  year  (a  "  calendar  "  month). 
fA.S.  monath — moua,  the  moon.  See 
Moon.] 

MONTHLY,  munth'li,  adj.  performed  in  a 
month  :  happening  or  published  once  a 
month. — n.  a  monthly  publication. — adv. 
once  a  month  :  in  every  month. 

MOXUMENT,  mon'ti-ment,  n.  anything 
that  perpetuates  tlie  memory  of  a  person 
or  event:  a  record.  [Fr. — L.  monuinentum 
— moneo,  to  remind — root  man,  to  think.] 

MONUMENTAL,  mon-u-ment'al,  adj.  of  or 
relating-  to  a  monument  or  tomb:  serving 
as  a  monument:  memorial. — adv.  Monu- 
ment'Aii.Y. 

MOOD,  mood,  n.  fashion:  manner:  (gram.) 
a  form  of  verbal  inflection  to  express  the 
mode  or  manner  of  action  or  being:  (logic) 
the  form  of  the  syllogism  as  determined 
by  the  quantity  and  quality  of  its  three 
constituent  propositions :  (mus.)  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  intervals  in  the  scale, 
as  major  and  minor.    [Same  as  Mode.] 

MOOD,  mood,  n.  disposition  of  mind  :  tem- 
porary state  of  the  mind:  anger:  heat  of 
temper.  [A.S.  7nod.  mind,  disposition  ; 
found  in  all  the  Teut.  languages,  and 
orig.  sig.  "courage"  (Ger.  muth).^ 

MOODY,  mood'i,  adj.  indulging  moods : 
out  of  humor  :  angry  :  sad  :  gloomy. — 
adv.  Mood'ily. — n.  Mood'iness,  quality 
of  being  moody:  peevishness.  [See  Mood, 
disposition  of  mind.] 

MOON,  moon,  n.  the  secondary  planet  or 
satellite  vyhich  revolves  round  the  earth: 
a  satellite  revolving  about  any  other 
planet :  a  month  :  (fort.)  a  moon-shaped 
outwork.  [Lit.  the  "measurer"  (of  time), 
A.S.  mana;  found  in  all  the  Teut.  lan- 

guages,  also  in  O.  Slav,  menso,  L.  mensis, 
T.  mene,  Sans,  mas-a,  and  all  from  root 

ma,  to  measure.] 
MOONBEAM,  moon'bem,  n.  a  beam  from 

the  moon. 
MOONLESS,    moon'les,    adj.  destitute   of 

moonliglit. 
MOONLIGHT,  moon'lit,  adj.  lighted  by  the 

moon  :  occurring  during  moonhght. — n. 

the    light    of    the    moon.      [Moon    and 

Light.] 
MOONSHEE,  moon'she,  n.  a  Mohammedan 

professor  or    teacher    of   languages,  so 

called  in  India.     [Arab.] 
MOONSHINE,  moon'shin,  n.   the  shining 

of  the  moon:  (fig.)  show  without  reality. 
MOONSTRUCK,     moou'struk,     adj.     (lit.) 

struck  or  affected  by  the  moon :  lunatic. 
MOOR,  moor,  n.  an  extensive  waste  cov- 
ered with    heath,   and    having  a   poor, 

peaty  soil :  a  heath.     [A.S.    mor ;   Dut. 

moer.  Ice.  mor,   peat,  turf,  moor.     See 

Mire  and  Moss.] 
MOOR,  moor,  v.t.  to  fasten  a  ship  by  cable 

and  anchor. — v.i.  to  be  fastened  by  cables 

or  chains.     [Dut.  marren,  to  tie,  alUed 

to  A.S.  merran,  O.  Ger.  marrjan,  to  mar, 

to  hinder.] 
MOOR,  moor,  n.  a  native  of  N.  Africa,  of  a 

dark   complexion.     [Fr.  more,  maure — 

L.  maurus — Gr.  mauros,  black.] 
MOORAGE,  moor'aj,  n.  a  place  for  mooring. 
MOORCOCK,     moor '  kok,    MOORFOWL, 

moor'fowl,  n.  the  red  grouse  or  heathcocfc 

found  in  moors. 
MOORHEN,  moor'hen.n.  the  moor  or  water 

hen. 
MOORING,  moor'ing,  n.,  act  of  mooring: 

that  which  serves  to  moor  or  conflne  a 

ship  ;  in  pZ.  the  place  or  condition  of.  a 

sliip  thus  moored. 
MOORISH,  m6or'ish,MOORY,  moor'i,  adj. 

resembhng   a   moor :   sterile  :    marshy  : 

boggy. 
MOORISH,  moor'ish,  adj.  belonging  to  the 

Moors. 


MOORLAND,  moor'land,  n.  a  tract  of 
heath-covered  and  marshy  land. 

MOOSE,  moos,  n.  the  largest  deer  of 
America,  resembling  the  European  elk. 
[Indian.] 

MOOT,  moot,  v.t.  to  propose  for  discussion  : 
to  discuss  :  argue  for  practice. — adj.  dis- 
cussed or  debated.  [A.S.  motian — mot, 
an  assembl3',  akin  to  metan,  to  meet. 
See  BIeet,  to  come  face  to  face.] 

MOOTABLE,  moot'a-bl,  adj.  that  can  be 
mooted  or  debated. 

MOOT-CASE,  -moot'-kas,  MOOT-POINT, 
moot'-point,  n.  a  case,  point,  or  question 
to  be  mooted  or  debated :  an  unsettled 
question. 

MOOT-COURT,  m5ot'-k6rt,  n.  a  meeting 
or  court  for  mooting  or  arguing  supposed 
cases. 

MOP,  mop,  n.  an  instrument  for  washing 
floors,  made  of  cloth,  etc.,  fastened  to 
a  handle. — v.t.  to  rub  or  vripe  with  a 
mop  : — pr.p.  mopp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
mopped  .  [Either  Celt,  as  in  W.  mop, 
mopa,  a  mop  ;  or  through  Fr.  mappe, 
from  L.  mappa,  a  napkin,  from  which 
also  Map  and  Napkin.] 

MOPE,  mop,  v.i.  to  be  silent  and  dispirited: 
to  be  dull  or  stupid. — adv.  Mop'ingly. 
[Dut.  moppen.,  to  pout,  sulk.] 

MOPISH,  mop'ish,  adj.  dull :  spiritless. — 
n.  MOP'ISHNESS. 

MOPPET,  mop'et,  n.  a  doll  of  rags  like  a 
mop. 

MORAINE,  mo-ran',  n.  (geol.)  a  line  of 
blocks  and  gravel  found  at  the  bases  and 
edges  of  glaciers.  [Fr. ;  from  the  Teut., 
as  in  Prov.  Ger.  mur,  stones  broken  off.] 

MORAL,  nior'al,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to 
the  manners  or  conduct  of  men :  con- 
formed to  right  :  vh-tuous  :  capable  of 
moral  action  :  subject  to  the  moral  law: 
instructing  with  regard  to  morals  :  sup- 
ported by  evidence  of  reason  or  probabil- 
ity.— n.  in  pi.  manners  :  the  doctrine  or 
practice  of  the  duties  of  Ufe :  moral 
philosophy  or  ethics  :  conduct :  in  sing. 
the  practical  lesson  given  by  anything. 
[Fr. — L.  moralis  —  mos,  moris,  manner, 
custom.] 

MORALE,  mo-riil',  »i.  the  moral  condition  : 
mental  state  as  reg'ards  spirit  and  confi- 
dence, esp.  of  a  body  of  men.     [Fr.] 

MORALIS'T,  mor'al-ist,  n.  one  who  teaches 
morals  :  one  who  practices  moral  duties  : 
one  who  prides  himself  on  his  morality. 

MORALITY,  mo-ral'i-ti,  n.  quahty  of  being 
moral:  tlie  quality  of  an  action  which 
renders  it  riglit  or  wrong  :  the  practice 
of  moral  duties :  virtue :  the  doctrine 
wliich  treats  of  moral  actions  :  ethics  :  a 
kind  of  moi-al  allegorical  play.  [Fr.-^L. 
moralitas.] 

MORALIZE,  mor'al-Tz,  v.t.  to  apply  to  a 
moral  purpose :  to  explain  in  a  moral 
sense. — v.i.  to  speak  or  write  on  moral 
subjects  :  to  make  nioral  reflections. — n. 
Moe'alizee.     [Fr.  moraliser.] 

MORALLY,  mor  al-i,  adv.  in  a  moral  man- 
ner. 

MORASS,  mo-ras',  n.  a  tract  of  soft,  wet 
ground :  a  marsh.  [Dut.  moer-as,  for 
moer-asch,  (lit.)  "  moor-ish,"  adj.  from 
moer.  mire.     See  MoOR.] 

MORAVIAN,  mo-ra'vi-an,  adj.  pertaining 
to  Moravia  or  to  the  Moravians  or  United 
Brethren. — n.  one  of  the  United  Breth- 
ren, a  Protestant  religious  sect,  orig. 
from  Moravia,  in  Austria. 

MORBID,  mor'bid,  adj.,  diseased,  sickly  : 
not  healthful.  — a dv. Mor'bidlt.  — n. Mor'- 
BiDNESS,  sickliness.  [Fr. — L.  m.orbidus — 
morbus,  disease ;  akin  to  mor-ior,  to  die. 
See  Mortal.] 

MORBIFIC,  mor-bif'ik,  adj.  causing  disease. 
[Coined  from  L.  morbus,  disease,  and  fa- 
cto, to  make.] 


MORDACIOUS,  mor-da'shus,  adj.  given  to 
biting  :  biting  :  (fig.)  sarcastic  :  severe. 
—adv.  Morda'ciously.  [L.  mordax,  mor- 
dacis,  from  mordeo,  to  bite.] 

MORDACITY,  mor-das'i-ti,  n.  qudity  of 
being  mordacious.  [Fr.— L.  mofdacitas 
— mordcLX.'] 

MORDANT,  mor'dant,  adj.  (lit.)  biting 
into :  serving  to  fix  colors. — n.  any  sub- 
stance, as  alum,  used  to  give  permanency 
or  brilliancy  to  dyes  :  matter  to  make 
gold-leaf  adhere.  [Fr.,  pr.p.  of  viordre 
— L.  mordeo,  to  bite.] 

MORE,  mor,  adj.  (serves  as  comp.  of  Many 
and  Much),  greater,  so  in  B.:  additional : 
other  besides. — adv.  to  a  greater  degree  : 
again  :  longer.  —  n.  a  greater  thing  : 
something  further  or  in  addition. — 
s^iperl.  JVIosT,  most.  [A.S.  mara  (Ice. 
meiri)  —  root  mag,  identical  with  Sans. 
mall  (=magh),  to  grow.  See  May,  JLon.] 

MOREEN,  mo-ren',  n.  a  stout  wooUen  stuff, 
used  for  curtains,  etc.  [A  form  of  Mo- 
hair.] 

MOREL.     See  Moeil. 

MOREOVER,  mor-o'ver,  adv.,  more  over  or 
beyond  what  has  been  said :  further :  be- 
sides :  also. 

MORESQUE,  mo-resk',  adj.  done  after  the 
manner  of  the  Moors. — n.  a  kind  of  or- 
namentation, same  as  arabesque.  [Fr. ; 
It.  moresco.} 

MORGANATIC,  mor-gan-at'ik,  adj.  noting 
a  marriage  of  a  man  with  a  woman  of 
inferior  rank,  in  which  neither  the  latter 
nor  her  children  enjoy  the  rank  or  in- 
herit the  possessions  of  her  husband, 
though  the  children  are  legitimate. 
[Low  L.  morganatica,  a  gift  from  a 
Dridegroom  to  his  bride  ;  from  Ger.  mor- 
gen,  morning,  used  for  morgengabe,  the 
gift  given  by  a  husband  to  his  wife.] 

MORIBUND,  mor'i-bund,  adj.,  about  to  die. 
[L.  muribundus — morior,  to  die.] 

MORIL,  mor'il,  n.  a  muslu'oom  abounding 
with  little  holes.  ("Fr.  morille ;  prob. 
from  Fr.  more,  blacK,  because  it  turns 
black  in  cooking.  See  Moor,  a  native 
of  N.  Africa.] 

MORION,  mo'ri-un,  n.  an  open  helmet, 
without  visor  or  beaver.  [Fr.  (It.  mo- 
rione),  prob.  from  Sp.  morrion — morra, 
crown  of  the  head.] 

MORISCO,  mo-ris'ko,  MORISK,  mo-risk', 
n.  the  Moorish  language :  a  Moorish 
dance  or  dancer. 

MORMON,  mor'mon,  n.  one  of  a  religious 
sect  in  the  United  States,  founded  in 
1830  by  Joseph  Smith,  who  made  an 
addition  to  the  Bible,  called  the  Book  of 
Mormon,  from  Mormon,  its  alleged 
author. — ?!.  Mor'monism  (-izm),  the  doc- 
trines of  this  sect. 

MORN,  morn,  n.  the  first  part  of  the  day  ; 
morning.  [Contr.  of  M.E.  morwen — A'S. 
morgen,  cog  with  Ger.  morgen.  Ice.  vior- 
gun,  Goth,  maiirgins ;  a  doublet  of  Mor- 
row.] 

MORNING,  morn'ing,  n.  the  first  part  of 
the  day  :  an  early  part.^ — adj.  pertaining 
to  the  morning  :  done  or  being  in  the 
morning.  [Contr.  of  morwen-ing.  See 
Morn.] 

MOROCCO,  mo-rok'6,  n.  a  fine  kmd  of 
leather  of  goat  or  sheep  skin,  first  brought 
from  Morocco. 

MOROSE,  mo-ros',  adj.  of  a  sour  temper ; 
gloomy  :  severe.— adr.  Morose'ly.  —  n. 
Morose' NESS,  quahty  of  being  morose. 
[L.  morosus,  peevish,  fretful — mos,  moris, 
(orig.)  self-will,  hence  manner,  way  of 
Ufe.    See  Moral.] 

MORPHIA,  mor'fi-a,  MORPHINE,  mor'fln, 
n.  the  narcotic  principle  of  opium. 
[Coined  from  Gr.  Morpheus,  god  of 
dreams,  (lit.)  "  the  fashioner,"  from  mor- 
phe,  shape.] 


MORPHOLOGY 


291 


MOUND 


MORPHOLOGY,  mor-fol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
of  ihe  forms  assumed  by  plants  and  ani- 
mals. [Gr.  morphe,  form,  and  logos,  a 
discourse.] 

MORRIS,  MORRICE.  moi'is,  MORRIS- 
DANCE,  mor'is-dans,  n.  a  Moonsfi  dance: 
a  dance  in  which  bells,  rattles,  tambours, 
otc,  are  introduced.  [Sp.  moT-isco,  (lit.) 
•  Moor-ish  " — Sp.  vioro,  a  Moor.] 

MORROW,  mor'o,  n.  the  day  following  the 
present :  to-morrow  :  the  next  following 
day.  [M.E.  morwe,  for  morwen.  See  its 
doublet  Morn.] 

MORSE,  mors,  n.  the  walrus  or  sea-horse. 
See  Walrus.     pSuss.  morjs.] 

MORSEL,  mor'sel,  n.  a  bite  or  mouthful :  a 
small  piece  of  food  :  a  small  quantity. 
[O.  Fr.  morcel  (Fr.  morceau,  It.  morseUo), 
dim.  from  L.  morsus,  from  mordeo,  mor- 
sum,  to  bite.     See  Mordacious.] 

MORTAL,  mor'tal,  adj.  liable  to  die  : 
causing  death:  deadly:  fatal:  punishable 
with  death:  extreme,  violent:  belonging 
to  man,  who  is  mortal. — adv.  Mor'tally. 
[O.  Fr.  mortal — L.  mortalis — mors,  mor- 
iis,  death,  akin  to  Gr.  brotos  (for  mrotos, 
see  Ambrosia),  and  Sans,  mri,  to  die.] 

MORTALITY,  mor-tal'i-ti,  n.  condition  of 
being  mortal :  death :  frequency  or  num- 
ber of  deaths  :  the  human  race.  [L.  mor- 
talitas.] 

MORTAE,  mor'tar,  n.  a  vessel  in  which  sub- 
stances are  pounded  with  a  pestle  :  a 
piece  of  ordnance,  resembling  a  mortar, 
for  throwing  shells,  etc.:  a  cement  of 
lime,  sand,  and  water.  [A.S.  mortere — 
L.  mortarium,  from  root  of  Mar.] 

MORTGAGE,  raor'gaj,  n.  a  conveyance  of 
property,  as  secm-itv  for  a  debt,  which 
is  lost  or  becomes  dead  to  the  debtor  if 
the  money  is  not  paid  on  a  certain  day  : 
the  state  of  being  pledged. — v.t.  to  pledge, 
as  security  for  a  debt. — n.  Mort'gager. 
[Fr. — mort,  dead — L.  mortuus,  and  gage, 
a  i»!edge.     See  GaGE,  a  pledge.] 

MORTGAGEE,  mor-ga-je',  n.  one  to  whom 
a  mortgage  is  made  or  given. 

MORTIFEROUS,  mor-tif'er-us,  adj.,  death- 
bringing  :  fatal.  [L.  mors,  death,  and 
fero,  to  bring.] 

MbETIFICATION',  mor-ti-fi-ka'shun,  n. 
act  of  mortifying  or  state  of  being  mor- 
tified :  the  death  of  one  part  of  an  ani- 
mal body :  subjection  of  the  passions 
and  appetites  by  bodily  severities  :  hu- 
miliation :  vexation :  that  which  morti- 
fies or  vexes  :  {Scotch  laiv)  a  bequest  to 
some  institution. 

MORTIFY,  mor'ti-fi,  v.t.  to  make  dead: 
to  destroy  the  vital  functions  of  :  to  sub- 
due by  severities  and  penance  :  to  vex  : 
to  humble. — v.i.  to  lose  vitality,  to  gan- 
grene :  to  be  subdued  -.-^M.f.  and  pa.p. 
mor'tified.  [Fr.— L.  mortifico,  to  cause 
death  to — mors,  death,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

MORTIFYING,  mor'ti-fl-ing,  ac^'.  tending 
to  mortify  or  humble  :  humiliating  :  vex- 
ing. 

MORTISE,  mor'tis,  n.  a  cavity  cut  mto  a 
piece  of  timber  to  receive  the  tenon,  an- 
other piece  made  to  fit  it. — v.t.  to  cut  a 
mortise  in  :  to  join  by  a  mortise  and 
tenon.      [Fr.  mortaise  :   ety.  unknown.] 

MORTMAIN,  mort'man,  n.  the  transfer  of 
property  to  a  corporation,  which  is  said 
to  be  a  dead  hand,  or  one  that  can  never 
part  with  it  again.  [Fr.  mort,  dead,  and 
main — L.  maiius,  the  hand.] 

MORTUARY,  mort'u-ar-i,  adj.  belonging 
to  the  burial  of  the  dead.— h.  a  burial- 
place  :  a  gift  claimed  by  the  minister  of 
a  parish  on  the  death  of  a  parishioner. 
[Low  L.  morttutrium.  from  L.  mortua- 
rius.] 

.MOSAIC,  mo-za'ik,  MOSAIC- WORK,  mo- 
za'ik-wurk,  n.   a  kind  of  work  in  which 


designs  are  formed  by  small  pieces  of 
colored  marble,  glass,  etc..  cemented  on 
aground  of  stucco,  or  inlaid  upon  metal. 
— adj.  Mosa'ic.  relating  to  or  composed 
of  mosaic.  —  adv.  Mosa'ically.  [Fr. 
mosalque  (It.  mosaico) — L.  viusceum  or 
musiimm  (omis),  mosaic  (work)  —  Gr. 
mouseios,  belonging  to  the  Muses.  See 
MrsE.] 

MOSAIC,  mo-za'ik, acy.  pertaining  to  Jlfosea, 
the  great  Jewish  lawgiver. 

MOSCHATEL,  mos'ka-tel,  ?!.  a  plant,  with 
pale-gi'eeu  flowers  and  a  musky  smell. 
[Fr.  moseatelline — Low  L.  moschatellina 
— musetis,  musk.] 

MOSELLE,  mo-zel',  n.  a  white  wine  from 
the  district  of  the  Moselle. 

MOSLEM,  nioz'lem,  n.  a  Mussulman  or 
Mohammedan. — adj.  of  or  belonging  to 
the  Mohammedans.  [Ar.  viuslim — sala- 
ma,  to  submit  (to  God).  Doublet  MussuL- 
siAN.    See  Islam.] 

MOSQUE,  mosk,  n.  a  Mohammedan  place 
of  xvorship.  [Fr. — Sp.  mezquita  —  Ar. 
mayid — sajada,  to  bend,  to  adore.] 

MOSQUITO,  mos-ke'to,  n.  a  biting  gnat 
common  in  tropical  countries  : — -pi.  M03- 
QUI'toes.  [Sp.,  dim.  of  mosca,  a  fly— L. 
musca.'] 

MOSS,  mos,  n.  a  family  of  cryptogamic 
plants  with  a  branching  stem  and  nar- 
row, simple  leaves :  a  piece  of  ground 
covered  with  moss  :  a  bog. — v.i.  to  cover 
with  moss.  [A.S.  vieos  :  cog.  with  Dut. 
mos.  Ger.  moos,  and  L.  vluseus.^ 

MOSSLAND,  mos'land,  n.,  /awd  abounding 
in  moss  or  peat-bogs. 

MOSS-ROSE,  mos'-roz,  n.  a  variety  of  rose 
having  a  moss-like  growth  on  the  calyx. 

MOSS-TROOPER,  mos'-troop'er,  7i.  one  of 
the  troopers  or  bandits  that  used  to  in- 
fest the  mosses  between  England  and 
Scotland. 

MOSSY,  mos'i,  adj.  overgrown  or  abound- 
ing with  moss. — n.  Moss'iness. 

MOST,  most,  adj.  (superl.  of  More),  great- 
est :  excelling  in  number. — adv.  in  the 
highest  degree. — n.  the  greatest  number 
or  quantity. — adv.  Most'lt.  [A.S.  moest, 
cog.  with  Ger.  meist.    See  More.] 

MOTE,  mot,  n.  a  particle  of  dust :  a  spot 
or  speck  :  anything  small.  [A.S.  mot ; 
ety.  unknown.] 

MOTET,  mo-tet',  n.  a  short  piece  of  sacred 
music.  [Fr. — It.  mottetto,  dim.  of  motto. 
See  Motto.] 

MOTH,  moth,  n.  a  family  of  insects  like 
bvitterflies,  seen  mostly  at  night :  the 
larva  of  this  insect  which  gnaws  cloth  : 
that  which  eats  away  gradually  and  si- 
lently.— v.t.  Moth'-eat,  to  prey  upon,  as 
a  moth  eats  a  garment.  [A.S.  vioththe ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  motte,  also  with  A.S. 
madhii.  a  bug,  Ger.  made.] 

MOTH-EATEN,  moth'-et'n,  adj.  eaten  or 
cut  by  moths. 

MOTHER,  muth'er,  n.  a  female  parent,  esp. 
of  the  human  race:  a  matron:  that  which 
has  produced  anj'thing. — adj.  received  by 
birth,  as  it  were  from  one's  mother  :  nat- 
ural :  acting  the  part  of  a  mother  :  orig- 
inating.— v.t.  to  adopt  as  a  son  or  daugh- 
ter.—)!. Moth'er-in-law,  the  mother  of 
one's  husband  or  wife. — n.  Moth'er-of- 
pearl.  the  internal  laj'er  of  the  shells  of 
several  molluscs,  esp.  of  the  pearl-oyster, 
so  called  because  producing  the  pearl. 
[M.E.  model — A.S.  moder,  cog.  with  Dut. 
moeder.  Ice.  modhir,  Ger.  mutter,  Ir.  and 
Gael,  mathair,  Russ.  mate.  L.  mater,  Gr. 
meter.  Sans,  mata,  mafri,  all  from  the 
Aryan  root  ma,  to  measure,  to  manage, 
from  which  also  Matter  and  Mete.] 

MOTHER,  muf?!'er.  n.  dregs  or  sediment, 
as  of  vinegar.     [A  form  of  Mud.] 

MOTHERHOOD,  murt'er-hood,  n.  state  of 
being  a  mother. 


M0THERLH6S,  mu«?i'er-les,  adj.  without 
a  mother. 

MOTHERLY,  mvith'eTAi,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  becoming  a  mother  :  parental :  tender. 
— )i.  Moth'erixness. 

MOTH-HUNTER,  moth'-hunt'er,  n.  a  lit- 
tle kind  of  swallow  which  hunts  moths, 
etc.,  called  also  the  goatsucker. 

MOTHY,  moth'i,  adj.  full  of  motlis. 

MOTION,  mo'shun,  n.  the  act  or  state  of 
moving  :  a  single  movement  :  change  of 
posture  :  gait  :  power  of  motion  :  excite- 
ment of  the  mind  :  proposal  made,  esp. 
in  an  assembly : — in  pi.  (B.)  impulses. — 
v.i.  to  make  a  significant  movement. 
[Fr. — L.  motto,  -onis — moveo,  motiun,  to 
move.] 

MOTIONLESS,  mO'shun-les,  adj.  without 
motion. 

MOTIVE,  mo'tiv,  ac^'.  causing  motion : 
having-  power  to  move. — n.  that  which 
moves  or  excites  to  action  :  inducement: 
reason.  [M.E.  motif— Tv.,  through  Low 
L.,  from  moveo,  motus,  to  move.] 

MOTTVTTY,  mo-tiv'it-i,  n.  power  of  pro- 
ducing motion  :  the  quality  of  being  in- 
iluenced  by  motion. 

MOTLEY,  mot'li,  adj.  covered  with  spots 
of  different  colors  :  consisting  of  different 
colors  :  composed  of  various  parts.  [Lit. 
"curdled,"  M.E.  mottelee,  through  O. 
Fr.,  from  an  unknown  O.  Ger.  root  seen 
in  Bavarian  matte,  curds.] 

MOTOR,  mo'tor,  n.  a  mover :  that  which 
gives  motion.     [See  Motive.] 

MOTORY,  mo'tor-i,  adj.  giving  motion. 

MOTTLED,  mot'ld,  adj.  marked  with  spots 
of  various  colors,  or  shades  of  color. 
[From  Motley.] 

MOTTO,  mot'o,  n.  a  sentence  or  phrase 
prefixed  to  anything  intimating  the  sub- 
ject of  it :  a  phrase  attached  to  a  device  •. 
—pi.  Mottoes  (mot'oz).  [It.— Low  L. 
muttum — muttio,  to  mutter.  See  Mut- 
ter.] 

MOUli),  mold,  n.  dust :  soil  rich  in  decayed 
matter :  the  matter  of  which  anything 
is  composed :  a  minute  fungus  which 
grows  on  bodies  in  a  damp  atmosphere, 
so  named  from  often  growing  on  mould. 
— v.t.  to  cover  with  mould  or  soil :  to 
cause  to  become  mouldy. — v.i.  to  become 
mouldy.  [A.S.  molde ;  Ger.  midl,  Goth. 
mulda  ;  akin  to  Goth,  malan,  L.  molo,  to 

grind.] 
ULD,  mold,  n.  a  hollow  form  in  which 
anything  is  cast :  a  pattern  :  the  form  re- 
ceived from  a  mould  :  character. — v.t.  to 
form  in  a  mould  :  to  knead,  as  dough. — 
n.  Mould'er.  [Fr.  mmde — L.  modulus. 
See  Model.] 

MOULDABLE,  mold'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
moulded. 

MOULDER,  mold'er,  v.i.  to  crumble  to 
mould:  to  waste  away  gradually. — v.t. 
to  turn  to  dust. 

MOULDING,  mold'ing,  n.  anything  mould- 
ed: {arch.)  an  ornamental  projection 
bevond  a  wall,  etc. 

MOtlLDWARF,  mold'worp,  n.  the  mole, 
which  casts  up  little  heaps  of  mould. 
[See  Mole.] 

MOULDY,  mold'i,  adj.  overg^rown  with 
mould. — n.  Mould'iness. 

MOULT,  molt,  v.i.  to  change  or  cast  the 
feathers,  etc.,  as  birds,  etc.  [Formed  with 
intrusive  I  from  L.  mutare,  to  change.] 

MOULTING,  molt'ing,  n.  the  act  or  process 
of  moulting  or  casting  feathers,  skin,  etc. 

MOUND,  mownd,  n.  {fort.)  an  artificial 
bank  of  earth  or  stone  :  an  artificial 
movmt  :  a  natural  hillock. — v.t.  to  fortify 
with  a  mound.  [A.S.  mund,  a  defence; 
O.  Ger.  mtint,  defence  ;  akin  to  L.  mons, 
a  mount.] 


MOUNT 


292 


MULTIFARIOUS 


MOUNT,  mownt,  «.  ground  rising  above 
the  level  of  the  surrounding  country  :  a 
hill:  an  ornamental  mound:  (B.)  a  bul- 
wark for  offence  or  defence. — v.i.  to  pro- 
ject or  rise  up  :  to  be  of  great  elevation. 
— i\t.  to  raise  aloft :  to  climb  :  to  get 
upon,  as  a  horse :  to  put  on  horseback  : 
to  put  upon  something,  to  arrange  or  set 
in  fitting  order.— ?j.  Mohnt'er.  [A.S. 
viii7it  —  L.  mons,  montis,  a  mountain, 
from  root  of  -mineo,  as  in  emineo,  to 
project.] 

MOUNTAJBLE,  mo\vnt'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  mounted  or  ascended. 

MOUNTAIN,  mownt'an  or  -'in,  n.  a  high 
hill  :  anything  very  large. — adj.  of  or  re- 
lating to  a  mountain  :  growing  or  dwell- 
ing on  a  mountain. — n.  Mount' ain-ash, 
the  rowan-tree,  with  bunches  of  red-ber- 
ries, common  on  mountains. — n.  Mount'- 
AIN-LIMESTONE  (gcol.)  a  Series  of  limestone 
strata  separating  the  old  red  sandstone 
from  the  coal-measures.  [Fr.  montagne 
— Low  L.  montanea,  a  mountain — L. 
mons,  montis.] 

MOXJNTAINEER,  mownt-an-er'  or  -in-er', 
n.  an  inhabitant  of  a  mountain :  a  rustic. 

MOUNTAINOUS,  mownt'an-us  or  -'in-us, 
adj.  full  of  mountains :  large  as  a  mount- 
ain :  huge. 

MOUNTEBANK,  mownt'e-bank,  ?i.  a  quack- 
doctor  who  boasts  of  his  skill  and  his 
medicines :  a  boastful  pretender.  [It. 
m,(mtambanco  —  montare,  to  mount,  in, 
on,  upon,  and  banco,  a  bench.  See  Bank, 
a  place  for  depositing  money.] 

MOUNTING,  mownt'ing,  n.  the  act  of 
m.ounting  or  embelUshing,  as  the  setting 
of  a  gem,  etc. 

MOURN,  morn,  v.i.  to  grieve  :  to  be  sor- 
rowful: to  wear  mourning. — i\t.  to  grieve 
for  :  to  utter  in  a  sorrowful  manner. — h. 
Moukn'er.  [A.S.  muman,  meornan  :  O. 
Qer.  momen,  to  grieve,  whence  Fr.  morne, 
dull,  sad.] 

MOURNFUL,  morn'fool,  adj.,  mourning: 
causing  or  expressing  sorrow  :  feeling 
grief. — adv.  Mourn'fully.— n.  MotiRN'- 

FULNESS. 

MOURNING,  morn'ing,  adj. ,  grieving  :  la- 
menting.— n.  the  act  of  expressing  grief  : 
the  dress  of  mourners. — adv.  Motjrn'ing- 

LY. 

MOUSE,  mows,  n.  a  little  rodent  animal 
found  in  houses  and  in  the  fields  i^^l. 
Mice  (mis). — n.  Mouse'ear,  a  name  of 
several  plants  with  soft  leaves  shaped 
like  a  mouse's  ear. — n.  Mouse'tail,  a 
small  plant  with  a  spike  of  seed-vessels 
very  like  the  tail  of  a  mouse.  [Lit.  "  the 
stealing  animal,"  A.S.  mus,  pi.  mys;  Ger. 
mans,  L.  and  Gr.  mus,  Sans,  musha,  a  rat 
or  mouse  ;  from  root  mus,  to  steal,  seen 
in  Sans,  mush,  to  steal.] 

MOUSE,  mowz,t;.i.  to  catch  mice:  to  watch 
for  slily. — n.  Mous'ee. 

MOUSTACHE,  moos-tash'.  Same  as  Mus- 
tache. 

MOUTH,  mowth,  n.  the  opening  in  the 
head  of  an  animal  by  which  it  eats  and 
utters  sound  :  opening  or  entrance,  as 
of  a  bottle,  river,  etc.:  the  instrument 
of  speaking :  a  speaker  :  — pi.  Mouths 
(mouWiz).  [A.S.  miith ;  found  in  all  the 
Teut.  languages,  as  in  Ger.  mund,  Dut. 
mond.} 

MOUTH,  mowth,  v.t.  to  utter  with  a  voice 
overloud  or  swelling. — n.  Mouth'er,  an 
affected  speaker. 

MOUTHED,  mowi/td,  adj.  ha-snng  a  mouth. 

MOUTHFUL,  mowth'fool,  n.  as  much  as 
fills  the  mouth  :  a  small  quantity  ■.—pi. 
Mouth'fuls. 

MOUTHLESS,  mowth'les,  adj.  without  a 
mouth. 

MOUTHPIECE,  mowth'pes,  n.  ih^  piece  of 


a  musical  instrument  for  the  mouth :  one 
who  speaks  for  others. 
MOVABLE,  mo6v'a-bl,  adj.   that  may  be 
moved,  lifted,  etc. :  not  fixed  :  changing 
from  one  time  to  another. — adv.  Mov'- 

ABLY. — ?!S.    MOV'ABLENESS,    MOVABIL'ITY. 

MOVABLES,  moov'a-blz,  n.pl.  (law)  such 
articles  of  property  as  may  be  moved,  as 
furniture,  etc. 

MOVE,  moov,  v.t.  to  cause  to  change  place 
or  posture  :  to  set  in  motion  :  to  impel  : 
to  excite  to  action  :  to  persuade  :  to  in- 
stigate :  to  arouse  :  to  provoke  :  to  touch 
the  feelings  of  :  to  propose  or  bring  be- 
fore an  assembly  :  to  recommend. — v.i. 
to  go  from  one  place  to  another  :  to 
change  place  or  posture  :  to  walk  :  to 
change  residence  :  to  make  a  motion  as 
in  an  assembly. — n.  the  act  of  moving  : 
a  movement,  esp.  at  chess. — n.  Mov'ee. 
[Fr.  mouvoir — L.  moveo,  to  move.] 

MOVEMENT,  moov'ment,  n.  act  or  man- 
ner of  moving  :  change  of  position  :  mo- 
tion of  the  mind,  emotion :  the  wheel- 
work  of  a  clock  or  watch  :  {m,%is.)  a  part 
having  the  same  time. 

MOVING,  mooVing,  adj.  causing  motion : 
changing  position:  affecting  the  feelings: 

Sathetic. — adv.  Mov'ingly. 
W,  mo,  n.  a  pile  of  hay  or  grain  in 
sheaves  laid  up  in  a  barn. — v.t.  to  lay  hay 
or  sheaves  of  grain  in  a  heap: — pr.p. 
mow'ing;  pa.t.  mowed';  pa.p.  mowed' or 
mown.  [A.S.  muga,  a  heap  ;  Ice.  muga, 
a  swath  in  mowing.] 

MOW,  mo,  v.t.  to  cut  down  with  a  scythe  : 
to  cut  down  in  great  numbers  : — pr.p. 
mow'ing;  pa. <.  mowed';  pa.p.  mowed' 
or  mown.  [A.S.  maiean  ;  Ger.  mdhe7i; 
allied  to  L.  meto,  to  mow.] 

MOWED,  mod,  MOWN,  mon,  adj.  cut 
down  with  a  scythe  :  cleared  of  grass 
with  a  scythe,  as  land. 

MOWER,  mo'er,  n.  one  who  mows  or  cuts 
grass. 

MOWING,  mo'ing,  n.  the  art  of  cutting 
down  with  a  scythe :  land  from  which 
grass  is  cut. 

MUCH,  much,  adj.,  great  in  quantity; 
long  in  duration. — adv.  to  a  great  de- 
gree :  by  far  :  often  or  long :  almost. — 
n.  a  great  quantity  :  a  strange  thing. 
[Through  old  forms  micliel,  muchel,  from 
A.S.  mic-el ;  Ice.  mjok,  Goth,  mikils, 
Gr.  meg-as,  L.  mag-nus.'] 

MUCID,  mia'sid,  adj.  like  mucus:  slimy. — 

n.  Mu'CIDNESS. 

MUCILAGE,  mu'si-laj,  n.  a  sKmj/ substance 
like  mucus,  found  in  certain  vegetables  : 
gum. 

MUCILAGINOUS,  mu-si-laj'in-us,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  secreting  mucilage  :  sUmy. 

MUCK,  muk,  n.,  dung  :  a  mass  of  decayed 
vegetable  matter :  anything  low  and 
filthj'.  — v.t.  to  manure  with  muck. 
[Scand.,  as  in  Ice.  myki,  Dan.  mog, 
dung.] 

MUCK,  mistaken  form  of  Amuck. 

MUCKY,  muk'i,  adj.  consisting  of  muck  : 
nasty,  filthy. — n.  Muck'iness. 

MUCOUS,  mu'kus,  adj.  hke  mucus :  slimy : 
viscous. 

MUCUS,  mil'kus,  n.  the  slimy  fluid  from 
the  nose  :  the  slimy  fluid  on  all  the  in- 
terior canals  of  the  body  to  moisten 
them.  [L. — mungo,  Gr.  apomysso,  to  blow 
the  nose ;  Sans,  much,  to  loosen.] 

MUD,  mud,  11.  wet,  soft  earth. — v.t.  to 
bury  in  mud  :  to  dirty  :  to  stir  the  sedi- 
ment in,  as  in  liquors.  [Low  Ger.  mudde, 
Dut.  modder.'] 

MUDDLE,  mud'l,  v.t.  to  render  muddy  or 
foul,  as  water :  to  confuse,  especially 
with  liquor. 

MUDDY,  mud'i,  adj.  foul  with  mud :  con- 
taining mud  :  covered  with  mud  :  con- 
fused :  stupid. — v.t.  to  dirty:  to  render 


dull:^>a.^   and   pa.p.  mudd'ied. — adv. 
MvBv'iLY.—n.  Mudd'iness. 

MUDDY -HEADED,  mud'i-hed'ed,  a4j. 
having  a  miiddy  or  dull  liead  or  under- 
standing. 

MUEZZIN,  mu-ez'in,  n.  the  Mohammedan 
official  attached  to  a  mosque,  whose  duty 
is  to  announce  the  hours  of  praj'er.  [Ar.] 

MUFF,  muf,  n.  a  warm,  soft  cover  for  the 
hands  in  winter,  usually  of  fur  or  dressed 
skins.  [From  a  Teut.  root,  seen  in  G«r. 
muff,  a  muff,  Dut.  mof,  a  sleeve. 

MUFF,  muf,  n.  a  stupid,  silly  fellow.  [Prob. 
from  prov.  E.  moffle,  to  mumble,  do  any- 
thing ineffectually.] 

MUFFIN,  muf'in,  n.  a  soft,  light,  spongy 
cake.  [Prob.  from  Muff,  on  account  of 
its  softness.] 

MUFFLE,  muf'l,  v.t.  to  wrap  up  as  with 
a  muff :  to  blindfold  :  to  cover  up  so  as 
to  render  sound  dull :  to  cover  from  the 
weather.  [Fr.  moufler — moitfle,  a  muff, 
prob.  from  the  root  of  MuFF.] 

MUFFLER,  muf'ler,  n.  a  cover  that  muffles 
the  face. 

MUFTI,  mufti,  n.  a  doctor  or  ofBcial  ex- 
pounder of  Mohammedan  law  in  Turkey. 
[Ar.] 

MUG,  mug,  n.  a  kind  of  earthen  or  metal 
Ciy)  for  Uquor.  [Ir.  mugan,  a  mug,  mucog, 
a  cup.] 

MUGGY,  mug'i,  MUGGISH,mug'ish,  adj., 
foggy:  close  and  damp.  [Ice.  mugga, 
dark,  thick  weather.] 

MULATTO,  mu-lat'o,  n.  the  offspring  of 
black  and  white  parents  : — fern.  Mulat*- 
TRESS.  [Lit.  one  of  a  mixed  breed  like  a 
mule,  Sp.  mulato — mulo,  a  mule.] 

MULBERRY,  mul'ber-i,  n.  the  berry  of  a 
tree  :  the  tree  itself,  the  leaves  of  which 
form  the  food  of  the  silkworm.  [Mul-  is 
A.S.  mor-  or  mur-  (as  in  A.S.  mor-beam, 
a  mulberry,  where  beam  ^  tree),  from  L. 
moms  ;  cog.  with  Gr.  moron,  a  mulberry: 
and  Berry.] 

MULCT,  mulkt,  n.  a  fine  :  a  penalty. — v.t. 
to  fine.     [L.  mulcto,  to  fine.] 

MULCTUARY,  mulk'tu-ar-i,  adj.  imposing 
a,  fine. 

MULE,  mill,  n.  the  offspring  of  the  horse 
and  ass  :  an  instrument  for  cotton-spin- 
ning :  an  obstinate  person.  [A.S.  mvl — 
L.  mvlus,  a  mule.] 

MULETEER,  mul-et-er',  n.  one  who  drives 
mides. 

MULISH,  mul'ish,  adj.  likeamrtZe;  sullen: 
obstinate. — adv.  Mul'ishly. — n.  MuL'iSH- 

NESS. 

MULL,  mul,  v.t.  to  warm,  spice,  and  sweet- 
en (wine,  ale,  etc.).    [From  Mulled,  acf;".] 

MULLAGATAWNY,  raul-a-ga-taw'ni,  n. 
an  East  Indian  curry-soup. 

MULLED,  muld,  adj.  heated,  sweetened, 
and  spiced,  (as  wine,  etc.).  [M.  E.  mold- 
ale,  Scot,  mulde-mete,  a  funeral  banquet, 
where  molde=Qcot.  mools,  E.  Mould,  the 
earth  of  the  grave,  and  aZe=feast  (ef. 
Bridal).] 

MULLET,  mul'et,  n.  a  genus  of  fishes 
nearly  cylindrical  in  form,  highly  es- 
teemed for  the  table.  [Fi\  midet  —  lj. 
mullus.} 

MULLION,  mul'yun,  n.  an  upright  di\'1sion 
between  the  lights  of  windows,  etc.,  in 
a  (Jothic  arch.— v.t.  to  shape  into  divisions 
by  mullions.  [M.  E.  miinion,  ety.  dub., 
either  from  Fr.  meneau,  a  mullion,  of  un- 
known origin,  or  from  Fr.  moignon,  a 
stump,  as  of  an  arm  or  branch,  which  is 
perh.  derived  from  L.  mancus,  maimed.j) 

MULTANGULAR,  mult-ang'gul-ar,  adj. 
having  many  angles  or  corners.  [L. 
muUtts,  manv.  and   ANGULAR.] 

MULTIFARIOUS,  mul-ti-fa'ri-us,  adj.  hav. 
ing  great  diversity :  manifold. — adv.  MtTL- 
tifa'riously.  [L.  mvltus,  many,  and 
variv^.  diverse.] 


MULTIFORM 


293 


MUSK 


MULTIFORM,  mul'ti-form,  adj.  having 
many  forms. —  n.  Multiform'ity.  [L. 
miiltus,  many,  and  Form.] 

MULTILATERAL,  mul-ti-lat'er-al,  adj. 
having  many  sides.  [L.  viultus,  many, 
and  Lateral,.] 

MULTILINEAL,  mul-ti-lin'e-al,  adj.  hav- 
ing many  lines.  [L.  7nultus,  many,  and 
Lineal.] 

MULTIPED,  mul'ti-ped,  n.  an  insect  having 
many  feet.  [L.  multus,  many,  and  pes, 
pedia,  foot.] 

MULTIPLE,  mul'ti-pl,  adj.  having  many 
folds  or  parts  :  repeated  many  times. — 
n.  a  number  or  quantity  which  contains 
another  an  exact  number  of  times.  [L. 
multiplex — multus,  many,  and  plico,  to 
fold.] 

MULTIPLEX,  mul'ti-pleks,  adj.  having 
niuny  folds :  manifold. 

MULTIPLIABLE,  mul'ti-pli-a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  multiplied. 

MULTIPLICAND,  mul'ti  -  pU  -  kand,  n.  a 
number  or  quantity  to  be  multiplied  by 
another. 

MULTIPLICATION,  mul-ti-pli-ka'shun,  n. 
♦.he  act  of  multiplying:  the  rule  or  op- 
eration by  which  any  given  number  or 
quantity  is  multipUed. 

MULTIPLICATIVE,  muI'ti-pU-kat-iv,  adj. 
tending  to  multiply :  having  the  power 
to  multiply. 

MULTIPLICITY,  mul-ti-plis'i-ti,  n.  the 
state  of  being  multiplied  or  various:  a 
great  number. 

AIULTIPLIER,  mul'ti-pli-er,  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  multiplies  or  increases :  the 
number  or  quantity  by  which  another  is 
multipUed. 

MULTIPLY,  mul'ti-pli,  v.t.  to  fold  or  in- 
crease many  times  :  to  make  more  nu- 
merous :  to  repeat  any  given  number  or 
quantity  as  often  as  there  are  units  in 
another  number. — v.i.  to  iacrease-.^pr.p. 
mul'tiplying;  pa.t.  and pa.jj.  mul'tiplied. 
[Fr. — L.  multiplex.    See  Multiple.] 

MULTITUDE,  mul'ti-tud,  n.  the  state  of 
being  many :  a  great  number  of  indi- 
viduals :  a  crowd.  [Fr. — L.  multitudo — • 
multus,  many.] 

MULTITUDmOUS,  mul-ti-tud'i-nus,  adj. 
consisting  of  or  having  the  appearance 
of  a  multitude. 

MUM,  mum,  adj.  silent. — n.  sUeace. — int. 
be  silent.  [Cf.  L.  and  Gr.  mti,  the  least 
possible  sound  made  with  the  lips ;  of 
imitative  origin.] 

MUM,  mum,  n.  a  sort  of  beer  made  in  Ger- 
many. [Orig.  brewed  by  a  German  named 
Miunme.] 

MUMBLE,  mum'bl,  v.i.  to  utter  the  sound 
Tuum  in  speaking :  to  speak  indistinctly  : 
to  chew  softly:  to  eat  with  the  lips  close. 
— v.t.  to  utter  indistinctly  or  imperfectly: 
to  mouth  gently.     [See  MuM.l 

MUMBLER,  mum'bler,  n.  one  who  mumbles 
or  speaks  with  a  low,  indistinct  voice. 

MUMBLING,  mum'bling,  adj.  uttering 
with  a  low,  indistinct  voice  :  chewing 
softly.— adv.  Mum'blinoly. 

MUMM,  mum,  v.t.  to  mask:  to  make  diver- 
sion in  disguise.  [O.  Dut.  niommen,  to 
mask,  mom,  a  mask ;  cf.  Low  Ger.  mum- 
meln,  to  mask,  whence  Ger.  vermximmen, 
to  mask.] 

MUMMER,  mum'er,  n.  one  who  mumms  or 
makes  diversion  in  disguise  :  a  masker  : 
a  buffoon.  [sion. 

MUMMERY,  mum'er-i,  n.,  masking :  diver- 

MUMMIFY,  mum'i-fi,  v.t.  to  make  into  a 
mummy  :  to  embalm  and  dry  as  a  mum- 
my -.^yr.p.  mumm'ifying;  pa.p.  mumm'- 
ified. — n.  MuMMiFiOA  TiON.  [Mummy,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

MUMMING,  mum '  ing,  n.  the  sports  of 
mummers. — a^'.  pertaining  to  the  sports 
at  mummeM. 


MUMMY,  mum'i,  n.  a  human  body  pre- 
served bj'  the  Egyptian  art  of  embalm- 
ing, in  which  wax,  spices,  etc.,  were  em- 
ployed.—  v.t.  to  embalm  and  dry  as  a 
mummy  :  — pr.p.  mumm'ying  ;  pa.p. 
mumm'ied.  [Fr. — It.  mummia — Ar.  and 
Pers.  mumayim,  a  mummy — Pers.  mum, 
wa.x.] 

MUMP,  mump,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  mumble  or 
move  the  lips  with  the  moutli  almost 
closed  :  to  nibble  :  to  cheat :  to  play  the 
beggar.     [Form  of  Mum.] 

MUMPER,  mump'er,  n.  one  who  mumps: 
an  old  cant  term  for  a  beggar. 

MUMPISH,  mump'ish,  adj.  having  mumps: 
dull :    sullen.  —  adv.    Mump'ishly.  —  n. 

MUMP'ISHNESS. 

MUMPS,  mumps,  n.  a  swelling  of  the 
glands  of  the  neck,  accompanied  with 
difflcultj'  of  speaking.     [From  Mump.] 

MUNCH,  munsh,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  chew  with 
shut  mouth.  [M.  E.  monchen,  from  an 
imitative  root,  or  from  Fr.  manger,  It. 
mangiare — L.  manducare,  to  chew.] 

MUNCHER,  munsh'er,  n.  one  who  munches. 

MUNDANE,  mun'dan,  adj.  belonging  to 
the  u'orld :  terrestrial. — adv.  Mun'dane- 
ly.  [Fr. — L.  mundanus  —  m.undus,  the 
world — miindus,  ordered,  adorned  ;  akin 
to  Sans,  mand,  to  adorn.] 

MUNICIPAL,  mu-nis'i-pal,  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  corporation  or  city.  [Fr. — L.  mit- 
nicipalis,  from  municipium,  a  free  town 
— munia,  oflHcial  duties,  and  capio,  to 
take.]  

MUNICIPALITY,  mu-nis-i-pal'i-ti,  n.  amu- 
nidpal  district :  in  Fr'ance,  a  division  of 
the  countiy. 

MUNIFICENCE,  mu-nif'i-sens,  n.  quality 
of  being  munificent:  bountifulness.  [Fr. 
— L.  munificentia — munus,  a  duty,  pres- 
ent, and  facio,  to  make.] 

MUNIFICENT,  mu-nif'i-sent,  adj.  very  lib- 
eral in  giving  :  generous :  bountiful. — 
adv.  Munif'icently. 

MUNIMENT,  mu'ni-ment,  n.  that  which 
fortifies :  that  which  defends :  a  strong- 
hold: place  or  means  of  defence:  defence: 
(law)  a  record  fortifying  a  claim  :  title- 
deeds.  [Fr. — L.  munimentuni,  from  mzt- 
nio,  miinitum,,  to  fortify — moenia,  walls.] 

MUNITION,  niQ-nish'un,  n.  materials  used 
in  war  :  military  stores  of  all  kinds  :  (B.) 
stronghold,  fortress.     [Fr. — L.  munitio.] 

MUNNION,  mun'yun.     Same  as  Mullion. 

MURAL,  mu'ral,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  like 
a  wall :  steep.  [Fr. — L.  muralis,  from 
murus-,  a  wall ;  akin  to  mosnia,  walls,  and 
munio,  to  fortify.] 

MURDER,  mur'der,  n.  the  act  of  putting 
a  person  to  death,  intentionally  and  from 
malice. — v.t,  to  commit  muriSer :  to  de- 
stroy :  to  put  an  end  to.  [A.S.  morthor, 
from  morth,  death  ;  Ger.  mord,  Goth. 
niaurthr  ;  akin  to  L.  mors,  mortis,  death, 
and  Sans,  mri,  to  die.] 

MURDERER,  mur'der-er,  n.  one  who  mur- 
ders, or  is  guilty  of  murder:— /e??i.  Mur'- 
DERESS. 

MURDEROUS,  mur'der-us,  adj.  guilty  of 
murder  :  consisting  in  or  fond  of  murder: 
bloody  :  cruel. — adv.  Mue'DEROUSLY. 

MUREX,  mu'reks,  n.  a  shell-fish,  fi-om 
which  the  Tyrian  purple  dye  was  obtained. 
[L.] 

MURIATIC,  mu-ri-at'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  obtained  from  sea-salt.  [L.  muriati- 
cus — muria,  brine.] 

MURICATE,  mu'ri-kat,  MURICATED, 
mu'ri-kat-ed,  adj.  (hot.)  armed  with  sharp 
points  or  prickles.  [L.  muricatus.  from 
murex,  murids,  a  pointed  rock  or  stone.] 

MURIF0R5I,  mu'ri-form,  adj.  (bot.)  resem- 
bling the  bricks  in  a  ivall.  [L.  mums,  a 
wall,  forma,  shape.] 

MURKY,  murk'i,  adj.,  dark:  obscure: 
gloomy.— odi).  Mukk'ily.— 7i.  Murk'iness. 


[A.S.    mure;  Ice.  myrkr,  Dan.  and  Sw. 
m6rk.^ 

MURMUR,  mur'mur,  n.  a  low,  indistinct 
sound,  like  that  of  running  water  :  a 
complaint  in  a  low,  muttering  voice. — 
v.i.  to  utter  a  murmur  :  to  grumble  : — 
pr.p.  mur'muring  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  mur'- 
mured. — ?j.  MuR'MURER.  [Fr. — L.,  formed 
from  the  sound.] 

MURMUROUS,  mur'mur-us,  adj.  attended 
with  murmurs :  exciting  murmur. 

MURRAIN,  mur'ran  or-'rin,  n.  an  infec- 
tious and  fatal  disease  among  cattle. 
[O.  Fr.  marine,  a  dead  carcass — L.  m,o- 
rior,  to  die.    See  Mortal.] 

MURRION,  mur'ri-un.    Same  as  Morion. 

MUSCADEL,  mus'ka-del.  MUSCADINE, 
mus'kardln,  MUSCAT,  mus'kat,  MUS- 
CATEL, mus'ka^tel,  n.  a  rich,  spicy 
wine :  also  the  grape  producing  it :  a 
fragrant  and  delicious  pear.  [O.  Fr. 
mu^cadel  —  It.  moscadello,  moscatello, 
dim.  of  muscato,  smelling  Uke  musk — 
L.  muscns,  musk.    See  Musk.] 

MUSCLE,  mus'l,  ?».  the  fleshy  parts  of  an 
animal  body  by  which  it  moves.  [Fr. — L. 
tnuscidus,  dim.  of  mus,  a  mouse,  nence  a 
muscle,  from  its  appearance  under  the 
sldn.J 

MUSCLE,  MUSSEL,  mus'l,  n.  a  marine 
bivalve  shell-fish,  used  for  food.  [A.S. 
muxle ;  Ger.  muschel,  Fr.  moide ;  all 
from  L.  mtisculus.] 

MUSCOID,  mus'koid,  adj.  (bot.)  moss-like. 
— n.  a  moss-like,  flowerless  plant.  [A 
hybrid,  from  L.  miiscus,  moss,  and  Gr. 
eidos.  form.] 

MUSCULAR,  mus'ku-lar,  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  muscle :  consisting  of  muscles : 
brawny  :  strong  :  vigorous. — adv.  Mus'- 
CULAELY.— n.  Musculae'ity,  state  of 
being  muscular. 

MUSE,  muz,  v.i.  to  study  in  silence  :  to  be 
absent-minded  :  to  meditate. — n.  deep 
thought  :  contemplation  :  absence  of 
mind. — adv.  Mus'ingly. — n.  Mus'er.  [Ft. 
muser,  to  loiter,  to  trifle  ;  It.  musare ; 
ace.  to  Diez  from  O.  Fr.  mttse,  Fr.  mv^ 
seau,  the  mouth,  snout  of  an  animal ; 
from  a  dog  snuffing  idly  about.  See 
Muzzle.] 

MUSE,  muz,  n.  one  of  the  nine  goddesses 
of  poetry,  music,  and  the  other  liberal 
arts.  [Fr. — L.  musa—Gr.  mousa,  prob, 
from  mad,  to  invent.] 

MUSEUM,  mu-ze'um,  n.  a  collection  of 
natural,  scientific,  or  other  curiosities, 
or  of  works  of  art.  [L. — Gr.  mcniseion. 
See  Muse.] 

MUSH,  mush,  n.  Indian  meal  boiled  in 
water.  [Ger.  mus,  pap,  any  thick  prep- 
aration of  fruit.] 

MUSHROOM,  mush'room,  ?;.  the  common 
name  of  certain  fungi,  esp.  such  as  are 
edible :  (fig.)  one  wio  rises  suddenly 
from  a  low  condition  :  an  upstart.  [Fr. 
7nou^seron,  through  mousse,  moss — O. 
Ger.  mos,  Ger.  moos.] 

MUSIC,  mu'zik,  ?;.  melody  or  harmony  : 
the  science  which  treats  of  harmony : 
the  art  of  combining  sounds  so  as  to 
please  the  ear  :  a  musical,  composition. 
[Fr.  mvsique — L.  niusica — Gr.  mousiki 
{fechne.  art) — mousa,  a  Muse.] 

MUSICAL,  mu'zik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
producing  nnisic  :  pleasing  to  the  ear : 
melodious.  —  adi:  Musically.— ?i.  Mc*. 

SICALNESS.      [Fr.] 

MUSICIAN,  mu-zish'an,  «.  one  skilled  in 
music:  a  performer  of  music.  [Fr. 
nutsicien.] 

MUSK,  musk,  ?!.  a  strong  perfume,  ob- 
tained from  the  male  musk-deer  :  a  horn- 
less deer,  in  Tibet  and  Nepaul,  yielding 
musk. — v.t.  to  perfume  with  musk.  [Fr. 
muse — L.  7nuscus,  Gr.  moschos — Pers, 
musk.] 


MUSK-APPLE 


394 


NAG 


MUSK'-APP'LE,  MrrSK'-CAT,  MUSK'- 
MEL'ON,  MUSK'-ROSE,  etc.,  so  caUed 
from  their  musky  odor. 

MUSKET,  mus'ket,  n.  formerly,  the  com- 
mon hand-^n  of  soldiers.  [Fr.  mousqiiet, 
a,  musket,  formerly  a  hawk — It.wosquetto 
— L.  musca,  a  fly  ;  many  of  the  old  guns 
had  fancj'  names  derived  from  birds  and 
other  animals.] 

MUSKETEER,  mus-ket-er',  n.  a  soldier 
armed  with  a  musket.  [Fr.  mousqiietaire.] 

MUSKETOON,  mus-ket-oon',  n.  a  short 
Tnnsket :  one  armed  with  a  musketoon. 
IFr.  viousqiieton.] 

MUSKETRY,  mus'ket-ri,  n.,  muskets  in 
general  :  practice  with  muskets.  [Fr. 
7no7isqueterie.] 

MUSK-OX,  musk'-oks,  n.  a  small  animal 
of  the  ox  family  inhabiting  the  northern 
parts  of  America,  the  flesh  of  which  has 
a  strong  TnHsky  smell. 

MUSK-RAT,  musk'-rat,  n.  an  animal  of  the 
shrew  family,  so  named  from  the  strong 
musky  odor  of  its  skin. 

MUSKY,  musk'i,  adj.  having  the  odor  of 
musk. — adv.  Musk'ily.  —  n.  Musk'iness. 

MUSLIN,  muzlin,  n.  a  fine  thin  kind  of 
cotton  cloth  with  a  downy  nap.  [Fr. 
mousseline  —  It.  mussolino:  said  to  be 
from  Mosul  in  Mesopotamia.] 

MUSLINET,  muz'lin-et,  n.  a  coarse  kind  of 
muslin. 

MUSQUITO.    Same  as  Mosquito. 

MUSSEL.    See  Muscle,  a  shell-flsh. 

MUSSULMAN,  mus'ul-man,  n.  a  Moslem 
or  Mohammedan  :  —  pi.  Muss'ULMAns 
(-manz).  [Low  L.  mussulmanvs  —  Ar. 
moslemUna,  pi.  of  moslem.} 

MUST,  must,  v.i.  to  be  obliged  physically 
or  morally.  [A.S.  mot,  moste ;  Ger. 
viiissen.] 

MUST,  must,  n.  wine  pressed  from  the 
grape,  but  not  fermented.  [A.S.,  Ice. 
and  Ger.  most ;  all  from  L.  mustum, 
from  mnstiis,  new,  fresh.] 

MUSTACHE,  mus-tash',  MUSTACHIO, 
mus-t&sh'yo,  n.  the  beard  upon  the 
upper  lip.  [Fr.  moustache.  It.  mostaccio  ; 
from  Gr.  mustax,  mustakos,  the  upper 
lip.] 

MUSTACHIOED,  mus-taeh'yod,  adj.  hav- 
ing mustachios. 

MUSTARD,  mus'tard,  n.  a  plant  with  a 
pungent  taste  :  the  seed  ground  and  used 
as  a  condiment.  [O.  Fr.  moustarde,  Fr. 
moutarde — O.  Fr.  moust,  Fr.  mo(tt — L. 
mustum,  must,  orig.  used  in  preparing  it.] 

MUSTER,  mus'ter,  v.t.  to  assemble,  as 
troops  for  duty  or  inspection  :  to  gather. 
— v.i.  to  be  gathered  together,  as  troops. 
— n.  an  assembling  of  troops :  a  register 
of  troops  mustered:  assemblage:  col- 
lected show. — ^Pass  muster,  to  pass  in- 
spection uncensured.  [O.  Fr.  mostrer — 
Fr.  montrer^^L.  monstro,  to  show.  See 
Monster.] 

MUSTER-MASTER,  mus'ter-mas'ter,  n.  the 
master  of  the  muster,  or  who  takes  an  ac- 
count of  troops,  their  arms,  etc. 

MUSTER-ROLL,  mus'ter-rol,  n.  a  roll  or 
register  of  the  oflBcers  and  men  in  each 
company,  troop,  or  regiment. 

MUSTY,  must'i,  adj.,  mouldy:  spoiled  by 
damp  :  sour  :  foul. — adv.  Musx'lLY. — n. 
Must'iness.  [M.E.  must,  to  be  mouldy, 
from  the  base  of  L.  mucidus,  mouldy, 
from  mucus.    See  Mucus.] 

MUTABLE,  mu'tarbl,  adj.  that  mav  be 
changed :  subject  to  change:  inconstant. 
— adv.  Mu'tablt.  —  ns.  MuTABiL'rrT, 
Mu'TABLENESS,  quality  of  being  mutable. 
[L.  mutabilis — muto,  mutatum,  to  change 
— moi'eo,  motum,  to  move.] 

MUTATION,  mu-ta'shun,  n.  act  or  process 
of  changing  :  change  :  alteration. 

MUTE,  mut,  adj.  incapable  of  speaking  : 
dumb:    silent:   uupronounced. — n.  one 


mute  or  dumb  :  one  who  remains  silent : 
a  person  stationed  by  undertakers  at  the 
door  of  a  house  at  a  funeral :  (gram.)  a 
letter  ha\'ing  no  sound  without  the  aid 
of  a  vowel,  as  ()  .•  (laic)  one  who  refuses 
to  plead  to  an  indictment.— adr.  Mute'ly. 
— n.  Mcte'ness.  [Fr.  muet — L.  mntva,  like 
Gr.  muzo,  to  utter  the  sound  vm,  pro- 
duced by  closing  the  lips.] 

MUTE,  raut,  v.i.  to  dung,  as  birds.  [O.Fr. 
mutir ;  esmeut,  dung ;  conn,  with  E. 
smelt  or  melt.] 

MUTILATE,  niu'ti-lat.  v.t.  to  maim:  to  cut 
off  :  to  remove  a  material  part  of. — 7i. 
Mu'tilator,  one  who  mutilates.  [L. 
mutilo — miitilus,  maimed,  Gr.  mutilos, 
mitulos,  curtailed,  hornless.] 

MUTILATION,  mu-ti-la'shun,  ij.  act  of 
mutilating :  deprivation  of  a  limb  or  es- 
sential part. 

MUTINEER,  mu-ti-ner',  n.  one  giiilty  of 
mutiny. 

MUTINOUS,  mu'ti-nus,  adj.  disposed  to 
mutiny  :  seditious. — adv.  Mu'tinously. — 
n.  Mu'tinousness. 

MUTINY,  mu'ti-ni,  v.i.  to  rise  against 
authority  in  military  or  naval  service  : 
to  revolt  against  rightful  authority  : — 
pr.p.  mu'ti Dying  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  mu'- 
tinied. — n.  insurrection,  esp.  naval  or 
military  :  tumult :  strife.  [Fr.  mutiner 
— mutin,  riotous — Fr.  meute — L.  motus, 
rising,  insun-ection,  from  moi'eo,  motum, 
to  move.] 

MUTTER,  mut'er,  v.i.  to  utter  words  in  a 
low  voice  :  to  murmur  :  to  sound  with  a 
low,  rumbling  noise. — v.t.  to  utter  indis- 
tinctly.— n.  Mutt'erer.  [Prob.  imitative, 
like  Prov.  Ger.  muttem  ;  L.  viutio.l 

MUTTON,  mut'n,  n.  the  flesh  of  sheep. 
[Fr.  mouton,  a  sheep — Low  L.  multo, 
which  is  prob.  from  the  Celt.,  as  Bret. 
maoud,  W.  mollt,  a  wether,  sheep ;  or 
ace.  to  Diez,  from  L.  mutilus,  mutiuited. 
See  MutilateJ 

MUTTON-CHOP,  mut'n-chop,  n.  a  rib  of 
m,utton  chopped  at  the  small  end.  [Jlur- 
ton  and  Chop.] 

MUTUAL,  mii'tu-ai,  adj.,  interclianged :  in 
return:  given  and  received. — adv.  Mu'tu- 
ALLY.—n.  MuTUAii'iTY.  [Fr.  mutuel—Lu 
m.utuus — muto,  to  change.] 

MUZZLE,  muz'l,  n.  the  projecting  mouth, 
lips,  and  nose  of  an  animal :  a  fastening 
for  the  mouth  to  prevent  biting  :  the  ex- 
treme end  of  a  gun,  etc. — v.t.  to  put  a 
muzzle  on  :  to  restrain  from  biting :  to 
keep  from  hurting.  [O.  Fr.  musel,  Fr. 
museau,  prob.  from  L.  morsus,  a  bite — 
mordeo,  to  bite.] 

MY,  rm,poss.  adj.  belonging  to  me.  [Coutr. 
of  Mine.] 

MYCOLOGY,  mi-kol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
treating  of  the  fungi  or  mushrooms.  [Gr. 
mykes,  fungus,  and  logos,  discourse.] 

MYOPY,  mi'o-pi,  n.  shortness  or  nearness 
of  sight. — acy'.  Myop'ic.  [Or.— myo,  to 
close,  and  ops,  the  eye.] 

MYRIAD,  mii-'i-ad,  u.  any  immense  num- 
ber. [Gr.  myrias,  myriados,  a  ten  thou- 
sand, allied  to  W.  mauT,  great,  more, 
myrdd,  an  infinity.] 

MYRIAPOD,  mir'i-a-pod,  n.  a  worm-shaped 
articulate  animal  with  many  jointed  legs. 
[Gr.  myrioi,  ten  thousand,  and  pous,  po- 
dos,  foot.] 

MYRMIDON,  mer'mi-don,  n.  (orig.)  one  of 
a  tribe  of  warriors  who  accompanied 
Achilles  :  one  of  a  ruffianly  band  under 
a  daring  leader.  [L.  and  Gr.,  derived, 
ace,  to  the  fable,  from  myrinex,  an  ant.] 

MYRRH,  mer,  n.  a  bitter,  aromatic,  trans- 
parent gum,  exuded  from  the  bark  of  a 
shrub  in  Ai'abia.  [Fr.  myrrhe — L.  and 
Gr.  myrrha — Ar.  murr,  from  marra,  to 
be  bitter.] 

MYRTLE,  mer'tl,   n.   an  evergreen  shrub 


with  beautiful  and  fragrant  leaves.  jTr. 
myrtil,  dim.  of  myrte — L.  andGr.  myrtus 
— Gr.  myron,  any  sweet  juice.] 

MYSELF,  mi-self  or  me-self,  pron..  I  or 
me.  in  person — used  for  the  sake  of  em- 
phasis and  also  as  the  reciprocal  of  me. 
[My  and  Self.] 

MYSTERIOUS,  mis-te'ri-us,  adj.  containing 
mystery :  obscure  :  secret  :  incomprehen- 
sible.— adv.  Myste'riously. — n.  Myste'- 

RIOrSNESS. 

MYSTERY,  mis'ter-i,  n.  a  secret  doctrine  : 
anj'thing  very  obscure  :  that  which  is 
bej'ond  human  comprehension  :  anj-thing 
artfully  made  difiicult.  [M.E.  mysterie, 
from  L.  mysterium — Gr.  mysterion — inys- 
tes,  one  initiated — mueo,  to  initiate  into 
mysteries — muo,  to  close  the  eyes — root 
mu,  close.    See  Mute,  dumb.] 

MYSTERY,  mis'ter-i,  ii.  atrade.handicraft : 
a  kind  of  rude  drama  of  a  religious  nature 
(so  called  because  acted  by  craftsmen). 
pi.E.  mistere,  corr.  from  O.  Fr.  meatier, 
Fr.  mitiei — L.  ministerium — minister. 
Prop,  spelt  mistery  :  the  spelling  j«j/.<<erj; 
is  due  to  confusion  with  the  above  word. 
See  Minister.] 

MY'STIC,  mis'tik,  MYSTICAL,  mis'tik-al, 
adj.  relating  to  or  containing  mystery : 
sacredly  obscui'e  or  secret  :  involving  a 
secret  meaning  :  allegorical :  belonging 
to  mysticism. — adv.  Mys'tically.  [L. 
mysticus — Gr.  mystikos.  See  Mystery, 
a  secret  doctrine.] 

MYSTIC,  mis'tik,  n.  one  of  a  sect  profess- 
ing to  have  direct  intercourse  with  the 
Spirit  of  God  who  revealed  mysteries  to 
them. 

MYSTICISM,  mis'ti-sizm,  n.  the  doctrine 
of  the  mystics :  obscurity  of  doctrine.       , 

MYSTIFY,  mis'ti-fi,  v.t.  to  make  mysteri-^ 
ous,  obscure,  or  secret:  to  involve  in, 
mystery  -.—pr.p.  mys'tifying  ;  pa.t.  and 
p.ap.  mys'tifled.  —  n.  "Mystifica'tion. 
[Fr.  mystijier,  from  Gr.  myste*,  and  L. 
facio,  to  make.] 

MYTH,  mith,  «.  a  fable  :  a  legend  :  a  fab- 
ulous narrative  founded  on  a  remote 
event,  esp.  those  made  in  the  early  period 
of  a  people's  existence.     [Gr.  mythos.] 

MYTHIC,  mith'ik,  MYTHICAL,  mith'ik- 
al,  adj.  relating  to  myths  :  fabulous. — adv. 
Myth'icat.t.y.    [Gr.  mythikos.] 

MYTHOLOGIC,  mith-o-loj'ik,  MYTHO- 
LOGICAL, mith-o-loj'ik-al,  adj.  relating 
to  mythology :   fabulous.  —  adv.  Mytho- 

LOG'lCALLY.  ' 

MYTHOLOGIST,  mith-ol'o-jist,  n.  one 
versed  in  or  who  writes  on  mythology. 

MYTHOLOGY,  raith-ol'o-ji,  n.  a  system  of 
myths  :  a  treatise  regarding  mj-ths  :  the 
science  of  myths.  [Fr. — Gr.  mythologia 
— mythos,  and  logos,  a  treatise.] 


N 

NABOB,  na'bob,  )i.  a  deputy  or  governor 
under  the  Mogul  empire  :  a  European 
who  has  enriched  himself  in  the  East.: 
any  man  of  great  wealth.  [Corr.  of 
Hindi  naiwab,  a  deputy ;  from  Ar. 
nauwab,  governors.] 

NACRE,  na  kr,  n.  a  vrtiite  brilliant  matter 
which  forms  the  interior  of  several  shells. 
[Fr. — Pers.  nigar,  painting.] 

NADIR,  na'dir,  n.  the  point  of  the  heavens 
directly  opposite  and  corresponding  to 
the  zenith.  [Ar.  nadir,  naztr,  from  na- 
zara.  to  be  like.] 

NAG,  nag,  n.  a  horse,  but  particularlv  a 
small  one.  [Prob.,  with  intrusive  irifial 
n.  from  Dan.  6g.  cog.  with  O.  S.i.kci  -'.u 
(cf.  L.  equa,  a  mare).] 


NAIAD 


295 


NAVAL 


NAIAD,  na'yad,  n.  a  water-nyviph  or  fe- 
male deity,  fabled  to  preside  over  rivers 
and  springs.  [L.  and  Gr.  naias,  naiados, 
from  nao,  to  flow.] 

NAIL,  nal,  n.  the  horny  scale  at  the  end  of 
the  human  fingers  and  toes  :  the  claw  of 
a  bird  or  other  animal :  a  pointed  spike 
of  metal  for  fastening  wood  :  a  measure 
of  length  (2i  inches). — v.t.  to  fasten  with 
naUs.  [A.S.  ncegd ;  Ger.  nagel ;  allied  to 
L.  unguis,  Gr.  o-nyx.  Sans,  nakha ;  all 
from  a  root  seen  in  E.  Gnaw,  and  sig.  to 
pierce.] 

NAILER,  nal  er,  n.  one  whose  trade  is  to 
make  nails. 

NAILERY,  nai'er-i,  n.  a  place  where  nails 
are  made. 

NaIVE,  na'ev,  acy.  with  natural  or  unaf- 
fected 'simplicity :  artless  :  ingenuous. — 
adv.  Na'ively. — n.  Naivetb,  na'ev-ta. 
[Fr.  naif,  naive — L.  nativus,  native,  in- 
nate, from  nascor,  natus,  to  be  born.] 

NAKED,  na'ked,  adj.  uncovered  :  exposed: 
unarmed  :  defenceless  :  unconcealed : 
plain  or  evident :  without  addition  or 
ornament :  simple  :  artless  :  {bot.)  with- 
out the  usual  covering. — adv.  Na  kedly. 
— n.  Na'kedness.  [A.S.  nacod ;  Ger. 
nackt.  Sans,  nagna,  L.  nudus,  naked  ;  all 
from  a  root  found  in  M.E.  naken,  to  lay 
bare.] 

NAMBY-PAMBY,  namTii-pamTji,  adj. 
weakly  sentimental  or  affectedly  pretty. 
[From  first  name  of  Ambrose  Philips,  an 
affected  E.  poet  of  the  beginning  of  the 
18th  century.] 

NAME,  nam,  n.  that  by  which  a  person  or 
thing  is  known  or  called  :  a  designation  : 
reputed  character  :  reputation  :  fame  : 
celebrity:  remembrance:  a  race  or  family: 
appearance  :  authority :  behalf :  assumed 
character  of  another :  {gram.)  a  noun. 
— v.t.  to  give  a  name  to:  to  designate:  to 
speak  of  by  name  :  to  nominate.  —  ?i. 
Na3I'ee.  [A.S.  noma  ;  Ger.  name  ;  L. 
noinen — nosco,  to  know  ;  Gr.  onoma  for 
ognoma,  from  gna,  root  of  gignosko,  to 
know ;  Sans,  n&man—jna,  to  know.] 

NAMELESS,  nam'les,  adj.  without  a  name: 
undistinguished. — adv.  Name'lessly. — n. 
Name'lessness. 

NAMELY,  nam'li,  adv.  by  name :  that  is  to 
say. 

NAMES  A  K  H,  nam'sak,  n.  one  bearing  the 
same  name  as  another  for  his  sake. 
[Name  and  SAKE.] 

NANKEEN,  nan-ken',  n.  a  bufl-colored  cot- 
ton cloth  first  made  at  Nankin,  in  China. 

NAP,  nap,  n.  a  short  sleep. — v.i.  to  take  a 
short  sleep  :  to  feel  drowsy  and  secure : 
— -pr.p.  napp'ing ;  pa.p.  napped'.  [A.S. 
hneeppian,  to  nap,  orig.  to  nod  ;  cf.  Ger. 
nicken,  to  nod.] 

NAP,  nap,  n.  the  woolly  substance  on  the 
surface  of  cloth  :  the  downy  covering  of 
plants. — adj.  Napp'y.  [A.S.  hnoppa,  nap, 
a  form  of  cnmp,  a  top,  knob.  See  Knob.] 

NAPE,  nap,  n.  the  knob  or  projecting  joint 
of  the  neck  behind.  [A.S.  cmep,  the  top 
of  anything,  W.  cnap,  a  knob.  See 
Knob.] 

NAPERY,  nap'er-i,  n.  linen,  esp.  for  the 
table.  [O.  Fr.  naperie — Fr.  nappe,  a 
table-cloth — Low  L.  napa,  corr.  from  L. 
mappa.  a  napkin.] 

NAPHTHA,  nap'tha  or  naf'tha,  ?i.  a  clear, 
inflammable  liquid  distilled  from  coal- 
tar  :  rock-oil.     [L.~Gr.— Ar.  naft.] 

NAPHTHALINE,  nap'tha-lin  or  naf'-,  n. 
a  grayish-white,  inflammable  substance 
formed  in  the  distillation  of  coal. 

NAPKIN,  nap'kin,  n.  a  cloth  for  wiping 
the  hands :  a  handkerchief.  [Dim.  of 
Fr.  nappe.    See  Napery.] 

NAPLESS,  nap'les,  adj.  without  nap: 
threadbare. 

NARCISSUS,  nar-sis'us,  n.  a  genus  of  flow- 


ering plants  comprising  the  daffodils, 
etc.,  having  narcotic  properties.  [L.— 
Gr.  narkissos — narkS,  torpor.] 

NARCOTIC,  nar-kot'ik,  adj.  producin":  tor- 
por, sleep,  or  deadness. — n.  a  medicine 
producing  sleep  or  stupor.— ady.  Narcot'- 
ICALLY.     [Fr. — Gr.  narke,  torpor.] 

NARD,  niira,  n.  an  aromatic  plant  usually 
called  Spikenard  :  an  unguent  prepared 
from  it. — adj.  Nard'ine.  [Fr.— L.  nardus 
— Gr.  nardos — Pers.  nard — Sans,  nalada, 
from  Sans,  nal,  to  smell.] 

NARRATE,  na-rat'  or  nar'-,  v.t.  to  tell  or 
recite  :  to  give  an  account  of. — n.  Nar- 
Ra'tion.  [Fr.  —  L.  narro,  narratum — 
gnarits,  knowing — root  gna.1 

NARRATIVE,  nar'a-tiv,  adj.,  narrating: 
giving  an  account  of  any  occurrence :  in- 
cHned  to  narration  :  story-telling. — n, 
that  which  is  narrated  :  a  continued  ac- 
count of  any  occurrence  :  story. 

NARROW,  nar'o,  adj.  of  little  breadth  or 
extent :  limited  :  contracted  in  mind  : 
bigoted  :  not  liberal :  selfish  :  within  a 
small  distance:  close:  acciwate:  careful. 
— n.  (oftener  used  in  the  pi.)  a  narrow 
passage,  channel,  or  strait. — v.t.  to  make 
narrow :  to  contract  or  confine. — v.i.  to 
become  narrow. — adv.  Naer'OWLY. — n. 
Narr'owness.  [A.S.  nearu,  nearo ;  not 
conn,  with  near,  but  prob.  with  nerve, 
s)rare.'\ 

NARROW-MINDED,  nar'6-mlnd'ed,  adj. 
of  a  narroio  or  ilUberal  mind. — n.  Nare'- 
Ow-mind'edness. 

NARWHAL,  nar'hwal,  NARWAL,  nfi^- 
wal,  n.  the  sea-unicorn,  a  mammal  of  the 
whale  family  with  one  large  projecting 
tusk.  [Dan.  narhval  —  Ice.  ndhvalr, 
either  "  nose-whale"  (ma-  for  7ias-,  nose) 
or  "corpse-whale,"  from  the  creature's 
pallid  color  (Ice.  na-  for  nar-,  corpse). 
See  Whale.] 

NASAL,  naz'al,  adj.  belonging  to  the  nose : 
affected  by  or  sounded  through  the  nose. 
— n.  a  letter  or  sound  uttered  through  the 
nose.  [Fr.,  from  L.  nasus,  the  nose.  See 
Nose.] 

NASALIZE,  na'zal-Iz,  v.t.  to  render  nasal, 
as  a  sound. 

NASCENT,  nas'ent,  adj.,  springing  up: 
arising :  beginning  to  exist  or  grow.  fL. 
nascens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  nascor,  natus,  to 
be  born,  to  spring  up.] 

NASTURTIUM,  nas-tur'shi-um,  n.  a  kmd 
of  cress  with  a  pungent  taste.  [Lit."  nose- 
tormenting,"  L.,  from  nasus,  the  nose, 
and  torqneo,  tortum,  to  twist,  torment.] 

NASTY,  nas'ti,  adj.  dirty  :  filthy :  obscene : 
nauseous. — adu.NAS'TlLY. — ji.Nas'tiness. 
[Old  form  nasky — A.S.  hnesce,  soft ;  cf. 
prov.  Swed.  snaskig,  nasty,  from  snaska, 
to  eat  like  a  pig.] 

NATAL,  na'tal,  adj.  pertaining  to  birth : 
native.  [Fr. — L.  natalis — naseor,  natus, 
to  be  born.] 

NATATION,  na-ta'shun,  n.  swimming.  [L. 
natatio — nato,  to  swim.] 

NATATORY,  na'ta-tor-i,  adj.  pertaining  to 
swimming. 

NATION,  na'shun,  n.  those  5om  of  the 
same  stock :  the  people  inhabiting  the 
same  country,  or  under  the  same  govern- 
ment :  a  race  :  a  great  number.  [Fr. — 
L.  naseor,  natus.  to  be  born.] 

NATIONAL,  nash'un-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  nation  :  public  :  general :  attached  to 
one's  own  country. —  adv.  Na'tionally. 
—n.  Na'tionalness. 

NATIONALISM,  nash'un-al-izra,  NATION- 
ALITY, nash-un-al'i-ti,  n.  the  being  at- 
tached to  one's  country  :  national  char- 
acter.— n.  Na'tionalist. 

NATIONALIZE,  nash'un-al-Iz,  v.t.  to  make 
national. 

NATIVE,  na'tiv,  adj.  from  or  by  birth : 
produced  by  nature  :  pertaining  to  the 


time  or  place  of  birth  :  originaL— n.  one 
born  in  any  place :  an  original  inb^i- 
tant. — adv.  Na'tively. — n.  Na'ttveness, 
[Fr. — L.  nativus.    See  Natal.] 

NATIVITY,  na-tiv'i-ti,  n.  state  of  being 
born :  time,  place,  and  manner  of  birth  : 
state  or  place  of  being  produced  :  a  horo- 
scope.— The  Nativity,  the  birthday  of 
the  Saviour. 

NATRON,  na'trun,  n.  an  impure  native 
carbonate  of  soda,  the  nitre  of  the  Bible. 
[Fr. — L.  nitrum — Gr.  nitron'] 

NATTERJACK,  nat'er-jak,  n.  a  specifrs  of 
toad.    [See  Adder.] 

NATTY,  nat'i,  adj.  trim,  spruce.  [Allied 
to  Neat.] 

NATURAL,  nat'u-ral,  adj.  pertaining  to, 
produced  by,  or  according  to  nature: 
inborn  :  not  far-fetched :  not  acquired  : 
tender:  unaffected  :  illegitimate  :  (music) 
according  to  the  usual  diatonic  scale. — n. 
an  idiot :  (music)  a  character  (t;)  which 
removes  the  effect  of  a  preceding  sharp 
or  flat. — adv.  Nat'urally. — n.  Nat'ural- 
NESS. — Natural  Hlstory,  originally  the 
description  of  all  that  is  in  nature,'  now 
used  of  the  sciences  that  deal  with  the 
earth  and  its  productions — botany,  zool- 
ogy, and  mineralogy,  especially  zoologj'. 
— Natural  Philosophy,  the  science  of 
nature,  of  the  physical  properties  of 
bodies:  physics. —  Natural  Theology, 
the  body  of  theological  truths  discover- 
able by  reason  without  revelation. 

NATURALISM,  nat'u-ral-izm,  n.  mere  state 
of  nature. 

NATURALIST,  nat'u-ral-ist,  n.  one  who 
studies  nature,  more  particularly  ani- 
mated nature. 

NATURALIZE,  nat'u-ral-Iz,  v.t.  to  make 
natural  or  familiar  :  to  adapt  to  a  differ-,' 
ent  climate  :  to  invest  with  the  privi  -, 
leges  of  natural-born  subjects. — n.  Nat- 
Ckaliza'tion. 

NATURE,  na'tur,  «.  the  power  which  cre- 
ates and  which  presides  over  the  material 
world  :  the  established  order  of  things  : 
the  universe  :  the  essential  qualities  of 
anything :  constitution  :  species :  char- 
acter :  natural  disposition  :  conformity 
to  that  which  is  natural:  a  mind,  or  char- 
acter: nakedness.  [Fr. — L.  nattira — nas- 
cor, natus,  to  be  born — gna,  a  form  of 
root  gen  =  Gr.  gen,  to  be  born.] 

NAUGHT,  nawt,  n.,  no-whit,  nothing. — 
adv.  in  no  degree. — adj.  of  no  value  or 
account :  worthless  :  bad.  [A.S.  naht, 
na-wiht — na,  not,  unht,  whit,  anything.] 

NAUGHTY,  nawt'i,  adj.  bad:  mischievous: 
per  verse.- -odu.NAUGHT'lLY.—Ji.NAUGHT'- 

INESS. 

NAUSEA,  naw'she-a,  n.  any  sickness  of  the 
stomacii,  with  a  propensity  to  vomit  : 
loathing.  [L. — Gr.  nausia,  sea-sickness 
— 7iaus,  a  ssnip.] 

NAUSEATE,  naw'she-at,  v.i.  to  feel  nausea: 
to  become  squeamish  :  to  feel  disgust. — 
i\i.  to  loathe  :  to  strike  with  disgust. 

NAUSEOUS,  naw'she-us,  adj.  producing 
nausea:  disgusting:  loatlisome. — adi\ 
Nau'seously. — n.  Nau'seousness. 

NAUTICAL,  naw'tik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
ships,  sailors,  or  navigation  :  naval :  ma- 
rine.— adv.  Nau'ticallv.  [L.  nauticus— 
Gr.  nautikos — naus ;  cog.  with  which  are 
Sans,  nau,  L.  navis,  a  ship,  A.S.  naca, 
Ger.  nacheti.  a  boat.] 

NAUTILUS,  naw'ti-lus,  n.  a  Irind  of  shell- 
fish furnished  with  a  membrane  wliich 
was  once  believed  to  enable  it  to  sail  like 
a.  ship:— pi.  Nau'tiluses  or  Nau'tili.  [L, 
— Gr.  nautilos.] 

NAVAL,  na'val,  adj.  pertaining  to  ships : 
consisting  of  ships:  marine:  nautical:  De- 
longing  to  the  navy.  [Fr. — L.  navalia-^ 
navis,  a  ship.] 


NAVE 


296 


NEGLECTFUL 


NAVE,  nav,  n.  the  middle  or  body  of  a 
church,  distinct  from  the  aisles  or  wings, 
so  caUed  from  the  resemblance  of  the  roof 
to  the  hull  of  a  ship,  or  because  the 
church  of  Christ  was  often  likened  to  a 
ship.  [Ft.  nef — L.  navis,  a  ship.  See 
Nautical.] 

NAVE,  nav,  n.  the  hub  or  piece  of  wood, 
etc.,  in  the  centre  of  a  wheel,  through 
which  the  axle  passes.  [A.S.  nafu,  nave  ; 
cf.  Dut.  naaf,  Grer.  nabe;  Sans,  nahhi, 
nave,  navel — prob.  from  nabh,  to  burst.] 

NAVEL,  nav'l,  n.  the  mark  or  depression 
in  the  centre  of  the  lower  part  of  the  ab- 
domen, at  first,  a  small  projection.  [Dim. 
of  Nave,  a  hub.] 

NAVIGABLE,  naVi-ga-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  passed  by  ships  or  vessels. — n.  Nav'i- 

GABLENESS. — aclv.  NAV'IGABLY. 

NAVIGATE,  nav'i-gat,  i\t.  to  steer  or  man- 
age a  ship  in  sailing :  to  sail  on. — v.i.  to 
go  in  a  vessel  or  ship  :  to  sail.  [L.  navi- 
go,  -atum — navis,  a  ship,  and  ago,  to 
drive.] 

NAVIGATION,  nav-i-ga'shun,  n.  the  act, 
science,  or  art  of  sailing  ships. 

NAVIGATOR,  nav'i-gat-or,  »i.  one  who 
navigates  or  sails :  one  who  directs  the 
course  of  a  ship. 

NAVVY,  nav'i,  n.  (orig.)  a  laborer  on  ca- 
nals for  internal  navigation  :  a  laborer. 
[A  contraction  of  Navigator.] 

NAVY,  na'vi,  n.  a  fleet  of  ships:  the  whole 
of  the  ships-of-war  of  a  nation  :  the  ofR- 
cers  and  men  belonging  to  the  war-ships 
of  a  nation.    [O.  Fr. — L.  navis,  a  ship.] 

NAY,  nil,  adv.,  no  :  not  only  so:  yet  more. 
— n.  denial.  [M.  E.  — Ice.  nei,  Dan.  nei ; 
cog.  with  No.] 

NAZARENE,  naz'ar-en,  n.  a  follower  of 
Jesus  of  Nazareth,  originally  used  of 
Christians  in  contempt :  one  belonging 
to  the  early  Christian  sect  of  the  Naz- 
arenes.    [From  Nazareth,  the  town.] 

NAZARITE,  naz'ar-it,  n.  a  Jew  who  vowed 
to  abstain  from  strong  drink,  etc.  [Heb. 
nazar,  to  consecrate.] 

NAZARITISM,  naz'ar-It-izm,  n.  the  vow 
and  practice  of  a  Nazarite. 

NAZE,  naz,  n.  a  headland  or  cape.  [Scand., 
ae  in  Dan.  noes ;  a  doublet  of  Ness.] 

NEAP,  nep,  adj.  low,  applied  to  the  lowest 
tides.— »i.  a  neap-tide.  [A.S.  nep,  orig. 
hnip;  Dan.  knap,  Ice.  n^)pr,  scanty. 
From  verb  Nip.] 

NEAPED,  nept,  adj.  left  in  the  jieap-tide 
or  aground. 

NEAR,  ner,  adj.,  nigh  :  not  far  distant : 
intimate  :  «lear  :  close  to  anj'thing  fol- 
lowed cr  imitated  :  direct:  stingy.— adv. 
at  a  little  distance  :  almost. — v.t.  to  ap- 
proach :  to  come  nearer  to.  [A.S.  near, 
nearer,  ccmp.  of  neah,  nigh,  now  used  as 
a  positive  ;  Ice.   ncer ;   Ger.  naher.    See 

NiGH.f 

NEARLY,  ner'li,  adv.  at  no  great  distance  : 
closely  :  intimately  :  pressingly  :  almost : 
stingily. 

NEARNESS,  ner'nes,  n.  the  state  of  being 
near :  closeness :  intimacy  :  close  alli- 
ance *  stin'^ness. 

NEARr-SIGHTED,  ner'-sit'ed,  adj.,  seeing 
only  when  near  :  short-sighted.  —  n. 
Neak'-sight'edness. 

iNEAT,  net,  adj.  belonging  to  the  bovine 

'  genus. — n.  black-cattle  :  an  ox  or  cow. 
[A.S.  neat,  cattle,  a  beast  —  neotan,  nio- 
tan,  to  use,  employ ;  Ice.  njotan.  Ger. 
geniessen,  to  enjoy,  Scot,  nowt,  black- 
cattle.] 

NEAT,  net,  adj.  trim  :  tidy  :  without  mix- 
ture or  adulteration. — adv.  Neat'ly. — n. 
Neat'ness.  [Fr.  net — L.  nitidus,  shin- 
ing— niteo,  to  shine  ;  or  perh.  conn,  with 
A.S.  neod,  neodlice,  pretty.] 
NEATHERD,  net'hcrd,  n.  one  who  herds 
or  has  the  care  of  neat  or  cattle. 


NEB,  neb,  n.  the  beak  of  a  bird  :  the  nose. 
[A.S.  nebb,  the  face  ;  cog.  with  Dut.  neb, 
beak.  The  word  orig.  nad  an  initial  s 
like  Dut.  sneb,  Ger.  schnabel,  and  is  conn, 
witli  Snap,  Snip.] 

NEBULA,  neb'i\-la,  n.  a  little  cloud  :  a  faint, 
misty  appearance  in  the  heavens  pro- 
duced either  by  a  group  of  stars  too 
distant  to  be  seen  singly,  or  by  diffused 
gaseous  matter: — pi.  Neb'ul^.  [L.  ;  Gr. 
nephele,  cloud,  mist.] 

NEBULAR,  neb'u-lar,  adj.  pertaining  to 
nebulce. 

NEBULOSE,  neb'u-los,  NEBULOUS,  neb'- 
u-lus,  adj.  misty,  hazy,  vague  :  relating 
to  or  having  the  appearance  of  a  nebula. 
— n.  Nebulos'ity. 

NECESSARY,  nes'es-sar-i,  adj.  needful: 
unavoidable  :  indispensable  :  not  free. — 
n.  a  requisite — used  chiefly  in  pi. — adv. 
Nec'essarily.  [Fr.  —  L.  necessarius, 
which  is  either  from  root  nae,  seen  in  L. 
nanciscor,  to  obtain,  Gr.  enegka,  to  bear, 
or  from  me,  not,  and  cedo,  cessum,  to 
yield.] 

NECESSITARIAN,  ne-ses-si-ta'ri-an,  NEC- 
ESSARIAN, nes-es-sa'ri-an,  m.  one  who 
holds  the  doctrine  of  necessity,  denying 
freedom  of  will. 

NECESSITATE,  ne-ses'i-tat,  v.t.  to  make 
necessary :  to  render  unavoidable :  to 
compel.     [L.  necessitas.] 

NECESSITOUS,  ne-ses'it-us,  adj.,  in  neces- 
sity: very  poor:  destitute. — adv.  NeceSiS'- 
ITODSLY.— W.  NeCESS'ITOUSNESS. 

NECESSITY,  ne-ses'i-ti,  n.  that  which  is 
necessary  or  unavoidable  :  compulsion  : 
need  :  poverty. 

NECK,  nek,  n.  the  part  of  an  animal's  body 
between  the  head  and  trunk:  a  long  nar- 
row part.  [A.S.  hnecca ;  Ger.  nacken; 
prob.  from  root  angk,  to  bend,  as  in 
Anchor,  Angle,  Sans,  ac,  awe,  to  bend.] 

NECKCLOTH,  nek'kloth,  n.  a  piece  of  cloth 
worn  on  the  7ieck  by  men. 

NECKED,  nekt,  adj.  having  a  neck. 

NECKERCHIEF,  nek'er-chif,  n.  a  kerchief 
for  the  neck. 

NECKLACE,  nek'las,  n.  a  lace  or  string  of 
beads  or  precious  stones  worn  on  the  7ieck 
by  women. 

NECKTIE,  nek'ti,  n.  a  tie  or  cloth  for  the 
neck. 

NECKVERSE,  nek'vers,  to.  the  verse  form- 
erly read  to  entitle  the  person  to  bene- 
fit of  clergy — said  to  be  the  first  of  the 

NECROLOGIC,  nek-ro-loj'ik,  NECROLOG- 
ICAL,  nek-ro-loj'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
necrology. 

NECROLOGIST,  nek-rol'o-jist,  n.  one  who 
gives  an  account  of  deaths. 

NECROLOGY,  nek-rol'o-ji,  n.  an  account 
of  the  dead  :  a  register  of  deaths.  [Gr. 
nekros,  dead,  and  logos,  a  discourse.] 

NECROMANCER,  nek'ro-man-ser,  n.  one 
who  practices  necromancy  :  a  sorcerer. 

NECROMANCY,  nek'ro-man-si,  n.  the  art 
of  revealing  future  events  by  communi- 
cation with  the  dead :  enchantment. 
[Gr.  nekromanteia — nekros,  and  mante.ia, 
a  prophesying — mantis,  a  prophet.  For 
the  mediceval  spelling,  nigromancy,  see 
Black-art.] 

NECROMANTIC,  nek-ro-man'tik,  NECRO- 
MANTICAL,  nek-ro-man'tik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  necromancy :  performed  by 
necromancy.  —  adv.  Necroman'tically. 

NECROPOLIS,  nek-rop'o-lis,  n.  a  cemetery. 
[Lit.  "  a  city  of  the  dead,"  Gr.  nekros, 
and  polis,  a  city.] 

NECTAR,  nek'tar,  n.  the  red  wine  or  drink 
of  the  gods  :  a  delicious  beverage  :  the 
honey  of  the  glands  of  plants.  [L. — Gr. 
nektar;  ety.  dub.] 


NECTAREAL,  nek-ta're-al,  NECTAREAN, 
nek-ta're-an,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling necfa?" ;  deH»ious. 

NECTARED,  nek'tard,  adj.  imbued  with 
nectar:     mingled    or    abounding    with 

TK^O  t  IP 

NECTAREOUS,  nek-ta're-us,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  containing,  or  resembling  nectar'j 
delicious. 
NECTARINE,  nek'ta-rin,  adj.  sweet  as 
nectar. — n.  a  variety  of  peach  with  a 
smooth  rind. 
NECTAROUS,    nek'tar-us,    adj.   sweet  as 

nectar. 
NECTARY,    nek'tar-i,    n.    the    part  of  a 
flower    which    secretes    the    nectar   or 
honey. 

NEED,  ned,  n.,  necessity :  a  state  that  re- 
quires relief:  want. — v.t.  to  have  occa-. 
sion  for  :  to  want. — n.  Need'er.  I  A.S. 
nyd,  nead;  Dut.  nood,  Ger.  noth,  Goth. 
nauths,  orig.  prob.  sig.    "  compulsion."] 

NEEDFUL,  ned'fool,  adj.  full  of  need, 
needy:  necessary:  requisite. — adv.  NEEa)'- 
FULLY. — n.  Need'fulness. 

NEEDLE,  ned'l,  n.  a  small,  sharp-pointed 
steel  instrument, with  an  eye  for  a  thread: 
anything  like  a  needle,  as  the  magnet  of 
a  compass.  [A.S.  ncedei ;  Ice.  nal,  GSer. 
nadel :  conn,  with  Ger.  nahen,  to  sew,  L. 
nere,  Gr.  neein,  to  spin.] 

NEEDLEBOOK,  ned'1-book,  n.  a  number 
of  pieces  of  cloth,  arranged  like  a  book, 
for  holding  needles. 

NEEDLEFUL,  ned'1-fool,  n.  as  much  thread 
as  Jills  a  needle. 

NEEDLE-GUN,  ned'1-gun,  n.  a  gun  or  rifle 
loaded  at  the  breech  with  a  cartridge 
containing  powder  and  exploded  by  the 
prick  of  a  needle. 

NEEDLESS,  ned'les,  adj.,  not  needed  :  un- 
necessary.— adv.  Need'lessly. — w.Need'- 
lessness. 

NEEDLEWOMAN,  ned'l- woom-an,  n.  a 
woman  who  makes  her  hving  by  her 
needle,  a  seamstress. 

NEEDLEWORK,  ned'l-wurk,  n.  work  done 
with  a  needle  :  the  business  of  a  seam- 
stress. 

NEEDS,  nedz,  adv.,  of  necessity:  indis- 
pensably. [A.S.  nedes,  of  necessity,  gen. 
of  nead.    See  Need.] 

NEEDY,  ned'i,  adj.  being  in  need :  very- 
poor. — adv.  Need'ily. — n.  Need'iness. 

NE'ER,  nar,  adv.  contraction  of  Never. 

NEESING,  nez-ing,  «.  (£.)  old  form  o* 
Sneezing. 

NEFARIOUS,  ne-fa'ri-us,  adj.  impious: 
vsacked  in  the  extreme:  villainous. — adv. 
Nefa'riously. — n.  Nefa'riousness.  [L. 
nefarius,  contrary  to  divine  law — ne,  not, 
fas,  divine  law,  prob.  frorafari,  to  speak.] 

NEGATION,  ne-ga'shun,  7i.  act  of  sayiiig 
no :  denial :  (logic)  the  absence  of  certain 
qualities  in  anything.  [Fr. — L.  negatio — 
nego,  -atum,  to  say  no — nee,  not,  aio,  to 
say  yes.] 

NEGATIVE,  neg'a-tiv,  adj.  that  denies:  im- 
plying absence  :  that  stops  or  restrains : 
{logic)  denying  the  connection  between  a 
subject  and  predicate  :  (algebra)  noting  a 
quantity  to  be  subtracted. — n.  a  propo- 
sition by  which  something  is  denied : 
(gram.)  a  word  that  denies. — v.t.  to  prove 
the  contrary  :  to  reject  by  vote. — adv. 
Neg'atively.  —  n.  Neg'attveness.  [L. 
negativtis — nego,  to  deny.] 

NEGLECT,  neg-lekt',  v.t.  not  to  care  for  :  to 
disregard  :  to  omit  by  carelessness. — n. 
disregard:  slight:  omission.  [L.  negligo, 
neglectum — nee,  not,  lego,  to  gather,  pick 

NEGLECTFUL,  neg-lekt'fool,  adj.  careless: 
accustomed  to  omit  or  neglect  things: 
shghting.  —  adv.     NEGLECTFULLY.  —  N. 

Neglect' FULNESS. 


NEGLIGEE 


297 


NEUTER 


NEGLIGEE,  neg-li-zha',  n.  easy  undress:  a 
plain,  loose  gown :  a  necklace,  usually 
of  red  coral.  [Fr.  niglige — negliger,  to 
neglect.] 

NEGLIGENCE,  neg'li-jens,  n.  quaUty  of 
being  negligent :  habitual  neglect :  care- 
lessness :  omission  of  duty.  [Fr. — L. 
negligentia  —  negligens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of 
negligo.    See  Neglect.] 

NEGLIGENT,  neg'li-jent,  ad;".,  neglecting: 
careless  :     inattentive.  —  adv.     Neg'LI- 

OENTLY. 

NEGOTIABLE,  ne-go'shi-a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  negotiated  or  transacted. — n. 
Negotiabil'ity. 

NEGOTIATE,  ne-go'shi-at,  v.i.  to  carry  on 
business :  to  bargain :  to  hold  intercourse 
for  the  purpose  of  mutual  arrangement. 
— v.t.  to  arrange  for  by  agreement  :  to 
pass,  as  a  bill :  to  sell. — n.  Nego'tiator. 
[L.  negotior,  -atus — negotium,  business 
— nee,  not,  otium,  leisure.] 

NEGOTIATION,  ne-go-shi-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  negotiating :  the  treating  with  an- 
other on  business. 

NEGOTIATORY,  ne-go'shi-a-tor-i,  ac^'.  of 
or  pertaining  to  negotiation. 

NEGRO,  ne'gro,  n.  one  of  the  black  race 
in  Africa :— /em.  Ne'gress.  [Sp.  negro — 
L.  niger,  black.] 

NEGROHEAD,  ne'gro-hed,  n.  tobacco 
soaked  in  molasses  and  pressed  into 
cakes,  so  called  from  its  blackness. 

NEGUS,  ne'gus,  n.  a  beverage  of  hot  wine, 
water,  sugar,  nutmeg,  and  lemon-juice. 
[Said  to  be  so  called  from  Colonel  Negus, 
its  first  maker,  in  the  reign  of  Queen 
Anne.] 

NEIGH,  na,  v.i.  to  utter  the  cry  of  a 
horse  : — 'pr.p.  neigh'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
neighed'  (nad). — n.  the  cry  of  a  horse. 
[A.S.  hnaegan  ;  Ice.  hneggja,  Scot,  nicher ; 
from  the  sound.    See  Nag.] 

NEIGHBOR,  na'bur,  n.  a  person  who 
dwells  near  another. — adj.  (B.)  neigh- 
boring.— v.i.  to  live  near  each  other. — 
v.t.  to  be  near  to.  [A.S.  neahbur,  neahge- 
bur — A.S.  neah,  near,  gebur  or  bur,  a 
farmer.     See  BoOB.] 

NEIGHBORHOOD,  na'bur-hood,  n.  state 
of  being  neighbors :  adjoining  district. 

NEIGHBORING,  naTjur-ing,  adj.  being 
near. 

NEIGHBORLY,  na'bur-li,  adj.  like  or  be- 
coming a  neighbor :  friendly  :  social.^ 
adv.  N'eioh'borly. — n.  Neigh'boelness. 

NEITHER,  ne'ther  or  m'ther,  adj.,  pron., 
or  conj.,  not  either.  [A.S.  nawther,  contr. 
of  nehiceether  —  na,  no,  and  hivcether, 
whether.     Doublet  NoE.] 

NEMESIS,  nem'e-sis,  n.  (myth.)  the  goddess 
of  vengeance :  retributive  justice.  [Gr. 
nemo,  to  distribute.] 

NEOLITHIC,  ne-o-lith'ik,  adj.  applied  to 
the  more  recent  of  two  divisions  of  the 
stone  age,  the  other  being  PaXuEOHTHIC. 
[Gr.  neos,  new,  lithos,  a  stone.] 

NEOLOGIC,  ne-o-loj'ik,  NEOLOGICAL, 
ne-o-loj'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  neology : 
using  new  words. 

NEOLOGISM,  ne-ol'o-jism,  n.  a  new  ivord 
or  doctrine. 

NEOLOGIST,  ne-ol'o-jist,  n.  an  innovator 
in  language:  an  innovator  in  theology. 

NEOLOGIZE,  ne-oro-jlz,  v.i.  to  introduce 
neuj  xvords. 

NEOLOGY,  ne-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  introduction 
of  neu'  words  into  a  language :  a  new 
word  or  phrase :  (theol.)  new  doctrines, 
esp.  German  rationalism.  [Gr.  neos,  new, 
and  logos,  word.] 

NEOPETYTE,  ne'o-flt,  n.  a  new  convert : 
in  R.  Catholic  Church,  one  newly  ad- 
mitted to  the  priesthood  or  to  a  monas- 
tery :  a  novice. — adj.  newly  entered  on 
oflSce.  [L.  neophytua — Gr.  neos,  new, 
phytos,  grown— phyo,  to  produce.] 


NEOZOIC,  ne-o-z6'ik,  adj.  denoting  all 
rocks  from  the  Trias  down  to  the  most 
recent  formations,  as  opposed  to  Paleo- 
zoic.    [Gr.  neos,  new,  zoe,  hfe.] 

NEPENTHE,  ne-pen'the,  NEPENTHES, 
ne-pen'thez,  n.  (med.)  a  drug  that  relieves 
pain  :  a  genus  of  plants  having  a  cup  or 
pitcher  attached  to  the  leaf,  often  filled 
with  a  sweetish  liquid,  the  pitcher  plant. 
[Gr.  nepenthes,  removing  sorrow — ne, 
priv.,  and  jienthos,  grief,  sorrow.] 

NEPHEW,  nef'u  or  nev'ii,  n.  (orig.)  a 
grandson — so  in  New  Test.;  the  son  of  a 
brother  or  sister  •.—fern.  Niece.  [Fr.  nev- 
eu — L.  nepos,  nepotis,  grandson,  nephew; 
cog.  with  Sans,  napat,  Gr.  anepsios, 
cousin,  A.S.  nefa,  a  nephew.] 

NEPHRALGIA,  ne-fraKji-a,  NEPHRAL- 
GY,  ne-fral'ji,  n.,  pain  or  disease  of  the 
kidneys.  [Gr.  nephroi,  kidneys,  algos, 
pain.] 

NEPHRITE,  nef'rit,  n.  scientific  name  for 
Jade,  a  mineral  used  as  a  charm  against 
kidney  disease. 

NEPHRITIC,  ne;frit'ik,  NEPHRITICAL, 
ne-frit'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  kid- 
neys :  affected  with  a  disease  of  the  kid- 
neys :  relieving  diseases  of  the  kidneys. 
— Ji.  Nepheit'ic,  a  medicine  for  the  cure 
of  diseases  of  the  kidneys. 

NEPHRITIS,  ne-fri'tis,  n.  inflammation  of 
the  kidneys. 

NEPOTISM,  nep'o-tizm,  n.  undue  favorit- 
ism to  one's  relations,  as  in  the  bestowal 
of  patronage.  — n.  Nep'otist,  one  who 
practices  nepotism.  [L.  7wpos,  nepotis, 
a  grandson,  nephew,  descendant.] 

NEPTUNE,  nep'tun,  n.  {myth.)  the  god  of 
the  sea :  (astr.)  a  large  planet  discovered 
in  1846.  [L.  Neptunus.  from  a  root  seen 
in  Gr.  nipho,  L.  nimbus,  Zend  n&pita, 
wet,  Sans,  nepa,  water.] 

NEPTUNIAN,  nep-tu'ni-an,  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  sea  :  formed  by  water :  (geol.)  ap- 
plied to  stratified  rocks  or  to  those  due 
mainly  to  the  agency  of  water,  as  op- 
posed to  Plutonic  or  igneus. 

NEREID,  ne're-id,  n.  (myth.)  a  sea-nymph, 
one  of  the  daughters  of  the  sea-god 
Nereus,  who  attended  Neptune  riding  on 
sea-horses :  (zool.)  a  genus  of  marine 
worms  like  long  myriapods.  [L.  Nereis 
— Gr.  Nereis,  -idos — Nereus,  a  sea-god  ; 
akin  to  neo,  to  swim,  nao,  to  flow,  and 
Sans,  nara,  water.] 

NERVE,  nerv,  n.  (orig.)  a  tendon  or  sinew : 
physical  strength  :  firmness  :  courage  : 
(anat.)  one  of  the  fibres  which  convey 
sensation  from  all  parts  of  the  body  to  the 
brain:  (hot.)  one  of  the  fibres  in  the 
leaves  of  plants. — v.t.  to  give  strength  or 
vigor  to  :  courage.  [Fr. — L.  nervus ;  Gr. 
neuron,  a  sinew  ;  orig.  form  was  with 
initial  s,  as  in  E.  Snare,  Ger.  schnur,  a 
lace  or  tie.] 

NERVELESS,  nerv'les,  adj.  without  nerve 
or  strength. 

NERVINE,  nerVin,  adj.  acting  on  the 
nerves:  quieting  nervous  excitement. — 
n.  a  medicine  that  soothes  nervous  ex- 
citement.    [L.  ne7n^inus.] 

NERVOUS,  nerv'us,  adj.  having  nerve : 
sinewy  :  strong  :  vigorous  :  pertaining  to 
the  nerves  :  having  the  nerves  easily  ex- 
cited or  weak.  —  adv.   NerVouslt. —  n. 

NeRV'OUSNESS. — NERV'OUS  SYS'TEM(a)!,ai.) 
the  brain, spinal  chord,  and  nerves  collect- 
ivelv.     [Fr.  nerveux — L.  nervosus.~\ 

NERVOUS,  nerv'us,  NERVOSE,  ner-v5s', 
NERVED,  nervd',  adj.  (bot.)  having  par- 
allel fibres  or  veins. 

NESCIENCE,  nesh'ens,  n.  want  of  knowl- 
edge. [L.  nescientia — neseio,  to  be  igno- 
rant— ne,  not,  and  sdo,  to  know.] 

NESS,  nes,  n.  a  promontory  or  headland. 
[A.S.  JICE.S,  promontory  :  a  doublet  of 
Naze,  and  prob.  conn,  witk  NoSK.] 


NEST,  nest,  n.  the  bed  formed  by  a  bW 
for  hatching  her  young :  the  place  in 
which  the  eggs  of  any  animal  are  laid  and 
hatched  :  a  comfortable  residence  :  the 
abode  of  a  large  number,  often  in  a  bad 
sense  :  a  number  of  boxes  each  inside  the 
next  larger. — v.i.  to  build  and  occupy  a 
nest.  [A.S.  nest ;  Ger.  nest,  Gael,  nead ; 
akin  to  L.  nidus,  for  nisdus,  Sans,  nida.] 

NESTLE,  nes'l,  v.i.  to  lie  close  or  snug,  am 
in  a  nest :  to  settle  comfortably. — v.t.  to 
cherish,  as  a  bird  her  young.  [A.St 
nestlian — nest.] 

NESTLING,  nest'lmg,  adj.  being  in  the 
nest,  newly  hatched. — n.  a  young  bird  in 
the  nest. 

NESTORIAN,  nes-to'ri-an,  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  doctrine  of  Nestorius,  patriarcn 
of  Constantinople :  resembling  Nestor, 
the  aged  warrior  and  counsellor  men- 
tioned in  Homer :  experienced  :  wise. 

NET,  net,  n.  an  instrument  of  twine  knot- 
ted into  meshes  for  catching  birds,  fishes, 
etc.  :  anything  like  a  net :  a  snare :  a 
difficulty. — v.t.  to  form  as  network  :  to 
take  with  a  net. — v.i.  to  form  network : 
—pr.p.  nett'ing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  nett'ed. 
[A.S.  net,  nett ;  Dan.  net,  Ger.  netz;  ety. 
dub.] 

NET,  net,  adj.  clear  of  all  charges  or  de- 
ductions :  opposed  to  gross.  —  v.t.  to 
produce  as  clear  profit  i—pr-p.  nett'ing ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  nett'ed.  [A.S.  nett,  an- 
other form  of  Neat.] 

NETHER,  ne<7i.'er,  adj.,  beneath  another, 
lower  :  infernal.  [A.S.  iheothera,  a  comp, 
adj.  due  to  adv.  nitker,  downward  ;  Ger. 
nieder,  low.] 

NETHERMOST,  nef/i'er-most,  adj.,  most 
beneath,  lowest.  [A.S.,  a  corr.  of  nithe- 
inesta,  a  doubled  superl.  of  nither.    Fer 

SuflSx  -most,  see  AFTERMOST,  FOREMOST.] 

NETHINIM,  neth'in-im,  n.pl.  (B.)  men 
given  to  the  Levites  to  assist  them. 
fHeb.  nathan,  to  give.] 

NETTING,  net'ing,  n.  act  of  forming  net- 
work :  a  piece  of  network. 

NETTLE,  net'l,  n.  a  common  plant  covered 
with  hairs,  which  sting  sharply. — v.t.  to 
fret,  as  a  nettle  does  the  skin  :  to  irri- 
tate. [A.S.  netele ;  by  some  taken  from 
same  root  as  needle  ;  more  prob.  from 
Teut.  base  meaning  "  .scratch,"  and  akin 
to  Gr.  kniile,  nettle.    See  also  Nrr.] 

NETTLERASH,  net'1-rash,  n.  a  kind  of 
fever  characterized  bj'  a  rash  or  eruption 
on  the  skin  like  that  caused  by  the  sting 
of  a  nettle. 

NETWORK,  net'wurk,  n.  a  piece  of  u^ork 
or  a  fabric  formed  like  a  net. 

NEURvUli,  nu'ral,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
nerves.  [Gr.  ?ieMroK,  anerve.  SeeNERVKj 

NEURALGIA,  nu-ral'ji-a,  NEURALGY, 
nu-ral'ji,  n.,  pain  in  the  nerves.  [Gr.  neu- 
ron,  and  algos,  pain. 

NEURALGIC,  nu-ral'jik,  ady.  pertaining  to 
neuralgia. 

NEUROLOGY,  nu-rol'o-ji,  n.  the  scienee 
of  the  neri-es. — adj.  NeurOLOG'ical. — 71. 
Neurol'OGIST,  a  writer  on  neurology. 
[Gr.  neuron,  and  logos,  science.] 

NEUROPTERA,  nu-rop'ter-a,  n.pl.  an  order 
of  insects  which  have  generally  four  wings 
reticulated  with  manj'  nerves.  [Gr.  neu- 
ron, nerve,  ptera,  pi.  of  pteron,  a  wing.1 

NEUROPTERAL,  nu-rop'ter-al,  NEUROP- 
TEROUS,  nu -rop'ter-us,  adj.,  nerve- 
m'nged  :  belonging  to  the  neuroptera. 

NEUROTIC,  nu-rot'ik,  adj.  relating  to  or 
seated  in  the  nerves. — n.  a  disease  of  the 
nerves  :  a  medicine  useful  for  diseases  of 
the  nerves. 

NEUROTOMY,  nu-rot'om-i,  n.  the  cutting 
or  dissection  of  a  nerve.  [Gr.  neuron, 
a  nerve,  and  tome,  cutting.] 

NEUTER,  nu'ter,  adj.,  neither:  taking  no 
part  with   either   side :  (gram.)  neither 


NEUTRAL 


298 


NINETEENTH 


masculine  nor  feminine  :  (pot.)  without 
stamens  or  pistils :  (zool.)  without  sex. — 
n.  one  taking  no  part  in  a  contest  :  (bot.) 
a  plant  having  neither  stamens  nor  pis- 
tils :  (zool.)  a  sexless  animal,  esp.  the 
working  bee.     [L. — ne,  not,  uter,  either.] 

NEUTRAL,  nu'tral,  adj.  being  neuter,  in- 
dififerent :  unbiased  :  neither  very  good 
nor  very  bad  :  (fihem.)  neither  acid  nor 
alkaline. — n.  a  person  or  nation  that 
takes  no  part  in  a  contest. — adv.  Nec'- 
TBAT.T.Y — n.  Neuteal'itt.  [L.  neutralis 
— neuter,  neither.] 

NEUTRALIZE,  nu'tral-Iz,  v.t.  to  render 
neutral  or  indifferent :  to  render  of  no 
effect.— )is.  Neu'tralizer,  Neuteauza'- 
•noN. 

NEVER,  nev'er,  adv.,  not  ever:  at  no  time: 
in  no  degree :  not.  [A.S.  ruBfre — ne,  not, 
and  cefre,  ever.] 

NEVERTHELESS,  nev  - er -  <A€  - les',  adv., 
never  or  not  the  less:  notwithstanding: 
in  spite  of  that.  [Lit.  "  never  less  on 
that  account ; "  the^^thi,  the  old  instru- 
mental case  of  that.] 

NEW,  nu,  adj.  lately  made  :  having  hap- 
pened lately  :  recent  :  not  before  seen  or 
known  :  strange  :  recently  commenced  : 
not  of  an  ancient  family  :  modern  :  as  at 
first :  unaccustomed  :  fresh  from  any. 
thing :  uncultivated  or  recently  culti- 
vated.— adv.  New'i.y. — n.  New'ness. 
[A.S.  niwe,  neowe;  cog.  with  Ger.  neu. 
It.  nuadh,  L.  novus,  Gr.  neos.  Sans.  nava. 
Same  as  Now.] 

NEWEL,  nu'el,  n.  (arch.)  the  upright  post 
about  which  the  steps  of  a  circular  stair- 
case wind.  [O.  Fr.  nual  (Fr.  noyau), 
stone  of  fruit — L.  nucalis,  like  a  nut — 
nux,  nticis,  a  nut.    See  Nucleus.] 

NEWFANGLED,  nu-fang'gld,  ot/j.  fond  of 
new  things  :  newly  devised. — ?i.  New- 
FANQ'LEDNESS.  [Corr.  from  Mid.  E.  neux- 
f  angel — new,  and  the  root  of  Fanq,  thus 
meaning  "  ready  to  seize."] 

NEW-FASHIONED,  nu-fash'und,  adj. 
newly  fashioned :  lately  come  into 
fashion. 

NEWISH,  nu'ish,  adj.  somewhat  new : 
nearly  new. 

NEWS,  nuz,  n.sing.  something  new:  re- 
cent account :  fresh  information  of  some- 
thing that  has  just  happened :  intelli- 
*^ence. 

NEWSBOY,  nuz'boy,  NEWSMAN,  nOz'- 
man,  n.  a  boy  or  man  who  deUvers  or 
sells  »i«(t'spapers. 

NEWSLETTER,  nuzlet-er,  n.  an  occasional 
letter  or  printed  sheet  containing  news, 
the  predecessor  of  the  reg^ular  news- 
paper. 

Newsmonger,  nuz'mung-ger,n.  one  who 
df:als  in  news:  one  who  spends  much 
time  in  hearing  and  telling  news.  [News 
and  Monger.] 

NEWSPAPER,  nuz'pa-per,  n.  a  paper  pub- 
lished periodically  for  circulating  news, 
etc. 

NEWSROOM,  nuz'room,  n.  a  room  for  the 
reading  of  neit'spapers,  magazines,  etc. 

NEW-STYLE,  nu'-sta,  n.  the  Gregorian  as 
opposed  to  the  Julian  method  of  reckon- 
ing the  calendar. 

NEWSVENDER,  NEWSVENDOR,  nuz'- 
vend'er,  n.  a  vender  or  seller  of  news- 
papers. 

NEWT,  nflt,  n.  a  genus  of  amphibious  ani- 
mals hke  small  lizards.  [Formed  with 
initial  n,  borrowed  from  the  article  an, 
from  ewt — A.S.  efeta.] 

NEWTONIAN,  nu-to'ni-an,  adj.  relating  to, 
formed,  or  discovered  by  Sir  Isaac  Netr- 
ton,  the  celebrated  philosopher,1643-1727. 

NEW-YEAR-S-DAY,  nu'-yerz-da,  n.  the 
first  day  of  the  new  year.  [New,  Year, 
and  Day.] 

NEXT,  nekst,  ac^.  (superl.  of  Nigh),  near- 


est in  place,  time,  etc. — adv.  nearest  or 
immediatel3'  after.  [A.S.  nealist,  nyh.it, 
superl.  of  iieah,  near ;  Gcer.  ndchst.  See 
Near.] 

NEXUS,  nek'sus,  n.  a  tie  or  connecting 
principle.     [L.,  from  necto,  to  bind.] 

NIB,  nib,  n.  sometliing  small  and  pointed  : 
a  point,  esp.  of  a  pen. — adj.  Nibbed', 
having  a  nib.     [Same  as  Neb.] 

NIBBLE,  nib'l,  v.t.  to  bite  by  small  nips : 
to  eat  by  little  at  a  time. — v.i.  to  bite  : 
to  find  fault.— 7t.  Nibb'Leb.  [Freq.  of 
NtP ;  but  some  connect  it  with  Nib.J 

NICE,  nis,  adj.  fooUshly  particular  :  nard 
to  please :  fastidious  :  requiring  refine- 
ment of  apprehension  or  dehcacy  of 
treatment  :  exact :  dehcate  :  dainty  : 
agreeable  :  delightful.  —  adv.  Nice'ly. 
[O.  Fr.  nice,  foolish,  simple ;  from  L. 
nesdus,  ignorant — ne,  not,  and  scto,  to 
know.] 

NICENE,  ni'sen,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
town  of  Nice  or  NicEea,  in  Asia  Minor, 
esp.  in  reference  to  an  ecumenical  coun- 
cil held  there  in  335,  at  which  was  drawn 
up  a  confession  of  faith,  out  of  which 
the  present  Nicene  Creed  has  grown. 

OTCENESS,  nis'nes,  n.  exactness,  scrupu- 
lousness :  pleasantness. 

NICETY,  nis'e-ti,  n.  quality  of  being  nice  : 
delicate  management :  exactness  of  treat- 
ment :  delicacy  of  perception  :  fastidious- 
ness :  that  which  is  delicate  to  the  taste : 
a  delicacy. 

NICHE,  nich,  n.  a  recess  in  a  wall  for  a 
statue,  etc.  [Lit.  a  "  shell-Uke  "  recess, 
Fr.  ;  from  It.  nicchia,  a  niche,  nicchio,  a 
shell — L.  mytilus,  mitultui,  a  sea-muscle. 
Cf.  Napery,  from  L.  viappa.] 

NICHED,  nicht,  adj.  placed  in  a  niche. 

NICK,  nik,  n.  a  notch  cut  into  something  : 
a  score  for  keeping  an  account :  the 
precise  moment  of  time. — v.t.  to  cut  in 
notches :  to  hit  the  precise  time. 
[Another  spelling  of  NoCK,  old  form  of 
Notch.] 

NICK,  nik,  n.  the  devil.  [A.S.  nieor,  a 
water-spii'it ;  Ice.  nykr,  Ger.  nix,  nixe.] 

NICKEL,  nik'el,  n.  a  grayish-white  metal, 
very  malleable  and  ductile.  [Sw.  and 
Ger.;  from  Sw.  kopparniekel,  Ger.  kupfer- 
nickel,  copper  of  Nick  or  Nicholas,  because 
it  was  thought  to  be  a  6a.se  ore  of  copper.] 

NICKNACK,  nik'nak,  n.  a  trifle.  [Same  as 
Knick-knack.J 

NICKNAME,  nik'nam,  n.  a  name  given  in 
contempt  or  sportive  familiarity. — v.t.  to 
give  a  nickname  to.  [M.E.  Tieke-name, 
with  intrusive  initial  n  from  eke-name, 
surname  ;  from  Eke  and  Name.  Cf.  Sw. 
oknamn,  Dan.  ogenaim.] 

NICOTIAN,  ni-ko'shi-an,  adj.  pertaining  to 
tobacco,  from  Nicot,  who  introduced  it 
into  France  in  1560. 

NICOTINE,  nik'o-tin,  n.  a  poisonous  liquid 
forming  the  active  principle  of  the  to- 
bacco plant. 

NIDIFICATION,  nid-i-fl-ka'shun,  n.  the  act 
cf  building  a  nest,  and  the  hatching  and 
rearing  of  the  young.  [L.  nidus,  a  nest, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

NIECE,  nes,  n.  (fern,  of  Nephew)  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  brother  or  sister.  [Fr.  niece — L. 
•neptis,  a  granddaughter,  niece,  fern,  of 
nepos,  nepotis,  a  nephew.] 

NIGGARD,  nig'ard,  n.  a  parsimonious  per- 
son :  a  miser.  [Ice.  hnoggr,  stingy;  Ger. 
genau.  close,  strict.] 

NIGGARD,  nig'ard,  NIGGARDLY,  nig'- 
ard-li,  adj.  having  the  qualities  of  a 
niggard:  miserly. — adv.  Nigg'ardly. — 
71.   Nigg'ardliness. 

NIGH,  ni,  adj.,  near  :  not  distant :  not  re- 
mote in  time,  etc.:  close. — adv.  near  :  al- 
most.— prep,  near  to  :  not  distant  from. 
[A.S.  neah,  neh :  Ice.  na,  Ger.  nahe, 
Goth.  nehv.    See  Near.] 


NIGHT,  nit,  n.  the  time  from  sunset  to 
sunrise  :  darkness :  intellectual  and 
moi-al  darkness  :  a  state  of  adversity : 
death.  [A.S.  niht ;  Ger.  nacht,  Groih. 
nahts;  L.  nox,  Gr.  nux.  Sans,  nakta  : 
all  from  a  root  nak,  sig.  to  fail,  disap- 
pear, found  in  Sans,  uaf,  to  disappear. 
L.  necare,  to  kill,  Gr.  nekus,  a  corpse.] 

NIGHTCAP,  nit'kap,  n.  a  cap  worn  at 
night  in   bed— so    Night'dress,   Night'- 

OOVTN,  NiOHT'SHIRT. 

NIGHTFALL,  ntt'fawl,  n.  thefaU  or  be- 
ginning of  the  night. 

NRJHTINGALE,  nlt'in-gal,  n.  a  small  bird 
celebrated  for  its  singing  at  night.  [A.S. 
nihtegale  —  niht,  night,  and  galan,  to 
sing  ;  Gter.  nachtigail.] 

NIGilTJAR,  nit'jar,  NIGHTCHURR,  nlt'- 
chur,  n.  the  goatsucker,  so  called  from 
its  coming  out  at  night  and  its  jarring 
noise. 

NIGHTLESS.  nltles,  adj.  having  no  night. 

NIGHTLY.  nlfU,  adj.  done  by  night:  done 
every  night. — adv.  by  night:  every  night. 

NIGHTMARE,  nit'mar,  n.  a  dreadful  dr«am 
accompanied  with  pressure  on  the  breast, 
and  a  feeling  of  powerlessness  of  motion 
or  speech.  [A.S.  nilit,  night,  and  niara, 
a  nightmare  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  mara,  incubus, 
Ice.  mara.  nightmare.] 

NIGHTPIECE,  nit' pes,  n.  apiece  of  paint- 
ing representing  a  nightscene :  a  painting 
to  be  seen  best  by  candle-light. 

NIGHTSHADE,  nit'shad,  n.  a  name  of 
several  plants  having  narcotic  proper- 
ties, often  found  in  damp  shady  woods. 
[Night  and  Shade.] 

NIGHT-WALKER,  nlt'-wawk'er,  n.  one 
who  iralks  in  his  sleep  at  night :  one  who 
walks  about  at  night  for  bad  purposes. 

NIGHTWARD,  nit'ward,  adj.,  totvard 
night. 

NIGHT^VATCH,  nlt'woch,  n.  a  watch  or 
guard  at  night:  time  of  watch  in  the 
night. 

NIGRESCENT,  ni-gres'ent,  adj.,  growing 
black  or  dark  :  approaching  to  blackness. 
[L.  nigrescens,  pr.p.  of  nigresco,  to  grow 
black — niger,  black.] 

NIHILISM,  nThi-lizm,  ?!.  belief  in  nothing, 
extreme  scepticism:  in  Russia  the  system 
of  certain  socialists,  most  of  whom  seek 
to  overturn  all  the  existing  institutions 
of  society  in  order  to  build  it  up  anew  on 
different  principles.  [Name  given  by 
their  opponents,  from  L.  nihil,  nothing.] 

NIHILISTS,  ni'hi-lists,  n.  those  who  profess 
nihilism. 

NIL,  nil,  n.  nothing.     [L.  contr.  of  nihil.] 

NIMBLE,  nim'bl,  adj.  light  and  quick  in 
motion  :  active  :  swift. — adv.  Nim'bly. — 
n.  Nim'bleness.  [A.S.  numol,  capable, 
quick  at  catching,  from  niman  (Ger. 
nehmen),  to  take.] 

NIMBUS,  nim'bus,  n.  the  rain-cloud : 
(paint.)  the  circle  of  rays  round  the 
heads  of  saints,  etc.     [L.] 

NINCOMPOOP,  nin'kom-poop,  n.  a  simple- 
ton. [Corruption  of  L.  non  cmnpos 
(mentis),  not  of  sound  mind.] 

NINE,  nin,  adj.  and  n.  eight  and  one.  [A.S. 
nigon  :  Dut.  negen,  Goth,  tiiun,  L.  novem, 
Gr.  ennea.  Sans,  navan.] 

NINEFOLD,  nin'fold,  adj.,  nine  times 
folded  or  repeated. 

NINEHOLES,  mn'holz,  n.  a  game  in  which 
a  baU  is  to  be  bowled  into  nine  holes  in 
the  ground. 

NINEPINS,  nln'pinz,  n.  skittles,  so  called 
from  ninepins  being  used. 

NINETEEN,  uln'ten,  adj.  and  n.,  nine  and 
ten.  [A.S.  nigontyne — nigon,  nine,  tyn, 
ten.] 

NINETEENTH,  nin'tenth,  adj.  the  ninth 
after  the  tenth :  being  one  of  nineteen 
equal  parts. — n.  a  nineteenth  part.  [A.S. 
nigonteotha — nigon,  nine,  teotha,  tenth.] 


NINETIETH 


299 


NONESUCH 


NINETIETH,  nin'ti-eth,  adj.  the  last  of 
ninety :  next  after  the  eighty-ninth. — n. 
a  ninetieth  part. 

NINETY,  nin  ti,  adj.  and  n.,  nine  tens  or 
nine  times  ten.  [A.S.  nigon,  nine,  and 
tig,  ten.] 

NINNY,  nin'i,  n.  a  simpleton  :  a  fool.  [It. 
ninno,  child  ;  Sp.  nino,  infant ;  imitated 
from  the  lullaby,  ninna-nanna,  for  sing- 
ing a  child  to  sleep.] 

NIOTH,  ninth,  adj.  the  last  of  nine  :  next 
after  the  8th. — n.  one  of  nine  equal 
parts.     [A.S.  nigotha.] 

NINTHLY,  ninth'li,  adv.  in  the  ninth 
place. 

NIP,  nip,  v.t.  to  pinch  :  to  cut  off  the  edge  : 
to  check  the  growth  or  vigor  of  :  to  de- 
stroy -.—^r.p.  nipp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
nipped'. — n.  a  pinch  :  a  seizing  or  closing 
in  upon  :  a  cutting  off  the  end  :  a  blast  : 
destruction  by  frost. — adv.  Nipp'ingly. 
rFrom  root  of  Knife  ;  found  also  in  Dut. 
Kuijpeii,  Ger.  kneipen,  to  pinch.] 

NIPPER,  nip'er.  n.  he  who  or  that  which 
nips :  one  of  the  4  fore-teeth  of  a  horse  : 
— in  pi.  small  pincers. 

NIPPLE,  nip'l,  n.  the  pap  by  which  milk 
is  drawn  from  the  breasts  of  females  :  a 
teat :  a  small  projection  with  an  orifice, 
as  the  nipple  of  a  gun.  [A  dim.  of  Neb 
or  Nib.] 

NIT,  nit,  n.  the  egg  of  a  louse  or  other 
small  insect. — adj.  Nitt'y,  full  of  nits. 
[A.S.  hnitu;  Ice.  nitr,  Grer.  niss.'] 

NITRATE,  nl'trat,  n.  a  salt  of  nitric  acid. 
— adj.  Nl'TRATED,  combined  with  nitric 
acid.     [Fr. — L.  nitratus.'] 

NITRE,  ni'ter,  n.  the  nitrate  of  potash,  also 
called  saltpetre.— Cubic  Nitre,  nitrate  of 
soda,  so  called  because  it  crystallizes  in 
cubes.  [Fr. — L.  nitrum — Gi-.  nitron,  na- 
tron, potash,  soda — Ar.  nitrun,  natrun.] 

NITRIC,  ni'trik,  adj.  pertaining  to,  con- 
taining, or  resembling  nitre. 

NITRIFY,  nl'tri-fi.  v.t.  to  convert  into 
nitre. — v.i.  to  become  nitre  : — pr.p.  ni'- 
and  pa.p.  ni'trified. — n. 
[L.  nitrum,  and  facio,  to 


trifying;  pa.t. 
Nitrifica'tion 
make.] 
NITRITE,  nl'trit 


n.  a  salt  of  nitrous  acid. 

NITROGEN,  ni'tro-jen,  i;.  a  gas  forming 
nearly  four-fifths  of  common  air,  so  called 
from  its  being  an  essential  constituent  of 
nitre.— adj.  Nitroo'enous.  [Gr.  nitron, 
and  geniiao.  to  generate.] 

NITRO-GLYCERINE,  nl'tro-glis'er-in,  n. 
an  explosive  compound  produced  by  the 
action  of  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids  on 
glycerine. 

NITROUS,  nl'trus,  adj.  resembling  or  con- 
taining nitre. 

NITRY,  ni'tri,  adj.  of  or  producing  nitre. 

NO,  no,  adj.,  not  any  :  not  one  :  none. 
[Short  for  None.] 

NO,  no,  adv.  the  word  of  refusal  or  denial. 
[A.S.  na,  compounded  of  ?ie,  not,  and  d, 
ever  ;  O.  Ger.  ni  :  Goth,  ni.  Sans,  na.] 

NOACHIAN,  no-a'ki-an,  adj.  pertaining  to 
Noah  the  patriarch,  or  to  his  time. 

NOB,  nob,  n.  a  superior  sort  of  person.  [A 
familiar  contr.  of  Nobleman. J 

NOBILITY,  no-bil'i-ti,  n.  the  quality  of 
being  noble :  rank  :  dignity  :  excellence  : 
gi-eatness  :  antiquity  of  family  :  descent 
from  noble  ancestors. 

NOBLE,  no'bl,  adj.  illustrious  :  exalted  in 
rank  :  of  high  birth  :  magnificent  :  gen- 
erous :  excellent. — n.  a  person  of  exalted 
rank  :  a  peer  :  an  old  English  gold  coin, 
value  about  $1.61.— adf.  No'bly.  [Fr.— 
L.  ndbilis,  obs.  gnobilis—nosco  (gnosco), 
to  know.] 

NOBLEMAN,  no'bl-man,  n.  a  man  who  is 
noble  or  of  rank :  a  peer  :  one  above  a 


commoner. 
NOBLENESS,  no'bl-nes,  n. 


the  quality  of 


being    noble  :    dignity  :    greatness  :    in- 
genuousness :  worth. 

NOBODY,  no'bod-i,  n.  no  body  or  person  : 
no  one  :  a  person  of  no  account. 

NOCTURN,  nok'turn,  n.  a  religious  ser- 
vice at  night.  [Fr.  nocturne — L.  noc- 
turnuH — nox,  noctis,  night.] 

NOCTURNAL,  nok-tur'nal,  adj.  pertaining 
to  night :  happening  by  night :  nightly. 
— n.  an  instrument  for  observations  in 
the  night.— adc.  Noctur'nally. 

NOD,  nod,  v.i.  to  give  a  quick  forward  mo- 
tion of  the  head  :  to  bend  the  head  in 
assent :  to  salute  by  a  quick  motion  of 
the  head  :  to  let  the  head  drop  in  weari- 
ness.— v.t.  to  incline  :  to  signify  by  a 
nod  -.—pr.p.  nodd'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
nodd'ed. — n.  a  bending  forward  of  the 
head  quickly:  a  slight  bow:  a  command. 
[From  a  Teut.  root  found  in  prov.  Ger. 
notteln.  to  wag,  Ice.  hnjotha,  to  ham- 
mer ;  cf.  Nudge.] 

NODAL,  nod'al,  adj.  pertaining  to  nodes. 
[See  Node.] 

NODATED,  nod-at'ed,  adj.,  knotted.  [See 
Node.] 

NODDING,  nod'ing, '  adj.  inclining  the 
head  quickly  :  indicating  by  a  nod.  [See 
Nod.] 

NODDLE,  nod'l,  n.  properly,  t\\fi projecting 
part  at  the  back  of  the  head  :  the  head. 
[A  dim.  from  root  of  KNOT  ;  cf.  O.  Dut. 
knodde,  a  knob.] 

NODDY,  nod'i,  n.  one  whose  head  nods 
from  weakness :  a  stupid  fellow :  a  sea- 
fowl,  so  called  from  the  stupidity  with 
which  it  allows  itself  to  be  taken.  [See 
Nod.] 

NODE,  nod,  n.  a  knot :  a  knob  :  (astr.)  one 
of  the  two  points  at  which  the  orbit  of  a 
planet  intersects  the  ecliptic :  (bot.)  the 
joint  of  a  stem  :  the  plot  of  a  piece  in 
poetry.  [L.  nodus  (for  gnodus),  allied  to 
Knot.] 

NODOSE,  nod'os,  adj.  full  ot  knots:  having 
knots  or  swelling  joints  :  knotty. 

NODULE,  nod'ul,  n.  a  httle  knot:  a  small 
lump. 

NOGGIN,  nog'in,  n.  a  small  mug  or  wooden 
cup.     [Ir.  noigin,  Gael,  noigean.] 

NOISE,  noiz,  n.  sound  of  any  kind  :  any 
over-loud  or  excessive  sound,  din :  fre- 
quent or  public  talk. — v.t.  to  spread  by 
rumor. — v.i.  to  sound  loud.  [Fr.  noise, 
quarrel,  Proveu<;al  nausa  ;  proh.  from  L. 
nausea,  disgust,  annoyance ;  but  pos- 
sibly from  L.  noxa,  that  which  hurts — 
noceo,  to  hurt.] 

NOISELESS,  noiz'les,  adj.  without  noise  : 
silent.— adr.    Noise'lessly.— ».    Noise'- 

LESSEE  SS . 

NOISOME,     noi'sum,     adj. 

health  :    disgusting. — adv. 

— n.  Noi'someness. 
NOISY,  noiz'i,  adj.   making  a  loud  noise 

or  sound:  clamorous:  turbulent. — adv. 

Nois'iLY. — n.  Nois'iness. 
NOMAD,  NOMADE,  nom'ad  or  no'mad,  n. 

one  of  a  tribe   that  wanders   about  in 

quest    of    game,    or    of  posfiirc.      [Gr. 

nomas,  nomados — novios,  pasture— nemo, 

to  deal  out,  to  drive  to  pasture.] 
NOMADIC,  no-mad'ik,  adj.  of  or  for  the 

feeding  of  cattle  :  pastoral :  pertaining 

to  the  life  of  nomads:  rule.— adr.  Nomad  - 

ically. 
NOMENCLATOR,   no'men-kla-tor,   n.   one 

who  gives  names  to  thinys:— /cm.  No'- 

MENCLATRESS.     [L. — uoincii,  a  name,  and 

calo,  Gr.  kalo,  to  call.] 
NOMENCLATURE,    no'inen-kla-tur,    n.   a 

system   of  naming :  a  list  of  names  :  a 

calling  by  iiame  :  the  peculiar  terras  of  a 

science. 
NOMINAL,  nom'in-al.  adj.  pertaining  to  a 

name :  existing  only  in  name  :  having  a 


injurious    to 
NOI'SOMELY. 


name. — adr.  Nom'inally.    [L.  nomincUis 
— nomen,  -inis.  a  name.] 
NOMINALISM,  nom'in-al-izm,  n.  the  doc- 
trine that  general   terms  have  no  cor- 
responding reality  either  in  or  out  of  the 
mind,    being    mere    words.      [From    L. 
nomen,  a  name.] 
NOMINALIST,   nom'in-al-ist,  tj.  one  of  a 
sect  of  philosophers  who  held  the  doc- 
trine of  nominalism. 
NOMINATE,   nom'in-at.  v.t.  to  name:  to 
appoint  :  to  propose  by  name.     [L.  nom- 
ino,  -atum.  to  name — nomen.'] 
NOMINATION,  nom-in-a'shun.  n.  the  act 
or  power  of  nominating:  state  of  being' 
nominated. 
NOMINATIVE,  nom'in-a-tiv,  adj.,  naming: 
(gram.)  applied  to  the  case  of  the  subject. 
— n.  the  naming  case,  the  case  of  the 
subject. 
NOMINATOR,   nom'in-at-or,  n.    one  who 

nominates. 
NOMINEE,  nom-in-e'.  n.  one  nominated  by 
another  :  one  on  whose  life  depends  an 
annuity  or  lease:  one  to  whom  the  holder 
of  a  copjhold  estate  surrenders  his  in- 
terest. 
NON,  non,  adv.,  not,  a  Latin  word  used  as 
a  prefix,  as  in  NON  -  APPEAR' A^■CE,  Nox- 
attend'ance.  Non-compli'ance. 
NONAGE,  non'aj,  n.  the  state  of  being  not 
of  age :  the  time  of  life  before  a  person 
becomes  legally  of  age  :  minority. — adj. 
Non' AGED.  "  [L.  ?io?i,  not,  and  Age.] 
NONAGENARIAN,     non-a^je-na'ri-an,    n. 
one  ninety  years  old.    [L.  nonagenarius, 
containing  ninety — nonaginta,  ninety— 
novem,  nine.] 
NONCE,  nons.  n.  (only  in  phrase  "for  the 
nonce  ")  the  present  time,  occasion.  [The 
substantive  has  arisen  by  mistake  from 
'•  for   the   nones,"   orig.  for   then    ones, 
meaning  simply  "for  the  once";  the  n 
belongs  to  the  dative  of  the  article.] 
NON-COMMISSION"ED.  non-kom-ish'und, 
adj..    not  having  a   commission,   as   an 
officer  in   the  army   or  na%'y  below  the 
rank  of  lieutenant. 
NON-CONDUCTOR,    non-kon-dukt'or,    n. 
a  substance  which  does  not  conduct   or 
transmit  certain  properties  or  conditions, 
;is  heat  or  electricity. 
NONCONFORMING.  '  non  -  kon  -  form'ing, 
adj..    not  conforming,  esp.  to  an  estab- 
lished church,  as  in  England. 
NONCONFORMIST,    non-kon-form'ist,    n. 
one  who  does  not  conform  :  esp.  one  who 
refused  to  conform   to  the    established 
church  of  England  at  the  restoration  of 
Charles  II. 
NONCONFGRMI'IT,   non-kon-form'i-ti.  n, 
want  of  conformity :  in  England,  refusal 
to  unite  with  the  estabhshed  church. 
NON-C^ONTENT,    non'-kon-tent    or    non- 
kon-tent',   n.    one   not    content:    in  the 
British    House    of    Lords,   one  giving  a 
negative  vote. 
NONDESCRIPT,  non'de-skript,  odj.  novel: 
odd. — Ji.  anything  not  yet  described  or 
classed :    a  'person   or   thing  not   easily 
described  or  cla.ssed.     [L.   non,  not,  and 
descriptus.  described,     bee  DESCRIBE.] 
NONE,  nun,  adj.  and  pron.,  not  one:  not 
any :  not  the  smallest  part.     [A.S.  nan 
— nc,  not.  and  an,  one.] 
NONENTITY,   non -en'ti-ti.    n.    want    of 

entiti/  or  being:  a  thing  not  existing. 
NONES,  nonz,  n.sing.  in  the  Roman  calen- 
dar, the  ninth  day  before  the  ides — the 
.ith  of  Jan..  Feb.,  April,  June,  Aug., 
Sept.,  Nov..  Dec.  and  the  7th  of  the 
other  months  :  in  R.  C.  Church,  a  seas<^n 
of  prayer  observed  at  noon.  [L.  )ioii«f — 
lioKHN "for  novcniii!.  ninth — Jiorejji,  nine.] 
NONESUCH,  nun'such,  n.  a  thing  like 
which  there  is  nonesuch:  an  extraordi- 
nary thing. 


NONJURING 


300 


NOVELTY 


NONJUErNG,  non-joor'ing,  adj.,  not  swear- 
ing allegiance.    [L. 
swear.] 


7ion,  not,  and  juro,  to 


NONJUROR,  non-joor'or  or  non'joor-or,  n. 
one  who  would  not  sicear  allegiance  to 
the  government  of  England  at  the  revo- 
lution of  1688. 

^pJONPAREIL,  non-pa-rel',  n.  a  person  or 
>.  thing  without  an  equal :  unequalled  ex- 
cellence :  a  rich  kind  of  apple :  a  small 
printing  type. — adj.  without  an  equal: 
matchless.  \¥r. — non,  not,  and  pareil, 
equal — Low  L.  pariculus,  dim.  of  par, 
equal.] 

NONPLUS,  non'plus,  n.  a  state  in  which 
no  more  can  be  done  or  said  :  great  dlfiB- 
culty. — I'.t.  to  throw  into  complete  per- 
plexity :  to  puzzle  :  — pr.p.  non'plusing 
or  non'plussing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  non- 
plused or  non'plussed.  [L.  non,  not,  and 
plus,  more.] 

NONSENSE,  noa'sens,  n.  that  which  has 
no  sense  :  language  without  meaning  : 
absurdity :  trifles.  [L.  non,  not,  =Dd 
Sense.] 

VONSENSICAL,  non-sens'ik-al,  adj.,  u-tili- 
out  sense :  absurd. — adv.  Nonsens'ically. 

— n.  NONSENS'ICALNESS. 

NONSUIT,  uon'sut,  n.  a  withdrawal  of  a 
suit  at  law,  either  voluntarily  or  by  the 
judgment  of  the  court. — v.t.  to  record 
that  a  plaintiff  drops  his  suit.  [L.  non, 
not,  and  Surr.] 

NOODLE,  noo'dl,  n.  a  simpleton,  a  block- 
head.   [See  Noddy.] 

NOOK,  nook,  H.  a  corner:  a  narrow  place 
formed  by  an  angle  :  a  recess  :  a  secluded 
retreat.  [Scot,  neuk;  from  Gael.,  Ir. 
niuc.] 

NOON,  noon,  n.  (prig.)  the  ninth  hour  of 
tlie  day,  or  three  o'clock  p.m.  :  after- 
wards (the  church  service  for  the  nintli 
hour  being  shifted  to  mid-day)  mid-day  : 
twelve  o'clock:  middle:  height.  —  adj. 
belonging  to  mid-day  :  meridional.  [A.S. 
non-tid  (noontide) — L.  nona  (hora),  the 
ninth  (hour).    See  its  doublet  Nones.] 

NOONDAY,  noon'da,  n.  mid-day.  —  adj. 
pertaining  to  mid-day :  meridional. 

NOONTIDE,  noon'tid,  n.  the  tide  or  time 
of  noon  :  mid-day. — adj.  pertaining  to 
noon  :  meridional. 

NOOSE,  n5oz  or  noos,  n.  a  running  knot 
which  ties  the  firmer  the  closer  it  ia 
drawn. — v.t.  to  tie  or  catch  in  a  noose. 
[Prob.  from  O.  Fr.  no^is,  plur.  of  nou 
(Fr.  noeud) — L.  7iodus,  knot.] 

NOR,  nor,  conj.  a  particle  marking  the 
second  or  subsequent  part  of  a  negative 
proposition  : — correlative  to  Neither  or 
Not.  [Contr.  from  nother,  a  form  of 
Neither.] 

NORMAL,  nor'mal,  adj.  according  to  rule  : 
regular  :  analogical :  perpendicular. — n. 
a  perpendicular. — adv.  Nor'mallt.  [L. 
normalis^norma,  a  rule.] 

NORMAN,  nor'man,  n.  a  native  or  inhabi- 
tant of  Normandy. — adj.  pertaining  to 
the  Noimans  or  to  Normandy.  [The  in- 
vading Northmen  from  Scandinavia  gave 
their  name  to  Normandy.] 

NORSE,  nors,  adj.  pertaining  to  ancient 
Scandinavia. — w.  the  language  of  ancient 
Scandinavia.  [Norw.  NorskX=Northisk), 
from  North.]  " 

NORTH,  north,  n.  the  point  opposite  the 
sun  at  noon :  one  of  the  four  cardinal 
points  of  the  horizon.  [A.S.  north; 
found  in  most  Teut.  tongues,  as  in  Ice. 
northr,  Ger.  nord.'] 

NORTH-EA^T,  north-est',  n.  the  point  be- 
tween the  north  and  east,  equidistant 
from  each. — adj.  belonging  to  or  from 
the  north-east. 

NORTH-EASTERLY,  north-est'er-li,  adj. 
toward  or  coming  from  the  north-east. 

NORTH-EASTERN,  north-es'tern,  adj.  be- 


longing to  the  north-east :  being  in  the 

north-east,  or  in  that  direction. 

NORTH-EASTWARD,nortli-est'ward.  adv. 
towards  the  north-east. 

NORTHERLY,  nor«i'er-li,a<i/.being  toward 
the  north  :  from  the  north. — adv.  toward 
or  from  the  north. 

NORTHERN,  norf/i'em,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  north  :  being  in  the  north  or  in  the 
direction  towards  it. — n.  an  inhabitant  of 
the  north. 

NORTHERNMOST,  norf/i'ern-most, 
NORTHMOST,  north'most,  adj.  situate 
at  the  point  furthest  north. 

NORTH-STAR,  north'-star,  n.  the  north 
polar  star. 

NORTH'WARD,  north' ward,  NORTH- 
WARDLY, north'ward  -  li,  adj.  being 
toward  the  north.  —  adv.  (also  NoRTff- 
WAEDS)  toward  the  north. 

NORTH-"W:eST,  north-west',  n.  the  point 
between  the  north  and  west,  equidistant 
from  each. — adj.  pertaining  to  or  from 
the  north-west. 

NORTH-WESTERLY,  north-west'er-li,ad/. 
toward  or  from  the  north-west. 

NORTH-'WESTERN,  north-west'ern,  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  being  in  the  north-west 
or  in  that  direction. 

NORWEGIAN,  nor-we'ji-an,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Norway. — n.  a  native  of  Norway. 

NOSE,  noz,  n.  the  organ  of  smell :  the 
power  of  smelling  :  sagacity.  —  v.t.  to 
smell :  to  oppose  rudely  to  the  face :  to 
sound  through  the  nose.  [A.S.  nosu  ; 
Ice.  nos,  Ger.  nose,  L.  nasiis.  Sans.  n&s&.\ 

NOSEBAG,  nozTjag,  n.  a  bag  for  a  horse's 
nose,  containing  oats,  etc.  fNosE  and 
BagJ 

NOSEGAY,  noz'ga,  ii.  a  bunch  of  fragrant 
flowers :  a  posy  or  bouquet.  [From  NoSE 
and  Gay,  ad/.] 

NOSELESS,  nozles,  adj.  without  a  nose. 

NOSOLOGY,  nos-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  science  of 
diseases:  the  branch  of  medicine  which 
treats  of  the  classification  and  nomen- 
clature of  diseases. — adj.  Nosolog'ical. 
— n.  Nosol'OGIST.  [Gr.  nosos,  a  disease, 
and  logos,  a  discourse,  an  account.] 

NOSTRIL,  nos'tril,  n.  one  of  the  holes  of 
the  nose.  [M.  E.  nosethirl — A.S.  nosthyrl 
— nos,  for  nosu,  the  nose,  and  thyrel,  an 
opening.  Of.  Drill,  to  pierce,  and 
Thrill.] 

NOSTRUM,  nos'trum,  n.  a  medicine  the 
composition  of  which  is  kept  secret :  a 
quack  or  patent  medicine.  [L.  (Jit.) 
"  our  own,"  from  nos,  we.] 

NOT,  not,  adv.  a  word  expressing  denial, 
negation,  or  refusal.  [Same  as  Naught, 
from  A.S.  ne,  and  xnht,  a  whit.] 

NOTABILITY,  not-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  the  being 
notable  :  a  notable  person  or  thing. 

NOTABLE,  not'a-bl,  adj.  worthy  of  being 
known  or  noted :  remarkable  :  memor- 
able :  distinguished  :  notorious. — n.  a 
Serson  or  thing  worthy  of  note. — adv. 
ot'ably. — n.  Not'ableness. 

NOTARY,  not'ar-i,  n.  in  ancient  Rome,  one 
who  took  notes,  a  shorthand  writer :  an 
officer  authorized  to  certify  deeds  or 
other  writings. — adj.  Notarial. — adv. 
Nota'rlally.    [L.  notarins.] 

NOTATION,  no-ta'shun,  n.  a  noting  or 
marking:  the  act  or  practice  of  record- 
ing by  marks  or  symbols :  a  system  of 
signs  or  symbols.  [L.  notatio — noto, 
notatum,  to  mark.] 

NOTCH,  noch,  n.  a  nick  cut  in  anything : 
an  indentation. — v.t.  to  cut  a  hollow  into. 
[From  a  Teut.  root,  fouud  also  in  O.  Dut. 
nock.    See  Nick,  a  notch.] 

NOTE,  n5t,  n.  that  by  which  a  person  or 
thing  is  known  :  a  mark  or  sign  :  a  brief 
explanation  :  a  short  remark  :  a  memo- 
randum :  a  short  letter :  a  diplomatic 


paper :  (mus.)  a  mark  representing  a 
sound,  also  the  sound  itself :  a  paper  ao 
knowledging  a  debt  and  promising  pey- 
ment,  as  a  bank-note,  a  note  of  hand : 
notice,  heed,  observation  :  reputation  : 
fame. — v.t.  to  make  a  note  of  :  to  notice : 
to  attend  to  :  to  record  in  writing :  t» 
furnish  with  notes.  [Fr.— L.  nofa,  frona 
gna,  root  of  nosco,  noium,  to  know.] 

NOTED,  not'ed,  adj.,  marked:  well  known; 
celebrated :  eminent :  notorious.^<»dt>, 
Not'edly. 

NOTELESS,  not'les,  adj.  not  attracting  no- 
tice. 

NOTEWORTHY,  not'wur-iW,  adj.  worthy 
of  note  or  notice. 

NOTHING,  nuth'ing,  n.,  no  thing:  non- 
existence :  absence  or  negation  of  being  : 
no  part  or  degree  :  a  low  condition  :  no 
value  or  use :  not  anything  of  impor- 
tance, a  trifle :  utter  insignificance,  no 
difficulty  or  trouble :  no  magnitude :  a 
cipher.— odu.  in  no  degree  :  not  at  all. — 
n.  Noth'ingness. 

NOTICE,  not'is,  n.  act  of  noting:  atten- 
tion: observation:  information:  warning: 
a  writing  containing  information:  pubbc 
intimation :  civility  or  respectful  treat- 
ment :  remark. — v.t.  to  mark  or  see  :  to 
regard  or  attend  to:  to  mention,  or  make 
observations  upon:  to  treat  with  civility. 
[Fr. — L.  notitia — nosco,  notum,  to  know.] 

NOTICEABLE,  n5t'is-a-bl,  adj.  able  to  be 
noticed:  worthy  of  observation. — ad/v. 
Not'iceably. 

NOTIFICATION,  not-i-fi-ka'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  notifying  :  the  notice  given  :  the 
paper  containing  the  notice.  [See  Noti- 
fy.] 

NOTIFY,  not'i-fl,  v.t.  to  make  known :  to 
declare:  to  give  notice  or  information  of: 
—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  not'ified.  [Fr. — L. 
nofijico,  -atum — 7iotus,  known,  and  f ado, 
to  make.] 

NOTION,  no'shun,  n.  a  conception  :  opin- 
ion :  belief :  judgment.  [Fr. — L.  notio 
—nosco,  notum,  to  know.] 

NOTIONAL,  no'shun-al,  adj.  of  the  nature 
of  a  notion  :  ideal :  fanciful. 

NOTORIETY,  no-to-rl'e-ti  or  no-,  n.  state 
of  being  notorious :  publicity :  public 
exposure. 

NOTORIOUS,  no-to'ri-us,  adj.  publicly 
known  (now  used  in  a  bad  sense) :  in- 
famous.— adv.  Noto'riously. — n.  Notg'- 
RIOUSNEss.  [Low  L.  notorius  —  noto, 
notatum,  to  mark — Jiosco.] 

NOTWITHSTANDING,not-with-stand'ing, 
conj.  a.nAprep.  (this)  not  standing  against 
or  opposing  :  nevertheless  :  however. 
[Not  and  WITHSTANDING,  pr.p.  of  With- 
stand.] 

NOUGHT,  nawt,  n.,  not  anything:  nothing. 
— adv.  in  no  degree. — Set  at  nought,  to 
despise.    [Same  as  Naught.] 

NOUN,  nown,  n.  (gram.)  the  name  of  any- 
thing. [O.  Fr.  n07i'(Fr.  7iom) — L.  nomen. 
See  Name.] 

NOURISH,  nur'ish,  v.t.  to  suckle:  to  feed 
or  bring  up  :  to  support :  to  encourage  : 
to  cherish  :  to  educate. — n.  Nour'isher. 
— adj.  Noue'ishable,  able  to  be  nourished. 

iFr.  7iourrir — L.  n^ib'io.l 
lURISHMENT,  nur'ish-ment,  n.  the  act 
of    7iourishi7ig   or    the    state    of    being 
nourished  :  that  which  nourishes  :  food : 
nutriment. 

N  O  "V  E  L,  noVel,  adj.,  new  :  unusual  : 
strange. — n.  that  which  is  new  :  a  ficti- 
tious tale  :  a  romance.  [O.  Fr.  novel 
(Fr.  nouvea^i) — L.  novellus — 7iovus.'] 

NO"VELETTE,  nov-el-et',  n.  a  small  novel. 

NOVELIST,  nov'el-ist,  ?i.  a  novel-writer. 
[Orig.  an  introducer  of  new  things.] 

NO'VrELTY,  no^''el-ti,  n.,  newness:  any 
thing  new  or  strange. 


NOVEMBER 


301 


NYCTALOPIA 


NOVEMBER,  no-vem'ber,  n.  the  eleventh 
month  of  our  year.  [The  ninth  month 
of  the  Roman  year;  L.,  from  novem, 
nine.] 

NOVENNIAL,  no-ven'yal,  adj.  done  every 
ninth  year.  [L.  novennis — noveni,  nine, 
annus,  a  year.] 

NOVICE,  nov'is,  n.  one  neiv  in  anything:  a 
beginner  :  one  newly  received  into  the 
church  :  an  inmate  of  a  convent  or  nun- 
nery who  has  not  yet  taken  the  vow. 
SFr. — L.  novitius — novus,  new.] 
VITIATE,  no-vish'i-at,  n.  the  state  of 
being  a  iiovice :  the  period  of  being-  a 
novice  :  a  novice.     [Low  L.  nomtiatus.] 

NOW,  now,  adv.  at  tne  present  time :  at 
this  time  or  a  little  before. — eonj.  but : 
after  this  :  things  being  so. — n.  the  pres- 
ent time. — Now — now,  at  one  time,  at 
another  time.  [A.S.  nu;  Ger.  nun,  L. 
nunc,  Gr.  nun,  Sans,  nu,  a  doublet  of 
New.] 

NOWADAYS,  now'ardaz,  adv.  in  days  now 
present. 

NOWAY,  no'wa,  NOWAYS,  no'waa,  adv. 
in  no  way,  manner,  or  degree. 

NOWHERE,  no'hwar,  adv.  in  no  where  or 
place. 

NOWISE,  no'wTz,  adv.  in  no  way  or  degree. 

NOXIOUS,  nok'shus,  adj.,  hurtful:  un- 
wholesome :  injurious  :  destructive  :  pois- 
onous.— adv.  Nox'iousLY. — n.  Nox'ious- 
NESS.  [L.  noxius — noxa,  hurt — noeeo,  to 
hurt.] 

NOZZLE,  noz'l,  n.  a  little  nose :  the  snout : 
the  extremity  of  anything :  an  extrem- 
ity with  an  orifice.     [Dim.  of  NoSE.] 

NUANCE,  n5o-ans',  n.  a  delicate  degree  or 
shade  of  difference  perceived  by  any  of 
the  senses,  or  by  the  intellect.  [Through 
Fr.  from  L.  nubes,  a  cloud.] 

NUCLEATED,  nu'kle-at-ed,  adj.  having  a 
nucleus. 

NUCLEUS,  nQ'kle-us,  n.  the  central  mass 
round  which  matter  gathers  :  (astr.)  the 
head  of  a  comet :— pX  Nuclei  (nu'kle-i). 
[Lit.  "  the  kernel  of  a  nut,"  L.  from  nux, 
nueis,  a  nut.] 

NUDE,  nud,  adj.,  naked:  bare:  void. — adv. 
Nude'ly.    [L.  nudus.    See  Naked.] 

NUDGE,  nuj,  n.  a  gentle  push. — v.t.  to 
push  gently.  [Akin  to  Knock,  KInucklh. 
Cf.  Dan.  knuge.] 

NUDITY,  nud'i-ti,  n.,  nakedness: — pi. 
naked  parts  :  figures  divested  of  drapery. 

NUGATORY,  nu'ga-tor-i,  adj.,  trifling: 
vain  :  insignificant :  of  no  power  :  in- 
effectual. [L.  nugatorius — nugoe,  jokes, 
trifles.] 

NUGGET,  nug'et,  n.  a  lump  or  mass,  as  of 
a  metal.    [A  corruption  of  Ingot.] 

NUISANCE,  nu'sans,  n.  that  which  annoys 
or  hurts :  that  which  troubles :  that 
which  is  offensive.  [Fr. — L.  noeeo,  to 
hurt.] 

NULL,  nul,  adj.  of  no  force :  void :  in- 
valid. [L.  nullus,  not  any,  from  ne,  not, 
and  uUus,  any.] 

NULLIFY,  nul'i-fi,  v.t.  to  make  null:  to 
annul :  to  render  void  : — qyr.p.  nuU'ify- 
ing ;  pa.t.  and pa.p.  nuU'ified. — n.  Nxjiii- 
ncA'TioN.  [L.  nullifieo,  -atuni — nullus, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

NULLITY,  nul'i-ti,  n.  the  state  of  being 
mdl  or  void :  nothingness :  want  of 
existence,  force,  or  efficacy. 

NUMB,  num,  ad;,  deprived  of  sensation 
or  motion  :  stupefied  :  motionless. — v.t. 
to  make  numb  :  to  deaden  :  to  render 
motionless  : — pr.p.  numbing  (num'ing) ; 
pa.p.  numbed  (numd'). — ».  Numb'ness. 
[A.S.  numen,  pa.p.  of  niman,  to  take  ; 
so  Ice.  numinn,  bereft.] 

NUMBER,  numTser,  n.  that  by  which 
things  are  counted  or  computed  :  a  col- 
lection of  things :  more  than  one  :  a  unit 
in    counting :    a  nimierical    figure  :  the 


measure  of  multiplicity:  sounds  distrib- 
uted into  harmonies  :  metre,  verse,  esp. 
in  pi. :  (gram.)  the  difference  in  words  to 
express  singular  or  plural :— -pZ.  the  4th 
book  of  the  Old  Test,  from  its  having 
the  numbers  of  the  Israehtes. — v.t.  to 
count :  to  reckon  as  one  of  a  multitude : 
to  mark  with  a  number  :  to  amount  to.— 
n.  NtjM'BEEEK.  [Fr.  nombre — L.  numerus, 
akin  to  Gr.  nomas,  that  which  is  distrib- 
uted— nemo,  to  distribute.] 

NUMBERLESS,  num'ber-les,  adj.  without 
number  :  more  than  can  be  counted. 

NUMERABLE,  nu'mer-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  numbered  or  counted. — adv.  Nd'meb- 

ABLY.  —  ns.     NU'MEBABIENESS,  NUMERA- 

bil'ity.    [L.  numerabilis.'\ 

NUMERAL,  nu'mer-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  consisting  of  number. — n.  a  figure 
used  to  express  a  number,  as  1,  3,  3, 
etc.     [L.  numeralis — numerus.] 

NUMERARY,  nu'mer-ar-i,  adj.,  belonging 
to  a  certain  number.  [Fr.  numeraire — 
Low  L.  numerarius.] 

NUMERATE,  nu'mer-at,  v.t.  (orig.)  to  enu- 
merate, to  number :  to  point  off  and  read, 
as  figures. 

NUMERATION,  nu-mer-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
numbering :  the  art  of  reading  numbers. 

NUMERATOR,  nu'mer-a-tor,  n.  one  who 
numbers :  the  upper  number  of  a  vulgar 
fraction,  which  expresses  the  number  of 
fractional  parts  taken. 

NUMERIC,  nu-mer'ik,  NUMERICAL,  nu- 
mer'ik-al,  adj.  belonging  to,  or  consist- 
ing in  number :  the  same  both  in  number 
and  kind. — adv.  NUMERICALLY. 

NUMEROUS,  nu'mer-us,  adj.  great  in 
number:  being  many.  —  adv.  Nu'mer- 
OUSLY. — n.  Nu'merousness. 

NUMISMATIC,  nu-mis-mat'ik,  adj.  per- 
taining to  money,  coins,  or  medalfj.  [L. 
numisma — Gr.  nomisma,  current  coin — 
nomizo,  to  use  commonly — nomos,  cus- 
tom.] 

NUMISMATICS,  nu-mis-mat'iks,  n.sing. 
the  science  of  coins  and  medals. 

NUMISMATOLOGY,  nu-mis-ma-tol'o-ji,  n. 
the  science  of  coins  and  medals  in  relation 
to  history. — n.  Numsmatol'ogist,  one 
versed  in  numismatology.  [L.  numisma 
■ — Gr.  nomisma,  and  logos,  science.] 

NUMMULITE,  num'u-Ut,  n.  (geol.)  a  fossil 
shell  resembUng  a  coin.  [L.  nummus,  a 
coin,  and  Gr.  liihos,  a  stone.] 

NUMSKULL,  num'skul,  n.  a  blockhead. 
[From  Numb  and  Skull.] 

NUN,  nun,  n.  in  R.  Cath.  Church,  a  female 
who  devotes  herself  to  celibacy  and  se- 
clusion :  (zool.)  a  kind  of  pigeon  with 
the  feathers  on  its  head  like  the  hood  of 
a  nun.  [A.S.  nunna — Low  L.  nunna, 
nonna,  a  nun,  an  old  maiden  lady,  the 
orig.  sig.  being  "  mother  ; "  cf.  Gr.  nanne, 
aunt,  Sans,  nana,  a  child's  word  for 
"  mother."] 

NUNCIATURE,  nun'shi-a-tur,  n.  the  office 
of  a  nuncio. 

NUNCIO,  nun'shi-o,  n.  an  ambassador  from 
the  Pope  to  an  emperor  or  king.  [It. — L. 
nuneius,  a  messenger,  one  who  brings 
news  ;  prob.  a  contr.  of  noventius,  from 
an  obs.  verb  novere,  to  make  new,  novus, 
new.]        

NUNCUPATIVE,  nun-ku'pa-tiv  or  nun'- 
ku-pa-tiv,  NUNCUPATORY,  nun-ku'pa^ 
tor-i,  adj.,  declaring  publicly  or  solemn- 
ly: (Zmc.)  verbal,  not  written.  [Fr.  wmjj- 
cupatif — Low  L.  nuncupativus,  nominal 
— L.  nuncupare,  to  call  by  name — prob. 
from  nomen,  name,  capio,  to  take.] 

NUNNERY,  nun'er-i,  n.  a  house  for  mms. 

NUPTIAL,  nup'shal,  adj.  pertaining  to 
marriage :  done  at  a  marriage  :  consti- 
tuting marriage. — n.pl.  Nup'tials,  mar- 
riage :  wedding  ceremony.   [Fr. — L.  nup- 


tialis — nuptim,  marriage — nubo,  nuptum, 
to  veil,  to  marry.] 

NURSE,  nurs,  n.  a  woman  who  nourishet 
an  infant :  a  mother,  while  her  infant  m 
at  the  breast :  one  who  has  the  care  of 
infants  or  of  the  sick  :  {hort.)  a  shrub  or 
tree  which  protects  a  young  plant. — v.t. 
to  tend,  as  an  infant,  or  a  sick  person:  to 
bring  up  :  to  manage  with  care  and  econ- 
omy. [O.  Fr.  nurrice  (Fr.  noiirrice) — I* 
nutrix — nutrio,  to  suckle,  to  nourish.] 

NURSERY,  nurs'er-i,  n.  place  for  nursing  ; 
an  apartment  for  young  cliildren:  a  place 
where  the  growth  of  anything  is  pro- 
moted: (hort.)  a  piece  of  ground  where 
plants  are  reared. 

NURSING-FATHER,  nurs'ing-fa'i/ier,  n. 
(B.)  a  foster-father. 

NURSLING,  nurs'ling,  n.  that  which  is 
nursed:  an  infant.  [Nurse,  and  dim. 
ling.] 

NURTURE,  nurt'ur,  n.  act  of  nursing  or 
nourishing:  nourishment:  education:  in- 
struction.— v.t.  to  nourish  :  to  bring  up: 
to  educate.— n.  NuRT'trRER.  [Fr.  iiour- 
riture — Low  L.  nutritura — L.  nutrio,  to 
nourish.] 

NUT,  nut,  n.  the  fruit  of  certain  trees,  con- 
sisting of  a  kernel  in  a  hard  shell:  a  small 
block  of  metal  for  screwing  on  the  end  of 
a  bolt. — v.i.  to  gather  nuts  : — pr.p.  nutt'- 
ing ;  pa.p.  nutt'ed.  [A.S.  hnutu  ;  Ice. 
hnot,  Dut.  noot,  Ger.  nuss.] 

NUTANT,  nu'tant,  adj.,  nodding:  (bot.) 
having  the  top  bent  downward.  [L. 
nuto,  to  nod.] 

NUTATION,  nu-ta'shun,  n.  a  nodding: 
(astr.)  a  periodical  vibratory  motion  of 
the  earth's  axis  :  (pot.)  the  turning  of 
flowers  towards  the  sun. 

NUT-BROWN,  nut'-brown,  adj.,  brown, 
like  a  ripe  old  nut. 

NUTCRACKER,  nut'krak-er,  n.  an  instru- 
ment  for  cracking  nuts :  a  bird  in  Europe 
and  N.  Asia  which  feeds  on  nuts,  berries, 

fi  n  n  ifi^^f^T^ 

NUTHATCH,'  nut'hach,  n.  a  small  cUmb- 
ing  bird  which  feeds  on  nuts  and  insects, 
called  also  Nut'jobber,  Nut'pecker. 
[M.  E.  nuthake,  hacker  of  nuts.] 

NUTMEG,  nut'meg,  n.  the  aromatic  ker- 
nel of  an  E.  India  tree.  [M.  E.  notemuge, 
a  hybrid  word  formed  from  Nut  and  O. 
Fr.  muge,  musk — L.  muscus,  musk.  See 
Musk.]' 

NUTRIA,  nQ'tri-a,  n.  the  fur  of  the  coypu, 
a  kind  of  beaver,  in  S.  America.  [Sp. 
nutria,  nutra — Gr.  enudris,  an  otter.] 

NUTRIENT,  nu'tri-ent,  adj.,  nouHshing. — 
n.  anything  nourishing.  [L.  nutrio,  to 
nourish.] 

NUTRIMENT,  nu'tri-ment,  n.  that  which 
nourishes:  food.  [L.  nutrimentum — nu- 
trio. to  nourish.] 

NUTRIMENTAL,  nu-tri-ment'al,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  quality  of  nutriment  or  food : 
nutritious. 

NUTRITION,  nu-trish'un,  n.  act  of  nmir- 
ishing :  process  of  promoting  the  growth 
of  bodies. 

NUTRITIOUS,  ni\-trish'us,  adj., -nourish- 
ing: promoting  growth. — adv.  Nutri'- 
TIOUSLY.— n.  Nutri'tiousness. 

NUTRITIVE,  nu'tri-tiv,  adj.,  nourishing, 
—adv.    Nu'TRiTivELY.  —  n.    Nu'TRiTrvK- 

NESS. 

NUX  VOMICA,  nuks  vom'ik-a,  n.  the  fruit 
of  an  E.  Indian  tree,  from  which  the 
powerful  poison  known  as  strychnine  ia 
obtained.  [L.  nux,  a  nut,  and  vomicus, 
from  vomo,  to  vomit.] 

NUZZLE,  nuz'l,  i\i.  to  poke  about  with  the 
nose,  like  a  swine.  [A  freq.  verb  from 
NosE.l 

NYCTALOPIA,  nik-ta-l5'pi-a,  NYCTA- 
LOPY,  nik'ta-lo-pi,  n.  a  diseased  state  of 
vision,  in  which  objects  are  seen  only  at 


NYCTALOPS 


302 


OBSCURE 


aight  or  in  the  dusk.  [Gr.  nykialdpia — 
nyXtalojjs,  seeing  by  ni^ht  only — nyx, 
iiyktos,  niglit,  ops,  vision!] 

3NTCTAL0PS,  nik'ta-lops,  n.  one  affected 
with  nyctalopy. 

iryLGHAU,  nil'gaw,  n.  a  large  species  of 
antelope,  in  N.  Hindustan,  the  males  of 
wliich  are  of  a  bluish  color.  [Pers.  Jii7- 
gaw — nil,  blue,  gaw,  ox,  cow.] 

iTtMPH,  nimf,  n.  a  maiden  :  (myth.)  one 
of  the  beautiful  goddesses  who  inhabited 
every  region  of  the  earth  and  waters. — 
ac{/.  Nymph'-like.  HFr. — L.  nympha — 
Gr.  nympha,  a  bride,  lit.  "  a  veiled  one  "' 
(like  L.  nupta),  from  same  root  as  Gr. 
nephos,  a  cloud.] 

NYMPH,  cimf,  ^YIIPHA,  nimf 'a,  n.  the 
pupa  or  chrysalis  of  an  insect :  — pi. 
Xtuph^  (nimf'e). 

NYiEPHEAN,  nim-fe'an,  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  inhabited  by  vymplis. 

KYMPHICAL,  ninif'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  nymphs. 

NYIIPHOLEPST,  nimf'o-lep-si,  n.  a  species 
of  madness  which  seized  those  who  had 
seen  nymphs.  [Gr.  nyviphe,  a  nymph, 
and  lambano,  lepsomai,  to  seize.] 


o 


O,  o,  int.  an  exclamation  of  wonder,  pain, 

OAF,  5f,  71.  a  foolish  child  left  by  the 
fairies  in  place  of  another  :  a  dolt,  an 
idiot.    [A  form  of  Elf.] 

OAK,  ok,  n.  a  tree  of  many  species,  the 
most  famous  of  which  is  the  British  oak, 
so  valuable  for  its  timber.  [A.S.  ac ; 
Ice.  eik,  Grer.  eiclie.] 

OAKAPPLE,  oVap-l,  n.  a  spongj-  sub- 
stance on  the  leaves  of  the  oak,  caused 
by  insects,  so  called  from  its  likeness  to 
a    small    apple,  called    also    O.vk'leaf- 

GALL. 

OAKEN,  ok'n,  adj.  consisting  or  made  of 
oak. 

OAKLING,  ok'Iing,  n.  a  young  oak. 

OAKUM,  ok'um,  ft.  old  ropes  untwisted 
and  teased  into  loose  hemp  for  calking 
the  seams  of  ships.  [A.S.  aeumba,  cecem- 
ba — ce)»6,that  which  is  combed — ceinban, 
to  Comb.] 

OAR,  or,  n.  a  light  pole  with  a  flat  end  for 
rowing  boats. — i:t.  to  impel  by  rowing. — 
!\i.  to  row.  [A.S.  ar ;  cog.  with  Gr.  ef- 
essein,  to  row,  aviph-er-es,  two-oared.] 

OjVUED,  ord,  adj.  furnished  with  oars. 

OARSMAN,  orz'man,  n.  one  who  rows  with 
an  oar. 

OASIS,  o'a-sis  or  o-a'sis,  n.  a  fertile  spot  in 
a  sandy  desert : — •/)/.  0a,ses  (o'a-sez  or 
o-a'sez).  [L. — Gr.  oasis :  from  Coptic 
oiiahe,  a  resting-place  or  dwelling.] 

OAT,  ot  (oftener  inpZ.  Oats,  ots),  )i.  a  well- 
known  grassy  plant,  the  seeds  of  which 
are  much  used  as  food  :  its  seeds. — n. 
Oat'cake,  a  thin  broad  cake  made  of  oat- 
meal.    [A.S.  ata,  o.at.] 

OATEN,  ot'n,  adj.  consisting  of  an  oat 
stem  or  straw  :  matle  of  oatmeal. 

OATH,  oth,  n.  a  solemn  statement  with  an 
appeal  to  God  as  witness,  and  a  calling 
for  his  vengeance  in  case  of  falsehood  or 
failure  -.—pi.  Oaths  (othz).  [A.S.  ath  ; 
Ger.  eid.  Ice.  eidhr.'] 

OATMEAL,  ot'mel,  n.  meal  made  of  oats. 

OBDURACY,  ob'du-ras-i,  n.  state  of  being 
obdurate :  invincible  hardness  of  heai-t. 

OBDURATE,  ob'du-rat,  adj.  hardened  in 
heart  or  feelings  :  stubborn.— at/''.  Ob'- 

BUEATELY. — )?.    Oe'DURATENESS.      [L.    ob- 

duratus,   pa.p.   of  obduro — ob.   against, 
duro.  to  harden — dui-us,  hard.] 
OBEDIENCE,  o-be'di-ens,  ]u  state  of  being 


obedient:  compliance  with  what  is  re- 
quired :  duttfulness. 

OBEDIENT,  o-be'di-ent,  cu^".  willmg  to 
obey:  dutiful. — adv.  Obk'diently.  [Fr. 
— L.  obedio.] 

OBEISANCE,  o-ba'sans,  n.,  obedience:  a 
bow  or  act  of  reverence.  [Fr.  obeissance 
— obeissant,  pr.p.  of  obeir,  to  obey.] 

OBELISK,  ob'e-lisk,  n.  a  tall,  four-sided 
tapering  pillar,  cut  off  at  the  top  hke 
a  flat  pyramid:  («r^/l^)  a  dagger  (f). 
[Through  Pr.  and  L.,  from  Gr.  obeliskos, 
dim.  of  obelos,  belos,  a  dart — ballo,  to 
throw.] 

OBESE,  o-bes',  adj.  fat :  fleshy.  [L.  obesus 
— 06,  and  edo,  esum,  to  eat.] 

OBESENESS,  6-bes'nes,  OBESITY,  6-bes'- 
it-i,  n.,  fatness:  abnormal  fatness. 

OBEY,  o-ba',  v.t.  to  do  as  told:  to  be  ruled 
by:  to  yield  to. — v.i.  (B.)  to  yield  obedi- 
ence (followed  by  to). — n.  Obey'er.  [Fr. 
obeir — L.  obedio — ob,  against,  towards, 
audio,  to  hear.] 

OBEYINGLY,  6-ba'ing-li,  adv.,  obediently. 

OBFUSCATE,  ob-fus'kat,  v.t.  to  darken:  to 
confuse. — n.  Obfcsca'tion.  [L.  obfusco, 
obfuscatum  —  ob,  inten.,  and  fuscus, 
dark.] 

OBIT,  6'bit  or  ob'it,  n.,  death :  funeral 
solemnities :  an  anniversary  mass  for 
the  repose  of  a  departed  soul.  [Fr. — 
L.  obitus — obeo,  to    go  to   meet  —  ob. 


a^inst,  eo,  to  go.] 
'   "  '  "j,   o-bit'ti-al, 
obits. 


OBITUAL, 


adj.    pertaining  to 


OBITU-ARY,  o-bit'u-ar-i,  adj.  relating  to 
tlje  death  of  a  person. — n.  a  register  of 
deaths  (orig.)  in  a  monastery:  an  account 
of  a  deceased  person  or  notice  of  his 
death. 

OBJECT,  ob-jekt',  v.t.  to  offer  in  opposi- 
tion: to  oppose. — v.i.  to  oppose. — n.  Ob- 
ject'or.  [Fr. — L.  objecto,  a  freq.  of  ob- 
jicio,  -jecfum  —  ob,  in  the  way  of,  and 
jacio,  to  tlirow.] 

OBJECT,  ob'jekt,  n.  anything  set  or  thrown 
before  the  mind :  that  which  is  sought 
for  :  end  :  motive  :  (gram.)  that  which 
follows  a  transitive  verb. 

OBJECT-GLASS,  ob'jek-t-glas,  n.  the  glass 
at  the  end  of  a  telescope  or  microscope 
next  the  object. 

OBJECTION,  ob-jek'shun,  n.  act  of  dt^eet- 
ing :  anything  in  opposition  :  argument 
against. 

OBJECTIONABLE,  ob-jek'shun-a-bl,  adj. 
that  may  be  objected  to. 

OBJECTDTE,  ob-jekt'iv,  adj.  relating  to  an 
object :  being  exterior  to  the  mind :  as 
opp.  to  subjective,  that  which  is  real  or 
which  exists  in  natm-e,  in  contrast  with 
what  is  ideal  or  exists  merely  in  the 
thought  of  the  individual :  (gram.)  be- 
longing to  the  case  of  the  object. — n. 
(gram.)  the  case  of  the  object :  (war)  the 
point  to  which  the  operations  of  an  army 
are  directed. — adv.  Object'ively. 

OBJECTIVENESS,  ob-jekt'iv -nes,  OB- 
JECTIVITY, ob-jek-tiv'i-ti,  n.  state  of 
being  objective. 

OBJURGATION,  ob-jur-ga'shun,  n.  a  blam- 
ing :  reproof  :  reprehension.  [Fr. — L. — 
ob,  against,  and  jurgare,  to  sue  at  law, 
to  quarrel  with— ;/!(«,  law,  and  ago,  to 
drive.] 

OBJURGATORY,  ob-jur'ga-tor-i,  adj  ex- 
pressing blame  or  reproof. 

OBLATE,  ob-lat',  adj.  flattened  at  opposite 
sides  or  poles  :  shaped  like  an  orange. — 
n.  Oblate'ness.  [L.  oblatus,  pa.p.  of 
offero,  to  carry  forward,  to  offer — ob, 
against,  and  fero,  to  bring.] 

OBLATION,  ob-la'shun,  n.  anything  offered 
in  worship  or  sacred  service  :  an  offering. 
[Fr. — L.  ablatio.] 

OBLIGATION,  ob-li-ga'shun,  n.  act  of 
obliging  :    that  which  binds  :    any  act 


which  binds  one  to  do  something  for 
another  :  state  of  being  indebted  for  a 
favor  :  (law)  a  bond  containing  a  penalty 
on  failure. 

OBLIGATORY,  ob'li-ga-tor-i,  ac^j.,  binding: 
imposing  duty. —  adv.  Ob'ugatorily.— 
n.  Ob'ligatoriness. 

OBLIGE,  6-blIj',  v.t.  to  bind  or  constrain  : 
to  bind  by  some  favor  rendered,  hence  to 
do  a  favor  to.  [Fr. — L.  obligo,  obligatum 
— ob,  and  ligo,  to  bind.] 

OBLIGEE,  ob-li-je',  n.  (lair)  the  person  to 
whom  another  is  obliged  or  bound. 

OBLIGING,  o-blij'ing,  adj.  disposed  to 
oblige  or  confer  favors. — adv.  OBUG'lNa- 
LY.— «.  Obugingness. 

OBLIGOR,  ob-li-gor',  n.  (law)  the  person 
who  Innds  himself  to  another. 

OBLIQUE,  ob-lek',  adj.,  slanting  :  not  per- 
pendicular :  not  parallel :  not  straight- 
forward :  obscure  :  (geoni.)  not  a  right 
angle  :  (gram.)  denoting  any  case  except 
the  nominative. — adv.  Obuque'ly.  [Ft, 
— L.  obliquus — ob,  and  liquis,  bent,  slant- 

OBLIQUENESS,  ob-lek'nes,  OBLIQUITY, 
ob-lik'wi-ti,  n.  state  of  being  oblique:  a 
slanting  direction  :  error  or  wrong  :  ir- 
regularity. 

OBLITERATE,  ob-lit'er-at,  v.t.  to  blot  out: 
to  wear  out :  to  destroy  :  to  reduce  to  a 
very  low  state.  [L.  oblitero,  -atum — ob, 
over,  and  litera,  a  letter.     See  Letter.] 

OBLITERATION,  ob-lit-er-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  obUterating  :  a  blotting  or  wearing 
out :  extinction. 

OBUViOI-V  ob-liv'i-un,  n.  act  ot  forgetting 
or  state  o.  being  forgotten  :  remission  of 
puiushment.  [Fr. — L.  oblivio,  oblivionis 
— otAiviscor,  to  forget,  from  root  of  livere, 
to  become  dark ;  hence,  to  have  the  mind 
darkened,  to  forget.] 

OBLIVIOUS,  ob-liv'i-us,  adj.,  forgetful: 
causing  forgetfulness. — adv.  Obut'ious- 
LY.— >i.  Obliv'iousness. 

OBLONG,  oblong,  adj.,  long  in  one  way: 
longer  than  broad. — n.  (geom.)  a  rect- 
angle longer  than  broad  :  any  oblong 
flgui-e.  [Fr. — L.  ob,  over,  and  longiis, 
long.] 

OBLOQUY,  oblo-kwi,  n.  a  speaking 
against:  reproachful  language  :  censure  : 
calumny.  [L.  obloquium  —  ob,  against, 
and  loquor,  to  speak.] 

OBNOXIOUS,  ob-nok'shus,  ac^.,  liable  to 
hurt  or  punishment :  blameworthy  :  of- 
fensive :  subject :  answerable. — adv.  Ob- 
NOX'IOUSLY.  —  n.  ObNOX'IOUSNESS.  [L. 
obno.vius — ob,  before,  and  itoxa,  hurt. 
See  Noxious.] 

OBOE.    See  Hautboy. 

OBOLUS,  ob'o-lus,  n.  in  ancient  Greece,  a 
small  silver  coin,  north  about  three 
cents ;  also  a  weight,  the  sixth  part  of 
a  drachma.  [Gr.  obelos,  a  spit,  from  the 
coin  being  marked  with  a  spit,  or  from 
iron  and  copper  nails  being  used  in 
ancient  barter.] 

OBSCENE,  ob-sen',  adj.  offensive  to  chas- 
tity :  unchaste  :  indecent :  disgusting. — 
adv.  Obscene'ly.  [L.  obscenus;  perh. 
from  06  and  ccenitm,  filth,  or  (with  mean- 
ing of  "unluckj'")  from  sccevrts,  left- 
handed,  unlucky.] 

OBSCENENESS,  ob-sen'nes,  OBSCENITY, 
ob-sen'i-ti,  n.  qualit}"  of  being  obscene : 
lewdness. 

OBSCURANT,  ob-skur'ant,  )2.  one  who  ob- 
scures  :  a  writer  who  opposes  the  prog' 
ress  of  modern  enhghteument. 

OBSCURANTISM,  ob-skur'ant-izm,  n.  the 
doctrine  or  principles  of  an  obsciu-ant. 

OBSCURATION,  ob-skui--a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  obscuring  or  state  of  being  obscured. 

OBSCURE,  ob-skui',  adj.,  dark:  not  dis- 
tinct :  not  easily  understood  :  not  clear 
or  legible  :  unknown  :  humble  :  living  in 


OBSCURE 

darkness.— adr.  Obscuhe'ly.  [Fr. — L.  ob- 
scurus,  akia  to  Sans,  skii,  to  cover.] 

OBSCURE,  ob-skur',  v.t.  to  darken :  to 
make  less  plain. 

OBSCURITY,  ob-skur'i-ti,  n.  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  obsmire  :  unintelligibleness  : 
humility. 

OBSEQUIES,  ob'se-kwiz,  n.  funeral  rites 
and  solemnities.  [Lit.  "  a  following,"'  Fr. 
obseques — L.  obsequice — ob,  and  sequor,  to 

■    follovvj 

OBSEQUIOUS,  ob-se'kwi-us,  adj.  compli- 
ant to  excess  :  meanly  condescending. — 
adv.  Obse'quiously.  —  n.  Obse'qdious- 
NEss.    [See  Obseqxhes.] 

OBSERVABLE,  ob-zerv'a-bi,  a^'.  that  may 
be  observed  or  noticed  :  worthy  of  ob- 
servation.— adv.  Observ'ably.  —  n.  Ob- 
serv'ableness. 

OBSERVANCE,  ob-zerv'ans,  n.  act  of  ob- 
serving :  performance  :  attention  :  that 
which  is  to  be  observed:  rule  of  practice. 
[Fr. — L.  obserpantia.] 

OBSERVANT,  ob-zerv'ant,  adj.,  observing: 
taking  notice:  adliering  to:  carefully  at- 
tentive.— adv.  CteSERV'ANTLY. 

OBSERVATION,  ob-zer-va'shun,  n.  a«t  of 
observing  :  attention  :  as  distinguished 
from  experiment,  the  act  of  recognizing 
and  noting  phenomena  as  they  occur  in 
nature  :  that  which  is  observed  :  a  re- 
mark :  performance. 

OBSERVATIONAL,  ob-zer-va'shun-al,  adj. 
consisting  of  or  containing  observations 
or  remarks. 

OBSERVATOR,  ob'zerv-a-tor,  n.  one  who 
observes :  a  remarker. 

OBSERVATORY,  ob-zerv'a-tor-i,  n.  a  place 
for  making  astronomical  and  physical 
observations. 

OBSERVE,  ob-zerv',  v.t.  to  keep  in  view: 
to  notice  :  to  regard  attentively  :  to  re- 
mark :  to  comply  with :  to  keep  relig- 
iously :  {B.)  to  keep  or  guard. — c.t.  to 
take  notice  :  to  attend  :  to  remark. — n. 
Observ'er.  [Fr. — L.  observo,  -atum — ob, 
and  servo,  to  heed,  keep.] 

OBSERVING,  ob-zerv'ing,  adj.  habitually 
taking  notice :  attentive. — adv.  Observ  - 

INGLY. 

OBSIDIAN,  ob-sid'i-an,  n.  a  glass  produced 
by  volcanoes.  [So  called  from  Obsidius, 
who,  ace.  to  Pliny,  discovered  it  in 
Ethiopia.] 

OBSOLESCENT,  ob-so-les'ent,  adj.,  going 
out  of  use.  [L.  obsolescens,  -entis,  pr.p. 
of  obsolesco,  obsoletum — 06,  and  soleo,  to 
be  wont.] 

OBSOLETE,  ob'so-let,  adj.,  gone  out  of  use: 
antiquated  :  (zool.)  obscure  :  rudimental. 
— n.  Ob'soleteness. 

OBSTACLE,  ob'sta-kl,  n.  anything  that 
stands  in  the  way  of  or  hinders  progress: 
obstruction.  [Fr. — L.  obstaeulum — ob,  in 
the  way  of,  sto,  to  stand.] 

OBSTETRIC,  ob-stet'rik,  OBSTETRICAL, 
ob-stet'rik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  midwif- 
ery. [L.  obstetrimis — obstetrix,  -ids,  a 
midwife,  a  female  that  stands  before  or 
near — ob,  before,  and  sto,  to  stand.] 

OBSTETRICS,  ob-stet'riks,  n.sing.  the  sci- 
ence of  midwifery. 

ORSTINACY,  ob'sti-nas-i,  OBSTINATE- 
NESS,  ob'sti-nat-nes,  n.  the  being  obsti- 
nate :  excess  of  firmness:  stubbornness: 
fixedness  that  yields  with  diflficultv. 

OBSTINATE,   ob'sti-nat,    adj.    blindly   or 

excessively  firm  :  unyielding  :  stubborn  : 

-     not  easily  subdued. — adv.  Ob'stinately. 

[L.  obstino,  -atum — ob,   in  the  way  of, 

sto,  to  stand.] 

OBSTREPEROUS,  ob  -  strep'er  -  us,  adj., 
making  a  loud  noise  :  clamorous  :  noisy. 
—adv.  Obsteep'erously.  [L.  obstreper- 
vs — ob,  and  strepere.  to  make  a  noise.] 

OBSTRUCT,  ob-strukt',  v.t.  to  block  up  : 
to  hinder  from  passing:  to  retard.     [L. 


303 

6b,  in  the  way  of,  strua,  structum,  to 
pile  up.] 

OBSTRUCTION,  ob-struk'shun,  n.  act  of 
obstructing  :  that  which  obstructs  :  ob- 
stacle :  impediment. 

OBSTRUCTIVE,  ob-strukt'iv,  adj.  tending 
to  obstruct :  hindering. — adv.  Obstruct^ 

IVELY. 

OBSTRUENT,  ob'stroo-ent,  adj.,  obstruct- 
ing: blocking  up. — Ji.  (med.)  anything 
that  obstructs  in  the  body.  [L.  obstru- 
ens.  -entis,  pr.p.  of  obstruo.'[ 

OBTAIN,  ob-tan',  v.t.  to  lay  hold  of:  to 
hold :  to  procure  by  effort :  to  gain. — v.i. 
to  be  established  :  to  continue  in  use  :  to 
become  held  or  prevalent :  to  subsist : 
(rare)  to  succeed.  [Fr. — ^L.  obtineo — ob, 
and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

OBTAINABLE,  ob-tan'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  obtained,  procured,  or  acquired. 

OBTRUDE,  ob-trood',  v.t.  to  thrust  in  upon 
when  not  wanted  :  to  urge  upon  against 
the  will  of. — v.i.  to  thrust  or  be  thrust 
upon.  [L.  obtrudo — ob,  and  tnido,  trus- 
nm,  to  thrust.] 

OBTRUDING,  ob-trood'ing,  OBTRUSION, 
ob-troo'zhun,  n.  a  thrusting  in  or  upon 
against  the  will  of. 

OBTRUSIVE,  ob-troos'iv,  adj.  disposed  to 
obtrude  or  thrust  ohe's  self  among  others. 
— adv.  Obtrus'ively. 

OBTUSE,  oh-t\is',  adj.,  blunt:  not  pointed: 
stupid  :  not  shrill :  (geom.)  greater  than 
a  right  angle.— adr.  Obtuse'ly. — n.  Ob- 
tcse'ness.  [Fr. —  L.  obtusus — obtundo, 
to  blunt — ob,  against,  tundo,  to  beat.] 

OBVERSE,  ob-vers',  adj.,  turned  towards 
one  :  bearing  the  face  :  (hot.)  having  the 
base  narrower  than  the  top. — adv.  Ob- 
verse'ly.  [L.  obversus  —  ob,  towards, 
and  verto,  to  turn.] 

OBVERSE,  ob'vers,  n.  the  side  of  a  coin 
containing  the  head  or  principal  symbol : 
— opposed  to  Reverse. 

OBVIATE,  ob'vi-at,  v.t.  to  remove,  as  dif- 
ficulties. [L.  obvio—ob,  in  the  way  of, 
and  vio,  viatum,  to  go — via,  a  vvay.J 

OBVIOUS,  ob'vi-us,  adj.,  meeting  in  the 
way:  evident. — adv.  Ob'viously. — n.  Ob'- 
VIOUSNESS.     [L.  obvius.] 

OBVOLUTB,  ob'vo-lut,  OBVOLUTED,  ob'- 
vo-liit-ed,  adj.,  rolled  or  turned  in :  (bot.) 
arranged  so  as  alternately  to  overlap. 
[L.  obvolutus — ob,  and  volvo,  volutum,  to 
roll.] 

OCCiVSION,  ok-ka'zhun,  n.  occurrence:  op- 
portunity: requirement. — v.t.  to  cause: 
to  influence.  [Fr. — L.  occosro — oecido — 
ob,  in  the  way  of,  and  cado,  casum,  to 
fall.] 

OCCASIONAL,  ok-ka'zhun-al,  adj.,  falling 
in  the  way  or  happening :  occurring  only 
at  times  :  resulting  from  accident :  pro- 
duced on  some  special  event. — adv.  Oo- 
ca'sionally. 

OCCIDENT,  ok'si-dent,  n.  tKe  western 
quarter  of  the  hemisphere  where  the  sun 
goes  doicn  or  sets  :  the  west. — adj.  Occi- 
dent'al,  noting  the  quarter  where  the 
sun  goes  down  or  sets :  western. — adv. 
Occident'ally.  [Fr. — L.  occidens,  -entis, 
pr.p.  of  occido,  to  fall  down.] 

OCCIPITAL,  ok-sip'it-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  occiput  or  back  part  of  tlie  heatl. 

OCCIPUT,  ok'si-put,  n.  the  back  part  of 
the  head  or  skull.  [L. — ob,  over  against, 
caput,  head.] 

OCCULT,  ok-kult',  adj.,  covered  over: 
hidden  :  secret :  unknown. — adv.  Oc- 
CULT'LY. — lis.  Occult'ism,  the  science  of 
the  unknown,  Occclt'ness.  [Fr. — L. 
occulto,  to  hide — occulo,  to  cover  over — 
ob,  over,  and  eal,  root  of  celo,  to  conceal, 
clam,  secretly  ;  Gr.  krypto,  kalyptb,  to 
hide.  E.  HULL,  a  husk.] 

OCCULTATION,  ok-kul-ta'shun,  n.  a  con- 


OCTOBER 

cealing,  esp.  of  one  of  the  heavenly  bodies 
by  another. 

OCCUPANCY,  ok'Q-pan-si,  n.  the  act  of 
occupying,  or  of  taking  or  holding  pos- 
session :  possession. 

OCCUPANT,  olcTi-pant,  n.  one  who  takes 
or  has  possession. 

OCCUPATION,  ok-u-pa'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  occupying  or  taking  possession:  pos- 
session :  employment. 

OCCUPIER,  ok'u-pi-er,  n.  an  occupant:  (B.) 
a  trader. 

OCCUPY,  ok'u-pl,  v.t.  to  take  or  seize :  to 
hold  possession  of :  to  cover  or  fill :  to 
emploj' :  (B.)  to  use:  to  trade  with. — v.i. 
to  nold  possession  :  (B.)  to  trade:— j>o.i. 
and  pa  .p.  occ'upied.  [Fr. — L.  occupo, 
-atum — 06,  and  capio,  to  take.] 

OCCUR,  ok-kur',  v.i.  to  come  or  be  pre- 
sented to  the  mind:  to  happen:  to  appear: 
to  be  found  here  and  there:— pr.p.  occurr^- 
ing  ;  pa.p.  occurred'.  [Fr.  —  L.  occurro 
—  06,  towards,  and  curro,  to  rmi.] 

OCCURRENCE,  ok-kur'ens,  n.  anything 
that  occurs :  an  event:  occasional  presen- 
tation. 

OCCURRENT,  ok-kur'ent,  n.  (B.)  an  occur- 
rence or  chance. — adj.  (B.)  coming  in  the 
way. 

OCEAN,  o'shun,  n.  the  vast  expanse  of 
salt  water  that  covers  the  greater  part 
of  the  surface  of  the  globe  :  also,  one  of 
its  five  great  divisions :  any  immense 
expanse.  —  adj.  pertaining  to  the  gi-eat 
sea.  [Fr.  —  L.  oceanus  —  Gr.  okeanos, 
perh.  from  bkys,  swift,  and  nao,  to  flow.] 

OCEANIC,  6-she-an'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  ocean:  found  or  formed  in  the  ocean. 

OCELOT,  o'se-lot,  ?;.  the  name  of  several 
species  of  animals  in  the  tropical  parts 
of  S.  America  allied  to  the  leopard,  but 
much  smaller.     [Mex.  ocelotl.] 

OCHLOCRACY,  ok-lok'ra-si,  n.,  mob-rule: 
a  government  by  the  populace. — adjs. 
Ochlocrat'ic,  Ochlocratical.  —  adv. 
Ochlocrat'ically.  [Gr.  oehlolcraiia— 
ochlos,  the  mob,  and  kratos,  rule.] 

OCHRACEOUS,  o-kra'shus,  adj.  of  an  ochre 
color. 

OCHRE,  5'ker,  n.  a  fine  clay,  mostlj-jja^e 
yellotv.  [Fr.  —  L.  ochra  —  Gr.  ochra — 
ochros,  pale  yellow  ;  Sans,  hari,  yellow.] 

OCHREOUS,  6'kre-us,  OCHRY,  o'kri,  adj. 
consisting  of,  containing,  or  resembling 
oc7ire. 

OCTAGON,  ok'ta-gon,  n.  a  plane  figure  of 
eight  sides  and  eight  angles.— adj.  Octao'- 
ONAL.  [Gr.  okto,  eight,  and  gonia,  an 
angle.] 

OCTAHEDRON,  ok-ta-he'dron,  n.  a  solid 
figure  with  eight  equal  sides,  each  of 
which  is  an  equilateral  triangle.— ad/. 
Octahe'deal.     [Gr.  oktb,  and  hedra,  a 

OCTANGULAR,  ok-tang'gul-ar,  adj.  hav- 
ing iight  angles.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
Angular.] 

OCTANT,  ok'tant,  n.  the  eighth  part  of  a 
circle  :  the  aspect  of  two  planets  vihen 
45°,  or  i  of  a  circle,  apart.  [L.  octans, 
octantis — octo,  eight.] 

OCTAVE,  ok'tav,  adj.,  eight:  consisting 
of  eight. — 7!.  an  eighth  :  that  which  con- 
sists of  eig'bt :  the  eighth  day  inclusive 
after  a  church  festival :  the  eight  days 
following  a  festival  inclusi^  s  :  (tows.)  an 
eighth,  or  an  interval  of  twelve  semi' 
tones.  [Fi-. — L.  octaiws,  eighth — ccto, 
eight.] 

OCTAVO,  ok-ta'vo,  ad/,  having  e/g/if  leaves 
to  the  sheet. — n.  a  book  having  eight 
leaves  to  the  sheet,  contracted  8vo  •.—pi. 
OcT.v'vos. 

OCTOBER.  ok-t5'ber,  Ji.  the  eighth  month 
of  the  Roman  year,  which  began  in 
3Iarch,  but  the  tenth  in  our  calendar. 
[L.  octo,  eight.] 


OCTODECIMO 


304 


OLEANDER 


OCTODECIMO,  ok-to-des'i-mo,  adj.  hav-ing 
eighteen  leaves  to  the  sheet,  contracted 
18mo.  nJ.  octodecim,  eighteen — octo, 
eight,  and  decern,  ten.] 

OCTOGENAKIAN,  ok-to-jen-a'ri-an,  OC- 
T06ENARY,  ok-toj'en-ar-i,  ?i.  one  who  is 
eighty  years  old. 

OCTOGENARY,  ok-toj'en-ar-i,  adj.  of 
eighty  years  of  age.  [L.  octogenarius— 
octogeni,  eighty  each.] 

(iJCTOPOD,  ok'to-pod,  OCTOPUS,  ok'to- 
pus,  11.  a  mollusc  having  a  round  purse- 
like  body  and  eight  arms.  [Gr.  okto,  eight, 
and  pous,  podos,  foot.] 

OCTOROON,  ok-to-roon',  n.  the  offspring 
of  a  quadroon  and  a  white  person.  [From 
L.  octo,  eight.] 

OCTOSYLLABIC,  ok-to-sil-lab'ik,  adj.  con- 
sisting of  eight  syllables.  [L.  ocio,  eight, 
and  Syllabic] 

OCULAR,  ok'u-lar,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
eye  :  formed  in  or  known  by  the  eye  :  re- 
ceived by  actual  sight. — adv.  Oc'ULAELY. 
[Li.  ocularitis — oeld^ls,  Gr.  oJckos,  akin  to 
E.  Eye,  Sans,  aksha,  eye.] 

OCULIST,  ok'u-Ust,  n.  one  sldlled  in  eye 
diseases. 

ODALISQUE,  6'dal-isk,  n.  a  female  slave 
in  a  Turkish  harem.  [Fr. — Turk,  oda,  a 
chamber.] 

ODD,  od,  adj.  not  paired  ^vith  another  :  not 
even  :  left  over  after  a  round  number  has 
been  taken  :  not  exactly  divisible  by  two: 
strange:  unusual:  trifling. — adi\  Odd'ly. 
— n.  Odd'ness.  [From  the  Scand.,  as  in 
Ice.  oddi,  a  triangle  (which  has  a  third  or 
odd  angle  and  side),  hence  metaphorical- 
ly, an  odd  number — Ice.  oddr,  a  point ; 
conn,  with  A.S.  ord,  a  point,  beginning 
(as  perh.  in  Lord),  and  Ger.  art,  a  place.] 

ODDFELLOW,  od'fel-o,  n.  one  of  a  secret 
benevolent    society    called    Oddfellows. 

iODD  and  Fellow.] 
©ITY,  od'i-ti,  71.  the  state  of  being  odd 
or  singular:  strangeness:  a  singular  per- 
son or  thing. 

ODDS,  odz,  n.,  inequality:  difi'erence  in 
favor  of  one  against  another  :  more  than 
an  even  wager  :  advantage  :  dispute  : 
.scraps,  miscellaneous  pieces,  as  in  the 
phrase  "odds  and  ends  "(lit.  "points" 
and  ends).     [From  Odd.] 

ODE,  od,  n.  a  song :  a  poem  written  to  be 
set  to  music.  [Fr. — L.  ode,  oda — Gr.  ode, 
contracted  from  aoide — aeido,  to  sing.] 

ODIOUS,  o'di-us,  adj.,  hateful:  offensive: 
repulsive  :  hated. — adv.  O'diously. — n. 
O'diousness.    [Ft.    See  Odium.] 

ODIUM,  6'di-um,  n.,  hatred:  ofiensiveness: 
quality  of  provoking  hate.  [L. — odi,  to 
hate.] 

ODOMETER,  od-om'et-er,  n.  an  instrument 
for  measuring  the  distance  passed  over 
by  a  carriage  by  marking  the  number  of 
revolutions  of  the  wheel.  [Gr.  hodos,  a 
way,  and  metron,  a  measure.] 

ODONTOLOGY,  o-don-tol'o-ji,  n.  the  sci- 
ence of  the  teeth.  [Gr.  odous,  odontos,  a 
tooth,  and  logos,  discourse,  science.] 

ODORIFEROUS,  6-dur-if'er-us,  adj.,  bear- 
ing odors  :  diffusing  fragrance  :  per- 
fumed.— adv.  Odorif'erotjsly.  [L.  od- 
oriferiis — odor,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

ODOROUS,  6'dur-us,  adj.  emitting  an  odor 
or  scent :  swr-et  -  smelling  :  fragrant. — 
adv.  O'dor  TOt  lY. 

ODOR,  o'dur,  n.,  smell:  perfume  :  estima- 
tion. [Fr. — L.  odor — root  od,  found  in 
Or.  020,  to  smell.] 

ODORLESS,  6'dur-Ies,  adj.  without  odor. 

O'ER,  or,  contracted  from  Over. 

CES0PHA6US.    See  Esophagus. 

OF,  ov,  prep,  from  or  out  from  :  belonging 
to  :  out  of  :  among  :  proceeding  from,  so 
in  the  Litany  and  Nicene  Creed  :  owimg 
to  :  concerning  :  (B.  and  Pr.  Bk.)  some- 
times=by,  from,  on,  or  over.     [A.S.  of ; 


found  in  all  the  Teutonic  languages,  as 
Ger.  ab,  also  in  L.  ab,  Gr.  apo,  Sans. 
apa,  away  from.] 

OF  PURPOSE  (B.)  intentionally. 

OFF,  of,  adv.  from  :  away  from  :  on  the 
opposite  side  of  a  question  :  not  on. — adj. 
most  distant :  on  the  opposite  or  further 
side.— ^»"ep.  not  on. — int.  away  !  depart  1 
[Same  as  Or,  differently  used.] 

OFFAL,  of  al,  n.  waste  meat :  the  part  of 
an  animal  unfit  for  use :  refuse  :  anything 
worthless.     [Off  and  Fall.] 

OFFENCE,  of-fens',  n.  any  cause  of  anger 
or  displeasure  :  an  injury  :  a  crime :  a 
sin  :  affront :  assault. 

OFFEND,  of-fend',  i\t.  to  displease  or  make 
angry :  to  affront :  (B.)  to  cause  to  sin. 
— v.i.  to  sin  :  to  cause  anger  :  (B.)  to  be 
made  to  sin.  [Fr. — L.  ob,  against,  and 
fendo,  akin  to  Sans,  han,  to  strike.] 

OFFENDER,  of-fend'er,  n.  cne  who  offends 
or  injures  :  a  trespasser  :  a  criminal. 

OFFENSIVE,of-fens'iv,ad/.causingoJmce: 
displeasing :  injurious  :  used  in  attack  : 
making  the  first  attack. — n.  the  act  of 
the  attacking  party  :  the  posture  of  one 
who  attacks. — adv.  Offens'ively.  —  w. 
Offens'iveness.  {Fr.  offensif—L.  offendo, 
offensum — ob,  a,na  fendo.] 

OFFER,  of'er,  v.t.  to  bring  to  or  before:  to 
make  a  proposal  to  :  to  lay  before  :  to 
present  to  the  mind:  to  attempt:  to  pro- 
pose to  give  :  to  present  in  worship. — v.i. 
to  present  itself  :  to  be  at  hand  :  to  de- 
clare a  willingness. — n.  act  of  offering: 
first  advance  :  that  which  is  offered  :  pro- 
posal made. — n.  Oft'eeee.  [L.  offerre — 
ob,  towards,  fero,  ferre,  to  bring.] 

OFFERABLE,  of  er-a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
offered. 

OFFERING,  of'er-ing,  n.  that  which  is 
offered  :  (B.)  that  which  is  offered  on  an 
altar  :  a  sacrifice. 

OFFERTORY,  of'er-tor-i,  n.  in  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,  that  part  of  the  lit- 
urgy where  the  people's  offerings  are 
made  :  in  R.  Cath.  Church,  an  anthem 
chanted  during  the  first  part  of  the  mass. 

OFF-HAND,  of  hand,  adv.  at  once  :  with- 
out hesitating. 

OFFICE,  of  is,  n.  settled  duty  or  employ- 
ment :  business  :  act  of  good  or  ill :  act 
of  worship:  formulary  of  devotion:  pecul- 
iar use  :  a  place  for  business  :  a  benefice 
with  no  jurisdiction  attached.  [Lit.  a 
rendering  of  aid,  Fr. — L.  offidum^-opis, 
aid.] 

OFFICE-BEARER,  of  is-bar'er,  n.  one  who 
holds  ofiice. 

OFFICER,  ofi-ser,  n.  one  who  holds  an 
office:  a  person  who  performs  some  public 
office. — v.t.  to  furnish  with  officers  :  to 
command,  as  officers. 

OFFICIAL,  of-fish'al,  adj.  pertaining  to  an 
office :  depending  on  the  proper  office  or 
authority :  done  by  authority. — n.  one 
who  holds  an  office  :  a  subordinate  public 
officer  :  the  deputy  of  a  bishop,  etc. — 
adv.  Opfi'cially.  [O.  Fr. — L.  officialis 
— offlcium.'] 

OFFICIATE,  of-flsh'i-at,  v.i.  to  perform  the 
duties  of  an  office  :  to  perform  ofBcial 
duties  for  another. 

OFFICINAL,  of-fis'in-al  or  of-i-si'nal,  adj. 
belonging  to  or  used  in  a  shop :  denoting 
an  approved  medicine  kept  prepared  by 
apothecaries.  [Fi*. — L.  offidna,  a  work- 
shop, contr.  from  opificina — opifex,  -ids 
— (^ms,  work,  facio,  to  do.] 

OFFICIOUS,  of-fish'us,  adj.  too  forward  in 
.  offering  services  :  overkind  :  intermed- 
dling. —  adv.  Offi'ciously.  —  w.  Offi'- 
ciousNESS.    [Fr. — L.  offlciosiis — officium.2 

OFFING,  of  ing,  n.  a  part  of  the  sea  vdth 
deep  water  off  from  the  shore. 

OFFSCOUBING,  ofskowr-ing,  n,  matter 


scoured  off:  refuse:  anything  vile  or 
despised. 

OFFSET,  ofset,  n.  in  accounts,  a  sum  or 
value  set  off  against  another  as  an  equiv- 
alent :  a  young  shoot  or  bulb  :  a  terrace 
on  a  hillside :  (arch.)  a  horizontal  ledge 
on  the  face  of  a  wall  :  in  surveying,  a 
perpendicular  from  the  main  line  to  an 
outlying  point. — v.t.  in  accounts,  to  place 
against  as  an  equivalent.  , 

OFFSHOOT,  of  shoot,  n.  that  which  shoots 
off  the  parent  stem  :  anything  growing 
out  of  another. 

OFFSPRING,  ofspring,  n.  that  which 
springs  from  another,  a  chUd,  or  chil- 
dren :  issue  :  production  of  any  kind. 

OFT,  oft,  OFTEN,  ofn,  adv.,  frequently : 
many  times. — adj.  Often  (iJ.)  frequent. 
[A.S.;  Ger.  oft,  Goth,  ufta.] 

OFTENNESS,  of  n-nes,  n.  frequency. 

OFTTEVIES,  oft'timz,  OFTENTIMES,  of  n- 
tin^z,  adv.,  many  times:  frequently.  [Oft 
and  Times.] 

OGEE,  o-je',  11.  a  wave-like  moulding  with 
the  convex  part  upwards.     [Fr.  ogive.] 

OGHAM,  og'am,  n.  a  peculiar  kind  of 
writing  practiced  by  the  ancient  Irish  : 
its  characters. 

OGLE,  6'gl,  v.t.  to  look  at  fondly  with  side 

glances. — v.i.  to  practice  ogling. — ns. 
'GLER,  O'gling.    [Dut.  oogeii — ooge,  the 
eye  :  cf.  Grer.  dugehi.] 

OGRE,  5'ger,  n.  a  man-eating  monster  or 
giant  of  fairy  tales:— /em.  O'gkess.- — adj. 
O'GREISH,  like  an  ogre  in  character  or 
appearance.  [Fr.  ogre  —  Sp.  ogro  —  L. 
orcus,  the  lower  world,  the  god  of  the 
dead  ;  cf.  A.S.  ore,  a  demon.] 

OH,  o,  int.  denoting  surprise,  pain,  sorrow, 
etc. 

OIL,  oil,  n.  the  juice  from  the  fruit  of  the 
olive-tree :  any  greasy  liquid. — v.t.  tci 
smear  or  anoint  with  oil.  [O.  Fr.  oile  (Fr. 
h7iile) — L.  oleum. — Gr.  elaion — elaia,  the* 
olive.] 

OILBAG,  oil'bag,  n.  a  bag  or  cyst  in  ani- 
mals containing  oil. 

OILCAKE,  oO'kak,  n.  a  cake  made  of  flax- 
seed from  which  the  oil  has  been  pressed 
out. 

OILCLOTH,  oU-kloth,  n.  a  painted  floor- 
cloth. 

OUr-COLOR,  oil'-kul'ur,  n.  a  coloring  sub- 
stance mixed  with  oil. 

OILNUT,  oil'nut,  n.  the  butter-nut  of  N. 
America. 

OIL-PAINTING,  oil'-pant'ing,  n.  a  picture 
painted  in  oU-colors  :  the  art  of  painting 
in  oil-colors. 

OILY,  oil'i,  adj.  consisting  of,  containing, 
or  having  the  qualities  of  oil  :  greasy. — 
n.  OlL'lNESS. 

OINTMENT,  oint'ment,  n.  anything  used 
in  anointing:  (med.)  any  greasy  substance 
applied  to  diseased  or  wounded  parts  : 
(S.)  a  perfume.  [O.  Fr.  oignement,  oint- 
ment, Fi'.  oindre,  to  anoint — L.  unguen- 
tum — nngo,  to  smear.] 

OLD,  old,  adj.  advanced  in  years :  having 
been  long  in  existence  :  decayed  by  time  : 
out  of  date  :  ancient :  having  the  age  or 
duration  of:  long  practiced.  —  n.  Old'- 
NESS. — Old  style  (often  written  with  a 
date  O.  S.),  the  mode  of  reckoning  time 
before  1753,  according  to  the  Julian  cal- 
endar  or  year  of  365i  days.  [A.S.  eald  ; 
Ger.  alt,  from  a  root  seen  in  Goth,  alan, 
to  nourish,  L.  alo  (hence  adidtus)  to  nour- 
ish.] 

OLDEN,  old'n,  adj.,  old  :  ancient. 

OLEAGINOUS,  o-le-aj'in-us,  adj,  oily: 
(bot.)  fleshy  and  oily.  —  n.  Oleag'inous- 
ness.     [L.  oleaginus — oleum,  oil.] 

OLEANDER,  o-le-an'der,  n.  an  evergreen 
shrub  with  beautiful  flowers.  [Fr. ,  being 
a  corr.  of  Rhododendron.] 


OLEASTER 


305 


OPEN 


OLEASTER,  o-le-as'ter,  n.  the  wild  olive. 
[L.—olea,  an  olive-tree,  from  Gr.  elaia.] 

OLEIFEROUS,  o-le-if' er-us,  adj.,  producing 
oil,  as  seeds.  [L.  oleum,  oil,  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 

OLEOGRAPH,  6'le-o-graf,  n.  a,  print  in  oil- 
colors  to  imitate  an  oil-painting.  [L. 
oleum,  OH,  and  Gr.  grapho,  to  write, 
draw.J 
■  OLEOMARGAEINE,  o-le-o-mar'garren,  n. 
a  substitute  for  butter,  prepared  from 
beef-tallow  :  artificial  butter  :  butterine. 

£L.  oleum,  oU,  and  E.  margarine.] 
FACTORY,  ol-fak'tor-i,  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  used  in  smelling.     [L.  olfacto,  to 
smell  —  oleo,   to  smell  —  root    of   odor, 
smell,  facio,  to  do  or  make.] 

OLIGARCH,  ol'i-gark,  n.  a  member  of  an 
oligarchy. 

OLIGARCH  A  L,  ol-i-gark-al,  OLIGARCH- 
ICAL, ol-i-gSrk'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
an  oligarchy. 

OLIGARCHY,  ol'i-gark-i,  n.,  government 
by  a  fete:   a  state  governed  by  a  few. 

iFr. — Gr.,  from  oligos,  few,  arche,  rule.] 
10,  6'li-6,  n.  a  dish  of  dififerent  sorts  of 
meat  and  vegetables  boiled  together :  a 
mixture  :  (music)  a  medley  :  a  literary 
miscellany.     [Sp.  olla — L.  olla,  a  pot.] 

OLIVACEOUS,  ol-i-va'shus,  adj.,  olive- 
colored  :  olive-green.     [Fr. — L.  oliva.'] 

OLIVE,  ol'iv,  n.  a  tree  cultivated  round 
the  Mediterranean  for  its  oily  fruit :  its 
fruit :  peace,  of  which  the  olive  was  the 
emblem  :  a  color  like  the  unripe  olive. 
[Fr. — L.  oliva — Gr.  elaia.] 

OLLA  -  PODRIDA,  ol'la-po-dre'da,  n.  a 
mixed  stew  or  hash  of  meat  and  vege- 
tables in  common  use  in  Spain  :  any  in- 
congruous mixture  or  miscellaneous  col- 
lection. [Sp.,  lit.  "putrid  or  rotten 
pot " — L.  olla,  a  pot,  and  puter,  putrid.] 

OLYMPIAD,  o-lim'pi-ad,  n.  in  ancient 
Greece,  a  period  of  four  years,  being  the 
interval  between  the  Olympic  games, 
used  in  reckoning  time  (the  date  of  the 
1st  Olympiad  is  776  B.C.).  [Gr.  olympias, 
-ados,  belonging  to  Olympia,  a  district 
in  Elis  in  ancient  Greece.] 

OLYMPIAN,  6-lim'pi-an,  OLYMPIC,  o- 
lim'pik,  adj.  pertaining  to  Olympia, vrheve 
the  Olyinpic  games  were  celebrated,  or 
to  Mt.  Olympus,  the  fabled  seat  of  the 
gods.— Olym'pics.Olym'pic  GAMES,games 
celebrated  every  four  years,  dedicated  to 
Olympian  Jupiter. 

OMBRE,  om'ber,  n.  a  game  of  cards  usu- 
ally played  by  three  persons.  [Fr. — Sp. 
hombre — L.  homo,  a  man.] 

OMEGA,  6'meg-a  or  o-me'ga,  n.  (lit.)  the 
great  O,  the  last  letter  of  the  Greek  al- 
phabet :  (B.)  the  end.  [Gr.  6  mega,  the 
great  or  long  OJ 

OMELET,  OMELETTE,  om'e-let,  n.  a  pan- 
cake chiefly  of  eggs.  [Fr.  omelette,  of 
which  the  O.  Fr.  is  amelette,  which 
through  the  form  alemette  is  traced  to 
alemelle,  the  O.  Fr.  form  of  Fr.  alumelle, 
a  thin  plate,  a  corr.  (with  the  prep,  d) 
of  lamelle,  dim.  of  lame — L.  lamina,  a 
thin  plate.] 

OMEN,  6'men,  n.  a  sign  of  some  future 
event.  [L.  for  osmen,  that  which  is 
uttered  by  the  mouth,  L.  os ;  or  for 
ausmen,  "  that  which  is  heard  " — audio, 
to  hear.] 

OMENED,  o'mend,  adj.  containing  omens. 

jOMER,  6'mer,  n.  a  Hebrew  dry  measure 
containing  -j^  part  of  a  homer.  [See 
Homer.] 

OMINOUS,  om'in-us,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
containing  an  omen  :  foreboding  evil  : 
inauspicious. — adv.  Om'inously. — n.  Omf- 

mOUSNESS. 

OMISSIBLE,  o-mis'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 

omitted. 
OMISSION,  o-mish'un,  n.  act  of  omitting  : 


the  neglect  or  failure  to  do  something 
required  :  that  which  is  left  out.  [Fr. — 
L.  omissio.] 

OMISSIVE,  6-mis'iv,  adj.,  omitting  or 
leaving  out. 

OMIT,  o-mit',  v.t.  to  leave  out :  to  neglect : 
to  fail  -.—pr.p.  omitt'ing ;  pa.t.  a,nipa.p. 
omitt'ed.  [L.  omitto,  omissum — ob,  away, 
niitto,  to  send.] 

OMNIBUS,  om'ni-bus,  n.  a  large  four- 
wheeled  vehicle  for  convejing  passen- 
gers, chiefly  used  in  towns  -.—pi.  OlfNl- 
BUSES.  [Lit.  "  something  for  all,"  L. 
dative  pi.  of  omnis,  all.] 

OMNIFARIOUS,  om-ni-fa'ri-us,  adj.  of  all 
varieties  or  kinds.  [L.  omn&arius — om- 
nis, all,  and  varius,  various.] 

OMNIFEROUS,  om-nif 'er-us,  adj.,  bearing 
or  producing  all  kinds.  [L.  omnifer — 
omnis,  fero,  to  bear.] 

OMNIPOTENCE,  om-nip'o-tens,  OMNIPO- 
TENCY,  om-nip'o-ten-si,  n.  unlimited 
power. 

OMNIPOTENT,  om-nip'o-tent,  adj.,  all- 
powerful  :  possessing  unlimited  power. 
—n.  The  Omnipotent,  QoA.—adv.  Omnip'- 
CTENTLT.  [Fr. — L.  omnipotens — omnis, 
all,  and  POTENT.] 

OMNIPRESENT,  om-ni-pres'ent,  adj., 
present  everywhere. — n.  Omnipees'ence. 
[L.  omnis,  and  Present.] 

OMNISCIENT,  om-nish'ent,  adj.,  all-know- 
ing :  all-seeing  :  infinitely  wise. — adv. 
Omnis'ciently. — n.  Omnis'ch  nce.  {L. 
omnis,  all,  and  sciens,  scientia,  knowing 
— scio,  to  know.] 

OMNIUM-GATHERUM,  om'ii\-ma-gath'- 
er-um,  n.  a  miscellaneous  collection  of 
things  or  persons.  [L.  omnium,  of  all, 
gen.  pi.  of  omnis,  all,  and  a  slang  Latin- 
ized form  of  E.  gather.] 

OMNIVOROUS,  om-niv'or-us,  &dj.,  all-de- 
vouring :  (zool.)  feeding  on  both  animal 
and  vegetable  food.  [L.  omnivorus — 
omnis,  all,  and  voro,  to  devour.] 

OMPHALIC,  om-fal'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  navel.  [Gr.  omphalikos — omphalos, 
the  navel.] 

ON,  on,  prep,  in  contact  with  the  upper 
part  of :  to  and  towards  the  iiurface  of : 
upon  or  acting  by  contact  with  :  not  off: 
at  or  near  :  at  or  during :  in  addition  to  ; 
toward,  for :  at  the  peril  of :  in  conse- 
quence :  immediately  after :  (B.)  off. — 
adv.  above,  or  next  beyond  :  forward,  in 
succession :  in  continuance  :  not  off. — 
int.  go  on  1  proceed  I  [A.S.  on,  which 
with  the  cog.  Dut.  aan,  Ic(?.  d  (=  an), 
Ger.  an,  and  Gr.  ana,  is  from  an  Aryan 
pronominal  base  ana;  whence  also  is 
prep.  In.] 

ONAGER,  on'a-jer,  n.  the  wild  ass  of  Cen- 
tral Asia.  [L.— Gr.  onagros,  for  onos 
agrios — onos,  an  ass,  agrios,  living  in  the 
fields — agros,  a  field.] 

ONCE,  ons,  n.  same  as  OoNCE,  the  ani- 
mal. 

ONCE,  wuns,  adv.  a  single  time :  at  a  form- 
er time. — n.  one  time.  [M.E.  ones — A.S. 
anes,  orig.  the  gen.  of  an,  one,  used  as 
an  adv.    See  Nonce.] 

ONE,  wun,  pron.  a  person  (spoken  of  indefi- 
nitely), as  in  the  phrase  One  SAYS. 
[Merely  a  special  use  of  the  numeral  one: 
hence  nowise  conn,  with  Fr.  on — L.  homo, 
a  man.] 

ONE,  wun,  adj.  single  in  number :  single  : 
undivided  :  the  same. — At  one,  of  one 
mind.  [M.E.  oon — A.S.  an  ;  cog.  with 
Ice.  einn,  G«r.  ein,  Goth,  ains ;  also  with 
L.  m7us,  and  W.  un.] 

ONENESS,  wun'nes,  n.  singleness :  unity. 

ONERARY,  on'er-ar-i,  adj.  fitted  or  intend- 
ed for  carrying  burdens:  comprising 
burdens.  [L.  onerarius — oims,  oneris,  a 
burden.] 

ONEROUS,    on'er-u8,    adj.,    burdensome : 


oppressive.— adtJ.  On'erously.      [L.  on- 
erosus — o?^ws.] 

ONESIDED,  wun'sld-ed,  adj.  limited  to  one 
side  :  partial. — n.  Onesid'edness. 

ONGOING,  on'go-ing,  n.  a  going  on :  course 
of  conduct :  event. 

ONION,  un'yun,  n.  a  common  plant,  with 
a  bulbous  root.  [Fr.  oignon — L.  unio, 
-onis — unics,  one.] 

ONLY,  on'li,  adj.  (lit.)  one-like:  single: 
this  above  all  others :  alone. — adv.  in 
one  manner  :  for  one  purpose  :  singly  ; 
merely :  barely.  [A.S.  antic  (adj.) — an, 
one,  and  lie,  Mke.] 

ONOMATOPCEIA,  on-o-mat-o-pe'ya,  n.  the 
formation  of  a  word  with  resemblance 
in  sound  to  that  of  the  thing  signified  : 
such  a  word  itself,  also  the  use  of  such 
a  word,  as  "click,"  "cuckoo."  —  adj. 
Onomatopoet'IC.  [Lit.  "  name-making," 
Gr.  onoma,  -atos,  a  name,  poieo,  to  make.] 

ONSET,  on'set,  n.  violent  attack  :  assault: 
a  storming.     [On  and  Set.] 

ONSLAUGHT,  on'slawt,  n.  an  attack  or 
onset :  assault.  [A.S.  on,  on,  and  sleaht, 
a  stroke.    See  Slaughter.] 

ONTOLOGY,  on-tol'o-ji,  n.  the  saence  that 
treats  of  the  principles  of  pure  being: 
metaphysics.  —  adjs.  Ontolog'ic,  Onto- 
LOG'ICAL.— adv.  Ontolog'ically.— ?!.  On- 
TOL'ogist,  one  versed  in  ontology.  [Gr. 
on,  ontos,  being  pr.p.  of  eimi  (Sans,  as), 
to  be,  and  logos,  discourse.] 

ONWABD,  on'ward,  adj.,  going  on:  ad- 
vancing :  advanced. — adv.  toward  a  point 
on  or  in  front :  forward.  [On,  and  Wabd, 
direetionj 

ONWARDS,  on'wardz,  adv,  same  as  On. 
ward. 

ONYX,  on'iks,  n.  (min.)  an  agate  formed 
of  layers  of  chalcedony  of  different  colors, 
used  for  making  cameos,  so  called  from 
its  likeness  to  the  nail  in  color.  [L. — 
Gr.  o-nyx,  o-nych-os,  a  finger-nail.  See 
NailJ 

OOLITE,  6'o-llt,  n.  (geol.)  a  kind  of  lime- 
stone, composed  of  grains  like  the  eggs  or 
roe  of  a  Rsh.— adj.  Oolit'ic.  [Fr.  oolitlie, 
from  Gr.  don,  an  egg,  and  lithos,  stone. 
See  Oval.] 

OOZE,  ooz,  n.  soft  mud  :  gentle  flow :  the 
liquor  of  a  tan  vat. — v.i.  to  flow  gently: 
to  percolate,  as  a  hquid  through  pores. 
[M.E.  wose — A.S.  wase,  mud ;  akin  to 
A.S.  wos,  juice,  and  Ice.  vas,  moisture.] 

OOZY,  65z'i,  adj.  resembling  ooze  :  slimy. 

OPACITY,  o-pas'i-ti,  m.  opaqueness :  ob- 
scurity.   [See  Opaque.] 

OPAH,  o'pa,  n.  a  sea-flsh  of  the  Dory 
family,  also  called  kingfish.  [Ety.  un- 
known.] 

OPAL,  6'pal,  7i.  a  precious  stone  of  a  mUky 
hue,  remarkable  for  its  changing  colors. 
\¥r.  opale — L.  opalus.] 

OPALESCENT,  o-pal-es'ent,  adj.  reflecting 
a  milky  or  pearly  light  from  the  interior. 

OPAQUE,  o-pak',  adj.,  shady :  dark  :  not 
.transparent.     [Fr. — L.  opacus.] 

OPAQUENESS,  o-pak'nes,  n.  quality  of 
being  opaque  :  want  of  transparency. 

OPE,  op,  v.t.  and  v.i.  (poetry)  short  Jor 
Open. 

OPEN,  o'pn,  adj.  not  shut :  free  of  access  . 
free  from  trees :  not  fenced  :  not  drawn 
together  :  not  frozen  up :  not  frosty  ; 
free  to  be  used,  etc.:  public:  vrithout 
reserve :  frank  :  easily  understood  :  gen 
erous  :  liberal :  clear:  unbalanced,  as  an 
account :  attentive :  free  to  be  discussed. 
— v.t.  to  make  open:  to  bring  to  view:  to 
explain  :  to  begin. — v.i.  to  become  open  : 
to  unclose  :  to  be  unclosed  :  to  begin  to 
appear  :  to  begin. — adv.  O'penly. — ns. 
Openness,  O'pener.  [A.S.  open,  from 
up,  up  ;  like  the  cog.  Dut.  open  (from 
oj)).  Ice.  opinn  (from  iipp),  and  Ger.  offen 
(from  auf).    See  Up.] 


OPEN-HANDED 


306 


ORB 


OPEN-HANDED,  6'pn-hand'ed,  adj.  with 
an  open  hand  :  generous  :  hberal. 

OPEN-HEARTED,  o'pn-hart'ed,  adj.  with 
an  open  heart :  frank  :  generous. 

OPENING,  o'pn-ing:,  n.  an  open  place  :  a 
breach  :  an  aperture  :  beginning' :  first 
appearance :  opportunity. 

OPERA,  op'er-a,  n.  a  musical  drama.  [It. 
— L.  opera.    See  Operate.] 

OPERA-BOUFFE,  op'er-a-b66f,  n.  a  comic 
opera.  [Fr. — It.  opera-buffa.  See  Buf- 
foon.] 

OPERA-GLASS,  op'er-a^glas,  n.  a  small 
glass  or  telescope  for  use  at  operas, 
theatres,  etc. 

OPERATE,  op'er-at,  v.i.  to  work:  to  exert 
strength :  to  produce  any  effect :  to 
exert  moral  power  :  (med.)  to  take  effect 
upon  the  human  system  :  (^surgery)  to  per- 
form some  unusual  act  upon  the  body 
with  the  hand  or  an  instrument. — v.t.  to 
effect :  to  produce  by  agency.  [L.  operor, 
-attis — opera,  work,  closely  conn,  with 
opus,  operis,  work  (Sans,  apas).] 

OPERATIC,  op-er-at'ik,  OPERATICAL, 
op-er-at'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling the  opera. 

OPERATION,  op-er-a'shun,  n.  act  or  proc- 
ess of  operating :  agency :  influence  : 
method  of  working:  action  or  move- 
ments :  surgical  performance. 

OPERATIVE,  op'er-a-tiv,  adj.  having  the 
power  of  operating  or  acting :  exerting 
force  :  producing  effects. — n.  a  workman 
in  a  manufactory,  a  laborer.  —  adv. 
Op'erattvely. 

OPERATOR,  op'er-a-tor,  n.  one  who  or  that 
whicli  operates  or  produces  an  effect. 

OPERCULUM,  o-per'ku-lum,  n.  (pot.)  a 
cover  or  Ud  :  (zool.)  the  plate  over  the 
entrance  of  a  shell :  the  apparatus  whicli 

■  protects  the  gills  of  fishes:^p?.  Oper'cu- 
LA. — adj.  Oper'culae,  belonging  to  the 
operculum. — adjs.  Oper'culate,  Oper'- 
CULATED,  having  an  operculum.  [L.,  from 
operio.  to  cover.] 

OPERETTA,  op-er-et'a,  n.  a  short,  li^ht 
musical  drama.     [It.,  dim.  of  Opera.] 

OPEROSE,  op'er-os,  adj.,  laborious:  te- 
dious.— adv.  Op'eroselt. — n.  Op'erose- 
NESS.    [See  Operate.] 

OPHICLEIDE,  of'i-klid,  n.  a  large  bass 
trumpet  with  a  deep  pitch.  [Fr.;  coined 
from    Gr.    ophis,  a  serpent,   and  kleis, 

OPHIDIAN,  of-id'i-an,  OPHIDIOUS,  of-id'- 
i-us,  adj.  pertaining  to  serpents.  [Gr. 
ophis,  a  serpent,  erroneously  supposed 
to  have  gen.  ophidos.] 

OPHTHALMIA,  of-thai'mi-a,  OPHTHAL- 
MY,  of'thal-mi,  n.  inflammation  of  the 
et/e.  [Gr. — oiihthalmos,  eye,  from  root 
of  Optics.] 

OPHTHALMIC,  of-thal'mifc,  adj.  pertain- 
ing'to  the  eye. 

OPHTHALMOSCOPE,  of-thal'mo-skop,  n. 
an  instrument  for  examining  the  in- 
terior of  the  eye.  [Gr.  ophthalmos,  ej  e, 
and  skopeo,  look  at.] 

OPIATE,  o'pi-at,  n.  any  medicine  that  con- 
tains opium,  and  induces  sleep :  that 
which  induces  rest. — adj.  inducing  sleep: 
causing  rest. 

OPIATED.  6'pl-at-ed,  adj.  mixed  with  opi- 
ates :  under  the  influence  of  opiates. 

OPINE,  o-pin',  v.i.  to  be  of  opinion :  to 
judge  :  to  suppose.  [Fr.  qpjner  —  L. 
opinor,  to  think.] 

OPINION,  o-pin'yun,  n.  a  conviction  on 
probable  e-videnoe  :  judgment :  notion  : 
estimation.     [L.] 

OPINIONATED,  6-pin'yun-at-ed,  adj.  flrm- 
ly  adhering  to  one's  own  oxnnions. 

OPINIONATIVE,  o-pin'yun-at-iv,  adj.  un- 
duly attached  to  one's  own  opinions: 
stubborn.  —  adv.  OptN'lONATIVEX.T.  —  ». 
Opdj'ionativeness. 


the  narcotic  juice  of 
[L. — Gr.  opion,  dim. 


OPIUJI,  6'pi-um,  n. 
the  white  poppy, 
from  opos,  sap.] 

OPOSSUM,  o-pos'um,  n.  an  American  quad- 
ruped with  a  prehensile  tail,  the  female 
having  a  pouch  in  which  she  carries  her 
young.     [West  Indian.] 

OPPIDAN,  op'i-dan,  n.  at  Eton,  England, 
a  student  who  boards  in  the  toini,  not 
in  the  college.  [Orig.  a  townsman,  L. 
omndanus — oppiaum,  a  town.] 

OPPONENT,  op-po'nent,  adj.,  opposing: 
situated  in  front :  adverse. — n.  one  who 
opposes,  esp.  in  argument :  an  adversary. 

OPPORTUNE,  op-por-ttin',  adj.  present  at 
a  proper  time  :  timely :  convenient. — 
adv.  Opportctne'ly.  —  ns.  Opportdne'- 
NESS ;  Opporttjn'IST,  a  politician  who 
waits  for  events  before  declaring  his 
opinions.  [Fr. — L.  opportunus — oh,  be- 
fore, and  partus,  a  harbor.] 

OPPORTUNITY,  op-por-tutfi-ti,  «.  an  op- 
portune or  convenient  time  :  occasion. 

OPPOSABLE,  op-poz'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  opposed. 

OPPOSE,  op-poz',  ly.t.  to 2}lace  before  or  in 
the  way  of :  to  set  against :  to  place  as 
an  obstacle  ;  to  resist :  to  check :  to  com- 
pete with. — i:i.  to  make  objection. — n. 
Oppos'er.  [Fr.— L.  ob,  and  Fr.  poser,  to 
place.    See  Pose,  n.] 

OPPOSITE,  op'o-zit,  adj.,  placed  over 
against:  standing  in  front:  contrasted 
■with  :  adverse :  contrary. — n.  that  which 
is  opposed  or  contrary :  an  opponent. — 
adv.  Opp'ositelt. — n.  Opfositekess. 
[Fr.— L.  oppositiis — 06,  against,  and 
pono,  to  place.] 

OPPOSITION,  op-o-zish'un,  n.  state  of 
being  placed  over  against :  standing 
over  against :  repugnance  :  contrariety : 
act  of  opposing :  resistance  :  that  which 
opposes  :  obstacle  :  the  party  that  op- 
poses the  existing  administration  or  the 
party  in  power:  {astron.)  the  situation 
of  heavenly  bodies  when  180  degrees 
apart.  [See  Opposite.] 

OPPRESS,  op-pres',  v.t.  to  use  severely  : 
to  burden  :  to  lie  heaA-y  upon :  to  con- 
strain :  to  overpower.  [Fr. — L.  opprimo, 
oppressus — ob,  against,  and  premo,  to 
press.] 

OPPRESSION,  op-presh'un,  n.  act  of  op- 
pressing :  severity :  cruelty :  state  of 
being  oppressed  :  misery :  hardship  :  in- 
justice :  dullness.     [Fr. — L.] 

OPPRESSIVE,  op-pres'iv,  adj.  tending  to 
oppress  :  over-burdensome  :  unjustly  se- 
vere :  hea'vy :  overpowering. — adv.  Op- 

PRESS'lVELY. — n.   OpPRESS'IVENESS. 

OPPRESSOR,  op-pres'or,  n.  one  who  op- 
presses. 

OPPROBRIOUS,  op-pro'bri-us,  adj.  expres- 
sive of  opprobrium  :  reproachful :  in- 
famous :  despised. — adv.  Oppro'BEIOUS- 
LY. — n.  Oppro'briousness. 

OPPROBRIUM,  op-pro'bri-um,  n.,  reproach 
with  contempt  or  disdain  :  disgrace  :  in- 
famy. [L.  ob,  against,  jprobj'um,  reproach 
— perhaps  contracted  from  prohibrum — 
prohibeo,  to  prohibit.] 

OPPUGN,  op-pun',  v.t.  to  figJit  against: 
to  oppose :  to  resist. —  n.  Oppugn'er. 
[Ft. — L.  oppiigno,  to  flght  against — ob, 
against,  and  pugna,  a  flght.  See  Pugil- 
ism.] 

OPTATIVE,  op'ta-tiv  or  op-ta'tiv,  adj. 
e-'^pressing  desire  or  icish. — n.  (gram.)  a 
mood  of  the  verb  expressing  wish. — adv. 
Op'tativkly.  [L.  optativtis,  from  opto, 
optatum,  to  wish.] 

OPTIC,  op'tik,  OPTICAL,  op'tik-al,  adj. 
relating  to  sight,  or  to  optics. — adv.  Of- 
TICALLY.  [Fr.  optique — Gr.  optikos — root 
oj)  or  ok,  seen  in  Gr.  op-somai,  I  shall  see, 
and  L.  oc-idus,  eye.     See  Eye.] 

OPTICIAN,  op-tis'h'an,  n.  one  skilled  in 


optics:  one  who  makes  or  sells  opticsJ 
instruments. 

OPTICS,  op'tiks,  n.sing.  the  science  of  the 
nature  and  laws  of  vision  and  light. 

OPTIMISM,  op'tim-izm,  n.  the  doctrite 
that  everything  is  ordered  for  the  best : 
— opp.  to  Pessimism.    [L.  optimus,  best.] 

OPTliVnST.  op'tim-ist.  n.  one  who  holds 
that  everything  is  ordered  for  the  best. 

OPTION,  op'shun,  n.  act  of  choosing: 
power  of  choosing  or  wisliing  :  wish.  [L. 
optio,  optionis.] 

OPTIONAL,  op'shun-al,  adj.  left  to  ones 
option  or  choice. — adv.  Op'tionally. 

OPULENCE,  op'u-lens,  «.,  means:  riches: 
wealth. 

OPULENT,  op'u-lent,  adj.  wealthy.— adv. 
Op'ulently.  [Fr. — L.  op-ulentus — op, 
base  of  L.  pi.  op-es,  wealth — root  ap.  to 
obtain.] 

OR,  or,  conj.  marking  an  alternative,  and 
sometimes  opposition.  [Short  for  other, 
modern  E.  Either.]— ^rep.  (B.)  before. 
[In  this  sense  a  corr.  of  Ere.] 

OR,  or.  n.  (heraldry)  gold.  [Fr. — L.  aurum, 
gold.] 

ORACLE,  or'a-kl,  n.  the  answer  spoken  or 
uttered  by  the  grods :  the  place  where 
responses  were  given,  and  the  deities 
supposed  to  give  them  :  one  famed  for 
wisdom :  a  ■wise  decision  :  (B.)  the  sanc- 
tuary •.—pi.  the  revelations  made  to  t  he 
prophets.  [Fr. — L.  ora-cu-htm,  double 
dim.  from  oro,  to  speak — os,  oris,  the 
mouth.] 

ORACULAR,  6-rak'u-lar,  adj.  delivering 
oracles  :  resembling  oracles  :  grave  : 
venerable:  equivocal:  obscure. — adx\ 
Orac'ularly. — n.  Orac'ularness. 

ORAL,  o'ral,  adj.  uttered  bv  the  mouth  : 
spoken. — adv.  O'RALLY.  [L.  os,  oris,  the 
mouth.] 

ORANG,  o-rang',  71.  a  kind  of  ape  resem- 
bhng  man,  found  in  Borneo  and  Sumatra. 
[Malay,  "man."] 

ORANGrE,  or'anj.  ?i.  a  tree  with  a  dehght- 
ful  gold-colored  fruit :  its  fruit :  a  color 
composed  of  red  and  j'ellow. — adj.  per- 
taining to  an  orange  :  orange-colored. 
jTV. — It.  arancio — Pers.  naranj,  the  n 
being  dropped ;  it  ■was  thought  to  come 
from  L.  aurum,  gold,  hen«e  Low  L. 
aurantium.'] 

ORANGEMAN,  or'anj-man,  n.  a  member 
of  a  secret  society  instituted  in  Ireland 
in  1795  to  uphold  Protestantism,  so  called 
from  "WUliam  of  Orange. 

ORANGERY,  or'anj-er-i,  n.  a  plantation  of 
orajigre-trees. 

ORANG-OUTANG,  6-rang'-66-tang', 
ORANG-UTAN,  6-rang'-o6-tan',  n.  the 
Indian  or  red  orang.  [Malay,  "wild 
man."] 

ORATION,  o-ra'shun,  n.  a  puhlic  speech  of 
a  formal  character.  [Fr.  —  L.  oratio, 
from  O1-0,  to  speak,  pray.] 

ORATOR,  or'a-tor,  n.  a  public  speaker:  a 
man  of  eloquence :  — fern.  Or'atress, 
Or'atris. 

ORATORICAL,  or-a-tor'ik-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  oratory:  becoming  an  orator. — 
adv.  Orator'ically. 

ORATORIO,    or-a-to'ri-o.     n.    a    kind    of 
musical    drama,   usually  founded    on   a 
Scriptural    subject.     [It.    So  called   hp 
cause  they  originated  among  the  priests 
of  the  Oratory.] 

ORATORY,  or'a-tor-i,  n.  the  art  of  speak 
ing  well,  or  so  as  to  please  and  persuade, 
esp.  publicly :  the  exercise  of  eloquence  : 
an  apartment  or  building  for  private  wor- 
ship.    [See  under  Oration.] 

ORB,  orb,  n.  a  circle  :  a  sphere  :  a  celestial 
body  :  a  wheel :  any  rolling  body  :  the 
eye.  -v.t.  to  surround  :  to  form  into  an 
orb.    [L.  orins,  a  circle.] 


OKBED 


307 


ORPHEAN 


ORBED,  orbd,  adj.  in  the  form  of  an  orb  : 
circular. 

ORBICULAR,  or-bik'u-lar,  adj.  haWng 
the  form  of  an  orb  :  spherical :  round. — 
adv.  Orbic'ulaely.— n.  Orbic'ciarness. 
[From  L.  orbicultis,  dim.  of  orbis.] 

ORBICULATE,  or-bik'u-lat,  ORBICULAT- 
ED,  or-bik'u-lat-ed,  adj.  in  tlie  form  of  an 
orb. — n.  Orbicux,a'tion. 

ORBIT,  or'bit,  n.  the  path  described  by  a 
celestial  body  in  the  heavens  :  the  bony 
cavity  for  the  eyeball  :  the  skin  round 
the  eye.  [L.  orbita  —  orbis.  a  ring  or 
circle.] 

ORBITAL,  or'bit-al,  ad^.  pertaining  to  an 
orbit. 

ORCHARD,  orch'ard,  n.  a  gai'den  of  fruit- 
trees,  esp.  apple-trees.  [A.S.  orceard — 
older  form  ortgeard.  See  Wort,  a  plant, 
and  Yakd.] 

ORCHESTRA,  or'kes-tra,  n.  in  the  Greek 
theatre,  the  place  where  the  chorus 
danced :  the  part  of  a  theatre  for  the 
musicians  :  the  performers  in  an  orches- 
tra.    [L. — Gr.  orchestra — orcheomai,  to 

ORCHESTRAL,  or'kes-tral  or  or-kes'-,  adj. 
pertaining  to  an  orchestra  :  performed 
in  an  orchestra. 

ORCHID,  or'kid,  n.  an  orchidaceous  plant. 

ORCHIDACEOUS,  or-ki-da'shus,  adj.  re- 
lating to  a  natural  order  of  plants  with 
beautiful  fragrant  flowers.  [Gr.  orchis, 
a  testicle,  which  its  root  resembles  in 
shape.] 

ORCHIS,  or'kis,  n.  a  genus  of  orchidaceous 
plants. 

ORDAIN,  or-dan',  v.t.  to  put  in  order  :  to 
appoint :  to  regulate  :  to  set  in  an  oflice  : 
to  invest  with  ministerial  functions.  [O. 
Fr.  ordener  (Fr.  ordonner)  —  L.  ordino, 
ordinatus — ordo.    See  Order.] 

ORDEAL,  or'de-al,  n.  a  dealing  out  or  giv- 
ing of  just  judgment :  an  ancient  form 
of  trial  by  lot.  Are,  water,  etc.  :  any 
severe  trial  or  examination.  [A.S.  or- 
del,  or-dal;  cog.  with  Dut.  oor-deel, 
judgment,  G«r.  ur-theil ;  the  prefix  or- 
(Dut.  oor-,  Ger.  ur-)  sig.  out,  and  -deal 

'   being  the  same  word  as  Deal  and  Dole.] 

ORDER,  or'der,  n.  regular  arrangement : 
method :  proper  state :  rule  :  regular 
government :  command  :  a  class  :  a  so- 
ciety of  persons  :  a  religious  fraternity  : 
a  scientific  division  of  objects  :  (arch.)  a 
system  of  the  parts  of  columns  -.^—pl.  the 
Christian  ministi-y. — v.t.  to  arrange  :  to 
conduct :  to  command. — v.i.  to  give  com- 
mand. [M.E.  ordre — Fr.  ordre — L.  ordo, 
-i7iis.] 

ORDERING,  or'der-ing,  n.  arrangement : 
management. 

ORDERLESS,  or'der-les,  ad/ without  order: 
disorderly. 

ORDERLY,  or'der-li,  adj.  in  order :  regu- 
lar :  well  regulated  :  quiet  :  being  on 
duty. — adv.  regularly  :  methodically. — 
n.  a  soldier  who  attends  on  a  superior, 
esp.  for  carrying  official  messages. — n. 
Oe'derliness. 

ORDINAL,  or'din-al,  adj.  showing  order  or 
succession. — ?i.  a  number  noting  order  :  a 
ritual  for  ordination. 

ORDINANCE,  or'din-ans,  n.  that  which  is 
ordained  by  authority  :  a  law  :  an  estab- 
lished rite.  [See  Ordain,  doublet  Ord- 
nance.] 

ORDINARY,  or'din-ar-i,  adj.  according  to 
the  common  order  :  usual :  of  common 
rank  :  plain  :  of  little  merit. — n.  an  es- 
tablished judge  of  ecclesiastical  causes  : 
settled  establishment :  actual  office  :  a 
bishop :  a  place  where  meals  are  pro- 
vided at  fixed  charges.  —  adv.  Or'di- 
narily. 

ORDINATE,  or'din-at,  adj.  in  order  :  regu- 
lar.— n.  a  straight  line  in  a  curve  termin- 


ated on  both  sides  by  the  curve  and 
bisected  by  the  diameter. — adv.  Or'din- 
ATELT.    [See  Ordain.] 

ORDINATION,  or-din-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
ordaining:  established  order.  [See  Or- 
dain.] 

ORDNANCE,  ord'nans,  n.  (orig.)  any  ar- 
rangement, disposition,  or  equipment  : 
great  guns  :    artiUery. 

ORDURE,  or'dur,  n.,  dirt :  dung  :  excre- 
ment. [Fr.— O.  Fr.  ord,  foul— L.  horri- 
dus,  rough.] 

ORE,  or,  n.  metal  in  its  unreduced  state  : 
metal  mixed  with  earthy  and  other  sub- 
stances. [A.S.  or,  another  form  of  ar, 
brass,  cog.  with  Ice.  eir,  Goth,  aiz,  L. 
ces,  aer-is,  bronze.] 

ORGAN,  or'gan,  n.  an  instrument  or 
means  by  which  anything  is  done :  that 
by  which  a  natural  operation  is  carried 
on  :  a  musical  instrument  with  pipes, 
bellows,  and  keys :  the  medium  of  com- 
munication. [Fi\  organe — L.  organum 
— Gr.  organon,  akin  to  ergon.  See 
"Work  1 

ORGANIC,  or-gan'ik,  ORGANICAL,  or- 
gan'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  an  organ  : 
consisting  of  or  containing  organs  :  pro- 
duced by  the  organs :  instrumental. — 
adv.  Organ'ically. 

ORGANISM,  or'gan-izm,  n.  organic  struct- 
ure :  a  living  being. 

ORGANIST,  or'gan-ist,  n.  one  who  plays 
on  the  organ. 

ORGANIZABLE,  or-gan-iz'a^bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  organized  or  arranged. 

ORGANIZATION,  or-gan-i-za'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  organizing  :  the  state  of  being  or- 
ganized. 

ORGANIZE,  or'gan-iz,  v.t.  to  supply  with 
organs:  to  form,  as  an  organized  body: 
to  arrange. 

ORGASM,  or'gasm,  n.  immoderate  excite- 
ment or  action.  [Gr.  orgasmos,  orgao,  I 
swell.] 

ORGIES,  or'jiz,  n.pl.  (orig.)  ceremonies 
observed  in  the  worship  of  Bacchus, 
distinguished  by  furious  revelry  :  any 
drunken  nocturnal  rites  or  revelry.  j^Fr. 
— L.  orgia,  secret  rites — Gr.,  closely  akin 
to  ergon,  work.    See  Organ  and  Work.] 

ORIEL,  6'ri-el,  n.  (orig.)  a  chamber  or 
apartment :  a  window  that  juts  out  so 
as  to  form  a  small  apartment.  [O.  Fr. 
oriol,  a  porch,  .a  corridor — Low  L.  ori- 
olum,  a  highly  ornamented  recess  —  L. 
aureolus,  gilded — aumm,  gold.  See  Ori- 
ole.] 

ORIENT,  6'ri-ent,  adj.,  ri.mig,  as  the  sun; 
eastern  :  shining. — n.  the  part  where  the 
sun  rises :  the  east.  [L.  oriens,  -entis, 
pr.p.  of  orior,  to  rise.] 

ORIENTAL,  o-ri-ent'al,  adj.  eastern:  per- 
taining to,  in,  or  from  the  east. — n. 
a  native  of  the  east. 

ORIENTALISM,  6-ri-ent'al-izm,  n.  oriental 
doctrine. 

ORIENTALIST,o-ri-ent'al-ist,  n.  one  versed 
in  the  eastern  languages  :  an  oriental. 

ORIFICE,  or'i-fis,  n.  something  made  like 
a  month  or  opening.  [Fr. — L.  orijicium — 
OS,  oris,  mouth,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

ORIFLAMME,  or'i-flam,  n.  a  little  banner 
of  red  silk  witli  many  points  streaming 
like  flames,  borne  on  a  gilt  staff,  the 
ancient  royal  standard  of  France.  [Fr. — 
Low  L.  auriflamma,  a  little  banner — L. 
aurum,  gold,  flamma,  a  flanio.] 

ORIGAN,  or'i-gan,  ORIGANUM,  o-rig'a- 
num,  n.  wild  marjoram.  [Lit.  "  mount- 
ain-pride," Fr.  origan — L.  origanum — 
Gr.  origanon  —  oros,  mountain,  ganos, 
pride,  beauty.] 

ORIGIN,  or'i-jin,  n.  the  rising  or  first  ex- 
istence of  anything  :  that  from  which 
anj'thing  first  proceeds  :  cause  :  deriva- 


tion. [Fr.  origine — L.  origo,  originis— 
orior,  to  rise.] 

ORIGINAL,  o-rij'in-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  origin :  first  in  order  or  existence  : 
not  copied :  not  translated  :  having  the 
power  to  originate,  as  thought.—)!,  origin: 
first  copy  :  the  precise  language  used  by 
a  writer  :  an  untranslated  tongue. — adv. 
Orig'inally.  [Fr.— L.  originalis— origo.] 

ORIGINALITY,  o-rij-in-al'it-i,  n.  quality 
or  state  of  being  original  or  of  origin- 
ating ideas. 

ORIGINATE,  o-rij'in-at,  v.t.  to  give  origin 
to  :  to  bring  into  existence. — v.i.  to  hare 
origin  :  to  begin. — n.  Orig'inator.  [It. 
originare — L.  origo.] 

ORIGINATION,  o-rij-in-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
originating  or  of  coming  into  existence  : 
mode  of  production. 

ORIOLE,  or'i-61,  n.  the  golden  thrush. 
[O.  Fr.  oriol — L.  aureolus,  dim.  of  aureus, 
golden— aurum,  gold.    Cf.  Oriel.] 

ORION,  o-ri'on,  n.  (astr.)  one  of  the  con- 
stellations. [Orion  (myth.),  a  giant 
placed  among  tlie  stars  at  his  death.] 

ORISON,  or'i-zun,  n.  a  prayer.  [O.  Fr. 
orison  (Fr.  oraison) — L.  oratio,  -onis — 
oro,  to  pray.     See  ORAL.] 

ORLOP,  or'lop,  n.  the  deck  of  a  ship  where 
the  cables,  etc.,  are  stowed  :  tlie  under- 
deck  of  a  ship-of-the-line.  [Lit.  a  "  run- 
ning over,"  Dut.  overloop,  the  upper-deck 
— overlopen,  to  run  over.] 

ORMOLU,  or-mo-loo',  7!.  a  kind  of  brass  like 
gold  from  the  quantity  of  copper  in  it. 
[Lit.  "  beaten  gold,"  Fr.  oi — L.  aurum, 
gold,  and  moulu,  pa. p.  of  moudre,  to 
grind — L.  molo,  to  grind.] 

ORNAMENT,  or'na-ment,  n.  anything  that 
adds  grace  or  beauty:  additional  beauty: 
— pi.  (Pr.  Bk.)  all  the  articles  used  in  tfie 
services  of  the  church. — v.t.  to  adorn  : 
to  furnish  with  ornaments.  [Fr.  orne- 
ment — L.  orna-mentum—omo,  to  adorn.] 

ORNAMENTAL,  or-na-ment'al,  adj.  serv- 
ing to  adorn  or  beautify. — adv.  Orna- 
ment'ally. 

ORNAMENTATION,  or-na-men-ta'shun,  n, 
act  or  art  of  ornamenting  :  (arch.)  orna- 
mental work. 

ORNATE,  or-nat',  adj.,  ornamented:  dec- 
orated.— adv.  Ornate'ly. — n.  Ornate'- 
NESS.     [L.  ornatus,  pa.p.  of  orno.] 

ORNITHOLOGICAL,or-m-tho-loj'ik-al,a<:y. 
pertaining  to  ornithology. — adv.  Orni- 
tholoo'ically. 

ORNITHOLOGY,  or-ni-thol'o-ji,  n.  the  sci- 
ence of  birds. — n.  Oenithol'ogist,  one 
versed  in  ornithology.  [Gr.  omis,  or- 
nithos,  a  bird  (cog.  with  A.S.  earn, 
eagle),  and  logos,  science.] 

ORNITHOMANCY,  or  -  nith'o  -  man  -  si  or 
or'nith-,  n.,  divination  by  birds,  their 
flight,  etc.  [Gr.  omis,  omithos,  bird, 
manteia,  divination.] 

ORNITHORHYNCHUS,  or-ni-tho-ringTtus, 
n.  an  animal  in  Australia,  with  a  body 
like  an  otter  and  a  snout  like  the  bill 
of  a  duck,  also  called  Duckbill.  [Lit. 
"bird-snout,"  Gr.  omis,  omithos,  bird, 
rhyngchos,  snout.] 

OROGRAPHY,  or-og'ra-fi,  n.  the  descrip- 
tion of  mountains. — adj.  OrOGRAPH'IC, 
Orograi'H'ical.  [Gr.  oj'os,  a  mountain, 
and  grapho,  to  describe.] 

OROLOGY.     Same  as  OROGRAPHY. 

ORPHAN,  or'fan,  j(.  a  child  bereft  of  father 
or  mother,  or  of  both. — adj.  bereft  of 
parents.  [Gr.  orphanos,  akin  to  L.  or- 
bits, bereaved.] 

ORPHANAGE,  or'fan-aj,  n.  the  state  of  an 
orphan  :  a  house  for  orphans. 

ORPHEAN,  or-fe'an  or  or'fe-an,  adj.  per- 
taining to  Orpheus  :  (myth.)  a  poet  who 
had  tlie  power  of  moving  inanimate  ob- 
jects by  the  music  of  his  lyre. 


ORPIMENT 


308 


OUTBREAK 


ORPIMENT,  or'pi-ment.n.  yellow  sulphuret 
of  arsenic,  used  as  a  pigment,  and  so 
called  in  allusion  to  its  color  and  because 
it  was  supposed  to  contain  gold.  [Fv. — 
L.  auripigmentum — aurum,  gold,  pigmerv' 
turn,  paint.] 

ORPIN,  or'pin,  n.  a  deep  gold  or  yellow 
color. 

ORPINE,  or'pin,  n.  a  plant  with  gold  or 
purplish-rose  colored  flowers.  [Fr.  orpin, 
from  o) — L.  aurum,  and  Fr.peindre.  See 
Paint.] 

ORRERY,  or'er-i,  n.  an  apparatus  for  illus- 
trating, by  balls  mounted  on  rods,  the 
size,  positions,  motions,  etc.,  of  the  heav- 
enly bodies.  [From  the  Earl  of  Orrery, 
for  whom  one  of  the  first  was  made.] 

ORRIS,  or'is,  n.  a  species  of  iris  in  the  south 
of  Europe,  the  dried  root  of  which  has 
a  smell  of  violets,  used  in  perfumery. 
[Prob.  a  corr.  of  Ieis.] 

ORT,  ort,  n.  a  fragment,  esp.  one  left  from 
a  meal :  usually j>?.  [Low  Ger.  ort,  refuse 
of  fodder,  Scot."  ort  or  w-ort.\ 

ORTHODOX,  or'tho-doks,  adj.,  sound  in 
doctrine  :  believing  the  received  or  es- 
tablished opinions,  esp.  in  reli^on  :  ac- 
cording to  the  received  doctrine. — adv. 
Or'thodoxlt.  [Through  Fr.  and  Late  L. 
from  Gr.  orthodoxos — orthos,  right,  doxa, 
opinion — dokeo,  to  seem.] 

ORTHODOXY,  or'tho-doks-i,  n.,  soundness 
of  opinion  or  doctrine  :  belief  in  the 
commonly  accepted  opinions,  esp.  in  re- 
ligion. [Gr.  orthodoxia.  See  Orthodox.] 

ORTHOEiPY,  or'tho-e-pi,  n.  (gram.)  corred 
pronunciation  of  words. — adj.  Orthoep*- 
ICAL. — n.  Or'thoepist,  one  versed  in  or- 
thoepy.    [Gr.  orthos,  right,  epos,  a  word.] 

ORTHOGON,  or'tho-gon,  n.  (.geom.)  a  fig- 
ure with  all  its  angles  right  angles. — adj. 
Orthog'onal,  rectang^ar.  [Gr.  orthos, 
right,  gonia,  angle.] 

ORTHOGRAPHER,  or-thog'ra-fer,  n.  one 
who  spells  words  correctly.  

ORTHOGRAPHIC,  or-tho-grafik,  ORTHO- 
GRAPHICAL, or-tho-graf  ik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining or  according  to  orthography : 
spelt  correctly. — adv.  ORTHOGRAPH'iCAlr 

LY.  

ORTHOGRAPHY,  or-thog'ra-fl,  n.  {gram.) 
the  correct  spelling  of  words.  [Gr.  or- 
thographia  —  orthos,  right,  grapho,  to 
write.T 

ORTHOPTERA,  or-thop'teiva,  n.  an  order 
of  insects  with  uniform  wing-covers, 
that  overlap  at  the  top  when  shut,  under 
which  are  the  true  win^j  which  fold 
lengthwise  like  a  fan.  pLat.  "straight 
wings,"  Gr.  orthos,  straignt,  ptera,  pL  of 
pteron,  wing.] 

ORTHOPTEROtJS,  or-thop'ter-us,  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  orthoptera. 

ORTOLAN,  ort'o-lan,  n.  a  Kind  of  bunting, 
common  in  Europe,  and  considered  a 
great  delicacy.  [Lit.  "  the  frequenter  of 
gardens,"  Fr. — 11.  ortolano — L.  horto- 
lanus,  belonging  to  gardens — hortulus, 
dim.  of  hortus,  a  garden.  See  OOUET  and 
Yard,  a  place  inclosed.] 

OSCILLATE,  os'il-lat,  v.i.  to  move  back- 
wards and  forwards :  to  fluctuate  be- 
tween certain  limits.  [L.  oscUlo,  -atus, 
to  swing,  oseitlivm,  a  swing.] 

OSCILLATION,  os-0-la'shun,  ?i.  act  of  os- 
cillating: a  swinging  like  a  pendulum. 
[Ft. — L.  osdllatioA 

OSCILLATORY,  os'il-la-tor-i,  adj.,  smvg- 
ing. 

OSCULANT,  os'kti-lant,  adj.,  Mssing :  ad- 
hering closely.  [L.  oseulans,  -antis,  pr.p. 
of  osculor.] 

OSCULATE,  osTrQ-lat,  v.t.  to  hiss:  to  touch, 
as  two  curves. — n.  Oscula'tion.  [L.  os- 
culor, -atum — oscidmn,  a  Uttle  mouth,  a 
kiss,  dim,  of  os,  mouth.] 

ggCULATORY,  os'ku-lartor-i,  adj.    of  or 


pertaining  to  hissing:  (geom.)  having 
the  same  curvature  at  the  point  of  con- 
tact. 

OSIER,  5'zhi-er,  n.  the  water-wUlow,  used 
in  making  baskets. — adj.  made  of  or  like 
osiers.  [Fr. ;  perb.  from  Gr.  oisos ;  akin 
to  L.  vitex.] 

OSIERED,  5*zhi-erd,  ad^.  adorned  with 
mllows. 

OSMIUM,  oz'mi-um,  n.  a  gray- colored 
metal  found  with  platinum,  the  oxide 
of  which  has  a  disagreeable  smell.  [Low 
L.  —  Gr.  osme,  smell,  orig.  odr^me,  conn, 
with  root  of  Odor.] 

OSNABURG,  o/na-burg,  n.  a  coarse  kind 
of  Unen,  originally  brought  from  Osna- 
burg  in  Gfermanv. 

OSPREY,  OSPRAY,  os'pra,  n.  the  fish- 
hawk,  a  species  of  eagle  very  common 
on  the  coast  of  N.  America,  [Corr. 
from  OssiFRAGE,  which  see.] 

OSSEOUS,  os'e-us,  adj.,  bony:  composed 
of  or  resembling  bone.  [L.  osseus — os, 
ossis,  bone.] 

OSSICLE,  osl-kl,  n.  a  small  bone.    [Dim. 

of  OS.] 

OSSIFEROUS,  os-sif  er-us,  ac^'.  producing 
bone :  (geol.)  containing  bones.  [L.  os, 
and  fero,  to  bear.] 

OSSIFICATION,  os-si-fl-ka'shun,  n.  the 
change  or  state  of  being  changed  into  a 
bony  substance. 

OSSIFRAGE,  os'i-fraj,  n.  the  sea  or  bald 
eagle,  common  in  the  United  States : 
(B.)  the  bearded  vulture,  the  largest  of 
European  birds.  [Lit.  "  the  bone-break- 
er," L.  ossifragus,  breaking  bones — os, 
and  frag,  root  of  frango,  fractum,  to 
break.] 

OSSIFY,  os'i-fi,  v.t.  to  make  into  bone  or 
into  a  bone-like  substance.  —  v.i.  to  be- 
come bone  :—pa.p.  oss'ified.  [L.  ossifico 
— OS,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

OSSrvOROtJS,  os-siv'or-us,  adj.,  devouring 
or  feeding  on  bones.  [L.  os,  and  voro,  to 
devour.] 

OSSUARY,  os'u-ar-i,  n.  a  place  where  the 
bones  of  the  dead  are  deposited  :  a  char- 
nel-house. 

OSTENSIBLE,  os-tens'i-bl,  acfj.  that  may 
be  shown :  declared  :  apparent.  —  adv. 
Ostens'ibly. — n.  OsTENsiBiL'rry.  [L. 
ostendo,  ostensuyn,  to  show.] 

OSTENSIVE,  os-tens'iv,  adj.,  slwwing :  es.- 
hibiting. — adv.  Ostens'ively. 

OSTENTATION,  os-ten-ta'shun,  n.  act  of 
making  a  display :  ambitious  display : 
boasting.    [Fr. — ^L.  ostendo,  to  show.] 

OSTENTATIOUS,  os-ten-ta'shus,  adj.  given 
to  show :  fond  of  self-display :  intended 
for  display. — adv.  Ostenta'tiously. — n, 

OSTE^ITA'TIOtTSNESS. 

OSTEOLOGICAL,  os-te-o-loj'ik-al,  ac^.  per- 
taining to  osteology. — adv.  Osteolog'- 

lOALLY. 

OSTEOLOGY,  os-te-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
of  the  bones,  that  part  of  anatomy  which 
treats  of  the  bones. — ns.  Osteol'ogee, 
Osteol'ogist,  one  versed  in  osteology. 
[Gr.  osteon,  bone,  logos,  science.] 

0STLE21,  osier.    Same  as  Hostler. 

OSTRACISM,  os'tra-sizm,  n.  banishment 
by  ostracizing.  [Gr.  ostrakismos — ostra- 
kizo.] 

OSTRACIZE,  os'tra-siz,  v.t.  in  ancient 
Greece,  to  banish  by  the  vote  of  the  peo- 
ple written  on  a  potsherd:  to  banish  from 
society.  [Gr.  ostrakizo  —  ostrakon,  a 
potsherd,  orig.  a  shell.  Of.  OSSEODS  and 
Oyster.] 

OSTRICH,  os'trich,  n.  the  largest  of  birds, 
found  in  Africa,  remarkable  for  its  speed 
in  running,  and  prized  for  its  feathers. 
[O.  Fr.  ostruehe  (Fr.  autruche) — ^L.  avis-, 
gtruthio,  ostrich  —  Gr.  strmithos,  little 
bird,  megas  strovthos,  the  large  bird,  the 
ostrich.    Cf.  BusTAEX).] 


OTACOUSTIC,  ot-a-kows'tik,  adj.  assisting 
the  sense  of  hearing. — n.  (also  Otacod^ 
ticon)  an  instrument  to  assist  the  hear- 
ing. [Gr.  akoustikos,  relating  to  hear- 
ing— akouo,  to  hear — ous,  otos,  ear.] 

OTHER,  nth'er,  adj.  and  pron.  different, 
not  the  same:  additional:  second  of  two. 
[A.S.  other;  cog.  with  Goth,  anthar,  Ger. 
ander.  Sans,  antara,  L.  alter.] 

OTHERWISE,  u«i'er-wiz,  adv.  in  another 
way  or  manner:  by  other  causes:  in  other 
respects. 

OTIOSE,  o'shi-6e,  adj.  being  at  ease :  unoc- 
cupied :  la2y.     [L.  otiosus — otium,  rest.] 

OTITIS,  o-ti'tis.  71.  inflammation  of  the  in- 
ternal ear.  [From  Gr.  ozis,  otos,  the  ear.] 

OTOSCOPE,  o'to-skop,  n.  an  instrument  for 
exploring  the  ear.  [Gr.  ous,  otos,  the  ear, 
and  skopeo,  to  look  at.] 

OTTER,  ot'er,  n.  a  large  kind  of  weasel  liv- 
ing entirely  on  fish.  [Lit.  the  "  water- 
animal,"  A.S.  otor,  oter ;  cog.  with  Dut. 
and  Ger.  otter.  Ice.  otr,  akin  to  ^^ddr, 
water,  Gr.  hydra,  E.  Water.] 

OTTO,  ot'o.  OTTAR,  ot'ar,  (better  spelt) 
ATTAR,  at'ar,  n.  a  fragrant  oil  obtained 
from  certain  flowers,  esp.  the  rose.  [Ar. 
'itr — 'atira,  to  smell  sweetly.] 

OTTOMAN,  ot'o-man,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
Turkish  Empire,  founded  by  Othman  or 
Osman  inlS99. — n.  a  Turk:  alow,  stuffed 
seat  without  a  back,  first  used  in  Turkey. 
[The  Fr.  form.] 

OUBLIETTE,  oo-bli-ef,  n.  a  dungeon  with 
no  opening  but  at  the  top.  [Lit.  "  a 
place  where  one  isforgotte^i,"  Fr.,  from 
oublier,  to  forget— L.  ohliviscor.] 

OUCH,  owch,  n.  the  socket  of  a  precious 
stone.  [O.  Fr.  nmiche,  noscJie ;  from  O. 
Ger.  nusche,  a  clasp.] 

OUGHT,  n.  same  as  Atjght. 

OUGHT,  awt,  v.i.  to  be  under  obligatioa  i 
to  be  proper  or  necessary.  [Lit.  "owed,""' 
pa.t.  of  Owe.] 

OUNCE,  owns,  n.  the  twelfth  part  of  a 
pound  troy  =  480  grains :  i^  of  a  pound 
avoirdupois  c=  487i  troy  grains.  [A.S. 
ynce,  .^  oi  a.  foot,  an  inch  ;  Fr.  once — L. 
uncia,  the  twelfth  part  of  anything.  See. 
InoM 

OUNCE,  owns,  n.  a  feline  carnivorous  ani- 
mal of  Asia,  allied  to  the  leopard.  [Fr. 
once,  prob.  nasalized  form  of  Pers.  yuz.] 

OUR,  owr,  adj.  and  pron.  pertaining  or 
belonging  to  vs.  [A.S.  ure,  for  usere, 
gen.  pi.  of  1st  pers.  pron.    See  Us.] 

OURANG-OUTANG.  Same  as  0KAN&- 
outang. 

OURS,  owrz,  pron.  possessive  of  We. 

OURSELF,  owr-seU  ,  pron.,  myself  (in  the 
regal  style)  •.—pi.  Odeselves  (-selvzO,  we, 
not  others  :  us. 

OUSEL,  66'zl,  n.  a  kind  of  thrush.  [A.S. 
osle  (short  for  amsele);  cog.  with  Ger. 
amsel.] 

OUST,  owst,  v.t.  to  eject  or  expel.  [O.  Fr. 
oster  (Fr.  6ter),  to  remove  ;  ace.  to  Diez, 
from  L.  haurio,  haustus,  to  draw  (water). 
Of.  Exhaust.] 

OUSTER,  owsfer,  n,  (law)  ejection 
possession. 

OUT,  owt,  adv.  without,  not  within :  gone 
forth  :  abroad :  in  a  state  of  discovery: 
in  a  state  of  exhaustion,  extinction,  etc.? 
completely  :  freely :  forcibly :  at  a  loss  i 
unsheltered :  uncovered. — int.  away  I  bes 
gone !— Oct  of  course,  out  of  order. — 
Out  of  hand,  instantly.  [A.S.  ute,  ut ; 
cog.  with  Ice.  and  Goth,  ut,  Ger.  aus, 
Sans,  ud.] 

OUTBALANCE,  owt-bal'ans,  v.t.  to  exceed 
in  weight  or  effect. 

OUTBID,  owt-bid',  v.t.  to  offer  a  higher 
price  than  another. 

OUTBREAK,  owtlarak,  n,  a  breaking  oat; 
eruption. 


dis- 


OUTBURST 


309 


OVERFLOW 


OUTBURST,  owtTjurst.  n.  a  bursting  out : 
an  explosion. 

OUTCAST,  owt'kast,  adj.  exiled  :  rejected. 
— n.  a  person  banished :  an  exile. 

OUTCOME,  owtlium,  n.  the  issue  :  conse- 
quence. 

OUTCROP,  owt'krop,  n.  the  exposure  of  a 
stratum  at  the  earth's  surface.  [Oct  and 
Crop.]  [noise. 

OUTCRY,  owt'kri,  n.  a  loud  cry  of  distress: 

OUTDO,  owt-d55',  v.t.  to  surpass :  exceL 

OUTDOOR,  owt'dSr  or  owtior',  adj.  out- 
side the  door  or  the  house :  in  the  open 
air. 

OUTDOORS,  owt'dOrz,  adv.  out  of  the 
house :   abroad. 

OUTER,  owt'er,  adj.,  more  out  or  without : 
external :— opposed  to  Innee.  [Comp.  of 
Out.] 

OUTERMOST,  owt'er-m5st,  adj.,  most  or 
furthest  out:  most  distant.  [Corr.  of 
ute-mrest,  double  superl.  of  Out.  For 
sufBx  -most,  see  Aftermost,  Foremost.] 

OUTFIT,  owt'flt,  n.  complete  equipment : 
the  articles  or  the  expenses  for  fitting 
out:  the  means  for  an  outfit. 

OUTFITTER,  owt'flt^r,  n.  one  who  fur- 
nishes outBts. 

OUTFITTING,  owt'flt-lng,  n.  an  outfit. 

OUTFLANK,  ovvt-flangk',  v.t.  to  extend 
the  flank  of  one  army  beyond  that  of 
another. 

OXTTGENERAL,  owt-jen'er-al,  ®.f.  to  outdo 
in  generalship.     [Our  and  GENERAL.] 

OUTGOING,  owt'go-ing,  n.  act  or  state  of 
going  out :  extreme  limit :  expenditure. 
— adj.  opposed  to  incoming,  as  a  tenant. 

OUTGROW,  owt-gi'o',  v.t.  to  grow  beyond 
or  surpass  in  growth  :  to  grow  out  of. 

OUTHOUSE,  owt'hows,  n.  a  small  buUd- 
ing  outside  a  dwelling  house. 

OirrLANDISH,  o^vt-land'ish,  adj.  belong- 
ing to  an  outer  foreign  land:  foreign: 
strange :  rustic,  rude,  vulgar.  [A.S. 
utletidiso.    Out  and  Land.] 

OUTLAST,  owt-last',  v.t.  to  last  longer 
than. 

OUTLAW,  owtlaw,  n.  one  deprived  of  the 
protection  of  the  law :  a  robber  or  bandit. 
— v.t.  to  place  beyond  the  law:  to  deprive 
of  the  benefit  of  the  law  :  to  proscribe. 

OUTLAWRY,  owtaaw-ri,  n.  the  act  of  put- 
ting a  man  out  of  the  protection  of  the 
law. 

OUTLAY,  owt'la,  n.  that  which  is  laid  out : 
expenditiu-e. 

OUTLET,  owt'let,  n.  the  place  or  means 
by  which  anything  is  let  out :  the  pass- 
age outward. 

OUTLINE,  owt'Un,  n.  the  outer  or  exterior 
line:  the  lines  by  which  any  figure  is 
bounded:  a  sketch:  a  draft. — v.t.  to  draw 
the  exterior  line  of :  to  delineate  or 
skctcti 

OUTLIVE,  owt-liv*,  v.t.  to  live  beyond  :  to 
survive. 

©UTLOOK,  owtlook,  n.  vigilant  watch : 
prospect:  the  place  from  which  one  looks 
out. 

OUTLYING,  owtll-ing,  ach'.  lying  out  or 
beyond :  remote :  on  the  exterior  or 
frontier. 

OUTMARCH,  owt-march',  v.t.  to  march 
faster  than. 

©UTMOST,  owt'mSst.      Same  as  Odteb- 

MOST. 

OUTNUMBER,  owt-nuniljer,  v.t.  to  exceed 
in  number. 

©UTPATIENT,  owt'p§rehent,  n.  a  patient 
who  receives  aid  from  a  hospital,  but 
lives  outside  of  it. 

OUTPORT,  owt'port,  n.  a  port  out  or  re- 
mote from  the  chief  port. 

OUTPOST,  owt'post,  n.  a  post  or  station 
beyond  the  main  body  of  an  army :  the 
troops  placed  there. 

OUTPOUR,  owt-por',  v.t.  to  pour  out. 


OUTPOURING,  owt'p5r-ing,  re.  a  pouring 
out :  an  abundant  supply. 

OUTPUT,  owt'poot,  n.  the  quantity  of 
metal  made  by  a  smelting  furnace,  or  of 
coal  taken  from  a  pit,  within  a  certain 
time. 

OUTRAGE,  owt'raj,  n.  violence  beyond 
measure :  excessive  abuse :  wanton  mis- 
chief.— v.t.  to  treat  with  excessive  abuse  : 
to  injure  by  violence. — v.i.  to  be  guilty  of 
outrage.  [Fr.,  O.  Fr,  oultrage—Low  L. 
ultragium,  from  littra,  beyond.] 

OUTRAGEOUS,  owt-raj'us,  adj.  violent, 
furious  :  turbulent :  atrocious  :  enor- 
mous.— adv.  Odtea'geously. — n,  Ovt- 

EAGEpuSNESS. 

OUTRE,  6ot-ra',  Oidj.  extravagant:  over- 
strained. [Fr.  outrer — outre — L.  vltm, 
beyond.] 

OUTREACH,  owt-rSch',  v.t.  to  reach  or 
extend  beyond. 

OUTRIDE,  owt-rld',  v.t.  to  ride  beyond : 
to  ride  faster  than. 

OUTRIDER,  owt'rid-er,  n.  one  who  rides 
abroad :  a  servant  on  horseback  who  at- 
tends a  carriage. 

OUTRIGGER,  owt'rig-er,  n.  a  projectmg 
spar  for  extending  sails  or  any  part  of  the 
rigging :  an  apparatus  fixed  to  a  boat  to 
increase  the  leverage  of  the  oar :  a  boat 
with  this  apparatus. 

OUTRIGHT,  owt  rit,  adv.  immediately:  at 
once :  completely. 

OUTRIVAL,  owt-rl'val,  v.t.  to  go  beyond 
in  rivalry :  to  surpass. 

OUTROAD,  owt'rOd,  n.  (dbs.)  a  riding  out 
into  an  enemy's  country,  a  hostile  attack. 

OUTRUN,  owt-run',  v.t.  to  go  beyond  in 
running :  to  exceed. 

OUTSET,  owt'set,  n.  a  setting  out :  begin- 
ning. 

OUTSHINE,  owt-shin',  v.i.  to  shine  out  or 
forth. — v.t.  to  excel  in  shining :  to  exceL 

OUTSIDE,  owt'sid,  n.  the  outer  side :  the 
surface :  the  exterior. — adj.  on  the  out- 
side :  exterior  :  superficial :  external. — 
n.  Out'sidee. 

OUTSKIRT,  owt'skert,  n.  the  outer  skirt : 
border :  suburb : — often  used  in  pi. 

OUTS  PAN,  owt-span',  v.t.  to  unyoke 
draught-oxen  from  a  vehicle.    [See  IN- 

SPAN.] 

OUTSPOKEN,  owt-spO'ken,  ck^'.  frank  or 

bold  of  speech. 
OUTSPREAD,  owt-spred',  v.t.  to  spread  out 

or  over. 
OUTSTANDING,  owt-stand'ing.ot^'.  stand- 
ing out :  uncollected :  remaining  unpaid. 
OUTSTRETCH,  owt-strech',  v.t.  to  stretch 

or  spread  out  :  to  extend. 
OUTSTRIP,  owt-strip',  v.t.  to  outrun  :  to 

leave  behind. 
OUTVIE,  owt-vf ,  v.t.  to  go  beyond  in  vying 

with  :  to  exceed  :  to  siu-pass.    [Odt  and 

Vie.] 
OUTVOTE,  ovvt-vot',  v.t.  to  defeat  by  a 

greater  number  of  votes. 
OUTWARD,  owt'ward,  a<^'.  towards  the 

outside  :  external :   exterior. — adv.  also 

OuVwARDS,  toward  the  exterior :  to  a 

foreign  port. 
OUTWARD-BOUND,  owt'ward-bownd, 

adj.  bound  outwards  or  to  a  foreign  port. 


[See  Bound,  adj.] 
OUT "" 


TWARDLY,  owt'ward-li,  adv.  in  an 
outward  manner :  externally  :  in  appear- 
ance. 

OUTWEIGH,  owt-wa',  v.t.  to  exceed  in 
weight  or  importance. 

OUTWENT,  owt-went',  v.t.  (Nem  Test.) 
vent  faster  than. 

OUTWIT,  owt-mt',  v.t.  to  surpass  in  tnt 
or  ingenuity  :  to  defeat  by  superior  in- 
genuity:— pr.p.  outwitt'ing;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  ontwitt'ed. 

OUTWORK,  owt'wurk,  7i.  a  work  outside 
the  principal  wall  or  line  of  fortification. 


OVAL,  5'val,  adj.  having  the  shape  of  an 

egg.—n.  anything  oval :  an  ellipse.— adr. 

O'VALLY.  jFr.  ovale,  from  L.  ovum,  an 

egg.    See  Egg.] 
OVARIOTOMY,  o-var-i-ot'om-i,  n.  {mrgery\ 

the  excision  of  a  tumor  from  the  ovary! 

[Fr.— omtVe,  the   ovary,  and  Gr.  tame^ 

cutting.] 
OVARIOUS,  o-va'ri-us,  adj.  consisting  of 

eggs. 
OVARY,  o'var-i,  n.  the  part  of  the  female 

animal  in  which  the  egg  of  the  offspring 

is  formed  :  (pot.^  the   part  of  the  pistu 

which  contams  the  seed. — adj.  Ova'RIAN, 

[Low  L.  ovaria.    See  Oval.] 
OVATE,  C'vat,   OVATED,   6'vat-ed,  adj., 

egg-shaped. 
OVATION,  6-va'shun,  n.  in  ancient  Rome, 

a  lesser  triumph  :an  outburst  of  popular 

applause.     [Fr. — L.  ovatio — ovo,  ovatum, 

to  shout,  exult,   cog.  with  Gr.   aw,  to 

shout.] 
OVEN,  uv'n,  n.  an  arched  cavity  over  a/r« 

for  baking,  heating,  or  drying :  any  ap- 
paratus used  as  an  oven.    [A.S.  of  en; 

cog.  with  Gfer.  ofen,  Goth,  auhns,   and 

perh.  connected  with  Gr.  ipnos,  an  oven.] 
CvER,  6'ver,  prep,  above :  across :  on  the 

surface  of  :  upon  the  whole  surface  of: 

through.— cdv.  above  :  across  :  from  one 

to  another:  from  one  country  to  another: 

above  in  measure :  too  much :  to  excess : 

completely. — adj.   upper  :  beyond  :  paste 

[A.S.  ofer ;  Ice.    yfir,  Goth,  ufar,  Ger, 

Vber,  L.  svper,   Gr.  hvper.  Sans.  %ipari  i 

conn,  with  Up,  Open,  Above.] 
OVERACT,  6-ver-akt',  v.t.  to  act  overmncb 

or  to  excess. —  v.i.  to  act  more  than  is 

necessary. 
OVERALLS,  6'ver-awlz,  n.  loose  trousers. 

worn  over  all  the  other  dress. 
OVERARCH,  o-ver-Hrch',  v.t.  to  arch  ovei. 
OVERAWE,  o-ver-aw',  v.t.  to  restrain  te 

fear  or  superior  influence. 
OVERBALANCE,  o-ver-bal'ans,  v.t.  to  ei- 

ceed  in  weight,  value,  or  importance. — n.. 

O'verbalance,  excess  of  weight  or  value. 
OVERBEAR,  o-ver-bar',  v.t.  to  bear  down 

or  overpower :  to  overwhelm. 
OVERBEARING,  6-ver-bar'ing,  adj. 

haughty  and  dogmatical :  imperious. 
OVERBOARD,   6'ver -bord,  adv.  over  the 

board  or  side  :  from  on  board :  out  of  a 

ship. 
OVERBURDEN,  o-ver-bur'dn,  v.t.  to  bui- 

den  overmuch. 
OVERCAST,  6-ver-kast',  v.t.  to  cloud :  to 

cover  with  gloom  :  to  sew  over  slightly: 
OVERCHARGE,  6-ver-charj',  v.t.  to  load 

with  too  great  a  charge  :  to  charge  too 

much. — n.    O'verchaege,  an   excessive 

load  or  burden  :  an  excessive  charge. 
OVERCLOUD,  o-ver-klowd',  v.t.  to  cover 

over  with  clouds. 
OVERCOAT,  o'ver-kot,  w.  a  coat  over  aH 

the  other  dross. 
OVERCOME,  6-ver-lcum',  v.t.  to  get  the 

better  of :  to  conquer  or  subdue. — v.i.  to 

be  victorious. 
OVERDO,  6-ver-do5',  v.t.  to  do  overmuch  ; 

to  harass,  to  fatigue  :  to  cook  too  much. 
OVERDOISTE,   o-ver-dun',  adj,   overacted  i 

fatigued  :  cooked  too  much. 
OVERDOSE,  6-ver-dos',  v.t.  to  dose  over 

much. — n.  an  excessive  dose. 
OVERDRAW,  o-ver-draw',r.i.to  draw  over 

nmch  :  to  draw  beyond  one's  credit :  t< 

exa*''*^erate. 
OVErSuE,  5-ver-dQ',  adj.  due  beyond  the 

time. 
OVERESTIMATE,  5-ver-es'tim-at,  v.t.  to 

estimate   too   bdghly. — 7i.  an   excessive 

estimate. 
OVERFLOW,  o-ver-flo',  v.t.  to  flow  over : 

to  flood  :    to  overwhelm :   to  cover,  aa 

with    numbers,  -v.t.  to  nm   over :   to 

abound. 


OVERFLOW 


310 


OYEZ 


OVERFLOW,  5'ver-fl5,  ?!.  a  flowing  over, 

an  iuuudation  :  superabundance. 
OVERFLOWING,  o-ver-flo'ing-,  adj.  flow- 

ing   over  :     abundant. — n.    abundance  : 

copiousness. 
OVERGROW,  6-ver-gro',  v.t  to  grow  be- 
yond :    to  rise    above :    to    cover  with 

growth. — v.i.  to  grow  beyond  the  proper 

size. 
OVERHANG,    5-ver-hang',   v.t.   to   hang 

over :  to  project  over :   to  impend. — v.i. 

to  hang  over. 
OVERHAUL,  6-ver-hawl',  v.t.  to  haul  or 

draw  over :   to  turn  over  for  examina.- 

tion:  to  examine:  to  re-examine:  (xiaut.) 

to  overtake  in  a  chase. 
OVERHAUL,    6'ver-hawl,    n.    a   hauling 

over  :  examination  :  repair. 
OVERHEAD,    6-ver-hed,   adv.    over  the 

head  :  aloft :  in  the  zenith. 
OVERHEAR,  6-ver-hei-',  v.t.  to  hear  what 

was  not  intended  to  be  heard  :  to  bear  by 

accident.    [Over  and  Hear.] 
OVERJOY,    6-ver-joy',   v.t.   to    All   with 

great  joy :  to  transport  wth  delight  or 

gladness. 
OVERJOY,  6'ver-joy,  n.  joy  to   excess: 

transport. 
OVERLAND,  O'ver-land,  adj.  passing  en- 
tirely or  principally  by  land,  as  a  route. 
OVERLAP,  o-ver-lap',  v.t.  to  lap  over. 
OXrERLAY,  o-ver-la',  v.t.  to  lay  over :  to 

spread  over :    to  cover   completely :    to 

smother :  to  cloud. 
OVERLEAP,  6-ver-lep',  v.t.  to  leap  over. 
0\'ERLEAVEN,  o-ver-Iev'n,  v.t.  to  leaven 

too  much  :  to  mix  too  much  with. 
OVERLIE,  6-ver-ir,  v.t.  to  lie  above  or 

upon. 
OVERLIVE,  o-ver-liv',  v.t.  (B.)  to  outlive  : 

to  surN-ive. 
OVERLOAD,  o-ver-lod',  v.t.  to  load  or  fill 

overmuch. 
OVERLOOK,  S-ver-look",  v.t.  to  look  over: 

to  be  higher :  to  inspect :  to  neglect  by 

carelessness  or  inadvertence  :  to  pass  by 

indulgently :  to  pardon :  to  slight. 
iDVERMATCJH,  o-ver-mach',  v.t.  to  be  more 

than  a  match  for :  to  conquer. — n.  O'VEE- 

MATCH,  one  who  is  more  than  a  match. 
OVERMUCH,  6-ver-much',  adj.  and  adv. 

too  much. 
OVERPASS,  d-ver-pas*,  v.t,  to  pass  over  : 

—pa. p.  (B.)  Sverpast'. 
OVERPAY,  6-ver-pa',  v.t,  to  pay  too  much. 
OVERPLUS,  6'ver-plus,  71,  that  which  is 

more  than  enough :  surplus.    [E.  OVEB, 

and  L.  phis,  more.] 
OVERPOWER,  5-ver-pow'er,  v.t,  to  have 

or  ?ain  power  over :  to  subdue. 
OVERRATE,   o-ver-rat',  v,t.  to  rate  too 

high. 
OVERREACH,  6-ver-rech',  v.t.  to  reach  or 

extend  beyond:  to  cheat. — v.L  to  strike 

the  hindfoot  against  the  forefoot,  as  a 

horse. 
OVERRULE,  o-ver-r6ol',  v.t.  to  rule  over : 

to  influence  by  greater  power :  (law)  to 

supersede  or  reject. 
OVERRUN,  5-ver-run',  v.t.  to  run  or  spread 

over :  to  grow  over :  to  spread  over  and 

take  possession  of  :  (B.)  to  outrun. — v.i. 

to  run  over. 
OVERSEE,  6-ver-se',  v.t.  to  see  or  look 

over :  to  superintend. 
OVERSEER,  6-ver-se'er,  n.  one  who  aver' 

sees :  a  superintendent :   an  officer  who 

has  the  care  of  the  poor. 
OVERSET,  6-ver-set',  v.t.  to  set  or  turn 

over  :   to  upset :   to  overthrow.— -y.i.  to 

turn  or  be  turned  over. 
OVERSHADE,  5-ver-shad',  v.t.  to  throw  a 

shade  over. 
OVERSHADOW,  5-ver-shad'5,i'.f.  to  throw 

a  shadow  over:  to  shelter  or  protect. 
OVERSHOOT,   6-ver-sh5ot',  v.t.   to  shoot 

over  or   beyond,  as  a  mark  :   to   pass 


swiftly  over.  —  v.i.   to  shoot  or  fly  be- 
yond the  mark. 
OVERSHOT,   6'ver-shot,  adj.  having  the 

water  faUing  from  above,  as  a  wheel. 
OVERSIGHT,  o'ver-sit,  n.  (orig.)  miperin. 

tetidence :  a  failing  to  notice :  mistake : 

omission. 
OVERSPREAD,  5-ver-spred',  v.t.  to  spread 

over  :  to  scatter  over. — v.u  to  be  spread 

over. 
OVERSTATE,  6-ver-stat',  v.t.  to  state  over 

or  above:  to  exaggerate. — «.  Ovebstate'- 

MENT. 

OVERSTEP,  o-ver-step',  v.t.    to  step  be- 

VODti  !    to  6XC66d 

0"^TIRSTOCK,  o-v'er-stok',  v.t.  to  stock 
overmuch :  to  fill  too  fulL 

OVERSTRAIN,  6-ver-stran',  v.t.  and  v.u  to 
strain  or  stretch  too  far. 

OVERT,  o'vert,  adj.,  ope)i  to  view:  public : 
apparent. — adv.  O'veetly.  [Fr.  ouvert, 
pa.p.  of  ouvrir,  to  open,  ace.  to  Diez, 
from  O.  Fr.  a-ovrir,  through  Prov.  adub- 
rir,  from  L.  de-operio,  to  uncover — de— 
un-,  and  operio,  io  cover ;  ace.  to  Littr6, 
from  L.  operire,  to  cover,  confounded  in 
meaning  with  aperire,  to  open.] 

OVERTAKE,  6-ver-tak',  v.t.  to  come  up 
with :  to  catch :  to  come  upon. 

OVERTASK,  C-ver-tasf,  v.t.  to  task  over* 
much :  to  impose  too  heavy  a  task  on. 

OVERTAX,  6-ver-taks',  v.t.  to  tax  over- 
much. 

OVERTHROW,  o-ver-thr5',  v.t.  to  throw 
down  :  to  upset :  to  bring  to  an  end  :  to 
demolish:  to  defeat  utterly. — n.  O'vee- 
THEOw,  act  of  overthrowing  or  state  of 
being  overthrown  :  ruin  :  defeat. 

OVERTOP,  0-ver-top',  v.t.  to  rise  over  the 
top  of :  to  surpass  :  to  obscure. 

OVERTRADE,  6-ver-trad',  v.i.  to  trade 
overmuch  or  beyond  capital. 

OVERTURE,  5'ver-tur,  n.  ioria.)  an  open- 
ing, disclosure :  a  proposal :  {music)  a 
piece  introductory  to  a  greater  piece  or 
ballet. — v.t.  to  lay  an  overture  or  pro- 
posal  before.    [Fr".  ouvertiire.\ 

OVERTURN,  0-ver-turn',  v.t.  to  throw 
down  :  to  subvert :  to  ruin. — n.  O'vee- 
TUEN,  state  of  being  overturned. 

OVERVALUE,  0-ver-val'u,  v.t.  to  value 
overmuch. 

OVERWEENING,  iJ-ver-wen'ing,  adj., 
weeninq  or  thinking  too  highly :  conceit- 
ed :  vain.    [A.S.  oferwenan.   See  Ween.] 

OVERWEIGH,  6-ver-wa',  v.t.  to  outweigh. 

OVERWEIGHT,  6-ver-wat',  n.  weight  be- 
yond what  is  required  or  is  just. 

OvER^VHELM,  6-ver-hwelm  ,  v.t.  to  over- 
spread and  crush  by  something  heavy  or 
strong :  to  immerse  and  bear  down  :  to 
overcome. 

OVER^VISE,  S-ver-wIz'.ad/.wise  overmuch: 
affectedly  wise. — adv.  OvEEWlSE'LT. 

OVERWORK,  6-ver-wurk',  v.t.  and  v.i.  to 
work  overmuch  or  bej'ond  the  strength ; 
to  tire. — n.  O'verwork,  excess  of  work  : 
GxcGSsiv©  I&Dor 

OVERWORN,  d-ver-w8rn',  adj.  worn  out : 
subdued  bv  toil :  spoiled  by  use. 

OVERWROUGHT,  6-ver-rawf,  pa.p.  of 
Overwork,  wrought  overmuch :  worked 
all  over. 

OVIFEROUS,  6-vif er-us,  adj.,  egg-bearing. 
[L.  mttm,  egg,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

OVIFORM,  o'vi-form,  adj.  having  the  farm 
of  an  oval  or  egg.  [L.  ovum,  egg,  and 
FormJ 

OVIPAROUS,  o-vip'a-nis,  adj.,  bringing 
forth  eggs.  [L.  ovum,  egg,  aadpario,  to 
hring  forth.] 

OVOID,  o'void,  OVOID AL,  6-void'al,  adj., 
oval  or  egg  shaped.  [L.  ovum,  egg,  and 
Gr  eidos.  form.^ 

OVUM,  o'vum,  n.  an  egg :  (anat.)  the  body 
in  which  after  impregnation  the  develop- 


ment of  the  fetus  takes  place  -.—pi.  O'va. 


OwlfT,  0,  v.t.  to  possess  what  betones  to 
another :  to  be  bound  to  pay :  w)  be 
obliged  for.  [A.S.  agan ;  Ice.  eiga,  O. 
Ger.  eigan,  to  possess.] 

OWING,  o'ing,  adj.  due :  ascribable  tx) : 
imputable  to. 

OWL,  owl,  n.  a  nocturnal  carnivoro\»s 
bird,  noted  for  its  holding  or  hooting 
noise.  [A.S.  ule ;  Ger.  eule,  L.  vluUt, 
Sans,  vluka,  from  the  sound.] 

O^VLET,  owl'et,  n.  a  little  owl.  rOim.  of 
Owl.]" 

OWLISH,  owl'ish,  adj.  like  an  owl. 

OWN,  on,  v.t.  to  grant:  concede:  acknowl- 
edge. [A.S.  nnnav,  to  grant,  cog.  with 
Ger.  gimyien,  to  gi-ant.] 

OWN,  on,  v.t.,  topossesH:  to  have  a  right- 
ful title  to.  [A.S.  agnian.  with  addition 
of  causal  suffix — agen,  one's  ovni.  See 
Own,  adj.] 

OWN,  on,  adj.,  possessed ;  belonging  to: 
peculiar.  [A.S.  agen,  pa.p.  of  agan,  to 
possess,  cog.  with  Ger.  eigen.  Ice.  eiginn, 
one's  own.T 

OWNER,  6ner,  n.  one  who  owns  or  pos- 
sesses.— n.  Own'eeship. 

OX,  oks,  n.  a  ruminant  quadruped  of  the 
bovine  family  :  the  male  of  the  cow,  esp. 
when  castrated  •.—pL  Oxen,  oks'n,  used 
for  both  male  and  female.  [A.S.  oxa,  pi. 
oxan ;  Ice.  nan. ;  Ger.  ochs,  Goth,  atdtsa. 
Sans,  uhslian.] 

OXALIC,  oks-al'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
obtained  from  sorrel. 

OXALIS,  oks'a-Us,  n.  wooA-sorrel :  {hot.) 
a  genus  of  plants  having  an  add  taste, 
[6r.,  from  oxys,  acid.] 

OXEYE,  oksl,  n.  a  common  plant  in  mead- 
ows, so  called  because  its  flower  is  like 
the  eye  of  an  ox. 

OXEYED,  oksld,  adj.  having  large  full 
eyes  like  those  of  an  ox. 

OXFLY,  oks'fll,  n.  a  fly  hatched  under  the 
skin  of  oxen. 

OXIDATION,  oks -id- a 'shun,  OXIDIZE^ 
MENT.  oks-id-iz'ment,  m.  act  or  process 
^oxidizing. 

OXIDE,  oks'id,  n.  a  compound  of  oxygen 
and  a  base  destitute  of  acid  properties. 

OXIDIZABLE,  oks-id-Iz'a-bl,  adj.  capable 
of  being  oxidized. 

OXIDIZE,  oks'id-fz,  v.t.  to  convert  into  an 
oxide. — v.i.  to  become  an  oxide. — n. 
Osidiz'er. 

OXYGEN,  oks'i-jen,  n.  a  gas  without  taste, 
color,  or  smell,  forming  part  of  the  air, 
water,  etc.,  and  supporting  life  and  com- 
bustion. [Lit,  "  that  which  generates 
acids,"  from  Gr.  oxys,  sharp,  acid,  and 
gennad,  to  generate.] 

OXYGENATE,  oks'ij-en-at,  v.t.  to  unite  or 
cause  to  unite  with  oxygen. — n.  Oxygen- 
a'TION,  act  of  oxygenating. 

OXYGENIZE,  oks'ij-en-iz.  Same  as  Ox- 
ygenate. 

OXYGENOUS,  oks-ij'en-us,  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  obtained  from  oxygen. 

OXYMEL,  oks'i-niel,  n.  a  mixture  of  vine- 
gar and  honey.  [Lit.  '■  sour  honey,"  Gr. 
oxys,  sour,  meli,  honey.] 

OXYTONE,  oks'i-ton,  adj.  having  an  ac^Ue 
sound  :  having  the  acute  accent  on  the 
last  syllable.  [Gr.  oxys,  sharp,  and  tonoe, 
tone,  accent.] 

OYER,  o'yer,  n.  (lit.)  a  hearing:  (law)  a 
commission  which  confers  the  power  of 
hearing  and  determining  treasons-,  etc. 
[Norm^  Ft.  oyer  (Fr.  ouir) — L.  audire,  to 
hear.] 

OYEZ,  OYES,  o'yes,  int.  (lit.)  hear  ye :  the 
introductory  call  of  a  public  crier  for 
attention.  '[Norm.  Fr.,  2d  pers.  pL  im* 
perative  of  oyer.] 


OYSTER 

OYSTER,  ois'ter,  n.  a  well-known  bivalve 
shell  fish.  [0.  Fr.  oistre  (Fr.  hu'itrey—lj. 
astrea—Gr.  ostreon,  an  oyster— os/eoji,  a 
bone.] 

OZONE,  o'zon,  n.  name  given  to  a  modiflca- 
tion  of  oxygen,  when  affected  by  electric 
'iischarges,  marked  by  a  peoujlar  emelL 
;Or.  ozO,  to  aoielL] 


PABULAR,  pcU/a-lar,  adj.  pertaining  to 

food. 

PABULUM,  pab'a-Ium,  «.,  food :  proven- 
dei-:  fuel.  [L— pa-«co,  pa^  to  feed. 
See  Pastoe.] 

PACA,  pa'ka,  n.  a  genus  of  rodent  animals 
belonging  to  South  America.  [Port.,  the 
native  name.] 

PACE,  pas,  n.  a  stride :  {mil.)  the  space 
left  between  the  feet  in  one  step,  meas- 
ured from  heel  to  heel,  and  varying  from 
30  to  36  inches :  a  step :  space  between 
the  feet  in  ordinary  walking,  2J  feet: 
gait :  rate  of  motion  (of  a  man  or  beast): 
mode  of  stepping  in  horses  in  which  the 
legs  on  the  same  side  are  lifted  together: 
amble. — v.t.  to  measure  by  steps:  to 
cause  to  progress:  to  regulate  in  motion. 
—v.i.  to  walk:  to  walk  slowly:  to  amble. 
— n.  PAC3ER,  pas'er.  [Fr.  »os — L.  pasaua— 
pando,  passusy  to  stretch.] 

PACHA,  PACHALIC.  See  Pasha,  Pa- 
sha uc. 

PACHYDERM,  pafi-derm,  n.  one  of  an 
order  of  non-ruminant,  hoofed  mam- 
mals, distinguished  for  the  thickness  of 
their  skin,  as  the  elephant  :—pl.  Pach'y- 
DEEMs  or  Pachyderm' ATA.  [Or.  pachys, 
thick,  Qit.)  Arm,  from  root  pak,  and  der- 
ma, dermatos,  skin.    See  Pack.] 

s-ACHY DERMATOUS,  pak  -  i  -  derm'a-tus, 
adj.  relating  to  a  pachyderm,  or  of  the 
order  of  pachyderms. 

PACIFIC,  pa-sif'ik,  adj.,  peaee-making  : 
appeasing :  mild :  tranquil. — n.  the  ocean 
between  Asia  and  America,  so  called  be- 
cause found  peaceful  by  its  discoverer 
Magellan,  after  weathenng  Cape  Horn. 
—adv.  PACTF'iCALLy.    [See  Paoify.] 

PACIFICATION,  paa-if-i-ka'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  making  peace  between  parties  at 
variance. 

PACIFICATOR,  pa^ifi-kJUtor.  PACIFIER, 
pas'i-fl-er,  n.  a.  peacemaker. — adj.  PAcaF'- 

ICATORY. 

PACIFY,  pas'i-fl,  v.t.  to  make  peaceful :  to 
appease  :  to  calm  :  to  soothe.  [Fr.  poM- 
Jier — L.  paeifico—pax,  pads,  peace,  and 
facio,  to  make.    See  Peace.] 

PACK,  pak,  n.  (lit.)  that  which  is  bound  up 
together :  a  bundle :  a  burden :  a  com- 
plete 3et  of  cards :  a  number  of  hounds 
bunting,  or  kept  together  :  a  number  of 
persons  combined  for  bad  purposes :  any 
great  number. — v.t.  to  press  together  and 
jasten  up  :  to  place  in  close  order :  to 
select  persons  for  some  unjust  object. — 
n.  Pacbc'er.  [From  a  root  found  in  Ger. 
2)aek  and  Celt,  pac,  and  conn,  with  L. 
pango,  Sans,  naf,  to  bind.    Cf.  Pact.] 

PACKAGE,  paVaj,  n.  something  paclced : 
a  bundle  or  bale. 

JACKET,  pak'et,  n.  a  small  package:  a 
despatch  vessel,  so  called  from  its  cairy- 
inig  the  packets  of  letters  :  a  vessel  plying 
regularly  between  ports. — v.t.  to  bind  in 
a  packet  orparcel. 

PACKHORSE,  pak'hora, «.  a  horse  former- 
ly  used  to  carry  goods  in  panniers. 

PACKING,  pak'ing,  n.  the  act  of  putting 
ia_pacfcsortyingup  forcarriage:  material 
forpacking^ 

PACKING-SHEET,     pak'ing-shet,     n.    a 


311 

coarse  cloth  for   packing  or  covninsr 

goods. 
PACEIMA^T,  pak'raan,  n.  a  pedler  or  man 

who  can-ies  a  pack. 
PACK-SADDLE,  pak'-sad'l,  iu  a  saddle  for 

packs  or  burdens. 
PACKTHREAD,   pak'tbred,  n.   a  coarse 

thread  used  to  sew  up  packages. 
PACT,  pakt,  PACTION,  |)ak'8hun,  n.  that 
which  ia  Jixed  or  agreed  on  :  a  contract. 
[L.  pactum— paciseor,  pactus,  to  make  a 
contract— root  pak,  to  bind.    Cf.  Pace, 
Peace.] 
PAD,  pad,  7u   a  thief  on  the  high-road 
(more  commonly  Footpad)  :  a  roadster, 
an  easy-paced  horse. — v.i.  to  walk  on 
foot ;  to  rob  on  foot :— pr.w.  padd'ing ; 
pa.t.  and  pa. p.  nadd'ed.    [Dut.  pad,  a 
path,  cog.  with  E.  Path.] 
PAD,  pad,  n.  anything  stuffed  with  a  soft 
material :  a  soft  saddle,  cushion,  etc. :  a 
package  of  some  soft  material  for  writ- 
mg  upon. — v.t.  to  stuff  with  anji^hing 
soft :  to  fix  colors  in  cloth :—pr.p.  padd- 
ing :  pa.t.  and pa.p.  padd'ed.    [A  variant 
of  Pod,  and  ong.  sig,  "  a  bag.'j 
PADDING,  pad'ing,  n.  the  soft  stuffing  of 
a  saddle,  etc.:  superfluous  matter  intro- 
duced into  a  book  or  article  in  order  to 
make  it  of  the  length  desired. 
PADDLE,  pad!,  v.i.  to  dabble  in  water  with 
the  feet :  to  finger  :  to  beat  the  water  as 
with  the  feet,  to  row. — v.t.  to  move  with 
an  oar  or  paddle. —  n.  a  short,  broad, 
spoon-shaped  oar,  used  for  moving  ca- 
noes :   the  blade  of  an  oar :  one  of  the 
boards  at  the  circumference  of  a  paddle- 
wheel  :  (B.)  a  httle  spade.    [For  Pattle, 
a  freq.  form  of  Pat.] 
PADDLE -MmEEL,    pad'I-hwel,    n.   the 
wheel   used   in   paddling  or  propelling 
steam-vessels. 
PADDOCK,    pad'ub,   ri..  a  toad  or   frog. 
[Dim.  of  M.E.  padde,a  toad — loepadda.} 
PADDOCK,  pad  uk,  n.  a  small  park  under 
pasture,     immediately     adjoining     the 
stables  of  a  domain.    [A.S.  pearroc,  a 
park — sparran   (Ger.  sperren),  to  shut 
(obs.  E.  "  to  spar  ").     Doublet  Paek.] 
PADDOCKSTOOL,  pad'uk-at&Ol,  n.&  toad- 
stool. 
PADDY,  pad'i,  k,  rice  in  the  husk.    [E.  In- 
dian.] 
PADLOCK,  padlok,  n.  a  lock  with  a  link 
to  pass  through  a  staple  or  eye. — v.t.  to 
fasten  with  a  padlock.    [Ety.  unknown.] 
PiElAN,  pe'an,  w,  (wig.)  a  song  in  honor  or 
Apollo :   a  song  of  triumph.    [L.— Gr. 
Paian  or  Paion,  an  epithet  of  Apollo. 
See  Peony.] 
P^DOBAFflSM,   PiEDOBAPTIST.    See 

Pedobaptism,  Pedobattist. 
PAGAN,  pa'gan,  n.  a  heathen. — adj.  hea- 
then.   [L.  paganus,  a  countryman,  rus- 
tic, then  a  heathen,  because  the  coun- 
try people  were  later  in  being  converted 
than  the  people  of  the  towns — vagus,  a 
district  (regarded  as  having  fixed  bound- 
aries)—paj^go,  to  fix.    See  Pact.] 
PAGANISH,  pa'gan-ish,  adj.  heathenish. 
PAGANISM,  p;Vgan-izm,  n.  heathenism. 
PAGANIZE,  pa'gan-iz,  ■!'.<.  to  render  jjaj/an 

or  heathen  :  to  convert  to  paganism. 
PAGE,  paj,  n.  a  bov  attending  on  a  pei-son 
of  distinction.     [Fr.  page ;  ace.  to  Littr6, 

Erob.  from  LowL.pagensts,  a  peasant— 
u  pagus,  a  village  (cf.  Pagan,  Peasant); 
aco.  to  Diez,  through  tlie  It.  from  Or. 
paidion,  dim.  ot  pais,  paidos,  a  boy.] 

PAGE,  paj,  n.  one  side  of  a  leaf:  (orig.) 
a  leaf  of  a  book,  so  called  because  leaves 
were  fastened  together  to  form  a  book : 
— pi.  writings. — v.t.  to  number  the  pages 
of.  [Fr. — L.  pagina,  a  thing  fastened — 
pag,  root  olpa-n-go,  to  fasten.] 

PAGEANT,  paj'ant,  or  pi'-,  n.  a  showy  ex- 


FALACE 

hibition  .  a  spectacle  :  a  fleeting  show ; 
(prig.)  a  scaffold  for  the  purpose  of  scenic 
exhibition. — adj.  showy:  pompous.  [M.E. 
pagent  (with  excrescent  -t  as  in  ancient, 
pheasant),  from  an  older  form  2>agen  or 
pagui— Low  L.  pagina,  a  stage,  some- 
thing framed  or  compacted— L.  pagina 
-~pango,  to  fix.    See  Page,  one  side  of 

PAGEANTRY,  pai'an-tri  or  pa'jan-tri,  *, 
ostentatious  display:  pompous  exhibitlott 
or  spectacle. 

PAGINATION,  paj-i-na'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  paging  a  book  :  the  flgmes  that  indi- 
cate the  number  of  pages.  [See  Page, 
one  side  of  a  leaf.] 

PAGODA,  pa-gO'da,  w.  an  idol-hou>,e :  an 
Indian  idol ;  its  temple.  [Port.,  a  corr. 
of  Pers.  but-kadah,  an  idol-temple.] 

PAH),  pa»l,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Pay. 

PAIDEUTICS,  pa-du'tiks,  n.aing.  the  sci^ 
ence  or  theory  of  teaddng.  [Gr.  paideu- 
tike—paideuo,  to  teach— ^ats,  paidos,  a 
child.] 

PAIL,  p&l,  n.  an  open  vessel  of  wood,  etc., 
for  holding  or  carrying  liquids.  [O.  Fr. 
paele — L.  patella,  a  pan,  dim.  of  patera 
—pateo,  to  be  open.] 

PAILFUL,  pal'fool,  n.  as  much  as  flOs  a 
jmU. 

PAILLASSE,  pal-yas'— Palliassb,  which 
see. 

PAIN,  pan,  n.  bodily  suffering  :  anguish  : 
—pi.  labor :  the  throes  of  childbirth. — 
v.t.  to  distress :  to  torment :  to  grieve. 
[Fr.  2>^ne — L.  poena,  satisfaction,  pen- 
alty, punishment,  cog.  with  Gr.  point, 
penalty.] 

PAINED,  pand,  adj.  (B.)  in  pain,  in  labor. 

PAINtllL,  pan'fool,  adj.  fuU  of  pain  ! 
causing  pain  :  distressing  :  diflScult.-  - 
adv.  PaDTFULLY. — n.  PAIN'FtrLNESS. 

PAINLESS,  pan'les,  adj.  without  pain. 
adv.  Pain'lessly.-— R.  Pain'lessness. 

PAINSTAKER,  pSuz'tak-er,  n.  one  who 
takes  pains  or  care. 

PAINST.IVKING,  panz'tak-ing,  adj.  taking 
pains  or  care :  laborious  :  diligent. — n. 
labor :  diligence. 

PAINT,  pant,  v.t.  to  color :  to  represent  in 
colors  :  to  describe.  —  v.i.  to  practice 
painting :  to  lay  colors  on  the  face. — 
71.  a  coloring  suostance.  [Paint,  O.  Fr. 
pa.p.  of  Ft.  j>elndre,  to  paint— L.  pingo, 
piciws,  to  paint,  cog.  with  Qr.poikUos, 
variegated.  Sans,  pinj,  to  color.] 

PAINTER,  pant'er,  n.  one  whose  employ- 
ment is  to  paint :  one  skilled  in  paint- 
mg. 

PAINTER,  pant'er,  n.  a  rope  used  to  fasten 
a  boat.  [A  corr.  of  il.E.paiittr,  a  fowler's 
noose,  through  O.  Fr.,  from  L.  panther, 
a  hunting-net — Gr.  panthSros,  catching 
all  — pan,  neut.  of  pas,  eveiy,  and  tliSr, 
vrilJ  beast,  E.  Deec] 

PAINTING,  pant'idg,  n.  the  act  or  employ- 
ment of  laying  on  colors:  the  act  of 
representing  objects  by  colors :  a  pict- 
ure :  viNid  description  in  words. 

PAIR,  par,  n.  two  things  equal,  or  suited 
to  each  other,  or  used  together :  a  couple: 
a  man  and  his  wife. — v.t.  to  join  in 
couples. — v.i.  to  be  joined  in  couples :  to 
fit  as  a  counterpart. — Pair  off,  to  go  ojj 
in  pairs :  to  make  an  arrangement  with 
one  of  an  opposite  opinion  by  which  the 
votes  of  both  are  wituheld.  [Fr.  paire,  a 
couple—jjaic,  like — h.par,  equal.  It  was 
orig.  not  confined  to  two,  but  was  applied 
to  a  set  of  like  or  equal  things,  as  a.  pair 
of  cards.] 

PALACE,  pal'as,  n.  a  royal  house  :  a  house 
eminently  splendid :  a  bishop's  official 
residence'.  [Fr.  palais — L.  Patatium,  the 
Roman  emperor  s  residence  on  the  Polar 
tine  Hill  at  Rome.] 


PALADIN 


312 


PAMPHLETEERING 


PALADIK,  pal'ardin,  n.  a  knight  of  Charle- 
BiagTie's  Qousebold  :  a  kiiight-errant, 
generally.  [Fr. — It.  pcUadino — L.  pala- 
linits,  belonging  to  tlie  palace.  See 
Palatine.] 

PAT.^.OGRAPHY,  pSrlS-og'ia-fl,  n.  study 
of  ancient  writings  and  modes  of  writing. 
[Or.  pcdaioa,  ancient,  and  ffraphO,  to 
writej  

FALuEOLITHIC,  pa-16-o-lith'ib,  adj.  ap- 
plied to  the  older  division  of  the  prehis- 
toric Stone  Age.  [Or.  paiaios,  old,  and 
lithos,  stonej 

PALiEOLOGY,  pa-lS-ol'o-ji,  «.  a  disoourae 
or  treatise  on  antiquities :  archssolo^. — 
«.  Pal^xjl'oobt.  [Or.  paiaios,  ancient, 
and  logos,  discourse.] 

PALEONTOLOGY,  pfr-lS-on-tol'o-ji,  n. 
the  science  of  the  annent  life  of  the 
earth,  or  of  its  fossil  remains. — ad/.  Pa- 

LJDONTOLOG'ICAL.— W.    PAL.a»NTOL  OOIST. 

[Or.  paiaios,  ancient,  On,  ontoa,  being, 
logos,  discourse.] 

PALiHOZOIC,  ptlrle-o-zO'ik,  adj.  denoting 
the  lowest  strata  of  the  fossiUferous 
rocks,  so  called  because  they  contain 
the  earliest  forms  of  life.  [Or.  palaioa, 
ancient,  and  zoS,  life.l 

PALANQUIN,  PALANKEEN,  pal-an-kSn', 
n.  a  hght  covered  carriage  used  in  China, 
etc.,  for  a  single  person,  and  borne  on  the 
shoulders  (rf  men.  [Hind,  palang,  a  bed 
— Sans,  paryanka,  a  bed.] 

PAT.  A  TABLE,  pal'at-a-bl,  adj.  agreeable 
to  the  palate  or  taste:  savory.  —  adv. 
Pal'atablt. 

PALATAL  pal'at-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  palate  :  uttered  by  aid  of  the  palate. 
— n.  a  letter,  pronounced  chiefly  hy  the 
aid  of  the  palate. 

PALATE,  pal  at,  n.  the  roof  of  the  mouth 
touched  by  the  food :  tetste :  relish.  [O. 
Fr.palat — L.  palatum.'] 

PA T< ATT  AT.,  pa-Ia'shi-al,  acfj.  pertaining  to 
a  palace :  royal :  magnificent. 

PALATINATE,  pal-at'm-at,  n.  province  of 
a  palatine 

PALATINE,  pal'a-tin,  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
palace,  originally  appUed  to  oflicers  of 
the  royal  household  :  possessing  royal 
privileges. — n.  a  noble  invested  with 
roval  privileges:  a  subject  of  a  palatinate. 
rEV.— L  palatintis.    See  Palace.] 

PALAVER,  pal-a'ver,  n.  idle  talk  :  talk  in- 
tended to  deceive :  a  public  conference. 
[Port,  palavra — h.  parabola,  a  parable 
•— Gr.    See  Paeable.] 

PALE,  pal,  n.  a  narrow  piece  of  wood  used 
in  inclosing  grounds :  anything  that  in- 
closes :  any  inclosure :  limit :  district. — 
v.t.  to  inclose  with  stakes:  to  encom- 

{)ass.  [Ft  pal— Jj.  pains,  a  stake,  for pag- 
us— root  pag  {•—pak),  to  fix.  Doublet 
Pole.    See  Pack.] 

PALE,  pal  adj.  not  ruddy  or  fresh  of  color: 
wan:  of  a  faint  lustre:  dim.  —  v.t.  to 
make  pale. — v.i.  to  turn  ^e. — adv.PALEf- 
LY.^-w.  Pale'ness  [Fr.— L  paHidus, 
pale  ;  aldn  to  Sans,  palita,  gray,  and  E. 
Fallow.    Doublet  Pallid.] 

PALEOGRAPHY,  etc.  SeePAT.TOJGEAPHY, 
etc. 

PALESTRA,  pa  -  les  '  tra,  n.  a  wrestling 
school     [L — Qr.  palaistra—palS,  wrest- 

PAllsTRIC,  parles'trik,  PALESTRICAL 
pa-les'trik-al,  a4j-  pertaining  to  vyrestling. 

PALETOT,  pal'e-t3,  n.  a  loose  overcoat. 
[Fr.,  corr.  of  O.  Dut.  palt-s-roek  (lit.)  a 
"  palace-coat,"  a  court  dress,  pals  oeing 
-=Ger.  pfMln- Am  palatium,  and  O.  Dut. 
roc—Ger.  rocfc,  O.  Ger.  hroch,  from  which 
prob.  E.  Frock,] 

PALETTE,  pal'et,  n.  a  little  ova.  board  on 
which  a  painter  mixes  his  colors.  [Fr. 
—It.  paletta,  dim.  of  paia,  a  spade— L 
J9«i2a,  a  spade.] 


PALFREY,  pal'fri,  n.  a  saddle-horse,  esp. 
for  a  lady.  [Fr.  palefroi — Low  h.para- 
veredus,  prob.  from  Gr.  para,  beside,  ex- 
tra, and  Low  L  veredtis,  a  posthorse.] 

PALIMPSEST,  pal'imp-sest,  n.  a  manu- 
script which  has  been  written  upon  twice, 
the  first  writing  having  been  nibbed  off 
to  make  room  for  the  second,  [Or.  pa- 
limpsSston,  rubbed  a  second  Uiae—paiin, 
again,  and  psestos,  rubbed.] 

PALINDROME,  pal'in-dr6m,  n.  a  word, 
verse,  or  sentence  that  reads  the  same 
either  backward  or  forward,  as  madam. 
[Qr.  palindromia—palin,  back,  and  dro- 
mos,  a  running.] 

PALINO,  pSl'ing,  n.,  pales  in  general :  a 
fence  of  pales :  an  Inclosure. 

PALINODE,  pal'in-Od,  n.  a  song  or  poem 
retracting  a  former  one  :  a  recantation. 
[Fr. — L.--Or.,  from  palin,  back,  andddS, 
a  song.    See  Ode.] 

PALISADE,  pal-i-sOd',  n.  a  fence  of  pouited 
pales  or  stakes  firmly  fixed  in  the  ground. 
— v.t.  to  surround  with  a  palisade.  [FV. 
palissade,  from  L  palus,  a  stake.] 

PALISH,  pal'ish,  aey.  somewhat  pale  or 
wan. 

PAIL,  pawl,  n.  a  cloak  or  mantle :  a  kind 
of  scarf  worn  by  the  Pope,  and  sent  by 
him  to  archbishops :  the  cloth  over  a 
cofBn  at  a  funeral.  [AS.  pcell,  purple 
cloth — L  palla,  a  mantle,  a  curtam, 
conn,  with  pallium,  a  cloak.] 

PALL,  pawl,  v.i.  to  become  vapid  :  to  lose 
strength,  life,  spirit,  or  taste. — v.t.  to 
make  vapid  or  insipid  :  to  dispirit  or 
depress :  to  cloy.  [W.  paUu,  to  fail, 
pall,  loss  of  energy,  failure.] 

PALLADIUM,  pal-l&'di-um,  n.  a  statue  of 
Pallas,  on  the  preservation  of  which  the 
safety  of  ancient  Troy  was  supposed  to 
depend :  any  safeguard  :  a  rare  metal 
found  with  platinum.  JL. — Gr.  paUadioH 
— Pallas,  Pallados,  Pallas  or  Mmerva.] 

PALLET,  pal'et,  n.  a  palette  :  the  sbapmg 
tool  used  by  potters :  an  instrument  for 
spreading  gold-leaf.  [Another  form  of 
Palette.] 

PALLET,  pal'et,  n.  a  mattress,  or  couch, 
properly  a  mattress  of  straw.  [Prov.  Fr. 
paillet,  dim.  of  Fr.  paiUe,  straw.  See 
Palliasse.] 

PALLIASSE,  pal-yas*,  n.  a  small  bed,  orig. 
made  of  chaff  or  straw  :  an  under  mat- 
tress of  straw.  [Fr.  paUl-asse—paille, 
straw — L.  palea,  chaff.  Cf.  PALLET,  a 
mattress,  etc.] 

PALLIATE,  pal  i-at,  v.t,  to  dodk  or  excuse: 
to  extenuate :  to  soften  by  favorable 
representations.  [L  pallialus,  cloaked 
--palliv,m.\ 

PALLIATION,  pal-i-&'sfiun,  n.  act  of  pal- 
liating or  excusing :  extenuation  :  miti- 
gation.  

PALLIATIVE,  pal'i-a-tiv,  adj.  serving  to 
palliate  or  extenuate :  mitigating. 

PALLID,  pal'id,  adj.,  pate  .•having  Uttle 
color:  wan.  [L.  mulidtui.  See  Pale, 
adj.  which  is  a  doublet.] 

PALL-MALL,  pel-mel',  n.  an  old  game.  In 
which  a  halt  was  driven  through  an  iron 
ring  with  a  mallet :  a  street  in  London 
where  the  game  used  to  be  played.  [O. 
Fr.  pale-maille — It.  pallamaglio—palla — 
O.  Ger.  palla  (Gter.  ball),  E.  Ball,  and 
maglio  —  L  maUeus,  a   hammer.     See 

MALL.J 

PALLOR,  pal'or,  n.  quality  or  state  of  being 
pallid  or  pale :  paleness.  fl,.—pallere,  to 
Be  pale,  conn,  vrith  root  of  PaLE.] 

PALM,  pftm,  n.  the  inner  part  of  the  hand: 
a  tropical  branchless  tree  of  many  vari- 
eties, bearing  at  the  smnmit  large  leaves 
Uke  the  palm  of  the  hand,  borne  in  token 
of  victory  or  rejoicing :  (fig.)  triumph  or 
victory. — v.t.  to  stroke  with  the  palm  or 


band:  to  conceal  in  the  palm  of  the  handl 
(esp.  with  off)  to  impose  by  fraud.  [Fr. 
paume^lupaima  ;  cog.  with  Gr.  palame, 

PALMARY,  pal'marri,  adj.  worthy  of  the 
palm:  pre-eminent.     [L.joaZma,  apalm.] 

PALMATE,  pal'mat,  PALMATED,  pal'mat- 
ed,  adj.  shaped  Uke  thepalm  of  the  hand: 
entu-ely  webbed,  as  feet.  [L.  palmatui 
—palma.    See  Palm.] 

PALMER,  pfim'er,  n.  a  pilgrim  from  the 
Holy  Land,  distinguished  hy  his  carrying 
a  braneli  oipalm. 

PALMER- WORM,  pam'er-wurm,  n.  (B.)  a 
hairy  worm  which  wanders  like  &  palmer, 
devouring  leaves,  etc. 

PALMETTO,  pal-met'o,  n.  a  name  for 
several  tan-palms.    [Sp. — L  palma.] 

PALMHOUSE,  pam'hows,  w.  a  glass  fiouse 
for  raising  palms  and  other  tropical 
plants. 

PALMIPED,  pal'mi-ped,  c<^'.  (lit.)  palm- 
footed  :  web-footed. — n,  a  web-footed  or 
swimming  bird.  (L.  palma,  palm  of  the 
band,  and  pes,  pedis,  the  foot.j 

PAT.MTSTER,  pal'mis-ter,  n.  one  who  tells 
fortunes  by  the  lines  of  the  palm  of  the 
hand. — n.  Pal'mistey. 

PALM-SUNDAY,  pfim'-smi'da,  n.  the  Sun- 
day before  Easter,  the  day  our  Savionr 
entered  Jerusalem,  when  palm  branches 
were  strewed  in  his  way. 

PALMY,  pfim'i,  a€(j.  bearing  palma :  flooiv 
ishing :  victorious. 

PALPABILITY,  pal-pa-bU'i-ti,  PALPA- 
BLENESS,  pal'pa-bl-nes,  n.  quality  of 
being  palpable  :  obviousness. 

PALPABLE,  pal'pa-bl,  adj.  that  can  be 
felt :  readily  perceived  :  obvious  :  gross^. 
— ady.  Pal'pably.  [Fr.—L.palpabilis-- 
palpo,  palx>aius,  to  touch  softly.] 

PALPITATE,  pal'pi-tat,  v.i.  to  move  often 
and  quickly  :  to  beat  rapidly  :  to  throb. 
[L.  palpito,  -atus,  freq.  of  palpo.  See 
Palpable.] 

PALPITATION,  pal-pi-ta'shun,  n.  act  of 
palpitating  :  irregular  or  violent  action 
of  the  heart,  caused  by  excitement,  ex- 
cessive exertion,  or  disease. 

PAISY,  pawl'zi,  n.  paralysis. — v.t.  to  affect 
with  palsy :  to  deprive  of  action  or  en- 
ergy :  to  paralyze  '.—pa.p.  pal'sied.  [A 
corr.  o!  Fr.  paralysie-~Qr.  paralysis.  See 

PAEALYSIS.J 

PALTER,  pawl'ter,  v.i.  to  trifle:  to  dodge: 
to  shuffle  :  to  equivocate.  [Prob.  lit.  to 
"  deal  meanly,"  to  "  haggle  over  trifles," 
from  root  of  Paltry.] 

PALTRY,  pawl'tri,  adj.  mean:  vile:  worth- 
less.— adi\  Pal'trily. — n.  Pal'triness, 
[From  a  Teut.  root  seen  in  Dan.  pialter, 
rags,  and  in  Low  Ger.  paltrig,  ragged.] 

PALUDAL,  pal-u'dal,  PALUDINOtrS, 
pal-Q'din-us,  adj.  pertaining  to  marshes  : 
marshy.  [From  L.  palus,  paludis,  a 
marslij 

PAMPAS,  pam'paz,  n.pl.  vast  plains  in  S. 
America.  [Peruvian  pampa,  a  field, 
plain.] 

PAMPER,  pam'per,  v.t.  to  feed  luxuriously 
or  to  the  fuU:  to  glut. — n.  Pam'perer. 
[A  freq.  from  pamp,  a  nasalized  form  of 
Pap;  conn,  with  Low  Ger.  panipen— 
paiupe,  pap  made  of  meal.] 

PAMPHLET,  pam'flet,  n.  a  small  book  con» 
sisting  of  one  or  more  sheets  stitched  to-  * 
gether.  [Ety.  dub.;  ace.  to  Skeat,  perh. 
through  Fr.  from  Pamphila,  a  female 
writer  of  epitomes  in  the  1st  century: 
others  suggest  Fr.  paume,  the  palm  of 
the  hand,  and  feuillet,  a  leaf.] 

PAMPHLETEER,  pam-flet-er',  n.  a  writer 
of   pamphlets. 

PAMPHLETEERING,  pam-flet-er'ing,  adj. 
writing  pamphlets.  — n.  the  writing  ol 
pamphlefs. 


PAN 


313 


PAPYRUS 


PAN,  pan,  n,  a  broad  shallow  vessel  for 
domestic  use:  the  part  of  a  firelock  which 
holds  the  priming.  [A.S.  panne— through 
the  Celt.,  from  L.  patina,  whence  also 
are  Ger.  pfanne.  Ice.  panna.] 

PANACEA,  paa-a-se'a,  n.  an  ail -healing 
remedy :  a  universal  medicine.  [Gr. 
panakeia — pas,  pan,  all,  and  akeomai, 
to  heal.] 

jpANCAKE,  panlcak,  li.  a  thin  cake  of 
eggs,  flour,  sugar,  and  miU.  fried  in  a 
pan. 

1PANCSSA8,  pan'kre-as,  n.  a  fleshy  gland 
(commonly  called  the  "  sweetbread ") 
situated  under  and  behind  the  stomach, 
secreting  a  saliva-like  fluid  which  assists 
digestion  in  the  intestines.  —  ac^/'.  Pan- 
Cbeiat'ic,  pertaining  to  the  pancreas, 
riit.  "  ail  flesh,"  Or.  pas,  pan,  all,  and 
hreas,  flesh.] 

PANDECT,  pan'dekt,  n.  a  treatise  contain- 
ing the  Tmole  of  any  science  :—pl.  the 
digest  of  Roman  or  civU  law  made  by 
command  of  the  Emperor  Justinian.  [L. 
— Gr.  pandectes-^-pas,  pan,  all,  and  dek-, 
root  of  dechomai,  to  take,  receive.] 

PANDEMONIUM,  pan-de-m5'ni-um,  n.  the 
great  hall  of  demons  or  evil  spirits, 
described  by  Milton.  [Lit.  "  the  place  of 
all  the  demons,"  Gr.  pas,  pan,  all,  and 
dainion,  a  demon.] 

PANDEB,  pan'der,  n,  one  who  procuree 
toe  another  the  means  at  gratifying  his 

r lions :  a  pimp.— «.t.  to  play  the  pan- 
for.— «;.«.  to  act  as  a  pander  :  to  min- 
ister to  the  passions.  [From  Pandarus, 
the  pimp  in  the  stoiy  of  Troilus  and 
Cressida.J 

PANDIT.    See  PmroiT. 

PANDOUR.  pan'd65r,  n.  a  Hungarian  foot- 
soldier  in  the  Austrian  service.  [From 
Pandur,  a  village  in  Hungary,  where 
tfaey  were  orig.  raised.] 

PANE,  pan,  n.  a  patch,  esp.  in  variegated 
work :  a  plate  of  glass.  [Fr.  pan,  a  lap- 
pet, pane — L.  pannus,  a  cloth,  a  rag, 
akin  to  Gr.  p^ios,  the  woof,  and  E.  Vane. 
See  also  Panel.] 

PANED,  pand,  acy.  composed  of  panes  or 
small  squares :  variegated. 

PANEGYKIC,  pan-e-jir'ik,  n.  an  oration 
or  eulogy  in  praise  of  some  person  or 
event:  an  encomium. — adjs.  Paneqye'ic, 
Paneqye'ical.  —  adv.  Panbgyr'icat.t.y. 
[Through  L.,  from  Or.  panegyrikos,  flt 
for  a  national  festival  or  "gathering" 
of  a  "  whole"  nation,  as  at  the  Olympic 
games— pas,  pan,  all,  and  agyris,  a 
gatliering.l 

PANEGYKIZB,  pan'e-jir-Iz,  v.t.  to  write 
•r  pronounce  a  panegyric  on  :  to  praise 
highly.— w.  Paneqyr'ist. 

PANEL  or  PANNEL,  pan'el,  n.  (arch.)  a 
compartment  with  raised  margins :  a 
board  with  a  surrounding  frame :  a  thin 
board  on  which  a  picture  is  painted  : 
(tow)  a  schedule  containing  the  names 
of  those  summoned  to  serve  as  jurors : 
the  jury :  {Scots  law)  a  prisoner  at  the 
bar. — v.t.  to  furnish  with  panels  •.—^.p. 
pan'elling;  pa.p.  pan'eUed. — n.  Pan'el- 
UNG,  panel-work.  [Lit.  "a  piece,"  orig. 
"  a  piece  of  cloth,"  O.  Fr. — Low  L.  paw- 
dlus,  dim.  of  L.  pinnus,  a  cloth,  a  rag. 
Cf.  Impanel,  and  see  Pane.] 

§ANG.  pang,  n.  a  violent  momentary  pain: 
a  paroxysm  of  extreme  sorrow :  a  tnroe. 
[A  form  of  Peono,  prob.  modified  by  con- 
losion  with  Fr.  pinng,  a  fist — ^L.  pugnus, 
the  fist.] 

PANIC,  pan'ik,  n.  extreme  or  suddea 
fright.— odj.  of  the  nature  of  a  panic : 
extreme  or  sudden  :  imaginary.  [Orig. 
aa  adj.;  Gr.  panikon  (deima),  "panic" 
(fear),  from  panikos,  belonging  to  Pan, 
god  of  the  woods,  to  whom  suddeo 
n^fatfl  were  ascribed.] 


PANICLE,  pan'i-kl,  n.  (lit.)  a  tuft  on  plants: 
(hot.)  a  form  of  inflorescence  In  which  the 
cluster  is  irregularly  branched,  as  in  oats, 
rii.  pauicula,  double  dim.  of  panus, 
thread  wound  on  a  bobbin,  akin  to  L. 
pannus,  and  Qr.pSnos.    See  Pane.] 

PANIC-STRICKEN,  pan'ik-strik-en,  PAN- 
IC-STRUCK, pan'ik-struk,  acy.,  strude 
with  arpanic  or  sudden  fear. 

PANICULATE,  pan  -  ik'O  -  lat,  PANICJU- 
LATED,  pan-iffU-lat-ed,  axlj.  furnished 
with,  arranged  in,  or  like  panicles. 

PANNEL.    Same  as  PANEL. 

PANNIER,  pan'yer  or  pan'i-er,  n.  one  of 
two  baskets  slung  across  a  horse,  for  car- 
rying light  produce  to  market :  (arch.)  a 
corbel.  [Fr.  panier  —  L.  panarium,  a 
bread-basket,  frompowts,  bread — root  pa, 
to  feed.    See  Pantet.] 

PANOPLIED,  pan'o-plid,  atU.  dressed  in 
panoply :  completely  armed. 

PANOPLY,  pano-pli,  ».,  complete  armor: 
a  full  suit  of  armor,  [(jlr.  panovlia — pa&, 
pan,  all,  and  hopla  (pi.),  arms.j 

PANORAMA,  pan-o-rfi'ma  or  -ra'ma,  n.  a 
picture  representing  a  number  of  scenes 
unroUed  and  made  to  pass  before  the 
spectator.— <«?/.  Panoram'ic.  [Or.  pan, 
all,  and  horama,  a  view,  from  horaH,  to 
seej^ 

PANSY,  pan'zi,  »»■  a  species  of  violet, 
heart's-ease.  [Fr,  pen»6e — peuser,  to 
think,  fromL.peiwo,  toweigfa.topmider. 
See  Pensive,  and  cf.  Fobobt-hb-kot.] 

PANT,  pant,  v.i.  to  breathe  hard:  to  gasp: 
to  throb:  to  desire  ardently.  [Imitative; 
or  a  nasalized  form  of  Pat,  v.t.] 

PANTAGRAPH,  pan'ta-graf,  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  copying  drawings,  esp.  on  a 
different  scale  from  the  original.  [Gr. 
pan,  everything,  and  grapho,  to  write.] 

PANTALOON,  pan-ta-looir,  n.  in  panto- 
mimes, a  ridiculous  character,  a  buffoon: 
(orig.)  a  ridiculous  character  in  Italian 
comedy,  also  a  garment  worn  by  him, 
consisting  of  breeches  and  stockings  all 
in  one  piece  :—^l.  a  kind  of  trousers. 
[Fr.  pantalon — It.  pantalone,  from  Pan- 
laleone  (Gr.  "all-lion"),  the  patron  saint 
of  Venice,  and  a  common  Christian  name 
among  the  Venetians,  wherefore  it  was 
applied  to  them  as  a  nickname  by  the 
other  Italians.] 

PANTHEISM,  pan'the-izm,  n.  the  doctrine 
that  nature  or  the  universe  is  Ood.  [Gr. 
pan,  all,  and  Theism.] 

PANTHEIST,  pan'the-ist,  n.  a  believer  m 
pantheism.—ot^s.  Pantheist'IO,  Panthb- 
ist'ical. 

PANTHEON,  pan'the-on  or  -the'on,  n.  a 
temple  dedicated  to  all  the  gods :  a  com- 
plete mythology.  [L.  pantheon  — Gr. 
pantheion  (hieron),  (a  temple)  common 
to  all  gods.    Cf.  Pantheism.] 

PANTHER,  pan'ther,  n.  a  fierce  spotted 
carnivorous  quadruped,  found  in  Asia 
and  Africa.  [Fr.  panthire—h.  penUliera 
— Gr.  pantliSr.'] 

PANTOMIME,  pan'to-mlm,  n.  one  who  ex- 
presses his  meaning  by  mute  action  :  a 
representation  or  an  entertainment  in 
dumb-show. — adj.  representing  only  by 
mute  action. — adis.  Pantoium'ic,  Panto- 
Mmt'iCAL. — adv.  Pantomiii'ically.  [Fr. 
— L. — Gr.  pantomimos,  imitator  of  all — 
pas,  pantos,  all,  and  mimos,  an  imitator.] 

PANTOMIMIST,  pan'to-mira-ist,  n.  an 
actor  in  a  pantomime. 

PANTRY,  pan'tri,  n.  a  room  or  closet  for 
provisions.  [Fr.  paneterie,  a  place  where 
Dread  is  distributed,  through  the  Low  L., 
from  h.panis,  bread — ^rootpa,  to  nourish. 
See  Paternal.] 

PAP,  pap,  n.  soft  food  for  infants:  pulp 
of  fruit :  support  or  nourishment.-— acM. 
Fafp't.  [IVom  the  first  cviee  of  intants 
for  food.] 


PAP,  pap,  «.  a  nipple  or  teat.     [Of  th« 

same  origin  with  Pap  and  Papa.] 
PAPA,  pa-pa',  w.  father.    [A  redupUcation 

of  one  of  the  first  utterances  of  a  child. ] 
PAPACY,  pa' pa-si,  n.  the  office  of  the  Pope: 

the  authority  of  the  Pope  :  Popery  :  the 

Popes,  as  a  "body.     [Low  L.  papatia- 

papa,  a  father.] 
PAPAL,  pa'pal,  adj.  belonging  or  relating, 

to  the  Pope  or  to  Popery :  Popish. — adv, 

Pa'pally. 
PAPAVERACEOUS,  pap-av  er-a'shus,  adj. 

of  or  like  the  poppy.    [L.  papaver,  the 

PAPER,  pa'per,  n.  the  substance  on  wliich 
we  commonly  write  and  print :  a  piece 
of  paper  :  a  document :  a  newspaper  :  an 
essay  or  Uterary  contribution,  generally 
brief  :  paper-money  :  paper-hangings. — 
adj.  consisting  or  made  of  paper. — v.t. 
to  cover  with  paper :  to  fold  in  paper. 
[A  docked  form  of  Papyrus.] 

PAPER -CREDIT,  pa'per-kred'it,  n.  the 
system  of  dealing  on  credit  by  means  of 
acknowledgments  of  indebtedness  writ- 
ten on  paper. 

PAPER-HANGER,  pa'per-hang'er,  n.  one 
who  hangs  paper  on  the  walls  of  rooms, 
etc. 

PAPER  -  HANGINGS,  pa '  per  -  hang'ingz, 
n.pl.,  paper  for  hangmg  on  or  covering 
walls. 

PAPERINO,  pft'per-in^,  n.  the  operation 
of  covering  or  hangmg  with  paper  :  the 
paper  itself^ 

PAPER-MONEY,  pa'per-mun'i,  n.  printed 
and  authorized  jxipers  issued  by  banks 
and  circulated  in  place  of  coin  or  money. 

PAPER- REED,  pa'per-red,  n.  (B.)  the 
papyrus. 

PAPER-STAINER,  pa'per-stan'er,  n.  one 
who  stains  or  prepares  paper-hangings. 
[Paper  and  Stainer.] 

PAPIER-MACHIE,  pap'ya-nia'sha,  n. 
pulped  paper  moulded  into  forms,  and 
japanned.  fFr.  (lit.)  "pacer  mashed  "  or 
"  chewed  :  papier,  from  Papyrus  ; 
m&che  is  pa.p.  of  Fr.  mdcher,  to  chew — 
L.  masticare.    See  Masticate.] 

PAPILIONACEOUS,  pa  -  pil  -  yo  -  na'shus, 
a^y.  (bot.)  having  a  winged  corolla  some- 
what like  a  butterfly,  as  the  bean,  pea, 
etc.  [From  L.  papilio,  -onis,  a  butter- 
fly.   Cf.  Paviuon.] 

PAPILLA,  parpil'a,  n.  one  of  the  minute 
elevations  on  the  skin,  esp.  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  tongue  and  on  the  tips 
of  the  fingers,  and  in  which  the  nerves 
terminate  :  (bot.)  a  nipple-like  protuber- 
ance -.—pi.  PAPILL'iE.  rL.,  a  small  pus- 
tule or  nipple,  dim.  of  papula,  itself  a 
dim.  from  base  pap,  to  swell.  Cf. 
PnrPLE.l 

PAPILLARY,  pap'il-ar-i  or  pa-pil'ar-i,PAP- 
ILLOUS,  pap'il-us,  adj.  belonging  to  or 
like  pimples,  nipples,  or  teats  :  warty. 

PAPILLOTE,  pap'il-ot,  n.  a  curl-paper. 
[Fr..  from  pajiillot,  old  form  of  papillon, 
butterfly — L.  papilio.] 

PAPIST,  pa'pist,  n.  an  adherent  of  the 
Pope :  a  Roman  Catholic— at^^s.  Papist- 
ic, Papist'ical,  pertaining  to  Popery,  or 
to  the  Church  of  Rome,  its  doctrines, 
etc.— adv.  Papist'ically. 

PAPPOUS,  pap'us,  PAPPOSE,  pap-os', 
adj.  provided  with  dou-n.  [L.  pai^pvs 
— Gr.  pappos,  down.] 

PAPULAR,  pap'ii-lar,  PAPULOUS,  pap'u- 
lus,  PAPULOS,  pap'u-los,  adj.  full  of 
pimples.     [From  L.  pap^da,  a  pimple.] 

PAPYRUS,  pa-pi'rus,  n.  an  Egyptian  reed, 
from  the  inner  rind  (called  byblos)  of 
which  the  ancients  made  their  paper  :  a 
manuscript  on  papyrus  : — pi.  Papy'rJ. 
[L.— Gr.  pap2/ros.    Cf.  Bible.] 


FAB 


314 


PAREGORIC 


PAR,  par,  n.  state  of  equality:  equal  value: 
equality  of  nominal  and  market  value  : 
equality  of  condition.  [L.  par,  equal.] 

PAR  A  RTiK,  par'a-bl,  n.  a  comparison  :  a 
fable  or  allegory  in  which  some  fact  or 
doctrine  is  illustrated.  (TLit.  a  "  placing 
beside,"  Qt. parabola— paraballo,  to  com- 
pare—pare,  beside,  balls,  to  throw. 
Parallel  forms,  Paeaboia,  Paeole^  Pala- 
ver, and  Parley.] 

t^ARABOLA,  par-ab  o-la,  n.  (geom.)  a  conic 
saction  formed  by  the  intersection  of  the 
cone  with  a  plane  parallel  to  one  side. 
[Gr.  parabole.    See  Par.abi.k.1 

PARABOLIC,  par-a/-bol'ik,  PARABOUC- 
AL,  par-a-bol'lk-al,  ai^'.  expressed  by  a 
parable:  belonging  to  or  of  the  form  of 
a  parabola- — ady.  Pahabol'ICALLY. 

PARACHUTE,  par'a-sh66t,  n.  an  apparatus 
resembling  a  huge  umbrella  for  descend- 
ing safely  from  a  balloon.  [Fr.,  forpor' 
d  chute  {Ut.)  "  that  which  parries  against 
falling,"  from  Fr.  parer  (see  Pabet),  and 
chute,  a  fall.] 

PARACLETE,  par'a-kl5t,n.the  Holy  Ghost. 
[Lit.  "one  called  to  stand  beside  one,"  an 
^'advocate,"  through  L.,  fi-om  Or.  jwra- 
kletos-^ara,  beside,  kaleo,  call.] 

PARADE,  par-ad',  n.  the  arrangement  of 
troops  for  display  or  inspection :  the 
place  where  such  a  display  takes  place  : 
military  display :  pompous  display. — v.t. 
to  show  off:  to'marshal  in  miUtary  order. 
— v.i.  to  walk  about  as  if  for  show:  to  pass 
in  military  order:  to  march  in  procession. 
[lit.  a  ^'preparation  for  exhibition,"  Fr. 
— Sp.  parada—parar,  to  halt— L.  para, 
paratus,  to  prepare.] 

PARADIGM,  para-dim,  n.  an  example : 
model :  (gram.)  an  example  of  the  inflec- 
tion of  a  word. — adjs.  PARADiailA'i'lC, 
Paeadigjiat'icai,  consisting  of  or  resem- 
bling paradigms. — adv.  Pakadiojiat'IO 
iLLY.  [Ft.— L. — Qr.  paradeigmor-^para, 
beside,  and  deiknymi,  to  show.] 

PARADISE,  par'a-dis,  n.  the  garden  of 
Eden :  heaven :  any  place  or  state  of 
blissful  delights. — adj.  Paradisi'acaL. — 
Bird  of  Paradise,  a  family  of  Eastern 
birds  closely  aUied  to  the  crow,  remark- 
able for  the  splendor  of  their  plumage. 
[Fr. paradis — L.  paradisus—Qr.  paradei- 
SOS,  a  park  or  pleasure-ground,  an  Ori- 
ental word,  prob.  Persian.] 

PARADOX,  par'a-doks,  n.  that  which  is 
contrary  to  received  opinion,  or  that 
which  is  apparently  absurd  but  really 
true.  [Through  Fr.  and  L.,  from  Gr. 
paradoxon—para,  contrary  to,  and  doxa, 
an  opinion.] 

PARADOXICAL,  par-a-doks'ik-al,  a<t/.  of 
the  nature  of  a  paradox  :  inclined  to 
paradoxes.  —  adv.  Paeados'ICALLY. — n. 
Paeadox'icalness. 

PARAFFINE,  paraffin,  par-af-fin,  n.  a 
white  crystalline  substance,  obtained 
from  shale,  etc.,  so  named  from  its 
slight  tendency  to  combine  with  other 
bodies.  [Fr.  —  L.  parum,  little,  and 
affinis,  allied.] 

PARAGOGE,  par-a-gyje,  n.  the  addition 
of  a  letter  or  syllable  to  the  end  of  a 
word.— ad/s.  Paragogic,  par-a-goj'ik, 
Paragoo'ical.  [L.— Gr.,  from  para,  be- 
yond, and  ago,  to  lead.] 

PARAGON,  par'a-gon,  n.  a  pattern  or 
model  with  which  comparisons  are  made: 
something  supremely  excellent.  [O.  Fr., 
from  Sp.  compound  prep,  para  con,  in 
comparison  with.] 

PARAGRAPH,  par'a-graf ,  n,  a  distinct  part 
of  a  discourse  or  writing:  a  short  passage, 
or  a  collection  of  sentences  with  unity  of 
pm-pose.  —  arf)>.  Paraqraph'ic,  Para- 
OSaph'ical.  [Lit.  that  which  is  "  written 
beside  "  the  text  to  show  division,  as  the 
mark  ^,  the  reversed  initial  of  this  word, 


Ft. — Low  L.  —  Gr.  paragraphos — para, 
beside,  and  graphO,  to  write.] 

PARALEIPSIS,  par-a-lip'sis,  n.  {rliet.)  a 
figm-e  bv  which  one  fixes  attention  on  a 
subject  by  pretending  to  neglect  it,  [Gr., 
from  parateipo,  to  leave  on  one  side — 
para,  beside,  and  leipo,  to  leave.] 

PARALLAX,  pai-'a-laks,  7U  an  apparent 
cliange  in  the  position  of  an  object  caused 
by  change  of  position  in  the  observer: 
(astr. )  the  difference  between  the  apparent 
and  real  place  of  a  celestial  object. — adjg. 
Parallac'tic,  Pasat.i.ac'tical.  [Gr. 
parallaxis—para,  beside,  and  allasso,  to 
change — alios,  another.] 

PARALLEL,  par'al-lel,  adj.  side  by  side : 
(geom.)  extended  in  the  same  direction 
and  equidistant  in  all  parts:  with  the 
same  direction  or  tendency  :  running  in 
accordance  with  :  resembling  in  all  es- 
sential points :  like  or  similar. — n.  a  line 
always  equidistant  from  another :  a  hne 
mar^Dg  latitude:  likeness:  a  comparison: 
counterpart :  (mil.)  in  pi.  the  trenches, 
generally  dug  parallel  with  the  outline 
of  the  fortress. — v.t.  to  place  so  as  to  be 
parallel:  to  correspond  to:— pr.jj.  par*- 
alleUng  or  par'allelling  ;  pa.p.  paralleled 
or  par'allelled.  [Lit.  "  beside  one  an- 
other," Ft. — h,  parallelus—Qr.  paralleloa 
—para,  beside,  allelon,  of  one  another— 
ailos,  anotherj 

PARALLELEPIPED,  par-al-lel-e-pfped, 
Parat.t  F.T,FPip'Eax)y,  improperly  Paral- 
LELOPiPED,  Parai.lelopipedon,V!.  a  regu- 
lar solid  bounded  by  six  plane  parallel 
surfaces.  [L.  — Or.  paralUlepipedon— 
parallelos,  and  epipedon,  a  plane  surface 
—epi,  on,  and  pedon,  the  ground. 

PARALLELISM,  paKal-lel-izm,  n.  state  of 
being  parallel:  resemblance:  comparison. 

PARALLELOGRAM,  par-al-lel'o-gram,  n. 
a  plane  four-sided  figure,  the  opposite 
sides  of  which  are  parallel  and  equal. 
[Fr. — L. — Gr.  parallelos,  and  gramma,  a 
line — grapho,  to  write.] 

PARALOGISM,  par-al'o-jizm,  n.,  reason^ 
ing  beside  or  from  the  point :  a  conclu- 
sion unwarranted  by  the  premises.  (IV. 
— L. — Gr.  paraloglsmos—para,  beside, 
beyond,  and  logismos,  from  logos,  dis- 
course, reason.] 

PARALYSIS,  par-al'i-sis,  ».  a  loss  of  the 
power  of  motion  or  sensation  in  any 
part  of  the  body:  palsy.  [L. — Or. — 
vara,  beside,  and  1^5,  to  loosen.  [Doub- 
let Paisy.1 

PARALYTIC,  par-a-Ut'ik,  a^j.  afflicted 
with  or  incUued  to  paralysis. — n.  one 
affected  with  paralysis.  [i\. — L.  para- 
lyticus— Gr.  paralytikos.] 

Paralyze,  par'a-llz,  v.t.  to  strike  with 
paralysis  or  palsy  :  to  make  useless  :  to 
deaden  :  to  exhaust,  [Fr. — L.— Or.  par- 
aly6,paralyso—para,  indicating  derange- 
ment, and  b/o,  to  loosen,] 

PARAMAGNETIC,  par-a-mag-net'ik,  a4j. 
See  under  DlAilAONETIC. 

PARAMATTA,  par-a-mat'a,  n.  a.  fabric  like 
merino  made  of  worsted  and  cotton. 
[From  Paramatta,  a  town  in  New  South 
Wales.] 

PARAMOUNT,  par'a-mownt,  adj.  superior 
to  all  others :  cliief :  of  the  highest  im- 
portance.— n.  the  chief.  (O.  Fr.  par 
amont  (lit.)  "  by  that  which  is  upiearas," 
i.e.  at  the  top,  par  being  the  L.  prep. 
per.    For  amont,  see  Amoukt.] 

PARAMOUR,  par'a-mo5r,  n.  a  lover,  one 
beloved  (now  used  in  a  bad  sense).  [Fr. 
par  amour,  by  or  with  love — ^I^  per 
amorem.    See  Amoue.] 

PARAPET,  par'a-pet,  n.  a  rampart  breast- 
high  :  a  breast-hign  wall  on  a  bridge, 
etc. — adj.  Pak'apeted,  having  a  parapet. 
[Lit.  a  protection  for  the  breast,  Fr. — It.  I 


parapeito — ^It.  para-re,  to  adorn,  to  pro. 
lect — L.  par  are,  to  prepare  (see  PaBET), 
and  It.  petto — L.  pectus,  the  breast  (see 
PectobaI.).    Cf.  Parasol.] 

PARAPHERl«rALLA,  par-a-fer-nal'i-a,  n.pL 
that  which  a  bride  brings  over  and  above 
her  dowry :  the  clothes,  jewels,  etc.  which 
a  wife  possesses  beyond  her  dowry  in  he? 
own  right :  ornaments  of  dress  generally : 
trappings.  [L.  parapherna — Gr.,  fromi 
para,  beyond,  and  pherne,  a  dowry— 
pherb,  to  bring.    E.  Bear,  v.t.] 

PARAPHRASE,  par'a-fraz,  n.  a  saying  of 
the  same  thing  in  other  words :  an  ex- 
planation of  a  passage  :  a  loose  or  free 
translation. — v.t.  to  say  the  same  thing 
In  other  words :  to  render  more  fully :  to 
intrepret  or  translate  freely. —  v.i,  to 
make  u  paraphrase.  [Fr. — ^L. — Gr.  para/- 
plua.sis — para,  beside,  and  phrasis,  a 
speaking— p7iJ7ie6, to  speak.  See  Phrase.] 

PARAPHRAST,  par'a-frast,  n.  one  who 
paraphrases. 

PARAPHRASTIC,  par-a-frast'ik,  PARA- 
PHRASTICAL,  par-a-frast'ik-al,  adj.  of 
the  nature  of  a  paraphrase:  clear  and 
ample  in  explanation  :  free,  loose,  diffuse. 
— adv.  Paraphrast'ically. 

PARASITE,  par'a-sit,  n.  one  who  frequents 
another's  table :  a  hanger-on  :  (bot.)  a 
plant  nourished  by  the  juices  of  another  : 
(eool.)  an  animal  which  lives  on  another. 
—n.  Par'asitism.  [Lit.  "  one  who  feeds 
mth  another,"  Fr. —  L.  parai^tus—Gr. 
parasites— para,  beside,  and  sitos,  com, 
food.] 

PARASITIC,  par-a-sit'ik,  PARASITICAL, 
par-a-sit'ik-al,  adj.  Uke  a  parasite :  fawn- 
ing :  living  on  other  plants  or  animals. — 
adv.  Parasit'ically, 

PARASOL,  par'a-sol,  n.  a  small  umbrella 
used  as  a  shade  from  the  sun.  [Fr. — It, 
parasole—parare,  to  hold  or  keep  off— L, 
para,  to  prepare,  and  sol.  solis,  the  sun^ 
Bee  Parapet  and  Paery.] 

PARBOIL,  par'boil,  r.^  to  boU  in  part, 
[Part  and  Boil.] 

PARCEL,  par'sel,  n.  a  little  part:  a  por- 
tion :  a  quantity :  a  package. — v.t.  to 
divide  into  portions  : — pr.p.  par'celling  ; 
pa.t.  and  m.jj.  par'celted.  [Ft,  parcelle 
(It.  particeHay—L,.  particida,  dim.  of  pars, 
partis,  a  part.] 

PARCH,  parch,  v.t.  to  bum  slightly:  to 
scorch. — v.i.  to  be  scorched :  to  become 
very  dry.    [?] 

PAR(5irEiD,  parcht,  adj.  scorched. — adv. 
Parch'edly.— w.  Paeotedness. 

PARCHMEN'T,  parch'ment,  n.  the  skin  of 
a  sheep  or  goat  prepared  for  writing  on. 
[Fr.  parchemin — L.  pergamena  (charta, 
paper),  from  Or.  Pergamos,  in  Asia  Minor, 
where  it  was  invented.] 

PARD,  pfird,  w.  the  panther:  the  leopard  : 
in  poetry,  any  spotted  animal.  [L. 
pardus—Gr.  pardos,  the  panther,  the 
leopard.] 

PARDON,  pa/dn,  v.t.  to  forgive:  to  remit 
the  penalty  of. — n.  forgiveness :  remis- 
sion of  a  penalty  or  punishment. — lu 
Par'doxer.  [Lit.  to  give  up,  Fr.  pardon- 
ner — Im'x'L.  perdonare — L.  per,  through, 
away  (—  E.  for),  dono,  donare,  to  give.] 

PARD"0N-A:BLE,  par'dn-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  pardoned :  excusable. — adv.  Pae'don- 

ABLY. — 7J,  PaE'DOXABLEKESS. 

PARE,  par,  v.t.  to  cut  or  shave  off:  to 
diminish  by  littles.  [Lit.  to  prepare  or 
7nake  ready,  Fr.  parer— L.  paro,  to  pre- 
pare.] 

PAREGIORIC.  par-e-gor'ik,  adj.,  soothing: 
assuaging  pam. — n.  a  medicine  that  as- 
suages pain,  tincture  of  opium.  [L. — 
Or.  paregorikos—paregoreo,  to  soothe ; 
properly,  to  exhort— -_para,  beside,  and 
agoreuo,  to  address  an  assembly.] 


PARENT 

PARENT,  par'ent,  n.  one  who  hegeta  or 
brings  forth :  a  father  or  mother  :  that 
which  produces,  a  cause.  [Fr.,  kinsman 
— L.  parens,  for  pariens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of 
pario,  to  beget,  bring  forth.] 

PARENTAGE,  payent-aj,  »»,,  birth:  ex- 
traction :  descent. 

PARENTAL,  pa-rent'al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  becoming  ^^orenfa ;  affectionate :  ten- 
der.— adv.  PAEENT'AtLT. 

PARENTHESIS,  pa-ren'the-sis,  n.  a  word, 
phrase,  or  sentence  put  in  or  inserted  in 

.  another  grammatically  complete  without 
it  :—pl.  the  marks  (  )  used  to  show  tliis  : 
—pi.  Paeen'theses  (-sgz).  [Gr.— :para, 
beside,  en,  in,  thesis,  a  placing.] 

PARENTHETIC,  par-en-thet'ik,  PAREN- 
THETICAL, par.€n-thet'ik-a!,  aty.  ex- 
pressed in  a  harentliesis :  using  paren- 
theses.— adv.  Parenthet'ically. 

PARHELION,  par-he'U-un,  n.  a  bright  light 
sometimes  seen  7iear  the  sun  ."—pi.  Pab- 
he'lia.  [Gr.  para,  beside,  near,  hUioa, 
the  sun.] 

PARIAH,  pS.r'i-a  or  pa'-,  n.  in  Hindustan, 
one  who  has  lost  nis  caste  :  an  outcast. 
[Tamul  pareuer.1 

PARIAN,  pari-an,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
found  in  the  island  of  Paros,  in  the 
^gean  Sea. 

PARIETAL,  pa-rfet-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
tvalls:  (anai.)  forming  the  sides  or  walls: 
(pot.)  growing  from  the  inner  lining  or 
waU  of  anotner  organ.  [L.  parietcuis— 
ixiries.  parktis,  a  wall.] 

PARING,  pacing,  n.  that  which  is  pared 
off :  rind  :  the  cutting  off  the  surface  of 
grass  land  for  tillage. 

PARISH,  par'ish,  n.  a  district  under  one 
pastor :  an  ecclesiastical  district  having 
officers  of  its  own  and  supporting  its 
own  poor. — adi.  belonging  or  relating  to 
a  parish  :  employed  or  supported  by  the 
parish.  [Lit.  a  number  of  dwellinga  near 
one  another,  Fr.  paroisse — h.paroecia — 
Gr,  paroikia—paroikos,  dwelling  beside 
or  neav— para,  beside,  near,  oikoa,  a 
dweUing.l^^ 

PARISHIONER,  par-ish'un-er,  n.  one  who 
belongs  to  or  is  connected  with  a  parish. 
[M.E. parisshen  (with  -er  added)~0.  Ft. 
paroissien.    See  Paeish.] 

PARITY,  par'i-ti,  w.  state  of  being  equai : 
resemblance :  analogy.  [Fr.  parite — L. 
paritas—par.] 

PARK,  pSrk,  n.  an  inclosure :  a  tract  sur- 
rounding a  mansion  :  a  piece  of  ground 
inclosed  for  recreation  :  (mil.)  a  space  in 
an  encampment  occupied  by  the  artil- 
lery ;  hence,  a  collection  of  artillery,  or 
stores  in  an  encampment. — v.t.  to  in- 
close :  to  bring  together  in  a  body,  as 
artillery.  [AS.  pearroc  (see  Paddock,  a 
small  park),  prob.  modiHed  by  Fr.  2'orc ; 
further  ety.  obscure.] 

PARLANCE,  pdr'hins,  n.,  gpeaking:  con- 
versation :  idiom  of  conversation.  [Fr. 
—parlant,  pr.p.  of  parley,  to  speak.  See 
next  word.] 

PARLEY,  parTi,  v.L  to  speak  with  an- 
other: to  confer:  to  treat  with  an 
enemy. — n.  talk :  a  conference  with  an 
enemy  in  war.  [Lit.  "  to  throw  words 
together,"  Fr.  parter—li.  parabola^— Qr. 
parabolS,  a  parable,  speech,  word.  See 
ParableJ 

PARLIAMENT,  pflr'li-ment,  n.  meeting 
for  consultation:  the  legislature  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  consisting  of  the  sovereign, 
lords,  and  commons.  [Lit.  "  a  parleying 
or  speaking,"  Fr.  parlemevt — parler.} 

PARLIAlIENTARIAN.par-li-men-ta'ri-an, 
adj.  adhering  to  the  Parliament  in  op- 
position to  Charles  I. 

PARLIAMENTARY,  par-li-ment'ar-i.  adj. 
pertaining  to  parhament :   •aiacted   or 


315 

done  bv  parliament :  according  to  the 
rules  of  legislative  bodies. 

PARLOR,  par'lur,  n.  an  ordinary  sitting- 
room  :  (orig.)  a  room  in  a  monastery  for 
convermtU/a.  [Fr.  parloir  —  parler,  to 
speakj 

PAROCHIAL,  par-0'ki-al,  adj.  of  or  relating 
tosx  parish.— adv.  Paeo'chially.— Pabo- 
CHJAL  Board  fin  Scotland),  the  board  in 
each  parish  wnich  is  charged  with  the 
relief  of  the  poor.  [L.  parochialis—paro- 
cilia,  a  variant  of  paroecia.    See  Paeisb.  ] 

PAROCHIALIZE,  par-dTd-al-Iz,  v.t.  to 
form  into  parishes. 

PARODY,  par'o-di,  n.  a  caricature  of  & 
poem  made  by  applying  its  words  and 
ideas  with  a  burlesque  effect.— -».(.  to 
apply  in  parody  :  — pa.p.  parodied. — n. 
Pae  ODIST,  one  who  writes  a  parody.  [L. 
—Or.  parOdia—pctra,  beside,  OdS,  an  ode 
or  song.] 

PABOLE.  par-or,  ».  word  of  mouth:  {mii.) 
word  of  honor  (esp.  by  a  prisoner  of  war, 
to  fulflll  certain  conditions) :  the  daily 
password  in  camjp  orgarrison.-- a((/.  given 
by  word  of  mouth.  llfT.—L.  parabola,  a 
parable,  a  speech,  a  saying.    See  Pab- 

ABLE.I 

PARONOMASIA,  par-o-no-ma'zhi-a,  n.  a 
rhetorical  figure  in  which  words  similar 
in  sound  are  set  in  opposition  or  antithesLs. 
[Qr.—pariynffmoa.    See  PAEONYMOua.] 

PAEONYME,  par'o-nini,  n.  &  paronjfmous 
word. 

PARONYMOXJS,  par -oni-mus,  adj  formed 
by  a  slight  cluinge  of  word  or  narne :  de- 
rived from  the  same  root :  having  the 
same  sound,  but  different  in  spelling  and 
meaning.  [Gr.  para,  beside,  onoma,  E. 
Name.] 

PAEOQtJET,  pai'o-ket,  n.  a  small  kind  of 
parrot  found  in  tropical  countries.  [Lit. 
"  little  Peter,"  Fr.  perrogptet  —  Pierrot, 
dim,  of  Pierre,  Peter.] 

PAROXYSM,  par'oks-izm,  n.  a  fit  of  acute 
pain  occurring  at  intervals :  a  fit  afpas- 
sion  :  any  sudden  violent  action.  [Fr. — 
L.  —  Gr.  paroxyamos  —  para,  beyond  ~ 
oxya,  sharp.] 

PAROXYSMAIi,  par-oks-ir'mal,  adj.  per- 
taining  to  or  occurring  iaparoxyanu. 

PARQUETRY,  par'ket-n,  n.  figured  inlaid 
woodwork  for  floors.  [Fr.,  from  parquet, 
an  inlaid  floor,  dim.  of  pare,  an  incloeura. 
See  Paek.] 

PARR,  par,  n.  a  young  sahanon.  [Ety.  un- 
knowii.] 

PARRAKEET,  par'»-k5t,  n.  same  as  Paro- 
quet. 

PARRICIDAL,  par-ri-8ld'al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  committing  parricide. 

PARRICIDE,  payri-eld,  n.  the  murderer  of 
a  father  or  mother :  the  murder  of  a 
parent :  the  murder  of  any  one  to  whom 
reverence  is  due.  [Fr.— L.  parricida  (for 
patri-cida)  —  pater,  patria,  father,  and 
ccedo,  to  slay.] 

PARROT,  par'ut,  n.  one  of  a  family  of 
tropicjil  hirds,  with  brilliant  plumage 
ana  a  hooked  bill,  remarkable  for  their 
faculty  of  imitating  the  human  voice. 
[Contr.  of  Fr.   perroquet.     See   P.iBO-. 

QtTET.J 

PARRY,  par*!,  v.t.  to  ward  or  keep  off:  to 
turn  aside:— pa.f.  and  pa.p.  parr'ied. 
[Fr.  parer  (lt.mrare)—L.  paro,  to  pre- 
pare, keep  off.T 

PARSE,  pfirs,  v.t.  (gram.)  to  tell  the  parts 
of  speech  of  a  sentence  and  their  rela<- 
tions.— n.  Pabs'ino.  [L.  para  (orationia), 
a  part  of  speech.] 

PARSEE,  paKsg  or  par-sS',  ii.  one  of  the 
adherents  of  the  ancient  Persian  religion, 
now  settled  in  India.  [Per.  Pdrai,  a 
Persian — Para,  Persia.] 

PARSDI0NI0U8,  par-si-m6'nl-u3,  adj., 
tvaring  in  the  u*')  ot  money  :  frugal  to 


PARTICULAK 

excess  :  covetous. — adv.  PAESmo'iaocst 
LY. — n.  PAHSmo'NlOnSNESS. 

PARSDIONY,  par'si-mun-i,  n.,  sparinff> 
ness  in  the  spendinpr  of  money  :  frug^- 
ity :  niggardhness.  [Fr.— L.  ynrsimonia, 
pareimonia — parco,  to  spare.] 

PARSLEY,  pai-sli,  n.  a  bright-green  pot- 
herb. [Fr.  persil—lM  pL'troseHnum—Qr. 
petroseltnon—petros,  a  rock,  selinon,  a 
kind  of  parsley.    See  Ceu:ey,1 

PARSNIP.  PAKSNEP,  parsnip,  n.  an  em 
ble  plant  with  a  carrot-like  root.   [O.  Fr. 
pastenaqtie—lk  pastinacor—ixistinum,  a 
Sibble.j 

PARSON,  p&r'sn,  n.  the  priest  or  tncum- 
bent  of  a  parish  :  a  clergyman.  |0.  Fr. 
peraone,  a  parson,  from  L.  pert'  na,  a 
character,  person,  which  in  Low  J  .  bad 
the  sense  of  rank,  dignity,  and  so  waa 
applied  to  a  clergyman.    See  Peeso-'.] 

PARSONAGE,  par-sn-aj,  m.  (orig.)  the  )en- 
eflce  of  a  parish :  the  residence  of  the 
incumbent  of  a  parish. 

PART,  pfirt,  n.  a  portion  :  a  quantity  or 
number  making  up  with  others  a  larger 
quantity  or  number :  a  fraction  :  a  mem- 
ber :  a  proportional  quantity :  share : 
interest :  side  or  party  :  action  ;  (math.) 
a  quantity  which  taken  a  certain  num- 
ber of  times  will  equal  a  larger  quantity: 
(mitaic)  one  of  the  melodies  of  a  har* 


monv  :—pl.  quahties :  talents. — v.t.  to 
divide:  to  make  into  parts:  to  put  or 
keep  asunder. — v.t.  to  oe  separated :  to 


be  torn  asunder:  to  have  a  part  or  share. 
— Paet  op  speech  (gram),  one  of  the 
classes  ot  words. — In  good-part.  In  bad- 
PAET,  favorably,  unfavorably.  [Fr. — L. 
pars,  partis.] 

PARTAKE,  par-tak*,  c.t.  to  take  or  have  a 
part :  to  have  something  of  the  proper« 
ties,  etc.:  to  be  admitted. — v.t.  to  have  a 
part  in  :  to  share.— n..  Paetak'er. 

PARTAKING,  par-t&k'ing,  n.  a  shaiing; 
(law)  a  combination  in  an  evil  design. 

PARTERRE,  par-tar",  n.  a  system  of  plots 
with  spaces  of  turf  or  gravel  for  walks. 
[Fr. — L.  %ier  terram,  along  the  ground.] 

PARTIAL,  par'shal,  adj.  relating  to  a.  part 
only:  not  total  or  entire  :  inclined  to  fav- 
or one  party  :  having  a  pi-eference :  (bot.) 
subordinate. — adv.  PARTIALLY.  [Fr.— 
Low  1m  partialis — L.  para.] 

PARTIALrry,  par.«hi-al'it-i,  n.  quality  of 
being  partial  or  inclined  to  favor  one 
party  or  side  :  liking  for  one  thing  more 
than  others. 

PARTIBLE,  part'l-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
parted  :  separable. — n.  Paetibil'ity. 

PARTICIPANT,  par-tis'i-paut,  adj.,  partic- 
ipating: sharing. — n.  a  partaker.— ado. 
Partk''ipantly. 

PARTICIPATE,  par-tis'i-pat,  v.i.  to  par- 
take: to  have  a  snare. — n.  Pabticipa'tion. 
[L.  participo,  -atiim—pars,  and  capio,  to 
take.l 

PARTICIPIAL,  par-ti-«ip'i-al,  adj.  having 
the  nature  of  a  participle :  formed  from 
a  participle.— adv.  Paeticif'IAT.I.Y. 

PARTICIPLE,  par'ti-si-pl,  w.  a  word  par- 
taking  of  the  nature  of  both  adjective 
and  verb.  [L.  participium—particeps, 
sbarintr— pars,  and  capio,  to  take.] 

PARTICLE,  par'ti-kl,  n.  a  little  part :  » 
very  small  portion  :  (physics)  the  minute 
est  part  into  which  a  body  can  be  di'dded  f 
(gram.)  an  indeclinable  word,  or  s  word 
that  cannot  be  used  alone  :  in  R  Cath, 
Church,  a  crumb  of  consecrated  bread 
also  the  "  smaller  breads "  used  in  the 
communion  of  the  laity.  [Fr.— L.  par- 
tic^da,  dim.  of  pars,  partis.] 

PARTICULAlt,  pai--tik'Q-lar,  adj.  relating 
to  aparticle :  pertaining  to  a  single  person 
or  thing  :  Individual :  special :  worthy  of 
special  attention  :  concerned  with  things 
Bingie  or  distinct ;  exact:  nice  in  taste; 


PARTICULARITY 


316 


PASTIME 


precise. — n.  a  distinct  or  minute  part : 
a  single  poiat :  a  single  instance  : — pi. 
details. —  IN  PAETICOLAE,  specially,  dis- 
tinctly. [Ft. — L.  partieularis — partio- 
via.] 

(SAETICULAEITY,  par  •  tik  -  0-  lar '  i  -  ti,  ?i, 
quality  of  being  particular :  minuteness 
of  detail :  a  single  act  or  case  :  something 

'    peculiar  or  singular. 

PARTICULARLY,  par-tik'a-lar-li,  adv.  (B.) 
in  detail. 

?AKTICULARIZE,  par-tik'Q-lar-Iz,  v.t.  to 
mention  the  particulars  ot :  to  enumerate 
in  detail. — v.i.  to  mention  or  attend  to 
single  things  or  minute  details. 

PARTING,  part'ing,  acy.  putting  apart: 
separating  :  departing :  g^ven  at  p^ing. 
— re.  the  act  of  parting  :  a  division  :  (geol.) 
a  Assure  in  strata. 

PARTISAN,  pSr'ti-zan,  n.  an  adherent  of 
a  party  or  faction. — adj.  adhering  to  a 
party. — n.  Pae'tzsanship.  [Ft. — It.  par- 
iigiano — L.  partior.    See  Pakty.J 

PARTISAN,  par'ti-zan,  n.  a  kind  of  halberd. 

eiV.  pertuisane,  which  is  perh.  from  O. 
er.  parta,  barie,  a  battle-axe,  seen  in 
Halberd.] 

PARTITE,  par'tlt,  adj.  (bot.)  parted  nearly 
to  the  base.  [L.  partitus,  pa.  p.  of  par- 
tior,to  divide— ^pars.  ] 

PARTITION,  par-tish'un,  n.  act  ot  parting 
or  dividing :  state  of  being  divided  :  sep- 
arate part :  that  which  divides :  a  wall 
between  apartments :  the  place  where 
separation  is  made. — v.t.  to  divide  into 
shares :  to  divide  into  parts  by  walls. 
[Fr. — L.  partitio— partior.] 

PARTITIVE,  pSr'ti-tiv,  adj.,  parting:  di- 
viding: distributive. — n.  {gram.)  a  word 
denoting  a  part  or  partition. — adv.  Pab'- 
TrnvELY.] 

■5  ARTLET,  partlet,  n.  a  ruff  or  band  worn 
by  women :  a  hen,  from  ruffling  the 
feathers  round  its  neck.    [Dim.  of  Paet.] 

PARTLY,  partll,  adv.  in  part:  in  some  de- 
gree. 

■MRTNER,  part'ner,  n.  a  sharer:  an  associ- 
ate: one  who  dances  with  another:  a  hus- 
band or  wife. 

PARTNERSHIP,  pftrt'ner-ship,  re.  state  of 
being  a  partner:  a  contract  between  per- 
sons engaged  in  any  business. 

PARTOOK,  par-took',  past  tense  of  Pab- 

TAKE. 

PARTRIDGE,  pfa'trij,  «.  a  genus  of  gallin- 
aceous birds  preserved  for  game.  [Fr. 
perdrix — Jj.perdix,  perdicia — Gr.  pemiuc.] 

2'ARTRIDGE-WOOD,  pSr'trij-wood,  n.  a 
hard  variegated  wooa,  from  Brazil  and 
the  W.  Indies,  usedin  cabinet-work. 

PART-SONG,  pflrt'-eong,  n,  a  song  sung  in 

iPilHTiRIENT.  par-tQ'ri-ent,  adj.,  bringing 
Ot  about  to  bnng  forth  young.  [L.  par- 
turiens,  -entis,  pr.p,  of  iKirtuHo—^pario, 
to  bring  forth.] 

PARTURITION,  par-tfl-rish'un,  n.  act  of 
bringing  forth.  [Fr. — L.  paHurUio— 
parturic] 

PARTY,  pSrti,  n.  apart  of  a  greater  num- 
ber of  persons :  a  faction  :  a  company 
met  for  a  particular  purpose ;  an  assem- 
Wy :  one  concerned  in  any  affair :  a  single 
fajoividual  spoken  of:  (mil.)  a  detachment. 
—adj.  belonging  to  a  party  and  not  to  the 
Irtiole  :  consisting  of  different  parties, 
parts,  or  things  :  0ier.)  parted  or  divided. 
pPr.  porii — O.  Fr.  pcinir — L.  partior,  to 
oivlae,  from  i^ars,  a  part.] 

!?ARTY-COLORED,  par-ti-kururd,  ac^., 
colored  differently  at  different  2}arts. 

PARVENU,  par've-noo,  n.  an  upstart :  one 
newly  risen  into  notice  or  power.  [Fr., 
pa.p.  of  parvenir—lj.  pervenio,  to  arrive 
at-^^jper,  quite  to,  venio,  to  come.] 

PARVlS,  pfir'vis,  n.  a  porch :  a  schoolroom 
over  a  church  porch.     [O.  Fr.— Low  L. 


paravisus,  corr.  of  6r.  paradeisos.  See 
Pakadise.] 

PASCH,  pask,  n.  the  Jewish  passover: 
Easter.  —  Pasch  OF  THE  CROSS,  Good- 
Friday.  [A.S.  pasc7ia— L.— Gr.— Heb. 
pesach,  the  Passover— pasacA,  to  pass 
over.] 

PASCHAL,  pasTsal,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
Pasch  or  Passover,  or  to  Easter. 

PASHA,  PACHA,  pa'sha  or  pash-a',  re.  a 
title  of  Turkish  officers  who  are  govern- 
ors of  provinces  or  hold  high  naval  and 
military  commands.  [Per.  oasha,  a  corr. 
of  padshah— pad,  protecting,  and  shah, 
king.] 

PASHALIC,  pa-shai'ik,  n.  the  jurisdictioa 
of  a  pasha. 

PASQUE-FLOWER,  PASCH-FLOWER, 
pask'-flow'er,  re.  a  kind  of  anemone, 
which  flowers  about  Easter. 

PASQUIN,  pas'kwin,  PASQUINADE,  pas'- 
kwin-ad,  n.  a  lampoon  or  satire. — v.t.  or 
v.i.  to  lampoon  or  satirize.  [Pasquino,  a 
tailor  in  Rome  in  15th  cent,  remarkable 
for  his  sarcastic  humor.] 

PASS,  pas,  v.i,  to  pace  or  walk  onward :  to 
move  from  one  place  to  another:  to  travel : 
to  go  from  one  state  to  another:  to  change: 
to  circulate  :  to  be  regarded  :  to  go  by  : 
to  go  unheeded  or  neglected  :  to  elapse, 
as  time :  to  be  finished  :  to  move  away : 
to  disappear :  (B.)  to  pass  away  :  to  go 
through  inspection  :  to  be  approved  :  to 
happen :  to  fall,  as  by  inheritance :  to 
flow  through:  to  thrust,  as  with  a  sword: 
to  run,  as  a  road  '.—pa.p.  passed  and  past. 
[Fr.  passer.  It.  passare — L.  passus,  a  step. 
See  Pace.] 

PASS,  pas,  v.t.  to  go  by,  over,  beyond, 
tiirough,  etc.:  to  spend:  to  omit,  to  dis- 
regard: to  surpass:  to  enact,  or  to  be 
enacted  by :  to  cause  to  move  :  to  send  : 
to  transfer:  to  give  forth :  to  cause  to  go 
by  :  to  approve  :  to  give  circulation  to : 
(fencing)  to  thrust. — Come  to  pass,  to 
happen. 

PASS,  pas,  n.  that  through  which  one 
passes :  a  narrow  passage  :  a  narrow  de- 
file :  a  passport :  state  or  condition : 
(fencing)  a  thrust. — re.  Pass'book,  a  book 
that  passes  between  a  trader  and  his  cus- 
tomer, in  which  credit  purchases  are  en- 
tered.— n.  Pass'key,  a  key  enabling  one  to 
pass  or  enter  a  house  :  a  key  for  opening 
several  locks. — n.  Pass'woed,  (mil.)  a  pri- 
vate ttx/rd  enabling  one  to  pass  or  enter  a 
camp,  by  which  a  friend  is  distinguished 
from  a  stranger. 

PASSABLE,  pas'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
passed,  travelled,  or  navigated :  that 
may  bear  inspection  :  tolerable.  —  re. 
Pass'ableness.— fldt;.  Pahs' ablt. 

PASSAGE,  pas'aj,  re.  act  of  passing:  jour- 
ney :  course  :  time  occupied  in  passing  : 
way  :  entrance  :  enactment  of  a  law  : 
right  of  passing :  occurrence :  a  single 
clause  or  part  of  a  book,  etc. :  (B.)  a 
mountain-pass:  ford  of  a  river:  (zool.) 
migratory  habits. 

PASSANT,  pas'ant,acy.  (^er.)  walking  (said 
of  an  animal).    [Fr.    See  PASS,  v.i.] 

PASSENGER,  pas'en-jer,  n.  one  whopasses: 
one  who  travels  in  some  public  convey- 
ance. [Fr.  passager,  with  inserted  n,  as 
in  messenger,  porringer,  nightingale.] 

PASSER,  pas'er,  n.  one  who  passes. — re. 
Pass'er-by,  one  who  passes  by  or  near. 

PASSERINE,  pas'er-in,  adj.  relating  to  the 
passeres,  an  order  of  birds  of  which  the 
sparrow  m  the  type.  [L.  passer,  a  spar- 
rowj 

PASSING,  pas'ing,  ody.,  going  by :  surpass- 
ing.—  adv.  exceedingly.  —  re.  Passing- 
BEili,  a  bell  tolled  immediately  after  a 
person's  death,  orig.  to  invite  prayers 
for  the  soul  passing  into  eternity. 


PASSION,  pash'un,  w.  strong  feeling  ot 
agitation  of  mind,  esp.  rage  :  ardent  love; 
eager  desire  :  state  of  the  soul  when  re* 
ceiving  an  impression  :  endurance  of  an 
effect,  as  opposed  to  action :  the  suffer- 
ings, esp.  the  death  of  Christ  ■.—pi.  ex« 
cited  conditions  of  mind.  [Fr. — L.  pas' 
sio,  passionis^2^(issus,  pa.p.  oi  patior,  tc 
suffer.    See  Patient  and  Passive.] 

PASSIONATE,  pash'un-at,  adj.  moved  by 
passion :  easily  moved  to  anger  :  intense: 
—adv.  Pas'sionately.— Ji.  Pas'sionatb- 
ness. 

PASSION-FLOWER,  pash'un-flow'er,  n.  a. 
flower  so  called  from  a  fancied  resem- 
blance to  a  crown  of  thorns,  the  em- 
blem of  Christ's  passion. 

PASSIONLESS,  pash'un-les,  adj.  free  from 
passion  :  not  easily  excited  to  anger. 

PASSION-PLAY,  pash'un-pla,  n.  a  relig- 
ious drama  representing  the  passion  of 
Christ. 

PASSION-WEEK,  pash'un-wek,  n.  name 
commonly  given  to  Holy-week  (as  being 
the  ipeeJc  ot  Christ's  passion  or  suffering, 
that  Is,  his  trial  and  crucifixion) ;  but, 
.recording  to  proper  rubrical  usage,  the 
week  preceding  Holy-week.    [See  HoLY- 

WEEK.] 

PASSIVE,  pas'iv,  adj.,  suffering:  unresist- 
ing :  not  acting :  (gram.)  expressing  the 
suffering  of  an  action.— adt>.  Pass'ivelt. 
— n.  Pass'iveness.  [Ft. — L.  passivus — 
patior.    See  Passion.] 

PASSIVITY,  pas-iv'i-ti,  n.,  passiveness :  in- 
activity :  (physics)  tendency  of  a  body 
to  preserve  a  given  state,  either  of  mo- 
tion or  rest. 

PASSMAN,  pas'man,  re.  one  who  gains  only 
an  ordinarv  degree  or  pa,ss  at  an  exana-- 
ination.    [Oxford  Univ.,  Eng.] 

PASSOVER,  pas'5-ver,  n.  an  annual  feasi 
of  the  Jews,  to  commemorate  the  de;- 
stroying  angel's  passing  over  the  houses 
of  the  Israelites  when  he  slew  the  first- 
born of  the  Egyptians. 

PASSPORT,  passport,  re.  a  written  warrant 
granting  permission  to  travel  in  a  for- 
eign country  :  (orig.)  permission  to  pass 
out  oiport  or  through  the  gates.  [Pass, 
and  L.  partus,  a  harbor,  or  porta,  a 
gate.] 

PAST,  past,  pa.p.  of  Pass. — adj.  gone  by : 
elapsed  :  ended  :  in  time  already  passed. 
—prep,  farther  than:  out  of  reach  of :  no 
longer  capable  of. — adv.  by. — ^The  past, 
that  which  has  passed,  esp.  time. 

PASTE,  past,  re.  dough  prepared  for  pies, 
etc. :  a  cement  of  flour  and  water :  any- 
thing mixed  up  to  a  viscous  consistency : 
a  fine  kind  of  glass  for  making  artiflcial 
gems. — v.t.  to  fasten  with  paste. — re. 
Paste'boaed,  a  stiff  board  made  of  sheets 
of  paper  pasted  together,  etc.  [O.  Fr. 
paste   (FV.  pdte) — Late   L.  2^£^f<^ — Gr. 

fasti,  a  mess  of  tood—pastos,  besprin- 
led  with  salt— -passo,  to  sprinkle.] 

PASTEL,  pas'tel,  PASTIL,  pas'til,  re. 
(paint.)  a  roll  of  colored  paste,  used  for 
a  crayon :  a  medicated  lozenge.  [Fr. 
pastel — It.  pastello — L.  pastillus,  a  small 
loaf,  dim.  of  pastus,  foodL—pasco,  pasttis. 
to  feed.    Doublet  Pastille.] 

PASTERN,  pas'tern,  re.  the  part  of  a  horse's 
foot  from  the  fetlock  to  tne  hoof,  where 
the  shackle  is  fastened.  [O.  Fr.  ixisturott 
(Fr.  pdturon) — O.  Fr.  pasture,  pasture,  a 
tether  (for  a  horse  at  pasture).! 

PASTILLE,  pas-tel',  n.  a  small  cone  of 
charcoal  and  aromatic  substances,  burnt 
to  perfume  a  room  :  asmall  aromatic  pill. 
[Fr. — L.  pastillus,  asmall  loaf ;  a  doublet 
of  Pastel.] 

PASTIME,  pas'tim,  n.  that  which  serves  to 
pass  away  the  time :  amusement  ;•  recre*- 
tion. 


PASTOR 


317 


PAVEMENT 


PASTOR,  pas'tiir,  n.  a  shepherd  :  a  cler^- 
man.  [L.,  from  pastus,  to  feed,  pa.p.  of 
pasco,  to  feed.] 

PASTORAL,  pas'tur-al,  adj.  relating  to 
shepherds  or  shepherd  life  :  rustic  :  relat- 
ing to  the  pastor  of  a  church:  addressed  to 
the  clergy  of  a  diocese. — n.  a  poem  which 
professes  to  delineate  the  scenery  and  life 
of  the  country  :  a  pastoral  letter  or  ad- 
dress :  (mus.)  a  simple  melody. 

PASTORATE,  pas'tur-at,  PASTORSHIP, 
pas'tur-ship,  n.  the  office  of  a  pastor. 

PASTORLY,  pas'tur-li,  adj.  becoming  a 
pastor. 

PASTRY,  past'ri,  m.  articles  of  fancy-bread, 
chiefly  of  paste  or  dough  :  crust  of  pies  : 
act  or  art  of  making  articles  of  paste. — 
n.  Past'rycook,  one  who  cooks  or  sells 
pastry.    [From  Paste.] 

PASTURABLE,  past'ur-a-bl,  adj.  that  can 
be  pastured  :  fit  for  pasture. 

PASTURAGE,  past'ur-aj,  n.  the  business  of 
feeding  cattle :  pasture. 

PASTURE,  past'flr,  n.  grass  for  grazing : 
ground  covered  with  grass  for  grazing. — 
v.t.  to  feed  on  pasture  :  to  supply  with 
grass. — v.t.  to  feed  on  pasture  :  to  graze. 
[O.  Fr.  pasture  (Fr.  pature) — L.  pastura 
— pasco,  pastum.] 

PASTY,  past'i,  adj.  like  paste. — n.  a  small 
pie  of  crust  raised  without  a  dish. 

PAT,  pat,  n.  a  light,  quick  blow,  as  with  the 
hand. — v.t.  to  strike  gently:  to  tap: — 
pr.p.  patt'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  patt'ed. 
[From  the  sound.] 

PAT,  pat,  71.  a  small  lump  of  butter. 
[Celt.,  as  Ir.  pait,  a  lump.] 

PAT,  pat,  adj.  fitly :  at  the  right  time  or 
place.  [An  application  of  Pat,  a  light 
blow.] 

PATCH,  pach,  v.t.  to  mend  with  a  piece  : 
to  repair  clumsily:  to  make  up  of  pieces: 
to  make  hastily.  —  n.  a  piece  sewed  or 
put  on  :  anything  like  a  patch  :  a  small 
piece  of  ground  :  a  plot.  [Low  Ger. 
patschen  :  prob.  conn,  with  PIECE.] 

PATCHOULI,  pa-cho6'li,  n.  the  highly 
odoriferous  dried  branches  of  an  Eastern 
shrub,  li-3  ft.  high :  the  perfume  dis- 
tilled from  these.  [Lit.  "  the  gum-leaf  ;  " 
Tamil,  patchei,  gum,  and  elei,  a  leaf.] 

PATCHWORK,  pach'wurk,  ?i.  ,worfc  formed 
of  patches  or  pieces  sewed  together :  a 
thing  patched  up  or  clumsily  executed. 
[Patch  and  Work.] 

PATE,  pat,  n.  the  crown  of  the  head  :  the 
head.  [Through  O.  Fr.,  from  Ger.  platte, 
a  plate  (whence  Low  L.  platta,  a  priest's 
tonsure).] 

PATEN,  pat'en,  n.  the  plate  for  the  bread 
in  the  Eucharist.  [Fi". — L.  patina,  a 
plate — Gr.  patane.    See  Pan.] 

PATENT,  pat'ent  or  pa' tent,  adj.,  open: 
conspicuous:  pubUc  :  protected  by  a  pat- 
ent: (6o^)  expanding. — n.  an  oflScial  docu- 
ment, open,  but  sealed  at  the  foot,  con- 
ferring the  sole  right  for  a  term  of 
years  to  the  proceeds  of  an  invention. — 
V.  t.  Pat'ent,  to  grant  or  secure  by  patent. 
[Fr. — L.  patens, patentis,  pr.p.  of  pateo.} 

PATENTABLE,  pat'ent-a-bl  or  pa^,  adj. 
capable  of  being  patented. 

PA'TENTEE,  pat-ent-e'  or  pa-tent-e',  n. 
one  who  holds  a,  patent. 

PATERNAL,  pa-ter'nal,  adj.,  fatherly: 
showing  the  disposition  of  a  father : 
hereditary.  —  adv.  Pater'nally.  [Fr. 
paternel — Low  L.  paternalis — L.  pater- 
nus— pater  (Gr.  pater),  a  father — root  pa, 
to  guard,  to  feed  ;  akin  to  Sans,  pa,  to 
protect,  and  E.  Food.    See  Father.] 

PATERNITY,  pa-ter'ni-ti,  n.  the  relation 
of  a  father  to  his  offspring  :  origination 
or  authorship.  [Fr.  —  L.  patemitas, 
fatherly  feeling.] 

PATERNOSTER,  pat-er-nos'ter  or  pa'ter- 
nos-ter,  n.  the  Lord's  Prayer.    [L.  Pater 


noster,  "  Our  Father,"  the  first  two  words 
of  the  Lord's  Prayer  in  Latin.] 

PATH,  path,  n.  a  way  :  track  :  road  : 
course  of  action  or  conduct : — pi.  Paths, 
p&thz.  [A.S.  poeth,  path  ;  akin  to  Ger. 
pfad,  Gr.  patos,  L.  pons,  pontis,  abridge, 
and  Sans,  patha,  a  path.] 

PATHETIC,  pa-thet'ik,  adj.  affecting  the 
tender  emotions:  touching. —  The  Pa- 
thetic, the  style  or  manner  fitted  to 
excite  emotion. — adv.  Pathet'ically. — 
n.  P^thet'icalness.     [Gr.  pathetikos.\ 

PATHLESS,  path'les,  adj.  without  a,  path  : 
untrodden. 

PATHOLOGY,  pa-thol'o-ji,  n.  science  of 
diseases. — n.  Pathol'ogist,  one  versed 
in  pathology. — adjs.  Patholog'ic,  Path- 
OLOO'iOAL. — adv.  Patholog'ically.  [Fr. 
— Gr.  pathos,  suffering,  logos,  discourse.] 

PATHOS,  pa'thos,  n.  that  which  raises  the 
tender  emotions :  the  expression  of  deep 
feeling.  [Gr.,  from  root  path,  in  e-path- 
on,  2  aorist  of  pascho,  to  suffer,  feel ; 
akin  to  Sans,  badh,  to  suffer,  to  pain.] 

PATHWAY,  path'wa,  n.  a,  path  or  way :  a 
footpath :  course  of  action.  [Path  and 
Way.] 

PATIENCE,  pa-shens,  n.  quality  of  being 
patient  or  calmly  enduring.  [Fr. — L. 
patientia — jiatiens.    See  Patient.] 

PATIENT,  pa'shent,  adj.  sustaining  pain, 
etc.,  without  repining :  not  ea;sily  pro- 
voked :  persevering :  expecting  with 
calmness. — n.  one  who  bears  or  suffers  : 
a  person  under  medical  treatment. — adv. 
Pa'tieiJtly.  [Fr.—L. patiens,-entis,  pr.p. 
of  patior,  to  bear  ;  akin  to  root  of  Pa- 
thos.] 

PATIN,  PATINE,  pat'in,  n.  same  as  Paten. 

PATOIS,  pat-waw  or  pat'-,  n.  a  vulgar  dia- 
lect. [Fr.,  orig.  patrois — L.  pafriensis, 
indigenous,  native— paWa,  one's  native 
country.] 

PATRIAJRCH,  pa'tri-ark,  n.  one  who  gov- 
erns his  family  by  paternal  right  :  (B.) 
one  of  the  early  heads  of  families  from 
Abraham  to  Jacob  and  his  sons:  in  East- 
ern churches,  a  dignitary  superior  to  an 
archbishop.  [O.  Fr. — L. — Gr.  patriarches 
— patria,  lineage— pater,  a  father,  and 
arche,  a  beginning.  See  Paternal  and 
Archaic] 

PATRIARCHAL,  pa-tri-ark'al,  PATRI- 
ARCHIC,  pa-tri-ark'ik,  adj.  belonging  or 
subject  to  a  patriarch. 

PATRIARCHATE,  pa  -  tri  -  ark'at,  n.  the 
office  or  jurisdiction  of  a  patriarch  or 
church  dignitary  :  the  residence  of  a  pa- 

PATRIARCHISM,  pa'tri-ark-izm,  n.  gov- 
ernment by  a  patriarch. 

PATRICIAN,  pa-trish'an,  n.  a  nobleman  in 
ancient  Rome,  being  a  descendant  of  the 
fathers  or  first  Roman  senators:  a  noble- 
man.— adj.  pertaining  to  a  patrician  or 
nobleman  :  noble.  [L.  patricius^pater, 
patris,  a  father.     See  Paternal.] 

PATRIMONIAL,  pat-ri-mo'ni-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  patrimony :  inherited  from 
ancestors. — adv.  Patrimo'nially. 

PATRIMONY,  pat'ri-mun-i,  n.  a  right  or 
estate  inherited  from  a  father  or  one's 
ancestors :  a  church  estate  or  revenue. 
[Fr.  patrimoine  —  L.  patrimonium  — 
pater,  patris,  a  father.    See  Paternal.] 

PATRIOT,  pa'tri-ot,  n.  one  who  truly  loves 
and  serves  his  fatherland.  [Fr. — ^LowL. 
— Gr.  patriotes—patrios,  of  one's  father 
or  fatherland-^a^er,  a  father.  See  Pa- 
ternal.] 

PATRIOTIC,  pa-tri-ot'ik,  adj.  like  a  pa- 
triot :  actuated  by  a  love  of  one's  coun- 
try :  directed  to  the  public  welfare. — 
adv.  Patriot'ically.    [Gr.] 

PATRIOTISM,  pa'tri-ot-izm,  Ji.  quality  of 
being  patriotic  :  love  of  one's  country. 

PATRISTIC,    pa-trU'tik,    PATRISTICAL, 


pa-tris'tik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
fathers  of  the  Christian  Church.  ("Fr., 
coined  from  L.  pater,  patris,  a  father. 
See  Father  and  Paternal.] 

PATROL,  pa-trol',  v.t.  to  go  the  rounds  in 
a  camp  or  garrison. — v.t.  to  pass  round 
as  a  sentry  :  —pr.j).  patrolHng ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  patrolled'. — n.  the  marcning 
round  of  a  guard  in  the  night  :  the 
guard  which  makes  a  patrol.  [Fr.  po- 
trouille,  a  patrol,  patrouiller,  to  march 
in  the  mud,  through  a  form  patouiller, 
from  patte,  the  paw  or  foot  of  a  beast, 
which  is  from  Teut.  root  pat,  found  in 
Ger.  patsche,  little  hand.] 

PATRON,  pa'trun,  n.  a  protector :  one 
who  countenances  :  one  who  has  the 
gift  of  a  benefice : — fern.  Patroness, 
pa'trun-es.  [Fr. — L.  patronus  (lit.)  one 
acting  as  a  father^iater,  patris,  a  fa- 
ther. See  Paternal.   Doublet  Pattern.] 

PATRONAGE,  pat'run-aj  or  pa',  n.  the 
support  of  a  patron  :  guardianship  of 
saints  :  the  right  of  bestowing  offices, 
privileges,  or  church  benefices. 

PATRONESS,  pa'trun-es,  fern,  of  Patron. 

PATRONIZE,  pat'run-iz  or  pa',  v.t.  to  act 
as  patron  toward  :  to  support  :  to  as- 
sume the  air  of  a  patron  to. — n.  Pat'- 
ronizer.— adt).  Pat'ronizingly. 

PATRONYMIC,  pat-ro-nim'ik,  PATRO- 
NYMICAL,  pat-ro-nim'ik-al,  adj.  derived 
from  the  name  of  a  father  or  ancestor. 
[Gr.  pater,  a  father,  onoma,  a  name.] 

PATRONYMIC,  pat-ro-nim'ik,  n.  a  name 
taken  from  one's  father  or  ancestor. 

PATTEN,  pat'en,  n.  a  wooden  sole  with  an 
iron  ring  worn  under  the  shoe  to  keep  it 
from  the  wet :  the  base  of  a  pillar.  [Fr. 
patin,  a  skate,  clog-^ai<e.  See  Patrol.] 

PATTER,  pat'er,  v.i.  to  piat  or  strike  often, 
as  hail: — pr.p.  patt'ering  ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.2}.  patt'ered.     [A  freq.  of  Pat.] 

PAT'TERN,  pat'ern,  n.  a  person  or  thing  to 
be  copied  :  a  model :  an  example  :  style 
of  ornamental  work :  anj'thing  to  serve 
as  a  guide  in  forming  objects.  [Fr.  pa- 
tron,  a  protector;  also  a  pattern,  sample. 
Doublet  Patron.] 

PATTY,  pat'i,  n.  a  little  pie.  [Fr.  p&ti. 
See  Paste.] 

PAUCITY,  paw'sit-i,n., /ew'ness;  smallness 
of  number  or  quantity.  [Fr. — L.  pau- 
citas — paucus,  few  ;  akin  to  Pause.] 

PAULINE,  paw'lin,  adj.  of  the  Apostle 
Paul. 

PAUNCH,  pawnsh  or  pfinsh,  n.  the  belly : 
the  first  and  largest  stomach  of  a  ru- 
minant.— v.t.  to  pierce  or  rip  the  belly 
of :  to  eviscerate.  [O.  Fr.  panche,  Fr. 
panse — L.  pantex,  pariticis.} 

PAUPER,  paw'per,  n.  a  poor  person  :  one 
supported  by  charity  or  some  public  pro- 
vision.    [L.] 

PAUPERISM,  paw'per-izm,  n.  state  of  be- 
ing a  pauper. 

PAUPERIZE,  paw'per-Iz,  v.t.  to  reduce  to 
pauperism. — w.  Paupkriza'tion. 

PAUSE,  pawz,  n.  a  ceasing:  a  tempo- 
rary stop  :  cessation  caused  by  doubt : 
suspense :  a  mark  for  suspending  the 
voice  :  (music)  a  mark  showing  continu- 
ance of  a  note  or  rest. — v.i.  to  make  a 
pause.  [Fr. — L.  pausa — Gr.  patisis,  from 
pauo,  to  cause  to  cease.    Doublet  Pose.] 

PAUSINGLY,  pawz'ing-li,  adv.,  mth 
pauses:  by  breaks. 

PAVE,  pav,  v.t.  to  lay  down  stone,  etc., 
to  form  a  level  surface  for  walking  on  : 
to  prepare,  as  a  way  or  passage. — ^To 
PAVE  the  way,  to  prepare  the  way  for. 
— ns.  Pav'er,  Pav'ier.  [Fr.  paver — L. 
paviO  ;  cog.  with  Gr.  paid,  to  beat.] 

PAVEMENT,  pav'nient,  n.  a  paved  cause- 
way or  floor  :  that  with  which  anything 
is  paved.    [L.  pavimentum.l 


PAVILION 


318 


PEDANTIC 


PAVILION,  pa-viryun,  n.  a  tent :  an  orna- 
mental building  often  turreted  or  domed  : 
(mil.)  a  tent  raised  on  posts. — v.t.  to  fur- 
nish with  pavilions.  [Lit.  that  which  is 
spread  out  like  the  wings  of  a  butterfly  ; 
Fr.  pavilion — L.  papilio,  a  butterfly,  a 
tent?] 

PAVIOR,  pav'yur,  n.  one  whose  trade  is  to 
pave. 

PAW,  paw,  n.  the  foot  of  a  beast  of  prey 
having  claws :  the  hand,  used  in  con- 
tempt.— i\i.  to  draw  the  forefoot  along 
the  ground  Uke  a  horse. — v.t.  to  scrape 
with  the  forefoot :  to  handle  with  the 
paws :  to  handle  roughly :  to  flatter. 
fPerh.  Celtic,  as  W.  parven,  a  paw  ;  but 
it  is  also  a  Teut.  word.] 

PAWED,  pawd,  adj.  having  paws  :  broad- 
footed. 

PAWKY,  pawk'i,  adj.  sly,  arch,  shrewd. 
[Scot,  paik,  a  trick.] 

PAWL,  pawl,  n.  a  short  bar  used  to  pre- 
vent the  recoil  of  a  windlass,  etc.:  a 
catch.  [W.  pawl,  a  stake,  conn,  with 
L.  palus,  a  stake.     See  Pale,  n.] 

PAWN,  pawn,  n.  something  given  as  se- 
curity for  the  repayment  of  money. — v.t. 
to  give  in  pledge.  [Fr.  pan — L.  pannits, 
a  rag,  cloth,  a  thing  left  in  pledge,  be- 
cause a  piece  of  clothing  was  a  conven- 
ient thing  to  leave  in  pledge.] 

PAWN,  pawn,  n.  a  common  piece  in  chess. 
[O.  'Fr.  paon,  a  foot-soldier — LowL.  pedo, 
pedonis,  a  foot-soldier,  from  L.  pes,  pedis, 
the  foot.] 

PAWNBROKER,  pawn'brok-er,  n.  a  broker 
who  lends  money  on  pmims  or  pledges. 

PAWNER,  pawn'er,  n.  one  who  gives  a 
pawn  or  pledge  as  security  for  money 
borrowed. 

PA  X  WAX,  paks'waks,  n.  the  strong  ten- 
don in  the  neck  of  animals.  [Orig.  fax- 
wax — A.S./ea.i;,  fex,  hair,  and  iceaxan, 
to  grow.] 

PAY,  pa,  v.t.  to  discharge  a  debt :  to  re- 
quite with  what  is  deserved  :  to  reward  : 
to  punish. — v.i.  to  recompense  : — pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  paid. — n.  that  which  satisfies  : 
money  given  for  service  :  salary,  wages. 
— n.  Pay'er. — Pay  off,  to  discharge  :  to 
take  revenge  upon  :  to  requite. — Pay 
OUT,  to  cause  to  run  out,  as  rope.  [Fr. 
payer — L.  pacare,  to  appease,  from  base 
ot  pax,  pacis,  peace.    See  Peace.] 

PAY,  pa,  v.t.  (naut.,  and  in  the  proverb 
"the  devil  to  pay")  to  smear  with  tar, 
pitch,  etc.  [From  L.  picare,  to  pitch, 
prob.  through  Sp.  pega.j 

PAYABLE,  pa'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be  paid  : 
that  ought  to  be  paid. 

PAYEE,  pa-e',  n.  one  to  whom  money  is 
paid. 

PAYMASTER,  pa'mas-ter,  n.  the  master 
who  pays  :  an  officer  in  the  army  or  navy 
whose  duty  it  is  to  pay  soldiers,  etc. 

PAYMENT,  pa'ment,  n.  the  ajct  oi  paying : 
that  which  is  paid  :  recompense  :  reward. 

PAYNIM,  PATNIM,  pa'nim,  n.  a  pagan. 
[Orig.  and  properly,  paynim  was  not  a 
man, but  a  country,  and^"  heathendom," 
from  O.  Fr.  paienisme,  paganism  —  L. 
paganismtis — paganus,  a  pagan.  See 
Pagan.] 

PEA,  pe,  n.  a  common  vegetable: — def.  pi. 
Peas  :  indef.  pi.  Pease.  [M.  E.  pese, 
pi.  pesen  a,ni  peses — ^A.S.  pisa,  yl.  pisan 
— L.  pisum,  Gr.  pison,  from  a  root  seen 
in  Sans,  pish,  to  bruise.  Pea  is  erroneously 
formed,  the  s  of  the  root  being  mistaken 
for  the  sign  of  the  plural.] 

PEACE,  pes,  n.  a  state  of  quiet :  freedom 
from  disturbance  :  freedom  from  war  : 
friendliness  :  calm  :  rest :  harmony  : 
silence. — int.  silence,  hist  1 — Hold  one's 
PEACE,  to  be  silent.  [O.Fr.  pais  (Fr. 
paixy-ij.  pax,  pacis,  from  root  pac-,  to 


bind,  seen  in  pac-iscor,  to  make  a  con- 
tract    Cf  Pact  1 

PEACEABLE,  pes'a-bl,  adj.  disposed  to 
peace:  quiet:  tranquil.— arfr.  Peace'ablt. 
— n.  Peace' ABLENESS. 

PEACEFUL,  pes'fool,  adj.  full  ot  peace  : 
quiet :  tranquil  :  calm  :  serene.  —  adv. 
Peace'fully.— «.  Peace'fulness. 

PEACEMAKER,  pes'mak-er,  n.  one  who 
makes  or  produces  peace.  [Peace  and 
Maker.] 

PEACE-OFFERING,  pes'-ofer-ing,  n.  an 
offering  propitiating  peace :  among  the 
Jews,  an  offering  to  God,  either  in  grati- 
tude for  past  or  petition  for  future  mer- 
cies :  satisfaction  to  an  offended  person. 

PEACE-OFFICER,  pes'-of'is-er,  n.  an  offi- 
cer whose  duty  it  is  to  preserve  thepeace: 
a  police-officer. 

PEACE-PARTY,  pes'-par'ti,  n.  a  political 
party  advocating  the  preservation  of 
peace. 

PEACH,  pech,  n.  a  tree  with  delicious  fruit. 
— adj.  Peach'y.  [Ft.  pSehe  (It.  persica, 
pesca) — L.  Persieum  (malum),  the  Persian 
(apple),  from  Persicus,  belonging  to  Per- 
sia.] 

PEACH-COLORED,  pech'-kul'urd,  adj.  of 
the  color  of  a,  peach  blossom,  pale  red. 

PEACOCK,  pe'kok,  n.  a  large  gallinaceous 
bird  remarkable  for  the  b'^iuty  of  its 
plumage,  named  from  its  cry  .—/em.  Pea'- 
HEN.  [I%A-  is  from  A.S.  pmve — L.  pavo 
— Gr.  taos — (ace.  to  Max  MuUer)  Pers. 
tawus — O.  Tamil  tokei,   togei.    See  also 

PEA-JACKET,  pe'-jak'et,  n.  a  coarse  thick 
jacket  worn  esp.  by  seamen.  [Pea-  is 
from  Dut.  pij  (pron.  pi),  a  coat  of  coarse 
thick  cloth  ;  and  Jacket.] 

PEAK,  pek,  n.  g,point :  the  pointed  end  of 
anything :  the  top  of  a  mountain  :  (naut.) 
the  upper  outer  corner  of  a  sail  extended 
by  a  gaff  or  yard,  also  the  extremity  of 
the  gaff.     [Celt.    See  Beak,  Pike.] 

PEAKED,  pekt,  adj., pointed  :  ending  in  a 
point. 

PEAKISH,  pek'ish,  adj.,  having  peaks. 

PEAL,  pel,  n.  a  loud  sound  :  a  set  of  bells 
tuned  to  each  other :  the  changes  rung 
upon  a  set  of  bells. — i\i.  to  resound  Uke 
a  bell :  to  utter  or  give  forth  loud  or 
solemn  sounds. — v.t.  to  assail  with  noise  : 
to  celebrate.    [Short  for  Appeal.] 

PEAN.     See  P^an. 

PEAR,  par,  n.  a  common  fruit :  the  tree. 
[A.S.  pera  or  peru — L.  pirum,  a  pear 
(whence  also  Fr.  poire).] 

PEARL,  perl,  n.  a  well-known  shining  gem, 
found  in  several  shellfish,  but  most  in  the 
mother-of-pearl  oyster  :  anything  round 
and  clear  :  anything  very  precious :  a 
jewel :  a  white  speck  or  film  on  the  eye  : 
(print.)  a  kind  of  type  intermediate  be- 
tween agate  and  diamond. — adj.  made  of 
or  belonging  to  pearls. — v.t.  to  set  or 
adorn  with  pearls.  [Fr.  perle,  ace.  to 
Diez,  prob.  either  a  corr.  of  L.  pirula,  a 
dim.  of  pirum,  a  pear  (see  Pear),  or  of 
L.  pilula,  dim.  of  pila,  a  ball.] 

PEARL-ASH,  perl'-ash,  n.  a  purer  carbon- 
ate of  potash,  obtained  by  calcining  pot- 
ashes, so  called  from  its  pearly-white 
color. 

PEARLY,  peri'i,  adj.  containing  or  resem- 
bling pearls:  clear:  pure:  transparent. 
—n.  Peakl'iness. 

PEASANT,  pez'ant,  n.  a  countryman  :  a 
rustic:  one  whose  occupation  is  rural 
labor. — adj.  of  or  relating  to  peasants: 
rustic  :  rural.  [O.  Fr.  paisant  (with  ex- 
crescent -f),  Mod.  Fr.  paysan^pays — L. 
pagus,  a  district,  a  country.  SeePAGAN.] 

PEASANTRY,  pe/ant-ri,  n.pl.  the  body  of 
peasants  or  tillers  of  the  soil :  rustics  : 
laborers. 

PEASE,  pez,  indef.  pi.  of  Pea. 


PEAT,  pet,  n.  decayed  vegetable  matter 
like  turf,  cut  out  of  boggy  places,  dried 
for  fuel. — adj.  Peat't.  [lYue  form  beat, 
as  in  Devonshire  :  from  M.  E.  beten.  to 
mend  a  fire — AS.  betan,  to  make  better 
— bot,  advantage.     See  Boot,  v.t.] 

PEBBLE,  pebl,  n.  a  small  roundish  ball  or 
stone :  transparent  and  colorless  rock 
crystal.  [A.S.  papol(-stan),  a  pebble- 
(-stone) ;  akin  to  L.  patnda,  a  pustule.] 

PEBBLED,  peb'ld,  PEBBLY,  peb'li,  adj. 
full  of  pebbles. 

PECCABLE,  pek'a-bl,  adj.  liable  to  sin.— 
n.  Peccabil'ity.  [L.  peccabilis—peceo, 
-atum,  to  sin.] 

PECCADILLO,  pek-a-dil'lo,  n.  a  little  or 
trifling  sin :  a  petty  fault  -.^pl.  Pecca- 
dil'los.  [Sp.  pecaaillo,  dim.  of  pecado 
— L.  peccatum,  a  sin.] 

PECCANT,  pek'ant,  adj.,  sinning:  trans- 
gressing :  guilty  :  morbid  :  offensive  : 
bad. — adv.  Pecc'antlt.— n.  Pecc'ancy. 
[L.  peccant,  -antis.  pr.p.  of  pecco.] 

PECCARY,  pek'ar-i,  n.  a  hog-like  quad- 
ruped of  South  America.  [The  S.  Amer- 
ican word.] 

PECK,  pek,  n.  a  dry  measure=2  gallons, 
or  i  of  a  bushel.  [M.E.  pekke,  prob. 
from  peck,  "  to  pick  up,"  formerlj-  an 
indefinite  quantity.] 

PECK,  pek,  v.t.  to  strike  with  the  beak : 
to  pick  up  with  the  beak :  to  eat :  to 
strike  with  anything  pointed  :  to  strike 
with  repeated  blows. — adj.  Peck'ish, 
hungry.     [A  later  form  of  Pick.] 

PECKER,  pek'er,  n.  that  which  pecks  :  a 
wood-pecker. 

PECTINAL,  pek'tin-al,  adj.  of  a  comb  : 
having  bones  like  the  teeth  of  a  comb. 
[L.  pecten,  pectinis,  a  combj 

PECTINATE,  pek'tin-at,  PECTINATED, 
pek'tin-at-ed,  adj.  resembling  the  teeth 
of  a  comb. — adv.  Pec'tinately. — ?;.  Pec- 
tina'tion,  the  state  of  being  pectinated. 

PECTORAL,  pek'tor-al,  adj.  relating  to  the 
breast  or  chest. — 7i.  a  pectoral  fin  :  a 
medicine  for  the  chest. — adv.  Pec'tor- 
ALLY.  [Fr. — L.  pectoralis— pectus,  pec- 
toris, the  breast.] 

PECULATE,  pek'u-lat,  v.t.  to  embezzle  : 
to  steal. — ns.  Pecula'tion,  Pec'ulator. 
[L.  pecidor,  peculatiis,  from  peculium,, 
private  property,  akin  to pecuma,  money. 
See  Pecuniary.] 

PECULIAR,  pe-kul'yar,  adj.  one's  own: 
appropriate  :  particular  :  strange. — adv. 
Pecul'iaely. — n.  Peculiarity,  pe-kul-i- 
ar'it-i.  [Fr. — L.  pecidiaris — peculitim, 
private  property.    Cf.  Peculate.] 

PECUNIARY,  pe-ku'ni-ar-i,  adj.  relating 
to  money. — adv.  Pecu'niarily.  [Fr. — L. 
peeuniarins  — pecunia,  money  — pecu-, 
which  appears  in  L.  peeua  (pi.),  cattle 
of  all  kinds,  cattle  forming  the  wealth  of 
early  races  ;  akin  to  E.  Fee.] 

PEDAGOGIC,  ped-a-goj'ik,  PEDAGOG- 
ICAL, ped-a-goj'ik-ai,  adj.  relating  to 
teaching. 

PEDAGOGICS,ped-a-goj'iks,  PEDAGOGY, 
ped'a-goj-i.  w.  the  science  of  teaching. 

PEDAGOGUE,  ped'a-gog,  n.  a  teacher :  a 
pedant.  [Lit.  a  leader  of  a  boy  to  and 
from  school,  Fr. — L. — Gr.  paidagogos— 
pais,  paidos,  a  boy,  agogos,  a  leader — ago, 
to  lead.] 

PEDAL,  ped'al  or  pe'dal,  adj.  pertaining 
to  a. foot. — n.  in  musical  instruments,  a 
lever  moved  by  the  foot.  [L.  pedalis — 
pes,  pedis,  the  foot,  E.  Foot.] 

PEDANT,  ped'ant,  n.  one  maKing  a  vain 
and  useless  display  of  learning.  [Fr.— 
It.  pedante,  which  was  prob.  formed 
from  Gr.  paideud,  to  instruct,  from  pais, 
paidos,  a  boy.    See  Pedagogue.] 

PEDANTIC,  ped-ant'ik,  PEDANTICAL, 
ped  -  ant'ik  -  al,  adj.  vainly  displaying 
knowledge. 


PEDANTRY 


319 


PENDULUM 


PEDANTRY,  ped'ant-ri,  n.  vain  and  useless 
display  of  learning. 

PEDDLte,  peda,  v.i.  to  travel  about  with 
a  basket  or  bundle  of  goods,  esp.  small- 
wares,  for  sale  :  to  be  busy  about  trifles. 
— t\t.  to  retail  in  very  small  quantities. 
— n.  Pedd'ler.     rSeePEDLAK.] 

PEDDLERY,  ped'ler-i,  n.  the  trade  of  a 
peddler  :  tlie  wares  sold  by  a  peddler. 

PEDDLING,  ped'ling,  n.  the  trade  of  a 
peddler. 

PEDESTAL,  ped'es-tal,  n.  the  foot  or  base 
of  a  pillar,  etc.  [Sp. — It.  piedestallo — L. 
pes,  pedis,  the  foot,  and  It.  stallo,  a  place. 
See  Stat.t.] 

PEDESTRIAN,  pe-des'tri-an,  adj.  going  on 
foot:  performed  on  foot. — n.  one  jour- 
neying on  foot :  an  expert  walker.  [L. 
pedestris — pes,  pedis.] 

PEDESTRIANISM,  pe-des'tri-an-izm,  n.  a 
going  on  foot :  walking  :  the  practice  of 
a  pedestrian. 

PEDICEL,  ped'i-sel,  PEDICLE,  ped'i-kl,  n. 
the  little  /oofetalk  by  which  a  leaf  or 
fruit  is  fixed  on  the  tree.  [Fr.  pedicelle 
— L.  pediculus,  dim.  of  pes,  pedis,  the 
footj" 

PEDIGREE,  ped'i-gre,  n.  a  register  of  de- 
scent from  ancestors:  lineage:  genealogy. 
[Ety.  dub. ;  Wedgewood  gives  Fi\  pied  de 
gres,  a  tree  of  degrees,  pied  being  tech- 
nically used  in  the  sense  of  ' '  tree  ; " 
Skeat  suggests  Fr.  pied  de  grue,  crane's- 
foot,  from  the  crane's  foot  used  in  draw- 
ing out  a  pedigree.] 

PEDIMENT,  ped'i-ment,  n.  (arch.)  a  tri- 
angular or  circular  ornament,  which 
finishes  the  fronts  of  buildings,  and 
serves  as  a  decoration  over  gates. — adj. 
Pediment'al.  [Ety.  dub.,  perh.  conn, 
with  L.  pes.  pedis,  the  foot.] 

PEDLAR,  PEDLER,  PEDDLER,  ped'ler, 
n.  one  who  peddles  :  one  who  travels 
about  the  country  carrying  commodities 
for  sale. — n.  Pedlaky,  Pedlert,  a  ped- 
lar's small  wares :  his  employment. 
[Older  form  peddar  or  pedder,  one  who 
carries  wares  in  a  ped,  prov.  E.  for  bas- 
ket, and  prob.  same  as  Pad.] 

PEDOBAPTISM,  pe-do-bap'tizm,  n.,  in- 
fant baptism.  [Gr.  pais,  paidos,  a  child, 
and  BaptismJ 

PEDOBAPTIST,  pe-do-bap'tist,  w.  one  who 
believes  in  infant  baptism, 

PEDOMETER,  ped-ora'et-er,  n.  an  instru- 
ment, somewhat  like  a  watch,  bjr  which 
the  steps  of  a  pedestrian  are  registered, 
and  thus  the  distance  he  walks  is  meas- 
ured. [L.  pes,  pedis,  a  foot,  and  Gr. 
■metron,  a  measure.] 

PEDUNCLE,  pe-dung'kl,  n.  same  as  Ped- 
icel. —  adjs.     PEDTJN'CULAK,     PEDtTN'CU- 

LATE,  Pedun'ctjlated.  [Fr.  pedoncule 
— Low  L.  pedimcfidus — L.  pes,  pedis,  the 
foot.] 

PEEL,  pel,  v.t.  to  strip  off  the  skin  or 
bark :  to  bare. — v.i.  to  come  off,  as  the 
skin. — n.  the  skin,  rind,  or  bark.  [Fr. 
peler,  to  unskin,  from  L.  pilo,  to  deprive 
of  hair,  from  pihis,  a  hair,  or  from  pellis, 
a  skin,  E.  FELL.] 

PEEL,  pel,  n.  a  small  border  fortress. 
[Celt,  pill,  a  stake,  a  fort.] 

PEEL,  pel,  n.  a  baker's  wooden  shovel : 
a  fire-shovel.  \Tr.pelle — L.poi(i,a  spade.] 

PEEL,  pel,  v.t.  to  plunder :  to  pillage. 
[Same  as  PiLL,  v.] 

PEEP,  pep,  v.i.  to  chirp,  or  cry,  as  a 
chicken.  [Fr.  piper — L.  pipare,  an  imi- 
tative word.] 

PEEP,  pep,  v.t.  to  look  through  a  narrow 
space  :  to  look  slyly  or  closely  :  to  begin 
to  appear. — n.  a  slj'  look  :  a  beginningto 
appear.  [Same  as  the  above  word,  Fr. 
piper,  sig.  to  chirp  like  a  bird  (said  of  a 
bird-catcher),  then  to  beguile,  whence 
peep  =  to  look  out  slyly.] 


PEEPER,  pSp'er,  n.  one  that  peeps:  a 
chicken  just  breaking  the  shell. 

PEER,  per,  n.  an  equal :  an  associate  :  a 
nobleman  :  in  Great  Britain  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Lords:— /em.  Peer'ess. 
[O.  Fr.  (Fr.  pair) — L.  par,  paris,  equal.] 

PEER,  per,  v.i.  to  appear. 

PEER,  per,  v.i.  to  look  narrowly  :  to  peep  : 
— pa.t.  and  pa.p.  peered.  [JI.E.  piren — 
Low  Ger.  piren,  orig.  pliiren,  to  draw 
the  eyelids  together.] 

PEERAGE,  per^aj,  n.  the  rank  or  dignity 
of  a  peer  :  the  body  of  peers. 

PEERLESS,  per'les,  adj.  naving  no  peer  or 
equal :  matchless. — adv.  Peer'lesslt. — 
n.  Peer'lessness. 

PEEVISH,  peVish,  adj.  habitually  fretful : 
easily  annoyed  :  hard  to  please. —  adv. 
Peev'ishlt.— ??.  Peev'ishness.  [Prob. 
imitative  of  the  puling  of  fretful  infants.] 

PPRWIT.     Same  as  Pewit. 

PE'  ,  peg,  n.  a  wooden  jnn  for  fastening 
boards,  etc.:  one  of  the  pins  of  a  musical 
instrument. — v.t.  to  fasten  with  a  peg: — 
pr.p.  pegg'ing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  pegged. 
TScand.,  as  in  Dan.  pig,  a  spike.] 

PEGGED  pegd,  adj.  fastened  or  supplied 
with  pegs. 

PEGTOP,  peg'top,  n.  a  child's  plaything  for 
spinning. 

PEKOE,  pe'k6,n.  a  scented  black  tea.  [Chi- 
nese.] 

PELAGIAN,  pe-la'ji-an,  n.  one  who  holds 
the  \'iews  of  Pelagius,  a  British  monk  of 
the  4th  century,  in  respect  to  original  sin. 
— adj.  pertaining  to  Pelagius  and  his  doc- 
trines.— n.  Pela'gianism,  the  doctrines  of 
Pelagius. 

PELARGON 1 U  M,  pel-ar-go'ni-um,  n.  a  vast 
genus  of  beautiful  flowering  plants. 
[From  Gr.  pelargos,  stork,  the  fruit  re- 
sembling a  stork's  beak.] 

PELF,  pelf,  n.  riches  (in  a  bad  sense) : 
money.  [O.  Fr.  pclfre,  booty,  of  un- 
known origin  ;  allied  to  PiLFER.] 

PELICAN,  pel'i-kan,  n.  a  large  water-fowl, 
having  an  enormous  bill  of  the  shape  of 
an  axe.  [Fr. — 1,.  pelicanus—GT.  pelikan 
— pelekus,  an  axe.] 

PELISSE,  pe-les',  n.  (orig.)  a.  furred  coat  or 
robe,  now  a  silk  habit  worn  by  ladies. 
[Fr.— L.  pellis,  a  skin.] 

PELLAGRA,  pel-a'gra,  n.  an  endemic  dis- 
ease, particularly  noticed  among  the 
Milanese,  which  consists  in  the  skin  be- 
coming covered  with  tubercles  and  rough 
scales,  and  in  debility,  vertigo,  epilepsy, 
and  great  depression  of  spirits.  [Gr. 
pella,  skin,  and  agra,  seizure.] 

PELL,  pel,  n.  a  skin  or  hide  :  a  roll  of 
parchment.  [O.  Fr.  pel,  Fr.  peau — L. 
pellis,  a  skin  or  hide.] 

PELLET,  pel'et,  n.  a  little  hall,  as  of  lint 
or  wax.  [Fr.  pelote — L.  pila,  a  ball  to 
plav  with.] 

PELLETED,  pel'et-ed,  a4j.  consisting  of 
pellets  :  pelted,  as  with  bullets. 

PELLICLE,  pel'i-kl,  n.  a  thiri  skin  or  film  : 
the  film  which  gathers  on  liquors. — adj. 
Pellic'ular. 

PELL-MELL,  pel-mel',  adv.  mixed  con- 
fusedly :  promiscuously.  [O.  Fr.  pesle- 
mesle  (Fr.  pele-mSle),  -mesle  being  from 
O.  Fr.  mester  (Fr.  mcler),  to  mix — Low  L. 
misculo — L.  misceo  ;  and  pesle.  a  rhyming 
addition,  perh.  influenced  by  Fr.  pelle, 
shovel.] 

PELLUCID,pel-l56'sid,  ad/'.,  per/ecMi/cJear; 
transparent. — adr.  Peixu'cidlt. — H.  Pel- 
lu'cidness.  [Fr. — h.  pellucidxis^per,  per- 
fectly,and  liicidus,  clear — luceo,  to  shine.] 

PELT,  pelt,  n.  a  raw  hide :  the  quarry  or 
prey  of  a  hawk  all  torn. 

PEL'T,  pelt,  v.t.  to  strike  with  pellets,  or 
with  something  thrown :  to  throw  or 
cast. — n.  a  blow  from  a  pellet,  or  from 
something  thrown.     [See  Pexxkt.] 


PELTING,  pelt'ing,  n.  an  assault  with  a 
pellet,  or  with  anything  thrown. 

PELTRY,  pelt'ri,  ri.  the  skins  of  furred 
animals  :  furs. 

PELVIS,  pel'vis,  n.  the  basin  or  bony 
cavity  forming  the  lower  part  of  the 
abdomen.     [L.T 

PEMMICAN.  PEMICAN,  pem'i-kan,  n. 
(orig.)  a  N.  American  Indian  prepara- 
tion, consisting  of  lean  venison,  dried, 
pounded,  and  pressed  into  cakes,  now 
used  in  Arctic  expeditions. 

PEN,  pen,  v.t.  to  shut  up  :  to  confine  in  a 
small  inclosure  :— jJT.p.  penn'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  penned  or  pent. — n.  a  small 
inclosure :  a  coop.  [A.S.  pennan,  to 
shut  up.] 

PEN,  pen,  n.  an  instrument  used  for  writ- 
ing, formerly  of  the  feather  of  a  bird, 
but  now  of  steel,  etc. — v.t.  to  write  : — 
pv-p.  penn'ing  ;  pa.f.  and  pa.p.  penned. 
[Fr.  penne — L.  penna,  old  forms,  pesHn, 
petna,  a  feather — root  pat,  to  fly.  See 
Feather.  Find.] 

PENAL,  pe'nal,  adj.  pertaining  to  punish- 
ment :  incurring  or  denouncing  punish- 
ment :  used  for  punishment. — adv.  Pe'- 
NALLY.  [Fr. — Ij. pcenalis— poena,  akin  to 
Gr.  poine.  punishment.] 

PENALTY,  pen'al-ti.  n.,  punishment :  per- 
sonal or  pecuniary  punishment :  a  fine. 

PENANCE,  pen'ans,  n.  in  the  R.  C.  Church, 
the  punishment  borne  by  a  penitent.  [O. 
Fr.    See  Penitence.] 

PENATES,  pe-na'tes,  n.pl.  the  tutelary 
household  deities  of  ancient  Rome.  [L", 
from  loot  j>en  in  L. penittts.  within,  pene- 
tralia, the  inner  part  of  anything.] 

PENCE,  pens,  n.  plural  of  Penny,  which 
see. 

PENCHANT,  pang'shang,  n.  inclination": 
decided  taste.  [Fr..  pr.p.  of  peneher,  to 
incline,  through  a  form  pendicare,  from 
L.  pendeo,  to  hang.] 

PENCIL,  pen'sU.  n.  a  small  hairbrush  for 
laying  on  colors :  anj-  pointed  instru- 
ment for  writing  or  drawing  without 
ink  :  a  collection  of  rays  of  light  con- 
verging to  a  point :  the  art  of  painting 
or  drawing. — v.t.  to  \vrite,  sketch,  or 
mark  with  a  pencil :  to  paint  or  draw  : 
—pr.p.  pen'cilling  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  pen'- 
cilled.  [O.  Fr.  pincel,  Fr.  pinceau — L. 
j>enieillum,  a  painter's  brush,  dim.  of 
penis,  a  tail.] 

PENCILLED,  pen'sild,  adj.  written  or 
marked  with  a  pencil :  ha\'ing  pencils 
of  rays  :  radiated :  (bot.)  marked  with 
fine  lines,  as  with  a  pencil. 

PENCILLING,  pen'sil-ing,  n.  the  art  of 
writing,  sketching,  or  marking  with  a 
pencil :  a  sketch. 

PENDANT,  pend'ant,  n.  anj-thing  hanging, 
f specially  for  ornament:  an  earring:  a 
long  narrow  flag,  at  the  head  of  the  prin- 
cipal mast  in  a  ship.  [Fr.  — pendant, 
pr.p.  of  pendre,  to  hang— L.  pendens, 
-entis — pr.p.  of  pendeo,  to  hang/l 

PENDENCE.  pentVens,  PENDENCY,  pend'- 
en-si,  71.  a  hanging  in  suspense  :  state  of 
being  undecided. 

PENDENT,  pend'ent,  adj.,  hanging:  pro- 
jecting :  supported  above  the  ground  or 
base. — adv.  Pend'entlt.  [Latini.'.ed  form 
of  Fr.  adj.  pendant.    See  Pendant.] 

PENDING,'  pend'ing,  adj.,  hanging:  re- 
niaThing  undecided :  not  terminated.— 
prep,  during.  [Anglicized  form  of  Fr. 
adj.  pendant.     See  Pent)ant.] 

PENDtfLOUS,  pond'ii-lus,  adj.,  hanging: 
swinging.  —  adv.  Pend'ulocsly.  —  »w. 
PEND'FLonsNESS,  Pent)ulos'ity.  [L.  pen- 
dnhix— pendeo.  to  hang.] 

PENDLTLUM,  pf^nd'u-lum,  n.  any  weight 
so  hung  or  suspended  from  a  fixed  point 
as  to  swing  freely.  [L.,  neut.  of  pmdu- 
lus,  hanging.] 


PENETRABLE 


320 


PERCH 


PENETRABLE,  pen'e-tra-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  penetrated  or  pierced  by  another  body: 
capable  of  having  the  mind  affected. — n. 
Penetrabil'itt. 

PENETRATE,  pen'e-trat,  v.t.  to  thrust  into 
the  inside :  to  pierce  into :  to  affect  the 
feehng^ :  to  understand  :  to  find  out. — 
v.i.  to  make  way  :  to  pass  inwards.  [L. 
penetro,  -attim — root  pen,  within.  See 
Penates.] 

PENETRATING,  pen'e-trat-ing,  adj.,  pierc- 
ing or  entering  :  sharp :  subtle  :  acute  : 
discerning. 

PENETRATION,  pen-e-tra'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  penetrating  or  entering :  acuteness  : 
discernment. 

PENETRATIVE,  pen'e-trat-iv,  adj.  tend- 
ing to  penetrate  :  piercing :  sagacious : 
affecting  the  mind.  

PENGUIN,  pen'gwin,  PINGUIN,  pin'gwin, 
n.  an  aquatic  bird  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere. [Ety.  dub.,  ace.  to  some  from  L. 
pingvis,  fat,  ace.  to  others  from  W.  pen, 
head,  and  ffiven,  white.] 

PENINSULA,  pen-in'su-la,  n.  land  so  sur- 
rounded by  water  as  to  be  almost  an 
island.  [L.—pcene,  almost,  insula,  an 
island.     See  Insulae.] 

PENINSULAR,  pen-in'su-lar,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  peninsula  :  in  the  form  of  a 
peninsula  :  inhabiting  a  peninsula. 

PENITENCE,  pen'i-tens,  n.  state  of  being 
penitent  :  sorrow  for  sin. 

PENITENT,  pen'i-tent,  adj.  suffering  pain 
or  sorrow  for  sin  :  contrite  :  repentant. 
—n.  one  grieved  for  sin :  one  under 
penance. —  adv.  Pen'itentlt.  [Fr. — L. 
pcenitens,  -entis — poeniteo,  to  cause  to 
repent — poena,  punishment.] 

PENITENTIAL,  pen-i-ten'shal,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  expressive  of  penitence. — n. 
a  book  of  rules  relating  to  penance. — adv. 
Pexiten'ttat.t.y. 

PENITENTIARY,  pen-i-ten'shar-i,  adj. 
relating  to  penance:  penitential. — n.  a 
penitent  :  an  office  at  the  court  of  Rome 
for  secret  bulls,  etc. :  a  place  for  penance: 
a  house  of  correction  for  offenders. 

PENKNIFE,  pen'nif,  n.  a  small  knife  orig. 
for  making  and  mending  quill  pens. 

PENMAN,  pen'man,  J!,  a  man  skilled  in 
the  use  of  the  pen  :  an  author. 

PENMANSHIP,  pen'man-ship,  n.  the  use 
of  the  pen  in  writing :  art  of  writing  : 
manner  of  writing. 

PENNANT,  pen'ant,  PENNON,  pen'un,  n. 
a  small  flag  :  a  banner :  a  long  narrow 
piece  of  bunting  at  the  mast-heads  of 
war -ships.  [Pennant  is  formed  from 
pennon,  vdih  excrescent  t ;  pennon  is  Fr. 
pennon — L.  penna,  a  wing,  feather.] 

PENNATE,  pen'at,  PENNATED,  pen'- 
at-ed,  adj.,  ivinged:  (hot.)  same  as  Pin- 
nate.     pLi.  pennatus  —  penna,  feather, 

PENmLESS,  pen'i-les,  adj.  without  a 
pennv  :  without  money  :    poor. 

PENNON.    See  Pennant. 

PENKY,  pen'i,  n.  an  English  copper  coin, 
orig.  silver,  of  the  value  of  four  farthings, 
or  one  twelfth  of  a  shilling,  equal  to 
about  two  cents  :  a  small  sum  :  money 
in  general :  (Neiv  Test.)  a  silver  coin= 
15c.  •.—pi.  Pennies  (pen'iz),  denoting  the 
number  of  coins,  PENCE  (pens),  the 
amount  of  pennies  in  value.  [A.S.  pen- 
ing,  penig ;  the  oldest  form  is  pending, 
where^e?id-  =  E.  paum,  G«r.  jifand,  Dut. 
pand,  a  pledge,  all  which  are  from  L. 
pannxis,  a  rag,  a  piece  of  cloth.  See 
Pawtj,  something  given  as  security.] 

PENNY-A-LINER,  pen'i-a-Un'er,  n.  one 
who  writes  for  a  public  journal  at  so 
much  a  line  :   a  writer  for  pay. 

PENNYROYAL,  pen'i-roy-al,  ?i.  a  species 
of  mint.  [Corr.  from  old  form  pulial, 
which  is   traced  through  O.  Fr.   to  L. 


•puleium  regium,  the  plant  pennyroyal 
— pulex,  a  flea  ;  it  was  thought  to  be  a 
protection  from  fleas.] 

PENNYWEIGHT,  pen'i-wat,  w.  twenty- 
four  grains  of  troy  weight.  [Lit.  the 
weight  of  a  silver  penny.^ 

PENNYWORTH,  pen'i-wurth,  n.  &  penny's 
worth  of  anything  :  a  good  bargain. 

PENSILE,  pen'sil,  adj.,  hanging :  suspend- 
ed.— n.  Pen'sileness.  [O.  Fr.  pensU—L. 
pensilis—pendeo,  to  hang.] 

PENSION,  pen'shun,  n.  a  stated  allow- 
ance to  a  person  for  past  services. — i'.^ 
to  grant  a  pension  to.  [Fr. — L.  pensio— 
pendo,  pensum,  to  weigh,  pay,  akin  to 
pendeo,  to  hang.] 

PENSIONARY,  pen'shun-ar-i,  adj.  receiv- 
ing a  pension  :  consisting  of  a  pension. — 
n.  one  who  receives  a  pension  :  a  chief 
magristrate  of  a  Dutch  town. 

PENSIONER,  pen'shun-er,  n.  one  who  re- 
ceives a  pension  :  a  dependent. 

PENSIVE,  pen'siv,  adj.  thoughtful:  reflect- 
ing: expressing  thoughtfulness  with  sad- 
ness.—adv.  Pen'sively.— K.  Pen'siveness. 
[Lit.  "  weighing  in  the  mind,"  Fr. — 
from  L.  penso,  to  weigh^jendo.l 

PENT,  pa.t.  a.nd  pa.p.  of  Pen,  to  shut  up. 

PENTACHORD,  pen'ta-kord,  n.  a  musical 
instrument  with  five  strings.  [Gr.  penta- 
chordos,  flve-stringed — pente,  five,  chorde, 
string.] 

PENTAGON,  pen'ta-gon,  n.  {geom.)  a  plane 
figure  ha,vingfii-e  angles  and  five  sides. — 
adj.  Pentag'onal.  [Gr.  pentagonon — 
pente,  five,  gonia.  angle.] 

PENTAHEDRON,  pen-ta-he'dron,  n. 
(geom.)  a  solid  figure  ha^ang  five  equal 
bases  or  sides. — adj.  Pentahe'dral,  hav- 
ing five  equal  sides.  [Gr.  pente,  five,  and 
hedra,  seat,  base.] 

PENTAMETER,  pen-tam'e-ter,  n.  a  verse 
oiflve  measures  or  feet. — adj.  having  five 
feet.  [Gr.  peniametros — pente,  five,  and 
metron,  a  measure.] 

PENTANGULAR,  pen-tang'gul-ar,  adj. 
having  _^j;e  angles.  [Gr.  pente,  five,  and 
AngulaeJ 

PENTARCHY,  pen'tar-ki,  n.,  government 
by  five  persons.  [Gr.  pente,  five,  arche, 
rule.] 

PENTATEUCH,  pen'ta-tuk,  n.  the  first  five 
books  of  the  Old  Testament.  [Gr.  Penta- 
teuchos— pente,  five,  and  teuchos,  a  tool, 
in  late  Gr.  a  book  from  teucho,  to  pre- 
pare.] 

PENTATEUCH  A  L,  pen-ta-tuVal,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Pentateuch. 

PENTECOST,  pen'te-kost,  n.  a  Jewish  fes- 
tival on  the  fiftieth  day(after  the  Passover, 
in  commemoration  of  the  giving  of  the 
Law  :  Whitsuntide.  [Gr.  pentekostg  (lie- 
mera),  the  fiftieth  (day).] 

PENTECOSTAL,  pen-te-kost'al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  Pentecost. 

PENTHOUSE,  pent'hows,  n.  a  shed  pro- 
jecting from  or  adjoining  a  main 
building.  [Lit.  "an  appendage"  or 
"  out-buUding,"  a  corr.  of  pentice,  which 
is  from  Fr.  appentis — L.  appendicium, 
an  appendage.    See  Append.] 

PENTROOF,  pent'roof,  n.  a  roof  with  a 
slope  on  one  side  only.  [A  hybrid  word, 
from  Fr.  pente,  a  slope — pendre,  to  hang, 
and  E.  RoOF.] 

PENULT,  pe-nult'  or  pe'nult,  PENULT- 
TTVTA,  pe-nult'i-ma,  n.  the  syllable  last 
but  one.      [L.  penultima—pcene,  almost, 

PENULTIMATE,  pe-nult'i-mat,  adj.  last 
but  one. — n.  the  penult.  [See  under 
Penult.] 

PENUItlBRA,  pe-numlira,  n.  a  partial 
shadow  round  the  perfect  shadow  of  an 
echpse  :  the  part  of  a  picture  where  the 
light  and  shade  blend.  [L.  paene,  almost, 
and  umbra,  shade.] 


PENURIOUS,  pen-u'ri-us,  adj.  showing 
penury  or  scarcity  :  not  bountiful :  sor- 
did :    miserly. — adv.    Penu'riously. — n. 

PENTfRIOUSNESS. 

PENURY,  pen'u-ri,  n.,  want :  absence  of 
means  or  resources  :  poverty.  [Fr. — L. 
penuria,  akin  to  Gr.  peitia,  hunger.] 

PEONY,  pe'o-ni,  n.  a  plant  having  beauti- 
ful crimson  flowers.  [O.  Fr.  pione  (Fr. 
pivoine) — L.  pceonia,  healing,  the  plant 
being  thought  to  have  healing  virtues— 
Gr.  Paion,  the  physician  of  the  gods.] 

PEOPLE,  pe'pl,  71.  persons  generally  :  an 
indefinite  number :  inhabitants :  a  na- 
tion: the  populace  : — pi.  Peoples  (pe'plz), 
races,  tribes. — i\t.  to  stock  with  people 
or  inhabitants.  [Fr.  peuple — L.  p&pulus, 
prob.  reduplicated  from  root  of  plebs, 
people,  Gr.  polys,  E.  Full.] 

PEPPER,  pep'er,  n.  a  plant  and  its  fruit, 
with  a  hot,  pungent  taste.  —  v.t.  to 
sprinkle  with  pepper.  [A.S.  pipor — ^L. 
piper — Gr.  peperi — Sans.  pippala.'\ 

PEPPERCORN;  pep'er-korn,  n.  the  com  or 
berry  of  the  pepper  plant :  something  of 
little  value. 

PEPPERMINT,  pep'er-mint,  n.  a  species  of 
mint,  aromatic  and  pungent  like  pepper : 
a  liquor  distUled  from  the  plant. 

PEPPERY,  pep'er-i,  adj.  possessing  the 
qualities  of  pepper :  hot :  pungent. 

PEPSINE,  pep'sin,  n.  one  of  the  essential 
constituents  of  the  gastric  juice,  which 
aids  in  digestion.  [Fr. — Gr.  pepsis,  di- 
gestion^pepto,  pesso,  to  cook,  digest.] 

PEPTIC,  pep'tik,  adj.  relating  to  or  pro- 
moting digestion.  [Gr.  peptikos — pepto, 
to  digest.] 

PERADVENTTURE,  per-ad-vent'ur,  adv. 
by  adventure :  by  chance :  perhaps.  [L. 
per,  by.  Adventure.] 

PERAMBULATE,  per-am'bul-at,  v.t.  to 
ivalk  through  or  over  :  to  pass  through 
to  survey.  [L.  perambulo,  -atum—per, 
through,  and  ambulo,  to  walk.] 

PERAMBULATION,  per-am-bul-a'shun,  n. 
act  oi  perambidating :  the  district  within 
which  a  person  has  the  right  of  inspec- 
tion. 

PERAMBULATOR,per-am'bul-at-or,  n.one 
who  perambulates :  an  instrument  for 
measuring  distances  on  roads :  a  light 
carriage  for  a  chUd. 

PERCEIVABLE,  per-seVa-bl,  adj.  same  as 
Perceptible. — adv.  PeeceiVably,  same 
as  Perceptibly. 

PERCEIVE,  per-sev*,  t'.(.  to  obtain  knowl- 
edge through  the  senses  :  to  see  :  to  un- 
derstand :  to  discern. — n.  Peecetv'ke. 
[O.  Fr.  pereever  (Fr.  apercevoir) — L.  per- 
cipio,  perceptum — per,  perfectly,  and 
capio,  to  take.] 

PERCENTAGE,  per-sent'aj,  n.  rate  per 
cent,   or  by  the  hundred.      [See  Cent.] 

PERCEPTIBLE,  per-sept'i-bl,  adj.  that  can 
be  perceived :  that  may  be  known  :  dis- 
cernible.— adv.  Percept'ibly.— w.  Per- 
ceptibil'ity,  quality  of  being  perceptible. 

PERCEPTION,  per-sep'shun,  n.  act  of  per- 
ceiving :  discernment  :  (phil.)  the  faculty 
of  perceiving :  the  evidence  of  external 
objects  by  our  senses. 

PERCEPTIVE,  per-sept'iv,  adj.  having  the 
power  of  percei^nng  or  discerning. — n. 
Perceptiv'ity,  quaUty  of  being  per- 
ceptive. 

PERCH,  perch,  n.  a  genus  of  fishes,  so 
called  from  their  dusky  color.  [Fr. 
perche—L.  perca — Gr.  perke,  fromperkos, 
dark-colored,  spotted.] 

PERCH,  perch,  n.  a  rod  on  which  birds 
roost :  a  measure  =  5i  yds. :  a  square 
measure  =  30i  scjuare  yards. — v.i.  to  sit 
or  roost  on  a  perch  :  to  settle. — v.t.  to 
place,  as  on  a  perch.  [Fr.  perche — ^L. 
pertica,  a  long  staff,  a  rod.] 


PERCHANCE 


321 


PERIWINKLE 


PERCHANCE,  per-chans',  adv.  by  chance : 
perhaps.  [Fr.  par  cas,  from  L.  per,  by, 
and  L.  root  of  Chauce.] 

PERCHER,  perch'er,  n.  a  bird  that  perches 
on  trees. 

PERCIPIENT,  per-sip'i-ent,  adj.,  perceiv- 
ing:  having  the  faculty  of  perception. 
— n.  one  who  perceives. 

PERCOLATE,  per'lio-lat,  v.t.  to  strain 
through  :  to  filter. — v.i.  to  filter.  [L. 
percolo,  -atum — per,  through,  coio,  to 
strain.] 

PERCOLATION,  per-ko-la'shun,  n.  act  of 
filtering. 

PERCOLATOR,  per'ko-la-tor,  n.  a  filtering 
vessel. 

PERCUSSION,  per-kush'un,  n.  the  striking 
of  one  body  against  another :  collision, 
or  the  shock  produced  by  it :  impression 
of  sound  on  the  ear  :  (med.)  the  tapping 
upon  the  body  to  find  the  condition  of 
an  internal  organ  by  the  sounds.  [L. 
percussio  —  percutio,  percussum  —  per, 
thoroughly,  and  quatio,  to  shake,  strike.] 

PERCUSSIVE,  per-kus'iv,  adj.,  striking 
against. 

PERDITION,  per-dish'un,  n.  utter  loss  or 
ruin  :  the  utter  loss  of  happiness  in  a 
future  state.  [Lit.  a  "  being  put  utterly 
away,"  Fr. — L.  perditio^xrdo,  perdi- 
tum—per,  entii-ely,  and  do,  Sans,  dha,  to 
put.] 

PEREGRINATE,  per'e-grin-at,  v.i.  to  travel 
through  the  country :  to  travel  about : 
to  live  in  a  foreign  country.  [L.  pere- 
grinor,  -atum—peregrinus,  toreign—pere- 
ger,  away  from  home,  probably  from  per, 
through,  ager,  a  field,  territory.] 

PEREGRINATION,  per-e-grin-a'shun,  n. 
act  of  peregrinating  or  travelling  about. 
[Fr.] 

PEREGRINATOR,  per'e-grin-a-tor,  n.  one 
who  travels  about. 

PEREMPTORY,  per'emp-tor-i,  adj.,  pre- 
venting debate  :  authoritative  :  dogmati- 
cal.— adv.  Per'emptorily. — n.  Per'emp- 
TORINESS.  [Fr. — L.  peremptorius,  from 
perimo,  peremptum — per,  entirely,  and 
emo,  to  take.] 

PERENNIAL,  per-en'i-al,  adj.  lasting 
through  the  year ;  perpetual :  (bot.)  last- 
ing more  than  two  years. — adv.  Perenn'- 
lAiiLY.  [L.  perennis — per,  through,  and 
annus,  a  year.] 

PERFECT,  per'fekt,  adj.,  done  thoroughly 
or  completely :  completed  :  not  defective : 
unblemished  :  possessing  every  moral 
excellence  :  completely  skilled  or  ac- 
quainted :  (gram.)  expressing  an  act  com- 
pleted.— v.t.  (or  per-fekt')  to  make  perfect 
or  complete  :  to  finish.— n.  PER'FHCTEai. 
[Fr. — L.  perfectus,  pa.p.  of  perfido—per, 
thoroughly,  and  facio,  to  do.] 

PERFECTIBLE,  per-fekt'i-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  made  perfect.—?*.  Perfectibil'ity, 
quality  of  being  perfectible. 

PERFECTION,  per-fek'shun,  n.  state  of  be- 
ing perfect  :  a  perfect  quality  or  acquire- 
ment. 

PERFECTIONIST,  per-fek'shun-ist,  n.  one 
who  pretends  to  be  perfect  :  an  enthusi- 
ast in  religion  or  politics. — n.  Pekfec'- 

TIONISM. 

PERFECTIVE,  per-fekt'iv,  adj.  tending  to 

make  perfect. — adv.  Perfect'itely. 
PERFECTLY,  per'fekt-li,  adv.  in  a  perfect 

manner  :  completely  :  exactly. 
PERFECTNESS,   per'fekt-nes,  n.  state  or 

quality  of  being  perfect :   consimimate 

cxcgIIgucg. 
PERFIDIOUS,  per-fld'i-UB,   adj.  faithless  : 

unfaithful :  violating  trust  or  confidence  . 

treacherous.  —  adv.   Perfid'iously.  —  n. 

Perfid'iousness.      [L-    perfidiosus—per- 

fidia,  faithlessness.] 
PEM'IDY,     per'fl-di,     n.,    faithlesgness : 

u 


treachery.     [L.  perfidia—perfidus,  faith- 
less— per,  away  from,  fides,  faith.] 

PERFOLIATE,  per-fo'li-at,  adj.  {bot.)  hav- 
ing the  stem  as  it  were  passing  through 
the  leaf,  having  the  leaf  round  the  stem 
at  the  base.  [L.  per,  through,  folium,  a 
leaf.] 

PERFORATE,  per'fo-rat,  v.t.  to  bore 
through :  to  pierce :  to  make  a  hole 
through.  [L. perforo,-atu7n—per,through, 
foro,  to  bore,  akin  to  Bore.] 

PERFORATION,  per-fo-ra'shun,  n.  act  of 
boring  or  piercing  through  :  a  hole 
through  anything. 

PERFORATOR,  per'fo-rat-or,  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  perforating  or  boring. 

PERFORCE,  per-fors',  adv.  by  force:  vio- 
lently :  of  necessity.  [L.  per,  by,  and 
Force.] 

PERFORM,  per-form',  v.t.  to  do  thorough- 
ly :  to  carry  out  :  to  achieve  :  to  act. — 
v.i.  to  do  :  to  act  a  part  :  to  play,  as  on 
a  musical  instrument.  [Fr.  parfoumir, 
from  par  ^  L.  per,  and  foumir,  to  fur- 
nish.   See  Furnish.] 

PERFORMABLE,  per-form'a-bl,  adj.  capa- 
b'e  of  being  performed  :    practicable. 

PERFORMANCE,  per-form'ans,  n.  act  of 
performing  :  carrying  out  of  something: 
something  done:  public  execution  of  any- 
thing :  an  act  or  action. 

PERFORMER,  per-form'er,  n.  one  who  per- 
forms, esp.  one  who  makes  a  public  ex- 
hibition of  his  skill. 

PERFUME,  per'fum  or  per-fum',  n.  odor- 
ous smoke :  sweet-smelling  scent :  any- 
thing which  yields  a  sweet  odor. — v.t. 
Perfume',  to  fill  with  a  pleasant  odor : 
to  scent.  [Fr.  parfum — L.  per,  through, 
fumus,  smoke.] 

PERFUMER,  per-fum'er,  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  perfumes  :  one  who  trades  in 
perfumes. 

PERFUMERY,  per-fum'er-i,  n.  perfumes  in 
general :  the  art  of  preparing  perfumes. 

PERFUNCTORY,  per-fungk'tor-i,  ad/,  care- 
lessly performed:  negligent:  slight.— adu. 
Perfuno'torily. — n.  Perfunc  toreness. 
[L.  perfunctorius — perfunctus,  pa.p.  of 
perfungor,  to  execute — per,  thoroughly, 
and  fungor.    See  Function.] 

PERHAPS,  per-haps',  adv.  it  may  be  :  pos- 
sibly. [Lit.  "by  haps"  or  "chances," 
L.  per,  by,  and  haps,  pi.  of  Hap.] 

PERI,  pe'ri,  n.  in  Persian  mythology,  a  fe- 
male elf  or  fairy.  [Lit.  "  winged,"  Pers. 
pari,  conn,  with  root  of  Feather.] 

PERIANTH,  per'i-anth,  n.  (bot.)  the  floral 
envelope  of  those  plants  in  wliich  the 
calyx  and  corolla  are  not  easily  distin- 
guished. [Gr.  peri,  around,  about,  and 
anthos,  a  flower.] 

PERICARDIUM,  per-i-kard'i-um,  n.  (anat.) 
the  sac  which  surrounds  the  heart. — adjs. 
Pericakd'iac,  Pericard'ial,  Pericabd'- 
lAN.  [Late  L. — Gr.  perikardion — peri, 
around,  kardia,  E.  Heart.] 

PERICAEP,  per'i-karp,  n.  (bot.)  the  cover- 
ing, shell,  or  rind  ot  fruits :  a  seed-vessel. 
— adj.  Pericarp'ial.  [Gt.  perikarpion — 
peri,  around,  karpos,  fruit.  See  Har- 
vest.]        

PERICRANIUM,  per-i-kra'ni-um,  n.  (anat.) 
the  membrane  that  surrounds  the  crani- 
um. [Late  L. — Gr.  perikranion—peri, 
a,ronnS,kranion,  the  skull.  See  Cranium.] 

PERIGEE,  per'i-je,  n.  (astr.)  the  point  of 
the  moon's  orbit  nearest  the  earf/i.  [From 
Gr.  peri,  near,  ge,  the  earth.] 

PERIHELION,  per-i-he'li-on,  PERIHELI- 
UM,  per-i-he'li-um,  n.  the  point  of  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  or  comet  »ieare.s<  to  the 
sun: — opposed  to  APHEUON.  [Gr.  peri, 
near,  helios,  the  sun.] 
PERIL,  peKil,  w.  exposure  to  danger  :  dan- 
ger.— v.t.  to  expose  to  danger  : — pr.p, 
per'illing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  peiolled.    [Lit. 


a  "  trial  passed  through,"  Fr.  piril — Li 
periculum — root  of  peritus,  tried,  expe- 
rior,  to  try  ;  akin  to  Gr.  peirao,  to  try, 
perao,  to  pass  through,  cog.  with  Fare.] 
PERILOUS,  per'U-us,  adj.  full  of  peril- 
dangerous. — adv.  Per'ilously. — n.  Per':     , 

ILOUSNESS. 

PERIMETER,  per-im'e-ter,  n.  (geom.)  the 
circuit  or  boundary  of  any  plane  figure, . 
or  sum  of  all  its  sides. — adj.  PERlMET'-f 
RICAL,  pertaining  to  the  perimeter.  [Lit. 
the  "  measure  round  about,"  Gr.  peri'^ 
metros — peri,  around,  metron,  measure.] 

PERIOD,  pe'ri-ud,  n.  the  time  in  wliicn 
anything  is  performed  :  (astr.)  the  time 
occupied  by  a  body  in  its  revolution :  a 
stated  and  recurrmg  interval  of  time  : 
a  series  of  years :  length  of  duration : 
the  time  at  which  anything  ends  :  con- 
clusion :  (gram.)  a  mark  at  the  end  of 
a  sentence  (.):  (rhet.)  a  complete  sen- 
tence. See  Date,  Epoch,  Era.  [Lit.  a 
"going  round,"  a  "circuit,"  Fr.  ^J^riod« 
— L.  periodus—Qv. periodos,  agoing  round 
— peri,  around,  hodos,  a  way.] 

PERIODIC,  pe-ri-od'ik,  PERIODICAL,  pe- 
ri-od'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  period  ; 
happening  by  i-evolution  :  occurring  at 
regular  intervals  :  pertaining  to  periodi- 
cals.—adt).  Period'ically. 

PERIODICAL,  pe-ri-od'ik-al,  n.  a  magazine 
or  other  publication  which  appears  in 
parts  at  regular  periods.  —  n.  Pebiod'io- 
ALIST,  one  who  writes  in  a  periodical. 

PERIODICITY,  pe-ri-o-dis'it-i,  n.  state  of 
being  periodic. 

PERIPATETIC,  per-i-pa-tet'ik,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle, 
who  taught  while  ^calking  up  and  down 
in  the  Lyceum  at  Athens. — n.  an  adher- 
ent of  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle  :  one 
accustomed  or  obliged  to  walk. — n.  Feri- 
PATET'ICISM,  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle. 
[Gr.  peripatetikos—peri,  afiout,  pated,  to; 
walk  ;  cog.  with  E.  Path.]  ^ 

PERIPHERY,  per-if'er-i,  n.  (geom.)  the 
circumference  of  a  circle  or  any  figure. 
— adj.  Periph'kral.  [Lit.  "  that  which 
is  carried  round,"  L.---Gr.  peri,  around, 
phero,  to  carry  ;  cog.  with  E.  Bear.] 

PERIPHRASE.  per'i-fraz,  PERIPHRASIS, 
per-if'ra-sis,  n.  a  roundabo^d  way  of 
speaking :  the  use  of  more  words  than 
are  necessary  to  express  an  idea  :  (rlhet.) 
a  figure  employed  to  avoid  a  trite  expres- 
sion.— v.t.  or  i\i.  Per'iphrase,  to  use 
circumlocution.  [L.— Gr.  periphrasis — 
peri,  round,  aboat,  phrasis,  a  speaking. 

CJpp  PFrRASK  1 

PERIPHRASTIC,  per-i-fras'tik,  PERI- 
PHRAS'TICAL,  adj.  containing  or  ex- 
pressed by  periphrasis  or  circumlocution. 
— adv.  Pebiphhas'tically.    [Gr.] 

PERISH,  per'ish,  v.i.  to  pass  a  u-uy  complete' 
ly:  to  waste  away:  to  decay:  to  lose  Ufe: 
to  be  destroyed  :  to  be  ruined  or  lost. 
[M.E.  perisshen—Fr.pirir,  pr.p. p6rissant 
— L.  perire,  to  perish^Jer,  completely, 
"to  the  bad."  ire,  to  go.] 

PERISHABLE,  per'ish-a-b),  adj.  that  may 
perish  :  subject  to  speedy  decay. — adv. 
Per'ishably".— » .  Per'ishablkness. 

PERISTYLE,  per'i-stil,  n.  a  range  of  col 
mnns  round  a  building  or  square:  a  court, 
square,  etc.,  with  columns  on  three  sides. 
[L.  peristylium  —  Gr.  peristylon — peri 
around,  stylos,  a  column.] 

PERIWIG,  per'i-wig,  n.  a  pez-ufrc  or  small 
wig,  usually  shortened  to  WIO.  [O.  Dut, 
peruyk—Fr.    perruque,   a  peruke.     See 

TpTj'pfiir'p  "I 

PERIWINKLE,  per'i-wingk-1,  n.  a  genus 
of  binding  or  creeping  evergreen  plants, 
growing  in  woods.  [M.  E.  peruenke, 
through  A.S.  peruincce,  from  L.  pervfn- 
ca,  called  also  vitiea-pervinca,  conn,  with 
vincio,  to  bind.] 


PERIWINKLE 


322 


PERSUADE 


PEKIWI.NKLE,  per'i-win^k-1,  n.  a  small 
nuivalre  mollusc.  [CoiTupted  by  confu- 
sion with  preceding  horn  A.S.  pinen-incla 
— ifinele,  a  whelk  ;  prov.  E.  pin-patch, 
prob.  because  eaten  with  a  pin. J 

PERJURE,  per'joor,  v.t.  to  su-ear  falsely 
(followed  by  a  reciprocal  pronoun). — n. 
Per'jusee.  "  [Fr.— L.  perjnro—per-  (same 
as  E.  for-  in  Foesweab),  and  juro,  to 
swear.] 

PEKJLtRT.  per'jiir^J,  n.  false  swearing-: 
(faiv)  the  act  of  wiOflilly  givinsr  false  evi- 
dence on  an  oath.     (X  peTJurium.'] 

PERKT,  perk,  adj.  trim,  spruce. — v.t.  to 
>5Hake  smart  or  trim. — i:i.  to  hold  up  the 
head  with  smartness.  [W.  perc,  pert, 
trrni.  smart.  See  PERT.] 
'PERMANENCE,  per'ma-nens,  PER'MA- 
BTENCY,  -nen-sr,  it.  state  or  qirality  of 
feeing-  permanent :  continuance  in  the 
saime  state  :  duration. 

PEKJ1LA.NENT,  per'ma-nent,  adj:  lasting-: 
durable. — adv.  Per'JIanestlt.  [Fr-— L. 
perTnaney^a,  -eniin,  pr.p.  of  perm<meo — 
per,  through,  maneo,  to  continue.] 

PlEEME.-iBLE,  pei-'me-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  permeated. — ficfy;  Peh'sieably.  — n. 
PEEHEABrL'iTY.    [FK — L.  peTineabilis.'\ 

PERMEATE,  per'me-at,  v.t.  to  pass 
through  the  pores  of :  to  penetrate  and 
-paa9  through. — n.  PBRMEi.'TIO^^  [L.  per, 
through,  meo,  to  go.] 

PER5ITAN",  per'mi-an,  ad],  in  geoT.  a  term 
applied  to  a  system  of  rocks  linng-  be- 
neath the  triassic  rocks,  and  immediately 
above  the  carboniferous  system.  Form- 
erly the  Permian  and  triassic  rocks  ^v^;re 
grouped  together  under  th&  name  of  the 
iverv  red  satidstone  system,  but  later 
geologists  have  separated  them  on  palK- 
■ontological  grounds,  the  Permian  group 
containing  many  palaozoic  foTm&.  while 
the  rematns  of  "the  triassic  are  largeFy 
mesozoic.  Tlie  Permian  forms  the  upper- 
most of  the  great  pafeozoic  series,  and 
\3  unconformable  in  England  on  the  car- 
boniferous, while  it  passes  by  almost  in- 
■senrsible  gradations  into  the  triassic.  In 
England  the  Permian  rocks  are  largely* 
developed  in  the  county  of  DurhaTB. 
-Called  also  Maghtesian  LrcESTOXB. 
rProm  Perm,  in  Eassia,  or  that  part  of 
JRussia  which  formed  the  ancient  ktng- 
<dom  of  Pemiia  where  the  series  is 
largelv  developed.] 

PERINIIS&IBLE,  per-misl-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  permitted  :  allowable. — adv.  Fz'amss- 

PEEillSSION,  per-mish'un,  ».  act  of  per- 
mitting :  liberty  granted  r  allowance. 
fFr. — L.  x>ermissio.J 

PERMISSIVE,  per-mis'iv.  adj.  granting 
permission  or  liberty:  allowing-:  granted. 
— adv.  PERinss'rvELY. 

PERMIT,  per-mit',  v.t.  to  give  leave  to  : 
to  allow  :  to  afford  means  -.—pr.p.  per- 
mitt'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  permitfed. — 
n.  PEm'jnT,  permission,  esp.  from  a  cus- 
tom-house officer  to  remo%-e  goods.  [L. 
permitto,  -missus,  to  let  pass  through — 
per,  through,  mitto,  to  send.] 

PERMUTABLE,  pernmufa-bl,  adj.  mutable 
or  that  may  be  changed  one  for  another. 
— adv.  Permut'ahlt. — n.  Peexttt'abu:- 
I»ESS.  [L.  permntabilis—per,  through, 
Tttnto,  to  change.] 

PERMUTATION,  per-raii-ta'shun,  n.  act 
of  ehanginfj  one  thing  for  mwfher: 
(math.)  the  arrangement  of  things  or 
lettei-s  in  every  "possible  order.  [Pr. 
-L.] 
PERNICIOUS,  per-nish'us,  adj.,  Icitlin^ 
utterly :  hurtM :  destmetive  :  highly 
injurious. — adv.  PEH!«T'crorsi-T. — ?;.  Per- 
KT'ciorsxESS.  [Fr. — L.  per,  completely, 
and  nex.  neeis,  death  bv  violence.] 
PERORATION,  ner-o-ra'shun,  n.  the  con- 


clusion of  a  speech.  [Fr. — "L,  peroraiio 
— peroro,  to  bring  a  speech  to  an  end — 
p>er,  through,  oro,  to  speak — 09,  oris,  the 
moiithJ 

PERPENDICULAR,  per-pen-dlk'u-lar,  adj. 
exactly  upright:  e:rtending  in  a  straight 
line  toward  the  centre  of  the  earth : 
{geom.)  at  right  angles  to  a  given  line  or 
surface. — n.  a  perpendicular  line  or  plane. 
— adv.  PERPE?n])ic'ui,ARi,Y. — n.  Perpen- 
dicular'ity.  state  of  being  perpendicu- 
lar. [Fr. — L.  perpendicularis'—perpeni- 
dierdmn,  a  plumb-line  — per,  through, 
and  pendo,  to  weigh.] 

PERPETRATE,  per-pe-trat,  v.t.  to  perform 
or  commit  (usually  in  a  bad  sense). — n. 
Per'petrator.  [L.  perjjetro,  -attmi—per, 
thoroi^ghly,  arndpatro,  to  perform,  from 

root  of'POTENTj 

PERPETRATION,  per-pe-tra'shun,  n.  a«t 
of  perpetrating  oi-  committing  a  crime : 
the  thing  perpetrated. 

PERPETUAL,  per-pefu-al,  adj.  never 
ceasing  :  everfiiatiBg  :  not  temporaiy. — 
adv.  Peepet'ually.  [Fr.  perpetuet^—ij. 
parpetuAcs,  continuous  — per,  through, 
and  root  pet.  to  go.     See  Path.] 

PERPETUATE,  per-pet'u-at,  v.t.  to  make 
perjietual :  to  preserve  from  extinction 
or  oblivion.     [L.] 

PERPETUATION,  per-pet-u-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  perpetuating-  or  prreser\Tng  from  ob- 
livion.        

PERPETUITY,  per-pet-u'r-ti,  n.  state  of 
being  perpetual  r  endless  duration  :  dura^ 
tion  for  an  indefinite  period  :  something 
perpetual :  the  sum  paid  for  a  perpetual 
annuitv.     [Fr. — L.] 

PERPLEX,  per-pleks*.  v.t.  to  make  difficult 
to  be  understocd  :  to  embarrass:  to  puz- 
zle :  to  tease  -nith  su^ense  or  doubt. 
[Fr. — L.  perpleanis,  entangled— j^er,  com- 
pletely, and  plexus,  involved,  pa.p.  of 
pTecto'.     See  Pilait.] 

PERPLEXITT,  per-pleks'i-ti,  n.  state  of 
being  perplexed :  intricacy :  embarrass- 
ment :  doitbt. 

PERQLtrSITE,  per'kwi-zit,  n.  an  allowance 
granted  more  than  the  settled  wages :  a 
fee  allowed  by  law  to  an  officer  for 
a  specific  service.  [Lit.  •'  anvthing 
sought  for  diligently,"  L.  perqnlnttmn,, 
from  perquiro — rmr,  thoroughly,  qucero, 
to  ask.] 

I^RRY,  per'i,  n.  the  fermented  juice  of 
pears.  [Fr.  poire,  from,  poire,  a  pear — 
L.  pimm.    See  Pear.] 

PERSECUTE,  per'se-kut,  v.t.  to  pursue  so 
as  to  injure  or  annoy  r  to  harass :  to  an- 
noYor  pimisb,  esp.  for  religious  or  politi- 
cal opinions. — «.  PEE'SECUTOa.  [Fr.  per- 
seeiiter — L.  perseqnor.  persecntus — per, 
thorouarhlv.  and  sequftr.  to  follow.] 

PERSECtrriON,  per-se-fca'shun,  n.  actor 
practice  of  persecuting :  state  of  being 
persecuted. 

PERSEVERANCE,  per-se-ver'ans,  7i.  act  or 
state  of  persevering-.  [L.  per-ieverantia.] 

PERSEVERE,  per-se-ver^,  v.i.  to  persist  in 
anything :  to  pm-sue  anything  steadily. 
— adf.  PERSETTEK'iyGLY.  "  [Fv.—L.perse- 
vero — -jjerset'erH.?,  very  strict — j^er,  very, 
severus,  strict.  See  Setehe.] 

PERSIFLAGE,  pei^si-flazh.  n.  a  frivolous 
way  of  talking  or  treating  any  subject  : 
banter.  [Fr. — j^ersifler,  to  banter — L, 
per,  through,  and  Fr.  siffler—'h.  sibilare, 
to  whistle,  to  hiss.] 

PERSIST,  per-sist',r.i.  to  stand  throughout 
to  something  begun :  to  continue  in  any 
course :  to  persevere. — adv.  Persist'ixg- 
LY.  [Fr. — L.  persiito—per.  through,  and 
sisto.  to  cause  to  stand — sto.  to  stand.] 
PERSISTENCE,  per-sisfens.  PERSIST- 
ENCY, per-sist'en-si.  n.  quality  of  being 
persistent:  perseverance:  obstinacy:  du- 
ration. 


PERSISTENT,  per-sist'ent,  adj.,persisHng  ■ 
tenacious :  fixed :  (pot.)  remaining  til! 
or  after  the  fruit  is  ripe. — a<iv.  Peesbt'- 

EHTLY. 

PERSON,  per'sun,  n.  character  represented, 
as  on  the  stage  r  character  :  an  individ- 
ual :  a  living  soul  :  the  outward  appear- 
ance, etc.  :  body  :  (gram.)  a  distinc- 
tion in  form,  according  as  the  subject  of 
the  verb  is  the  person  speaJiing,  spoken 
to,  or  spoken  ©f. — Is  person,  by  one's 
self,  not  by  a  representative.  [Fr. — L. 
persona,  a  mask,.  esp>  that  used  by  play- 
ers, which  covered  the  whole  head,  and 
was  varied  ace.  to  the  clian'acter  repre- 
sented, perh.  from  persona,  -atiis — per, 
through^  and  sonoy  to  sound,  from  the 
voice  of  the  actor  sounding  througli  the 
lai-ge-mouthed  mask.] 

PERSONABLE,  per'sua-ar4}l,  adji  ha-ving  a 
well-formed  body  or  person  :  of  good  ap- 
pearance. 

PERSONAGrE,  per' sun -aj,  n.  at  person: 
character  represented :  an  individual  of 
eminence. 

PERSONAL,  per'sun-al,  adj.  belonging  to 
a  person  :  peculiar  to  a  person  or  his 
private  concerns  :  pertaining  to  the  ex- 
ternal appearance  :  done  in  person  :  ap- 
plying oilensively  to  one's  character : 
(gram.)  denoting  the  person. 

PERSONALITY,  per-sun-al'i-ti,  n.  that 
which  constitutes  distinction  of  person  • 
individuality  :  a  personal  remark  or  re- 
flection. 

PERSONALLY,  per'sun-al-li„  adv.  in  a 
personal  or  direct  manner  :  in  person :  in- 
dividuallv. 

PERSONALTY,  per'sun-al-ti,  n.  (laic)  per- 
sonal estate  or  all  sorts  of  movable  prop- 
ertv. 

PERSONATE,  per'sun-at,  v.t.  to  assume 
the  piersoii  or  character  of :  to  represent : 
to  coimterfeit :  to  feign. — ns.  Persoha'- 
UON,  Pee'sonator. 

PERSONIFY,  per-son'i-Q,  v.t.  (rhet.)  to 
ascribe  to  any  inanimate  object  the 
qualities  of  a  person : — pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
person'i-ffed. — n.  Personifica'tion. 

PERSPECTIVE,  per-spekt'iv,  n.  a  -i-ie-w^ 
vista :  the  art  of  delineating-  objects  on 
a  pfene  surface  as  they  appear  to  the 
eye  :  a  picture  in  perspective. — adj.  per- 
taining or  according  to  perspective.  [Fr. 
— L.  perspicio,  jierspectus—per,.  through, 
and  spent),  to  look.J 

PERSPECTIVELY,  per-spekViv-H,  adr.  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  perspective. 

PERSPICACIOUS,  per-spi-ka'shus,  adj.  of 
clear  or  acute  understanding. — adv.  Per- 
spjca'ciobsly.  ^«.  Peespica'ciocs^tess. 
fL.  perspicatc,  perspicams— perspicio,  to 
see  througti.] 

PERSPICACITY,  per-spi-kas'i-ti,  n.  state 
of  being  perspicaeimes  or  acute  in  dis- 
cerning.    

PERSPICUITY,  per-spi-ku'i-ti,  n.  state  of 
being  perspicuous  :  clearness  :  freedom 
from  obscuritv.     • 

PERSPICUOUS",  per-spik'u-us,  adj.  clear 
to  the  mind  :  not  obscure  in  any  -way  : 
evident.— a<:?r.  PEESPlc'TOtrsLY. — n.  Pee 
SPlctJOUSiTESS.  [L.  perspicuus,  from  per 
spicio,  to  see  through.] 

PERSPIRATION,  per-spi-ra'shnn,  w.  act  of 
perspiring :  that  which  is  perspired : 
sweat.     [Fr. — L.] 

PERSPIRATORY,  per-spir'»-tor-i,  ad;,  per- 
taining to  or  causing  perspiration. 

PERSPIRE,  per-spir',  v.i.  and  v.t.  to  emit 
through  the  pores  of  the  skin  :  to  sweat. 
[Lit.  to  breathe  through,  L.  per^iro, 
-at>ts — jier,  through,  and  sjyiro,  to 
breathe.] 

PERSUADE,  per-swad',  v.t.  to  influence 
successfully  bj'  argument,  advice,  etc.  : 
to  bring  to  any  particular  opinion  :  to 


PERSUASIBLE 


323 


PHANTASMAGORIA 


convince.— ra.  Persuad'er.  [Fr.— L.  per- 
suadeo,  -suaswn—per,  thoi-oughly,  and 
suadeo,  to  advise.] 

PERSUASIBLE,  per-swa'si-bl,  adj.  capable 
of  being  persuaded. — ns.  Persua'sible- 
NESS,  Persuasibil'ity. 

PERSUASION,  per-swa'zhun,  n.  act  of 
persuading :  state  of  being  persuaded  : 
settled  opinion  :  a  creed  :  a  party  adher- 
ing to  a  creed. 

PERSUASIVE,  per-swa'siv,  adj.  having 
the  power  to  persuade:  influencing  the 
mind  or  passions. — adv.  Persua'sively. 
— n.  Persua'siveness. 

PERT,  pert,  adj.  forward  :  saucy :  imper- 
tinent.— adv.  Pert'ly.— n.  Pert'ness.  [A 
form  of  Perk.] 

PERTAIN,  per-tan',  v.i.  to  belong:  to  re- 
late (to).  [O.  Fr.  partenir — L/.  pi^^'tineo 
— per,  thoroughly,  and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

PERTINACIOUS,  per-ti-na'shus,  adj.,  thor- 
oughhj  tenacious :  holding  obstinately  to 
an  opinion  or  purpose  :  obstinate. — adv. 
Pertina'ciously. — w.Pertina'ciousness. 
[Fr. — h.pertinax,  -acis—per,  thoroughly, 
and  tenax,  tenacious — teneo,  to  hold.] 

PERTINACITY,  per-ti-nas'i-ti,  n.  quaUty 
of  being  pertinacious  or  unyielding :  ob- 
stinacy. 

PERTINENCE,  per'ti-nens,  PERTINENCY, 
per'ti-nen-si,  n.  state  of  being  pertinent : 
appositeness  :  fitness. 

PERTINENT,  per'ti-nent,  adj.,  pertaining 
or  related  to  a  subject :  fitting  or  appro- 
priate.— adv.  Per'tinently. 

PERTURB,  per-turb',  v.t.  to  disturb  great- 
ly :  to  agitate.  [Fr.— L.  ijerturbo,  -atus 
— per,  tlioroughlj%  and  t%irbo,  disturb — 
turba,  a  crowd.     See  Turbid.] 

PERTURBATION,  per-tur-ba'shun, «.  state 
of  being  perturbed :  disquiet  of  mind : 
(astr.)  a  deviation  of  a  heavenly  body 
from  its  normal  orbit. 

PERUKE,  per'ook  or  per-ruk',  n.  an  arti- 
ficial cap  of  hair :  a  periwig.  [Fr.  per- 
ruque — It.  pamic-ca  (Sp.  peluea)—L.  pilus, 
hair.     Doublets  Periwig,  Wig.] 

PERUSAL,  per-tiz'al  or  per-ooz'al,  n.  the 
act  of  perusing  :  examination  :  study. 

PERUSE,  per-uz'  or  per-5oz',  v.t.  to  read 
attentively  :  to  examine. — n.  Perus'ER. 
[Formed  from  L.  per,  and  Use,  v.t.] 

PERUVIAN,  per-oo'vi-an,  adj.  pertaining 
to  Peru  in  S.  America. — n.  a  native  of 
Peru. 

PERVADE,  per-vad',  v.t.  to  go  through  or 
penetrate  :  to  spread  all  over.  [L.  per- 
vado,  pcrvasum—per,  through,  and  vado, 
to  go  :  conn,  with  Wade.] 

PERVASIVE,  per-vas'iv,  adj.  tending  or 
having  power  to  perva/ie. 

PERVERSE,  per-vers',  adj.,  perverted  or 
turned  aside :  obstinate  in  the  wrong  : 
stubborn :  vexatious.  —  ws.  Perverse'- 
NESS,  Pebvers'ity.— adr.  Perverse'ly. 

PERVERSION,  per-ver'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
perverting:  a  diverting  from  the  true  ob- 
ject :  a  turning  from  truth  or  propriety  : 
misappHcation. 

PERVERT,  per-vert',  v.t.  to  turn  wrong  or 
from  the  right  course :  to  change  from 
its  true  use  :  to  corrupt :  to  turn  from 
truth  or  virtue. — n.  J'ervert'er.  [Fr. 
pervertir^-h.  pervei'to — per,  thoroughly, 
•'  to  the  bad,"  and  verto,  rersiui,  to  turn.] 

PERVERTIBLE,  per-vert'i-bl,  adj.  able  to 
be  perverted. 

PERVIOUS,  per'vi-us,  adj.  penetrable. — 
adv.  Peb'tiously.  —  n.  Per'tiousness. 
[Lit.  "  affording  a  u-ay  through,"  L.  per- 
vius — per,  through,  via,  a  way.] 

PESSIMIST,  pps'i-mist,  n.  one  who  com- 
plains of  everj'thing  being  for  the  worst : 
— opposed  to  Optimist. — n.  Pess'imism. 
[From  L.  pessimvs,  worst.] 

PEST,  pest,  n.  a  deatlly  disease  :  a  plague  : 


anything  destructive.  [Fr.  pesfe  —  L. 
pest  is,  a  contagious  disease.] 

PESTER,  pes'ter,  v.t.  to  distui-b,  to  annoy. 
[Short  for  impester,  O.  Fr.  empestrer  (Fr. 
empetrer),  to  entangle,  from  in,  in,  and 
Low  L.  pastorium,  the  foot-shackle  of  a 
horse  at  pasture  —  L.  pastus,  pa. p.  of 
pasco,  to  feed.] 

PESTHOUSE,  pest'hows,  7i.  a  hoicse  or 
hospital  for  persons  aiHicted  with  any 
pest  or  contagious  disease. 

PESTIFEROUS,  pest-if'er-us,  adj.,  bearing 
pestilence  :  pestilent.  —  adv.  Pestit'er- 
OUSLY.     [L.  pestis,  and  fero,  E.  Bear.] 

PESTILENCE,  pest'i-lens,  n.  any  conta- 
gious deadly  disease. 

PESTILENT,  pest'i-lent,  adj.  producing 
■pestilence :  hurtful  to  health  and  lite  : 
miscliievous  :  corrupt  :  troublesome. — 
adv.  Pest'ilently.    [Fr. — L.] 

PESTILENTIAL,  pest-i-len'shal,  adj.  of 
the. nature  of  x>estilence :  producing  pesti- 
lence :     destructive.  —  adv.    Pestilen'- 

TIALLY. 

PESTLE,  pes'l  or  pesti,  n.  an  instrument 
for  pounding  anything  in  a  mortar. — 
v.t.  and  v.i.  to  pound  with  a  pestle.  [O. 
Fr.  jjestel — L.  pistillum,  a  pounder,  from 
pinso,  pistmn,  to  pound.] 

PET,  pet,  re.  any  animal  tame  and  fondled  : 
a  woi-d  of  endeai'ment  often  used  to 
young  children. — v.t.  to  treat  as  a  pet : 
to  fondle:  —  pr.p.  pett'ing  ;  pa.t.  and 
pia.p.  pett'ed.  [Celt.,  as  Ir.  peat,  Gael. 
pieata.~\ 

PET,  pet,  n.  a  sudden  fit  of  peevishness  or 
slight  passion.     [From  the  above  word.] 

PETAL,  pet'al,  n.  a  flower-Zea/.  [Gr.  pet- 
alon,  a  leaf,  neuter  of  petalos,  spread 
out,  from  root  of  peta-nnymi,  to  spread 
out.    Cf.  Fathom.] 

PETALED,  pet'ald,  PETALOUS,  pet'al-us, 
adj.  having  petals  or  flower-leaves. 

PETALINE,  pet'al-in,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
resembling  a  petal :  attached  to  a  petal. 

PETALOID,  pet'ai-oid,  adj.  having  the 
form  of  a  petal.  [Petai,,  and  Gr.  eidjos, 
form.] 

PETARD,  pe-tard',  n.  an  engine  of  war, 
used  to  break  down  barriers,  etc.,  by 
explosion.  [Fr.  peter,  to  crack  or  ex- 
plode— L.  2)edo,  cog.  with  Gr.  perdo. 
Sans,  pard,  and  Qer.  furzen.'] 

PETER-PENCE,  pe'ter-pens,  n.  an  annual 
tax  of  a  silver  penny,  formerly  paid  by 
the  Engiish  to  the  Pope  as  successor  of 
St.  Peter. 

PETIOLE,  pet'i-ol,  n.  the  /ooistalk  of  a 
leaf.  [Fr. — h.petioltis,  a  little  ioot—pes, 
pedis.  E.  Foot.] 

PETITION,  pe-tish'un,  n.  a  request :  a 
prayer:  a  supplication.— ».^  to  present 
a  petition  to  :  to  supplicate.  [Fr. — L. 
petitio—peto,  petitus,  to  fall  on,  to  ask — 
pat,  to  fall.    See  Pen,  ?i.] 

PETITIONARY,  pe-tisli'un-ar-i,  adj.  con- 
taining a  petition  :  supplicatory. 

PETITIONER,  pe-tish'uu-er,  n.  one  who 
offers  a  petition  or  prayer. 

PETITIONING,  pe-tish'un-ing,  n.  the  act 
of  presenting  a  petition:  entreaty:  solic- 
itation. 

PETRE.    Same  as  S^vxtpetre. 

PETREAN,  po-tre';in,  adj.  pertaining  to 
rock.  [h.  petneus,  Qt.  petraioa--L.,  Gr. 
2ietra,  a  rock.] 

PETREL,  pet'rel,  n.  a  genus  of  ocean  birds, 
wliich  appear  during  flight  sometimes  to 
touch  the  surface  of  the  waves  with  their 
feet,  prob.  so  called  in  allusion  to  St. 
Peter's  walking  on  the  sea.     [Fr.] 

PETRESCENT,  pe-tres'ent,  adj.  growuig 
into  or  becoming  .s<OH<'. — ».  Petkes'cence. 

PETRIFACTION,  pet-ri-fak'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  turning  into  stone ;  tlie  state  of 
being  turned  into  stone  :  that  which  is 
made  stone. 


PETRIF ACTIVE,  pet-ri-fakt'iv,  PETRIF- 
IC,  pe-trif'ik,  adj.  having  the  power  to 
change  into  stone. 

PETRIFY,  pet'ri-n,  v.t.  to  turn  into  stone: 
to  make  callous  :  to  fix  in  amazement. — 
v.i.  to  become  stone,  or  hard  like  stone : 
-^a.t.  and  pa.j}.  pet' rifled.  [L.  j)etra,  a 
rock — Gr.,  a.nCk  facio,  faxtns,  to  make.] 

PETROLEUM,  pe-tro'le-um,  n.  a  liquid  in-- 
flammable  substance  issuing  from  certain 
rocks.  [Lit.  "rock-oil,"  L.  petra,  rock — 
Gr.,  and  oleum,  oil.    See  Oil.] 

PETROUS,  pG'trus,  adj.  like  stoiie :  hard. 

PETTED,  pet'ed,  ady.  treated  as  a  pet :  in- 
dulged. 

PETTICOAT,  pet'i-kot,  n.  a  little  coat :  a 
loose  under  garment  worn  by  females. 
[Petty  and  Coat.] 

PETTICOATED,  pet'i-kot-ed,  adj.  wearmg 
a  petticoat. 

PETTIFOGGER,  pet'i-fog-er,  n.  a  la^\'yer 
who  practices  only  in  petty  or  paltry 
cases.  [Petty,  and  prov.  E.  fog,  to  re- 
sort to  mean  contrivances.] 

PETTIFOGGERY,  pet'i-fog-er-i,  «.  the 
practice  of  a  pettifogger :  mean  tricks ; 
quibbles. 

PETTISH,  pet'ish,  adj.  showing  a  pet: 
peevish  :  fretful. — adv.  Pett'ISHLY. — re. 
Pett'ishness. 

PETTY,  pet'i,  ac^.,  small:  inconsiderable: 
contemptible.— -odi".  Pett'ily. — n.  Pett'- 
IXESS.  [M.E.  petU—Fr.  petit;  cf.  W. 
piiw,  small.] 

PETULANCE,  pet'u-lans,  PETULAKCY, 
pet'u-lan-si,  n.  forwardness  :  impudence  ; 
saueiness  :  peevishness  :  wantonness. 

PETULANT,  pet'u-lant,  adj.,  falling  upon 
or  assailing  saucily  :  forward  :  impudent : 
peevish. — adv.  Pet'ulantly.  [L.  petu- 
lans,  -antis — obs.  pctulo,  dim.  oi peto,  to 
fall  upon.] 

PEW,  pu,  n.  an  inclosed  seat  in  a  church. 
[O.  Fr.  jmi,  a  raised  place — L.  23odium,  a 
projecting  seat  in  the  amphitlieatre  for 
the  emperor,  etc. — Gr.  podion,  orig.  a 
footstool— poMs,  podos.  E.  Foot.] 

PEWIT,  pe'wit,  PEWET,  pe'wet,  n.  the 
lapwing,  a  bird  with  a  black  head  and 
crest,  common  in  moors.  [From  its  cry. 
Cf.  Dut.  pieunt  or  kieicit.] 

PEWTER,  pu'ter,  n.  an  alloy  of  tin  and 
antimony  with  lead  or  with  copper  : 
vessels  made  of  pewter. — adj.  made  of 
pewter.  [O.  Fr.  peutre  (It.  peltro),  from 
a    Teut.   root,   found    in    Ice.   pjatr,  E, 

fiPKI  TFR  "1 

PEWTERER,  pu'ter-er,  re.  one  who  works 
in  pewter. 

PHAETON,  fa'e-tun,  n.  a  kind  of  open 
pleasure-carriage  on  four  wheels,  named 
after  Phaethon,  the  fabled  son  of  Helios, 
the  sun,  whose  chariot  he  attempted  to 
drive  :  the  tropic  bird. 

PHALANX,  fal'angks  or  fa'-,  n.  a  line  of 
battle  :  a  square  battalion  of  heavy 
ainiied  infantry  di'awn  up  in  ranks  and 
files  close  and  deep :  any  compact  bodj 
of  men: — pi.  Phalan'ges,  the  small 
bones  of  the  fingers  and  toes.  [L. — Gr. 
phala»gl:s.] 

PHANEROGAMOUS,  fan-er-og'am-us,  adj 
having  vi.sible  (lowers  (as  opposed  to  the 

CRYPTOG/UIIA). 

PHANTASM,  fant'azm,  n.  a  vain,  aii-y  ap 
pearance  :  a  fancied  vision  :  a  spectre  r 
—pi.  Phant'asms,  Phantas'mata.  [Gr, 
plianiasma  — phantazo,  to  make  visible 
— ph-aino,  to  bring  to  hght  — plia-o,  to 
shine] 

PHANTASMAGORIA,  fant-az-ma-go'ri-a 
n.  a  gathering  of  appearances  or  figure? 
upon  a  flat  surface  by  a  magic-lantern 
[Gr.  phantasma  (see  Phantasm),  an 
appearance,  and  agora,  an  assenably-° 
agciro,  to  gather.] 


PHANTASTIC 


334 


PHOTOGBAPHY 


J*ttA>iTASTIC,    PHANTASY.     See   Fan- 

TASTIC     FA2^TASY. 

PHANTOM.  Same  as  Phantasm.  [O.  Ft. 
fantosme — Gr.] 

PHAJIISAIC,  far-i-sa'ik,  PHAEISAICAL, 
far-i-sa'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining-  to  or  like 
the  Pharisees :  liypocritical. — adv.  Phab- 
isa'ically. — n.  Phakisa'icalness. 

PHARISAISM,  far'i-sa-izm,  PHABISEE- 
ISM,  far'i-se-izm,  n.  the  practice  and 
opinions  of  the  Pharisees :  strict  observ- 
ance of  outward  forms  in  religion  with- 
out the  spirit  of  it :  hypocrisy. 

IPHARISEE,  far'i-se,  7i.  one  of  a  religious 
school  among  the  Jews,  marked  by  their 
strict  observance  of  the  law  and  of  re- 
ligious ordinances.  [Lit.  "  one  separate  " 
L.  pharisceus  —  Gr.  pharisaios  —  Heb. 
parash,  to  separate.] 

eHARMACEUTIC,  far-ma-sut'ik,  PHAR- 
MACEUTICAL, far-ma-sut'ik-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  knowledge  or  art  of 
pharniaey. — adv.  Phakmaceut'ically. 

PHARMACEUTICS,  far-ma-sut'iks,  n.sing. 
the  science  of  preparing  medicines. 

PHARMACEUTIST,  far-ma-sut'ist,  n.  one 
who  practices  pharmacy. 

PHARMACOPCEIA,  far-ma-ko-pe'ya,  n.  a 
book  containing  directions  for  the  prepa- 
ration  of  medicines.  [Gr.  pharmakon, 
and  poieo,  to  make.] 

PHARMACY,  far'ma-si,  n.  the  art  of  pre- 
paring and  mixing  medicines.  [Fr.phar- 
made — L.,  Gr.  pharmakon,  a  drug.] 

PHAROS,  fa'ros,  n.  a  lighthouse  or  beacon, 
so  named  from  the  famous  lighthouse  on 
the  island  of  Pharos  in  the  Bay  of  Alex- 
andria. 

PHARYNX,  far'ingks,  n.  the  cleft  or  cavity 
forming  the  upper  part  of  the  gullet. — 
adj.  Phabyn'Geal.  [Late  L. — Gr.  phar- 
yngks.    See  Bore,  v.] 

«>HASE,  faz,  PHASIS,  fas'is,  n.  an  appear- 
ance :  the  illuminated  surface  exhibited 
by  a  planet :  the  particular  state  at  any 
time  of  a  phenomenon  which  undergoes 
a  periodic  change: — pi.  Phas'es.  [Gr. 
phasis,  from  the  root  2)ha-,  to  shine. 
See  Phantasm.] 

PHEASANT,  fezlint,  n.  a  gallinaceous  bird 
abundant  in  Britain,  and  highly  valued 
as  food.  [Lit.  "the  Phasian  bird,"  Fr. 
faisan  (with  excrescent  -() — L.  Phasiana 
{avis,  bird,  being  understood) — Gr.  Phasi- 
anos,  of  Phasis,  a  river  flowing  into  the 
eastern  part  of  the  Black  Sea,  whence 
the  bird  was  brought  to  Europe.] 

PHEASANTRY,  fez'ant-ri,  n.  an  inclosure 
for  pheasants. 

PHENIX,  PHCENIX,  fe'niks,  n.  a  fabulous 
bird  said  to  exist  500  years  single  and  to 
rise  again  from  its  own  ashes  :  hence.the 
emblem  of  immortality.  [L.  phoenix — 
Gr.  phoinix.] 

PHENOMENAL,  fen-om'en-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  phenomenon. — adt^.PHENOM'- 

ENALLY. 

PHENOMENALISM,  fen-om'en-al-izm,  n. 
that  system  of  philosophy  which  inquires 
only  into  the  causes  of  existing  phe- 
nomena. 

PHENOMENON,  fen-om'en-on,  ?!,  an  ap- 
pearance :  something  as  it  is  perceived 
(not  necessarily  as  it  really  is) :  an  ob- 
served result :  a  remarkable  or  unusual 
appearance  :  — pi.  PheNOM'ena.  [Gr. 
phainomenon — phaino,  to  show.  See 
Phantasm.] 

PHIAL,  fl'aJ,  n.  a  small  glass  vessel  or 
bottle.  [L.  phiala  —  Gr.  phiale.  Cf. 
Vial.] 

PHILANDER,  fl-lan'der,  v.i.  to  make  love  : 
to  flirt  or  coquet.  [Gr.  philandros,  lov- 
ing men— philos,  dear—philo,  to  love,  and 
oner,  andros,  a  man.]  

PHILANTHROPIC,  fil-an-throp'ik,  PHHr 
ANTHEOPIGAL,  fil-an-throp'ik-al,  aclj., 


loving  mankind  :  showing  philanthropy : 
benevolent.— <idiJ.    Philantheop'ICALLY. 

PHILANTHROPIST,  fil-an'thro-pist,  n.  one 
who  loves  and  wishes  to  serve  mankind. 

PHILANTHROPY,  fll-an'thro-pi,  n.,  love 
of  mankind:  good-will  towards  all  men. 
[L. — Gr.  philanthropia— philos,  loving, 
anthropos.  a  man.] 

PHILHARMONIC,  fil  -  har  -  mon'ik,  adj., 
loving  harmony  or  music.  [Gr.  philos, 
loving,  harmonia,  harmony.] 

PHILIBEG.    See  Ftt.t.ibeg. 

PHILIPPIC,  fil-ip'ik,  n.  one  of  the  orations 
of  Demosthenes  against  Philip  of  Mace- 
don  :  a  discourse  full  of  invective.  [L. — 
Gr.]^ 

PHILISTINE,  fll'is-tin,  n.  one  of  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  South-western  Palestine, 
enemies  of  the  Israelites  :  name  applied 
by  German  students  to  shopkeepers  and 
others  not  conn,  with  the  university  :  a 
person  without  liberal  ideas,  an  uncul- 
tured person. — n.  Phil'istinism. 

PHILOLOGIST,  fil-ol'o-jist,  n.  one  versed 
in  philology. 

PHILOLOGY,  fil-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  science  of 
language:  the  study  of  etymology,  gram- 
mar, rhetoric,  and  literary  criticism : 
(prig.)  the  study  of  the  classical  languages 
of  Greece  and  Rome. — adj.  Philolog^c, 

PHELOLOG'ICAL. — adv.     PHtLOLOG'lCALIiY. 

[L. — Gr.  jnhilologia  (lit.)  love  of  talking 
— philologos,  fond  of  words^j/a'Zos,  lov- 
ing,    logos,    discourse,    from    lego,    to 

PHILOMATH,  fil'o-math,  n.  a  lover  of 
learning. — adjs.  Philomath'ic,  -al.    [Gr. 

fihilomathes,  fond  of  learning— pTittos, 
oving,  and  e-math-on,  2  aorist  of  m,an- 
thano,  to  learn.] 

PHILOMEL,  fll'o-mel,  PHILOMELA,  fil-o- 
me'la,  n.  the  nightingale.  [Gr.  Philo- 
mela, daughter  of  Pandion,  king  of 
Athens,  fabled  to  have  been  changed 
into  a  nightingale.] 

PHILOPROGENITIVENESS,  fil-o-pro-jen'- 
i-tiv-nes,  n.  ( phrenology)  the  instinctive 
love  of  offspring.  [A  hybrid  word,  from 
Gr.  philos,  loving,  and  li.  progenies,  prog- 
enyT] 

PHILOSOPHER,  fil-os'o-fer,  n.  a  lover  of 
u-isdom:  one  versed  in  or  devoted  to  phil- 
osophy: one  who  acts  calmly  and  ration- 
ally. [Fr. — L.— Gr.  philosophos— philos, 
a  lover,  sophos,  wise.] 

PHILOSOPHIC,  fil-o-sof  ik,  PHILOSOPH- 
ICAL, fil-o-sof'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  or 
according  to  philosophy :  skilled  in  or 
given  to  philosophy  :  rational :  calm. — 
adv.  Philosoph'icat.t.Y.  [L.  philosoph- 
icus.'] 

PHILOSOPHIZE,  fll-os'o-flz,  v.i.  to  reason 
like  a  philosopher. 

PHILOSOPHISM,  fll-os'o-fizm,  n.  would-be 
philosophy.  —  Ji.  Phtuds'ophist.  —  adj. 
Philosophist'ic. 

PHILOSOPHY,  fil-os'o-fi,  n.  the  knowledge 
of  the  causes  of  all  phenomena :  the 
collection  of  general  laws  or  principles 
belonging  to  any  department  of  knowl- 
edge :  reasoning:  a  particular  philosoph- 
ic^ system.  [Lit.  "the  love  of  wisdom," 
Fr. — L. — Gr.  philosophia^philos,  loving, 
Sophia,  wisdom.] 

PHILTRE,  PHILTER,  fil'ter,  n.  a  charm 
or  spell  to  excite  love.  [Fr.  philtre — L. 
phiUrum — Gr.  philtron-^hilos,  loving, 
-iron,  denoting  the  agent!] 

PHLEBOTOMY,  fle-bot'o-mi,  n.  act  of 
letting  blood.  [Lit.  "  vein-cutting,"  Fr. 
— L. — Gr.,  from  phleps,  phlebos,  a  vein, 
and  tomos,  a  cutting.] 

PHLEGM,  flem,  n.  the  thick,  slimy  matter 
secreted  in  the  throat,  and  discharged 
by  coughing:  sluggishness:  indifference. 

g?r.  —  L. — Gr.  phlegma,  phlegmatos,  a 
ame,   ia&a,mma,tion—phleg-d,    to  burn; 


like  L.  flam-ma  (for  flag-ma— flag-,  as  is, 
L.  flag-rare,  to  burn),  whence  Flame.] 

PHLEGMATIC,  fieg-mat'ik,  PHLEGMAT. 
ICAL,  fleg-mat'ik-al,  adj.  abounding  in 
or  generating  phlegm:  cold:  sluggish: 
not  easily  excited.  —  adv.  Pht.bgmat'- 
ICALLY.     [Gr.  phlegmatikos— phlegma.] 

PHLOGISTON,    flo-jis'ton,   ?!.    the    imag 
inary  principle  of.  fire,  supposed  by  Stah!^ 
to  be  fixed  in  combustible  bodies. — adj.^ 
Phlogis'tic.     [Gr.] 

PHLOX,  floks,  n.  a  well-known  garden 
plant,  so  called  from  its  color.  [Gr.  "  a 
flame" — p)hlego,  to  burn.     See  Pm.F.GM.] 

PHOCINE,  fo'sin,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  seal 
familv.     [L.  phoca — Gr.  phoke,  a  seal.] 

PHOSNlX.     Same  as  PHENIX. 

PHONETIC,  fo-net'ik,  PHONETICAL,  fo- 
net'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  according 
to  the  sound  of  the  voice  :  representing 
the  separate  elementary  sounds  :  vocal. 
— n.sing.  Phonet'ics,  the  science  of 
soujids,  esp.  of  the  human  voice.— odw. 
Phonet'ically.  [Gr.  phonetikos—phJone, 
a  sound.] 

PHONIC,  fou'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  sound. 
— n.sing.  Phon'ics,  the  science  of  sound, 

3/COUSt.lCS. 

PHONOGRAPH,  fo'no-graf,  n.  an  instru- 
ment by  which  articulate  speech  or  other 
sounds  can  be  recorded  by  indentations 
on  tinfoil,  and  mechanically  reproduced 
at  will  from  the  record,  almost  in  the 
original  tones.  [Gr.  phone,  sound,  and 
graplio,  to  write.] 

PHONOGRAPHER,  fo-nog'ra-fer,  PHO- 
NOGRAPHIST,  fo-nog'ra-fist,  n.  one 
versed  in  phonography. 

PHONOGRAPHY,  fo-nog'ra-fl,  n.  the  art 
of  representing  spoken  sounds,  each  by  a 
distinct  character;  phonetic  shorthand.— 
adjs.  Phonograph'ic,  -al. — adv.  PnoNa , 
graph'ically.  ,' 

PHONOLOGY,  fo-nol'o-ji,  n.  the  science  ov 
the  elementary  spoken  sounds :  phonetics, ' 
— adj.  Phonolog'ical. — n.  Phonol'oqist, 
one  versed  in  phonology.     [Gr.  phoni, 
sound,  logos,  discourse.] 

PHONOTYPE,  fo'no-tip,  n.  a  type  or  sign 
representing  a  sound.  [Gr.  ph&)ie,  sound, 
typos,  type.] 

PHONOTYPY,  fo-not'ip-i,  n.  the  art  of 
representing  sounds  by  types  or  distinct 
characters. 

PHOSPHATE,  fos'fat,  n.  a  salt  formed  bv 
the  combination  of  phosphoric  acid  witn 

PHOSPHORESCE,  fos-for-es',  v.i.  to  shine 
in  the  dark  like  phosphorus. 

PHOSPHORESCENT,  fos-for-es'ent,  adj. 
shining  in  the  dark  like  phosphorus. — n. 
Phosphores'  cence. 

PHOSPHORIC,  fos-for'ik,  PHOSPHOR- 
OUS, fos'for-us,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
obtained  from  phosphorus. 

PHOSPHORUS,  fos'for-us,  n.  the  morning- 
star  :  a  yellowish  substance,  like  wax, 
inflammable  and  luminous  in  the  dark. 
[L. — Gr.  phosphoros,  light-bearer— pTios, 
light,  and  phoros,  bearing,  from  phero, 
E.  Bear.] 

PHOSPHURET,  fos'fu-ret,  n.  a  compound 
of  phosphorus  with  a  metal. — adj.  Phos'- 
phuretted,  coipbined  with  phosphorus. 

PHOTOGRAPH,  fo'to-graf,  n.  a  picture 
produced  by  photography. 

PHOTOGRAPHER,fo-tog'ra-fer,PHOTOG. 
RAPHIST,  fo-tog'ra-flst,  n.  one  who  prac' 
tices  photography. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC,  fo-to-graf ik,  PHOTa 
GRAPHICAL,  fo-to-grafik-al,  adj.  per^ 
taining  to  or  done  by  photography. — adv. 
Photograph'ically. 

PHOTOGRAPHY,  fo-tog'raf-i,  n.  the  art 
of  producing  pictures  by  the  action  o{ 
light  on  chemically  prepared  surface*. 
\OtT.phos,  photos,  light,  grapho,  to  draw.J 


PHOTOMETER 


325 


PIERGLASS 


PHOTOMETER,  fo-tom'et-er,  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  intensity  of  light. 
[Gr.  phos,  jihotos,  light,  metroii,  a  meas- 
ure.] 

PHOTOPHONE,  fo'to-fon,  n.  an  apparatus 
for  transmitting  articulate  speech  to  a 
distance  along  a  beam  of  light.  [Gv.phos, 
photos,  light,  sind  phone,  soundJ 

PHOTOSPHERE,  fo'to-sfer,  n.  the  lumin- 
ous envelope  round  the  sun's  globe,  which 
is  the  source  of  light.  [Gr.  phos,  photos, 
light,  and  Sphere.] 

PHRASE,  fraz,  n.  a  part  of  a  sentence :  a 
short  pithy  expression:  a  form  of  speech: 
(rnusic)  a  short  clause  or  portion  of  a  sen- 
tence.— v.t.  to  express  in  words:  to  style. 
[Fr. — L. — Gr.  phrasis—phrazo,  to  speak.] 

PHRASEOLOGIC,fra-ze-o-loj'ik,PHRASE- 
OLOGICAL,  fra-ze-o-loj'ik-al,  aclj.  per- 
taining to  phraseology  :  consisting  of 
phrases. — adv.  Phraseoloo'ically. 

PHRASEOLOGY,  fra-ze-ol'o-ji,  n.  style  or 
manner  of  expression  or  use  of  phrases : 
peculiarities  of  diction  :  a  collection  of 
phrases  in  a  language.  [Gr.  pkrasis, 
phraseos,  phrase,  logos,  science.] 

PHRENOLOGIST,  fren-ol'o-jist,  n.  one  who 
believes  or  is  versed  in  phrenology. 

PHRENOLOGY,  fren-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  theory 
of  Gall  and  his  followers,  which  connects 
the  mental  faculties  witli  certain  parts 
of  the  brain,  and  pi-ofesses  to  discover 
the  character  from  an  examination  of 
the  skull. — adj.  Phrenolog'ical. — adv. 
Phkenolog'icallt.  [Gr. phren,  phrenos, 
mind,  logos,  science.] 

PHTHISIC,  tiz'ik,  PHTHISICAL,  tiz'ik-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  or  having  jMhisis. 

PHTHISIS,  thl'sis,  n.  consumption  of  the 
lungs.     [L. — Gr.  phthio,  to  waste  away.] 

PHYIACTERY,  R-lak'ter-i,  n.  among  the 
Jews,  a  slip  of  parcliment  inscribed  with 
passages  of  Scripture,  worn  on  the  left 
arm  and  forehead. — adjs.  Phylacter'IC, 
Phylactek'icai,.  [Lit.  a  charm  to  pro- 
tect from  danger,  L. — Gr.  phylakterion, 
phylakter,  a  guard — phylasso,  to  e^uard.] 

PHY'LACTOL^MATA,  fI-lak-to-l#ma-ta, 
n.pl.  the  division  of  Polyzoa  in  whicli  the 
mouth  is  provided  with  the  arched  val- 
vular process  known  as  the  "  epistome," 
and  in  which  the  tentaculate  disc  is 
horse-shoe  shaped.  [Gi-.  phylasso,  to 
guard,  and  laima,  laimatos,  the  throat.] 

PHYLLOXERA,  fil-ok'ser-a,  n.  a  genus  of 
insects  destructive  to  vines.  [Gr.  phyllon, 
a  leaf,  and  zeros,  dry,  withered.] 

PHYSIC,  flz'ik,  71.  the  science  of  medicine  : 
the  art  of  healing  :  a  medicine. — i\t.  to 
give  medicine  to  :  — pr.p.  phys'icking  ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.}},  phys'icked.  [From  the 
Ft.  of  the  Middle  Ages  (mod.  Fr.  physique 
is  the  same  as  E.  physics) — Gr.  physike, 
natural,  physical  (as  medical  men  were 
then  the  only  naturalists) — Gr.  phy-sis, 
nature,  from  the  same  root  as  E.  Be.] 

PHYSICAL,  fiz'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  na- 
ture or  natural  objects :  pertaining  to 
material  things  :  known  to  the  senses : 
pertaining  to  the  body. — adv.  Phts'ical- 
LT.  [Gr.  2]hysikos — physis,  nature.  See 
Physics.] 

PHYSICIAN,  fi-zish'an,  n.  one  skilled  in 
the  use  of  physic  or  the  art  of  healing  : 
one  who  prescribes  remedies  for  diseases. 

PHYSICIST,  fiz'i-sist,  n.  a  student  of  na- 
ture: one  versed  in  physics. 

PHYSICS,  fiz'iks,  n.pl.  used  as  sing,  (orig.) 
equivalent  to  Physical  Science,  i.e.  the 
science  of  the  order  of  nature  :  usually 
sig.  (as  distinguished  from  chemistry) 
study  of  matter  and  the  general  proper- 
ties of  matter  as  affected  bj'  energy — also 
called  natural  philosophy.  [L.  physica, 
Gr.  physike  {theoria,  theory)— phy sis,  na- 
ture.] 

PHYSIOGNOMY,  flz-i-og'no-mi  or  flz-i-on'- 


o-mi,  n.  the  art  of  knowing  a  man's  dis- 
position from  his  features  :  expression  of 
countenance  :  the  face. — adjs.  PyhsiOG- 
nom'ic,  Physiognom'ical. — adv.  Physi- 
OGNOM'iCALLY. — n.sing.  Physiognom'ics, 
same  as  Physiognomy. — n.  Physiog'no- 
SQST.  [For  physiognomony — Gr.  physiog- 
nomonia—physis,  nature,  gnomon,  one 
who  indicates  or  interprets — gnonai,  to 
know.] 

PHYSIOGRAPHY,  fiz-i-og^ra-fl,  n.  a,  de- 
scription of  nature,  esp.  in  its  external 
aspects  :  an  introduction  to  the  study  of 
nature.  [Gr.  physis,  nature,  and  grapho, 
to  describe.] 

PHYSIOLOGY,  fiz-i-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
of  the  functions  of  living  beings  —  a 
branch  of  biology. — adjs.  Physiolog'ic, 
Physiolog'ical. — adv.  Physiolog'icaI/- 
LY. — n.  Physiol'OGISt.  [Lit.  "the  sci- 
ence of  nature,"  Gr.  physis,  nature,  logos, 

SciGDCC  1 

PHYSIQUE,  fiz-ek',  n.  the  physical  struct- 
ure or  natural  constitution  of  a  person. 
[Fr.,  from  root  of  PHYSICAL.] 

PHYTOLOGY,  fi-tol'o-ji,  n.  the  science  of 
plants :  botany. — adj.  Phytoloq'ical. — 
n.  Phytol'ogist.  [Gr.  phyton,  a  plant, 
logos,  discourse,  science.] 

PIACULAR,  pl-ak'u-lar,  adj.  serving  to 
appease,  expiatory  :  requiring  expiation: 
atrociously  bad.  [L.  piaculum,  sacrifice 
— pio.  expiate — plus,  pious.] 

PIANIST,  pi-a'nist,  n.  one  who  plays  on 
the  piano-forte,  or  one  well  skilled  in  it. 

PIANO,  pi-a'no,  adv.  {mus.)  softly. — adv. 
PlANls'siMO,  very  softly.  [It.  piano 
(superl.  pianissimo),  plain,  smooth — L. 
planus,  plain.     Doublet  PLAIN.] 

PIANOFORTE,  pi-a'no-for'ta  (generally 
shortened  to)  PIANO,  pi-a'no,  n.  a  musi- 
cal instrument  with  wires  struck  by  lit- 
tle hammers  moved  by  keys,  so  as  to 
produce  both  soft  and  strong  sounds. 
[It.  jnano  (see  Plano,  above),  and  forte, 
strong — L.  fortis,  strong.     See  FOHCE.] 

PIASTRE,  pi-as'ter,  n.  a  silver  coin  used 
in  Turkey  and  other  countries,  of  vary- 
ing value.  [Fr. — It.  piastra,  from  same 
root  as  Plaster.] 

PIAZZA,  pi-az'a,  n.  a  place  or  square  sur- 
rounded by  buildings :  a  walk  under  a 
roof  supported  by  pillars.  [It.  (Fr.  place) 
— L.  platea,  a  broad  street.  See  I^CE, 
its  doublet.] 

PIBROCH,  pe'brok,  n.  the  martial  music 
of  the  Scottish  bagpipe.  [Gael,  piobair- 
eachd,  pipe-music — piobair,  a  piper — 
piob,  a  pipe,  bagpipe.     Cf.  Pipe.] 

PICA,  pi'ka,  n.  a  printing  type,  used  as  a 
standard  of  measurement  by  printers. 
[See  Pie,  a  book.] 

PICK,  pik,  v.t.  to  prick  with  a  sharp- 
pointed  instrument :  to  peck,  as  a  bird : 
to  pierce  :  to  open  with  a  pointed  instru- 
ment, as  a  lock :  to  pluck  or  gather,  as 
flowers,  etc.:  to  separate  from  :  to  clean 
with  the  teeth  :  to  gather  :  to  choose : 
to  select :  to  call :  to  seek,  as  a  quarrel : 
to  steal. — v.i.  to  do  anything  nicely  :  to 
eat  by  morsels. — n.  any  sharp-pointed 
instrument:  choice. — n.  PiCK'ER.  [A.S. 
pycan  (Ger.  picken) — Celt.,  as  Gael,  pioc, 
to  pick,  W.  pigo.    Cf.  the  allied  Pike.] 

PICKAXE,  pik'aks,  n.  a,  picking  tool  iisei 
in  digging.  [A  popular  corr.  of  M.  E. 
pikois—O.  Fr.  picois  (Fr.  pic),  of  same 
Celt,  origin  as  PICK,  v.t.] 

PICKET,  pik'et,  n.  a  pointed  stake  used 
in  fortification :  a  small  outpost  or 
guard. — v.t.  to  fasten  to  a  stake,  as  a 
horse :  to  post  as  a  vanguard.  [Fi*. 
piquet,  dim.  of  pic,  a  pickaxe.  See 
Pickaxe.] 

PICKLE,  pik'l,  «,  a  liquid  in  which  sub- 
stances are  preserved  :  anything  pickled  : 
a  disagreeable  position. — v.t.  to  season 


or  preserve  with  salt,  vinegar,  etc.  [Dut, 
pekel,  pickle,  brine.] 

PICKLOCK,  pik'lok,  n.  an  instrimient  for 
picking  locks. 

PICKPOCKET,  pik'pok-et,  n.  one  who 
picks  or  steals  from  other  people's 
pockets. 

PICNIC,  pik'nik,  n.  a  short  excursion  into 
the  country  by  a  pleasure-party,  taking 
their  own  provisions  :  an  entertainment 
in  the  open  air,  towards  wliicli  each  per- 
son contributes. — v.i.  to  go  on  a  picnic: — 
pr.p.  pic'nicking;  pa.t.  and  jja.jj.  pic'- 
nicked.  [Prob.  from  E.  pick,  to  eat  by 
morsels,  with  the  rhyming  addition  nick 
(perh.  a  weakened  form  of  Knack,  which 
see).] 

PICTORIAL,  pik-tor'i-al,  adj.  relating  to 
pictures  :  illustrated  by  pictures. — adv. 
Pictor'iaixy. 

PICTURE,  pik'tur,  n.  a  painting :  a  like- 
ness in  colors  :  a  drawing  :  painting  :  a 
resemblance  :  an  image. — v.t.  to  paint, 
to  represent  by  painting  :  to  form  an 
ideal  likeness  of :  to  describe  vi^adly. 
[L.  pictura — pingo,  pictus.  Sans.  pinj. 
See  Paint.] 

PICTURESQUE,  pik-tur-esk',  adj.  like  a 
picture :  fit  to  make  a  pictui-e  :  natural. 
— adv.  Picturesque'ly.  —  n.  Pictub- 
esque'ness.  [It.  pittoresco — pittura,  a 
picture — L.  pictura.    See  Picture.] 

PEDDLE,  pid'l,  v.i.  to  peddle  or  deal  in 
trifles  :  to  trifle.  [A  weakened  form  of 
Peddle.] 

PIE,  pi,  n.  a  magpie  :  (print.)  type  mixed 
or  unsorted.  [Fr. — L.  pica,  akin  to  pixnis, 
a  woodpecker.] 

PIE,  pi,  n.  a  book  which  ordered  the  man- 
ner of  performing  divine  service.  [Fr. — 
L.  pica,  lit.  magpie,  from  its  old  black- 
letter  type  on  white  paper  resembling 
the  colors  of  the  magpie.] 

PIE,  pi,  n.  a  quantity  of  meat  or  fruit 
baked  witliin  a  crust  of  prepared  flour. 
[Ety.  dub.;  perh.  from  Ir.  and  Gael. 
pighe,  pie.] 

PIEBAJA),  pi'bawld,  adj.  of  various  colors 
in  patches.  [For  jne-balled,  lit.  "  streaked 
like  the  magpie,"  from  Fm  (a  magpie), 
and  W.  bal,  a  streak  on  a  horse's  fore- 
head.   See  Bald.] 

PIECE,  pes,  71.  a  part  of  anything :  a  single 
article  :  a  separate  performance  :  a  lit- 
erary or  artistic  composition  :  a  gun:  a 
coin  :  a  person  (slightingly). — v.t.  to  en- 
large by  adding  a  piece  :  to  patch. — v.i. 
to  unite  by  a  coalescence  of  parts :  to 
join. — 7i.  Piec'er.  [Fr.  pi^ce  (It.  pezza), 
perh.  conn,  with  Bret,  pez,  W.  peth.] 

PIECELESS,  pes'les,  adj.  not  made  of 
pieces  :  entire. 

PIECEMEAL,  pes'mel,  adj.  made  of  pieces 
or  parts  :  single. — adv.  in  pieces  or  frag- 
ments :  by  pieces :  gradually.  [PlBCat, 
and  Meal,  a  portion.] 

PIECEWORK,  pes'wurk,  n.,  work  done  by 
the  piece  or  job. 

PIED,  pid,  adj.  variegated  like  a  mag-i>ie  ; 
of  various  colors :  spotted. 

PIER,  per,  7i.  the  mass  of  stone-work  be- 
tween the  openings  of  a  building,  also 
that  supporting  an  arch,  bridge,  etc.:  a 
mass  of  stone  or  wood-work  projecting 
into  the  sea :  a  wharf.  [M.E.  pe)-e— Fr. 
pierre,  a  stone — L.  petra — Gr.  petra,  a 
rock.  ] 

PIERCE,  pers,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  thrust  or 
make  a  hole  through  :  to  enter,  or  force 
a  way  into :  to  touch  or  move  deeply ; 
to  dive  into,  as  a  secret. — n.  Piero'ee. 
[Fr.  percer,  of  doubtful  origin.] 

PIERCEABLE.  pers'a-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being  pierced. 

PIERGLASS,  per'glas,  7i.  a  glass  hung  in 
the  space  between  windows.    [See  Peer.] 


FIET 

t?IEr,  pfet,  ».  a  i>te  or  magpie.  [A  form 
of  PlEj 

PIETISM,  pfet-izm,  n.  the  doctnne  and 
practice  of  the  pietists. 

fflETIST,  pfet-ist,  n.  one  marked  by  strong 
devotional  or  religious  feeling :  a  name 
Qrst  applied  to  a  sect  of  Gterman  relig- 
ious reformers  at  the  end  of  the  17th 
century,  marked  by  their  devotional 
feeling.— ady.  Pietist'ic. 

SflETY,  pi'et-i,  n.  the  quality  of  being 
pious  :  reverence  for  the  Deity,  parents, 
friends,  or  country :  sense  of  duty  :  duti- 
ful conduct.  [Fv.  pate— Ij.  pktas.  Doub- 
let Pity.] 

"JIG,  pig,  n.  a  young  swine  :  an  oblong 

mass  of  unforged  metal,  as  first  extracted 

fi-om  the  ore,  so  called  because  it  is  made 

to  flow  when  melted  in  channels  called 

piqs,  branching  from  a  main  channel 

called  the  sow.—^.i.  to  brmg  forth  pigs  : 
"         »■■»--    -  • —  - •^io-o/. 


to  live  together  like  pigs  ;-:pr.p.  pi„„ 
ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  pigged.    [A.S.  pecg, 
cog.  with  Dut.  bigge,  big,  a  pig.    Cf.  Ice. 
pika,  Dan.  pige,  a  girl.] 
PIGEON,  pij'un,  n.  (lit.)  that  which  pipes 
or  ciiirps :  a  weU-known  bird,  the  dove. 
[Fr.— L.  pipio,  -onis,  a  joung  bird  or 
pigeon,  from  pipio,  to  chirp.    An  imita- 
live  word.    See  Pipe.] 
PIGEON- EffiAKTED,  pij'un-h&rt'ed,   «K^. 
with  a  heart  like  &  pigeon's :  timid  :  fear- 
ful. ,  , 
51GE0N-H0LE,  pij'un-h6l,  n.  a  feote  or 
niche  in  which  pigeons  lodge  in  a  dove- 
cot :  a  division  of  a  case  for  papers,  etc. 
PIGEON -LIVERED,    pij'un-liv'erd,    od/. 
with   a   liver   like   a  pigeon's:    timid: 
cowardly. 
FIGGERY,  pig'er-i,  n.  a  place  where  pigs 

are  kept, 
f  iGGIN,  pig'in,  n.  a  small  wooden  vessel. 
[Gael,  pigean,  dim.  of  pigeaeUi,  or  pige, 
a  pot.] 
J-IGGISH,  pig'iah,  adj.  belonging  to  or  like 

pigs. 
FIG-IRON,  pig'-rurn,  n.,  iron  It  p«{f«  of 

rough  bars. 

FIGMENT,  pig'ment,  n.,  paint :  any  sub- 

stance  for  coloring ;  that  which  gives  the 

iris  of  the  eye  its  various  colors. — adj. 

PiGMENT'AL.    [L.  ingnumtum-pingo,  to 

paint.    See  PlCTUltE.] 

eiGWi.    Same  as  Pygmy.  ^     ^ 

MGTAIL,  pig'tal,  n.  the  hair  of  the  head 

tied  behind  in  the  form  of  a  pig's  tail :  a 

roll  of  twisted  tobacco.    [PIG  and  Tail.] 

FIKE,  pik,  71.  a  weapon  with  a  shaft  and 

spear-head,fonuerly  used  by  foot-soldiers: 

a  voracious  fresh-water  fish  (so  called 

from  its  pointed  snout).    [Celt.,  as  Gael. 

pic,  a  pike,  W.  pig,  a  point ;  cf.  L.»jptca, 

a  spike.    Beak,  Peak,  Pick,  Picket  are 

all  from  the  same  root,  of  which  the 

fundamental  idea  is  something '  'pointed," 

"  sharp."] 

PIKED,  pikt,  adj.  ending  in  a  point. 

PIKEIMAN,  pfk'man,  n.  a  man  armed  with 

a  pike. 

PIKESTAFF,  pik'stat,  n.  the  staff  or  shaft 

of  a  pike :  a  stail  with  a  pike  at  the  end. 

PILASTER,  pi-las'ter,  n.  farcft.)  a  square 

pillar  or  column,  usually  set  within  a 

wall.    [Fr.  pilastre,  It.  pilastro—h.  pila, 

a  pillar.    See  PILE,  a  pillar.] 

a>ILASTERED,  pi-las'terd,  adj.  furnished 

with  pilasters  or  Inserted  pillara. 
PILCHARD,  pil'chard,  n.  a  sea-fish  like 
the  herring,  but  thicker  and  rounder, 
caught  chiefly  on  the  Cornish  coast. 
[Prob.  from  Celt,  (as  m  Ir.  pilseir),  with 
axcrescent  d.] 
PILE,  pil,  n.  a  roundish  mass :  a  heap : 
combustibles  for  burning,  esp.  dead  bod- 
ies :  a  large  building  :  a  heap  of  shot  or 
shell '.  (dectricity)  a  form  of  battery. — 


v.i.  to  Say  in  a  pfle  or  heap  ;  to  eoHect  iii 

a  mass :  to  heap  up :  to  fill  above  the 

brim.    [Fr.— L.  j>i7a,  a  ball.] 
PILE,  pn,  n.  a, pillar:  a  large  stake  driven 

into  the  earth  to  support  foundations. — 

v.i.  to   drive   piles   into.    [A.S.  pi7— L. 

ptla,  a  pillar.] 
PILE,  pQ,  n.  a  hairy  surface :  the  nap  on 

cloth.    [L.  pUiis,  a  hair.] 
PILEATE,  pi'le-at,  PILEATED,  pHe-At-ed, 

adj.  having  the  form  of  a  cap  or  hat. 

[L.    pileatm—pileus.    Or.    pdoa,    hair 

wrought  into  felt.]  _  _    _^ 

prLE-DRTVER.pil'-driv'er,  PILE-ENGINE, 

pil'-en'jin,  n.  an  engine  for  driving  dowB 

p£e.S,'  pllz,  n.pl.  hemorrhoids,  which  see. 
jL.  pifa,  a  ball.] 

PILFER,  pil'fer,  v.i.  to  steal  small  things. 
—v.t.  to  steal  by  petty  theft.  [From  O. 
Fr.  pelf  re,  booty.    See  Pelf.] 

PIO^ERING,  pU'fer-ing,  n.  petty  theft. 

PILGRIM,  pil'grim,  n.  one  who  travels  to  a 
distance  to  visit  a  sacred  place:  a  wander- 
er. [Fr.  pilerin  (for  pelegrin  ;  It.  peHe- 
grino,  peregrinoy—L.  peregrinuB,  foreign- 
er, Btranger-tperegfer,  a  traveller— j«r, 
through,  and  ager,  land,  K  AcEE.] 

PELOaiMAGE,  pU'grim-Sj,  n.  the  jouniey 
of  a  pilgrim :  a  journey  to  a  shrinfl  or 
other  sacred  place. 

PILL,  pil,  n.  sl  little  baU  of  medicine :  any- 
thing nauseous.  [Contr.  of  Ft.  piltUe— 
L.  ptZJtto,  dim.  of  j>iJa,  aball.] 

PILL,  pil,  v.t.  to  rob  or  plunder.  [Fir. 
piller—L.  ^are.,  to  plunder.    [Cf.  CJdm- 

PILE.] 

PILL,  another  spelling  of  Pbiel,  v.t.  and 
v.i.  to  strip,  etc. 

PILLAGE,  pil'&j,  «.  plimder:  spoil,  esp. 
taken  in  war.— ».f.  to  plunder  or  spoil.— 
».  Pill'ageb.  [Ft.,  from  pUler.  See 
Pnji,  v.]  ,    ^ 

PILLAR,  pil'ar,  n,  {arch.)  a  detached  sup- 
port, diilering  from  a  column  in  that  it 
IB  not  necessarily  cylindrical,  or  of  class- 
ical proportions:  anything  that  sustainB. 
[O.  Fr.  piler  (Fr.  wiutcr)— Low  L.  pitare 
— L.  pl!a,  a  pillar.] 

FILIiABED,  pil'ard,  adj.  supported  by  a 
pillar :  having  the  form  of  a  j>il!ar. 

PILLAU,  pil-law*,  ti.  a  Turkish  dish,  made 
of  boUed  rioe  and  mutton  fat. 

PILLION,  pil'yun,  n.  a  cushion  for  a  wom- 
an behina  a  horseman  '.  the  cushion  oi  a 
saddle.  [Ir.  piUiun,  Gael,  pillean,  a  pad, 
a  pack-saddle— peaH,  a  skin  or  mat,  akin 
toli.  pellis,  skin,  E.  l^ELL,  a  skin.] 

PILLORY,  pil'oM,  n.  a  wooden  frame,  8up>- 
ported  by  an  upright  pillar  or  poet,  and 
naving  holes  through  which  the  head 
and  hands  of  a  criminal  were  put  ae  a 
punishment.— r.t.  to  punish  in  the  pU- 
lory  •.—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  pill'oried.  fJV. 
pilori ;  ety.  dub.;  perh.  from  root  of  PiL- 

LAB.1 


PILLOW,  pil'O,  n.  a  cushion  filled  with 
feathers  for  resting  the  head  on :  any 
cusliion.-^*.*.  to  lay  on  for  support.  [A.8. 


pule,  M.E.  pUtce—h.  pttlmnvs.] 
pfixOW-CASE,  pil'0-kfis,  n.  a  case  for  a 

pilloip. 
PILLOWY,  pil'6-1,  adf.  like  a  pillow :  soft. 
PILOSE,  pa-53',  PILOiJS,  pQ'us,  adj.,haiTy. 

— n.  PiLos'rnr. 
PILOT,  pHut,  n.  one  who  conducts  ships 

in  and  out  of  a  harbor,  along  a  dangerous 

coast,  etc. :  a  guide.— r.?.  to  conduct  as 

a  pilot.     [Fr.  pj'/ofe— Dut.  piloot,  from 

peilen,  to  sound,  and  loot  (Ger.  lath,  E. 

Lead),  a  soundine:-lead.] 
PILOTAGE,  pi'lut-aj,  n.  the  act  of  piloting : 

the  fee  or  wages  of  pilots. 
PILOT-CLOTH,  pl'lut-kloth,  n.  a  coarse, 

stout  kind  of  cloth  for  overcoats. 
PILOT-FISH,.  i>ilut-fis!.,  H:  a  Bsh  of  the 


PINFOLU 

mackerel  family,  so  called  from  its  hav- 
ing been  supposed  to  guide  sharks  to  their 

PIMKh'A,pi-men'ta,PIMENTO,pi-nien'ta. 

n.  Jamaica  pepper  :  the  tree  producing  it. 

(Port,  pimenta — L.  piginentum,  j>aint, 

juice  of  plants.] 
PIMP,  pimp,  n.  one  who  procures  gratis 

cations  for  the  lust  of  others  :  a  pander. 

— v.i.  to  procure  women  for  others  :  tc- 

pander.    [Fr.  pimper,  a  nasalized  form  of 

piper,  to  pipe,  hence,  to  decoy,  to  cheat.] 
PIMPERNEL,  pkn'per-nel,  PIMPINELLA, 

pim-pi-nel'a,  n.  a  plant  having  a  double 

series  of  small  leaves.    [Fr.  pimprenelle 

(It.  pimpinella),  either  a  corr.  of  a  L. 

form  bipcnnula,  double  winged,  dim.  of 

bi-pennis—bis,  twice,  and  penna,  feather, 

wing ;  or  from  a  dim,  of  L.  pampinvs,  a 

vine-leaf.] 
PIMPLE,  pim'pl,  «.    a  pustule:  a  smaU 

swelling.— a<v'8.  Poi'PLED,  Pim'ply,  hav- 
ing pimples.  [A.S.  pipel,  nasalized  from 
L.  papula,  a  pustule  (cf.  Papiixa)  ;  cf. 
W.  puvip,  a  knob.] 
PIN,  pin,  n.  a  sharp-pointed  instrument, 
esp.  for  fastening  articles  together  :  any- 
thing that  holds  parts  together :  a  peg 
used  in  musical  instruments  for  fastening 
the  strings:  anything  of  little  value.— 
v.t.  to  fasten  with  a  pin  :  to  fasten  :  to 
inclose  •.—pr.p.  pinn'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
pinned.  [M.E.  pinne,  like  Celt.  ]yiniie, 
and  Ger.  penn,  Ivomli.  pinna,  ot  penna, 
a  feather^  a  pen,  a  peg.  J 
PINAFORE,  pin'a-for,  n.  a  loose  covering 
of  cotton  or  linen  over  a  child's  dress, 
oriff.  only  pinned  to  its  front. 
PINCASE,  pin-kas,  PINCUSHION,  pin: 
koosh-un,  n.  a  case  or  cushion  for  bolc^ 
ing  pins. 

PINCERS.   Same  as  Ptkchees, 

PINCH,  pinsh,  v.t.  to  gripe  hard,  tt 
squeeze  :  to  squeeze  the  flesh  so  as  tc 
give  pain :  to  nip :  to  distress  :  to  griye. 
—v.i.  to  act  with  force  :  to  bear  or  press 
hsxA  :  to  live  sparingly. — n.  a  close  com- 
pression with  the  fingers:  what  can  be 
taken  up  by  the  compressed  fingers :  a 
gripe :  ^stress  :  oppression.  [Fr.  pincet 
(It.  pizzare),  from  a  root  seen  in  Dut, 
pitsen,  to  pinch.] 

PINCHBECK,  pinsh'bek,  n.  a  yeUow  alloy 
of  five  parts  of  copper  to  one  ot  zinc. 
[From  tne  name  of  the  inventor,  Chris- 
topher Pinchbeck,  in  the  18th  century.] 

PINCHER,  pinsh'er,  n.  one  who  or  that 
which  pinches. 

PINCHERS,  pinsh'erz,  PINCERS,  pin'serz, 
«.  an  instrument  for  seizing  anything, 
esp.  for  drawing  out  nails,  etc.  [See 
Pinch!]  .    , 

PINCHINGLY,  ptosh'ing-li,  adv.  in  a  pmch. 
ing  manner. 

PINDARIC,  pin-dar'ik,  adj.  after  the  style 
and  manner  of  Pindar,  a  Greek  lyric  poet. 
— n.  a  Pindaric  ode  :  an  irregular  odo. 

PINDER,  pind'er,  PINNER,  pm'er,  «.  one 
who  imjiounds  stray  cattle.  [Fi-om  A.S, 
ptfndan,  to  shut  up—pund.  [Cf.  Pen,  v., 
and  Pound,  to  shut  up.] 

PINE,  pin,  n.  a  northern  cone-bearing,  re& 
inous  tree,  furnishing  valuable  timber 
rA.S.  pt»i— L.  pl7im({or  pie-nus),  "  pitch 
tree  "— pte,  pieis,  pitch.    Cf.  Pitch,  n.] 

PINE,  pin,  v.i.  to  waste  away  under  paiz 
or  mental  distress.  [Lit.  to  "sufler pam," 
A.S.  pinan,  to  torment,  from  pin,  pain— 
L.  pce?ia.    See  Pain.]  .    ,    ,     ^ 

PINE- APPLE,  pin'-apl,  n.  a  tropical  plant, 
and  its  fruit,  shaped  like  a  ptn«-cone. 
[Pdje  and  Apple.] 

PINERY,  pin'er-i,  n.  a  place  where  pme 
apples  are  raised. 

PINFOLD,  pin'fold,  n.  a  pound  for  cattle^ 
[For  pindrfold  —  PorND-roU).] 


PINION 


327 


PITILESS 


PINION  pin'yun,  n.  a  icing:  the  joint  o( 
a  wing  most  remote  from  the  hodj^ :  a 
smaller  wheel  with  "  leaves "  or  teeth 
working'  into  others. — v.t.  to  confine  the 
wings  of :  to  cut  oil  the  pinion  :  to  con- 
fine by  binding  the  arms.  IFr.  pignon 
—L. pinna  (=i}enna),  wing.   See  Pen.  ?i.) 

PINK,  pingk,  v.t.  to  stab  or  pierce.  [Either 
through  A.S.  pyngan,  from  L.  pungo,  to 
prick ;  or  ace.  to  Skeat,  a  nasalized  form 
of  Pick.] 

PINK,  pingk,  n.  a  plaat  with  beautiful 
flowers :  a  shade  of  light-red  color  like 
that  of  the  flower :  the  minnow,  from 
the  color  of  its  abdomen  in  summer : 
that  which  is  supremely  excellent. — v.t. 
to  work  in  eyelet  holes :  to  cut  in  small 
scollops  or  angl«.  [Prob.  a  nasalized 
form  of.  Celt,  pic,  a  point,  the  Cower 
being  so  called  from  the  finely  pointed 
or  notched  edges  of   the   petals.     See 

PlKE.1 

PINK-EYED,  pingk'-fd,  adl  having  small 
eyes :  having  the  eyes  half-shut. 

PI^KlNCJ-mON,  pingk'ijig-rurn,  «.  a  tool 
for  pinking  or  scolloping.    [PufKlKa  and 

lEON.J 

PIN-MONEY,  pin'-mun'j,  «.,?tto?!«y  allowed 
to  a  wife  for  private  expenses,  orig.  to 
buy  pins. 

FINNACE,  pin'as,  n.  a  small  vessel  with 
oars  and  sails  :  a  boat  with  eight  oars. 
[Lit.  a  "jMwe-wood  boat,"  Pr.  pinasse 
— It,  pinassa — ^L.  pinuSt  a  pine.  See 
Pine,  n.] 

PINNACLE,  pin'a-kl,  n,  a  slender  turret : 
a  high  point  like  a  spire. — v.t.  to  build 
with  pinnacles.  {Fr.  pinocle — Low  L. 
pinna-eu-lwn,  double  dim.  from  L.  pinna, 
a  feather.] 

iPINNATE,  pin'at,  adj.  (f)ot.)  shaped  like  a 
feather :  (zool.)  furnished  with  fins. — 
adv.  Pdtn'ately.  [L.  pinnatus^  from 
pinna  {=.penna),  a  feather.] 

a  INNER,  pin'er,  n.  one  who  pins  or  fast- 
ens :  a  pin-maker  s  the  lappet  of  a  head- 
dress flying  loose. 

PIN-POINT,  pin'-poiat,  n.  the  point  of  a 
pin :  a  tiifle. 

PINT,  pint,  w.  a  measure  of  capacity— J 
quart  or  4  gills  :  (mecL)  13  ounces.  [Lit. 
"a  measure  painted" — i.e.  indicated  by 
a  mark  upon  the  vessel ;  Fr.  pinteSp. 
pinta,  mai'k,  pint,  from  L.  piiigo,  to 
t^-aint.    See  Paint.] 

lf»INTLE,  pin'tl,  n.  a  little  pin:  a  long  iron 
bolt :  the  bolt  hanging  the  rudder  of  a 
ship.    [Dim.  of  Pin.] 

PINY,  pla'i,  adj.  abounding  with  p«7»e- 
trecs. 

PIONEER,  pl-o-ner",  n.  a  soldier  who  clears 
the  road  before  an  army,  sinks  mines, 
etc:  one  who  goes  before  to  prepare  the 
way. — v.t.  to  act  as  pioneer  to.  [Fr. 
pionnier—pion,  a  foot-soldier — Low  L. 
pedo,  peaanis,  a  foot-soldier — L,  pes, 
pedis,  a  foot.    See  Pawn,  in  chess.] 

PIOUS,  pi'us.  adj.,  devout :  having  rever- 
ence and  love  for  the  Deity  :  proceeding 
from  religious  feeling. — ade.  Pi'OUSLY. 
[Fi\  pieux — L.  pius.'] 

PIP,  pip,  n.  a  disease  of  fowls,  also  called 
roup.  JTr.  pipie  (It,  pipitaX  a  corr.  of 
L.  pitmta,  rheum ;  akin  to  Gr.  pti/S,  to 
spit.] 

PIP,  pip,  w.  the  seed  of  fruit.  [Orig.  pippin 
or  pejpin — Fr.  pfpin ;  ety.  unknown.] 

PIP,  pip,  n.  a  spot  on  cards.  [Corr.  of  prov. 
pick — Fr.  pique,  a  spade,  at  cards.    See 

ftKE.] 

PIPE,  jiip,  n.  a  musical  wind  Instmment 
consisting  of  along  tube :  any  long  tube: 
a  tube  of  clay,  etc.,  wth  a  bowl  at  one 
end  for  smoldng  tobacco  :  a  cask  contain- 
ing two  hhds. — v.i.  to  play  upon  a  pipe  : 
to  whistle. — v.t,  to  play  on  a  pipe :  to  call 
with  a  pipes  as  on  ooard  Bhipe. — ».  Pep'- 


ER.  [A.S.  i)ipe~itaitative  of  the  sound  : 
as  are  Celt,  pib,  a  pipe,  Dut.  pijp  ;  and 
the  L.  pipire,  to  chirp,  Gr.  pipizo7\ 

PIPECLAY,  pTp'k'.S,  n.  white  day  used  for 
making  tobacco  pipes  and  fine  earthen- 
ware. 

PIPING,  pTp'ing,  adj.  uttering  &  weak, 
iihnW,  piping  sound,  like  the  sick ;  sickly : 
feeble  :  boiling. 

PIPKIN,  nip' kin,  «.  a  small  earthen  pot. 
[Dim.  of  Pipe.] 

PIPPIN,  pip'in,  Ji.  a  kind  of  apple.  [Prob. 
from  Pn»,  seed  of  fruit.] 

PIQUANT,  pik'ant,  atij.  stimulating  to  the 
taste.— odr,  Piq'oantly.— -n.  Piquancy. 
[Fr.  piquant,  pr.p.  of  Fr.  piguer,  to 
prick.] 

PIQUE,  pek,  n.  an  oflTence  taken  :  wounded 
pride:  spite:  nicety  :  punctilio,— f.i,  to 
wound  tne  pride  of :  to  oflend :  to  pride 
or  value  (one's  self)  •.—■pr,p.  piq'uing  ; 
jM.t.  and  pa.p.  piqued,  [Fr.  pj^we,  a 
pike,  jiique.    See  Pick  and  PlKErj 

PIQUET.    Same  as  Picket. 

PIQUET,  pi-ket',  n.  a  game  at  cards.  [Said 
to  be  named  from  its  inventor.] 

PIRACY,  pfra-si,  n.  the  crime  of  a  pirate : 
robbery  on  the  high  seas ;  infriagemeat 
of  copyright. 

PIRATE,  pfrat,  n,  one  who  attempts  to 
capture  ships  at  sea :  a  sea-robber  :  one 
who  steals  or  infringes  a  cop5Tight. — v.t. 
to  take  without  permission,  as  t}0ok8  Oi 
writings,  [Fr. — L.  piratar--GT.  peiratOs. 
from  peirad,  to  attempt — peir-a,  an  at- 
tempt, cog.  with  Ex-PEE^EEKCE  and 
Fare.] 

PIRATICAL,  pl-rat'ik-ol,  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  pirate  :  practicing  piracy. -—adr.  Pikat"- 

ICALLT. 

PIROUETTE,  pir-oo-et',  n,  a  tcheeling 
about,  esp.  in  dancing  :  the  turning  of  a 
horse  on  the  same  ground. — v.i.  to  exe- 
cute a  pirouette,  [Fr.,  prob,  dim,  of 
Norm.  Fr.  piroue,  a  whirligig,  cog.  with 
E.  ]pen-y,  an  old  word  for  a  whirlwind 
(Skeat);  cf.  Scot,  pearie,  a  peglop.] 

PISCATORIAL,  p!8-ka-t6'ri-a!,  PISCA- 
TORY, pis'ka-tor-i,  adj.  relating  to  fishes 
or  fisliing. 

PISCES,  pis'ez,  n.  the  Fishes,  the  twelfth 
sign  of  the  aodiac,  rL.,  pL  <rf  piads,  E. 
Fisu.] 

PISCICULTL^RE,  pis'i-kul- tOr,  f».  the 
rearing  otfish  iiy  artificial  methods,  [L. 
piscis,  fish^  and  Culture.] 

PISCINAL,  pis'i-nal  or  ni-sfnaS,  aty.  be- 
longing to  a  fishpond.  [L.  pisdnalis, 
from  piscina,  a  fishpond.] 

PISCINE,  pLstn,  adj.  pertaining  to  fishes. 
[See  Plscib.] 

PISCIVOROUS,  pis-iv'or-us,  a(^.,  devour- 
ing or  feeding  on  fishes.  [L.  piscis,  fish, 
and  toro,  to  devour.] 

PISH,  pish,  int.  expressing  contempt. 
riraitative.l 

PlBJriRE,  piz'mlr,  n.  an  ant  or  emmet. 
[M.E.  pisseniire—pisse,  urine,  and  A.S. 
mire,  ant,  cog.  with  Ice.  maurr,  Ir. 
moirbh,  and  Qr.  nmrmSx.] 

PISS,  pis,  v.i.  {BA  to  discharge  urine  or 
make  water.    [Fr.pisser;  imitative.] 

PISTACHIO,  pis-ta'shi-o,  PISTACL&.,  pis- 
ta'shi-a,  n.  a  small  tree  cultivated  in  S. 
Europe  and  in  the  East :  its  nut.  [It. 
—  L.  pistacium  —  Or.  pistakion — Pers. 
pista.] 

PISTIL,  pis'til,  n.  (bot.)  the  female  organ 
in  the  centre  of  a  flower,  so  called  from 
its  likeness  to  the  pestle  of  a  mortar. 
[Fr.— L.  pistillum.   Pestle  is  a  doublet.] 

PfeTILLACBOUS,  pis-til-la'shus,  adj. 
growing  on  a  pistil:  pertaining  to  or 
having  the  nature  of  a  pistil. 

PISTILLATE,  pis'tiJ-iat,  adj.  having  a 
pistil. 

PISTELLXFEROUS.     pis-tJl-lifer-UB,    adj. 


bearing  a  pistil  without  stamens.    [PjB< 
TIL,  and  fero,  to  bear.l 

PISTOL,  pis'tol,  n.  a  small  hand-gun. 
[Orig.  a  dagger,  Fr.  pistole— It.  pi^ola, 
said  to  be  from  Pistoja  (crig.  Pistola),  a 
town  in  Italy.] 

PISTOLE,  pis-t61',  n.  a  Spanish  gold  coin 
worth  about  $3.60.  [Same  word  as  the 
above,  a  name  jocularly  applied  to  thej 
crowns  of  Spain,  when  reduced  to  a  smal]i>> 
er  size  than  the  crowns  of  France.] 

PISTOLET,  pis'to-let,  «.  a  httle  pistoL 

riSTON,  pis  tun,  n.  a  short  solid  cylinder, 
used  in  pumps,  etc.,  fitting  and  moving 
up  and  down  within  another  hoUow  ona, 
[Lit.  the  "pounder,"  Fr. — It.  pisioTie—' 
pesto,  to  pound— L.  pinso,  pistus.  See 
Pestle.] 

PISTON-ROD,  pis'tun-rod,  n,  the  rod  by 
which  the  jmton  is  moved. 

PIT,  pit,  n.  a  hole  in  the  earth  ;  an  abyss  : 
the  bottomless  pit :  a  hole  used  as  a  trap 
for  wild  beasts ;  whatever  insnares  :  the 
hollow  of  the  stomach  :  the  indentatiOK 
left  by  smallpox :  the  ground-floor  of  a 
theatre :  the  shaft  of  a  mine. — v.t.  to 
mark  with  pits  or  little  hollows  :  to  sefc 
in  competition: — pr.p.  pitt'ing;  pa.t, 
and  pa^}.  pitt'ed.  [ A.S.  pytt — L.  puteiiSt 
a  well.J 

PITAPAT,  pitVpat,  adv.  with  palpitation 
or  quick  oeating.    [A  repetition  otpat.] 

PrrCSH,  p;ch,  n.  the  solid  black  shining 
substance  obtained  by  boiling  down 
common  tar, — v.t.  to  smear  with  pitch. 
[A.S.  pie—li.  prix,  pic-is  (whence  also  Ger. 
pecli),  coLji.  with  Gr.  pissa.   Cf.  Pine,  «.J 

PITCH,  pioh,  v.t.  (lit.)  to  pick  or  strikn 
with  a  pike  :  to  throw :  to  fix  or  set  in 
arKiy  ;  to  fix  the  tone. — v.i.  to  settle,  aa 
Bomethiig  pitched  :  to  come  to  rest  from 
flight:  to  fall  headlong:  to  fix  the  choices 
to  encaffip :  to  rise  and  fall,  as  a  ship.-»- 
«.  any  point  or  degree  of  elevation  or 
depivssioa :  tiegree  :  degree  of  slope  :  a 
descent :  (thus.)  the  height  of  a  note  s 
{mech.)  distance  between  the  centres  of 
two  teeth.     [A  l^rm  of  Pick.] 

PITCHER,  pich'er,  tl.  a  vessel  for  holding 
water,  etc.  [O.  Fr.  picher — Low  L.  pu 
earium,  a  goblet — Gr.  bikos,  a  wine-vea- 
sel,  an  Eastern  word.    Doublet  Beaker.} 

PITCHER-PLANT,  pich'er-plant,  iu  a  trop= 
ical  plant,  with  v;ise-shaped  leaves  holcU 
ing  water  like  pitchers, 

PITCHFORK,  pich'fork,  }U  a/ort  ioTpit(A- 
ing  hay,  etc. 

PITCHPIpE,  pich'pTp,  n.  a  small  pipe  t© 
pitch  the  voice  or  tune  with. 

PITCHY,  pich'i,  adj.  having  the  qualities 
of  pitch  ;  smeared  with  pitch  :  black  like 
pitch  :  dark :  dismal. 

PITEOUS,  pit'e-us,  adj.  fitted  to  excita 
pity :  mournful:  comiKissionate :  paltry. 
—adv.  PiT'DOUSLT.— fl.  Prr'EOCSNESS. 

PITFALL,  pit'fawl,  n,  a  pit  slightly  cov- 
ered, so  that  wild  beasts  taa.j  fall  into  it 
and  be  caught. 

PITH,  pith,  n.  the  marrow  or  soft  substance 
in  the  centre  of  plants:  force:  import- 
ance: condensed  substance:  quintessenoe, 
fA.S.  pitha;  cog.  with  Dut.  pit.  marrow.J 

PrTHLESS,  pith  les,  adj.  wanting  pith, 
force,  or  energy. 

PITHY,  pith'i,  adj.  full  of  pith:  forcible* 
strong:  energetic. —  adv.  Ptth'ily. — n^y 
Pith'iness. 

PITIABLE,  pit'i-a-bl,  adj.  desersnug  pity  : 
ailectiDg  :  vrretched. — adv.  Pit'l^bly.— 
n.  Pit'l^leness. 

PITIFUL,  pit'i-fool,  adj.  compassionate? 
sad:  despicable.  —  adv.  Pit'ifully.  —  Ht 

Pir'lFIILNESS. 

PITILESS,  pit'i-les,  adj.  without  pity  :  xws 
sympathizing .  crueL— ^idv.  Pit'iljesslSj. 
— n,  Prr'iLEssNBsa. 


PITMAN 


338 


PLATE 


PITMAN,  pit'man,  n.  a  man  who  works  in 

a  coal-pit  or  a  saw-pit. 
PITSAW,  pit'saw,  n.  a  large  saw,  worked 

vertically  by  two  men,  one  standing  in  a 

pit  below. 
PITTANCE,  pit'ans,   Ji.    an  allowance   of 

food  :  a  dole  :   a  very  small   portion  or 

quantity.     [Fr.  pitance ;  of  doubtful  ori- 

i^ftY,  pit'i,  n.  sympathy  with  distress: 
a  subject  of  pity  or  grief. — v.t,  to  sym- 
pathize with  ■.—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  pit'ied. — 
It  pitieth  them  {Pi:  Bk.),  it  causeth  pity 
in  them.  [Lit.  pieti/,  O.  Fr.  piti  (Fr. 
pita,  It.  pietay—L.piefas,  pietatis—pius, 
pious.    See  Piett.] 

PrVOT,  piVut,  n.  the  pin  on  which  any- 
thing turns :  the  oflBcer  or  soldier  at  the 
flank  on  which  a  company  wheels.  [Fr. 
dim.  of  It.  piva,  a  pipe,  a  peg,  a  pm — 
Low  Ij.pipa.] 

PrVOTING,  piv'ut-ing,  n.  the  pivot-work 
in  machines. 

PIX,  piks,  n.  same  as  Pyx. 

PIXY,  PIXIE,  pik'si,  n.  a  sort  of  fairy  or 
imaginary  being. 

PLACABLfi,  pla'ka-bl  or  plak'a-bl,  adj. 
that  may  be  appeased :  relenting:  for- 
giving. —  adv.  Pla'CABLY.  —  ns.  Placa- 
bil'ity,  Pla'cableness.  [L.  placabilis — 
placo,  to  appease,  akin  to  plaeeo.] 

PLACARD,  pla-kard'  or  plak'ard,  n.  any- 
thing broad  and  flat :  a  bUl  stuck  upon  a 
wall  as  an  advertisement,  etc.  [Fr.  plor- 
card,  a  bill  stuck  on  a  wall — plaque, 
plate,  tablet ;  ace.  to  Diez,  from  Dut. 
plak,  a  piece  of  flat  wood.] 

PLACARD,  pla-kard',  v.t.  to  pubhsh  or 
notify  by  placards. 

PLACE,  plas,  n.  a  broad  way  in  a  city ;  a 
space  :  locality :  a  town :  a  residence : 
existence  :  rank  :  ot&ce  :  stead :  way : 
passage  in  a  book. — v.t.  to  put  in  any 
place  or  condition  :  to  settle  :  to  lend  : 
to  ascribe. — n.  Plac'ER.  [Fr.— L.  platea, 
a  broad  street — Gr.  plateia,  a  street — 
platys,  broad ;  akin  to  E.  FLAT.  Of. 
Piazza.] 

PLACEMAN,  plas'man,  n.  one  who  has  a 
place  or  ofBce  under  a  government  -.--pi. 
Place'men. 

PLACENTA,  plarsen'La,  n.  the  spongy 
organ  connecting  the  fetus  in  the  womb 
with  the  mother  :  {bot.)  the  part  of  a 
plant  to  which  the  seeds  are  attached  ; 
—pi.  I-lacsen't^.  [Ijt.  "  a  cake,"  L. ; 
akin  to  Gr.  plak-ous,  a  flat  cake,  from 
plax,  plak-os,  anything  flat  and  broad.] 

PLACENTAL,  pla-sen'tal,  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  having  a  placenta. — n.  a  mammal 
having  a  placenta. 

PLACID,  plas'id,  adj.  gentle :  peaceful. — 
adv.  Plac'idly.— n^.  Placid'ity,  Plac'- 
IDNESS.  [L.  placidus—placeo,  to  please. 
See  Placable.] 

PLAGIARISM,  pla'ji-ar-izm,  n.  the  act  or 
practice  of  plagiarizing. 

PLAGIARIST,  pla'ji-ar-ist,  w.  one  who  pla- 
giarizes. 

PLAGIARIZE,  pla'ji-ar-iz,  v.t.  to  steal  from 
the  writings  of  another. 

PLAGIARY,  pla'ji-ar-i,  ii.  one  who  steals 
the  thoughts  or  writings  of  others  and 
gives  them  out  as  his  own. — adj.  prac- 
ificing  literary  theft.  [Fr.  plagiaire — 
L.  plagiarius,  a  man-stealer— ^tafifiMJJt, 
n»an-stealing.] 

PLAGUE,  plag,  n.  any  great  natural  evil : 
a  deadly  epidemic  or  pestilence :  anything 
troublesome. — v.t.  to  infest  with  disease 
or  calamity :  to  trouble  :—pr.p.  plag*- 
aing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  plggued.  JTj. 
plaga,  a_  blow,  stroke,  cog.  with  Gr. 
plege,  plesso,  to  strike.] 

PLAGUE-SLkEK,  plag'-mark,  PLAGUE- 
SPOT,  plag'-spot,  11.  a  mark  or  spot  of 
plague  or  foul  disease. 


PLAICE,  plas,  n.  a  broad,  fat  fish.    [O. 

Fr.  plais  (Fr.pite)— L.  platessa,  a  flat  fish, 
■  from  same  root  as  Place.] 

PLAID,  plad  or  plad,  n.  a  loose  outer  gar- 
ment of  woollen  cloth,  chiefly  worn  by 
the  Highlanders  of  Scotland.  [Gael. 
plaide,  a  blanket,  contr.  of  peallaid,  a 
sheep-skin— peaH,  a  skin,  cog.  with  L. 
pellis,  E.  Fell.] 

PLAIDED,  plad'ed,  adj.  wearing  a  plaid. 

PLAIN,  plan,  adj.,  even :  flat :  level : 
smooth :  simple  :  homely :  artless  :  sin- 
cere :  evident :  mere :  not  colored  or 
figured. — adv.  Plain'ly.— «.  Plain'ness. 
[Fr.— L.  planus  (for  plac-mis);  akin  to 
Placenta.    See  also  Plank.] 

PLAIN,  plan,  n.,  plain  level  land :  aajflat 
expanse  :  an  open  field. 

PLAIN,  plan,  adv.  honestly  :  distinctly. 

PLAIN-DEALER,  plan'-del'er,  n.  one  who 
deals  or  speaks  his  mind  plainly. 

PLAIN-DEALING,  plan'-del'ing,  adj.,  deal' 
ing,  speaking,  or  acting  plainly  or 
honestly  :  open  s  candid. — n.  frank  and 
candid  speaking  or  acting  ;  sincerity, 

PLA  IN-HEARTED,  plan'-hart'ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing a,  plain  or  honest  heart :  sincere.- -». 
Plaitt-heaet'edness. 

PLAIN-SPOKEN, plan'-spok'en,  adj.  speak- 
ing with  plain,  rough  sincerity. 

PLAINT,  plant,  n.  lamentation:  complaint: 
a  sad  song :  {law)  the  exhibiting  of  an 
action  in  writing  by  a  plaintiff.  [O.  Fr. 
pleintetJPv.plaintey-'L.planctus—plango, 
planctum,  to  beat  the  breast,  etc.,  in 
mourning.    See  COMPLAIN.] 

PLAINTIFF,  plant'if,  n.  a  complainant: 
{Fnglish  laio)  one  who  commences  a 
suit  against  another.  fVr.  plaintif.  See 
Plaint.] 

PLAINTIVE,  plant'iv,  adj.,  complaining: 
expressing  sorrow :  sad. — adv.  Plaint'- 
IVELY. — n.  Plaint'IVENESS.  [Same  as 
above  wordj 

PLAINWORK,  plan'wurk,  n.,  plain  needle- 
work,  as  distinguished  from  embroidery. 

PLAIT,  plat,  n.  afold :  a  doubUng:  a  braid. 
— v.t.  to  fold  :  to  double  in  narrow  folds : 
to  interweave.  [O.  Fr.  ploit  (Fr.  pli)— 
L.  plico,  plicatv.m  ;  akin  to  Gr.  pleko,  to 
foloL]  [braids. 

PLATTER,  plat'er,  n.  one  who  plaits  or 

PLAN,  plan,  n.  a  drawing  of  anything  on  a 
plane  or  flat  surface  :  a  gi-ound  plot  of  a 
ouUding :  a  scheme  or  project :  a  contriv- 
ance.— v.t.  to  make  a  sketch  of  on  a  flat 
surface:  to  form  in  design  i—pr.p.  plann'- 
logipa.t.  and  pa.p.  planned. — n.  Plann'- 
EE.  [Fr. — L.  planus,  flat.  See  Plain, 
even.]  [plane. 

PLANARY,  plan'ar-1,  adj.  relating  to  a 

PLANE,  plan,  n.  a  level  surface  :  {geom.) 
an  even  sujjerficies. — adj.,  jplain :  even  : 
level :  pertaining  to,  lying  in,  or  forming 
a  plane. — v.t.  to  make  TeveL  [Fr. — L. 
planus.    See  Plain,  even.] 

PLANE,  plan,  n.  a  carpenter's  tool. — v.t, 
to  make  a  surface  (as  of  wood)  leveL 
[Same  as  above.] 

PLANET,  planet,  n.  one  of  the  bodies  in 
the  solar  system  which  revolve  round 
the  sun.  [Fr.  plan^te— Or.  planetes,  a 
wanderer— ^ioTiao,  to  make  to  wander  ; 
so  called  because  in  the  ancient  astron- 
omy the  planets,  among  which  the  sun 
and  moon  were  included,  seemed  to  wan- 
der about,  whilst  the  other  stars  seemed 
fixed.]        

PLANETARIUM,  plan-e-ta'ri-mn,  n.  a 
machine  showing  the  motions  and  orbito 
of  the  planets. 

PLANETARY,  plan'et-ar-i,  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  planets :  consisting  of  or  produced 
by  planets ;  under  the  influence  of  a 
planet :  erratic :  revolving. 

PLANETOID,  plan'et-oid,  n.  a  celestial 
body  having  the  form  or  nature  of  a 


planet :  a  very  small  planet,  often  called 

an  asteroid.     [Gr.  planetes,  and  eidoa, 

form — eido,  L.  video,  to  see.] 
PLANE-TREE,  plan'-tre,  n.  a  fine  tall  tree, 

with  large  broad  leaves.     [Fr.  plane — L, 

platanus — Gr.  platanos — platys,  broad. 

See  Platane.] 
PLANET  -  STRICKEN,      plan'et  -  strik'en, 

PLANET-STRUCK,    plan'et-struk,   adj. 

{astrology)    struck    or    affected    by  the 

£lancts :  blasted. 
iNISPHERE,  plan'i-sfer,  n.  a  sphere, 
projected  on  a  plane. 

PLANK,  plangk,  n.  a  long,  plain  piece  of 
timber,  thicker  than  a  board. — v.t.  to 
cover  with  planks.  [L.  planca,  a  board, 
from  root  of  PlxAIN,  even.] 

PLANNER,  plan'er,  n.  one  who  plans  or 
forms  a  plan,  a  projector. 

PLANT,  plant,  n.  a  sprout :  any  vegetable 
production :  a  child  :  the  tools  or  materi- 
als of  any  trade  or  business. — v.t.  to  put 
into  the  ground  for  growth :  to  furnish 
with  plants :  to  set  in  the  mind :  to 
establish.  [A.S.  plante  (Fr.  plante)—h. 
planta,  a  shoot,  a  plant — nasalized  form 
of  root  plat,  anything  flat,  "  spread  out," 
seen  in  Gr.  plat-ys,  broad.] 

PLANTAIN,  plan'tan,  n.  an  important 
food-plant  of  tropical  countries,  so  called 
from  its  broad  leaf.  [Fr. — h.  plantago, 
plantaginis,  from  the  root  of  Plant.] 

PLANTATION,  plan-ta'shun,  n.  a  place 
planted:  in  this  country  a  large  estate  : 
a  colony:  introduction. 

PLANTER,  plant'er,  n.  one  who  plants  or 
introduces  :  the  owner  of  a  plantation. 

BtANTIGRADE,  plant'i-grad,  adj.  that 
walks  on  the  sole  of  the  foot. — ?i.  a  plant- 
igrade animal,  as  the  beai\  [L.  planta, 
the  sole,  gradior,  to  walk.] 

PLANTING,  plant'ing,  n.  the  act  of  set 
ting  in  the  ground  for  growth :  the  art 
of  forming  plantations  of  trees:  a  plan^ 
tation. 

PLASH,  plash,  a  form  of  Pleach. 

PLASH,  plash,  n.  a  dash  of  water  :  a  pud^ 
die :  a  shallow  pool. — v.i.  to  dabble  In 
water  :  to  splash.     [From  the  sound.j 

PLASHY,  plash'i,  aHj.  abouiiding  with 
plashes  or  puddles  ■.  watery. 

PLASTER,  plas'ter,  n.  something  that  can 
be  moulded  into  figures  :  a  composition 
of  lime,  water,  and  sand  for  overlaying 
walls,  etc.:  {med.) an  external appUcation 
spread  on  cloth,  etc. — adj.  made  of  plas- 
ter.— v.t.  to  cover  with  plaster  :  to  cove? 
with  a  plaster,  as  a  wound.  [A.S.  plas- 
ter, O.  Ft.  piastre— lu  eniplastrum — Gr. 
emplastron — em,  upon,  plasso,  to  mould, 
to  fashionj 

PLASTERER,  plas'ter-er,  n.  one  who  plas- 
ters, or  one  who  works  in  plaster. 

PLASTERING,  plas'ter-ing,  n.  a  covering 
of  plaster:  the  plaster  work  of  a  building. 

PLASTIC,  plas'tik,  adj.,  moulding :  having 
power  to  g^ve  form  ;  capable  of  being 
moulded.  [Gr.  plasiikos  —  plasso,  to 
mould.] 

PLASTICITY,  plas-tis'it-i,  n.  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  plastic. 

PLAT,  v.t.    Same  as  Plait. 

PLAT,  plat,  n.  a  piece  of  ground  :  a  piece 
of  ground  laid  out.     [A  form  of  Plot.] 

PLATANE,  plat'an,  n.  the  plane-tree.  [L, 
platanus,  Gr.  platanos— platys,  broad, 
flat.]_ 

PLATE,  plat,  n.  something  flat :  a  thiu 

Eiece  of  metal :  wrought  gold  and  silver: 
ousehold  utensils  in  gold  and  silver :  a 
flat  dish  :  an  engraved  plate  of  metal. — 
v.t.  to  overlay  with  a  coating  of  plate  or 
metal:  to  adorn  with  metal:  to  beat  into 
thin  plates.— w.  Plate'-GLAss,  a  fine  kind 
of  glass,  cast  in  thick  plates.  [O.Fr.  plate, 
fern,  of  Fr.  plat,  flat— Gr.  platys,  broad 
See  Place.] 


PLATEAU 


329 


PLOT 


PLATEAU,  pla-t5',  n.  a  broad  flat  space  on 
an  elevated  position  :  a  table-land  :—pl. 
Plateaux'.  [Fr.— O.  Fr.  platel,  dim.  of 
Fr.  plat.    See  Plate.] 

PLATFORM,  plat'form,  n.  a  raised  lecd 
scaffolding :  {mil.)  an  elevated  floor  for 
cannon :    a  statement  of    principles   to 

.     which  a  body  of  men  declare  their  ad- 

'  hesion.  [Fr.  plate-forme,,  a  thing  of  "  flat 
form,  '"l 

fLATINA,  plat'in-a,  PLATINUM,  plat'in- 
um,  n.  a  metal  of  a  dim  silvery  appear- 
ance. [Sp.  platinor—plata,  plate,  suver. 
See  Plate.] 

PLATING,  plat'ing,  n.  the  overlaying  with 
a  coating  of  plate  or  metal :  a  thin  coat- 
ing of  metal. 

PLATITUDE,  plat'i-tud,  n.,  flatness :  that 
which  exhibits  dullness :  an  empty  re- 
mark. 

PLATONIC,  pla-ton'ik,  PLATONICAL, 
pla-ton'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  Plato, 
the  Greek  philosopher,  or  to  his  philo- 
sophical opmions  :  pure  and  unmixed 
with  carnal  desires. — arii;. Platon'icallt. 

PLATONISM,  pla'ton-izm,  n.  the  philo- 
sophical opinions  of  Plato. — n.  Pla'  ton- 
IST,  a  follower  of  Plato. 

PLATOON,  pla-toon',  n.  (mil.)  orig.  a  body 
of  soldiers  in  a  hollow  square,  now  a 
number  of  recruits  assembled  for  exercise: 
a  subdivision  of  a  company.  [Lit.  "a 
Jcnot  or  group  of  men,"  Fr.  peloton,  a  ball, 
a  knot  of  men — Fr.  pelote—L.  pila,  a  ball. 
See  Pellet.] 

PLATTER,  plat'er,  n.  a  large  flat  plate  or 
dish. 

PLAUDIT,  plawd'it,  n.,  applause:  praise 
bestowed.  [Shortened  from  L.  plaudite, 
praise  ye,  a  call  for  applause,  3d  pers.  pi. 
imperative  otplaudcplausum,,  to  praise.J 

rfLAUDITORY,  pIawd'it-or-i,ady'.,ai3pZai«f- 
'     ing. 

PLAUSIBLE,  plawz'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
applauded  :  fitted  to  gain  praise  :  super- 
ficially pleasing:  apparently  right:  popu- 
lar.—(xdt>.  Plaus'ibly.— ws.  Plaus'ible- 
NESS,  Plausibil'ity.  [L.  plausibilis — 
plaiido,  to  praise.] 

PLAY,  pla,  v.i.  to  engage  in  some  exercise 
or  in  a  game :  to  sport :  to  trifle :  to 
move  irregularly :  to  operate :  to  act  in 
a  theatre :  to  perform  on  a  musical  in- 
strument :  to  practice  a  trick  :  to  act  a 
character :  to  gamble.  —  v.t.  to  put  in 
motion  :  to  perform  upon :  to  perform : 
to  act  a  sportive  part :  to  compete  with. 
JA.S.  plega,  a  game.] 

PLAY,  pla,  n.  any  exercise  for  amusement: 
amusement :  a  contending  for  victory : 
practice  in  a  contest :  gaming :  action  or 
use  :  manner  of  dealing,  as  fair-play :  a 
dramatic  composition:  movement:  room 
for  motion  :  liberty  of  action. — n.  Plat*- 
BILL,  a  bill  or  advertisement  of  a  x>lay.— 
11.  PlaVbook,  a  book  of  plays  or  dramas. — 
n^.  Play'fellow,  PlaVmate,  a  fellow  or 
mate  in  play  or  amusements. — n.  Play*- 
THING,  emything  for  playing  with :  a  toy. 

PLAYER,  pla'er,  n.  one  who  plays:  an 
actor  of  plays  or  dramas :  a  musician. 

PLAYFUL,  pla'fool,  adj.  given  to  play: 
sportive.— adv.  Plat'fully.— n.  Play*- 

FULNESS. 

PLAYING-CARD,  pla'ing-kSrd,  n.  one  of 

j  a  set  of  fifty-two  cards  used  in  playing 
games. 

PLEA,  pie,  n.  the  defender's  answer  to  the 
plaintiS's  declaration :  an  excuse :  an 
apology :  urgent  entreaty.  [O.  Fr.  plait 
(Fr.  plaidy— Low  L.  placitum,  lit.  "what 
has  pleased  or  seemed  good,"  a  decision, 
a  conference,  hence,  a  pleading  before  a 
court — L.  placet,  it  pleases,  seems  good 
—placeo,  to  please.] 

PLEACH,  plech,  v.t.  to  intertwine  the 
branches  of,  as  a  hedge.    [M.  E.  plechen 


— O.  Fr.  plesser  —  L.  plec-tere,  plait,  akin 
to  Gr.  pleks,  weave.  See  Plait  and 
Ply.] 

PLEAD,  pled,  v.t.  to  carry  on  a  plea  or 
lawsuit :  to  argue  in  support  of  a  cause 
against  another :  to  seek  to  persuade:  to 
admit  or  deny  a  charge  of  guilt. — v.t.  to 
discuss  by  arguments :  to  allege  in  plead- 
ing or  defence :  to  oflfer  in  excuse:— ^a.<. 
and  pa.p.  plead'ed,  or  (less  correctly) 
pled.  — K.  Plead'ee.  [Fr.  plaidei — plaid, 
a  plea.    See  Plea.] 

PLEADING,  pled'ing,  adj.  imploring.  — 
n.pl.  (law)  the  statements  of  the  two 

Earties  in  a  lawsuit. — adv.  PLEAD'rooLY. 
E  AS  ANT,    plez'ant,   adj.,  pleasing: 

agreeable :    cheerful  :    gay  :    trifling. — 

adv.    Pleas'antly. — n.   Puias'antness. 

[Fr.  plaisant,  pr.p,  of  plaire.] 
PLEASANTRY,   plez'ant-ri,   n.    anything 

that    promotes  pleasure:     merriment; 

lively  talk.    [Fr.  plaisanterie— plaisant  J] 
PLEASE,  plez,  v.t.  to  delight :  to  satisfy. 

— v.i.  to  like  :   to  choose. — n.  Pleas'EE. 

[O.  Fr.  plaisir  (Fr.  plaire) — ^L.  placeo,  to 

please.]] 
PLEASING,  plez'ing,  a<^'.  givingp^ea.fMre; 

agreeable  :  gratifying. — adv.  Pleas'ing- 

LY.] 

PLEASURABLE,  plezh'ur-a-bl,  adj.  able 
to  give  pleasure :  delightful :  gratifying. 
—adv.  Pleas'ueably.— -ft.  Pleas'ueable- 

NESS. 

PLEASURE,  plezh'ur,  n.  agreeable  emo- 
tions :  gratification :  what  the  will  pre- 
fers :  purpose  :  command  :  approbation. 
— v.t.  {B.)  to  give  pleasure  to. — n.  Pleas'- 
uee-boat,  a  boar  used  for  pleasure  or 
amusement. — n.  Pleas'uee -GROUND, 
ground  laid  out  in  an  ornamental 
manner  for  pleasure.  [Fr.  plaisir — L. 
pZaceo.l 

PLEBEIAN,  ple-be'yan,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  consisting  of  the  common  people :  pop- 
ular.— n.  orig.  one  of  the  common  peo- 
ple of  ancient  Rome,  or  those  free  citizens 
who  did  not  come  under  the  class  of  the 
patricians.  [Fr.  pleMien — L.  plebeius — 
plebs,  plebis,  the  common  people,  conn, 
with  L.  plenus  (Plenary),  E.  Full,  and 
lit.  sig.  a  "  crowd,"  the  "  many."  ] 

PLEBISCITE,  pleb'i-sit,  n.  a  decree  passed 
by  the  votes  of  an  entire  nation,  as  in 
France  under  Napoleon  m.  [Fr. —  L. 
plebiscitum,  "decree  of  the  people,"  from 
plebs,  the  people,  and  soitum,  a  decree — 
seisco — scio,  to  know.] 

PLEDGE,  plej,  n.  a  security  :  surety. — v.t. 
to  give  as  security :  to  engage  for  by 
promise :  to  invite  to  drink  by  partaking 
of  the  cup  first :  to  drink  to  the  health 
of.  —  n.  Pledg'ee.  [O.  Fr.  plege  (Fr. 
pleige);  ety.  dub.1 

PLEIADS,  ple'yadz,  PLEIADES,  ple'ya- 
dez,  n.pl.  (myth.)  seven  daughters  of  At- 
las and  Pleione,  after  death  changed  into 
stars:  (astr.)  a  group  of  seven  stars  in  the 
shoulder  of  the  constellation  Taurus. 

PLEIOCENE,  pll'o-sen,  adj.  (geol.)  relating 
to  the  strata  more  recent  than  the 
miocene  or  second  tertiary.  [Qr.  pleion, 
more,  kainos,  recent.] 

PLEISTOCENE,  pllst'o-sSn,  a^j.  (geol.)  per- 
taining to  the  most  recent  tertiary  de- 
posits. [Qr.  pleistos,  most,  kainos,  re- 
cent.] 

PLENARY,  plen'ar-i  or  pie'-,  adj.,  full: 
entire :  complete. — adv.  Plen'abily. — n. 
Plen'ariness.  [LowL. — L.f)?e-n«s,  filled, 
full— p?e-o,  to  till— Gr.  pim-plS-mi,  akin 
to  Fcrx.l 

PLENIPOTENTIARY,  plen-i-po-ten'shar-1, 
adj.  with  full  powers. — n.  a  negotiator 
invested  with  full  powers,  esp.  a  special 
ambassador  or  envoy.  [Low  L.  plenipo- 
tentiarius—h.  plenus,  aad  potens,  poweiv 
ful.    See  Potent.] 


PLENITUDE,  plen'i-tud,  n.  fullness  :  con*, 
pleteness :  repletion.     [L.— plenus,  fulL] 

PLENTEOUS,  plen'te-us,  adj.  fully  suffi- 
cient :  abundant. — adv.  Plen'teously.— ■ 
n.  Plen'teousness. 

PLENTIFUL,  plen'ti-fool,  adj.  copious; 
abundant :  yielding  abundance.  —  adv. 
Plen'tifully. — n.  Plen'itfulness. 

PLENTY,  plen'ti,  n.  a  full  supply :  abund 
ance.     [O.  Fr.  plenti—L.  plemis,  full.] 

PLENUM,  ple'num,  n.  space  considered  aa 
in  every  part  ^Hedwitn  matter.  [L.  See 
Plenaby.I 

PLEONASM,  ple'o-nazm,  n.  use  of  more 
words  than  are  necessary:  (rhet.)  a  re- 
dundant expression.  [Gr.  pleonasmos — 
pleion,  more,  pleos,  full.] 

PLEONASTIC,  ple-o-nas'tik,  PLEONAS- 
TICAL,  ple-o-nas'tik-al,  culj.  redundant, 
— adv.  Io^eonas'tically.    [Gr.  pleonaa- 

PLESIOSAURUS,  ple-zi-o-saw'rus,  n.  a 
gigantic  extinct  animal,  allied  to  the 
lizard.  [Gr.  pUsios,  near  to,  and  saura, 
lizard.] 

PLETHORA,  pleth'o-ra,  n.  (med.)  excessive 
fullness  of  blood :  over-fullness  i»  any 
way. — adj.  Plethor'IO,  afflicted  witn 
plethora :  superabundant :  turgid.  [Gr. 
plethore,  fullness^jZeos,  full.] 

PLEURA,  ploo'ra,  n.  a  delicate  serous 
membrane  which  covers  the  lungs  and 
lines  the  cavity  of  the  chest : — pi.  Putv"' 
R.E.  TGr.,  lit.  "  a  rib,"  then  '•  the  side," 
then  the  above  membrane.] 

PLEURISY,  plo6'ri-si,  n.  inflammation  oi 
the  pleura.    [Fr. — L.  pleu  risis — Gr.  pleu 

PLEURITIC,  plo5-rit'ik,  PLEURmCAL. 
pl6o-rit'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  at 
fected  with  pleurisy. 

PLEURO- PNEUMONIA,  ploo'ro-nu-mo'- 
ni-a,  n.  inflammation  of  tne  pleura  andf 
lungs.  [Qr.  pleura,  and  pneumones,  th« 
lungs.    See  PNEUMONIA.] 

PT.TARn.TTY,  pU-a^bil'i-ti,  PLIABLENESS, 
plTarbl-nes,  n.  quality  of  being  pliable  oi 
flexible. 

PLIABLE,  plTa-bl,  adj.  easily  bent  or 
folded:  supple:  easUy  persuaded.  [Se» 
Ply.1_ 

PLIANT,  plfant,  adj.,  bending  easily  :  flex- 
ible :  tractable  :  easily  persuaded. — adv< 
Pu'antly.— w.  Pli'ancy. 

PLICATE,  pirkat,  PLICATED,  plTkat-ed, 
adj., folded:  plaited.  [L. plicahi»—plico 
See  Plait.! 

PLIERS,  plrerz,  n.pl.  pincers  for  seiaang 
and  benaing. 

PLIGHT,  pUt,  n.  dangerous  condition  :  con- 
dition :  security  :  pledge  :  engagement ' 
promise. — v.t.  to  pledge  :  to  give  as  secur- 
ity. [A.S.  pliht,  risk— phon,  to  imperil  ; 
cog.  with  Dut.  pligt,  Ger.  pflicht,  an  obU« 
gation.] 

PLINTH,  plinth,  n.  (arch.)  the  lowest  brtch- 
shaped  part  of  the  base  of  a  column  oj 
pedestal :  the  projecting  face  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  wall.  [L.  plinthus—Gr.  plinth- 
OS,  a  brick ;  cog.  with  E.  Flint.] 

PLIOCENE.    Same  as  Pleiocene. 

PLOD,  plod,  v.i.  to  travel  laboriously, 
trudge  on  steadily  :  to  toil :  — pr.n, 
plodd'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  plodd'ed. 
[Orig.  "  to  wade  through  pools,"  fronw 
Ir.plod,  a  pool.] 

PLODDER,  plod'er,  n.  one  who  plods  on : 
a  dull,  heavy,  laborious  man. 

PLODDING,  plod'ing,  adj.  laborious,  but 
glow.—)),  slow  movement  or  .study. — adv. 
Plodd'inqly. 

PLOT,  plot,  n.  a  small  p'ace  of  ground.— 
v.t.  to  make  a  plan  of  :— ^.p.  plott'ing", 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  plott'ed.  [A.S.  plot,  a 
patch  of  land.  I 


fLOT 


330 


FOD 


IWXJT,  plot,  n.  a  compUcafed  scheme  ■  a 
conspiracy  ;  stratagem  :  the  chain  of  in- 
cideuts  in  the  story  of  a  play,  etc. — i-.i. 
to  scheme:  to  forma  scheme  of  mischief: 
to  conspire. — v.t.  to  devise  : — J^^'-P-  plott'- 
jng;  pci.t.  nudpa.p.  plott'ed.  [Fr.  complot, 
ace  to  Diez,  from  L.  complicUum,  pa.p. 
of  complico,  to  fold  together,  to  compli- 
c;vtej 

PLOTTER,  plot'er,  ».  one  who  jjtote :  a 
conspirator. 

PLOXTGII,  plow,  n.  an  instrument  for 
turning  up  the  soil :  tillage. — v.t.  to  turn 
up  with  the  plough  :  to  furrow :  to  tear  j 
to  divide  :  to  run  through  in  sailing. — 
?i.  PLOtTGii^R.  [Ice.  plogr  (Dan.  plov, 
Ger.  pjlng),  perh.  conn,  with  Gr.  ploion, 
a  ship.! 

PLOUGHABLE,  p!ov\-'a-bl,  ad],  capable  of 
being  plonghed :  arable, 

PLOUGHBOY,  plowTjoy,  n.  &  boif  who 
drives  or  guides  horses  ia ploughing. 

PLOUGHMAN,  plow'man,  «.  a  man  who 
ploughs :  a  husbandman :  a  rustic  : — 
pi.  Plough'mest. 

PLOUGHSHAEB,  plow'shar,  n.  the  part  of 
a  plough  which  sftertrs  or  cuts  the  ground. 
[Plough  and  A.S.  scear,  a  share  of  a 
plough,  a  shearing— soerow,  to  cut.  See 
Shear.] 

PLOVER,  pluVer,  n.  a  well-known  wading 
bird.  [Lit.  the  raire-bird,  Pr.  pluvier — L. 
pluvia,  rain,  cog.  wth  Flovt  ;  so  called 
because  associated  with  rainy  weather.] 

PLOW,  plow,  old  spelling  of  PLOnoH. 

PLUCK,  pluk,  v.U  to  pull  away:  to  snatch: 
to  strip. — w.  a  single  act  of  plucking. 
[A.S.  plucdan;  akin  to  Dut.  plukken, 
Ger.  pjliieken.] 

PLUCK,  pluk,  n.  the  heai-t,  liver,  and  lungs 
of  an  animal,  perh.  so  called  because 
plucked  out  after  it  is  killed:  hence 
heart,  courage,  spirit. 

PLUCKY,  pluk'i,  adj.  having  pluck  or 
spirit. — adv.  PLrcK'lLY. — ru  Pluck'ixess. 

PLUG,  plug,  n.  a  block  or  peg  used  to  stop 
a  hole. — v.t.  to  stop  with  a  plug:  to  dri%'e 
plugs  into.— ^sr.p.  plugg'ing;  pa.t.  and 
pa.ii.  plugged.  [Dut.  plug,  a  bung,  a  peg 
(Sw.  plugg,  a  peg,  Ger.  pflock) ;  most 
prob.  of  Celtic  origin,  as  La  Ir.,  Gael.,  and 
W.  ploc.    See  BLOCK.] 

PLUGGING,  plug'ing,  n.  the  act  of  stop- 
ping with  a  plug :  the  material  of  which 
a,  plug  is  made. 

PLUM,  plum,  n.  a  well-known  stone  fruit 
of  various  colors  :  the  tree  producing  it. 
[A.S.  phune — ^L.  prunum — Gr.  prounou. 
Doublet  pROTTE.] 

PLUMAGE,  ploom'Sj,  n.  the  whole /eaffters 
of  a  bird.  \Fv.—^lunie,  a  feather.  See 
Plume.] 

PLUMB,  plum,  n.  a  mass  of  lead  or  other 
material,  hung  on  a  string,  to  show  the 
perpendicular  position. — adj.  perpendicu- 
lar.— adv.  perpendicularly.— 1\)?.  to  adjust 
by  a  plumb-line :  to  make  perpendicular : 
to  sound  the  depth  of  water  by  a  plumb- 
Une.  [Fr.  plomb  —  L.  plumbum,  lead, 
prob.  akin  to  Gr.  molybdos,  and  Ger. 
Wet.] 

PLUMBAGO,  plum-ba'go,  n.  a  mineral  of 
carbon  and  iron,  used  for  pencils,  etc., 
wrongly  thought  to  be  lend,  from  its  re- 
semblance to  it,  and  hence  commonly 
called  "  blacklead."  [L.  —  plumbum, 
lead.     See  Plump..] 

yLUMBEAN,  plumbe-an,  PLUMBEOUS, 
plum'be-us,  wfj.  consisting  of  or  resem- 
bling lead_:  stupid. 

PLUMBER,  plom'er,  n.  one  who  works  In 
lead. 

PLUMBERY,  plum'er-i,  n.  articles  of  lead : 
the  business  of  a  plumber  :  a  place  for 
plurnbing. 

PLTAVBIC,  plim[i'bik,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
C/fytaiued  from  lead. 


PLtMBING,  pium'ing,  n.  the  art  oi  cast- 
ig  and  working  in  lead,  etc.:  business  of 
arranging  pipes  for  conducting  water 
or  gas. 

PLUMB-LINE,  plum'-lln,  n.  a  Ktie  attached 
to  a  mass  of  lead  to  show  the  pei-pendic- 
vilar :  a  plummet. 

PLUMCAKE,  plumTcak,  w,,  cake  contain- 
ing }}lums  (raisins)  or  other  fruit. 

PLlftlE,  ploom,  H.  a  feaOier :  a  feather 
worn  as  an  ornament :  a  crest :  token  of 
honor  :  prize  of  contest. — v.t.  to  sort  the 
feathers  of,  as  a  bird:  to  adorn  "Rith 
plumes :  to  strip  of  feathers :  to  boast 
(used  refl«xively).  [Fr. — L.  pluma,  a 
small  soft  feather ;  perh.  from  the  root 
of  Flow  and  FloatJ 

PLUMMER,  PLUMMERY.  See  Plumber, 
Plujibert. 

PLUMMET,  plum'et,  n.  a  weight  of  lead 
hung  at  a  string,  used  for  ascertaining 
the  direction  of  the  earth's  attraction 
and  for  sounding  depths  :  a  plumb-line. 
[Fi-.  plcvihct,  dim.  of  plomb,  lead.  See 
Plumb.] 

PLUMOSE,  ploo'mos,  PLUMOUS,  pKo'- 
mus,  adj.,  feathery:  plume-like. 

PLUMP,  plump,  adv.  falling  straight  down- 
ward (like  lead). — adj.  downright :  un- 
qualified.— v.t.  to  fall  or  sink  suddenly. — 
v.t.  to  cause  to  sink  suddenly. —  adv. 
Plump'ly.    [A  vanation  of  PlxJmb.] 

PLUMP,  plump,  adj.  fat  and  rounded : 
sleek:  in  good  condition. — n.  Plump'ness. 
[From  a  common  Teut.  root,  seen  in  Dut. 
plomp,  lumpish,  clownish,  Gter.  plump.] 

PLUMP,  plump,  v.t.  to  give  in  the  mmjpor 
undivided  (as  a  vote  to  one  only).  {See 
Plump,  adj.  fat.] 

PLUMPER,  plump'er,  n,  a  vote  given  to 
one  candidate  only  when  more  are  to  be 
elected :  one  who  so  votes.  [Same  as 
above  word.] 

PLUMPUDDING,  plum-pood'ing,  n.,  pud- 
ding containing  plums,  raisins,  or  other 
fruit. 

PLUMULE,  ploo'mM,  n.  (bat.)  the  rudi- 
mentary bud  of  an  embryo.  [L.  plumtda, 
dim.  of  pluma.    See  Plume.] 

PLUNDER,  plun'der,  v.t.  to  seize  the  bag- 
gage or  goods  of  another  by  force:  to 
pillage. — n.  that  which  is  seized  by  force : 
booty. — n.  Plun'derer.  [Ger.  plUndem, 
to  pillage— pZztwder,  trash,  baggage ;  akin 
to  Low  Ger.  plunnen,  rags.] 

PLUNGE,  plunj,  v.t.  to  cast  suddenly  into 
water  or  other  fluid :  to  force  suddenly 
(into):  to  baptize  by  immersion. — v.i.  to 
sink  suddenly  into  any  fluid :  to  dive :  to 
rush  headlong,  as  a  horse :  to  rush  into 
any  danger, — to.  act  of  plunging :  act  of 
rushing  headlong,  as  a  horse.  [Pr.  plonger 
(It.  piombare,  to  fall  like  a  plumb-line)^ 
h.plumbMn,  lead.] 

PLUNGER,  pluQJ'er,  n.  one  who  plunges: 
a  diver:  a  long,  solid  cylinder  used  as  a 
forcer  in  pumps. 

PLUNGING,  plunjlng,  adj.  rushing  head- 
long :  pitching  downward. — n,  the  put- 
ting or  sinking  under  water,  or  other 
fluid  :  the  act  of  a  horse  trying  to  throw 
its  rider. 

PLUPERFECT,  ploo'per-fekt,  adj.  (gram.) 
noting  that  an  action  happened  before 
some  period  referred  to.  [A  corr.  of  L. 
plus-qnnm-perfectum,  (lit.)jnore  than  or 
before  perfect.l 

PLURAL,  ploo'ral,  adj.  containing  or  ex- 
pressing more  than  one. — n.  (gram.)  the 
form  denoting  more  than  one.  —  adv. 
Plu'rallt.  [Fr. — L.  pluralis—plus,  phi- 
ris,  more.] 

PLURALISM,  plo5'ral-izm,  n.  the  state  of 
being  plural. 

PLURALITY,  ploo-ral'i-ti,  n.  the  state  of 
being  plural :  a  number  consisting  of 
more  than  one  ;  the  majority. 


!  PLUS,  plus,  n.  the  sign  (-{-)  prefixec!  to 
,  positive  quantities,  and  set  between 
quantities  or  numbers  to  be  added  to- 
gether. [L.  plvs,  more.] 
PLUSH,  plush,  n.  a  variety  of  cloth  woven 
like  velvet,  but  having  "its  pile  or  hairy 
surface uncropned.  [Fr.  pehiche,  througb 
Low  L.,  from  L.  pilus,  hair.    See  Pde 


a.  bairv  surface.] 
PLUTOCRACTY,  pl6o-tok'ra-si,  n 


govern-^ 


4 


meiit  by  the  tvealthy.  [Gr.  ploutokratid 
—ploutos.  wealth,  and  Icixctos,  strength, 
akin  to  E.  Haed.] 

PLUTONIAN,  ploo-to'ni-an,  PLUTONIC, 
ploo-ton'ik,  adj.,  wfernal :  dark:  (greoZ.) 
ronned  by  the  agency  of  heal  at  a  depth 
below  the  surface  of  "the  earth.  [L.  (Jit.) 
belonging  to  Pluto — Gr.  Plmitonios — 
Plout on,  Pinto,  the  god  of  the  nether 
world.] 

PLUVLAXi,  pl5oVi-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
rain  :  niiny.  [Fr. — L.  pluvialis — pluvia, 
rain,  akin  to  Flow.] 

PLUYIOUS.  ploo'vi-us,  adj.  rainy.  [L. 
plwius.    See  Plutial.] 

PLY,  pB,  v.t.  to  work  at  steadily:  to  urge. — 
T.i.  to  work  steadily  :  to  go  in  haste  :  to 
make  regular  passages  between  two 
ports :  (navt.)  to  make  way  against  the 
wind  v-^a.t.  anipa.p.  plied. — n.  a  fold : 
bent:  direction.  [Fr.  pher,  to  bend  or  fold 
— li.plico,  to  bend ;  Gr.  pleko,  to  fold.] 

PNEUMATIC,  nu-mat'ik,  PNEUSIATIC- 
AL,  nti-mat'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to  air: 
consisting  of  air:  moved  by  air  or  wind  : 
pertaining  to  pneumatics.. — adv.  Pneu- 
MAT'ICALLT.  [L.  —  Gr.  piieumatikos  — 
pneum-a,  -atos,  wind,  air-^neo,  to  blow, 
to  breathe.] 

PNEUMATICS,  nO-mat'iks,  7i.sing.  the 
science  which  treats  of  air  and  cthei 
elastic  fliiids  or  gases. 

PNEUMATOLOGIST,  nu-mat-ol'o-jist.  ft  i 
one  versed  in  pneumatology. 

PNEUMATOLOGY,  nu-mr.t-ol'o-ji,  u.  the 
science  of  elastic  Jluids,  or,  more  gener- 
ally, of  spiritual  substances.  [Gr.  pneur 
ma,  wind,  spirit,  and  logos,  science.] 

PNEUMONIA,  nii-mo'ni-a,  n.  inflamma^ 
tion  of  the  lungs.  [Gr.  from  pneiimon, 
pnmimmiis,  the  lungs—pneuma,  air.] 

PNEUMONIC,  nti-mon'ik,  adj.  pertaming 
to  the  lungs. 

POACH,  poch,  v.t.  to  dress  eggs  by  break- 
ing them  into  boiling  water.  fPerh.  Fr. 
pocher,  to  put  in  a  pocket— poc«e.  pouch, 
because  the  yolk  is  enveloped  by  the  white 
as  in  Sipo2ieii.] 

POACH,  poch,  v.i.  to  intrude  on  another's 
preserves  in  order  to  steal  game. — v.t. 
to  steal  game. — n.  Poach'ER,  one  who 
poaches  or  steals  game.  [Fr.  pocher, 
orig.  to  Tpocket—poche,  pouch.  Ct.  above 
word.] 

POCK,  pok,  n.  a  small  elevation  of  the  skin 
containing  matter,  as  in  smallpox. — ns. 
Pock'mark,  Pock'pit,  th«  mark,  pit,  or 
scar  left  by  a  pock.  [A.S.  poc,  a  pustule  ; 
cog.  with  &er.  pocke,Dut.  pok.  The  cor- 
rect pi.  form  was  imclcs,  erroneously  spelt 
pox,  and  treated  as  sing.] 

POCKET,  pok'et,  n.  a  little  pouch  or  bag, 
esp.  one  attached  to  a  dress. — v.t.  to  put 
in  the  pocket :  to  take  stealthily  >~pr.i) 
pock'eting;2ja.f.  and  jjo.p.  pock  eted. — rc. 
FOCK'ET-BOOK,  a  book  for  holding  papers 
carried  in th&pocket. — }(.  Pock'et-mon'eYs 
moiiey  carried  in  the  pocket  for  ordinary 
expenses.  [Fr.  pochette,  dim.  of  pocke, 
pouch.] 

POD,  pod,  n.  the  covering  of  the  seed  of 
plants,  as  the  pea  or  bean. — v.i.  to  fill,  as 
a  pod  :  to  produce  pods:— pr.p.  podd'ing; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  podd'ed.  [Allied  to  Pad, 
anything  stuffed,  and  to  Dan.  pude,  a 
cushion,  from  a  root  meaning  -'bag," 
anything  "  swollen  out."    See  PUDDINO.] 


jeoEM 


831 


POLLUTE 


^EM,  p&'em,  n.  a  composition  in  verse. 

[Lit.  "anything  made,"  Fr.  jooemc— L. 

poema  —  Gr.  poiSma — poiei,  to   do  or 

malie.] 
1?0ESY,  po'e-si,  n.  the  art  of  composing 

poems :  poetry :  a  poem.     [Fr.  poiei&— 

L.  poesis—  Gr.  poiesis — poteo,  to  do  or 

make.] 
POET,  po'at  n.  the  author  of  a  poem  :  one 

ekilled   in  making  poetry :  one  with  a 

strong    imagination  :  —  /e?)i.    Po'exkss. 

git.  "a  maker,"  Fr.  poite—ti,  poeia— 
r.  poieKs—-poie6,  to  do  or  make.] 

POETASTER,  p6'et-as-ter,  n.  b.  petty  poet: 
a  writer  of  contemptible  versea.  pTreq. 
of  Poet.] 

POETIC,  po-et'ik,  POETICAL,  po^t'ik-al. 
adj.  pertaining  or  suitable  to  poetiT/ : 
expressed  in  poetry:  marked  by  poetic 
language  :  imaginative.  —  adv.  POBT'IO. 
ALLY,  in  a  poetic  manner. 

POETICS,  po-et'lks,  n.sing.  the  branch  ol 
criticism  which  relates  to  poetry. 

POETIZE,  po'et-iz,  v.i.  to  write  as  a  poet : 
to  make  verses. 

POETttY,  po'et-ri,  n,  the  art  of  expressing 
m  melodious  words  the  creations  of  feel- 
ing and  imagination :  utterance  'n  song : 
metrical  composition.    [O.  Fr.  poeterie.} 

IPOIGNANCY,  poin'an-si,  n.  state  of  being 
poignant. 

POIGNANT,  poin'ant,  adj.,  stinging,  prick- 
ing, sharp :  penetrating  :  acutely  pain- 
ful:  satirical:  pungent. — ady. 'Poian*- 
ANTLY.  [Fr.  poigyiant,  pr.p.  of  O.  Ft. 
poindre,  to  sting — 'L.nu.ngo,  to  sting,  to 
prick.    See  Point  and  Pl'sgent.] 

FOINT,  point,  n.  that  which  pricks  or 
pierces:  anything  coming  to  a  sliarp  end: 
the  mark  made  bj'  a  sharp  instrument : 
(geom.)  that  which  has  neither  length, 
breadth,  nor  thickness:  a  mark  showing 
the  di\'isions  of  a  sentence :  (mus.)  a  dot 
at  the  right  hand  of  a  note,  to  raise  its 
value  one-haLf :  a  very  small  space :  a 
momeLt  of  time ;  a  small  affair :  a  single 
thing :  a  single  assertion  :  the  precise 
thing  to  be  considered:  anything  intend- 
ed :  exact  place :  degree :  that  which 
stings,  as  the  point  of  an  epigram  :  a 
lively  turn  of  thought  :  that  which 
awakens  attentioa  :  a  peculiarity  :-~pL 
the  switch  on  a  railway.  [Fr.  (It.  punta) 
— L.  punctuin—pv.ngo — root  pug.  See 
Poignant.] 

POINT,  point,  vJ.  to  give  a  point  to :  to 
sharpen ;  to  aim  :  to  direct  one's  atten- 
tion :  to  punctuate,  as  a  sentence :  to 
fill  the  joints  of  with  mortar,  as  a  wall. — 
V.I.  to  direct  the  finger  towards  an  object: 
to  show  game  by  looking,  as  a  dog. — 
Point  odt  (B.),  to  assign. 

POINT-BLANK,  point-blank',  adj.  aimed 
directly  at  the  mark :  direct.— <id».  di- 
rectly. [Lit.  the  tvhite  spot  in  the  butt 
at  which  archers  aimed,  from  Fr.  point' 
blano,  white  point.    See  Blank.] 

IPOINTED,  pomt'ed,  adj.  having  a  sharp 
point '.  sharp  :  direct :  personal :  keen  : 
telling :  (areh.)  having  arches  sharply 
pointed,  Gothic. — adv.  Point'edly. — n. 
Point'edness. 

POINTER,  point'er,  n,  that  which  points  .* 
a  dog  trained  to  point  out  game. 

POINTING,  point'ing,  n.  the  marking  of 
divisions  in  writing  by  points  or  marks  : 
act  of  filling  the  crevices  of  a  wall  with 
mortar. 

POINTLESS,  pointaes,  adj.  having  no 
point:  blunt:  dull:  wanting  keennese  or 
smartness. 

P0INTS5IAN,  points'man,  n.  a  man  who 
has  charge  of  the  points  or  switches  on 
a  railway. 

POISE,  poiz,  v.t.  to  balance :  to  make  of 
equal  weight :  to  examine. — n.  weight ; 
balance  ;   equilibrium  ;  that  which  bal- 


ances, a  regulating  power;  the  weight 
used  with  steelyards.  [0.  Fr.  poiser,  Fr. 
peser — L.  penso,  inten.  of  pendo,  to  hang, 
to  weigh.] 

POISON,  poi'zn,  ».  any  substance  having 
injurious  or  deadly  effects  :  anything 
malignant  or  infectious :  that  which 
taints  or  destroys  moral  parity.— v.t.  to 
infect  or  to  kill  with  poison  :  to  taint ;  to 
mar :  to  embitter :  to  corrupt, — n.  Pot- 
80NEE.  [Lit.  a  potion  or  draught,  Fr.— 
L.  potio,  a  draught — poto,  to  drink. 
Doublet  Potion.] 

POISONOUS,  iK>i'zn-u8,  a<^".  having  the 
<iuality  of  poison :  destructive :  impair- 
ing soundness  or  purity.— adu.  Poi  SOK- 

OVSLY.—n.  POl'SONOtJSNESS. 

POKE,  p6k,  n.  a  bag:  a  pouch.  [Prob, 
from  Celt.,  as  Ir.  poe,  a  bag.  Of.  Pouch, 
Pock.] 

POKE,  p6k,  v.t.  to  thrust  or  push  agrainst 
flath  something  pointed :  to  searcn  for 
with  a  long  instrument :  to  thrust  at 
with  the  horns. — v.i.  to  grope  or  feel.— n. 
act  of  pxialiing  or  thrusting  :  a  thrust, 
fir.  poc,  a  blow,  Gael,  jruc,  to  push.] 

POKEK,  {iCk'er,  n.  an  iron  rod  for  pok- 
ing or  stirring  the  Are  :  a  game  of  cards. 

POLAR,  pO'lar,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  situ- 
ated near  either  of  the  poles  :  pertaining 
to  the  magnetic  poles.— PoLtK  circle, 
a  parallel  of  iatitude  encircling  each  of 
the  poles  at  a  distance  of  23"^  38'  from  the 
pole ;  the  north  polar  being  called  the 
arctic,  the  south,  the  antarctic  circle. 

POLAitlTY,  p6-lar'it-i,  n.  a  property  in 
certain  bodies  by  which  they  arrange 
themselves  in  certain  directions,  or 
point,  as  it  were,  to  given  poles, 

POLARIZATION,  p5-lar-i-za'shun,  n.  {opt.) 
a  particular  modification  of  rays  of  hght, 
by  the  action  of  certain  me<^ia  or  sur- 
faces, so  that  they  cannot  be  reflected  or 
refracted  a^a  in  certain  directions ; 
state  of  having  polarity. 

POLARIZE,  p5'lar-l2,  v.t.  to  ^ve  polarity 
to. — n.  Pd'labizer,  that  which  polarizes 
or  gives  polarity  to. 

POUJER,  pol'der,  ».  in  the  Netherlands, 
a  tract  of  land  below  the  level  of  the  sea 
or  nearest  river,  which,  being  originally 
a  moraas  or  lake,  has  been  drained  and 
brought  under  cultiTatioa>    [Dut.] 

POLE,  p6l,  «.  that  on  which  anything 
turns,  as  a  pivot  or  axis :  one  of  the 
ends  of  the  axis  of  »  sphere,  esp.  of 
the  earth :  (physics)  one  of  the  two 
points  of  a  body  in  which  the  attractive 
or  repulsive  energy  is  concentrated,  as 
a  magnet. — Poles  of  the  heavens,  the 
two  points  in  the  heavens  opposite  to 
the  poles  of  the  earth.  —  n.  Pole-stab, 
a  star  at  or  near  the  pole  of  the  heavens. 
[Ft.— L.  poliig — Gr.  polos— peld,  to  be  in 
motion.] 

POLE,  p6l,  n.  a  pale  or  pile  :  a  long  piece 
of  wood  :  an  instrument  for  measuring  : 
a  measure  of  length,  6i  yards ;  in  square 
measure,  80i  yards. — n.  Poleaxe,  an  axe 
fixed  on  apole.  [A.S.  pal  (Ger.  pfaM)— 
L.  palus,  a  stake.    Doublet  Pale.] 

POLE,  pol,  n.  a  native  of  Poland. 

POLECAT,  pSl'kat,  n.  a  kind  of  weasel, 
which  emits  a  disagreeable  odor,  called 
also  the  Fitchet  and  FomiART.  [M.E. 
pohat,  ety.  of  Pole-  unknown.   See  Cat.] 

POLEMIC,  po-lem'ik,  POLEMICAL,  po- 
lem'ik-al,  adj.  given  to  disputing :  con- 
troversial. —  adv.  P^jlem'icallt.  [Lit. 
"  warlike,"  Gr.  polemos,  war.] 

POLEMIC,  po-lem'ik,  n.  a  disputant.—*. 
sing.  PoLEM'ics,  contest  or  controversy  : 
(theol.)  the  history  of  ecclesiastical  con- 
troversy. 

POLENTA,  po-len'ta,  n.  pudding  made  of 
the  flour  of  maii/e',  [It— t*  poletUci, 
peeled  barley.] 


POLICE,  po-l5s',  71.  the  sj'stem  of  regula 
tions  of  a  city,  town,  or  district,  for  the 
preservation  of  order  and  enforcement  of 
law :  the  internal  government  of  a  state : 
fshort  for  police-torce)  the  civil  officers 
for  preserving  order,  etc. — n.  Police'man. 
[Fr.— L.  politia — Gr.  politeia,  the  condi 
tion  of  a  state — politeuo,  to  govern  s 
ataXe—^polites,  a  citizen— ^oh's,  a  city 
from  root  of  polys,  many,  E.  FCLL.] 

POLICY,  pol'i-si,  71.  the  art  or  manner  oi 
governing  a  nation  :  a  system  of  official 
administration :  dexterity  of  manage- 
ment :  prudence  :  cunning :  in  Scotland, 
the  pleasure-grounds  around  a  mansion. 
fO.  Fr.  policie  (Fr.  police)— L.  etc.    See 

POUCE.]^ 

POLICY,  poi'i-si,  n,  a  warrant  for  money 
in  the  public  funds:  a  writing  containing 
a  contract  of  insurance.  [Fr.  police,  a 
policy — L.  polyptychum,  a  register— Gr. 
polyptychon,  a  writing  folded  into  leaves 
—pohis,  many,  X)tyx,  ptychos,  fold,  leaf.] 

POLISH,  pSl'ish,  adj.  relating  to  Folana 
or  its  people. 

POLISH,  pol'ish,  v.t.  to  make  smooth  and 
glossy  by  rubbing :  to  refine :  to  make 
elegant. — v.i.  to  become  smooth  and 
glossy.— n.  PoL'isHEE.  [Fr.  polir,  polis- 
sant — L.  polio,  to  make  to  shine.] 

POLITE,  po-lit',  adj.,  polished:  smooth: 
well-bred:  obliging. — adv.  Po- 


refined : 
LnE'LY.— n. 


POLITE'NESS. 


[L  politus, 
pa.p.  of  polio.'] 

POLITIC,  pol'i-tik,  a^.  pertaining  to  pol- 
icy:  weu-de\'ised  :  judicious:  skillea  in 
poUtical  afl'airs :  prudent :  discreet :  cun- 
ning.—adti.  Politicly.  [Fr.  politique 
— Gr.  politikos— pontes,  a  citizen.] 

POLITICAL,  po-lit'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  tc 
polity  or  government :  pertaining  to  na 
tions  :  derived  from  government. — adi 
PoLTi'iCALLY.— Political  Ecokojiy,  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  production, 
distribution,  and  consumption  of  wealth. 

POLITICIAN,  pol-i-tish'an,  n.  one  versed 
in  or  devoted  to  politics:  a  man  of  arti- 
fice and  cunning. 

POLITICS,  pol'i-tiks,  n.sing.  the  art  or 
science  at  government :  the  management 
of  a  political  party  :  pohtical  afl'airs. 

POLITY,  pol'i-ti,  71.' the  constitution  of  the 
government  of  a  state  :  civil  constitution. 

POLKA,  pOl'ka,  n.  a  dance  of  Bohemian 
origin  :  also  its  tune.  [Bohem.  ptdka, 
half,  from  the  half-step  prevalent  in  it ; 
also  given  from  Slav,  polka,  a  Polish 
woman.] 

POLL,  pol,  n.  a  familiar  name,  often  of  a 
parrot.  [Contr.  of  Polly,  a  form  of  Molly 
—  Mary.} 

POLL,  nOl,  «,  the  round  part  of  the  head, 
esp.  the  back  of  it :  a  register  of  heads 
or  persons  :  the  entry  of  the  names  of 
electors  who  vote  for  civil  officers,  such 
as  members  of  Congress:  an  election  of 
civil  officers :  the  place  where  the  votes 
are  taken. — v.t.  to  remove  the  top :  to 
cut :  to  chp  :  to  lop,  as  the  branches  of  a 
tree :  to  enter  ones  name  in  a  register  ; 
to  bring  to  the  poll  as  a  voter. — n.  Poll'- 
EE.  [O.  Dut.  polle.  bol,  a  ball,  top,  Ice. 
koUr,  top,  head.    Cf.  Kill.  I 

POLLACK,  pol'ak,  POLLOCK,  pol'uk,  n.  a 
sea-fish  of  the  cod  family,  resembling  the 
whiting.  [Celt.,  as  in  GaeL  poUag,  4^ 
whitingj 

POLLARD,  pol'ard,  n.  a  trsQ  polled  or  with 
its  top  cut  off. 

POLLEN,  pol'en,  n.  the  fertilizing  powder 
containea  in  the  anthers  of  flowers  :  fine 
flour.    [L.  "  fine  flour."] 

POLLOCK.    See  Pollack. 

POLL-TAS,  p51'-taks,  n.  a  tax  by  the  poll 
or  head — i.e.  on  each  person. 

POLLUTE,  pol-lOot',  v.t.  to  soil :  to  defile  : 
to   make    foul  ;    to  taint :  to  corrupt  - 


POLLUTION 


332 


POOR-LAWS 


to  profane  :  to  violate. — n.  Pollut'ee. 
[Lit.  ^'  to  overflow,"  L.  polluo,  polluttis 
—poJ,  sig.  towards,  and  luo,  to  wash.] 

POLLUTION,  pol-loo'shun,  n.  act  of  pol- 
luting :  slate  of  being-  polluted  :  defile- 
ment :  impurity.     [L.] 

POLO,  po'lo,  Ji.  a  military  game,  devised 
by  the  British  officers  in  India,  in  which 
a  ball  is  played  between  two  goals  by 
men  on  horseback. 

t-'OLONY,  po-lo'ni,  n.  a  dry  sausage  made 
of  meat  partly  cooked.  [A  corr.  of  Bo- 
iogna  sMisage.'] 

POLTROON,  pol-troon',  n.  an  idle,  kzy 
fellow  :  a  coward  :  a  dastard  :  one  with- 
out courage  or  spirit. — adj.  hast,  vile, 
contemptible.  [Lit.  "one  who  lies  in 
bed,"  Fr.  poltron — It.  poltro  (for  polstro), 
or'.g.  a  bed,  from  (Jer.  polster,  a  bolster. 
See  Boi£TEE.] 

POLTROONERY,  pol-troon'er-i,  n.  the 
spirit  of  a  poltroon  :  laziness  :  coward- 
ice :  want  of  spirit.    [Fr.  poltronnerie.] 

POLVERINE,  pol'ver-In  or  -in,  n.  the  dust 
or  calcined  ashes  of  a  plant,  used  in  ghiss- 
making.  Qt.  polverino—L.  pultns,  put- 
viei-is,  dust.] 

POLYANDRIAN,  pol-i-an'dri-an,  adj.  hav- 
ing many  or  more  than  twenty  stamens. 
[Gr.  polys,  many,  and  aner,  andros,  a 
man.] 

POLYANDRY,  pol-i-an'dri,  n.  the  practice 
of_t he  woman  having  more  husbands  than 
one  at  the  same  time ;  cf.  Polygamy. 
[Gr.,  from  polys,  many,  and  aner,  andros, 
a  husband.] 

POLYANTH,  pol'i-anth,  POLYANTHUS, 
pol-i-an'thus,  n.  a  kind  of  primrose  hear- 
ing many  ftoicers.  [Gr.,  from  polys,  many, 
and  anthos,  a  flower.] 

POLYCOTYLEDON,  pol-i-kot-i-le'don,  n. 
a  plant  having  many  cotyledons  or  seed- 
lobes.— ad/.  PolycotyIuE'donous.  [Gr. 
polys,  many,  and  COTYLEDON.] 

POLYGAMIST,  pol-ig'a-mist,  n.  one  who 
practices  or  advocates  polygamy. 

POLYGAMY,  pol-ig'a-mi,  n.  the  having 
more  than  one  wife  at  the  same  time. 
— adj.  Polyq'amous.  [Fr.— L.— Gr.  poU 
ygamia — polys,  many,  and  gamos,  a 
marriage.    Cf.  Bigamy.] 

POLYGLOT,  pol'i-glot,  adj.  having  or  con- 
taining many  languages. — n.  a  book  in 
several  languages,  esp.  a  Bible  of  this 
kind.  [From  Gr. polys,  many,  a,nd  glot- 
ta,  the  tongue,  language.] 

POLYGON,  pol'i-gon,  n.  a  figure  of  many 
angles,  or  with  more  than  four. — adjs. 

POLYG'ONAl,,     PoLYG'ONOUS.        [L.  —  Gr. 

polygonon  — polys,  many,  and  gonia,  a 
corner.     See  KNEE.] 

POLYHEDRON,  pol-i-he'dron,  n.  a  solid 
body  with  many  bases  or  sides. — adjs. 
Polyhe'dral,  Polyhe'drous.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  and  hedra,  a  base — hed,  afin  to 
E.  SiTj 

POLYNOMIAL,  pol-i-no'mi-al,  n.  an  alge- 
braic quantity  of  many  names  or  terms. 
— adj.  of  many  names  or  terms.  [A  hy- 
brid, from  Gr.  polys,  many,  and  L.  nomen, 
a  name.] 

POLYP,  POLYPE,  pol'ip,  POLYPUS,  pol'- 

i-pus,  n.  something  with  many  feet  or 

roots  :  an  aquatic  animal  of  the  radiate 

f     kind,  with  many  arms:  a  tumor  growing 

1    in  the  nose,  etc.:— pi.  Polypes,  pol'lps, 

'  Polypi,  pol'i-pl.— ad/.  Pol'ypous.  [Gr. 
polypous — polys,  many,  and  pmis,  E. 
Foot.] 

POLYPETALOUS,  pol-i-pet'al-us,  adj.  with 
many  petals.    [Gr.  polys,  many,  and  Pet- 

ALOUSj 

POLYPHONIC,  pol-i-fon'ik,  adj.  having  or 
consisting  of  many  voices  or  sounds. 
"  The  barking  crow  possesses  the  most 
remarkable  polyphonic  powers.  It  can 
shriek,  laugh,  yell,  shout,  whistle,  scream 


and  bark." — Sat.  Rev.  In  music,  consist- 
ing of  several  tone  series,  or  parts,  pro- 
gressing simultaneously  according  to  the 
rules  of  counterpoint :  contrapuntal :  as, 
a  fugue  is  a  j3o?2/p'iOMic  composition.  [Gr. 
polyphonos — polys,  many,  and  phone, 
sound.] 

POLYPODE,  pol'i-pod,  n.  an  animal  with 
ma7iy  feet.  [Gr.  polypous— polys,  many, 
pons,  podos,  a  foot.] 

POLYPUS.    See  Polyp. 

POLYSYLLABLE,  pol'i-sQ-a-bUn.  a  word  of 
many  or  more  than  three  syllables. — adjs. 
Polysyllab'ic,  Polysyllab'ioal.  [Gr. 
polys,  many,  and  Syllable.] 

POLYTECHNIC,  pol-i-tek'nik,  a4j.  com- 
prehending  many  arts.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
techne,  an  art.] 

POLYTHEISM,  pol'i-the-izm,  n.  the  doc- 
trine of  a,  plurality  of  grods. — adjs.  Poly- 
theist'ic,  Polytheist'ical.  —  n.  Pol'y- 
THEIST,  a  believer  in  many  godts.  [Gr. 
polys,  many,  and  theos,  a  god.J 

POLYZOA,  pol-i-zo'a,  n.pl.  a  class  of  ani- 
mals forming  the  lowest  members  of  the 
Mollusca,  and  generally  known  by  the 
popular  names'of  "sea-mosses"  and  "sea- 
mats."  They  are  invariably  compound, 
forming  associated  growths  or  colonies 
produced  by  gemmation  from  a  single 
primordial  individual,  and  inhabit  a  poly- 
zoarium,  corresponding  to  the  polypidom 
of  the  composite  hydroids.  The  typical 
polypide  of  a  polyzoon  differs  from  the 
polypite  of  the  Hydrozoa  in  having  a  dis- 
tinct alimentary  canal  suspended  freely 
in  a  body  cavity,  and  in  having  the  re- 
productive organs  contained  within  the 
body.  The  body  is  inclosed  in  a  double- 
walled  sac,  the  outer  layer  (ectocyst)  of 
which  is  chitinous  or  calcareous,  and  the 
inner  (endocyst)  a  delicate  membranous 
layer.  All  the  Polyzoa  are  hermaphro- 
dite. Besides  true  sexual  reproduction, 
and  besides  the  power  of  producing  col- 
onies by  continuous  budding,  fresh  indi- 
viduals are  in  many  cases  produced  by  a 
process  of  discontinuous  gemmation.  The 
Polyzoa  are  chiefly  marine,  encrusting 
stones,  old  shells,  and  sea-weeds  ;  but 
some  are  fresh-water.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
and  zoon,  an  animal.] 

POMACE,  po-mas'  or  pum'as,  n.  the  sub- 
stance of  apples  or  similar  fruit.  [Low 
L.  pomacium — L.  pomum,  fruit,  such  as 
apples,  etc.] 

POMACEOUS,  po-ma'shus,  adj.  relatingto, 
consisting  of,  or  resembling  apples :  like 
pomace. 

POMADE,  po-mad',  POMATUM,  po-ma'- 
tum,  ti.  (orig.)  an  ointment  made  from 
apples :  any  greasy  composition  for 
dressing  the  hair.  [Fr.  pommade — It. 
pomada,  pommata,  lip-salve — jj.  pomum, 
an  apple.] 

POMEGRANATE,  pom'gran-at  or  pum'-, 
n.  a  tree  bearing  fruit  like  the  orange, 
with  numerous  grains  or  seeds.  [Through 
the  O.Fr.  from  L.  pomum,  and  granattim, 
having  many  grains — granum,  a  grain. 
See  Grain.] 

POMMEL,  pum'el,  n.  a  knob  or  ball  :  the 
knob  on  a  sword  hilt :  the  high  part  of 
a  saddle-bow. — v.t.  to  beat  as  with  a 
pommel,  or  anything  thick  or  heavy:  to 
bruise: — pr.p.  pomm'elling  ;  pa.t.  and 
jpa.p.  pomm'elled.  [Lit.  "anything round 
like  an  apple,"  O.  Fr.  pomel  (Fr.  pom- 
meau),  dim.  of  1,.  pomum,  an  apple.] 

POMP,  pomp,  n.  pageantry  :  ceremony  : 
splendor  :  ostentation  :  grandeur.  [Lit. 
"  a  sending,"  then  "  a  showy  procession," 
Fr.  pompe  —  L.  pompa  —  Gr.  pompe  — 
pempo,  to  send.] 

POMPOUS,  pomp  us,  adj.  displaying  powp 
or  grandeur  ;  grand  •  magni  Scent  ■.  dig- 


nified :  boastful. — adv.  PoMP'oufia.T. — nS: 

POMP'OUSNESS,  POMPOS'ITY. 

POND,  pond,  n.  a  pool  of  standing  water 
[From  A.S.  pyndan,  to  shut  in,  thus  » 
doublet  of  Pound,  an  inclosure.] 

PONDER,  pou'der,  v.t.  to  weigh  in  the 
mind  :  to  think  over :  to  consider. — n^ 
Pon'derer.  [Lit.  to  "  weigh , "  L.  pondero 
—pondus,pond£ris,  a  weight.  See  PouNDi 
a  weight.T 

PONDERABLE,  pon'der-a^bl,  adj.  thatmaj 
be  iceighed:  having  sensible  weight. — n 
Ponderabil'ity. 

PONDEROUS,  pon'der-us,  adj.,  weighty 
massive :  forcible  :  important. — adv.POfi' 

DEROUSLY. 

PONDEROUSNESS,  pon'der-us-nes,  PON 
DEROSITY,  pon-der-os'i-ti,  n.  weight- 
heaviness. 

PONIARD,  pon'yard,  n.  a  small  dagg^er  foi 
stabbing. — v.t.  to  stab  with  a  poniard, 
[Fr.  polgnard^—poing,  flst  (It.  pugndy-^ 
L.  pugnus.\ 

PONTAGE,  pont'aj,  n.  a  toll  paid  oa 
bridges.  [Low  L.  pontagium — L.  pons, 
pontis,  a  bridge,  a  nasalized  form  of  the 
root  of  Path.] 

PONTIFF,  pon'tif,  n.  (orig-.)  a  Roman  high- 
priest  :  in  the  R.  Cath.  Church,  the  Pope, 
[Fr.  pontife  —  L.  pontifex,  pontificis  — 
pions,  pont-is,  a  bridge,  and  faeio,  to 
make  or  do,  the  original  meaning  being; 
obscure.] 

PONTIFIC,  pon-tif  ik,  PONTIFICAL,  pon= 
tifik-al,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to  a  ponti^ 
or  the  Pope  :  splendid  :  magnificent. — iy, 
a  book  of  ecclesiastical  ceremonies. — n, 
Pontip'icals,  the  dress  of  a  priest,  bish 
op,  or  Pope.     [Fr. — L.  pontijicalis.] 

PONTIFICATE,  pon-tif  i-kat, «.  the  dignity 
of  a  pontiff  or  high-priest :  the  office  ana 
dignity  or  reign  of  a  Pope.  [Fr. — L, 
X)ontiJicatus.'\ 

PONTOON,  pon-toon',  n,  a  portable  floats 
ing  vessel  used  in  forming  a  bridge  for 
the  passage  of  an  army :  a  bridge  oli 
boats  :  a  lighter.  [Fr.  ponton — L.  pons, 
a  bridge.     See  Pontage.] 

PONY,  po'ni,  n.  a  small  norse.  [Gael. 
ponaidh.'\ 

POODLE,  po5'dl,  n.  a  small  dog  with  long 
silky  hair.  [Ger.  pudel ;  akin  to  Low 
Ger.  pudeln,  to  waddle.] 

POOH,  poo,  int.  of  disdain.    [Imitative.] 

POOL,  pool,  n.  a  small  body  of  water, 
[A.S.  pol  (Dut.  poel.  Ger.  pfuhl)~Ce\t, 
poll,  pwll ;  akin  to  L.  pahts,  a  marsh, 
Gr.  pelos,  mud.] 

POOL,  pool,  n.  the  receptacle  for  the 
stakes  in  certain  games :  the  stakes 
themselves  :  a  variety  of  play  at  bill- 
iards. [Fr.  poule,  originally  a  hen  (the 
stakes  being  jocularly  compared  to  eggs 
in  a  nest) — L.  pullus,  a  young  animal,  E. 
Foal.] 

POOP,  poop,  n.  the  hinder  part  of  a  ship ; 
a  deck  above  the  ordinary  deck  in  the 
after-part  of  a  ship. — v.t.  to  strike  the 
stern.     [Fr.  poupe — L.  puppis,  the  poop.] 

POOR,  poor,  adj.  without  means :  needy ; 
spiritless  :  depressed  :  {B.)  humble  :  con- 
trite :  wanting  in  appearance :  lean ; 
wanting  in  strength  :  weak  :  wanting  in 
value  :  inferior  :  wanting  in  fertility  : 
sterile :  wanting  in  fitness,  beauty,  or 
dignity  :  trifling :  paltry  :  dear  (endear- 
ingly).— odr.  Poor'ly. — n.  PooR'NEsa, 
[O.  Fr.  poiire,  povre  (Fr.  pauvre) — L, 
pau-per  =  pauca  pariens,  producing  or 
providing  little,  from  paucus,  little,  and 
pario,  to  produce.] 

POORHOUSE,  poor'hows,  n.  a  house  estab- 
lished at  the  public  expense  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  poor. 

POOR-LAWS,  p66r'-lawz,  n.,  laws  relating 
to  the  support  of  the  poor. 


POOR-RATE 


333 


POSITIVE 


POOR-RATE,  p56r'-rat,  n.  a  rate  or  tax  for 

the  support  of  the  poor. 
POOR-SPIEITED.poor-spir'it-ed,  acy.,^oor 

or  mean  in  spirit :  cowardly :  base. — n. 

POOR-SPm'lTEDNESS. 

POP,  pop,  v.i.  to  make  a  sharp,  quick 
sound :  to  dart :  to  move  quickly. — v.t. 
to  thrust  suddenly :  to  bring-  suddenly  to 
notice  ■.—pr.p.  popp'ing  ;  pad.  and  pa.p. 
popped. — n.  a  sharp,  quick  sound  or  re- 
port.— adv.  suddenly.   [From  the  sound.] 

POPE,  pop,  n.  the  bishop  of  Rome,  head  of 
the  R.  Cath.  Church :  a  kind  of  perch. 
[A.S.  papa — L.  papa,  a  father.  See 
Papa.] 

POPEDOM,  pop'dom,  n.  oflace,  dignity,  or 
jurisdiction  of  the  Pope.  [A.S.  pdpedbm.'\ 

POPERY,  pop'er-i,  n.  the  religion  of  which 
the  Pope  is  the  head  :  Roman  Catholi- 
cism. 

POPINJAY,  pop'in-ja,  n.  (orig.)  a  parrot : 
a  mark  like  a  parrot,  put  on  a  pole  to  be 
shot  at :  a  fop  or  coxcomb.  [Lit.  the 
"  babbling  cock,"  Fr.  papegai,  from  the 
imitative  root  pap  or  hab,  to  chatter,  and 
Ft.  gau — L.  gallus,  a  cock.] 

POPISH,  p5p'ish,  adj.  relating  to  the  Pope 
or    Popery:   taught  by    Popery. — adv. 

POP'ISHLY. 

POPLAR,  pop'lar,  n.  a  tree  common  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  of  rapid  growth, 
and  having-  soft  wood.  [O.  Fr.  poplier 
(Fr.  peuplier) — Jj.  populus/] 

POPLIN,  pop'lin,  n.  a  fabric  made  of  silk 
and  worsted.  [Fr.  popeline.  Ety.  un- 
known.] 

POPPY,  pop'i,  n.  a  plant  having  large 
showy  flowers,  from  one  species  of  which 
opium  is  obtained.  {A.S. popig — li.pap- 
averj 

POPULACE,  pop'u-las  or  -las,  n.  the  com- 
mon people.  [Fr. — It.  popolazzo — L.  pop' 
vlris.    See  People.] 

POPULAR,  pop'u-lar,  ad;,  pertaining  to 
the  people :  pleasing  to  or  prevailing 
among  the  people  :  easily  comprehended: 
inferior  :  vulgar. — adv.  Pop'ularly.  [Ft. 
pmndaire — L.  popularis—populus.] 

POPULARITY,  pop-u-lar'i-ti,  n.  quality  or 
state  of  being  popular  or  pleasing  to  the 
people. 

POPULARIZE,  pop'u-l?ir-Iz,  v.t.  to  make 
popular  or  suitable  to  the  people. 

POPULATE,  pop'u-lat,  v.t.  to  people:  to 
furnish  with  inhabitants.  [L.  popular, 
populatus — pop^dus.'] 

POPULATION,  pop-u-la'shun,  n.  act  of 
populating:  the  inhabitants  of  any  place. 

POPULOUS,  pop'u-lus,  adj.  fuU  of  people : 
numerously  inhabited. — adv.  PoP'ULOUS- 

hY.—n.   POP'ULOUSNESS. 

PORCELAIN,  pors'lan,  n.  a  fine  kind  of 
earthenware,  white,  thin,  and  semi-trans- 
parent. [Fr.  porcelaine — It.  porcellana, 
the  Venus'  shell  (which  porcelain  resem- 
bles in  transparency)— L.  poreella,  a 
young  sow  (which  the  shell  was  thought 
to  resemble  in  form),  dim.  from  porous, 
apigj 

PORCH,  p5rch,  n.  a  covered  way  or  en- 
trance :  a  portico  at  the  entrance  of 
churches  and  other  buildings :  the  pub- 
lic porch  in  the  forum  of  Athens  where 
Zeno  the  Stoic  taught :  (Jig.)  the  Stoic 
philosophy.  [Fr.  porche  (It.  portico) — 
L.  porticus,  from  porta,  a,  ga.te,  entrance. 
See  Port,  a  gate.] 

PORCINE,  por'sin,  adj.  pertaining  to 
sunne.     [L.  porcinus—porcus,  a  swine.] 

PORCUPINE,  por'kii-pTn,  n.  a  rodent 
quadruped,  covered  with  spines  or  quills. 
[Lit.  "  the  spiny  hog,"  M.E.  porhepyn— 
O.  Fr.  pore  espin—L.  porous,  a  pig,  and 
spina,  a  spine.] 

PORE,  por,  n.  (anat.)  a  minute  passage  in 
the  skin  for  the  perspiration  :  an  open- 
ing between  the  molecules  of  a  body. 


[Fr. — L.  por  us — Gr.  poros ;  akin  to  Fake 

and  Ferry.] 
PORE,  por,  v.i.  to  look  with  steady  atten- 
tion on  :  to  study  closely.     [Perh.  akin 

to  Peer,  to  peep.] 
PORIFORM,  por'i-form,  ady.  in  the  form 

of  a  pore. 
PORK,  pork,  n.  the   flesh  of  swine.     [Fr. 

pore — L.  porous,  a  hog ;  cog.  with  W. 

porch  and  E.  Farrow.    See  Farrow.] 
PORKER,  pork'er,  n.  a  young  hog :  a  pig 

fed  for  pork. 
POROSITY,  po-ros'i-ti,  n.  quality  of  being 

porous. 
POROUS,  por'us,  adj.  having  pores. — adv. 

POR'OUSLY. 

PORPHYRITIC,  por-fir-it'ik,  PORPHYRA- 
CEOUS,  por-flr-a'shus,  adj.  resembUng 
or  consisting  ot  porphyry. 

PORPHYRIZE,  por'fir-iz,  v.t.  to  cause  to 
resemble  porphyry. 

PORPHYRY,  por'flr-i,  n.  a  very  hard,  va- 
riegated rock  of  s,purple  and  white  color, 
used  in  sculpture.  [Through  Fr.  and  L., 
from  Gr.  porphyrites—porphyra,  purple. 
Cf  Pttrple  1 

PORPOISE,  por'pus,  PORPESS,  por'pes,  n. 
a  gregarious  kind  of  whale,  from  4  to  8 
feet  long,  caught  for  its  oil  and  flesh. 
[Lit.  "  the  hog-flsh,"  O.  Fr.  porpeis — L. 
porous,  a  hog,  and  piscis,  a  fish,  from  its 
nog-like  appearance  in  the  water.] 

PORRIDGE,  por'ij,  n.  a  kind  of  pudding 
usually  made  by  slowly  stirring  oatme^ 
amongst  boiling  water  :  a  kind  of  broth. 
[M.  E.  porree,  through  O.  Fr.,  from  Low 
L.  porrata,  broth  made  vnth  leeks — L. 
porrum,  a  leek.  The  afiix  -idge  (=  -age) 
arose  through  confusion  with  Pottage.] 

PORRINGER,  por'in-jer,  n.  a  small  dish  for 
porridge.  [Porriger,  with  inserted  n. 
Cf.  Passenger.] 

PORT,  port,  n.,  oearing:  demeanor:  car- 
riage of  the  body :  the  left  side  of  a  ship. 
— v.t.  to  put  (as  the  helm)  to  the  left  side 
of  a  ship  (lit.  to  "  carry  ") :  to  hold,  as  a 
musket,  in  a  slanting  direction  upward 
across  the  body.  [Fr. — L.  porto,  to  carry, 
cog.  with  Fare.] 

PORT,  port,  n.  a  harbor  :  a  haven  or  safe 
station  for  vessels.  [A.S. — L.  portus  ; 
akin  to  porta,  a  gate.] 

PORT,  port  n.  a  gate  or  entrance  :  a  port- 
hole :  hd  of  a  porthole.  [Fr.  porte — L. 
porta,  from  root  of  Fabe.] 

PORT,  port,  n.  a  dark  purple  wine  from 
Oporto  in  Portugal.  [Oporto=(Kf.)  "  the 
port."] 

PORTABLE,  portVbl,  adj.  that  may  be 
carried :  not  bulky  or  heavy. — n.  PORT'- 
ableness.     [See  Port,  bearing.] 

PORTAGE,  port'aj,  n.  act  of  carrying : 
carriage  :  price  of  carriage. 

PORTAL,  port'al,  n.  a  small  gate :  any  en- 
trance :  (arch.)  the  arch  over  a  gate  : 
the  lesser  of  two  gates.  [O.  Fr.  (Fr.  por- 
tail) — Low  L.  portale.'\ 

PORT-CRAYON,  port-kra'on,  n.  a  metallic 
handle  for  holding  a  crayon.  [L.  porto, 
to  carry.     Crayon.] 

PORTCULLIS,  port-kul'is,  n.  a  sliding 
door  of  cross  timbers  pointed  with  iron, 
hung  over  a  gateway,  so  as  to  be  let  down 
in  a  moment  to  keep  out  an  enemy.  [Fr. 
portecoulisse,  from  porte,  a  gate,  and  L. 
colo,  to  filter,  to  sUde.    See  Colander.] 

PORTE,  p5rt,  n.  the  Turkish  government, 
so  called  from  the  "High  Gate,"  the 
chief  oflice  of  the  Ottoman  government. 
[See  Port,  a  gate.] 

PORTEND,  por-tend',  v.t.  to  indicate  the 
future  by  signs :  to  betoken :  presage. 
[Lit.  "to  stretch  towards,"  L.  portemto, 
portentv^ — pro,  forth,  and  tendo,  to 
stretch.     See  Tend,  to  stretch.] 

PORTENT,  por'tent,  n.  that  which  portends 


or  foreshows :  an  evil  omen.    TO.  Fr.— 

PORTENTOUS,  por-tent'us,  adj.  serving 
to  portend  :  foreshadowing  ill.  —  adv. 
Portent'ously. 

PORTER,  port'er,  n.  a  door-keeper  or  gate- 
keeper :  one  who  waits  at  the  door  to 
receive  messages  :  — fern.  Port'eress  or 
Port'ress.     [See  Port,  a  gate.] 

PORTER,  port  er,  n.  one  who  carries  bur.; 
dens  for  hire  :  a  dark-brown  malt  liquor 
— so  called  because  it  was  a  favorite 
drink  with  London  porters. 

PORTERAGE,  port'er-aj,  n.  charge  made 
by  a  porter. 

PORTFOLIO,  port-fo'li-6,  it.  a  portable 
case  for  keeping  loose  papers,  drawings, 
etc. :  a  collection  of  such  papers  :  the 
officfc  of  a  minister  of  state.  [From  L. 
porto,  to  carry,  and  Folio,  a  sheet  of 
paper  ;  cf.  Fr.  portefeuille.] 

PORTHOLE,  port'hol,  n.  a  hole  or  opening 
in  a  ship's  side  for  light  and  air,  or  for 
pointing  a  gun  through.  [Port,  a  gate, 
and  Hole.] 

PORTICO,  por'ti-ko,  ?i.  (arch.)  a  range  of 
columns  in  the  front  of  a  building  :—pl. 
Porticoes  or  Porticos,  por'ti-koz.  [It. 
—h.  porticus.    Doublet  Porch.] 

PORTICOED,  por'ti-kod,  adj.  ftirnished 
with  a  portico. 

PORTION,  por'shun,  n.  a  part :  an  allot- 
ment :  dividend  :  the  part  of  an  estate 
descending  to  an  heir :  a  wife's  fortune. 
— v.t.  to  divide  into  portions:  to  allot  a 
share :  to  furnish  with  a  portion.  [Fr. — 
L.  portio,  portionis,  akin  to  pars,  a  part, 
and  Gr.poro,  to  share.] 

PORTIONED,  por'shund,  adj.  having  a 
portion  or  endowment. 

PORTIONER,  p6r'shun-er,  n.  one  who  por- 
tions  or  assigns  shares. 

PORTIONLESS,  por'shun-les,  adj.  having' 
no  portion,  dowry,  or  property.  I 

PORTLY,  port'li,  adj.  having  a  dignified 
port  or  mien :  corpulent. — n.  Port'U- 
NESS,  state  of  bsing  portly.  [See  Port, 
bearing.] 

PORTMANTEAU,  port-man'to,  n.  a  bag 
for  carrying  apparel,  etc.,  on  journeys. 
[Lit.  "  a  cloak-carrier,"  Fr.  porter,  to 
carry,  manteau,  a  cloak,  mantle.] 

PORTRAIT,  por'trat,  n.  the  Ukeness  of  a 
person  :  description  in  words.     [See  POB- 

TRAY.]     

PORTRAITURE,  por'trat-ur,  n.  the  draw- 
ing of  portraits,  or  describing  in  words. 

PORTRAY,  por-tra',  v.t.  to  paint  or  draw 
the  likeness  of :  to  describe  in  words. — 
n.  Portray'er.  [Fr.  portraire — L. — pro, 
forth,  traho,  to  drawr] 

POSE,  poz,  n.  a  position  :  an  attitude. — 
v.i.  to  assume  an  attitude.  {Fr.^poser, 
to  place — Low  L.  pausare,  to  cease,  to 
make  to  cease — L.  pa^lsa,  pause--Gr. 
pausis.  See  Pause.  Between  Fr.  poser, 
and  L.  ponere,  positum,  there  has  been 
great  confusion,  which  has  influenced 
the  derivatives  of  both  words.] 

POSE,  poz,  v.t.  to  puzzle:  to  perplex  by 
questions  :  to  bring  to  a  stand.  [M.E. 
apposen,  a  corr.  of  Oppose,  which  in  the 
schools  meant  to  "argue  against."] 

POSER,  poz'er,  n.  one  wno  or  that  which 
poses :  a  puzzle. 

POSITION, po-zish'un,  n.,  place,  situation  : 
attitude  :  state  of  affairs  :  the  ground 
taken  in  argument,  or  a  dispute:  princi- 

Ele  laid  down  :  place  in  society.  [Fr.~- 
I. — pono,  positus,  to  place.] 
POSITIVE,  poz'it-iv,  adj.  definitely  piaced 
or  laid  doiim  :  clearly  expressed  :  actual: 
not  admitting  any  doubt  or  qualification: 
decisive  :  settled  by  arbitrary  appoint- 
ment :  dogmatic:  fully  assured  :  certain: 
(gram.)  noting  the  simple  form  of  an  ad- 
jective :   (math.)  to  be  added, — n.  that 


POSITIVISM 


334 


POTTERY 


■which  is  placed  or  laid  down:  that  which 
may  be  affirmed  :  reality. — adv.  Pos'lT- 
IVEL.T.— ».  POS'mVENESS.      [Fr. — L.  pos- 

itiviis.  fixed  by  agreement,  from  pono. 
See  Position.] 

POSITrV^ISM,  poz'it-iv-izm.  11.  a  system  of 
philosophy  originated  by  Comte.a  French 
philosopher  (1798-185T),"whicli,  rejecting- 
all  inquiry  into  causes  wliether  efficient 
or  final,  deals  only  with  wiiat  is  positive, 
or  simply  seeks  to  discover  the  laws  of 
phenomenon. 

POSIXn'IST,  poz'it-iv-ist,  k.  a  believer  in 
positivism. 

POSSESS,  poizes',  v.t.  to  have  or  hold  as 
an  owner  :  to  have  the  control  of :  to 
inform  :  to  seize  :  to  enter  into  and  in- 
fluence.    [L.  possideo,  possessus.] 

POSSESSION,  poz-zesh'un,  n.  act  of  pos- 
sessing :  the  thing  possessed  :  property : 
state  of  being  possessed,  as  by  an  evil 
spirit. 

POSSESSIVE,  poz-zes'iv,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  denoting  possession. — adv.  POSSESS'- 
rvELV. 

POSSESSOR,  poz-zes'or,  n.  one  who  pos- 
sesses :  owner  :  proprietor :  occupant. 

POSSESSORY,  poz-zes'or-i,  adj.  relating  to 
a  possessor  or  possession  :  having  posses- 
sion. 

POSSET,  pos'et,  11.  hot  mUk  curdled  with 
wine  or  acid.  [W.  posel,  curdled  milk, 
Ir.  ptisoid.] 

POSSIBILITY,  pos-i-bil'i-ti,  n.  state  of  be- 
ing possible :  that  which  is  possible :  a 
contingency. 

POSSIBLE,  pos'i-bl,  adj.  that  is  able  to  be 
or  liappen  :  th  it  may  be  done  :  not  con- 
trai-y  to  the  nature  of  things. — adv. 
Poss'lBLY.  [Fr. — L.  possibilis— possum, 
to  be  able—potis,  able,  and  esse,  to  be.] 

POST,  post,  n.  a  piece  of  timber  fixed  in 
the  ground,  generally  as  a  support  to 
something  else  :  a  piilar. — v.t.  to  fix  on 
or  to  a  post,  that  is.  in  a  public  place  :  to 
■expose  to  public  reproach.  [A.S.  post — 
L.  poatis,  a  doorpost,  from  pono,  to 
place.] 

POST,  post,  71.  a,  fixed  place,  as  a  military 
station  :  a  fixed  place  or  stage  on  a  road: 
an  office:  one  who  travels  by  stages,  eap. 
carrying  letters,  etc.:  a  public  letter- 
cavrier:  an  established  system  of  convey- 
ing letters :  a  size  of  writing-paper, 
double  that  of  common  note-paper: — v.t. 
to  set  or  station:  to  put  in  the  post-office: 
(book-k.)  to  transfer  to  the  ledger. — v.i. 
to  travel  with  posthorses,  or  with  speed. 
— adv.  \Tith  posthorses:  with  speed.  [Fr. 
poste,  from  L.  pono,  positus,  to  place.] 

POSTAGE,  post'aj,  n.  monej'  paid  for  con- 
veyance of  letters,  etc.,  bypo«f  or  maiL 

POSTAL,  post'al,  adj.  belonging  to  the 
posf-office  or  mail-service. 

POSTBOY,  post'boy,  n.  a  boy  that  rides 
po.'^t-horses,  or  who  carries  letters. 

POSTCARD,  pCst'kard,  n.  a  stamped  card 
on  which  a  message  may  be  sent  bv  post. 

POSTCHAISE,  post'sliaz,  n.  a  chaise  or 
carriage  with  four  wheels  for  the  con- 
veyance of  those  who  travel  with  post- 
horses. 

POSTDATE,  post-daf ,  v.t.  to  date  after  the 
real  time.     [L.  post,  after,  and  Date.] 

POST-DILUVIAL,  p6st-di-lu'vi-al.  POST- 
DELU'VIAN,  adj.  being  or  happening 
after  the  deluge. — n.  Post-dilu'tias,  one 
who  has  Uved  since  the  deluge.  [L.  post, 
after,  and  Dilxjtiaju  Dhxttan.] 

POSTERIOR,  pos-te'ri-or,ad/.,comt«sr  after: 
luter:  hind  or  hinder. — n.pl.  Poste'kiobs, 
short  ioT  posterior  parts. — n.  Posteeior'- 
iTv. — adv.  Poste'eiorlt.  [L..  comp.  of 
ji''<teru.<i.  coming  after — post,  after.] 
POSTERITY,  pos-ter'it-i,  h.  those  coining 
after  :  succeeding  generations  :  a  race. 
[Fr.— L. — posterus.    See  POSTERIOR.] 


POSTERN,  post'ern,  71.  (orig.)  a  back  door 
or  gate:  a  small  private  door. — ac^j.  back: 
private.  [O.  Fr.  jjosterne,  poaterle  —  L. 
poatenda,  a  dim.  from  posterns.  See  Pos- 
teriorJ 

POSTFLX,  pSst'fiks,  n.  a  letter,  syllable,  or 
word ,/i.tecZ  to  or  put  after  another  word, 
an  afflx.— Postfix',  v.i.  to  add  to  the  end 
of  another  word.  [L.  post,  after,  and 
Fix.] 

POSTHASTE,  post-bast',  n.,  haste  in  trav- 
elling like  that  of  apost. — adv.  with  haste 
or  speed. 

POSTHORSE,  pOsfhors,  n.  a  horse  kept  for 
posting. 

POSTHmiOUS,  post'hu-mus,  adj.  born 
after  the  father's  death  :  published  after 
the  death  of  the  author. — adv.  Post'- 
HUMOCSLT.  [L.  posthumus,  postumus, 
superl.  of  posterus,  coming  after— posi, 
after.] 

POSTIL,  pos'til,  n.  (orig.)  a  note  in  the 
margin  of  tlie  Bible,  so  called  because 
written  after  the  text  or  other  words :  a 
marginal  note  :  in  R.  Oath.  Church, 'a 
homily  read  after  the  gospel. — v.  to  make 
such  notes.  [O.  Fr.  postille  (It.  postilla) 
— Low  L.  posttUa — L.  post  ilia  {verba), 
after  those  (words).] 

POSTILLION,  pos-tiryun.  n.  a  po.sflboy, 
one  who  guides  posthorses,  or  horses  In 
any  carriage,  riding  on  one  of  them. 
[Fr.  postilion— poste.'] 

POSTMAN,  poet'man,  n.  a  post  or  courier  : 

POST5IARK,  p5st'mark,  n.  the  mark  or 
stamp  of  a  post-office  on  a  letter. 

POSTMASTER,  p5st'mas-ter,  n.  the  man- 
ager or  superintendent  of  a  post-office  : 
one  who  supplies  posthorses. — n.  P08T- 
Mastee-General,  the  chief  officer  of  the 
post-office  department. 

POST-ilERIDIAN,  post-me-rid'i-an,  adj. 
coming  after  the  sun  has  crossed  the 
meridian  :  in  the  afternoon  (written 
P.M.).     [L.  post,  after,  and  JIerjdian.I 

POST-MORTEM,  post-mor'tem,  adj.,  after 
death.  [L.  post,  after,  and  mortem, 
accus.  of  mors,  death.] 

POST-OBIT,  post-o'bit,  n.  a  bond  payable 
with  unusual  interest  after  the  death  of 
an  individual  from  whom  the  person 
granting  it  lias  expectations.  [L.  post, 
aff'Qp     ^W^  Obit  1 

POST-OFFICE,  post'-of'is,  n.  an  office  for 
receiving  and  transmitting  letters  by 
post. 

POSTPAID,  post'pad,  adj.  having  the 
postage  paid,  as  a  letter. 

POSTPONE,  p5st-pon',  r.i.  to  put  oS  to  aa 
a/fer-period :  to  defer :  to  delay.  [L. 
jiostpono,  -pomtm—post,  after,  pono,  to 
put.] 

POSTPONEMENT,  post-pon'ment,  n.  act 
ol  putting  off  to  an  a/<er-tinie  :  terapo- 
rary  delav. 

POST-PR aKDIAL,  p6st-pran'di-al,  adj, 
after  dinner.  [From  L.  post,  after,  and 
prandium,  a  repast.] 

POSTSCRIPT,  post'skript,  n.  a  part  added 
to  a  letter  after  the  signature  :  an  addi- 
tion to  a  book  after  it  is  finished.  [L., 
from  post,  after,  and  icriptum,  written, 
pa.  p.  of  scribo.  to  write.] 

POST-TOWN,  p&t'-town,  n.  a  town  with  a 
post-oSca. 

POSTULANT,  pos'tn-lant,  n.  a  candidate. 
j[See  Postulate.] 

POSTULATE,  pos'tu-lat,  v.t.  to  assume 
■without  proof  :  to  take  without  positive 
consent. — n.  a  position  assumed  as  self- 
evident  :  {geom.)  a  self-evident  problem. 
[L.  postulo.  -aius,  to  demand — poaeo,  to 
ask  urgently.] 

POSTULATORY,  pos'tu-la-tor-i,  adj.  as- 
suming or  assumed  without  proof  as  a 
postulate. 


POSTURE,  pos'tfir,  n.  the  placing  or  posi- 
tion of  the  body :  attitude :  state  or 
condition  :  disposition. — v.t.  to  place  in 
a  particular  manner.  [Fr. — L.  poaitura 
— pono.  positum,  to  place.] 

POSY,  po'zi,  n.  a  verse  of  poetry:  a  motto: 
an  inscription  on  a  ring  :  a  motto  sent 
with  a  liouquet :  a  bouquet.     [Corr.  of 

POEST.] 

POT.  i)ot,  »i.  a  metallic  vessel  for  various 
purposes,  esp.  cooking  .  a  drinking  ves- 
sel :  an  earthen  vessel  for  plants  :  the 
quantity  in  a  pot. — v.t.  to  preserve  in 
I)ots  ;  to  put  in  pots  : — ])r.p.  pott'ing  ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  pott'ed. — To  go  to  pot, 
to  go  to  ruin,  orig.  said  of  old  metal,  to 
go  into  the  melting-pot.  [M.E.  pot,  from 
the  Celt.,  as  Ir.  jjota,  Gael,  poit,  'W.pot.] 

POTABLE,  po'ta-bl,  ad/ that  may  bedrunfc; 
liquid. — n.  something  drinkable. — ?i.  Po'- 
TABLEXESS.  [Fr. — L.  potabilis—poto,  to 
drink.] 

POTASH,  pot'ash,  n.  a  powerful  alkaU,  ob- 
tained from  the  ashes  of  plants.  [Lit. 
"  pot  ashes."] 

POT^ISSA,  po-tas'a,  n.  Latinized  form  of 
Potash 

POTASSIUM,  po-tas'i-um,  n.  the  metaUic 
base  of  potash.     [From  Potassa.] 

POTATION,  po-ta'shun,  n.  a  drinking :  a 
draught.  [L.  potatio—pot-o,  -atits,  to 
drink.] 

POTATO,  po-ta'to,  J),  one  of  the  tubers  of 
a  plant  almost  universally  cultivated  for 
food  :  the  plant  itself  i—pl.  Pota'toes. 
[Sp     patata,   batata,    orig.    a    Haytian 


vord. 


[Ir. 


POTEEN,  po-ten',    n.  Irish  whisky. 
poitim,  I  drink.] 

POTENCY,  po'ten-si,  n.  power. 

POTENT,  po'tent,  adj.  strong  :  powerful  % 
having  gi'eat  authority  or  influence.— - 
adv.  Po'textlt.  [h.  potens—potis,ahle. 
esse,  to  be.] 

POTENTATE,  po'ten-tat,  n.  one  who  is  jm- 
tent :  a  prince  :  a  sovereign.  [Fr.  poten- 
tat — Low  h.  potentatus,  pa. p.  of  potento, 
to  exercise  power.] 

POTENTIAL,  po-ten'shal,  adj.,  powerfid, 
efficacious  :  existing  in  possibility,  not  in 
reality  :  (gram.)  expressing  power,  pos- 
sibiUt'y,  liberty,  or  obligation. — n.  the 
name  for  a  function  of  great  importance 
in  the  mathematical  theory  of  attrac- 
tions, also  in  electricity. — adv.   Poten'- 

TIALLT.— ?!.  POTEXriAL'lTY. 

POTHER,  po</i'er,  n.  bustle :  confusion. — 

v.t.  to  puzzle :  to  perplex  :  to  tease. — v.i. 

to  make  a  pother.  [A  variant  of  Potter.] 
POTHERB,  pot'herb  or  pot'erb,  n.  an  herb 

or  vegetable  used  in  cooking. 
POTHOOK,  pot'book,  n.  a  hook  on  which 

pots  ai'e  hung  over  tlie  fire  :  a  letter  or 

character  formed  like  a  pothook  :  an  ill- 
formed  or  scrawled  letter. 
POTHOUSE,  pot'hows,  n.  a  low  drinking- 

house. 
POTION,  po'shun,  n,  a  draught :  a  hquid 

medicine  :  a  dose.     [Fr. — L.  potio-~poto, 

to  drink.     Doublet  PojSON.] 
POTLUCK,     pot'luk,    n.     whatever    may 

chance  to  be  provided  for  dinner. 
POTSHERD,   pot'sherd,   n.  fragment  of  a 

ix>t.     [PoT,    and  A.S.  sceard,  a  shred— 

sceran,  to  divide.] 
POTTAGE,  pot'aj,  n.  anything  cooked  in  a 

j)nt :  a  thick  soup  of  meat  and  vegetables. 

tFr.  potage—pot.    See  PoT.] 
POTTER,  pot'er,  n.  one  whose  trade  is  to 

make  pots  or  earthenware. 
POTTER,  pot'er.  v.i.  to  be  fussily  engaged 

about  trifles.—)!.  Pott'ERER.      [Fieq.  of 

prov.  pote,   to  push.    See    Pother  and 

Per.] 
POTTERY,  pot'«r-i,  n.  earthenware /^fs  or 

vessels :  a  place  where  earthenw^are  is 

manufactured. 


POTTLE 

POTTLE,  potn,  n.  a  little  pot :  a  measure 
of  four  pints :  a  small  basket  for  fruit. 
[Dim.  of  PoT.l 
POTWALLOPER,  pot-wol'oi>er,  n.  a  voter 
in  certain  Eng-lish  boroughs  where  every 
one  who  boiled  a  pot  was  entitled  to  vote. 
[Lit.  "pot-boiler,"  the  latter  part  of  the 
word  being  from  an  O.  Low  Ger.  icallen, 
to  boil,  E.  Well.] 
t?OUCH,  powch,  n.  Sk pohe, pocket,  or  hag: 
the  bag  or  sac  of  an  animal. — v.t.  to  put 
into  a  pouch.    [Fr.  poche.    See  Poke,  a 
bag.] 
POULT,  p51t,  n.  a  little  hen  or  foid,  a 
chicken.    [Pr.  poulet,  dim.  of  poule,  hen, 
fowl — L.  pullus,  the  young  of  any  ani- 
mal ;  cog.  with  Foal.    Doiiblet  Pullet.) 
POULTERER,  polt'er-er,  n.  one  who  deals 

in  fowls. 
POULTICE,  pol'tis,  n.  a  soft  composition 
of  meal,  bran,  etc.,  applied  to  sores. — v.t. 
to  dress  with  a  poultice.  [Lit.  ''por- 
ridge," L.  pultes,  pL  of  puis,  pultis,  Gr. 
poltoa,  porridge.] 
«>OULTEY,  poltM,  n.  domestic  fowls,  [See 

PoultJ 
POUNCE,  powns,  v.i.  to  fall  (upon)  and 
seize  with  the  claws :  to  dart  suddenly 
(upon). — n.  a  hawk's  claw.  [Orig.  to 
pierce,  to  stamp  holes  in  for  ornament ; 
through  Romance  forms,  from  L.  pungo, 
punctus.    Doublet  Punch,  v.] 

POUNCE,  powns,  n.  a  fine  powder  for  pre- 
paring a  surface  for  writing  on  :  colored 
powder  sprinkled  over  holes  pricked  in 
paper  as  a  pattern. — v.t.  to  sprmkle  with 
pounce,  as  paper  or  a  pattern.  —  n. 
Pounce'-box,  a  box  with  a  perforated  lid 
for  sprinkling  pounce.  [Orig.  powdered 
pumice-stouQ,    Fr.  ponce,  pumioe  —  L, 

^pumex, pumieis.    Doublet  Pumice.] 

6?OUND,  pownd,  n.  a  weight  of  18  oz.  troy, 
or  16  oz.  avoir. :  a  sovereign,  o^  SOs., 
equal  to  about  $4.S4,  also  represented  bv 
a  note :  (B.>=about  |30.  [A.S.  pundr^ 
L.  pondo,  by  weight,  pondus,  a  weight — 
pendo,  to  weigh.] 

POUND,  powndj  v.t.  to  shut  up  or  confine, 
as  strayed  animals. — ?i.  an  inciosure  in 
which  strayed  animals  are  confined, 
[M.E. pond — A.S.pund,  inciosure.  Doub- 
let Pond.] 

POUND,  pownd,  v.t.  to  beat,  to  bruise :  to 
bray  with  a  pestle. — n.  Pound'er,  [M.E. 
potmen — A.S.  punian,  to  beat;  -d  es- 
crescentj 

POUNDAGE,  pownd'aj,  n.  a  charge  made 
for  each  pound. 

POUNDAGE,  pownd'aj,  n.  a  charge  made 
for  pounding  stray  cattle. 

POUNDER,  pownd'er,  n.  a  pestle :  the 
instrument  of  pounding :  he  who  or  that 
which  has  so  many  pounds. 

POUR,  por,  v.t.  to  cause  to  flow  :  to  throw 

^  mth  force  :  to  send  forth  :  to  give  vent 
to  :  to  utter. — v.i.  to  flow  :  to  issue  forth  : 
to  rush.  [Celt.,  as  W.  bwnc,  to  throw, 
Gael,  purr,  to  push.] 

POURTRAY     Same  aa  Poeteay. 

POUT,  powt,  v.i.  to  push  out  the  lips,  in 
contempt  or  displeasure  :  to  look  sulky  : 
ft)  hang  or  be  prominent. — n.  a  fit  of  sul- 
lenness.  [Etv.  dub.;  cf.  prov.  Pr.  j)0t, 
pout,  lip,  tr.  hcmder,  to  pout ;  W.  ptudu, 

^pout.] 

'|?OUTER,  powt'er,  n.  one  who  pouts :  a 
■variety  of  pigeon,  having  its  breast  in- 
iSated. 

FOUTING,"*owt'ing,  n.  childish  sullenness. 

POUTINGLY,  powt'ing-li,  adv.  in  a  pout- 
ing or  sullen  manner. 

POVERTY,  pov'er-ti,  n.  the  state  of  being 
poor :  necessity  :  want :  meanness  :  de- 
fect. [O.  Fr.  'poverte  (Fr.  pauvrete) — L. 
paupertas,  -talis  — pauper,  poor.  See 
PoorJ 

POWDER,  pow'der,  n.,  dust:  any  substance 


335 

in  fine  particles  ;  gunpowder  :  haip-pow- 
der.  —  v.t.  to  reduce  to  powder:  to 
sprinkle  with  powder  :  to  salt. — v.i.  to 
crumble  into  powder.  [M.E.  poudre — Fr. 
— L.  imlvis,  pulveris,  dust.] 

POWDERED,  pow'derd,  adj.  reduced  to 
powder  :  sprinkled  with  powder :  salted. 

POWDERY,  pow'der-i,  adj.  resembling  or 
sprinkled  with  powder :  dusty  :  friable. 

POWER,  pow'er,  n.,  strength:  energy:  fac- 
ulty of  tlie  mind  ;  any  agency :  moving 
force  of  anything:  rule:  authority:  influ- 
ence: ability:  capacity:  a  ruler:  a  di^nn- 
ity :  the  result  of  the  continued  multi- 
plication of  a  quantity  by  itself  any 
given  number  of  times :  (optics)  magni- 
fying strength  :  {ohs.)  a  great  many. 
[M.E.  poer—0.  Fr.  (Fr.  xiotwoir) — Low  L. 
pot-ere,  to  be  able,  L.  posse  {pot-esse). 
See  Potent.] 

POWERFUL,  pow'er-fool,  adj.  having 
great  power:  mighty:  intense:  forcible: 
eflJcacious.  —  adv.  Pow'eefullt.  —  n. 
Pow'erfulness. 

POWERLESS,  pow'er-les,  ac^.  without 
power :  weak  :  impotent. — adv.  PoWee- 

LESSLT.— M.  POW'EELESSNESS. 

POX,  poks,  n.  pustules :  an  eruptive  diS' 
ea-se.    [Written  for  pocks,  pi.  of  PocK.] 

PRACTICABILITY,  prak-ti-ka-bil'i-ti,  n. 
state  or  quality  of  being  practicable. 

PRACTICABLE,  prak'tik-a-bl,  cu^:  that 
may  he  practiced,  used,  or  followed:  that 
may  be  done  :  passable.— ad».  Peac'tio 

ABLY, 

PRACTICAL,  prak'tik-al,  adj.  that  can  be 
put  in  practice;  useful:  applying  knowl- 
edge to  some  useful  end. — adv.  Peao'- 

TICALLY. — n.  PEAC'TTCALNESS. 

PRACTICE,  prak'tis,  n.  a  doing:  the  habit 
of  doing  anything :  frequent  use :  per- 
formance: method:  medical  treatment: 
exercise  of  any  profession :  a  rule  in 
arithmetic.  [M'E.  prakfike—O.  JY.  prac- 
tique — Gr.  praktikos,  fit  for  doing— pras- 
sd,pra.vo,  to  do.] 

PRACTICE,  prak'tis,  v.t.  to  put  in  practice 
or  do  habituallj; :  to  perform :  to  exer- 
cise, as  a  profession  :  to  use  or  exercise  ; 
to  commit. — v.i.  to  have  or  to  form  a 
habit :  to  exercise  any  employment  or 
profession  :  to  try  artifices. — ti.  Peac'tio 
ER.    [From  the  noun.] 

PRACTIIiONER,  prak-tish'un-er,  n.  one 
who  practices  or  is  engaged  in  the  exer- 
cise of  any  profession,  esp.  medicine  or 
law.  _  [Older  form  practician— O.  IV. 
lyvdctictcTi:  1 

PR^MUNIRE,  prem-fl-nfre,  n.  the  offence 
of  disregard  or  contempt  of  the  king  and 
his  government,  especially  the  ofience  of 
introducing  papal  or  other  foreign  au- 
thority into  England  :  the  writ  founded 
on  such  an  ofl"ence :  the  penalty  incurred 
by  the  offence.  [A  corr.  of  prcemonere, 
to  forewarn,  to  cite.] 

PE.35TOR,  pre'tor,  n.  a  magistrate  of  an- 
cient Rome,  next  in  rank  to  the  consuls. 
— n.  Pe^e'toeship.  [Lit.  "  one  who  goes 
before,"  L.  prator  for  prceitor—prce,  be- 
fore, eo,  itum,  to  go.] 

PRffiTORIAL,  pre-to'ri-al,  PR^^ITORIAN, 
pre-t6'ri-an,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  proetor 
or  magistrate  :  authorized  or  exercised 
bv  the  praetor :  judicial. 

PR^TORrUM,  pre-to'ri-um,  n.  the  official 
residence  of  the  Roman  prcetor,  procon- 
sul, or  governor  In  a  province  :  tiie  gen- 
eral's tent  in  a  camp :  the  council  of 
officers  who  attended  the  general  and 
mot  in  his  tent. 

PRAGilATIC,  prag-mat'ik,  PRAGIIAT- 
ICAL,  prag-mat'ik-al,  adj.  over-active, 
officious,  meddlesome. — am:  Praomat^- 
ICALLY.— Pragmatic  Sanction,  a  special 
decree  issued  by  a  sovereign,  such  as 


PREACHING 

that  passed  by  the  Emperor  Charles  VL 
of  Germany,  securing  the  crown  to 
Maria  Theresa,  and  which  led  to  the  war 
so  called  in  17-11.  [Orig.  Jit  for  action, 
Fr.— L.  —  Gr.  pragmatikos  —pragma  -= 
pragmatos,  deed— jjcassO,  to  do.] 

PRAIRIE,  pra'ri,  n.  an  extensive  meadmo 
or  tract  of  land,  level  or  rolling,  without 
trees,  and  covered  with  tall  coai'se  grass. 
[Fr. — Low  L.  prat  aria,  meadow-land — lJ 
pratum,  a  meadow.] 

PRAISE,  praz,  ?;.  the  expression  of  the 
price  or  vahie  in  which  any  person  or 
thing  Ls  held  :  commendation  :  tribute ot 
gi-atitude  :  a  glorifying,  as  in  worship : 
reason  of  praise. — v.t.  to  express  estima- 
tion of :  to  commend:  to  honor:  to  glori- 
fy, as  in  worship.  [O.  Fr.  j^reis (Fr. pi-ix) 
— L.  lyretiwn,  price,  value.    See  Price.] 

PRAISEWORTHY,  praz'wur-^/d,  adj.,  u-or- 
thy  oipraise,  commendable. — n.  Peaibe'- 

WORTHlNESg. 

PRANCE,  prans,  v.i.  to  strut  about  in  a 
sho^^'y  or  warlike  manner  ;  to  ride  show- 
ily: to  bound  gaily,  as  a  horse.  [Another 
form  of  Prank.] 

PRANCING,  prans'ing,  adj.  riding  show- 
ily :  springing  or  bounding  gaily.— adr. 
Peanc'ingly. 

PRANK,  prangk,  v.t,  to  display  or  adorn 
showUy.  [Closely  akin  toprink,  which  is 
a  nasalized  form  of  Peick.I 

PRANK,  prangk,  n.  a  sportive  action  :  a 
mischievous  trick.  [Same  word  as  the 
above.] 

PRATE,  prat,  v.i.  to  talk  idly  :  to  tattle  : 
to  be  loquacious. — v.t.  to  speak  without 
meaning. — n.  trifling  talk.  [Scand.  and 
Low  Ger.,  as  Dan.  prate,  Dut.  praaten, 
to  tattle.] 

PRATER,  prat'er,  n.  one  who  prates  or 
talks  idly, 

PRATING,  prat'lng,  adj.,  talking  idlv  or 
unmeaningly.— n.  idle  talk.— ady.  Prat'- 

INGLY. 

PRATTLE,  prata,  v.i.  to  prate  or  talk  much 
and  idly:  to  utter  child's  talk.— ?i.  empty 
talk.     [Freq.  of  Peate.] 

PRATTLER,  pratler,  n.  one  who  prattles, 
as  a  child. 

PRAWN,  prawn,  n.  a  small  crustacean 
animal  like  the  shrimp.  [Ety.  unknown.] 

PRAXIS,  praxis,  n., practice:  an  example 
for  exercise.  \Qr.~prass6,  pra.rd,  to  (K).] 

PRAY,  pra,  v.t.  to  ask  earnestly:  to  en- 
treat :  to  petition  or  address  God. — v.t.  to 
ask  earnestly  and  reverently,  as  in  wor- 
ship: to  supplicate :—pr .p.  pfay'ing;pa.<. 
and  pa.p.  prayed.  [O.  Fr.  preier  (Fr, 
prier) — L.  prec-or—prex,  prec-is,a,  prayer, 
akin  to  Sans,  jxracch,  Qer.fragen,  to  ask.] 

PRAYER,  prar,  n.  the  act  of  praying  :  en- 
treaty :  the  words  used  :  solemn  address 
to  God  :  a  formula  of  worship. 

PRAYERFUL,  pi-ar'fool,  adj.,  full  of  or 
gT\-en  to  prayer:  devotional.  —  adv. 
Prayer'fully. — n.  Peayer'fulness. 

PRAYERLESS,  prarles,  adj.  without  or 
not  using  prayer.— ndr.  Prayee'lessly. 
— V.  Peayer'lessness. 

PRAYING,  pra'ing,  n.  the  act  of  making  a 
prayer:  a  prayer  made. — adj.  given  to 
prayer. 

PREACH,  prech,  v.i.  to  pronounce  a  public 
discourse  on  sacred  subjects:  to  discourse 
earnestly :  to  give  advice  in  an  offensive 
or  obtrusive  manner. — v.t.  to  publish  in 
religious  discourses  :  to  teach  publicly. 
[Fr.  pr^cher  (It.  predicare)—L.  prcedieo, 
•atum,  to  proclaim— ^CB,  before,  dico,  to 

E reclaim,    akin    to    dico,   to  say.     See 
HCTION.] 

PREACHER,  prech'er,  n.  one  who  dis 
courses  publicly  on  religious  matters. 

PREACHING,  prech'in"-,  n.  the  act  of 
preaching  :  a  public  religious  discourse, 


PREAMBLE 


336 


PREDILECTION 


PREAMBLE,  pre-am'bl  or  pre'am-bl,  n. 
preface  :  introduction.  [Lit.  that  which 
"goes  before,"  Fr.  priambule — L.  prce, 
before,  anibulo,  to  go.] 

PRE-AUDIENCE,  pre-aw'di-ens,  n.  right 
of  previous  audience  or  hearing :  pre- 
cedence at  the  bar  among  lawyers.  [L. 
prce,  before,  and  Audience.] 

(PREBEND,  preb'end,  n.  the  share  of  the 
estate  of  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  church 
allowed  to  a  member  of  a  cathedral 
church.  [L.  prcebenda,  a  payment  to  a 
private  person  from  a  public  source — 
prcebeo,  to  aJlow.l 

PREBENDAL,  pre-bend'al,  adj.  relating  to 
a  prebend. 

PREBENDARY,  preb'end-ar-i,  n.  an  eccle- 
siastic who  enjoys  a.prd)end :  an  officiat- 
ing or  residentiary  canon. — n.  Preb'end- 

AKYSHIP. 

PRECARIOUS,  pre-ka'ri-us,  adj.  uncertain, 
because  depending  on  the  will  of  another : 
held  by  a  doubtful  tenure. — adv.  Peeca'- 
RIOUSLY.  —  n.  Peeca'riousness.  [Lit. 
"obtained  by  prayer  or  entreaty,"  L. 
precarius — precor,  to  pray.    See  Pray.] 

PRECAUTION,  pre-kaw'shun,  n.,  caution 
or  care  6e/orehand :  a  preventive  meas- 
ure.— v.t.  to  warn  or  advise  beforehand. 
[Fr.— L.  prce,  before.    See  Caution.] 

PRECAUTIONARY,  pre-kaw'shun-ar-i, 
adj.  containing  or  proceeding  from  pre- 
caution. 

PRECEDE,  pre-sed',  v.t.  to  go  before  in 
time,  rank,  or  importance.  [Fr.  preceder 
— L.  prcecedo — prce,  before,  cedo,  go.    See 

PRECEDENCE,  pre-sed'ens,  PRECEDEN- 
CY, pre-sed'en-si,  w.  the  act  of  going  be- 
fore in  time  :  priority :  the  state  of  being 
before  in  rank,  or  the  place  of  honor : 
the  foremost   place  in  ceremony.     [Fr. 

PRECEDENT,  pre-sed'ent,  adj.,  going  be- 
fore :  anterior.  —  adv.  Pkeced'ently. 
[Fr. — L.  prcBcedens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  prce- 
cedo.] 

PRECEDENT,  pres'e-dent,  n.  that  which 
may  serve  as  an  example  or  rule  in  the 
future :  a  parallel  case  in  the  past.  [Lit. 
"foregoing."    See  above  word.] 

PRECEDENTED,  pres'e-dent-ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing a  precedent:  warranted  by  an  ex- 
ample. 

PRECEDING,  pre-sed'ing,  adj.,  going  be- 
fore in  time,  rank,  etc.:  antecedent : 
previous :  former. 

PRECENTOR,  pre-sen'tor,  n.  he  that  leads 
in  music :  the  leader  of  a  choir :  the 
leader  of  the  psalmody  in  the  Scotch 
Church. — n.  Peecen'tobship.  [L.  prce, 
before,  cantor,  a  singer  —  canto.  See 
Chant.] 

PRECEPT,  pre'sept,  n.  rule  of  action  :  a 
commandment :  principle,  or  maxim : 
(lau^  the  written  warrant  of  a  magis- 
trate. [Ft.  pricepte — L.  prceceptum — 
proeceptus,  pa. p.  of  prcBcipio,  to  take  be- 
forehand, to  give  rules  to— jwce,  before, 
and  capio.    See  Capable.] 

PRECEPTIVE,  pre-sept'iv,  adj.  containing 
or  giving  precepts :  directing  in  moral 
conduct :  didactic. 

PRECEPTOR,  pre-sept'or,  n.  one  who  de- 
livers jprecepis;  a  teacher:  an  instructor: 
the  head  of  a  school. — adj.  Peecepto'ri- 
AL. — n.  Peecept'eess. 

PRECEPTORY,  pre-sept'or-i,  adj.  giving 
precepts. — n.  a  religious  house  or  college 
of  the  Knights  Templar. 

PRECESSION,  pre-sesh'un,  n.  the  act  of 
goiyig  before. 

PRECINCT,  prg'singkt,  n.  limit  or  bound- 
ary ot  a  place :  a  territorial  district  or 
division  :  limit  of  jurisdiction  or  author- 
i^.    [Lit.  "  girt  about,"  "  encompassed," 


L.  prcecinctus,  pa.  p.  of  prcecingo—prce, 
before,  and  cingo,  to  gird.] 

PRECIOUS,  presh'us,  adj.  ot  great  price  or 
worth  :  costly  :  highly  esteemed :  worth- 
less, contemptible  (in  irony) :  (B.)  valu- 
able because  of  its  ra.r\ty.—<idv.  Peec'- 
lOUSLY.  —  n.  Peec'iousness.  [O.  Fr. 
precios  (Fr.  precieux)  —  L.  pretiosus  — 
pretium,  price.    See  RUCE.] 

PRECIPICE,  pres'i-pis,  n.  a  ven'  steep 
place  :  any  steep  descent.  [Fr.  —  L. 
prcecipitium—prceceps,  proecipitis,  head- 
long—^ce,  before,  and  caput,  capitis,  the 
head.    See  Head.] 

PRECIPITABLE,pre-sip'i-ta-bl,ac«^c?iem.) 
that  may  be  precipitated. — n.  Precipi- 
tabil'ity. 

PRECIPITANCE,  pre-sip'i-tans,  PRECIPI- 
TANCY, pre-sip'i-tan-si,  n.  quaUty  of 
being  precipitate :  haste  in  resolving  or 
executing  a  purpose. 

PRECIPITANT,  pre-sip'i-tant,  adj.,  falling 
headlong :  rushing  down  with  velocity  : 
hasty  :  unexpectedly  brought  on. — adv. 
Precip'itantly.  [Pr.p.  of  L.  prcecipito. 
See  Phecipitate.] 

PRECIPITATE,  pre-sip'i-tat,  v.t.  to  throw 
head-foremost :  to  urge  with  eagerness ; 
to  hurry  rashly  :  to  hasten :  (cfiem.)  to 
throw  to  the  bottom,  as  a  substance  in 
solution  or  suspension. — adj.,  falling, 
flowing,  or  rushing  headlong:  lacking 
deliberation  :  overhasty  :  (med.)  ending 
soon  in  death. — n.  (chem.)  a  substance 
precipitated.  [L.  prcecipito,  -atus—proB- 
ceps.    See  Precscpice.] 

PRECIPITATELY,  pre-sip'i-tat-li,  adv.  in 
a  precipitate  manner  :  headlong. 

PRECIPITATION,  pre-sip-i-ta'shun,  n.  act 
ot  precipitating:  great  hurry:  rash  baste: 
rapid  movement. 

PRECIPITOUS,  pre-sip'i-tus,  adj.  like  a 
precipice  :  very  steep  :  hasty  :  rash. — 
adv.  PRECip'rrousLY.  —  n.  Piicip'rrous- 
NESS.  [O.  Fr.  precipiteux — L.  prceceps. 
See  Precipice.] 

PRECIS,  pra-se',  n.  a  precise  or  abridged 
statement:  an  abstract:  summary.  [Fr.] 

PRECISE,  pre-sis',  adj.  definite:  exact:  not 
vague:  adhering  too  much  to  rule  :  ex- 
cessively nice. — adv.  Precise'ly. — ?i.PRB- 
CISE'NESS.  [Fr.  precis — L.  prcecisus,  pa. p. 
otproecido—prce,  before,  and  ccedo,  to  cut. 
See  C^SURA.] 

PRECISIAN,  pre-sizh'an,  n.  an  over-2>rectse 
person. 

PRECISION,  pre-sizh'un,  n.  quality  of  being 
precise :  exactness  :  accuracy. 

PRECLUDE,  pre-klood',  v.t.  to  hinder  by 
anticipation  :  to  keep  back  :  to  prevent 
from  taking  place.  [L.  proecludo,  -dusus 
—prcB,  before,  and  claudo,  to  shut.  See 
ClauseJ 

PRECLUSION,  pre-kl5o'zhun,  n.  actofjpre- 
cluding  or  hindering :  state  of  being  pre- 
cluded.    

PRECLUSIVE,  pre-kl56'siv,  adj.  tending 
to  preclude:  hindering  beforehand. — adv. 
Preclu'sively. 

PRECOCIOUS,  pre-ko'shus,  adj.  having  the 
mind  developed  very  early  :  premature  : 
forward. — adv.  Preco'ciously. — ns.  Pee- 
CO'ciousNESs,  Precoc'ity.  [Orig.  "  ripe 
before  the  natural  time,"  formed  from  L. 
proecox,  praecocis—prce,  before,  and  coquo, 
to  cook,  to  ripen.    See  COOK.1 

PRECOGNITION,  pre-kog-nishW,  «..  cog- 
nition, knowledge,  or  examination  before- 
hand :  {Scots  law)  an  examination  as  to 
whether  there  is  ground  for  prosecution. 
[L.  prcB,  before,  and  Cognition.] 

PRECONCEIVE,  pre-kon-seV,  v.t.  to  orn- 
ceive  or  form  a  notion  of  foe/orehand. 
[L.  prcB,  before,  and  Conceive.] 

PRECONCEPTION,  pre-kon-sep'shun,  n. 
act  of  preconceiving  :  previous  opinion. 

PRECONCERT,  pre-kon-»ert',  v.t.  to  eon' 


cert  or  settle  6e/orehand.    [L.  prae,  be- 
ford,  and  Concert,  v.] 

PRECURSOR,  pre-kur'sor,  n.  a,  forerunner: 
one  who  or  that  which  indicates  ap- 
proach. [L.  — prce,  before,  and  curscrr 
— curro,  to  run.     See  Course.] 

PRECURSORY,  pre-kur'sor-i,  adj.,  fore- 
running: indicating  something  to  fol 
low. 

PREDACEOUS,  pre-da'shus,  adj.  living  bj 
prey:  predatory.  [It.^edace — ti-imeda 
booty,  prey.] 

PREDAL,  pre  dal,  adj.  pertaining  to  prey  i 
plundering. 

PREDATORY,  pred'a-tor-i  or  pre'da-tor-i, 
adj.,  plundering :  characterized  by  plun- 
dering :  himgry  :  ravenous. — adv.  YBxa'- 
ATORLLY.  [L.  pircedor,  -atus,  to  plunder — 
prceda,  booty.    See  Peey.] 

PREDECEASE,  pre-de-ses',  n.,  decease  or 
death  before  something  else. — v.t.  to  die 
before.     [L.  prce,  before,  and  Decease.] 

PREDECESSOR,  pre-de-ses'or,  n.  one  who 
has  preceded  another  in  any  office.  [L. 
prce,  before,  and  decessor — (lecedo,  deces- 
sus,  to  withdraw — de,  away,  and  cedo. 
Spck  CjFDF"  1 

PREDESTINARIAN,  pre  -  des  -  tin  -  a'ri-an, 
adj.  pertaining  to  predestination. — Ji.  one 
who  holds  the  doctrine  of  predestination. 
[See  Predestine.] 

PREDESTINATE,  pre-des'tin-at,  v.t.  to 
determine  6e/orehand  :  to  preordain  by 
an  unchangeable  purpose.  [See  Predes- 
tineJ 

PREDESTINATION,  pre-des-tin-a'shun,  n. 
act  ot  predestinating :  (theol.)  the  doctrine 
that  God  has  from  all  eternity  immut- 
ably fixed  whatever  is  to  happen. 

PREDESTINATOR,  pre-des'tin-a-tor,  n.  one 
who  predestinates  or  foreordains  :  a  pre- 

f\  ^  ^i"  inn  PI  a  n 

PREDESTINE,  pre-des'tin,  v.t.  to  destim 
or  decree  6e/orehand  :  to  foreordain.    [L. 
praedestino,  -atiis — prce,  before,  and  aes-\ 
tino.    See  Destine.] 

PREDETERMINATE,  pre  -  de  -  ter'min  -  at, 
adj.,  determined  be/orehand. — n.  Peede- 
termina'tion.  ' 

PREDETERMINE,  pre-de-ter'min,  v.t.  to 
determine  6e/wehand.  [L.  prce,  before, 
and  Determine.^ 

PREDIAL,  pre'di-al,  adj.  consisting  of 
land  or /ar?;is;  growing  from  land.  [Fr. 
pridial — L.  praedium  (for  proe-hendium), 
an  estate.     See  Prehensile.] 

PREDICABLE,  pred'i-ka-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  predicated  or  affirmed  of  something  : 
attributable. — n.  anything  that  can  be 
predicated. — n.  PEEDlCABlL'rrY,  quality 
of  being  predicable. 

PREDICAMENT,  pre-dik'a-ment,  n.  (logic) 
one  of  the  classes  or  categories  which  in- 
clude all  predicables :  condition  :  an  un- 
fortunate or  trying  position.  [Low  L. 
predicam  entum .  ] 

PREDICATE,  pred'i-kat,  v.t.  to  affirm  one 
thing  of  another. — n.  {logic  and  gram.) 
that  which  is  stated  of  the  subject.  [L. 
prcedico,  -atus,  to  proclaim,  thus  a  doub- 
let of  Preach.] 

PREDICATION,  pred-i-ka'shun,  n.  act  of 
predicating :  assertion. 

PREDICATIVE,  pred'i-kat-iv,  adj.  express- 
ing  predication  or  affirmation. 

PREDICT,  pre-dikt',  v.t.  to  declare  or  teli 
6e/orehand:  to  prophesy.  [L.  proedictus. 
pa.  p.  of  prcedico,  from  prce,  before,  and 
dico.  to  sav.] 

PREDICTION,  pre-dik'shun,  n.  act  of  pre. 
dieting :  that  which  is  predictedor  fore- 
told :  prophecy. 

PREDICTIVE,  pre-dikt'lv,  adj.,  foretelling: 
prophetic. 

PREDILECTION,  pre-di-lek'shun,  n.  a 
choosing  6e/orehand  :  favorable  prepos- 
session  of  mind  :    partiality.     [L.  prtt. 


PREDISPOSE 


337 


PREPARATION 


before,  and  dilectio,  -oiiis,  choice,  from 
diligo,  dilectus,  to  love— dis,  apart,  and 
lego,  to  choose.  J 
PREDISPOSE,  pre-dis-pSz',  v.t.  to  dispose 
or  incline  beforehana.    [L.  prce,  before, 

PEEBISPOSITION,  prS-dis-po-zish'un,  »i. 
state  of  being  predisposed  or  previously 
inclined. 

FREDOMINANCE,  pre-dom'in-ans,  PRE- 
DOJnNANCY,  pre-dom'in-an-si,  n.  con- 
dition of  being  predominant:  superiority: 
ascendency. 

PREDOMINANT,  pre-dom'in-ant,  adj., 
ruling  :    ascendant.  —  adv.    Peedom'in- 

ANTLY. 

PREDOMINATE,  pre-dora'in-at,  v.t.  to 
dominate  or  rule  over. — v.i.  to  be  dom- 
inant over :  to  surpass  in  strength  or 
authority :  to  prevail.  [L.  prce,  over, 
and  DOMiNATEj 

PRE-ESnNENCE,  pre-em'i-nens,  n.  state 
of  being  pre-eminent :  superiority  in  ex- 
cellence.   fEr. — L.] 

PRE-EMINENT,  pre-em'i-nent,  adj.,  emi- 
nent above  otliers :  surpassing  others  in 
good  or  bad  qualities :  outstanding.— 
adv.  Pke-em'inkntly.  [L.  prce,  before, 
and  Eminent.] 

PRE-EMPTION,  pre-em'shun,  n.  right  of 
purchasing  before  others.  [L.  prce,  be- 
fore, and  emptio,  a  buying — emo,  emp- 
tus,  to  buy.] 

PREEN,  pren,  v.t.  to  compose  and  arrange 
as  birds  do   their   featbers.    [Same  as 

PRE-ENGAaE,  pre-en-gaj',  v.t.  to  engi 
6e/orehand. — n.  Prb-engage'ment. 
prce,  before,  and  Enoaqe.] 

PRE-ESTABLISH,  pre-es-tablish,  v.t.  to 
establish  beforehand. — ti.Pee-estab'USH- 
MENT.    [L.  prce,  before,  and  Estabush.] 

r  RE-EXIST,  pre-egz-ist',  v.i.  to  exist  be- 
forehand.— n.  Pee-exist'ence.  [L.  pros, 
before,  and  Exist.] 

"RE-EXISTENT,  pre-egz-ist'ent,  a<^'.,  ex- 
intent  or  existing  &e/orehand. 

i^REFAOE,  prefas  or  -as,  n.  something 
spoken  before :  the  introduction  to  a 
book,  etc. — v.t.  to  introduce  with  a  pref- 
ace. [Fr.  priface — L.  prcefatio—prce, 
before,  and  for,  fatus,  to  speak.  See 
Fate.] 

PREFATORY,  prePartor-i,  ac^'.  pertaining 
to  a  preface  .•introductory.— oav.  Peef- 

ATORILY. 

PREFECT,  pre'fekt,  n.  one  placed  in  au- 
thority over  others :  a  commander :  a 
governor,  esp.  of  a  province  in  France. 
—  ns.  PRE'FEcruiiE,  Pbe'fectship,  his 
office  or  jurisdiction.  [Fr.  prifet — L. 
prcefectus,  pa.p.  of  prceAcio—prce,  over, 
and  facia,  to  make,  to  place.   See  Fact.] 

PREFER,  pre-fer*,  v.t.  to  esteem  above  an- 
other :  to  regard  or  hold  in  higher  esti- 
mation :  to  choose  or  select :  to  promote : 
to  exalt :  to  offer  or  present,  as  a  prayer  : 
to  place  in  advance  -.—pr.p.  preferr'mg  ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  preferred'.  [Lit.  "  to 
place  before,"  Fr.  prefirer — L.  prcefero 
—prce,  before,  and  fero,  E.  Bear.] 

PREFERABLE,  prefer-a-bl,  adj.  worthy 
to  be  preferred  or  chosen  :  more  desira- 
able,  or  excellent:  of  better  quality. — 
adv.  Pref'ebably.— re.  Peef'erableness. 

!fj»REFERENCE,  prefer-ens,  n.  the  act  of 
preferring:  estimation  above  another: 
ihe  state  of  being  preferred  :  that  which 
is  preferred:  choice. — adj.  Preferential, 
pref-er-en'shal,  having  a  preference. 

PREFERMENT,  pre-fer^nent,  n.  the  act  of 
preferring :  the  state  of  being  advanced  : 
advancement  to  a  higher  position :  pro- 
motion ;  superior  place. 

PREFIGUEAxrVE,    pre-fig'Q-rartiv,   <k(j. 


showing  by  previous  ftgurea,  types,  or 

similitudes. 

PREFIGURE,  pre-flg'ilr,  v.t.  to  figure  be- 
/orehand  :  to  suggest  by  antecedent  rep- 
resentation or  by  types. — ns.  Pkefig'ure- 
ment,  Prefigoba'tion.  [L.  prce,  before, 
and  FiGtrRE.1 

PREFIX,  pre-flks',  v.t.  to  fix  or  put  before, 
or  at  the  beg^nlng.  [L.  prce,  before,  and 
FixJ 

PREFIX,  prS'flks,  n.  a  letter,  syllable,  or 
word^ed  or  put  at  the  beginning  of  an- 
other word. 

PREGNANCY,  preg'nan-si,  n.  state  of  be- 
ing pregnant  or  with  young :  fertility ; 
unusual  capacity. 

PREGNANT,  preg'nant,  adj.  with  child  or 
young  :  fruitful:  abounding  with  results: 
fuU  of  sis;nrflcance  :  implying  more  than 
is  actually  expressed  :  full  of  promise. — 
adv.  Pr'eg'nantlt.  [Lit.  "brining 
forth,"  O.  Fr.— L.  prcegnans,  -antia—- 
prce,  before,  and  -gnans,  pr.p.  of  the  obs. 
verb  of  which  gnatus  (see  Natal)  is  the 

PREHENSIBLE,  pre-hen'si-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  seized.    [See  Prehensile.] 

PREHENSILE,  pre-hen'sil,  adj.,  seizing: 
adapted  for  seizing  or  holding.  [From 
Jj.  prehensus,  pa.p.  of  pre-7iendo,  to  seiae, 
from  prce,  before,  and  root  of  Get.] 

PREHENSION,  pre-hen'shun,  n.  a  seizing 
or  taking  hold.    [L.  prehensio,  -onis.'] 

PREHISTORIC,  pre-his-tor'ik,  adj.  relating 
to  a  time  before  that  treated  of  in  hia- 
tory.     [L.  prce,  before,  and  HlSTOBICl 

PREJUDGE,  pre-juj',  v.t.  to  judge  or  de- 
cide upon  before  hearing  the  whole  case  : 
to  condemn  unheard. — n.  Prejudg'meht. 
[L.  prce,  before,  and  Judge.] 

PREJUDICATE,  pre-j55'di-kat,  v.t.  to 
judge  beforehand  :  to  prejudge. — v.i.  to 
decide  without  examination. — n.  Pre- 
judica'tion.  [L.  prcejudico,  -atumr—prce, 
before,  and  Judico,  to  judge.] 

PEEJUDICATIVE,  pre-jooMi-kat-iv,  adj. 
forming  a  judgment  or  opinion  before- 
hand. 

PREJUDICE,  prej'u-dis,  n.  a  jttdgment  or 
opinion  formed  beforehand  or  without 
due  examination :  a  prejudgment :  un- 
reasonable prepossession  for  or  against 
anything :  bias :  injury  or  wrong  of  any 
kind  :  disadvantage  :  mischief. — v.t.  to 
fill  with  prejudice :  to  prepossess :  to  bias 
the  mind  of :  to  injure  or  hurt.  _  [L.  jorcB- 
judicium — pros,  before,  and  judicium, 
judgment.    See  Judge.] 

PREJUDICIAL,  prej-u-dish'al,  oulj.  disad- 
vantageous :  injurious :  mischievous : 
tending  to  obstruct. — adv.  PREJUDi'CiAii- 
LY.    [Orig.  "  resulting  from  prejudice.'] 

PRELACY,  prel'arsi,  n.  the  office  of  a  prel- 
ate :  the  order  of  bishops  or  the  bishops 
collectively :  episcopacy. 

PRELATE,  prel'at,  n.  a  superior  clergy- 
man having  authority  over  others,  as  a 
bishop :  a  church  dignitary. — n.  Pebl'- 
ateship.  [Lit.  "  one  placed  over  others," 
Fr.  prilat — L.  prelatus—prce,  before,  and 
latus,  borne.    See  Elate.] 

PRELATIC,  pre-lat'ik,  PRELATICAL, 
pre-lat'ik-al,  acy.  pertaining  to  prelates 
or  prelacy.— adv.  Prelat'ically. 

PRELATIST,  prel'at-ist,  n.  an  upholder  of 

TiTClCLCfUt 

PRELECT,  pre-lekt',  v.i.  to  read  before  or 
in  presence  of  others:  to  read  a  discourse: 
to  lecture.  fL.  prcelego—^ce,  before, 
and  lego,  lecfum,  to  read.] 

PRELECTION,  pre-lek'shun,  7U  a  lecture 
or  discourse  read  to  others. 

PRELECTOR,  pre-lek'tor,  n.  one  who  pre- 
lects :  a  lecturer. 

PRELIBATION,  pre-li-ba'shun,  n.  a  tctsti/tg 
beforehand,  foretaste.  [L.  prcelibcMo — 
pree,  before,  and  libo,  -atus,  to  taste.] 


PRELIMINARY,  pre-lim'in-ar-i,  adj.  intnx. 
ductory :  preparatory :  preceding  the 
main  discourse  or  business. — n.  that 
which  precedes:  introduction. — adv.  Prk- 
LDI'INARILY.  [L.  proB,  before,  and  lin^ 
inaris,  relating  to  a  threshold — limen, 
liminis,  a  threshold.    Cf.  Limit.] 

PRELUDE,  prel'ud,  n.  a  short  piece  08 
music  before  a  longer  piece  :  a  preface : 
a  forerunner.  [Lit.  "  anything  played; 
before,"  Fr. — Late  'L.proeludiumr-'L.  prce,' 
before,  ludere,  to  play.] 

PRELUDE,  pre-luds  v.t.  to  play  before :  to 
precede,  as  an  introduction.  [From  above 
wordJ[ 

PRELUSIVE,  pre-lu'siv,  adj.  of  the  nature 
of  a  prelude :  introductory. 

PREMATURE,  prem'a-tar  or  pr§-ma-tur', 
adj.,  mature  before  the  proper  time: 
happening  before  the  proper  time :  too 
soon  believed,  unauthenticated  (as  a  re- 
port).— adv.  Prem'aturely. — ns.  Prem> 
atur'ity,  Prem'atureness.  [L.  prcemOf 
turns— prce,  before,  and  maturus,  ripe.] 

PREMl'DITATE,  pre-med'i-tat,  v.t.  to 
meditiite  upon  6e/orehand :  to  design 
previoisly.— t'.i.  to  deliberate  beforehand. 
— n.  Piemedita'tign.  [L.  praemeditor, 
-atus — prae,  before,  and  meditor,  to 
meditato.] 

PREMIER,  prSm'yer  or  prem'-,  adj.,  prime 
or  first :  chief :  {her.)  most  ancient. — 11= 
*he  first  or  chief  minister  of  state  :  the 
prime  or  premier  minister,  as  of  England. 
— n.  PREiffiEESHlP.  [Fr. — L.  prim-arius, 
of  the  first  rank  — primrus,  first ;  ct 
Peime.1 

PREMISE,  prem'is,  n.  that  which  is  pr©> 
mised :  a  proposition  antecedently  sup- 
posed or  proved  for  after-reasoning ; 
(logic)  one  of  the  two  propositions  in  a 
syllogism  f  1  om  which  the  conclusion  is 
drawn  :  the  thing  set  forth  in  the  begin- 
ning of  a  deed  i—pl.  a  building  and  its 
adjuncts. 

PREinSE,  pre-mtz',  v.t.  to  send  or  state 
before  the  rest:  to  make  an  introductions 
to  lay  down  propositions  for  subsequent 
reasonings.  [Fr. — L.  {sententia) prcemissa 
(a  sentence)  put  before— grce,  before,  and 
mitto,  missus,  to  send.    Cf.  Mission.] 

PREMISS,  prem'is,  n.  same  as  Premise. 

PREMIUM,  pre'mi-um,  n.  a  reward :  a 
prize :  a  bounty :  payment  made  for  in» 
surance  :  the  difference  in  value  above 
the  original  price  or  par  of  stock  (opposed 
to  Discount)  :  an3rtuing  offered  as  an  in- 
centive. FL.  prcemium—prcB,  above,  and 
emo,  to  take,  to  buy.] 

PREMONISH,  pr6-mon^ish,r.f.  to  admonish 
or  warn  beforehand. —  n.  Peemoni'tion. 
[From  pre-,  before,  and  monish,  a  corr. 
form  through  O.  Fr.,  from  L.  moneo,  to 
warn.    See  Admonish,  Monition.] 

PREMONTrrVE,  pre-mon'it-iv,  PREMON- 
ITORY, pre-mon'it-or-i,  adj.  giving  jmr/j^ 
ing  or  notice  beforehand.— adv.  Premon'- 
itorily. 

PREMONITOR,  pre-mon'it-or,  n.  one  who 
or  that  which  gives  ivaming  beforeh&nd. 

PRENTICE,  pren'tis,  n.  short  for  Apprbn- 

TIOE.     

PREOCCUPANCY,  pre-ok'u-pan-si,  n.  the 
act  or  the  right  of  occupjing  beforehand. 

PREOCCUPY,  pre-ok'u-pl,  v.t.  to  occupy  or 
take  possession  of  6e/oreluind  :  to  occupy 
beforehand  or  by  prejudices.— n.  Pre- 
OCCUPa'tION.  [L.  prce,  before,  and  Oo 
CUPY.]  ,    . 

PREORDAIN,  pre-or-dan',  v.t.  to  ordain, 
appoint,  or  determine  beforehand. — n. 
Preordina'tion.     [L.  prce,  before,  and 

Ordain.]  .,,   ^     ,       , 

PREPAID,  pre-p5d',  adj.,  paid  beforehand. 

PREPARATION,  prep-ar-a'shun,  n.  the  act 

of  preparing :    previous  arrangement : 

tbe  state  of  being  prepared  or  ready: 


PREPARATIVE 


338 


PRESTIDIGITATION 


'  that  which  is  prepared  or  made  ready : 
(anat.)  a.  part  of  any  animal  body  pre- 
served as  a  specimen.  [Fr. —  L.  prce- 
paratio.J 

jE»M;PAKATTVE,  pre-par'a-tiv,  adj.  having 
the  power  of  preparing  or  raaldDg'  ready  : 
fitting  for  anything. — n.  that  which  pre- 
pares :  preparation. 

PREPAEATORY,  pre-par'a-tor-i,  adj., pre- 
paring for  :  previous  :  introductory : 
preparative. 

PREPARE,  pre-par",  v.i.  to  viake  ready  be- 
/orehand  :  to  fit  for  any  purpose  :  to  malje 
ready  for  use  :  to  adapt :  to  form  :  to  set 
or  appoint:  to  provide  :  to  equip. — n.  Pke- 
PAR^E.  [Fr. — L.  prceparo—prcE,  before, 
and  paro,  to  make  ready.] 

PREPARED,  pre-pard',  adj.,  made  ready  : 
ready.— adv.  Prepar'edlt.— n.  Prepak'- 

EDNESS. 

PREPAY,  pre-pa',  v.  t.  to  pay  before  or  in 
advance. — ».  Prepat'iient.  [L.^rce,  be- 
fore, and  Pay.] 

PREPENSE,  pre-pens',  adj.  premeditated  : 
intentional,  chiefly  in  the  phrase  "  malice 
prepense."  — ady.  Prepense'lt.  [Lit. 
"weighed  beforehand,"  through  the  Fr., 
from  L.  prce,  before,  and  petido,  pensum, 
to  weigh.] 

PREPONDERANT,  pre-pon'der-ant,  axy., 
outweighing :  superior  in  weight,  power, 
or  influence. — adv.  Peepon'deraj^tly. — 
n.  Preponderance. 

PREPONDERATE,  pre-pon'der-at,  v.t.  to 
outweigh  :  to  incline  to  one  side':'  to  ex- 
ceed in  power  or  influence. — ?i.  Prepon- 
dera'tion.  [L.  prce,  before,  and  pondero, 
-atus,  to  weigh,  from  pondtis,  a  weight.] 

PREPOSITION,  prep-o-zish'un,  n.  a  word 
placed  before  a  noun  or  pronoun  to  show 
its  relation  to  some  other  word  of  the 
sentence.  —  adj.  Preposi'tiosal.  —  adv. 
Preposi'tionallt.  [Fr. — L.  prtepositio 
— prce,  before,  and  pono,  positum,  to 
place  or  put ;  so  called  because  orig.  pre- 
Jia'ed  to  the  verb,  in  order  to  modify  its 
meaning.] 

PREPOSSESS,  pre-poz-zes',  v.t.  to  possess 
6e/orehand  :  to  preoccupy,  as  the  mind  : 
to  bias  or  prejudice.  [L.  prce,  bfefore. 
Possess  1 

PREPOSSESSING,  pre-poz-zes'ing,  adj. 
tending  to  prepossess  in  one's  favor  :  giv- 
ing a  favorable  impression. — adv.  Pee- 

POSSESS'rSGLY. 

PREPOSSESSION,  pre-poz-zesh'un,  n., 
previous  possession  :  preconceived  opin- 
ion or  impression. 

PREPOSTEROUS,  pre-pos'ter-us,  adj.  con- 
trary to  nature  or  reason  :  wrong  :  ab- 
surd :  foolish. — adv.  Prepos'terotjsly. — 
n.  Prepos'terousness.  [Ldt.  '■  having 
that  Jirst  which  ought  to  be  Ictst,"  L. 
prcepoaterus — proe,  before,  posterua,  after 
—post,  after.] 

PREROGATIVE,  pre-rog'a-tiv.  n.  an  ex- 
clusive or  peculiar  privilege.  [Lit.  "  privi- 
lege of  voting  first,  or  before  others,"  Fr. 
— L.  prcerogativus,  that  is  asked  before 
others  for  his  opinion  or  vote — proe,  be- 
fore, rogfo,  -atuvi,  to  ask.] 

PRESAGE,  pres'aj,  n.  something  that  indi- 
cates a  future  event. — adj.  Presaqe'fiil. 
[Lit.  "  something  perceived  beforehand," 
Fr.  prisage — L.    ^cesagirim^-prcesagio — 

groe,  before,  saffio,  to  perceive  quickly, 
ee  Sagacious.] 

PRESAGE,  pre-saj',  v.t.  to  forebode :  to 
indicate  something  to  come  :  to  predict. 
— n.  Presag'er. 

PRESBYOPIA,  pres-bi-o'pi-a,  n.  long-sight- 
edness. [Gr.  presbys,  old,  and  ops,  opos, 
the  eve\] 

PRESBYTER,  prezTai-ter,  n.  (in  the  Eng. 
Church)  one  of  the  second  order  of  the 
ministry  :  a   member   of    a  presbytery. 


[Lit.  "  elder,"  L. — Gr.  presbyteros,  comp. 

oi presbys,  old.    Cf.  Priest.] 

PRESBYTERIAN,  prez-bi-te'ri-an,  PRES- 
BYTERIAL,  prez-bi-te'ri-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  presbyters: 
pertaining  to  Presbytery  or  that  form 
of  church  government  in  which  all  the 
clergy  or  presbyters  are  equal : — opp.  to 
Episcopacy. — n.  Presbyterian,  an  ad- 
herent of  this  form  of  church  govern- 
ment. 

PRESBYTERIANISM,  prez-bi-tg'ri-an-izm , 
n.  the  form  of  chui'ch  government  ot 
Presbyterians. 

PRESBYTERY,  prezTji-ter-i,  n.  {orig.)  a 
councU  of  presbyters  or  elders  :  a  church 
court  consisting  of  the  ministers  and  one 
elder,  a  layman,  from  each  church  witliin 
a  certain  district :  (arch.)  that  part  of  the 
church  reserved  for  the  officiating  priests. 

PRESCIENCE,  pre'shi-ens,  n.,  knowledge  oi 
events  &e/orehand  :  foresight.     [Fr.] 

PRESCIENT,  pre'shi-ent,  adj.,  knowing 
things  &e/orehand.  [L.  prcesciens,  -entis, 
pr.p.  of  prcescio,  to  foreknow— jwoe,  be- 
fore, scio,  to  know.] 

PRESCRIBE,  pre-skrib',  v.t.  to  lay  down 
for  direction  :  to  appoint :  (med.)  to  give 
directions  for,  as  a  remedj^. —  n.  Phe- 
scrib'er.  [L.  prcBscribo,  -scriptum—proe, 
before,  scribo,  to  write.] 

PRESCRIPT,  pre'skript,  n.  something  pre- 
scribed :  direction  :  model  prescribed. 

PRESCRIPTIBLE,  pre-skript'i-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  prescribed  for. — n.  Presceipti- 

BIL'ITY. 

PRESCRIPTION,  pre-skrip'shun,  n.  act  of 
prescribing  or  directing  :  (med.)  a  written 
direction  for  the  preparation  of  a  medi- 
cine :  a  recipe  :  (law)  custom  continued 
until  it  has  the  force  of  law.  [Fr. — L. 
prascrijitio.'] 

PRESCRIPTIVE,  pre-skript'iv,  adj.  con- 
sisting in  or  acquired  by  custom  or  im- 
memorial use.     IL.] 

PRESENCE,  prez^ens,  n.  state  of  being 
piresent  (opp.  of  Absence)  :  situation 
within  sight,  etc.:  approach  face  to 
face :  the  person  of  a  superior :  the 
persons  assembled  before  a  great  per- 
son :  mien  :  personal  appearance  :  calm- 
ness, readiness,  as  of  mind.  [Fr.  —  L. 
prcEsentia — praesens.    See  Present,  adj.'] 

PRESENCE-CH  A  MBER,  prez'ens-cham'- 
ber,  n.  the  chamber  or  room  in  which  a 
great  personage  receives  company. 

PRESENT,  prez'ent,  adj.  being  in  a  certain 
place  (opp.  to  Absent)  :  now  under  view 
or  consideration  :  being  at  this  time : 
not  past  or  future  :  ready  at  hand  :  at- 
tentive :  not  absent-minded  :  (gram.)  de- 
noting time  just  now,  or  making  a  gen- 
eral statement. — n.  present  time. — At 
present,  at  the  present  time,  now.  [Lit. 
"  being  before  or  near,"  Yv. — Ij.  praesens, 
-sentis — prce,  before,  and  sens,  being,  cog. 
with  Sans,  sant,  being,  and  Sooth.] 

PRESENT,  pre-zent',  v.t.  to  set  befcn-e,  to 
introduce  :  to  exhibit  to  view  :  to  offer : 
to  put  into  the  possession  of  another :  to 
maKe  a  gift  of :  to  lay  before  for  con- 
sideration :  to  point,  as  a  gun  before 
firing.  —  ckIJ.  Present' able.  —  n.  Pre- 
senter, [Fr. — L.  prtesento — prcesens. 
See  Present,  adj.] 

PRESENT,  prez'ent,  n.  that  which  is  pre- 
sented or  given,  a  gift. 

PRESENTATION,  prez-en-ta'shun,  n.  act 
of  presenting :  a  setting:  representation. 
[L.  jyrcesentatio.] 

PRESENTIMENT,  pre-sen'ti-ment,  n.  a 
sentiment  or  perceiving  6e/orehand:  pre- 
vious opinion:  a  conviction  of  something 
unpleasant  to  happen.  [O.  Fr. — L.  prce- 
sentire.    See  Sentiment. J 

PRESENTLY,  prez'ent-li,  adv.  without  de- 


lay :  after  a  little.     [Orig.  "  at  present,''' 
no%v.] 

PRESENTMENT,  pre-zent'ment,  n.  act  of 
presenting:  the  thing  presented  or  repre- 
sented :  (law)  notice  taken  of  an  offence 
by  a  grand-jury  from  observation :  ac- 
cusation presented  bj'  a  grand-jury. 

PRESERVATION,  prez-er-va'shun,  n.  act 
of  ^jrcserriHgr ;  state  of  being  preserved. 

PRESERVATIVE,  pre-zerv'a'^tiv,  PRB. 
SERVATORY,  pre-zerv'a-tor-i,  adj.  tend- 
ing io  2)reserve :  having  the  quality  of 
preserving. — n.  that  which  preserves  :  a 
preventive  of  injury  or  decav. 

PRESERVE,  pre-zerV,  v.t.  to'  keep  from 
injury  :  to  defend  :  to  keep  in  a  sound 
state :  to  season  for  preservation  :  to 
keep  up,  as  appearances. — n.  that  which 
is  pi-eserved,  as  fruit,  etc.  :  a  place  for 
the  protection  of  animals,  as  game,  etc. 
— H.  Pkeserv'ee.  [Fr.  preserver — L.  jjroB, 
beforcliand,  servo,  to  preserve.] 

PRESIDE,  pre-zld',r.i.  to  direct  or  control, 
esp.  at  a  meeting  :  to  superintend.  [Lit. 
"  to  sit  before  "  or  "  above,"  Fr.  presider 
— L.  proBsideo—prce.  before,  sedeo,  E.  SiT.] 

PRESIDENCY,  prez'i-den-si,  n.  the  office 
of  a  president,  or  his  dignity,  term  of 
office,  jurisdiction,  or  residence. 

PRESIDENT,  prez'i-dent,  n.  one  who  pre- 
sides over  a  meeting  :  a  chairman  :  the 
chief  officer  of  a  college,  institution,  etc.: 
an  officer  elected  to  the  supreme  execu- 
tive of  a  province  or  nation. — n.  Pres'- 
identship.  [Fr. — L.  prcesidens,  -entis, 
pr.p.  of  prcesideo.] 

PRESIDENTIAL,  prez-i-den'shal,  adj.,  pre' 
siding  over  :  pertaining  to  a  president. 

PRESIGNIFY,  pre-sig'ni-fi,  v.t.  to  signify 
beforehand.  [L.  prce,  before,  and  Sig- 
nify.] 

PRESS,  pres,  I'.t.  to  squeeze  or  crush 
strongly  :  to .  hug  :  to  drive  with  vio- 
lence :  to  bear  heavily  on  :  to  distress : 
to  urge  :  to  inculcate  with  earnestness. — 
v.i.  to  exert  pressure  :  to  push  with  force: 
to  crowd :  to  go  forward  with  \'iolence  : 
to  urge  with  vehemence  and  importunity: 
to  exert  a  strong  influence. — )i.  Press'ER. 
[Fr.  presser — L.  presso—premo,  pressus, 
to  squeeze.] 

PRESS,  pres,  n.  an  instrument  for  squeez- 
ing bodies  :  a  printing  machine  :  the  art 
or^business  of  printing  and  publishing  : 
act  of  urging  forward  :  urgency  :  a 
crowd  :  a  closet  for  holding  articles. — 
The  Press,  the  literatm-e  of  a  country, 
esp.  newspapers. — Press  of  Sail,  as  much 
sail  as  can  be  carried. 

PRESS,  pres,  v.t.  (orig.)  to  engage  men  by 
prest  or  earnest-money  for  the  public 
service  :  to  carry  men  off  by  violence  to 
become  soldiers  or  sailors. — ?!.  Press'- 
MONEY,  earnest-money.  [Corr.  from  old 
form  prest,  from  O.  Fr.  prester  (Fr.  prS- 
ter),  to  lend — L.  prcesto,  to  stand  before, 
to  offer^prcp,  before,  and  sto,  E.  Stand.] 

PRESSFAT.  pres'fat,  n.  (B.)  the  vat  of  an 
olive  or  wine  press  for  collecting  the 
liquor. 

PRESSGANG,  pres'gang,  n.  a  gang  or  body 
of^saQors  under  an  officer  empowered  to 
impress  men  into  the  navy.  [See  PRESS, 
to  carry  men  off,  etc.] 

PRESSING,  pres'mg,  adj.  urgent :  impor- 
tunate :  forcible.— adf.  Peess'ingly. 

PRESSURE,  presh'ur,  n.  act  of  pressing: 
a  squeezing  :  the  state  of  being  pressed :  j 
impulse  :  constraining  force  :  that  which 
presses  or  afflicts  :  difficulties  :  urgency : 
(physics)  the  action  of  force  on  some- 
thing resisting  it.  [O.  Fr.— L.  pressura 
— premo.] 

PRESTIDIGITATION,  pres'ti-dij'it-a-shun, 
also  Prestio'iation,  n.  sleight  of  hand, 

— n.    PRES'TIDIG'n'ATOR    and    PEESTIO'lAe 

TOE,  one  who  practices  such. 


PRESTIGE 


339 


PRIMITIVE 


PRESTIGE,  pres'tij  or  pres'tezh,  w.  inBu- 
ence  arising  from  past  conduct  or  from 
reputation.  [Orig.  "illusion"  or  "de- 
ception," Fr  — L.  iJrcestigium—prcestUn}- 
guo,  to  obscure,  to  deceive.] 

PRESUMABLE,  pre-zum'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  presumed. — adv.   Presum'ably. 

PRESUME,  pre-zum',  v.t.  to  take  as  true 
without  examination  or  proof :  to  take 
for  granted. — v.i.  to  venture  beyond  what 
one  has  gi-ound  for:  to  act  forwardly. 
[Lit.  "  to  take  beforehand,"  Fr.  presumer 
— Li.prcesumo — pi-oe,  before,  sumo,  to  take 
— stS.  under,  and  emo,  to  take,  to  buy.] 

PRESUMING,  pre-zian'ing,  adj.  venturing 
without  permission  :  unreasonably  bold. 
— adv.  Presum'ingly. 

PRESUMPTION,  pre-zum'shun,  n.  act  of 
presuming :  supposition  :  strong  proba- 
bility: confidence  grounded  on  something 
not  proved  :  forward  conduct :  (lau-)  as- 
suming the  truth  of  certain  facts  froM 
circumstantial  evidence.  [Through  O. 
Fr.,  from  h.  prasumptio,  -onis.] 

PRESUMPTIVE,  pre-zump'tiv,  adj.,  pre- 
suming :  grounded  on  probable  evidence: 
(late)    proving   circumstantially.  —  adv. 

PRESUirP'Tl  V  ELY. 

PRESUMPTUOUS,  pre-zump'tu-us,  adj. 
full  of  presumption :  bold  and  confident : 
founded  on  presumption  :  willful. — adv. 
Peesump'tuously.  —  n.  Peesump'tcous- 
NESS.     [L.  prcesumptuoszts.] 

PRESUPPOSE,  pre-sup-poz',  v.t.  to  mppose 
before  other  things  :  to  assume. — n.  Pre- 
suppos:'tion.  [L.  prce,  before,  and  Sup- 
pose.] 

PRETENCE,  pre-tens',  n.  something  pre- 
tended :  appearance  or  show  :  pretext : 
assumption  :  claim. 

PRETEND,  pre-tend',  v.t.  to  hold  out  as  a 
cloak  for  something  else :  to  offer  some- 
thing feigned :  to  affect  to  feel. — v.i.  to  put 
in  a  claim. — n.  Pretend'er.  [Lit.  "  to 
stretch  out  before  one,"  Fr.  priiendre — 
L.  prcetendo — prce,  before,  tendo,  tentum, 
tensum,  to  stretch.] 

PRETENSION,  pre-ten'shun,  n.  something 
pretended  :  false  or  fictitious  appearance: 
claim. 

PRETENTIOUS,  pre-ten'shus,  a^j.  marked 
by  or;containing  pretoice;  presumptuous: 
arrogant. 

PRETERIMPERFECT,  pre-ter-im-ptr'fekt, 
adj.  implying  that  an  event  was  happen- 
ing at  a  certain  time.  [L.  prtBter,  beyond, 
and  Imperfect.] 

PRETERIT,  PRETERITE,  pret'er-it,  adj., 
gone  by  :  past :  noting  thepos^  tense. — n. 
the  past  tense.  [L.  prceteritua—prceter, 
beyond,  and  eo.  Hum,  to  go.] 

PRETERMISSION,  pre-ter-mish'un,  n.  the 
act  of  passing  by  :  omission. 

PRETERMIT,  pre-ter-mit',  v.t.  to  pass  by  : 
to  omit : — pr.p.  pretermitting; pa. <.  and 
pa.p.  pretermitt'ed.  [L.  prmter,  past, 
and  mitto,  to  send.] 

PRETERNATURAL,  pre-ter-nat'u-ral,  ac^. 
beyond  what  is  natural:  extraordinary. 
— adv.  PRETERNAT'tTRALLY.  [L.  prceter, 
beyond,  and  Natceal.] 

PRETERPERFECT,  pre-ter-per'fekt,  adj. 
denoting  the  perfect  tense,  [h.  prceter, 
more  than,  and  Perfect.] 

PRETERPLUPERFECT,  pre-ter-ploo'per- 
fekt,  adj.  denoting  the  pluperfect  tense. 
[L.  proeter,  beyond,  and  Pluperfect.] 

PRETEXT,  pre'tekst  or  pre-tekst',  n.  an 
ostensible  motive  or  reason  put  forwai-d 
in  order  to  conceal  the  real  one :  a 
pretence.  [Lit.  "  something  woven  in 
front,"  L.  pnetextum — pratexo — prae, 
before,  texo,  to  weave.] 

PRETOR,  etc.    See  Pr^TOR,  etc. 

PRETTILY,  pret'i-li,  adv.  in  apretty  man- 
ner  :  pleasingly :  elegantly  :  neatly. 

PRETTY,  pret'j,  adj.  tasteful;  pleasing: 


neat  ;  beautiful  without  dignity  :  small : 
affected  :  (in  contempt)  fine. — n.  Prett'- 
INESS.  [A.S.  prcettig,  tricky  — prcett, 
trickery  ;  prob.  from  the  Celt.,  as  W. 
praith,  a  deed.] 

PRETTY,  pret'i,  adv.  in  some  degree:  mod- 
erately. 

PRETYPIFY,  pre-tip'i-fi,  v.t.  to  represent 
beforehsiud  in  a  type.  [L.  prce,  before, 
and  Typify.] 

PREVAIL,  pre-val',  v.i.  to  be  very  poicer- 
ful :  to  have  influence  or  effect :  to  over- 
come :  to  gain  the  advantage  :  to  be  in 
force  :  to  succeed.  [Fr.  prevaloir — L, 
prcevaleo — prce,  before  or  above  others, 
and  valeo,  to  be  powei-ful] 

PREVAILING,  pre-val'ing,  adj.  having 
great  power :  efficacious :  most  general. 

PREVALENCE,  prev'al-ens,  PREVALEN- 
CY,  preVal-en-si,  n.  the  state  of  being 
prevalent :  preponderance :  superiority  ; 
influence :  efficacy. 

PREVALENT,  prev'al-ent,  adj., prevailing: 
having  g^eat  power  :  victorious  :  most 
common. — adv.  Prev'alently. 

PREVARICATE,  pre-var'i-kat,  v.i.  to  shift 
about  from  side  to  side,  to  evade  the 
truth :  to  quibble.  [Lit.  "  to  spread  the 
legs  apart  in  walking,"  L.  prcevaricor, 
•atus — prce,  inten.,  and  various,  strad- 
dling— varus,  bent,  straddling.] 

PREVARICATION,  pre-var-i-ka'shun,  7iJ 
the  act  of  quibbling  to  evade  the  truth. 

PREVARICATOR,  pre-vaKi-kat-or,  n.  one 
who  prevaricates  to  evade  the  trath : 
a  quibbler. 

PREVENT,  pre-vent',  v.t.  to  hinder:  to 
obviate.  [Lit.  and  orig.  "  to  come  or  go 
before,"  L.  prceventus,  pa.p.  otprcevenio 
— prce,  before,  and  venio,  to  come.] 

PREVENTABLE,  pre-vent'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  prevented  or  hindered. 

PREVENTION,  pre-ven'shun,  n.  act  of  pre- 
venting: anticipation:  obstruction.  [Lit. 
"  a  coming  before."] 

PREVENTIVE,  pre-vent'iv,  adj.  tending 
to  jirevent  or  hinder:  preservative. — n. 
that  which  prevents  :  a  presen'ative. 

PREVIOUS,  pre'vi-us,  adj.,  going  before: 
former. — adv.  Pee'viotjsly.  [Lit.  "on 
the  way  before,"  L.  prcevius — prce,  be- 
fore, and  via,  a  way.] 

PBEWABN,  pre-wawrn',  v.t.  to  warn  be- 
/orehand.  [L.  prw,  before,  and  Warn  ; 
s  hybrid  word,  a  quite  unnecessary 
synonym   of  the   correct    form   Fore- 

WARN.] 

PREY,  pra.  n.  booty:  plunder:  that  whicli 
is  or  may  be  seized  to  be  devoured. 
— v.i.  to  plunder  :  to  seize  and  devour : 
to  waste  or  impair  gradually  :  to  weigh 
heavily  (followed  by  on  or  upon).  [O.Fr. 
praie  (Fi-.  proie) — L.  prceda.] 

PRICE,  pris,  n.  that  at  whicli  anything  is 
prized,  valued  or  bought:  excellence: 
recompense. — v.t.  to  set  a  value  on.  [O. 
Fr.  2)ris  (Fr.  pri.x) — Li.pretium,  akin  to 
Gr.  priamni,  to  buy.    See  Prize,  -y.] 

PRICELESS,  prlsles,  adj.  beyond  price: 
invaluable  ;  without  value:  worthless. 

PRICK,  prik,  n.  a.  sharp  point :  a  puncture  : 
a  sting  :  remorse. — v.t.  to  pierce  with  a 
prick :  to  erect  any  pointed  thing :  to  fix 
by  the  f  otnt :  to  put  on  by  puncturing : 
to  mark  or  make  by  pricking :  to  incite]: 
to  pain : — pa.t.  and  pa.p.  pricked.  [A.S. 
prtcH,  a  point,  a  dot,  cog.  with  Ger. 
prick-eln,  Dut.  prikh-el,  a  prickle.] 

PRICKER,  prik'er,  n.  that  vrhich  pricks : 
a  sharp-pointed  instrument :  light-horse- 
man. 

PRICKLE,  prikl,  n.  a  little  prick :  a  sharp 
point  growing  from  the  bark  of  a  plant. 

PRICKLY,  prikli,  adj.  full  of  prickles.— n. 
Prick'liness. 

PRICKLY-PEAR,  prikli-par,  n.  a  class  of 
plants  generally  covered  with  clusters  of 


strong  hairs  or  prickles,  and  bearing  fruit 
like  the  pear. 

PRIDE,  prid,  n.  state  or  feeling  of  being 
proud :  extreme  self-esteem  :  haughti- 
ness ;  noble  self-esteem  :  that  of  which 
men  are  proud:  that  which  excites  boast- 
ing.— v.t.  to  take  pride  :  to  value  (fol- 
lowed by  a  reciprocjil  pron.).  [A.S.  pryte 
—prut,  proud.    See  Proud.]  ,' 

PRIEST,  prest,  n.  one  who  officiates  io 
sacred  offices :  one  above  a  deacon  and 
below  a  bishop  :  a  clergyman:— /eni. 
Priest'ess.  [A.S.  preost  (O.  Fr.  jjrestre, 
Fr.  pretre),  contr.  of  L.  presbyter,  an 
elder  or  presbyter.  Doublet  Presbyte».J 

PRIESTCRAFT,  prest'kraft,  n.  priestly 
pohcy  ;  the  craft  or  schemes  of  priests 
to  gain  wealth  or  power. 

PRIESTHOOD,  prest'hood,  n.  the  office  or 
character  of  a  priest :  the  priestly  order. 

PRIESTLY,  prest'li,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
resembUng  a.  priest. — it.  Priest'linesB. 

PRIEST-RIDDEN,  prest'-rid'en,  ocO'.,  ri(i- 
den  or  controlled  entirely  bj  j^riests. 

PRIG,  prig,  71.  a  pert  fellow  who  givea 
himself  airs  of  superior  wisdom.  [Ety. 
unknown.] 

PRIG,  prig,  n.  a  thief.     [Ety.  dub.] 

PRIM,  prim,  adj.  exact  and  precise  in  man- 
ner:  affectedly  nice.  —  v.t.  to  deck  with 
great  nicety  :  to  form  with  affected  pre- 
ciseness  : — pr.p.  primm'ing  ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  primmed. — adv.  Prim'ly.— ».  PRm'- 
m;ss.  «  [O.  Fr.  pi-im,  fem.  prime  —  L, 
primus,  prima,  first.] 

PRIMACY,  prl'ma-si,  n.  the  office  or  dig- 
nity of  a,  primate  or  archbishop. 

PRIMA-DONNA,  pre'ma-don'a,  n.  theirs* 
or  leading  female  singer  in  an  opera. 
[Lit.  "first  lady" — It. — 1j.  prima  domina.\ 

PRIMAGE,  prim'aj,  n.  an  allowance  to  the: 
captain  of  a  vessel  by  the  shipper  or  coQ» 
signee  of  goods  for  loading  the  same«(' 
[See  Prime,  first.]  v 

PRIMAL,  prl'mal,  adj.,  first :  original. 

PRIMARY,  pri'mar-i,  adj.,  first,  original: 
cluef :  primitive. — n.  that  which  is  high- 
est in  rank  or  importance. — adv.  Fajf- 
marily. 

PRIMATE,  pri'raat,  n.  the  first  or  highest 
dignitary  in  a  church  :  an  archbishop. — 
H.  Pri'mateship. 

PRIME,  prim,  adj.,  first,  in  order  of  time, 
rank,  or  importance  :  chief :  excellent't 
original :  early. — n.  the  beginning :  the 
dawn  :  the  spring :  the  best  part :  the 
height  of  perfection.  [L.  primus  (for 
pro-i-mus),  cog.  with  A.S.  for-ma.  Of. 
Former  and  Prior.] 

PRIME,  prim,  v.t.  to  put  powder  on  the 
nipple  of  a  firearm  :  to  lay  on  the  first; 
coating  of  color. — v.i.  to  ser\'e  for 'the 
charge  of  a  gim.     [See  Phimb,  adj.] 

PRIME-MINISTER,  prlm-min'is-ter,  n.  the 
first  or  cliiet  nmnster  of  state.  [See 
Premier.] 

PRIME-NUMBER,  prim-num'ber,  n.  a.  first 
number,  i.e.  one  divisible  only  by  itself 
or  unity. 

PRIMER,  prim'er  or  prim'-,  n.  a,  first  bookj 
a  work  of  elementary  rehgious  instme- 
tion:  a  first  reading-book:  an  elementacy 
introduction  to  any  subject.  [Orig.  » 
small  pr^er-book.] 

PRIMEVAL,  pri-me'val,  adj.  belonging  to 
the  first  ages:  original:  primitive.  [L, 
primcenis— primus,  first,  and  oermm,  au 
age.    See  Age.] 

PRIMING,  prim'ing,  n.  the  first  coating  of 
color  :  the  powder  in  the  nipple  of  a  fire- 
arm.    

PRIMITIVE,  prim'i-tiv,  adj.  belonging  tO' 
the  beginning,  or  to  the  first  times  r 
original :  ancient :  antiquated  :  old-fash-f 
ioned  :  not  derived. — n.  a  primitive  word,, 
or  one  not  derived  from  another. — adftx 


TRIMOGENIAL 


340 


PROCEED 


EEiM'rnvELT. — n.  PRrn'mvENESS.  [Fr. 
^-L.  primitiviis,  an  extension  oi primus.] 

PRDIOGENIAL,  pri-mo-je'ni-al,  adj.,  first 
bom  or  made :  primarj' :  constituent. 
[L.  primus,  first,  and  geno,  genitus,  to 
beg-et.     See  Genxs.] 

PRrXIOGE>T:TOR,  pri-mo-jen'i-tor,  n.  the 
first  begetter  or  fatlier :  a  forefather. 

yRIMOGEXITURE,  pri-mo-jen'i-tur,  w. 
state  of  being  boni  first  of  the  same 
parents :  (laic)  the  right  of  inheritance 
of  the  eldest  born. 

JPRDIORDIAL,  pri-mor'di-al,  adj.,  first  in 
order :  original :  existing  from  the  be- 
ginning.— H.  first  principle  or  element. 
fti.  primus,  first,  and  ordo,  order.] 

PRDiROSE,  prim'roz,  n.  an  early  spring 
flower  common  in  woods  and  meadows, 
pat.  the  "  first  rose,"  Fr.  prime  rose — 
L.  prima  rosa :  see  Prdie  and  Rose. 
Historically,  this  form  took  the  place  of 
M.E.  primerole,  which  is  traced  through 
O.  Fr.  primerole  and  Low  L.  diminutive 
forms  to  L.  primus.] 

PRINCE,  prins,  n.  one  of  highest  rank :  a 
sovereign  :  son  of  a  king  or  emperor : 
the  chief  of  any  body  of  men  •.—fern. 
Princess,  prin'ses.  [Lit.  "one  taking 
the  first  place,"  Fr. — L.  princeps — pri- 
mus, first,  capio,  to  take.] 

PRINCEDOM,  prins'dum,  n.  the  estate, 
jurisdiction,  sovereignty,  or  rank  of  a 
prince. 

PRINCELY,  prinsli,  adj.,  princdi'ke  :  be- 
coming a  prince :  grand :  august:  regal. — 
adv.  in  a  princelike  manner. —  n.  Prisce'- 

LDfESS. 

PRINCIPAL,  prin'si-pal,  adj.  taking  the 
first  place :  highest  in  character  or  im- 
portance: chief. — n.  a  principal  person  or 
thing  :  a  head,  as  of  a  school  or  college  : 
one  who  takes  a  leading  part :  money  on 
which  interest  is  paid  :  (arch.)  a  main 
beam  or  timber  :  (law)  the  perpetrator  of 
a  crime,  or  an  abettor  :  {music)  an  organ 
stop. —  adv.  PRrs'ciPALLY.  [L.  princip- 
alis.] 

PRINCIPALirY,  prin-si-pal'i-ti,  re.  the  ter- 
ritory of  a  prince  or  the  country  which 
gives  title  to  him  :  obs.  (S.)  a  prince,  a 
power. 

PRINCIPLE,  prin'si-pl,  n.  a  fundamental 
truth  :  a  law  or  doctrine  from  which 
others  are  derived  :  an  original  faculty  of 
the  mind:  a  settled  rule  of  action:  (chem.) 
a  constituent  part. — v.t.  to  establish  in 
principles :  to  impress  with  a  doctrine. 
tL.  principium,  beginning — princeps.] 

PRINT,  print,  v.t.  to  press  or  impress :  to 
mark  by  pressure  :  to  impress  letters  on 
paper,  etc.:  to  pubUsh. — v.i.  to  practicfe 
the  art  of  printing :  to  publish  a  book. — 
tu  a  ma/'k  or  character  made  by  impres- 
sion :  the  impression  of  types  in  general: 
a  copy  :  an  engraving :  a  newspaper :  a 
printed  cloth  :  calico :  that  which  im- 
presses its  form  on  anything :  a  cut,  in 
wood  or  metaJ :  (arch.)  a  plaster-cast  in 
low  relief.  [Shortened  from  O.  Fr.  em- 
preindre,  empreint  —  L.  imprimo  —  in, 
into,  axiA  premo,  to  press.] 

PRINTER,  print'er,  n.  one  who  prints,  esp. 
books,  newspapers,  etc. 

PRINTING,  print'ing,  n.  act,  art,  or  prac- 
tice of  printing. 

^RIOR,  prl'or,  adj.,  former :  previous: 
coming  before  in  time. — n.  the  nead  of  a 
priory:— /e7n.  PEfoEESS.  [L.  pnbr,  form- 
er, earlier,  comp.  from  a  positive  form 
pro-,  m  front.     See  Prime.] 

fRIORATE,  pri'or-at,  PRIORSHIP,  pri'or- 
ship,  n.  the  government  or  oflice  of  a 
prior. 

PRIORITY,  pri-or'i-ti,  n.  state  of  being 
prior  or  first  in  time,  place,  or  rank : 
preference. 

PKIORY,  prTor-i,  a.  a  convent  of  either 


sex,  under  a  prior  or  prioress,  and  next 
below  an  abbey. 

PRISM,  prizm,  'n.  (geom.)  a  solid  whose 
ends  are  similar,  equal,  and  parallel 
planes,  and  whose  sides  are  parallelo- 
grams :  (fiptics)  a  solid  glass,  triangular- 
shaped  body.  [Lit.  "anything  sawn," 
L.--Gr.  prism-a,  -atos,  from  prizo,  to 
saw.] 

PRIS5I-A.TIC,  priz-mat'ik,  PRISMATICAls 
priz-mat'ik-al,  adj.  resembling  or  per- 
taining to  a  prism:  formed  by  a  prism. 
— adv.  Prismat'ically. 

PRISMOID,  priz'moid,  w.  a  figure  in  the 
form  of  a  prism.  [Prism,  and  Gr.  eidos, 
form.] 

PRISON,  priz'n,  n.  a  building  for  the  con- 
finement of  criminals,  etc.:  a  jail:  any 
place  of  confinement.  [Fr. — L.  prensio, 
■onis,  for  prehensio,  a  seizing— pre-Tiendo, 
-hensus,  to  seize,  from  obs.  kendo.  See 
Get.] 

PRISONER,  priz'n.er,  n.  one  arrested  or 
confined  in  prison  :  a  captive. 

PRISTINE,  pris'tin,  adj.  as  at  first :  former: 
belonging  to  the  beginning  or  earliest 
time  :  ancient.  [O.  Fr. — L.  pristinus, 
from  pris-  (=^prius,  earlier),  and  -tenus, 
stretching.] 

PRIVACY,  pi-Tva-si  or  priv'-,  n.  state  of 
being  private  or  retu-ed  from  company  or 
observation  :  a  place  of  seclusion :  retreat: 
retirement :  secrecy. 

PRIVATE,  pri'vat,  acff.  apart  from  the 
state  :  not  invested  with  public  office  : 
peculiar  to  one's  self:  belonging  to  an 
individual  person  or  company  :  not  pub- 
lic :  retired  from  observation  :  secret : 
not  publicly  known  :  not  holding  a  com- 
mission.—  n.  a  common  soldier. —  adv. 
Pri'vately.  —  n.  Pri'vaten-ess.  [Lit.  ; 
"cut  off  from  others,"  L.  prii-atus,  pa. p. 
of  privo,  to  separate — privus,  single. 
Doublet  Privy.] 

PRIVATEER,  prl-va-ter',  n.  an  armed 
private  vessel  commissioned  to  seize  and 
plunder  an  enemy's  ships. — v.i.  to  cruise 
in  a  privateer  :  to  fit  out  privateers. 

PRIVATION,  pri-va'shun,  n.  state  of  being 
deprived  of  something,  esp.  of  what  is 
necessary  for  comfort  :  destitution  : 
hardship  :  absence  of  any  quality.  [Fr. 
See  under  Peiyate.] 

PRIVATIVE,  priVa-tiv,  adj.  causing^nra- 
tion :  consisting  in  the  absence  of  some- 
thing.— n.  that  which  is  privative  or  de- 
pends on  the  absence  of  something  else  : 
{logic)  a  term  denoting  the  absence  of  a 
quality  :  {gram.)  a  prefix  denoting  ab- 
sence or  negation. — adv.  PrpVativkly. 


PRIV" 


PRIVET,  priv'et,  n.  a  half-evergreen  Euro- 
pean shrub  much  used  for  hedges.  [Ety. 
unknown.] 

PRIVILEGE,  prii''i-lej,  n.  a  peculiar  ad- 
vantage :  a  right  not  general :  preroga- 
tive.— v.t.  to  grant  a  privilege  to :  to 
exempt.  [Fr. — L.  privHegium,  lit.  "  a  law 
regarding  only  a  single  person  " — privrts, 
sino-le.  and  lea;  legis,  a  law.] 

PRIVILY, priVi-li,  adv. privately: secretly. 

PRIVITY,  priVi-ti,  n.  joint  knowledge  of 
somethingpm'afe  or  confidential:  knowl- 
edge implying  concurrence  :—pl.  secret 
parts. 

PRIVY,  priv*!,  adj.,  private :  pertaining  to 
one  person  :  for  private  uses  :  secret :  ap- 
propriated to  retirement :  admitted  to 
the  knowledge  of  something  secret. — n, 
(law)  a  person  having  an  interest  in  an 
action  :  a  necessary-house. — ;;.  Priyy- 
COUKCIL,  the  private  council  of  a  sov- 
ereign to  advise  in  the  administration  of 
government. — n.  Prity-COUNCILLOR,  a 
member  of  the  privy-council. — n.  Privy- 
purse,  the  purse  or  money  for  the  private 
or  personal   use  of  the    sovereign.- 


Pefvy  seal  or  signet,  the  seal  used  by 
or  for  the  king  in  subordinate  mattars, 
or  those  which  are  not  to  pass  the  great 
seal.  [Fr.  prive  —  L.  privatus.  See 
Private.] 

PRIZE,  priz,  n.  that  which  is  taken  or 
gained  by  competition  :  anything  taken 
from  an  enemy  in  war  :  a  captured  ves- 
sel :  that  which  is  won  in  a  lottery  :  any- 
thing offered  for  competition  :  a  reward. 
[Fr.  prise— pris,  taken,  pa.  p.  ot  prendre 
— L.  pre(he)ndo.    See  Prison.] 

PRIZE,  priz,  v.t.  to  set  a  price  on :  to 
value :  to  value  highly.  [Fr.  ])riser — O. 
Fr.  pris,  price  (Fr.  prix) — L.  pretium, 
price,  value.] 

PRIZE-COURT,  prlz'-kort,  n.  a  court  for 
judging  regarding  prizes  made  on  the 
nigh  seas. 

PRIZE-FIGHTER,  priz'-fit'er,  n.  i  boxer 
who  fights  publicly  for  a  prize.  —  n. 
Prize'-fight'ing. 

PRIZE-MONEY,  priz'-mun'i,  n.  share  of 
the  money  or  proceeds  from  any  prizes 
taken  from  an  enemv. 

PROA,  pro'a,  n.  a  small  Malay  sailing-ves- 
sel.    [JIalaypraM.] 

PROBABILITY,  prob-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  quality 
of  being  probable  :  appearance  of  truth 
that  which  is  probable  :  chance. 

PROBABLE,  prob'a-bl,  adj.  having  more 
evidence  for  than  against:  gi\'ing  ground 
for  belief :  likely.  —  adv.  Prob'ablY; 
[Orig.  "that  may  be  proved,"  Fr. — L= 
probabilis—probo,  probatus,  to  prove— 
probus,  good,  excellent.    See  Prove.] 

PROBATE,  proTaat,  ?;.  the  proof  before 
competent  authoritj-  that  an  instrument, 
purporting  to  be  the  vsdll  of  a  person  de- 
ceased, is  indeed  his  lawful  act :  the  offi- 
cial copy  of  a  will,  with  the  certificate  of 
its  having  been  proved :  the  right  or 
jurisdiction  of  proving  wills.  [L.  pr' 
bat^lm,  proved.    See  Probable.] 

PROBATION,  pro-ba'shun,  n.  act  of  prob- 
ing :  any  proceeding  to  elict  truth,  etc.: 
trial  :  time  of  trial :  moral  trial :  novIti= 
ate.     [Fr.— L.] 

PROBATIONAL,  pro-ba'shun-al,  PROBA- 
TIONARY, pro-Da'shun-ar-i,  adj.  relat- 
ing to  probation  or  trial. 

PROBATIONER,  pro-ba'shun-er,  n.  one 
who  is  on  probation  or  trial :  {Scotland) 
one  licensed  to  preach,  but  not  ordained 
to  a  pastorate. 

PROBATIVE,  prolia-tiv,  PROBATORY, 
pro'ba-tor-i,  adj.  ser\'ing  for  proof  or 
trial :  relating  to  proof. 

PROBE,  prob,  n.  an  instrument  for  proving 
or  examining  a  wound,  etc.:  that  which 
tries  or  probes. — v.t.  to  examine  with  or 
as  with  a,  probe :  to  examine  thoroughly, 
[L.  probo.  to  prove.] 

PROBITY,  prob'i-ti,  n.  uprightness  :  hon- 
esty. [Fi-. — L.  probitas — probus,  goodj 
excellent.] 

PROBLEM,  problem,  n.  a  matter  difficult 
of  settlement  or  solution:  {geom.)  a  propo- 
sition in  which  something  is  required  to 
be  done.  [Lit.  "  a  question  throtvn  or  put 
forivard,  'Ft. — L. — Gr.  problema,  -atos 
— pro,  before,  and  ballo,  to  throwj 

PROBLESIATIC,  prob-lem-at'ik,  PROB- 
LEMATICAL, prob-lem-at'ik-al,  adj.  of 
the  nature  of  a  problem  :  questionable : 
doubtful.— adf.  Peoblemat'ically. 

PROBOSCIS,  pro-bos'is,  n.  the  trunk  of 
some  animals,  as  the  elephant,  for  convey- 
ing food  to  the  moutli.  [L. — Gr.— pro- 
bosMs,  a  trunk,  lit.  "  front-feeder  "—pra 
in  front,  and  bosko  (L.  pasco),  to  feed.] 

PROCEDURE,  pro-sed'ur,  n.  the  act  of 
proceeding :  progress  :  process:  conduct. 

PROCEED,  pro-sed',  v.i.  to  gofonvard:  to 
advance  :  to  issue  :  to  be  produced :  to 
prosecute.  [Fr.  procider—L.  procedo-^- 
pro,  before,  and  cedo,  cessum,  to  go.] 


PROCEEDING 


341 


PROFOUNDNESS 


PROCEEDING,  pro-sed'ing,  n.  a  going 
forth  or  foni-ard  :  progress  :  step  : 
operation  :  transaction.  . 

PROCEEDS,  pro'sedz,  n.pl.  the  money  ^o- 
ceeding  or  arising  from  anything  :  rent : 
produce. 

PROCESS,  pros'es  or  pro'-,  n.  a  going  for- 
ward :  gradual  progress  :  operation  :  the 
whole  proceedings  in  an  action  or  prose- 
cution :  series  of  measures  :  a  projection 
on  a  bone.     [Fr.  prods — L.  processus.] 

PROCESSION,  pro-sesh'un,  n.  the  act  of 
proceeding :  a  train  of  persons  in  a 
formal  march.     [Fr. — L.] 

PROCESSIONAL,  pro-sesh'un-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  jyrocession :  consisting  in  a 
procession. — n.  a  book  of  the  processions 
of  the  Romish  Church. 

PROCLAIM,  pro-klara',  v.t.  to  publish:  to 
announce  officially. — n.  Proclaim'er. 
[Fr.  proclamer — L.  proelamo^pro,  out, 
and  cldmo.  to  cry.    See  Claim.] 

PROCLAMATION,  prok-la-ma'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  proclaiming :  official  notice  given 
to  the  public. 

PROCLIVITY,  pro-khv'i-ti,  n.  an  inclining 
foncards  :  tendency :  inclination  :  apti- 
tude. [L.  proolivitas — proclivus,  having 
a  slope  forwards  — pro,  forwards,  and 
climis,  a  slope.    See  Decline.] 

PROCONSUL,  pro-kon'sul,  n.  a  Roman 
officer  having  the  power  of  a  consul  with- 
out his  office  :  the  governor  of  a  province. 
[L.^jjro,  instead  of,  and  CONSUL.] 

PROCONSULAR,  pro-kon'su-lar,  aci/.  per- 
taining' to  or  under  the  government  ot  a 
proconsul. 

PROCONSULATE,  pro-kon'su-lat,  PRO- 
CONSULSHIP,  pro-kon'sul-ship,  n.  the 
office  or  term  of  office  of  a  proconsid. 

PROCRASTINATE,  pro-kras'ti-nat,  v.t.  to 
put  off  till  some  future  time:  to  postpone. 
— n.  Peocras'tinator.  [Lit.  "to  put  off 
till  the  morrow,"  L. — pro,  forward,  off, 
and  crastiniis,  of  to-morrow — eras,  to- 
morrow, and  tenus,  stretching.] 

PROCRASTINATION,  pro-kras-ti-na'shun, 
n.  a  putting  off  till  a  future  time:  dila- 
toriness. 

PROCREATE,  pro'kre-at,  v.t.  to  generate  : 
to  propagate.  [L.  procre-o,  -atus — pro, 
forth,  and  creo,  to  produce.  See  Create.] 

PROCREATION,  pro-kre-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  procreating :  generation  :  production. 
[Fr.-L.] 

PROCREATIVE,  pro'kre-a-tiv,  adj.  having 
the  power  to  procreate :  generative : 
productive. — n.  Pro'CREativeness. 

PROCREATOR,  pro'kre-a-tor,  n.  one  who 
procreates:  a  father. 

PROCRUSTEAN,  pro-krus'te-an,  adj.  re- 
ducing by  violence  to  strict  conformity 
to  a  measure  or  model:  from  Procrustes, 
a  fabled  robber  of  ancient  Greece,  who 
stretched  or  cut  a  piece  off  the  legs  of 
his  captives,  so  as  to  fit  them  to  an  iron 
bed,  on  which  he  laid  them.  [Gr.  pro- 
kroustes  (lit.)  "  the  stretcher."] 

PROCTOR,  prok'tor,  ?i.  a  procurator  or 
manager  for  another  :  an  attorney  in  the 
spiritual  courts  :  an  official  in  the  En- 
glish universities  who  attends  to  the 
morals  of  the  students  and  enforces 
obedience  to  university  regulations. — n. 
Proc'torship.    [Contr.  of  Procurator.] 

PROCTORIAL,  prok-to'ri-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  proctor :  magisterial. 

PROCUMBENT,  pro-kum'bent,  adj.,  lean- 
ing forwards :  lying  down  or  on  the  face: 
(hot.)  trailing.  [L.  pro,  forward,  cumbo, 
to  lie  down.T 

PROCURABLE,  pro-kur'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
bs  ipvociiv&d. 

PROCURATION,  prok-ur-a'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  procuring  :  the  act  of  managing 
anotheT's  affairs  :  the  instrument  giving 
power  to  do  this :    in    the    Church    of 


England,  a  sum  paid  by  incumbents  to 
the  bishop  or  archdeacon  on  account  of 
visitations. 

PROCURATOR,  prok'ur-a-tor,  n.  one  who 
takes  care  of  or  attends  to  a  thing  for 
another  :  a  governor  of  a  province  uuder 
the  Roman  emperors. — n.  Proc'urator- 
SHip.    [L.   See  Procure.    Cf.  Proctor.] 

PROCURE,  pro-kur',  v.t.  to  obtain:  to 
cause  :  to  attract.  [Fr.  procurer — L.  pro- 
euro,  to  take  care  of,  to  manage — pro, 
in  behalf  of,  and  euro,  -atus,  to  care  for.] 

PROCUREMENT,  pro-kur'ment,  n.  the  act 
of  procuring :  management :  agency. 

PROCURER,  pro-kur'er,  n.  one  who  pro- 
cures :  a  pimp  :  a  pander  •.—fetn.  Peoc'- 

URESS. 

PRODIGAL,  prod'i-gal,  adj.  wasteful : 
lavish  :  profuse.  —  n.  one  who  throws 
away  from  him  :  a  waster :  a  spend- 
thrift. —  adv.  Prod'igallt,  wastefully. 
[Lit.  "driving  forth  or  awaj%"  Fr.  —  L. 
prodigus—prodigo,  to  drive  away,  squan- 
der—  pro,  forth  or  away,  and  ago,  to 
drive.J 

PRODIGALITY,  prod-i-gal'i-ti,  n.  state  or 
quality  of  being  prodigal :  extrava- 
gance :    profusion. 

PRODIGIOUS,  pro-dij'us,  adj.  Uke  a  prod- 
igy: astonishing:  enormous:  monstrous. 
— adv.  Prodig'iously. — n.  Prodig'ious- 
NESS.  [Fr.  prodigieux — L.  prodigiosus. 
See  Prodigy.] 

PRODIGY,  prod'i-ji,  n.  a  portent :  any- 
thing extraordinary  :  a  wonder :  a  mon- 
ster. [Fr.  prodige — L.  prodigium,  a  pro- 
phetic sign.] 

PRODUCE,  pro-dus',  v.t.  to  lead  or  bring 
forward :  to  bear  :  to  exhibit :  to  yield  : 
to  cause  :  (geom.)  to  extend.  —  n.  Peo- 
duc'er.  [L.  produco,  -ductus — pro,  for- 
ward, and  duco,  to  lead.    See  Duke.] 

PRODUCE,  prod'tis,  n.  that  which  is  pro- 
duced :  product,  proceeds. 

PRODUCIBLE,  pro-dus'i-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  produced :  that  may  be  generated  or 
made  :  that  may  be  exhibited. — n.  Peo- 

DUC'IBLENESS. 

PRODUCT,  prod'ukt,  n.  that  which  is 
produced:  work:  composition  :  effect : 
(arith.)  the  result  of  numbers  multiplied 
together. 

PRODUCTION,  pro-duk'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  producing :  that  which  is  produced  : 
fruit :  product. 

PRODUCTIVE,  pro-duk'tiv,  adj.  having 
the  power  to  ^oditce;  generative  :  fertile: 
efficient. — adv.  Produc'ti  v  ELY. — n.  Pro 

DUC'TIVENESS. 

PROEM,  pro'em,n.  an  introduction:  a  pre- 
lude :  a  preface. —  adj.  Proem'ial.  [Fr. 
proenie — L.  procemium — Gr.  prooimion 
— pro,  before,  and  oi-mos,  a  way — root 
i-,  to  go.] 

PROFANATION,  prof-a-na'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  profaning :  desecration  :  irrever- 
ence to  what  is  holy.     [Fr. — L.] 

PROFANE,  pro-fan',  adj.  unlioly:  impious: 
impure  :  common  :  secular. — adv.  Pro- 
fane'ly.— ?i.  Profane'ness.  [Lit.  "be- 
fore the  temple,"  outside  of  it,  common, 
Fr.—li.  prof  anus— pro,  before,  and/anMm, 
a  temple.     See  Fane.] 

PROFANE,  pro-fan',  v.t.  to  violate  any- 
thing holy:  to  abuse  anything  sacred:  to 
put  to  a  wrong  use  :  (B.)  to  pollute  :  to 
debase. — n.  Profan'er. 

PROFANITY,  pro-fan'i-ti,  n.  irreverence : 
that  which  is  profane :  profane  lan- 
guage.    [L.] 

PROFESS,  pro-fes',  v.t.  to  own  freely  :  to 
declare  in  strong  terms  :  to  announce 
publicly  one's  skill  in.  [Fr.  prof  is,  pro- 
fessed, said  of  a  member  of  a  rehgious 
order — L.  professus,  perf.p.  of  projiteor 
— pro,  publicly,  fateor,  to  confess.  See 
Confess.] 


PROFESSED,  pro-fest',  adj.,  openly  cte 
dared :  avowed  :  acknowledged. — adv. 
Profess'edly. 

PROFESSION,  pro-fesh'un,  n.  the  act  o* 
professing:  open  declaration:  an  em- 
ployment not  mechanical  and  requiring 
some  degree  of  learning  :  calling,  known 
employment :  the  collective  body  of  per- 
sons  engaged  in  any  profession:  entrance 
into  a  religious  order.     [Fr.] 

PROFESSIONAL,  pro-fesh'un-al,  adj  per 
taining  to  a  profession. — n.  one  who 
makes  his  living  bj'  an  art,  as  opposed  to 
an  amateur  who  practices  it  merely  for 
pastime. — adv.  Profess'ionally. 

PROFESSOR,  pro-fes'or,  n.  one  who  jpro= 
f  esses :  one  who  publicly  practices  or 
teaches  any  branch  of  knowledge :  a 
public  and  authorized  teacher  in  a  uni- 
versity.— adj.    Professo'rial. — n.    Pro- 

FESS'ORSmP. 

PROFFER,  prefer,  v.t.  to  bring  forward: 
to  propose  :  to  offer  for  acceptance. — n. 
an  offer  made  :  a  proposal. — n.  Proff'- 
EEER.  [Fr.  proferei — L.  profero — pro. 
forward,  and /ero,  E.  Bear.] 

PROFICIENCE,  pro-fish'ens,  PROFICIEN- 
CY, pro-fish'en-si,  n.  state  of  being  ^wo- 
fieient :  improvement  in  anything. 

PROFICIENT,  pro-fish'ent,  adj  compe- 
tent :  thoroughlj'  qualified. — n.  one  wio 
has  made  considerable  advancement  in 
anything :  an  adept.  —  adv.  Profic'- 
iently.  [L.  proficiens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of 
proficere,  to  make  progress  — pro,  for- 
ward, and /acio,  to  make.] 

PROFILE,  pro'fil,  ?i.  an  outline  .  a  head  or 
portrait  in  a  side-view  :  the  side-face : 
the  outUne  of  any  object  without  fore- 
shortening.— v.t.  to  draw  in  profile.  [It. 
profilo  (Fr.  profil) — L.  pro,  and  fHum,  a 
thread,  outline.] 

PROFIT,  profit,  n.  gain  :  the  gain  result- 
ing from  the  employment  of  capital:  ad- 
vantage :  benefit  :  improvement. — v.t.  to 
benefit  or  be  of  advantage  to:  to  improve, 
—v.i.  to  gain  advantage:  to  receive  profit: 
to  improve:  to  be  of  advantage:  to  bring 
good.  [Fr. — L.  profectus,  progress,  ad- 
va,nce—proficio,profectum.,  to  make  prog- 
ress.   See  Proficient.] 

PROFITABLE,  profit-a-bl,  adj.  jieldingor 
bringing j3ro/!<  or  gain  :  lucrative:  pro- 
ductive: advantageous:  beneficial. — adv. 

PROriTABLY. — n.  PrOF'ITABLENESS.    [Ft.] 

PROFITING,  prof  it-ing,  «.,  profit,  gain,  or 
advantage  :  (B.)  progress  or  proficiency. 

PROFITLESS,  profit -les,  adj.  without 
profit,  gain,  or  advantage. 

PROFLIGACY,  prof  li  -  gas  -  i,  PROFLI- 
GATENESS,  prof  li-gat-nes,  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  profligate:  a  profli- 
gate or  vicious  course  of  life. 

PROFLIGATE,  prof  li-gat,  adj  abandone<i 
to  vice  :  without  virtue  or  decency  :  dis- 
solute: prodigal. — n.  one  leading  a  profli=- 
gate  life  :  one  shamelessly  vicious. — adv. 
Prof'ligately.  [Lit.  "dashed  down," 
L.  pirofligatus,  pa.p.  ot  profligo—pro,  and 
fligo,  to  dash,  E.  Blow,  n.] 

PROFOUND,  pro-fownd',  adj.  far  below 
the  surface  :  low  :  very  deep  :  intense  : 
abstruse  :  mj'sterious  :  occult :  intellect- 
ually deep  :  penetrating  deeply  into 
knowledge. — n.  the  sea  or  ocean.  [Lit. 
"deep,"  Fr.  prof  and  —  L.  profundus  — 
pro,  forward,  downward,  and  fundus,  E= 
Bottom.] 

PROFOUNDLY,  pro-fownd'li,  adv.  deeply  : 
with  deep  knowledge  or  insight :  with 
deep  concern. 

PROFOUNDNESS,  pro-fownd'nes,  PRO- 
FUNDITY, pro-fund'it-i,  «.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  prof  ound:  depth  of  place, 
of  knowledge,  etc. 


PROFUSE 


343 


PROP 


PBOFUSE,  pro-fus',  adj.  liberal  to  excess : 
lavish  :  extravagant  :  prodigal.  —  adi\ 
Profuse'ly.  [L.  profusiis,  pa. p.  of  pro- 
fundo—pro,  forth,  and  fundo,  to  pour. 
See  Fuse,  ».] 

PE0FUSENES8,  pro-fus'nes,PR0FUSION, 
pro-fu'zkun,  n.  state  of  being  profuse: 
rich  abundance :  extravagance  :  prodi- 
gality. 

PROGENITOR,  pro-jen'it-or,  n.  a  fore- 
father :  an  ancestor.  [Fr. — ^L.— ^ro,  be- 
fore, and  genitor,  a  parent,  from  root 
gan  in  gigno,  genitics,  to  beget.] 

PROGENY,  proj'en-i,  n.  that  which  is 
brought  forth :  descendants:  race:  chil- 
dren. 

PROGNOSIS,  prog-no'sis,n.,/orefcno(rfe<isre.* 
(jjied.)  the  act  or  art  of  foretelling  the 
course  of  a  disease  from  the  symptoms  : 
the  opinion  thus  formed.  [Gr. — pro,  be- 
fore, gignosko,  root  gna,  to  know.] 

PROGNOSTIC,  prog-nos'tik,  7!.  a  foreshow- 
ing :  an  indication:  a  presage.— arfj.  fore- 
knowing :  foreshowing :  indicating  what 
is  to  happen  by  signs  or  symptoms. 
[Through  O.  Fr.  (Fr.  pronostie)  from  Gr. 
prognostikon.] 

PROGNOSTICATE,  prog-nos'ti-kat,  v.t.  to 
foreshow :  to  foretell :  to  indicate  as  fu- 
ture by  signs. 

PROGNteTlCATION.prog-nos-ti-ka'shun, 
n.  the  act  ot  prognosticating  or  foretell- 
ing something  future  by  present  signs :  a 
foretoken  or  previous  sign. 

PROGNOSTICATOR,  prog-nos'ti-ka-tor,  n. 
a  predictor  ot  future  events,  esp.  a  weath- 
er prophet. 

PROGRAJVEME,  PROGRAM,   pro'grara,  n. 
a  public  notice  in  writing :  an  outline  of 
any  forthcoming  proceeding :  a  prelim- 
inary outline.     [Lit.  "  something  written 
)    pubficly,"  Fr. — L. — Gr.  programma— pro, 
J    before,  and  grapho,  to  write.] 
'PROGRESS,  prog'res,  n.  a  going  fonvard: 
advance  :     improvement :     proficiency : 
course  :  passage  :  procession  :  a  journey 
of  state  :  a  circuit.     [Fr. — L.  jyrogressits 
— progredior,   to  go  forward— jjro,   for- 
w^ard,  and  gradior,  to  go.] 

PROGRESS,  pro-gres',  v.i.  to  go  forward ; 
to  make  progress :  to  proceed :  to  ad- 
vance :  to  improve. 

PROGRESSION,  pro-gresh'un,  n.,  motion 
onward :  progress :  regular  and  gradual 
advance  :  increase  or  decrease  of  num- 
bers or  magnitudes  according  to  a  fixed 
Saw :  {music)  a  regular  succession  of 
choi-ds  or  movement  in  harmony. — adj. 
Prooress'ional.     [Fr.] 

PROGRESSIVE,  pro-gres'iv,  adj.. progress- 
ing or  moving  forward:  advancing  gradu- 
ally :  improving. — adv.  Pbogeess'IVELT. 

— n.  PROSRESS'rVENESS. 

PROHIBIT,  pro-hib'it,  v.t.  to  hinder :  to 
check  or  repress  :  to  prevent :  to  forbid  : 
to  interdict  by  authority.  |Xit.  "  to  hold 
an  front,"  L.  prohibeo,  proliibititm—pro, 
before,  and  habeo,  to  have.    See  Have.1 

PROHIBITION,  pro-hi-bish'un,  n.  the  act 
of  prohibiting,  forbidding,  or  interdict- 
ins  :  an  interdict. 

PROHIBITIVE,  pro-hib'it-iv,  PROHIBIT- 
ORY, pro-hib'it-or-i,  adj.  that  prohibits 
or  forbids ;  forbidding. 

PROJECT,  proj'elvt,  n.  a  plan  :  a  scheme  : 

I  contrivance.  HLit.  "a  thing  cast  for- 
ward," O.  Fr.  (Pr.  projet}—L.  projectum 
— pro.  before,  AnA  jacio,  to  throw.] 

PROJECT,  pro-iekt',  v.t.  to  contrive  or  de- 
vise: to  exhibit  (as  in  a  mirror) :  to  draw: 
to  exhibit  in  relief.— i-.j.  to  shoot  for- 
ward :  to  jut  out :  to  be  prominent. 

PROJECTILE,  pro-jek'til.  adj..  projecting 
or  thro%ving  forward  :  impelling  or  im- 
pelled forward. — n.  a  body  projected  by 
force,  esp.  through  the  air. 

PROJECTION,  pro-jek-shun,  n.  the  act  of 


pnoeating :  that  which  Juts  out :  a  plan 
or  design  :  a  delineation :  a  representa- 
tion of  any  object  on  a  plane. 

PBOJECTOB,  pro-iek'tor,  ».  ooe  who  pro- 
ject* or  forms  acneraes. 

PROLATE,  prO'lat,  a4}.,  extended :  elon- 
gated in  the  direction  of  the  line  of  the 
poles,  as  a  spheroid.  [L.  proiatus,  pa.p. 
of  profero,  to  bring  forward  or  extend — 

_pro,  torthjand /ero,  to  bear.] 

PBOLEOOMENA,  pro-leg-om'^en-a,  n.pl. 
an  introduction  to  a  treatise.  [Or. 
"  thing^  said  before."] 

PR0LEP8I8,  pro-lep'sis,  n.  a  taking  before- 
hand  or  anticipation  :  (rhet.)  a  figure  by 
which  objections  are  anticipated  and 
answered  :  the  dating  of  an  event  be- 
fore its  proper  time. --ot^'s.  PEOl.Ep''nc, 
Prolep'ticai..  —  adv.  Pbolep'tically. 
[Gr.  prolambano,  prolepsoviai—pro,  be- 
fore, and  lamliano,  to  take.] 

PROLETARIAN,  pro-le-ta'n-an,  adj.  be- 
longing to  the  poorest  laboring  class : 
ha%'ing  little  or  no  property:  plebeian: 
\-ulgar.  — 11.  Pholeta'riat,  the  lowest 
class.  [L.  prGletariua  (in  ancient  Rome) 
a  citizen  of  the  sixth  and  lowest  class, 
who  served  the  state  not  with  his  prop- 
erty, but  with  his  children— proles,  off- 
spring.] 

PROLIFIC,  pro-lif'ik,  PROUFICAL,  pro- 
lif'ik-al,  adj.  producing  offspring:  fruit- 
ful: productive:  (6of.)  applied  to  a  flower 
from  which  another  is  produced.  — n. 
Prolif'icness.  (Tr.  prolinque—'L.  proles 
(for  pro-oles),  offspring  (root  ol,  as  in 
olesco.  to  grow),  and /ac/o,  to  make.] 

PROLIX,  pro-liks'  or  'pro'-,  odj.  tedious, 
lengthy,  minute. — adv.  Prous'ly. — ns. 
Pholix'ity,  Peoles'xess.  [Fr.  prolixe— 
L.  prolixus  (lit.)  "  having  fioiced  beyond 
bounds,"  from  pro,  forward,  and  -luvus, 
from  liquor,  to  flow.    See  Liquid.] 

PROLOCUTOR, pro-lok'u-tor,«.  the  speaker 
or  chairman  or  a  convocation.  [L.— pro, 
before,  and  loquor,  locutus,  to  speak.] 

PROLOGUE,  prol'og  or  pro'-,  n.  a  preface ; 
the  introductory  verses  before  a  play. 
[Fr.  —  L.  —  Gr.  prologos~pro,  before, 
logos,  speech.] 

PROLONG,  prolong',  v.t.  to  lengthen  out : 
to  continue.  [Fr.  prclonger — L.  prolongo 
—pro,  forwards,  longus,  long.] 

PROLONGATE,  pro  -  long-gat,  v.t.  to 
lengthen. — n.  Prolonga'tiox. 

PROMENADE,  prom-e-nad'  or  -nad',  n. 
a  icalk  for  pleasure,  show,  or  exercise : 
a  place  for  walking. — v.i.  to  walk  for 
amusement,  show,  or  exercise.  [Fr. — 
from  (se)  2}romener,  to  walk — L.  promino, 
to  drive  forwards — pro,  forwards,  and 
mino,  to  drive.] 

PROMETHEAN,  pro-me'the-an,  adj.  per- 
taining to  Prometheus  :  life-giving,  like 
the  fire  which  (in  the  Greek  myth)  Pro- 
metheus stole  from  heaven. 

PROMINENT,  i)roni'i-nent,  adj., projecting: 
conspicuous :  principal :  eminent :  dis- 
tinguished. —  adv.  PRO^I'I^"EXTLY.  —  ns. 
Prom'ixexce,  Prom'lyescy.  [Lit.  "jut- 
ting out,"  Fr. — L.pronnnec).  to  jut  forth 
— pro,  forth,  and  mineo,  to  jut.] 

PROMISCUOUS.  pro-mis'ku-us.n<J/.,mi,Ted.- 
confused :  collected  together  without 
order :  indiscriminate. — adv.  PROins'cu- 
ousLY. — n.  PRo^as'cuous^'ESS.  [h.ijrom- 
ifiCHtis — 2^''o,  inten.,  and  misceo..  to  mix.] 

PROillSE,  prom'is,  ?i.  an  engagement  to 
do  or  not  to  do  something :  expectation 
or  that  which  affords  expectation. — v.t. 
to  make  an  engagement  to  do  or  not  to 
do  something:  to  afford  reason  to  expect: 
to  assui-e  :  to  engage  to  bestow. — ns. 
Prom'iser.  Prom'isor.  [Lit.  "  a  sending 
forward."  Fr.  j^^'oniesse  —  L.  ])romissa, 
promitto,  to  send  forward— -jsro,  forward, 
and  mitto,  to  send.    See  Missio^i.] 


FBOMISINO,  prom'is-ing,  adj.  affording 
ground  for  hope  or  expectation.— odtJ. 
PaoM'iaiNQLY. 

PROMISSORY,  prom'isK)r-i,  adj.  contain- 
ing a  promise  of  some  engagement  to  be 

PROMONTORY,  prom'on-tor-i,  n.  a  head- 
land or  liigh  cape.  [L.  pramontwium— 
pro,  forward,  and  mons,  montis,  a  UK>unt 
ain.l 

PROMOTE,  pro-m5t',  v.t.  to  move  fom-ard . 
to  advance :  to  fm-ther  :  to  encourage  : 
to  raise  to  a  higher  position :  to  elevate. 
— n.  Promot'er. — adj.  Promo'ttte.  [L, 
promotus,  pa.p.  of  promoveo — -pj-o,  for- 
ward, and  moveo,  to  move.] 

PROMOTION,  pro-mo'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
promoting :  advancement :  encourage- 
ment :  preferment. 

PROMPT,  promt,  adj.  prepared  :  ready  ; 
acting  with  alacrity :  cheerful  :  unhesi- 
tating.— adv.  Prompt'ly. — n.  Prompt'- 
NESS.  [Lit.  "brought  forward,"  Fr.—L. 
promptus— promo,  to  bring  forward — 
pro,  forth,  and  emo,  to  bring  or  take.] 

PROMPT,  promt,  v.f.  to  incite  :  to  move  to 
action :  to  assist  a  speaker  when  at  a 
loss  for  words :  to  suggest. — n.  Prompt'- 
ER. 

PROMPTITUDE,  promt'i-tud,  n.,  prompt- 
ness: readiness:  quickness  of  decision 
and  action.     [Fr.] 

PROMULGATE,  pro-murgat,  v.t.  to  pub- 
lish :  to  proclaim. — n.  PROM'CLaATOR. 
Wj.  prcmulgo,  -atus.     Ety.  unknown.] 

PROMULGATION,  pro-mul-ga'shun,  n.  act 
of  promulgating :  publication :  open  deo- 
lar.ition. 

PRONE,  pron,  adj.  with  the  face  down- 
ward: bending  forward:  headlong:  dis^ 
Viosed  :    inclined. — adv.    Prone'ly. — n 
Prone'ness.      [O.  Fr. — L.  promts ;  cog 
with  Gr.  prenes,  prone.] 

PRONG,  prong,  n.  the  spike  of  a  fork  o» 
similar  instrument.  [Nasalized  form  of 
Prov.  E.  prog,  to  priclc — W.  procio  ;  cf. 
Gael,  brog,  to  goad,  and  hrog.  an  awl, 
and  E.  BROOCH.     See  also  Pang.] 

PRONOMINAL,  pro-nom'i-nal,  adj.  belong- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  pronoun.— 

adv.  PRONOll'tNALLY. 

PRONOUN,  pro'nown,  n.  a  word  used 
instead  of  a  noun.  [L.  pro,  for,  and 
Noun.] 

PRONOUNCE,  pro-nowns',  v.t.  to  utter  :  to 
speak  distinctlv  :  to  utter  formally  :  to 
utter  rhetorically:  to  declare. —  n.  Pro- 
noun'cer.  [Fr.  prononcer — L.  pronuncdo 
— pro,  forth,  and  nuncio,  to  announce — 
nuncins.  a  messenger.     See  NuNClO.] 

PRONOUNCEABLE,  pro-nowns'a-bl,  adj. 
capable  of  being  pronounced. 

PRONOUNCING,  pro-nowns'ing,  adj.  giv- 
ing  pronunciation. 

PRONUNCIATION,  pro-nim-si-a'shun,  n. 
act  or  mode  of  j3roHO»?(ci»igf ;  utterance. 

PROOF,  proof,  n.  that  which  proves :  test : 
experiment :  any  process  to  discover  or 
establish  a  truth  :  that  which  convinces  : 
demonstration  :  evidence  :  condition  o' 
having  been  proved  :  firmness  of  mind  : 
a  certain  strength  of  alcoholic  spirits  : 
(jjritif.)  an  impression  taken  for  cor- 
rection, also  "  proof-slieet  ■' :  an  early 
impression  of  an  engra\ing :— jj/.  Proofs 
• — adj.{!it.)proved:  firm  in  resisting.  [M.E 
preef — Fr.  preuve — L.  probo,  to  prove 
See  Prove.] 

PROOFLESS,  proof'les,  adj.  wanting  proof 
or  evidence. 

PROP,  prop,  n.  a  support :  a  stay. — v.t.  to 
support  by  something  under  or  against  : 
to  sustain  -.—pr.p.  propp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and 
j>a.p.  propped.  [Allied  to  Sw.  propp,  Ger 
pfropf.  a  stopper ;  also  to  Ir.  propa, 
prop,  Gael,  prop.] 


PROPAGANDISM 


343 


PROSPEROUS 


PROPAGANDISM,  prop-a-g-and'izm,  n. 
practice  of  propagating  tenets  or  princi- 
ples. [From  tlie  Congregratio  de  jiropa- 
gandd  Fide  (L.),  "  Society  for  propag'ating 
the  Faith,"  founded  at  feome  in  1622.] 

PROPAGANDIST,  prop-a-gand'ist,  n.  one 
who  devotes  himself  to  propagandism. 

FROPAGATE,  prop'a-gat,  v.t  to  multiply 
plants  by  layers :  to  extend  :  to  produce : 
to  impel  forward  in  space,  as  sound  :  to 
spread:  to  extend  the  knowledge  of. — v.i. 
to  be  produced  or  multiplied  :  to  have 
young. — II.  Prop'agatoe.  [L.  propago, 
-atus,  conn,  with  pro-pag-eo,  pro-2)ag-o,  a 
layer,  from  root  of  Pack  and  Pact,  Gr. 
pegnumi.'\ 

PROPAGATION,  prop-a-ga'shun,  n.  act  of 
propagating  :  the  spreading  or  extension 
of  anything. 

PROPEL,  pro-pel',  v.t.  to  drive  forward  i 
to  urge  onward  bj'  force  -.—pr.p.  propell'- 
ing  ;  pta.t.  and  pa.p.  propelled'.  [L.pro, 
forward,  pello,  to  drive.] 

PROPELLER,  pro-pel'er,  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  propels  :  a  screw  for  propell- 
ing a  steamboat:  a  vessel  thus  propelled. 

PROPENSITY,  pro-pens'i-ti,  7i.  inclination: 
disposition.  [Lit.  "  a  hanging  forwards  ; " 
L.  propensus,  pa.p.  oi  propendo,  to  hang 
forwards — L.  pro,  forward,  pendeo,  to 
hang.] 

PROPER,  prop'er,  adj.,  one's  ovm:  natu- 
rally or  essentially  belonging:  peculiar: 
belonging  to  only  one  of  a  species  (as  a 
name):  natural :  "suitable  :  correct :  just; 
right:  becoming:  (B.)  comely,  pretty. — 
adv.  Peop'eely.  [Fr.  propr'e — L.  2^^op^ 
rins,  one's  own,  akin  to  props,  near.] 

PROPERTY,  prop'er-ti,  n.  that  which  is 
proper  to  anything :  a  peculiar  or-  essen- 
tial quality :  a  quality :  tliat  which  is 
one's  own  :  an  estate  :  right  of  possess- 
ing, employing,  etc.:  ownership: — pi. 
articles  required  by  actors  in  a  plaj'.  [0. 
Fr.  proprete :  a  doublet  of  Propriety.] 

PROPHECY,  prof'e-si,  n.  a  declaration  of 
something  to  come :  a  prediction  :  public 
interpretation  of  Scripture  :  instruction  : 
(B.)  also,  a  book  of  prophecies.  [Lit.  a 
speaking  for  another,  O.  Fr.  pro^Mecie—^ 
L.  prophetla — Gr.  propheteia — ijrophetes. 
See  Prophet.] 

PROPHES't,  prof'e-sl,  v.t.  to  foretell :  to 
predict. — v.L  (B.)  to  exhort :  to  expound 
religious  subjects: — pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
proph'esJed.  [s  ha-s  been  arbitrarily  sub- 
stituted for  c,  to  distinguish  the  i\  from 
the  )(.] 

PROPHET,  prof'et,  n.  one  who  proclaims 
or  interprets  the  will  of  God  :  one  who 
announces  things  to  come  :  one  who  pre- 
dicts or  foretells  events :  {B.)  one  inspired 
by  God  to  teach  : — pi.  the  writings  of  the 
prophets  ■.—fern.  Peoph'etess.  [Fr. — L. 
propheia — Gr.  prophetes,  (lit.)  one  who 
speaks  for  another,  esp.  for  a  divine 
power  ;  hence  one  who  delivers  an  oracle 
revealing  future  events  or  otherwi.se  an- 
nouncing the  divine  will — j)ro,  before,  in 
behalf  of,  and  phe-mi,  to  speak.  See 
Fasie.] 

PROPHETIC,  pro-fet'ik,  PROPHETICAL, 
pro-fet'ik-al,  adj.  containing  prophecy: 
foreseeing  or  foretelling  e%'ents. — adv. 
Prophet'ioallt. 

PROPINQUITY,  pro-ping'kwi-ti,  n.,  near- 
ness in  time,  place,  or  blood  :  proximity. 
[L.  projnnmiiias — proinnquus,  near  — 
prope,  near.J^ 

PROPITIABLE,  pro-pish'i-a-bl,  ady.  that 
mav  be  i>ropitiated. 

PROPITIATE,  pro-pish'i-at.  v.t.  to  make 
propitiovs  :  to  i-ender  favorable. — v.i  to 
make  propitiation  :  to  atone. — n.  Propi'- 
tiator.     j"L.  propitio,  propitiatum.'] 

PROPITLVTION.  nro-nish-i-a'shun,  7i.  act 


ot  propitiating :  (theol.)  that  which  pro- 
pitiates :  atonement. 

PROPITIATORY,  pro-pish'i-a-tor-i,  adj. 
having  power  to  propitiate  :  expiatory. 
— 71.  the  Jewish  mercy-seat. 

PROPITIOUS,  pro-pish'^us,  adj.  favorable  : 
disposed  to  be  gracious  or  merciful. — adv. 
Propi'tiously. — n.  Propi'tiousness.  [L. 
propitius — prope,  near.] 

PROPORTION,  pro-por'shun,  n.  the  rela- 
tion of  one  thing  to  another  in  regard  to 
magnitude:  mutual  fitness  of  parts:  sjTn- 
metrical  arrangement:  (math.)  the  iden- 
tity or  equality  of  ratios:  the  "rule  of 
three,"  in  which  three  terms  are  given  to 
find  a  fourth  :  equal  or  just  share. — v.t. 
to  adjust :  to  form  symmetrically.  [L. 
proportio — pro,  in  comparison  with,  and 
portio,  portionis,  part,  share.  See  Por- 
tion.] 

PROPORTIONABLE,  pro  -  por'shun  -  a  -  bl, 
adj.  that  may  be  proportioned. — adv. 
Propor'tionablt. 

PROPORTIONAL,  pro- por'shun -al,  adj. 
having  a  due  proportion :  relating  to 
proportion  :  (7nath.)  having  the  same  or 
a  constant  ratio. — n.  (math.)  a  number 
or  quantity  in  a  proportion. — adv.  Pro- 
por'tionaua^  —n.  Proportional'ity. 

PROPORTIONATE,  pro-por'shun-at,  adj. 
adjusted  according  to  &  proportion :  pro- 
portional.—ady.  Propor'tionately. 

Proposal,  pro-poz'al,  n.  anything  pro- 
posed :  a  scheme  or  design :  terms  or  con- 
(litions  proposed. 

PROPOSE,  pro-poz',  v.t.  to  put  forward  or 
offer  for  consideration,  etc. — v.i.  to  make 
a  proposal:  to  make  an  offer  of  marriage. 
— n.  Peopos'er.  [Fr. — prefix  pro-,  and 
poser,  to  place.    See  Pose,  «.] 

PROPOSITION,  prop-o-zish'un,  n.  aplacing 
before ;  offer  of  terms  :  the  act  of  stating 
anything:  that  which  is  stated  :  (grain. 
and  logic)  a  complete  sentence,  or  one 
which  affirms  or  denies  something: 
(math.)  a  theorem  or  problem  to  be  de- 
monstrated or  solved.  [Fr.  —  L.  pro- 
positio.    See  Propound.] 

PROPOSITIONAL,  prop-o-zish'un-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  pirop- 
osition  :  considered  as  a  proposition. 

PROPOUND,  pro-pownd',  v.t.  to  offer  for 
consideration:  to  exhibit. — n.  Peopound'- 
ER.  [Orig.  propo7w,  from  L.— ^o,  forth, 
and  pono,  to  place.] 

PROPRIETARY,  pro-prTe-tar-i,  adj.  be- 
longing to  a. proprietor. — n.  a.proprietor: 
an  owner. 

PROPRIETOR,  pro-prl'e-top,  n.  one  who 
has  anj-thing  as  his  property:  an  owner : 
—fern.  Propri'etress. — n.  Peopri'etor- 

SHIP. 

PROPRIETY,  pro-prl'e-ti,  w.  state  of  being 
proper  or  right :  agreement  with  estab- 
lished principles  or  customs  :  fitness  : 
accuracy:  peculiar  right  of  possession, 
property.  [Fr. — L.  jjrojyrietas — proprius, 
one's  own.    See  Proper.] 

PROPULSION,  pro-pul'shun,  n.  act  of  j>ro- 


pelling. 
?RC 


PROPULSIVE,  pro-pul'siv,  adj.  tending  or 

having  power  to  jjropel. 
PROROGATION,  pro-ro-ga'shun,  n.  act  of 

proroguing. 
PROROGUE,    pro-rog',    v.t.    to    continue 

from    one    session    to    another,   as    the 

British  Parliament  : — jir.j).  prorog'uing; 

pa.t.   and  pa.p.   prorogued'.     [Fr.  —  L. 

prorogo,  -atum — pro,  forward,  and  rogo, 

to  ask.] 
PROSAIC,    pro-za'ik,     PROSAICAL,    pro- 

za'ik-al,   adj.    pertaining  to  prose :    like 

prose. — adv.  Prosa'ically.  [See  Prose.] 
PROSCENIUM,  pro-se'ni-um,  »j.  the  front 

part  of  the  stage.     [L. — Gr.  proskenion 

— pro.  before,  skcne,  the  stage.] 
PROSCPIBE.  pro-?krib',  v.t.  to  publish  the 


names  of  persons  to  be  punished :  to 
banish:  to  prohibit:  to  denounce,  as  doo- 
trine. — n.  Proscrib'er.  [L.  proscribo — 
pro,  before,  publicly,  and  sci-ibo,  scrip 
turn,  to  write.] 

PROSCRIPTION,  pro-skrip'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  proscribing  or  dooming  to  death,  or 
outlawry  :  utter  rejection.     [Fr. — L.] 

PROSCRIPTIVE,  pro-skrip'tiv,  adj.  per 
taining  to  or  consisting  in  proscription. 

PROSE,  proz,  w.  the  direct,  straightfor- 
ward arrangement  of  words,  free  from 
poetical  measures  :  ordinary  spoken  and 
■(vritten  language  :  all  writings  not  in 
verse.  —  adj.  pertaining  to  prose  :  not 
poetical:  plain:  dull. — v.i.  to  write  prose: 
to  speak  or  write  tediously. — n.  Pros'er. 
[Fr. — L.  prosa,  for  prorsa — prorsus, 
straightforward — pro,  forward,  verto, 
versum,  to  turn.] 

PROSECUTE,  pros'e-kut,  v.t.  to  follow  on- 
wards or  pursue,  in  order  to  reach  or 
accomplisli :  to  continue  :  to  pursue  by 
law. — v.i.  to  carry  on  a  legal  prosecution. 
[L.  prosequor—pro,  onwards,  and  sequor, 
seeidus.  to  follow.     See  SEQUENCE.] 

PROSECUTION,  pros-e-ku'shun,  n.  the  act 
oi  prosecuting:  pursuit:  a  civil  or  criminal 
suit. 

PROSECUTOR,  pros'e-kut-or,  n.  one  who 
p^-osenrtes  or  pursues  any  plan  or  busi- 
ness :  one  who  carries  on  a  criminal  suit: 
—fern.  Peos'ecutrix. 

PROSELYTE,  pros'e-lTt,  n.  one  who  has 
come  over  to  a  religion  or  opinion  :  a 
convert.  [Fr. — L. — Gr.  proselyto.^—pros- 
erchomai,  to  come  to— pros,  to,  and 
erchomai,  elython,  to  come.] 

PROSELYTISM,  pros'e-lit-izm,  n.  the  act 
ot  piroselytizing  or  of  making  converts. 

PROSELYTIZE,"  pvos-e-\it-iz',v.t.  to  make 

7)V0SGl'fjf€S 

PROSODIAL,  pros-6'di-al,  PROSODICALt 
pros-od'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  prosody  . 
according  to  the  rules  of  i5rosoil3'. — adv. 
Prosod'icaiay. 

PROSODIAN,  pros-5'di-an,  PROSODIST, 
pros'o-dist,  n.  one  skilled  in  prosody. 

PROSODY,  pros'o-di,  n.  that  part  of  gram- 
mar which  treats  of  quantity,  accent, 
and  the  laws  of  verse  or  versification. 
[Fr. — L.  prosodia,  Gr.  prosbdia,  a  song 
sung  to  music,  an  accompanying  song — 
pros,  to.  and  ode,  a  song.] 

PROSOPOPCEIA,  pros-o-po-pe'ya,  n.  a  rhe- 
torical figure  by  which  inanimate  objects 
are  spoken  of  as  jxrsotis :  personification. 
[Gr.  prosopopoiia—prosopon,  a  person, 
and  poieo,  to  make.] 

PROSPECT,  pros'pekt,  n.  a  looking  for- 
icard  :  a  view  :  object  of  view  :  a  scene  ; 
expectation. — n.  Prospect'ing,  searching 
a  district  for  gold  or  silver  mines  with  a 
view  to  further  operations.  [L.  jyrosjyec- 
tTis — prospicio,  prospectnm,  to  look  for- 
ward— pro,  forward,  and  specio,  to  look.] 

PROSPECTION,  pro-spek'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  looking  forward  or  of  pi-oviding  for 
future  wants. 

PROSPECTIVE,  pro-spek'tiv.  adj.,  looking 
forward  :  acting  with  foresight :  relating 
to  the  future :  distant. — adv.  Prospec- 
tively.   [Fr. — L.] 

PROSPECTUS,  pro-si>ek'tus.  n.  the  outline 
of  any  plan  submitted  for  public  ap- 
proval, particularly  of  a  literary  work  or 
of  a  company  or  joint-stock  concern. 

PROSPER,  pros' per,  v.t.  to  make  fortunate 
or  happy :  (B.)  to  make  to  prosper. — v.i. 
to  be  successful :  to  succeed. 

PROSPERITY,  pros-per'i-ti,  n.  the  state  of 
being  pros]}e7-ous:  succe.ss:  good  fortune. 

PROSPEROUS,  pros'per-us,  adj.,  according 
to  hope  :  in  accordance  with  one's  wishes; 
favorable:  successful. —  adv.  Pros'PER- 
ously.  [L.  prosper,  prosperus — pro,  in 
accordance  with,  and  spes,  hope.] 


PROSTITUTE 


344 


PROVISORY 


PEOSTITUTE,  pros'ti-tut,  v.t.  to  expose  for 
sale  for  bad  ends  :  to  sell  to  wickedness 
or  lewdness  :  to  devote  to  any  improper 
purpose. — adj.  openly  devoted  to  lewd- 
ness :  sold  to  wickedness. — n.  a  female 
who  indulges  in  lewdness,  esp.  for  iiire  : 
a  base  hireling'.  [L.  prostituo,  -utiim — 
pro.  before,  statuo,  to  place.] 

PROSTITUTION,  pros-ti-tu'shun,  n.  the 
act  or -pvajiiice  ot  prostituting :  lewdness 
for  hire  :  the  life  of  a  lewd  woman  :  the 
being  devoted  to  infamous  purposes. 

PROSTITUTOR,  pros'ti-tut-or,  n.  one  who 
prostitutes  either  himself  or  another. 

PROSTRATE,  pros'trat,  adj.,  thrown  for- 
wards on  the  ground  :  lying  at  length  : 
lying  at  mercy  :  bent  in  adoration. — v.t. 
to  throw  forwards  on  the  ground  :  to  lay 
flat:  to  overthrow:  to  sink  totally:  to  bow 
in  humble  reverence.  [L.  pro,  forwards, 
and  sterno,  stratum,  to  throw  on  the 
ground.] 

PROSTRATION,  pros-tra'shun,  w.  act  of 
throimng  \  doicn  or  laying  flat :  act  of 
falling  down  in  adoration  :  dejection  : 
complete  loss  of  strength. 

PROSY,  proz'i,  adj.  like  dull  prose :  dull 
and  tedious  in  discourse  or  writing. — adv. 
Pros'ily. — n.  Pros'iness. 

PROTEAN,  pro'te-an  or  pro-tS'an,  adj. 
readily  assuming  different  shapes,  like 
Proteus,  the  sea-god,  fabled  to  have  the 
power  of  changing  himself  into  an  end- 
less varietv  of  forms. 

PROTECT,  pro-tekt',  v.t.  to  cover  in  front: 
to  cover  over:  to  defend:  to  shelter.  [L. 
pro,  in  front,  and  tego,  tectum,  akin  to  Gr. 
stego,  to  cover.] 

PROTECTION,  pro-tek'shun,  n.  act  of  pro- 
tecting ;  state  of  being  protected:  preser- 
vation: defence:  guard:  refuge:  security: 
passport. 

PROTECTIONIST,  pro-tek'shun-ist,  n.  one 
who  favors  the  protection  of  trade  by 
law. 

PROTECTIVE,  pro-tekt'iv,  adj.  affording 
protection  :  defensive  :  sheltering. 

PROTECTOR,  pro-tekt'or,  n.  one  who  pro- 
tects from  injury  or  oppression:  a  guard- 
ian :  a  regent:— /em.  Pkotect'ress,  Pro- 
tect'rix. — n.  Protect'orship. 

PROTECTORAL,  pro-tekt'or-al,  PROTEC- 
TOEIAli,  pro-tek-to'ri-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  protector  or  regent. 

PROTECTORATE,  pro-tekt'or-at,  n.  gov- 
ernment by  a  protector :  the  authority 
assumed  by  a  superior. 

PROTfiofi,  pro-ta-zha',  n.  one  under  the 
protection  of  another  :  a  pupU  :  a  ward  : 
—fern.  PROTfeG^E'.  [Fr.,  pa.p.  of  pro- 
teger.  to  protect — Tj.  protego.] 

PROTEIN,  pro'te-in,  n.  the  supposed  com- 
mon radical  of  the  group  of  bodies  which 
form  the  most  essential  articles  of  food, 
albumen,  fibrine,  etc.  [Gr.  protos,  first, 
and  suffix  -ira.] 

PROTEST,  pro-test',  v.i.  to  bear  witness  be- 
fore others  :  to  declare  openly :  to  give 
a  solemn  declaration  of  opinion. — v.t.  to 
make  a  solemn  declaration  of :  to  note, 
as  a  bill  of  exchange,  from  non-accept- 
ance or  non-payment. — n.  Protest'er. 
[Fr. — L.  protestor,  -atus—pro,  before, 
testor — testis,  a  witness.] 

PROTEST,  pro'test,  n.  a  solemn  or  formal 
protesting  or  declaration,  esp.  one  in 
■writing  by  the  minority  of  a  body,  ex- 
pressing dissent :  the  attestation  by  a 
notarv-public  of  an  unpaid  or  unaccepted 
bill.  " 
PROTESTANT,  prot'es-tant,  adj.,  protest- 
ing :  pertaining  to  the  faith  of  those  who 
protest  against  the  Church  of  Rome. — n. 
{orig.)  one  of  those  who.  in  1539,  pro- 
tested against  an  edict  of  Charles  V.  and 
the  Diet  of  Spires  :  one  who  protests 
against  the  Church  of  Rome. 


PROTESTANTISM,  prot'es-tant-izm,  n.  the 
Protestant  religion. 

PROTESTATION,  prot-es-ta'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  protesting :  a  solemn  declaration  : 
a  declaration  of  dissent :  a  declaration  in 
pleading. 

PROTOCOL,  pro'to-kol,  n.  the  first  copy  of 
any  document :  the  rough  draught  of  an 
instrument  or  transaction.  [Fr.  proto- 
eole — Low  L.  proiocoHum — late  Gr.  pro- 
tokollon,  the  first  leaf  glued  to  the  rolls 
of  papyrus  and  to  notarial  documents — 
Gr.  protos,  first,  and  holla,  glue.] 

PROTOMARTYR,  pro'to-mar'ter,  n.  St. 
Stephen  the  first  Christian  martyr:  the 
first  who  suffers  in  any  cause.  [Gr.pro- 
tos,  first,  and  IMartyr.] 

PROTOPHYTE,  pro'to-fit,  n.  the  first  or 
lowest  order  of  plants.  [Gr.  protos,  first, 
and  phyton,  a  plant— jj/it/o,  to  cause  to 
grow.] 

PROTOPLASM,  pro'to-plazm,  n.  a  homo- 
geneous, structureless  substance,  form- 
ing the  physical  basis  of  life,  endowed 
with  contractiUty,  with  a  chemical  com- 
position allied  to  that  of  albumen.  [Gr. 
protos,  first,  and  plasma,  form— plassb, 
to  form.]^ 

PROTOTYPE,  pro'to-tip,  11.  the  first  or 
original  type  or  model  after  which  any- 
thing is  copied :  an  exemplar  :  a  pattern. 
[Fr. — L. — Gr.,  from  protos,  first,  and 
typos,  a  type.] 

PROTOZOAN,  pro-to-zo'an,  n.  one  of  the 
first  or  lowest  class  of  animals.  [Gr. 
protos,  first,  and  zoon,  an  animal.] 

PROTOZOIC,  pro-to-zo'ik,  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  2^rotozoans :  containing  remains  of 
the  earliest  life  of  the  globe. 

PROTRACT,  pro-trakt',  v.t.  to  draw  out  or 
lengthen  in  time  :  to  prolong :  to  draw 
to  a  scale.  [L. — pro,  forth,  and  traho, 
to  draw.] 

PROTRACTION,  pro-trak'shun,  n.  act  of 
protracting  or  prolonging  :  the  delaying 
the  termination  of  a  thing  :  the  plotting 
or  laying  down  of  the  dimensions  of  any- 
thing on  paper. 

PROTRACTIVE,  pro-trakt'iv,  adj.,  draw- 
ing out  in  time :  prolonging :   delaying. 

PROTRACTOR,  pro-trakt'or,  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  protracts :  a  mathematical 
instrument  for  laying  down  angles  on 
paper,  used  in  surveying,  etc. 

PROTRUDE,  pro-trood',  v.t.  to  thrust  or 
push  forwards :  to  drive  along  :  to  put 
out. — v.i.  to  be  thrust  forward  or  beyond 
the  usual  limit.  [L.  protrudo—pro,  for- 
wards, and  trudo,  to  thrust.] 

PROTRUSION,  pro-troo'zhun,  n.  the  act 
of  thrusting foncard  or  beyond  the  usual 
limit:  the  state  of  being  protruded.  [Pro- 
trusus,pa,.p.of  protrudo.  [See  Protrude.] 

PROTRUSIVE,  pro-troo'siv,  adj.,  thrust- 
ing or  impelling /onrard. 

PROTUBERANCE,  pro  -  tub'er-ans,  n.  a 
swelling  fonuard  or  forth:  a  prominence: 
a  tumor. 

PROTUBERANT,  pro  -  tub'er  -  ant,  adj., 
swelling  :    prominent. — adv.  Protcb'er- 

ANTLY. 

PROTUBERATE,  pro -tub'er -at,  v.i.  to 
swell  or  bulge  out.  [L.  protubero,  -atus 
— pro,  forward,  tuber,  a  swelling.  See 
Tuber.] 

PROUD,  prowd  {comp.  Proud'er  ;  superl. 
Proud'est),  adj.  having  excessive  self- 
esteem  :  arrogant :  haughty  :  daring  : 
grand  :  ostentatious.  —  adv.  Proud'LY. 
Jm.E.  i>r7id— A.S.  _pri/Y.     Cf.  Pride.] 

PROUD-FLESH,  prowd'-flesh,  n.  a  growth 
or  excrescence  of  flesh  in  a  wound. 
[Proud  and  Flesh.] 

PROVABLE,  pro6v'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
proved.  —  adv.  Peov'ablT.  —  n,  Peov'- 
ABLENES& 


PROVE,  proov,  v.  t.  to  try  by  experiment 
or  by  a  test  or  standard  :  to  try  by  suffer, 
ing  :  to  establish  or  ascertain  as  truth  by 
argument  or  other  evidence  :  to  demon- 
strate :  to  ascertain  the  genuineness  of ; 
to  experience  or  suffer  :  (math.)  to  ascer« 
tain  the  correctness  of  any  result. — v.i. 
to  make  trial :  to  turn  out :  to  be  shown 
afterwards. — n.  Prov'er.  [O.  Fr.  provet 
(Fr.  prouver),  which,  like  A.S.  profian 
and  Ger.  proben,  is  from  L.  prdbo — pro- 
bus,  excellent.] 

PROVEN,  prov'n,  {Scots  law)  same  aa 
Proved,  pa.p.  of  Prove. 

PROVENDER,  prov'en-der,  n.  dry  food  for 
beasts,  as  hay  or  corn  :  esp.  a  mixture  of 
meal  and  cut  straw  or  hay.  [M.E.  pro- 
vende — Fr. — L.  prcebenda.  See  Prebend, 
in  Late  L.  a  daily  allowance  of  food.] 

PROVERB,  prov'erb,  n.  a  short  familiar 
sentence,  forciblj'  expressing  a  well- 
known  truth  or  moral  lesson :  a  by- 
word : — pi.  a  book  of  the  Old  Testament. 
[Fr.  proverbe — L.  proverbium — pro,  pub- 
liclj',  and  verbum,  a  word.] 

PROVERBIAL,  pro-verb'i-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  proverbs :  mentioned  in  or  resem- 
bling a  proverb  :  widely  spoken  of. — adv. 
Proverb'ially. 

PROVIDE,  pro-vid',  v.t.  to  make  ready 
6e/orehand  :  to  prepare  :  to  supply. — v.t, 
to  procure  supplies  or  means  of  defence  : 
to  take  measures  :  to  bargain  previously. 
— n.  Provid'er.  [Lit.  "to  foresee,"  L. 
provideo  — pro,  before,  video,  to  see. 
Doublet  Purvey.    See  Vision.] 

PROVIDENCE,  prov'i-dens,  n.  timely  prep- 
aration :  (theol.)the  foresight  and  care  of 
God  over  all  his  creatures  :  God,  consid- 
ered in  this  relation  :  prudence  in  man- 
aging one's  affairs.  [Fr. — L.  providentia.] 

PROVIDENT,  prov'i-dent,  adj.  providing 
for  the  future  :  cautious  :  prudent :  eco- 
nomical.— adv.  Prov'idently.  [L.  pro- 
vid-ens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  promdeo.  See 
Provide.    Doublet  Prudent.] 

PROVIDENTIAL,  prov-i-den'shal,  adj.,  «/• 
fected  by  or  proceeding  from  divine  prov- 
idence.— adv.  Proyiden'tt  a  t  ,t.y. 

PROVINCE,  prov'ins,  n.  a  portion  of  an 
empire  or  state  :  the  district  over  which 
one  has  jurisdiction  :  a  region  :  a  busi- 
ness or  duty  :  one's  business  or  calhng  : 
a  department  of  knowledge.  [Fr.— L.  prO' 
vincia.    Ety.  unknown.] 

PROVTNCIAL,  pro-vin'shal,  adj.  relating 
to  a  ijrovince  :  belonging  to  a  division 
of  a  country :  characteristic  of  the  in- 
habitants of  a  province  :  rude  :  unpol- 
ished.— n.  an  inhabitant  of  a  province  or 
country  district :  in  the  R.  Cath.  Church, 
the  superintendent  of  the  heads  of  the 
religious  houses  in  a  protnnce.  —  adv. 
Provin'cially. 

PROVINCIALISM,  pro  -  vin'shal  -  izm,  n. 
mode  of  speech  peculiar  to  a  province  or 
countrj'  district :  a  peculiarity  of  dialect. 

PROVISION,  pro-Tizh'un,  n.  act  of  provid- 
ing :  that  which  is  pro\-ided  or  prepared: 
measures  taken  before  hand :  preparation : 
previous  agreement :  a  store  of  food  1 
provender.  — v.  t.to  supply  ^vith  provisions 
or  food.  [Fr. —  L. — provisus,  pa.p.  of 
provideo.     See  Provide.] 

PROVISIONAL,  pro-vizh'un-al,  adj.,  pro- 
vided for  an  occasion  :  temporary. — adv. 
Provis'ionally. 

PROVISO,  pro-vT'zo.  n.  a  provision  or  con- 
dition in  a  deed  or  other  writing:  the 
clause  containing  it :  'any  condition:— pZ. 
Provisos,  provi'zoz.  [From  the  L.  phi  ase 
proviso  quod,  it  being  provided  that.] 

PROVISORY,  pro-vi'zor-i,  adj.  containing 
a  i)roviso  or  condition  :  conditional  i 
making  temporary  provision :  temper 
any.— adv.  Provi'sorily. 


PROVOCATION 


345 


PUFF 


PROVOCATION,  prov-o-ka'shun,  n.  act  of 
provoking:  that  which  provokes.  [Fr. 
— ^L.  provocatus,  pa.  p.  of  provoco.  See 
Provoke.] 

PROVOCATIVE,  pro-vo'ka-tiv,  adj.  tend- 
ing to  provoke  or  excite. — n.  anything 
provocative. 

PROVOKE,  pro-vok',  v.t.  to  call  forth  :  to 
excite  to  action  :  to  excite  with  anger  : 
to  offend  :  (B.)  to  challenge. — adv.  Peo- 
vok'inqly.  [Fr.  provoquer  —  L.  — pro, 
forth,  voeo,  to  caU.    See  Vocal.] 

PROVOST,  prov'ust,  n.  the  dignitary  set 
over  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  church  : 
the  head  of  a  college  :  (Scotland)  the 
chief  magistrate  of  certain  classes  of 
burghs,  answering  to  mayor  in  other 
cities. — n.  Lord  Provost,  the  style  of 
the  chief  magistrates  of  Edinburgh, 
Glasgow,  Perth,  and  Aberdeen.— 7i.  Pro- 
vost-Marshal, an  officer  of  the  English 
army  with  special  powers  for  enforcing 
discipline:  an  officer  of  the  English  navy 
having  charge  of  prisoners.  [Lit.  "one 
placed  over  others,"  O.  Fr.  provost  (Fr. 
pr&vSt) — L.  prcepositus,  pa.p.  of  prcepono 
—prce,  over,  po7io,  to  place.] 

PROVOSTSHIP,  proVust-ship,  n.  the  office 
of  a  proi^ost. 

PROW,  prow,  n.  the  forepart  of  a  ship. 
[Fr.  proue  (It.  priia) — L.  prora — Gr. — 
pro,  before.] 

PROWESS,  prow'es  or  pro'es,  n.  bravery, 
esp.  in  war  :  valor.  [Fr.  prouesse,  from 
O.  Fr.  prou  (Fr.  preux),  valiant,  prob. 
from  L.  pro,  for  the  good  of.  Cf.  Prtide.] 

PROWL,  prowl,  v.i.  to  rove  in  search  of 
prey  or  plunder. — n.  Peowl'er.  [O.  Fr., 
as  if  x>roieler,  from  Fr.  proie — L.  proeda, 
prey.     See  Peey.] 

PROXIMATE,  proks'i-mat,  adj.,  nearest  or 

next :  having  the  most  intimate  connec- 

ion  :  near  and  immediate. — adv.  Prox'- 

jMATELY.     [L.  proximus,  next,  superl.  of 

obs.  propis,  near.] 

PROXIMITY,  proks-im'it-i,  n.  immediate 
nearness.     [Fr. — L.] 

PROXIMO,  proks'i-mo,  adj.  (in)  the  next 
(month). 

PROXY,  proks'i,  n.  the  agency  of  one  who 
acts  for  another :  one  who  acts  for  an- 
other, or  the  writing  by  which  he  is 
deputed.  [Lit.  "the  office  of  procura- 
tor." from  obs.  E.  procuracy,  from  Pro- 

CUBATOR.] 

PRUDE,  prood,  n.  a  woman  of  affected 
modesty.  [Fr. — O.  Fr.  prode,  fern,  of 
prod,  excellent,  from  L.  probus,  good, 
virtuous.] 

PRUDENCE,  proo'dens,  n.  quality  of  being 
prudent :  wisdom  applied  to  practice : 
caution.     [Fr. — L.] 

PRUDENT,  proo'dent,  adj.  (lit.)  provident 
or  foreseeing  :  cautious  and  wise  in  con- 
duct :  careful :  discreet  :  dictated  by  fore- 
thought :  frugal. — adv.  Pru'dently.  [Fr. 
— L.  prudens,  prudentis,  contr.  of  provi- 
dens,  pr.p.  of  provideo,  to  foresee.  See 
Provide.J 

PRUDENTIAL,  proo  -  den'shal,  adj.  pro- 
ceeding from  or  dictated  by  prudence. — 
adv.  Pkuden'tlally. 

PRUDERY,  pro6d'er-i,  n.  manners  of  a 
prude. 

PRUDISH,  prood'ish,  adj.  like  a  prude : 
affectedly  modest  or  reserved.  —  adv. 
Prud'ishly. 

PRUNE,  proon,  v.t.  to  trim,  as  trees  or 
branches,by  lopping  off  superfluous  parts: 
to  divest  of  anything  superfluous. — n. 
Riun'er.  [Lit.  "  to  propagate,"  older 
form  proin,  prob.  from  Fr.  promgner,  to 
propagate  bj'  slips— pror/»,  a  shoot — L. 
propag-o,  -inis.    See  Propagate.] 

PRUNE,  pi'oon,  n.  a  plum,  esp.  a  dried 
plum.     [Fi\ — L.  prunum — Gr.  prounon.'] 

PRUNELLA,    proo-nel'a,    PRUNELLO, 


proo-nel'o,  n.  a  strong,  woollen  stuff, 
generally  black.  [Prob.  Latinized  form 
of  Fr.  prunelle,  a  sloe,  dim.  of  Fr.  prune. 
See  PRtTNE,  ?i.] 

PRURIENCE,  proo'ri-ens,  PRURIENCY, 
pro6'ri-en-si,  n.  state  of  being  prurient. 

PRURIENT,  proo'ri-ent,  adj.,  itching  or  nn- 
easy  with  desire.  [L.  pruriens,  pr.p.  of 
prurio,  to  itch.] 

PRY,  pri,  v.i.  to  peer  or  peep  into  that 
which  is  closed :  to  inspect  closely  :  to 
try  to  discover  with  curiosity: — j3a.t. 
and  pa.p.  pried. — adv.  Pry'ingly.  [M.E. 
piren.    Doublet  Peer,  to  look  narrowly.] 

PSALM,  sam,  n.  a  sacred  song. — The 
Psalms,  one  of  the  books  of  the  Old 
Testament.  [L.  psalmus — Gr.  j^salmos 
(lit.)  a  tivitching  or  ticanging  the  strings 
of  a  liarp,  from  psallo,  to  •^wang.] 

PSALMIST,  sam'ist  or  sal'mist,  n.  a  com- 
poser of  psalms,  applied  to  David  and  the 
%\Titers  of  the  Scriptural  psalms.  [L. — 
Gr.] 

PSALMODIC,  sal-mod'ik,  PSALMODICAL, 
sal-mod'ik-al,ad_/.  pertaining  topsalmody. 

PSALMODIST,  sal'mod-ist,  n.  a  singer  of 
psulms, 

PSALMODY,  sam'o-di  or  sal'mo-di,  n.  the 
singing  of  psalms :  psalms  collectively. 
[Gr.  psalmodia,  singing  to  the  harp — 
psalmos  (see  Psalm),  and  ode,  a  song  (see 
Ode).] 

PSALTER,  sawl'ter,  n.  the  book  of  Psalms, 
esp.  when  separately  printed  :  in  the  R. 
Cath.  Church,  a  series  of  150  devout  sen- 
tences :  a  rosary  of  150  beads,  according 
to  the  number  of  the  psalms.  [O.  Fr. 
psaltier — L.  psalteriuni.\ 

PSALTERY,  sawl'ter-i,  n.  a  stringed  in- 
strument of  the  Jews.  [O.  Fr.  psalterie 
(Fr.  psaltMon) — h.  psalteriiuu — Gr.  psal- 
terion.    Cf.  Psalm.] 

PSEUDONYM,  su'do-nim,  Ji.  a  fictitious 
name  assumed,  as  by  an  author. — adj. 
Pseudo'nymous,  bearing  a  fictitious 
name.  [Fr.  —  Gr.  pseud-es,  false,  and 
onoma-  E.  Name.] 

PSHAW,  shaw,  int.  of  contempt.  [Imita- 
tivej 

PSYCHICAL,  si'kik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  soul,  or  living  principle  in  man.  [L. 
psychicus  —  Gr.  psychikos  —  psyche,  the 
soul — psycho,  to  breathe.] 

PSYCHOLOGIC,  sT-ko-loj'ik,  PSYCHO- 
LOGICAL, si-ko-loj'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  psychology. — adv.  Psycholog'ically. 

PSYCHOLOGIST,  sl-kol'o-jist,  n.  one  who 
studies  psychology. 

PSYCHOLOGY,  si-kol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
which  classifies  and  analyzes  the  phen- 
omena of  the  human  mind.  [Gr.  psyche, 
the  soul,  and  logos,  a  treatise.] 

PTARMIGAN,  tar'mi-gan,  n.  a  species  of 
grouse  with  feathered  toes  inhabiting 
the  tops  of  mountains.  [Gael,  tarma- 
chan.'] 

PUBERTY,  pu'ber-ti,  n.  the  age  of  full 
development:  early  manhood  or  woman- 
hood. [Fr.  ptiberti — L.  pubertas,  -talis 
— pubes,  the  signs  of  manhood,  from  root 
of  Pupil.] 

PUBESCENCE,  pu-bes'ens,  n.  state  of  one 
arrived  at  puberty:  (pot.)  the  soft,  short 
hair  on  plants. 

PUBESCENT,  pu-bes'ent,  adj.  arriving  at 
puberty:  (bot.  and  zool.)  covered  with 
soft,  short  hair.  [L.  pubesc-ens,  -entis, 
pr.p.  of  pubesco,  to  arrive  at  puberty — 
pubes.    See  Puberty.] 

PUBLIC,  pub'lik,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to 
the  people  :  pertaining  to  a  community 
or  a  nation  :  general  :  common  to  all  : 
generally  known. — n.  the  people:  the 
general  body  of  mankind  :  the  people, 
indefinitely. — adv.  Pub'licly.  [Fr.— L. 
■         ■  ■        Cf .  Peo- 


publicus—populus,  the  people, 
^LE.] 


PUBLICAN,  pub'lik-an,  n.  the  keeper  of  an 
inn  or  public-house  :  (orig.)  a  farmer- 
general  of  the  Roman  public  revenue  :  a 
tax-collector.     [L.] 

PUBLICATION,  pub-li-ka'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  publishing  or  making  public  :  a  procla- 
mation :  the  act  of  printing  and  sending 
forth  to  the  public,  as  a  book  :  that  whicl 
is  published  as  a  book,  etc. 

PUBLIC-HOUSE,  pub'lik-hows,  n.  a  Jiousl 
open  to  the  public :  a  house  of  public 
entertainment.     [Eng.] 

PUBLICIST,  pub'li-sist,  n.  one  who  writes 
on,  or  is  skilled  in  public  law,  or  current 
political  topics. 

PUBLICITY,  pub-lis'i-ti,  n.  the  state  of 
being  public  or  open  to  the  knowledge 
of  all :  notoriety. 

PUBLIC-SPIRITED,  pub'lik-spir'it-ed,  adj. 
having  a  spirit  actuated  by  regard  to  the 
public  interest  :  with  a  regard  to  the 
public  interest.  —  adv.  Pub'lic-SPIR'ITED- 
LY. — n.  Pxjb'lic-spir'itedness. 

PUBLISH,  pub'lish,  v.t.  to  make  public : 
to  divulge  or  reveal  :  to  announce  :  to 
proclaim  :  to  send  forth  to  the  public  ; 
to  print  and  offer  for  sale  :  to  put  into 
circulation.  [Fr.  —  L.  publico,  -atus  — 
publicus.^ 

PUBLISHER,  pub'lish-er,  n.  one  who  makes 
public  or  proclaims  :  one  who  publishes 
books. 

PUCE,  pus,  adj.  brownish-purple.  [Lit. 
flea-colored  ;  Fr.  puce — L.  pulex,  pulieis, 
a  flea.] 

PUCK,  puk,  n.  a  goblin  or  mischievous 
sprite  :  a  celebrated  fairy.  [M.E.  pouke 
— Celt.,  as  Ir.  puea,  W.  owg  ;  conn,  with 
Ice.  puki.  See  the  parallel  forms  PuG, 
Bug.] 

PUCKER,  puk'er,  v.t.  to  gather  into  folds  : 
to  wrinkle. — n.  a  fold  or  wrinkle.  [Lit 
"  to  gather  into  the  form  of  a. poke."  See 
Poke,  a  bag,  and  PoCK.] 

PUDDENING,  pud'n-ing,  n.  (naut.)  a  quat 
tity  of  yarns,  oakum,  or  mats  wrougU 
round  a  rope,  to  make  a  stop  upon  it,  to 
prevent  chafing,  or  for  other  purposes. 

PUDDING,  pood'ing,  n.  an  intestine  filled 
with  meat,  a  sausage  :  a  soft  kind  of 
food,  of  flour,  milk,  eggs,  etc.  [Prob. 
Celt.,  as  W.  poten,  Ir.  putog^pot,  a  bag; 
Ger.  pudding,  Fr.  boudin,  L.  botulus,  are 
prob.  all  related  words.] 

PTJDDLE,  pud'l,  n.  a  small  pooZ  of  muddy 
water  :  a  mixture  of  clay  and  sand. — v.t. 
to  make  muddy;:  to  make  impervious  to 
water  with  clay  :  to  convert  into  bar  or 
wrought  iron.— t'.t.  to  make  a  dirty  stir. 
[M.E.  podel  (for  plod-el)  — Celt,  plod,  a 
pool,  conn,  with  Flood  and  Flow.] 

PUDDLER,  pud'ler,  n.  one  who  turns  cast- 
iron  into  wiought-iron  by  puddling. 

PUDDLING,  pud'ling,  n.  the  act  of  render- 
ing impervious  to  water  by  means  of 
clay:  the  process  of  converting  cast  into 
bar  or  wrought  iron. 

PUERILE,  pa'er-Il,  adj.  pertaining  to 
children  :  childish  :  trifling  :  silly. — adv. 
Pu'erilely.  [Fr.  pueril — L.  puerilis — 
jmer,  a  child.     Cf.  Foal.] 

PUERILITY,  pu-er-il'i-ti,  n.  quality  of 
being  puerile :  that  which  is  puerile  :  a 
childish  expression. 

PUERPERAL,  pu-er'per-al,  adj.  relating 
to  childbirth.  [L.  puerpera,  bearing 
children — puer,  a  child,  and  pario,  to 
bear.     Cf.  FoAL  and  Parent.] 

PUFF,  puf,  v.i.  to  blow  in  puffs  or  whiffs  : 
to  swell  or  fill  with  air  :  to  breathe  with 
vehemence  :  to  blow  at,  in  contempt :  to 
bustle  about. — v.t.  to  drive  with  a  puff  : 
to  swell  with  a  wind  :  to  praise  in  ex 
aggerated  terms. — n.  a  sudden,  forcible 
breath  :  a  sudden  blast  of  wind  :  a  gust 
or  whiff  :  a  fungous  ball  containing  dust : 
anything  light  anfl  porous,  or  swollen 


PUFFERY 


346 


PUP 


and  light :  a  kind  of  light  pastry  ;  an  es- 
aggerated  expression  oi  praise. — n,  Puff'- 
ER. — Puff  trp  (S.)  to  inflate.  [Imitative  ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  puff-en,  etc.] 

PUFFERY,  puf  er-i,  n.,  puffing  or  extrava- 
gant praise. 

PUFFIN,  pufin,  n.  a  water-fowl  having  a 
short,  thick,  projecting  bealc  like  that  of 
a  parrot.  [Named  either  from  itsswell- 
ing  beak  or  its  round  belly.    See  Puff.] 

PUFFY,  pufi,  adj.,  puffed  out  with  air  or 
any  soft  matter :  tumid  :  bombastic. — 

adv.  PUFF'ILY.— 31.  PaFF'D.-ESS. 

PUG,  pug,  n.  a  monkey  :  a  small  kind  of 
dog :  any  small  animal  (in  familiarity  or 
contempt).  [Lit.  "aa  imp;"  a  corr.  of 
Puck.] 

PUGH,  poo,  int.  of  contempt  or  disdain. 
[Imitative.] 

PUGILISil,  pu'jil-izm,  n.  the  art  of  boxin,^ 
or  fighting  with  thefists.—adj.  PUGILIST- 
IC. [From  li.  pugil,  a  boxer — root  pug, 
■whence  L.  pugnus,  E.  FiST.] 

PUGILIST,  pu'jil-ist,  n.  one  who  fights 
with  liis  ilits. 

PUGNACIOUS,  pug-na'shus,  adj.  fond  of 
fighting :  combative  :  quarrelsome. — adv. 

PUGNA'CIOUSLT.— »I.  PUGNAC'ITY.   [h.pug- 

nax.  pitgiiacis—pugno,  to  &ght—pugmis, 
E.  Fist.] 
PUISNE,  pu'ni,  adj.  (laic)  inferior  in  rank, 
applied    to  certain  judges  in   England. 
[Lit.  "born  after,"  O.  Fr.   (Fr.  putne), 
from  puis — li.post,  after,  and  ne,  pa.p.  of 
naitre — ^L.  naseor,    natits,   to   be    born. 
Doublet  of  Puny.] 
PUISSANT,  pQ'is-ant  or  pu-is'ant,  adj.,  po- 
tent or  potverful .  strong :  forcible. — adv. 
■    IVissAjrrLT.— n.   Pu'issaxce.      [Fr.  (It. 
possente),  from  L.  potens.  powerful,  mod- 
ified by  the  influence  of  L.  posse,  to  be 
able.  Cf.  Potent  and  Possible.] 
PUKE,  puk,  v.i.  to  spew  :  vomit.    [A form 

of  Spew.] 
i?ULE,  pill,  v.r.  to  pipe  or  chirp :  to  cry, 
whimper,  or  wliine,  like  a  chUd. — n.  PUL'- 
EH.     [From  Fr.  piauler,  like  It.  pigolare, 
L.  pipilo,  and  pipo,  to  pipe,  formed  from 
the  sound.] 
PULL,  pool,  v.t.  to  draw  or  try  to  draw_: 
to  draw  forcibly  :  to  tear  :  to  pluck. — v.i. 
to  give  a  pull':  to  draw. — n.  the  act  of 
pulling :   a  struggle  or    contest.     [A.S. 
ptdlian,  conn,  with  Low  Ger.  pnlen,  to 
pluck.] 
PULLET,   pool'et,  n.  a  young  hen.    [Fr. 
pmdette,  dim.  of  pmde,   a  hen — Low  L. 
pulla,  a  hen,  fern,  of  L.  pulhts,  a  young 
animal,    cog.    with   Foal.    Poult  is  a 
doublet.] 
PULLEY,  poori,  n.  a  wheel  turning  about 
an  axis,  and  having  a  groove  in  which  a 
cord  runs,  used  for  raising  weights  t — pi. 
PULL'EYS.     [M.  E.  poleyrt,  from  A.S.  pul- 
lian  :  ace.  to  others,  from  Fr.  poulain — 
Low  L.  jmUanus—puUns  (E.  Foal);  ace. 
to  Diez  from  Fr.  poulie,  which  is  from  E. 
Pull.] 
PULMONARY,  pul'mon-ar-i,  adj  pertain- 
ing to  or  afi'ecting  the  lungs.    [L.  pul- 
monarius—pulmo,  pulmonis,  a  lung— -Gr. 
pleumon.  pnevmon,   lung — root  ^nw,  to 
breathe.J 
PULMONIC,  pul-monlk,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  affecting  the  hings. — n.  a  medicine  for 
disease  of  the  lungs :  one  affected  by  dis- 
ease of  the  lungs. 
i'ULP,    pulp,  n.  the  soft    fleshy  part  of 
bodies  :  marrow  :  the  soft  part  of  plants, 
esp.  of  fruits  :  any  soft  mass. — v.t.  to  re- 
duce to   pulp :  to  deprive    of    pulp :  to 
separate  the  pulp.    [Fr.  pxdpe — ^L.  ptdpa, 
^perh.  conn,  -with  root  of  Palpable.] 
PULPIT,  pool'pit,  n.  a  platform  for  speak- 
ing from  :  an  elevated  or  inclosed  place 
in  a  church  where  the  sermon  is  deliv- 


ered :  a  desk. — adj.  belonging  to  the  pul- 
pit. [Pr.— L.  x>ulpitum,  a  stage.  Ety. 
unknown.] 

PULPOUS,  pulp'us,  adj.  consisting  of  or 
resembling puZp:  soft. — n.  Pulp'ousness. 

PULPY,  pulp'i,  adj.  like  pulp:  soft. — n. 

PULP'lNESS. 

PULSATE,  pul'sat,  v.i.  to  throb.  [L.  pulso, 
puUatxis.to  beat,  freq.  of  pello,  pulsus, 
to  drivej 

PULSATILE,  pul'sat-il,  aclj.  that  may  be 
beaten:  played  bj-  beating:  acting  by 
pulsation. 

PULSATION,  pul-sa'shun,  n.  a  beating  or 
throbbing:  a  motion  of  the  pulse:  any 
measured  beat :  a  vibration.  [L.  pul- 
satio.] 

PULSATIVE,  pul'sa-tiv,  PULSATORY, 
pul'sa-tor-i,  adj.,  beating  or  throbbing. 

PULSE,  puis,  n.  a  beating  :  a  throb  :  a  vi- 
bi-ation:  the  beating  of  the  lieart  and 
the  arteries.  [Fr.  2>ouls  —  L.  pulsus — 
pello,  2}ulsus.    See  Pulsate.] 

PULSE,  puis,  n.  grain  or  seed  of  beans, 
pease,  etc.  [L.  ^wMs,  porridge  (Gr.  jpottos). 
Cf.  Poultice.] 

PULSELESS,  puls'les,  adj.  having  no  pul- 
sation.   

PULVERABLE,  pul'ver-a-bl,  PULVERIZ- 
ABLE,  pul'ver-iz-a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
reduced  to  fine  powder.  [L.  pulvis,  pul- 
verif:,  powder.] 

PULVERIZE,  pul'ver-xz,  v.t.  to  reduce  to 
dust  or  fine  powder. — n.  Pulveeiza'TION. 
[Fr. — Late  L.  pidveriso— pulvis.] 

PULVEROUS,  pul'ver-us,  adj.  consisting 
of  or  like  dust  or  powder.  [L.  jmlvereus^ 

PUMA,  pii'ma,  n.  a  carnivorous  animal,  of 
the  cat  kind,  of  a  reddish-brown  color 
without  spots,  called  also  the  American 
lion.     [Peruvian  jJJ/ma.] 

PUMICE,  pii'mis,  n.  a  hard,  light,  spongy, 
volcanic  mineral. — adj.  Pumi'ceous,  of  or 
like  pumice.  [A.S.  pumici-stan),  pumice- 
(-stone) — L.  pivmex,  pinnicis,  for  spumex 
— spuma,  foam — spuo.  See  Spume,  &nd 
Pounce,  a  fine  powder.] 

PUTVBIEL.    Same  as  Pommel. 

PUMP,  pump,  n.  a  machine  for  raising 
water  and  other  fluids. — v.t.  to  raise 
with  a  pump  :  to  draw  out  information 
by  artful  questions.  — r.i.  to  work  a 
pump  :  to  raise  water  by  pumping. — n. 
PUMP'EE.  [Fr.  pompe — Ger.  piimj^e  (for 
plumpe),  from  the  sound  of  splashing  in 
water.    See  Plump.] 

PUMP,  pumo,  7!.  a  thin-soled  shoe  used  in 
dancing.  [Fr.  ^jonz^e.  So  called  from 
being  used  on  sJwin;  occasions.  See 
Pomp.] 

PUMPKIN,  pumpTcin,  PUMPION.  pump'- 
vun,  n.  a  plant  of  the  gourd  family  and 
its  fruit.  [A  corr.  of  Fr.  pompon — L. 
pepo,  -onig  —  Gr.  pepon,  ripe,  so  called 
because  not  eaten  until  ripe.] 

PUN,  pun,  v.t.  to  play  upon  words  similar 
in  sound  but  different  in  meaning  -.—pr.p. 
punn'ing  ;  pa.t.  anApa.p.  punned. — n.  a 
play  upon  words.  [Lit.  "  to  hammer  or 
torture  words,"  an  old  form  of  POUND,  to 
beat,  from  A.S.  punian.] 
PUNCH,  contr.  of  Punchinello.  [Through 
the  influence  of  prov.  E.  punch,  thick, 
fat.] 
PUNCH,  punsh,  v.  a  beverage  of  five  in- 
gredients, spirit,  water,  sugar,  lemon- 
juice,  and  spice.  [Hindi  panch,  five — 
Sans,  panchan,  cog.  -with  E.  Five.] 
PUNCH,  punsh,  v.t.  to  ^rtefc  or  pierce  with 
something  sharp  :  to  perforate  with  a 
steel  tool. — n.  a  tool  for  stamping  or 
perforating,  a  kind  of  awl.  [A  curtailed 
form  of  Puncheon,  a  tool.] 
PUNCH,  punsh,  v.t.  to  strike  or  hit,  esp. 
on  the  head. — n.  a  stroke  or  blow.  [Prob. 
a  corr.  of  Punish.] 


PUNCHEON,  punsh'un.  n.  a  steel  tool  with 
one  "lid  for  stamping  or  perforating 
metal  plates.  [O.  Fr.  poinson,  a  bodkin, 
a  punciieon — L.  jmnctio,  -onis.  a  pricking 
— pungo,  ptincttis,  to  prick.] 

PUNCHEON,  punsh'un,  n.  a  cask  :  a  liquid 
measure  of  84  gallons.  [O.  Fr.  poinson, 
a  cask ;  perh.  from  the  above,  so  called 
from  the  brand  stamped  on  it.  Cf.  HOGS 
head.] 

PUNCHINELLO,  punsh-i-nel'o,  PUNCH, 
punsh,  n.  the  short,  humpbacked  figure 
of  a  puppet-show  :  a  buffoon.  [A  corr. 
of  It.  puleinello,  dim.  of  ptdeino,  a  young 
chicken,  a  child — ^L.  prdlus,  a  young  ani- 
mal.   See  Pullet  and  Foal.] 

PUNCTATE,  pungk'tat,  PUNCTATED, 
pungk'tat-ed,  adj.,  pointed:  (bot.)  punc- 
tured :  full  of  small  holes.  [Formed  from 
L.  imnctum,  a  ^oint— pungo,  punctus,  to 
prick.] 

PUNCTILIO,  pungk-til'yo,  n.  a  nice  point 
in  behavior  or  ceremony:  nicety  in  forms. 
[Lit.  "  a  little  point,"  Sp.  puntillo,  dim. 
of  punto,  point — L.  punctum,  point.] 

PUNCTILIOUS,  pungk-til'yus,  adj.  attend- 
ing to  little  points  or  matters :  very  nice 
or  exact  in  behavior  or  ceremony :  ex- 
act or  punctual  to  excess. — adv.  PUNO- 
til'iously. — n.  Punctiliousness. 

PUNCTUAL,  pungk'tu-al,  adj.  observant 
of  nice  points,  punctilious:  exact  in  keep- 
ing time  and  appointments  :  done  at  the 
exact  time.  —  w.  Punc'tuaust.  —  adv. 
Punc'tuallt.  [Fr.ponctuel — lupunetum, 
a  point.] 

PUNCTUALITY,pungk-tu-al'i-ti.n.  quality 
or  state  of  being  punctual :  the  keeping 
the  exact  time  of  an  appointment. 

PUNCTUATE,  pungk'tu-at,  v.t.  to  mark 
with  points :  to  divide  sentences  by 
certain  marks. 

PUNCTUATION,  pungk-tu-a'shun,  n.  the 
act  or  art  of  di\'iding  sentences  by  points 
or  marks. 

PUNCTURE,  pungk'tur,  n.  a  pricking :  a 
small  hole  made  with  a  sharp  point. — v.t. 
to  prick :  to  pierce  with  a  pointed  instru- 
ment.    [L.  punctnra-^tmgo.] 

PUNDIT,  pun'dit,  n.  a  learned  man.  [Sans. 
pandita—pand,  to  pile  up.] 

PUNGENT,  pun'jent.  adj.  pricking  or  acrid 
to  taste  or  smell ;  keen  :  sarcastic— adi". 
Pun'gently.— H.  Pungency.  [L.  pun- 
gens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  pun^.  See  PoiQN- 
ant.J 

PUNISH,  pun'ish,  v.t.  to  exact  a  penalty: 
to  cause  loss  or  pain  for  a  fault  or  crime: 
to  chasten.—^.  Puk'ISHER.  [Fr.  punir, 
punissant  —  L.  punire— poena,  penalty. 
See  Pain,] 

PUNISHABLE,  pun'ish-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  punished. 

PUNISHMENT,  pun'ish-ment,  n.  loss  or 
pain  inflicted  for  a  crime  or  fault. 

PUNITIVE,  ptin'i-tiv,  a^j.  pertaining  to 
punishment. 

PUNKAH,  pung'ka,  n.  a  large /an  consist- 
ing of  a  light  framework  covered  with 
cloth  and  suspended  from  the  ceihng  of 
a  room.     [Hind,  pankhd,  a  fan.] 

PUNSTER,  pun'ster,  n.  one  who  puns  or  is 
skilled  in  punning. 

PUNT,  punt,  n.  a  ferr\'-boat  :  a  flat-bot 
tomed  boat. — v.t.  to  "propel,  as  a  boat, 
by  pushing  with  a  pole  against  the  bot- 
tom of  a  river.  [A.S.— L.  ^onfo,  a  punt, 
a  pontoon— j3on«,  pontis.  See  Poktage 
and  Pontoon.] 

PUNY,  pu'ni,  adj.  (comp.  Pu'nier,  mperl. 
IVniest),  small :  feeble :  inferior  in  size 
or  strength.  [Lit.  "  born  after  or  late." 
Doublet  of  Puisne.] 

PUP,  pup,  v.t.  to  bring  forth  puppies,  as  a 
bitch  •.—pr.p.  pupp'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa,p, 
pupped.    [Short  for  Puppy.] 


PUPA 


347 


PUSSY 


PUPA,  pu'pa,  PTTPE,  pOp  or  pO'pS,  n.  an 

insect  inclosed  in  a  case  before  its  full 
development :  a  chrysalis  : — pi.  Pup^, 
pa'pe,  Popes,  pu'pes.  [L.  pupa,  a  girl, 
a  doll,  fem.  of  pupus.  a  boy,  a  child.] 
PUPIL,  pii'pil,  n.  a  little  boy  or  girl:  one 
under  the  care  of  a  tutor  :  a  scholar  :  a 

L    ward :   {law)   one   under    puberty.     [Fr. 

I   p^ipille — L.  pupillus.  pitpilla,  dims,   of 

'    pupus,  boy,  pupa,  girl. J 

PT5PIL,  pu'pil,  n.  the  apple  of  the  eye,  so 
called  from  the  6ab?/-lilce  figures  seen  on 
it.     [Same  as  above  vrord.] 

PUPILAGE,  pa'pil-aj,  n.  state  of  being  a 
jnipil. 

Pt5PILLARY,  PUPILARY,  pu'pU-ar-i,"ao';. 
pertaining  to  a  pupil  or  ward,  or  to  the 
pupil  of  the  eye. 

PUPPET,  pup'et,  n.  a  small  u,oll  cr  imag'e 
moved  by  wires  in  a  show :  one  entirely 
under  the  contro'  of  another. — n.  Pdpp'^- 
ET-SHOW,  a  mock  shoio  or  drama  per- 
foimixl  by  puppets.  [O.  Fr.  poupette, 
dim.  from  L.  piipa.'j. 

PUPPY,  pup'i,  11.  a  doll :  a  conceited  young 
man :  a  whelp. — n.  Pupp'yism,  conceit  in 
men.  [Fr.  poupee,  a  doll  or  puppet — ^L. 
2mpa.    Cf.  Pupa.] 

PUR.     See  PUBR. 

PURBLIND,  purTjlInd,  adj.  nearly  bZmd: 
near-sigh  ted .  —  adv.  Puii'blind'ly.  —  n. 
Puk'blindness.  [For  pure-blind,  i.e. 
■wholly  blind ;  the  meaning  has  been 
modified,  prob.  through  some  confusion 
with  the  verb  to  pore.] 

PURCHASABLE,  pur'chas-a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  purchased. 

PURCHASE,  pur'chas,  v.t.  (lit.)  to  chase 
or  seek  for  :  to  acquire  :  to  obtain  by 
paying  :  to  obtain  by  labor,  danger,  etc.: 
(Imc)  to  sue  out  or  procure. — n.  act  of 

;     purchasing :  that   which   is  purchased : 

•  any  mechanical  power  or  advantage  in 
raising  or  moving  bodies.  —  n.  PuE'- 
CHASEE.  [Fr.  pourchasser,  to  seek  eager- 
ly, pursue — jxiur  (L.  pro),  for,  ehasser,  to 
chase.    See  Chase.] 

PURE,  pur,  adj.  {comp.  Pur'ER,  superl. 
Pur'est),  clean,  unsoiied  :  unmixed :  not 
adulterated :  real :  free  from  guilt  or  de- 
filement :  chaste  :  modest  :  mere  :  that 
and  that  only. — adv.  Puee'ly. — n.  Puee'- 
NESS.  [Fr.  ptir — L.  purus — root  pu,  to 
make  clean  ;  conn,  with  E.  FtRE,  h.puto, 
and  its  derivatives.] 

PURGATION,  pur-ga'shun,  n.  a  purging: 
(law)  the  clearing  from  imputation  of 
guilt.     [Fr.— L.  purgatio.] 

PURGATIVE,  pur'ga-tiv,  adj.,  cleansing : 
having  the  power  of  evacuating  the  in- 
testines.— n.  a  medicine  that  evacuates. 
[L.  pitrgatirus.'] 

PURGATORIAL,  pur-ga-to'ri-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  purgatory. 

PURGATORY,  pur'ga-tor-i,  adj.,  purging 
or  cleansing :  expiatory. — n.  according  to 
R.  Catholic  and  some  eastern  religions, 
a  place  or  state  in  which  souls  are  after 
death  purified  from  venial  sins.  [Fr. 
purgatoire — L. purgatorivs.   See Puege.] 

PURGE,  purj,  t\t.  to  make  pure:  to  carry 
off  whatever  is  impure  or  supei-fluous  : 
to  clear  from  guilt :  to  evacuate,  as  the 
bowels  :  to  clarify,  as  liquors. — v.i.  to 
become  pure  by  clarifying  :  to  have  fre- 

'  quent  evacuations.  [Fr.  purger  —  L. 
purgo  (for  ^)»,r-J3o)-^MJ'MS,  pure,  and 
ago,  to  do  or  make.] 

PURGING,  pvirj'ing,  n.  act  of  cleansing  or 
clearing. 

PURIFICATION,  pGr-i-fl-ka'shun,  n.  act  of 
purifying :  (B.)  the  act  of  cleansing  cere- 
monially by  removing  defilement.  [Fr. 
— L.  purificatio.'\ 

PURIFICATORY,pur-if'i-kartor-i,acy.tend- 
ing  to  purify  or  cleanse. 

PURIFY,  pur'i-fl,  v.t.  to  make  pure :  to  free 


from  guilt  or  nncleanness :  to  free  from 
improprieties  or  barbarisms,  as  language. 
— v.i.  to  become  pure  -.^pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
pur'ifJed. — n.  Pce'ifier.  [Fr.  purifiei — 
L.  purifico— purus,  pure,  f ado,  to  make.] 

PURISM,  pijr'izm,  n.,  imre  or  immaculate 
conduct  or  style :  the  doctrine  of  a  purist. 

PURIST,  pur'ist,  n.  one  who  is  excessively 
p\ire  or  nice  in  the  choice  of  words. 

PURITAN,  piJr'i-tan,  n.  one  professing 
great  purity  in  religious  life  :  one  of  a  re- 
ligious party  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth  and 
the  Stuarts  marked  by  rigid  purity  in 
doctrine  and  practice. — adj.  pertaining  to 
the  Puritans. 

PURITANIC,  pur-i-tan'ik,  PURITANIG 
AL,  pur-i-tan'ik-al,  adj.  like  a  Puritan  j 
rigid  :  exact. 

PURITANISM,  piir'i-tan-izm,  n.  the  no- 
tions or  practice  of  Puritans. 

PURITY,  pflr'i-ti,  n.  condition  of  being 
pure. 

PURL,  purl,  v.i.  to  flow  with  a  murmuring 
sound  :  to  ripple. — n.  a  soft  murmuring 
Bound,  as  of  a  stream  among  stones :  an 
eddy  or  ripple.  [Prob.  freq.  of  PuEE ;  cf. 
Sw,  porto,  Ger.  perlen,  to  bubble.] 

PURL,  purl,  v.t.  to  fringe  with  a  waved 
edging,  as  lace :  (knitting)  to  invert 
stitches.  [Contr.  of  purjle — Fr.  pourfiler 
— pour  (L.pro),  and  filer,  to  twist  threads, 
from  fil,  a  thread.    Cf.  File,  a  line,  etc.] 

PURL,  purl,  «.  ale  warmed  and  spiced. 
[Prob.  from  Fr.perle,  a  pearl,  from  the 
small  pearl-like  bvibbles  rising  on  its  sur- 
face.   See  Peael.] 

PURLIEU,  pur'lQ,  n.  the  borders  or  envi- 
rons of  any  place  :  (orig.)  the  grounds  on 
the  borders  of  a  forest.  [Ace.  to  Skeat, 
a  corr.  of  O.  Fr.  puralee  (a  mere  transla- 
tion of  L.  perambidatio),  land  severed 
from  a  royal  forest  by  perambulation — 
O.  Fr.  2yitr  (==  L.  pro),  and  allee,  a  going. 
See  Alley.] 

PURLOIN,  pur-loin',  v.t.  to  steal :  to  pla- 
giarize.— »i.  Pueloin'ee.  [Lit.  "  to  carry 
away  to  a  long  distance  ,  '  M.E.  purlon- 
gen  —  O.  Fr.  purloignier  —  L.  iwolongo. 
See  Prolong.] 

PURPLE,  pur'pl,  n.  a  very  dark-red  color: 
a  purple  dress  or  robe,  orig.  worn  only 
by  royalty :  a  robe  of  honor. — adj.  red 
tinged  with  blue :  blood-red  :  bloody. — 
v.t.  to  dye  purple:  to  clothe  with  purple. 
[M.E.  purpre — O.  Fr.  porpre  (Fr.  pour- 
pi-e)  —  L.  purpura  —  Gr.  porphyra.    See 

POEPHYRY.] 

PURPORT,  pur'port,  n.  design  :  significa- 
tion.— v.i.  to  mean.  [Lit.  "that  which 
is  carried  or  conveyed,"  O.Fr.  p^^r  (Fr. 
pour) — L.  pro,  for,  and  Fr.  porter— Ij. 
porta,  to  carry.] 

PURPOSE,  pur'pos,  n.  that  which  a  person 
sets  before  himself  as  an  end  :  aim  :  in- 
tention :  effect. — v.t.  to  intend. — v.i.  to 
have  an  intention.  [O.  Fr.  jmrposer, 
form  of  proposer  (see  Peopose),  influ- 
enced by  Fr.  propios  (L.  ponere),  to  place.] 

PURPOSELESS,  pur'pos-les,  adj.  without 
purpose  or  effect :  aimless. 

PURPOSELY,  pur'pos-li,  adv.  with  purpose 
or  design:  intentionally. 

PURR,  PUR,  pur,  v.i.  to  utter  a  murmur- 
ing sound,  as"a  cat. — n.  (also  Puee'ing), 
the  low,  murmuring  sound  of  a  cat. 
[From  the  sound.] 

PURSE,  purs,  n.  a  small  bag  for  money, 
orig.  made  of  skin :  a  sum  of  money  :  a 
treasury. — iKt.  to  put  into  a  purse :  to 
contract  as  the  mouth  of  a  purse  :  to  con- 
tract into  folds.  [O.  Fr.  borse  (Fr.  bourse) 
— Low  L.  bursa— Gr.  byrsa,  a  skin,  a  hide.] 

PURSE-PROUD,  purs'-prowd,  adj.,  proud 
of  one's  purse  or  wealth  :  insolent  from 
wealth. — n.  Puese'-peide. 

PURSER,  purs'er,  ji.  an  ofiicer  who  has 
charge  of  the  provisions,  clothing,  and 


accounts  of  a  ship,  now  termed  a  "  paji 

master." — n.  Puss'ership. 

PURSLANE,  PURSLAIN,  purs'lan,  n.  an 
annual  plant,  frequently  used  in  salads. 
[It.  porccllana,  from  L.  portulaca.] 

PURSUANCE,  pur-su'ans,  ?i.  the  act  of 
pursuing  or  following  out :  process :  con= 
sequence. 

PURSUANT,  pur-sii'ant,  adj.  done  pursu 
ing  or  seeking  any  purpose  :  hence 
agreeable. 

PURSUE,  pur-su',  v.t.  to  follow  onwards 
in  order  to  overtake  :  to  chase  :  to  prose- 
cute :  to  seek :  to  imitate  :  to  continue. 
— n.  Puesu'ee,  one  who  pursues :  (Scots 
laid)  a  plaintiff.  [O.  Fr.  porsuir  (Fr. 
poursuivre) — L.  proseqvor,  -secutus—pro, 
onwards,  sequor,  to  follow.] 

PURSUIT,  pur-Slit',  n.  the  act  of  pursuing, 
following,  or  going  after :  endeavor  to 
attain  :  occupation. 

PURSUIVANT,  pui-'swi-vant,  n.  a.  pursuer 
or  follower :  in  Great  Britain,  a  state 
messenger;  an  attendant  on  the  heralds? 
one  of  four  junior  officers  in  the  Heralds' 
College.     [Fr.  poursuivant.] 

PURSY,  purs'i,  adj.,  pushed  out:  puffy; 
fat  and  short :  short-breathed. — n.  Pues'- 
INESS.  [O.  Fr.  pourcif  (Fr.  poussif), 
orig.  poulsif,  broken -winded — O.  Fr. 
pourcer  (Fr.  pousser),  to  push.  See 
Push.] 

PURTENANCTE,  pur'ten-ans,  n.  that  which 
pertains  or  belongs  to  :  (B.)  the  intes- 
tines of  an  animal.     [Short  for  Appxte- 

TENANCE.l 

PURULENCE,  pu'roo-lens,  PURULENCY, 
pu'roo-len-si,  n.  the  forming  of  pus  or 
matter  :  pus. 

PURULENT,  pQ'roo-lent,  adj.  consisting 
of,  full  of,  or  resembling  pus  or  matter. 
— adv.  Pu'eulentlt. 

PURVEY,  pur-va',  v.t.  to  prov^ide,  esp 
with  conveniences  :  to  procure. — v  i.  tc 
provide  :  to  buy  in  pro-sisions.  [O  FV, 
porvoir  (Fr.  potivoiry—lj.  provideo.  See 
Provide.] 

PURVEYANCE,  pur-va'ans,  n.  the  act  of 
X>urveying:  procuring  of  victuals:  in  En- 
gland, the  royal  prerogative  of  pre- 
emption, now  abolished. 

PURVEYOR,  pur-va'or,  n.  one  who  prO' 
vides  victuals:  in  England,  an  oflBcer  who 
formerly  exacted  pro\'isions  for  the  use 
of  the  king's  household  :  a  procurer. 

PUS,  pus,  n.  that  which  has  become  jJMfrid; 
white  matter  of  a  sore.  [h.  pus,  puris, 
matter  ;  akin  to  Gr.  pyon,  and  Sans, 
root  2^tiy,  to  become  putrid.] 

PUSEYISM,  pfl'zi-izm,  »i.  a  name  given 
collectively  to  the  principles  of  Dr.  Pusey 
and  other  Oxford  divines,  as  put  forth  in 
a  series  of  pamphlets,  called  "  Tracts  for 
the  Times.'' — n.  Pu'seyite,  one  supposed 
to  hold  certain  views  attributed  to  Dr. 
Pusey. 

PUSH,  poosh,  v.t.  to  thrust  or  beat  against: 
to  drive  by  pressure  :  to  press  forward  : 
to  urge. — v.i.  to  make  a  thrust:  to  make 
an  effort:  to  press  against:  to  burst  out. 
— n.  a  thrust:  an  impulse:  assault:  effort: 
exigence.  [Fr.  pousser — L.  pulso,  freq. 
of  peUo,  pulsum,  to  beat.] 

PUSHING,  poosh'ing.adj. ,pressing forward 
in  business  :  enterprising  :  \igorous. 

PUSILLANIMOUS,  pu-sil-an'i-mus,  adj. 
having  a  little  mind  :  mean-spirited ; 
cowardly. — adv.  Pusn.T, a n'diously. — ns. 

PUSILLAN'IMOUSNESS,  PuSrLLANTM'lTY.  [L. 

pusillanimis—pusillus,  very  little  (—pu- 

sus,  dim.  of  puer,  a  boy),  and  animus, 

the  mind.] 
PUSS,  poos,  n.  a  familiar  name  for  a  cat : 

a  hare,  in  sportsmen's  language.     [Dut. 

j)oes,  puss  ;  Ir.  and  Gael,  pits,  a  cat :  prob. 

imitative  of  a  cat's  spitting.] 
PUSSY,  poos'i,  n.  a  dim.  of  Puss. 


PUSTULAR 


348 


QUADRUPLE 


imSTDlAE,  pus'tu-lar,  PUSTULOUS, 
_pus'tu-lus,  adj.  covered  with  jpitstules. 

PUSTULATE,  pus'tu-lat,  v.t.  to  form  into 

^pustules. 

PUSTULE,  pus'tul,  n.  a  small  pimple  con- 
taining pits.     [Fr. — L.  2}U'^tiila—pus.} 

PUT,  poot,  v.t.  to  push  or  thrust :  to  drive 
into  action  :  to  throw  suddenly,  as  a 
•word :  to  set,  lay,  or  deposit :  to  bring 
into  any  state  :  "to  offer :  to  propose  : 
to  apply  :  to  oblige  :  to  incite  :  to  add. — 
v.t.  to  place:  to  turn :— _pr.p.  putting 
(poof-);  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  put.  [A.S.  po- 
lian  ;  prob.  from  the  Celt.,  as  Gael,  ^uf, 
W.  pu-tio.] 

PUTATIVE,  pQ'ta-tiv,  adj.,  supposed  :  re- 
puted. [Ft. — 'L.putativtis—puto,putatus, 
to  suppose.] 

PUTREFACTION,  pu-tre-fak'shun,  n.  the 
act  or  process  ot  putrefying :  rottenness : 
corruption. 

PUTREFACTIVE,  pu-tre-fak'tiv,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  causing  putrefaction. — n. 

PUTREF  AC'Tl  V  KNESS. 

PUTREFY,  pu'tre-fi,  v.t.  to  make  putrid 
or  rotten  :   to  corrupt. — v.i.  to   become 

Eutrid  :  to  rot  ■.—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  pu'tre- 
ed.     rPUTRlD,  and  L.  facto,  factum,  to 
make.J 
PUTRESCENT,  pu-tres'ent,  adj.,  becoming 
putrid :  pertaining  to  putrefaction. — n. 

PUTEES'CENCE. 

PUTRID,  pu'trid,  adj.,  stinking:  rotten- 
corrupt. — ns.  Pctrid'ity,  Pu'tridness. 
[Fr.  putride — L.  putridus—puter,  putris, 
rotten^outeo,  akin  to  Gr.  putho,  Sans. 
puy,  to  stink.    See  Pus.] 

Putty,  put'l,  n.  an  oxide  of  tin,  or  of  lead 
and  tin,  used  in  polishing  glass,  etc.:  a 
cement,  of  whiting  and  linseed-oil,  used 
in  glazing  windows. — v.t.  to  fix  or  fill  up 
Trith  putt}'  -.—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  putt'ied. 
O.  Fr.  potee,  properly  that  whicn  is  con- 
tained in  a  pot  (Ft.  poi).'\ 

JOZZLE,  puz'l,  n.  perplexity  :  something 
to  try  the  ingenuity,  as  a  toy  or  riddle. — 
v.t.  to  pose  :  to  perplex. — t\i.  to  be  be- 
wildered. —  n.  Puzz  LEB.  [From  M.  E. 
opposaile  (E.  opposal),  an  objection  or 
question  put  by  an  examiner — Tr.opposer. 
See  Oppose.] 

PUZZLING,  puzling,  adj.,  posing:  per- 
plexing. 

PYEBALD.    See  Piebald. 

PYGARG,  pl'garg,  n.  a  kind  of  antelope. 
[Lit.  "the  ichite-rumped  animal,"  Gr. 
vygargos—pyge,  rump,  argos,  white.] 

PYGMEAN,  pig-me'an,  PYGMY,  pig^'mi, 
adj.  pertaining  to  or  like  a  jjygmy : 
dwarfish :  diminutive. 

PYGMY,  pig'mi,  n.  one  of  a  fabulous 
dwarfish  race  of  antiquity :  a  dwarf : 
any  diminutive  thing.  [Fr.  pygmi — L. 
Pygnwei  —  Gr.  Pygmaioi,  the  Pygmies, 
fabled  to  be  of  the  length  of  'a  (Gr.) 
pygme  =  ldi  inches  (measured  from  the 
elbow  to  the  knuckles)— ^pi/^"^^,  fist,  L. 

^mgniis.] 

PYLORUS,  pi-lo'rus,  n.  the  lower  opening 
of  the  stomach  leading  to  the  intestines. 
— adj.  P*tiX)E'ic.  rut.  "gate-keeper," 
L. — Gr.  pyloros—pyle,  an  entrance,  and 
ouros,  a  guardian.] 

PYRAMID,  pir'a-mid,  n.  a  solid  figure  on  a 
triangular,  square,  or  polygonal  base, 
with  triangular  sides  meeting  in  a  point: 
— pi.  "the  pyramids"  or  great  monu- 
ments of  Egypt :  a  game  played  on  a 
billiard  table.  [L. — Gr.  pyramis,  pyra- 
midos.    Ety.  unknown;  prob.  EgyptianJ 

PYRAMIDAL,  pi-ram'i-dal,  PYRAMIDIC, 
pir-a-mid'ik,  PYRAMIDICAL,  pir-a-mid'- 
ik-al,  adj.  having  the  form  of  a.  pyramid. 
— advs.  PvKAM'TnAT.T.v,  Ptramid'ically. 

PYRE,  pir,  n.  a  pile  of  wood,  etc.,  to  be  set 
on  fire  at  a  funeral.  [L.  pyra—Gr.  pyra 
—pyr,  E.  Fire.] 


PYRITES,  pir-rtez,  n.  a  native  compound 
of  sulphur  with  other  metals,  so  called 
because  it  strikes  fire  when  struck  against 
steel. — adjs.  Pyrit'ic,  Pyeit'ical.  [L. 
— Gr.  pyr,  E.  Fire.] 

PYROGENOUS,  'piT-o^'eTi-ns,adj., produced 
by  fire.  [Gr.  p>yrogenes—pyr,  fire,  and 
gen,  root  of  gignomai,  to  produce.] 

PYROMETER,  pir-om'e-ter,  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  m,easuring  the  temperature  of 
bodies  under  fierce  lieat. — adjs.  Pyro- 
MET'ric,  PTEOMET'RiCAli.  [Gr.  pyr,  fire, 
and  metron.  a  measure.] 

PYROTECHNIC,  pir-o-tek'nik,  PYRO- 
TECHNICAL,  pir-o-tek'nik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  fireicorks. 

PYROTECHNICS,  pir-o-tek'niks,  PYRO- 
TECHNY,  pir'o-tek-ni,  n.  the  art  of 
making  fireicorks.  [Gr.  pyr,  fire,  and 
technikos.  artistic — techne,  art.] 

PYROTECHNIST,  pir'o-tek-nist,  n.  one 
skilled  in  jjyrotechny. 

PYRRHONIST,  pir'ro-nist,n.  one  who  holds 
the  tenets  of  Pyrrho,  who  taught  uni- 
versal scepticism:  a  sceptic. — Ji.  Pykrho 
NTSM,  scepticism. 

PYTHAGOREAN,  pi-thag-o-re'an,  adj. 
pertaining  to  Pythagoras,  a  celebrated 
Greek  philosopher,  or  to  his  philosophy. 
—  n.  a  follower  of  Pythagoras.  —  n. 
Ptthag'ORISM,  his  doctrines. 

PYTHIAN,  pith'i-an,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
Pythoness:  noting  one  of  the  four  national 
festivals  of  ancient  Greece,  in  honor  of 
Apollo. 

PYTHON,  pi'thon,  n.  a  genus  of  large 
serpents,  family  Boidje,  nearly  allied  to 
the  boa,  from  which  they  differ  in  having 
the  plates  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
tail  double.  They  are  natives  of  the  Old 
World,  and  are  found  in  the  East  Indies, 
South  Africa,  and  elsewhere.  They 
sometimes  attain  a  length  of  30  feet. 
They  are  not  venomous,  but  kiU  their 
prey  by  compression.  [Gr.  python,  a 
great  serpent  slain  near  Delphi  by 
Apollo.] 

PYTHONESS,  pith'on-es,  n.  the  priestess 
of  the  oracle  of  Apollo  at  Pytho,  the 
oldest  name  of  Delphi,  in  Greece  :  a 
witch. 

PYTHONIC,  pi-thon'ik,  adj.  pretending  to 
foretell  future  events  like  the  Pvthoness. 

PYTHONISM,  pith'on-izm,  n.  the  art  of 
predicting  events  by  divination.  —  n. 
Ptth'onist. 

PYX,  piks,  n.  in  the  R.  Oath.  Church,  the 
sacred  box  in  which  the  host  is  kept  after 
consecration  :  at  the  British  Mint,  the 
box  containing  sample  coins.  —  v.t.  to 
test  the  weight  and  fineness  of,  as  the 
coin  deposited  in  the  pyx. — Trial  of  the 
Pyx,  final  trial  by  weight  and  assay  of 
the  gold  and  silver  coins  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, prior  to  their  issue  from  the  Mint. 
[L.  pyxis,  a  box — Gr.  pyxis— pyxos  (L. 
buxus),  the  box-tree,  box-wooA—pyk-nos, 
dense — root,  pak,  to  bind.  Of.  Box,  a 
tree,  etc.,  and  Pact.] 


Q 


QUACK,  kwak,  v.i.  to  cry  like  a  duck  :  to 
b®ast :  to  practice  as  a  quack. — v.i.  to 
doctor  by  quackery. — ?i.  the  cry  of  a 
duck :  a  boastful  pretender  to  skill  which 
he  does  not  possess,  esp.  medical  skill :  a 
mountebank. — adj.  pertaining  to  quack- 
ery :  used  by  quacks.  [An  imitative 
word,  seen  also  in  Ger.  quaken,  Dut. 
kwaken,  Gr.  koax,  a  croak.] 

QUACKERY,  kwak'er-i,  n.  the  pretensions 
or  practice  of  a  quack,  esp.  in  medicine. 

QUACKSALVER,  kwak'sal-ver,  n.  a  quack 


who  deals  in  salves,  ointments,  etc.  :  a 
quack  generallj-. 

QUADRAGESIMA,  kwod-ra-jes'i-ma.  n. 
Lent,  or  the  forty  days  of  fast  before 
Easter.  [L. — quadragesimus,  fortieth — 
quadraginta,  forty — quatuor,  four.  See 
Four.] 

QUADRAGESBIAL,  kwod  -  ra  -  jes'i  -  mai, 
adj.  belonging  to  or  used  in  Lent. 

QUADRANGLE,  kwod'rang-gl,  n.  a  square 
surrounded  by  buildings :  (geom.)  a  plane 
figure  having /our  equal  sides  and  angles. 
[Fr. — L.  quadrangulum — quatuor,  four, 
and  angulus,  an  angle.] 

QUADRANGULAR,  kwod-rang'gu-lar,  adj. 
of  the  form  of  a  quadrangle. — adv.  QUAD- 
rang'ularly. 

QUADRANT,  kwod'rant,  ?i.  (geom.)  the 
fourth  part  of  a  circle,  or  an  arc  of  90°: 
an  instrument  consisting  of  the  quad- 
rant of  a  circle  graduated  in  degrees, 
used  for  taking  altitudes.  [L.  quadraris, 
from  quatuor,  four.] 

QUADRANTAL,  kwod-rant'al,  adj.  per- 
taining to,  equal  to,  or  included  in  a 
quadrant. 

QUADRATE,  kwod'rat,  adj..  squared: 
having  four  equal  sides  and  four  right 
angles :  divisible  into  four  equal  parts : 
(fig.)  balanced :  exact :  suited. — n.  a 
square  or  quadrate  figure. — v.i.  to  square 
or  agree  with  :  to  correspond.  [L.  qxiad- 
ratus,  pa.p.  of  quadro,  to  square,  from 
quatuor,  four.] 

QUADRATIC,  kwod-rat'ik,  adj.  pertaining 
to,  containing  or  denoting  a  square. 

QUADRATURE,  kwod'ra-tur,  n.  a  squur- 
ing :  {geom.)  the  finding,  exactly  or  ap- 
proximately, of  a  square  that  shall  be 
equal  to  a"  given  figure  of  some  other 
shape  :  the  position  of  a  heavenly  body 
when  90°  distant  from  another. 


QUADRENNIAL,  kwod-ren'yal,  adj.  com-' 
prising  four  years :  once  in  four  years, 
— adv.  Quadrenn'ially.  [L.  quadren- 
nis — quatuor,  four,  annus,  a  year.] 

QUADRILATERAL,  kwod-ri-lat'er-al,  adj. 
having  four  sides. — n.  (geom.)  a  plane 
figure  having  four  sides.  [L.  quadrilat- 
enis  —  quatuor,  four,  and  latus,  lateris, 

QUADRILITERAL,  kwod-ri-lit'er-al,  adj. 
of  four  letters.  [L.  quatuor,  four,  and 
litera,  a  letter.] 

QUADRILLE,  ka-dril'  or  kwa-dril',  n.  a 
game  at  cards  played  by  fcnir  :  a  dance 
made  up  of  sets  of  dancers  containing 
four  couples  each.  [Fr.  ;  from  It.  qiiad- 
riglia — L.  quadra,  a  square — quatuor, 
four.] 

QUADRILLION,  kwod-ril'yun,  n.  a  million 
raised  to  the  fourth  power,  represented 
by  a  unit  with  34  ciphers,  according  to 
the  English  notation,  but  according  to 
the  French  notation,  in  common  use  on 
the  Continent  and  in  the  U.  S.,  repre- 
sented by  a  unit  with  15  ciphers.  [Coined 
from  L.  quater,  toiu-  times,  on  the  model 
of  Million.] 

QUADRINOMIAL,  kwod-ri-no'rai-al,  a4j. 
(math.)  consisting  ot  four  divisions  or 
terms. — n.  an  expression  of  four  terms. 
[From  L.  quatuor,  four,  and  Gr.  ncynie, 
a  division — nemo,  to  distribute.] 

QUADROON,  kwod-roon',  n.  the  offspring 
of  a  mulatto  and  a  white  person.  [Fr. 
quarteron — L.  quatuor,  four  ;  so  called 
because  their  blood  is  one-fourth  black.] 

QUADRUPED,  kwod'roo-ped,  n.  a  four- 
footed  animal.  [L.  quatuor,  four,  and 
pes,  j)edis,  a  foot.] 

QUADRUPEDAL,  kwod-roo'pe-dal,  a^'. 
liaving  four  feet. 

QUADRUPLE,  kwod'roo-pl,  adj.,  fourfold. 
— n.  four  times  the  quantity  or  number. 
— v.t.  to  increase  fourfold.  [Fr.— L, 
quadruplus— quatuor,  four.] 


QUADRUPLICATE 

QUADRUPLICATE,  kwod-roo'pli-kat,  adj. 
made  fourfold. — v.t.  to  make  fourfold : 
to  double  twice. — n.  Quabruplica'tion. 
[L.  quadrupKcatus — quatuor,  four,  and 
plico,  plicatics,  to  fold.] 

QUAFF,  kwaf,  v.t.  to  drink  in  large 
draughts. — v.t.  to  drink  largely. — n. 
Quaff'er.  [Scot,  queff,  quaich,  a  small 
drinking-cup  ;  from  Ir.  and  Gael,  euach, 
a  cup.  J 

QUAGGA,  kwag'a,  n.  a  quadruped  of  South 
Africa,  like  the  ass  in  form  and  the  zebra 
in  color.     [Hottentot  quagga,  guacha.] 

QUAGrGY,  kwag'i,  adj.  of  the  nature  of  a 
quagmire :  shaking  or  yielding  under  the 
feet. 

QUAGMIRE,  kwag'mir,  n.  wet,  boggy 
ground  that  yields  under  the  feet.  [Obs. 
Quag,  same  as  Quake,  and  Mire.] 

QUAIL,  kwal,  v.i.  to  cower:  to  fail  in  spirit. 
[A.S.  cwelan,  to  suffer,  to  die  ;  Ger.  gual, 
torment.] 

QUAIL,  kwal,  n.  a  migratory  bird  like  the 
partridge,  found  in  every  country  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  the  North 
Cape.  [O.  Fr.  quaille,  caille  —  Low  L. 
quaquila — O.  Flem.  quakele,  from  root 
of  Quack.] 

QUAINT,  kwant,  adj.  neat :  unusual :  odd: 
whimsical.— adv.  Quaint'lt.— n.  Quaint'- 
NESS.  [Lit.  "  known,  famous,  remark- 
able," O.  Fr.  cointe,  neat,  acquainted — 
L.  eognitus,  known.] 

QUAKE,  kwak,  v.i.  to  tremble,  esp.  with 
cold  or  fear  :^>r.p.  quak'ing  ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  quaked. — n.  a  snake  :  a  shudder. — 
adv.  Quak'inglt.  [A.S.  ewacian ;  allied 
to  Quick.] 

QUAKER,  kwak'er,  n.  one  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  a  religious  sect  founded  by 
George  Fox,  born  in  1634.  [A  nickname 
first  given  them  by  Judge  Bennet  at 
Derby,  because  Fox  bade  him  and  those 
present  tremble  at  the  word  of  the  Lord. 
This  is  FoxV  own  statement  in  his  Jour- 
nal A 

QUAKERISM,  kwak'er-izm,  n.  the  tenets 
of  the  Quakers. 

QUALIFICATION,  kwol-i-fl-ka'shun,  n. 
that  which  qualifies :  a  quality  that  fits 
a  person  for  a  place,  etc.:  abatement. 

QUALIFY,  kwol'i-fl,  v.t.  to  render  capable 
or  suitable  :  to  furnish  with  legal  power: 
to  limit  by  modifications  :  to  soften  :  to 
abate :  to  reduce  the  strength  of :  to 
vary.  —  n.  Qual'ifier.  [Fr.  qualifier, 
from  L.  qualis,  of  what  sort,  and  facio, 
to  make.] 

QUALITATIVE,  kwol'i-ta-tiv,  adj.  relating 
to  quality :  (chem.)  determining  the  na- 
ture of  components. 

QUALITY,  kwol'i-ti,  n.  that  which  makes 
a  thing  what  it  is :  property :  peculiar 
power  :  acquisition  :  character  :  rank  : 
superior  birth  or  character.  [Fr.  —  L. 
qualifas,  qualitatis.] 

QUALM,  kwam,  n.  a  sudden  attack  of  ill- 
ness :  a  scruple,  as  of  conscience.  [A.S. 
civealm,  pestilence,  death  ;  Ger.  qualm, 
adispositionto  vomit,  vapor ;  Sw.  qvahn, 
a  suffocating  heat ;  allied  to  Quail,  t>.] 

QUALMISH,  kwam'ish,  adj.  affected  with 
qualm,  or  a  disposition  to  vomit,  or  with 
slight  sickness. 

QUANDARY,  kwon-da'ri,  n.  a  state  of  dif- 
ficulty or  uncertainty :  a  hard  plight. 
[Prob.  a  corr.  c'  'I.E.  wandreth,  from 
Ice.  vandrcedi,  diflHculty,  trouble.] 

QUANTITATIVE,  kwon'ti-ta-tiv,  adj.  re- 
lating to  quantity :  measurable  in  quan- 
tity :  {chem.)  determining  the  relative 
proportions  of  components. 

QUANTITY,  kwon'ti-ti,  n.  the  amount  of 
anything  .  bulk  :  size :  a  determinate 
amount:  a  sum  or  bulk:  a  large  portion: 
(logic)  the  extent  of  a  conception:  {gram.) 


349 

the  measure  of  a  syllable  :  {music)  the 
relative  duration  of  a  tone  :  {math.)  any- 
thing which  can  be  increased,  divided, 
or  measured.  [Fr. — L.  quantitas,  quan- 
titatis—quantus,  how  much— quam,  now.] 

QUANTUM,  kwon'tum,  n.  quantity : 
amount.  [L.  quantum,  neut.  of  quantum, 
how  great,  how  much.] 

QUARANTINE,  kwor'an-ten,  n.  the  time, 
orig.  forty  days,  during  which  a  ship 
suspected  to  be  infected  with  a  conta- 
gious disease,  is  obliged  to  forbear  inter- 
course with  the  shore. — v.t.  to  prohibit 
from  intercourse  from  fear  of  infection. 
[Fr.  quarante — L.  quadraginta,  forty — 
quatuor,  four.] 

QUARREL,  kwor'el,  n.  an  angry  dispute  : 
a  breacli  of  friendship  :  a  brawl. — v.i.  to 
dispute  violently  :  to  fight :  to  disagree  : 
— pr.p.  quarr'eUing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
quarr'elled. — n.  Quarr'eller.  [M.E. 
querele — Fr.  querelle — L.  querela — queror, 
to  complain.] 

QUARRELSOME,  kwor'el-sum,  adj.,  dis- 
posed to  quarrel :  brawling ;  easily  pro- 
voked.— n.  Quarr'elsomeness. 

QUARRY,  kwor'i,  n.  a  place  where  stones 
are  dug  for  building  or  other  purposes. — 
v.t.  to  dig  or  take  from  a  quarry  : — pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  quarr'ied.  [Lit.  "a  place  where 
stones  a,te  squared,"  O.  Fr.  quarriere  (Fr. 
carriire) — Lo)v  L.  quadraria — L.  quad- 
rus,  square.    8ee  Quadrant.] 

QUARRY,  kwor'i,  n.  the  entrails  of  the 
game  given  to  the  dogs  after  the  chase  : 
the  object  of  the  chase  :  the  game  a  hawk 
is  pursuing  or  has  killed  :  a  heap  of  dead 
game.  [M.E.  querrd — O.  Fr.  coree  (Fr. 
curee) — Low  L.  corata,  the  intestines  or 
inwards  of  a  slain  animal,  so  called  be- 
cause including  the  heart,  from  L.  cor, 
cordis,  the  heart ;  but  ace.  to  Littre, 
through  O.  Fr.  cuirie,  from  ciiir,  the  skin 
( — L.  eorium),  in  which  these  parts  were 
thrown  to  the  dogs.] 

QUARRYMAN,  kwor'i-man,  QUARRIER, 
kwor'i-er,n.  a  man  who  works  in  a  quarry. 

QUART,  kwort  or  kwawrt,  n.  the  fourth 
part  of  a  gallon,  or  two  pints :  a  vessel 
containing  two  pints.  [Fr. — L.  quartus, 
fourth — quatuor,  four.] 

QUARTAN,  kwor'tan,  adj.  occurring  every 
fourth  day,  as  an  intermittent  fever  or 
ague.  [Fr. — L.  quartanus,  of  or  belong- 
ing- to  the  fourth.] 

QUARTER,  kwor'ter,  n.  rx  fourth  part :  the 
fourth  part  of  a  cwt.^38  lbs.  avoirdupois: 
in  England,  8  bushels  (dry  measure): 
the  fourth  part  of  a  chaldron  of  coal — of 
the  year — of  the  moon's  period — of  a  car- 
cass (including  a  limb) — of  the  horizon  : 
a  cardinal  point :  a  region  of  a  hemi- 
sphere: a  division  of  a  town,  etc.:  place  of 
lodging,  as  for  soldiers,  esp.  inpZ.;  mercy 
granted  to  a  disabled  antagonist,  prob. 
from  the  idea  of  the  captor  sending  the 
prisoner  to  his  quarter  or  lodging :  {naut.) 
the  part  of  a  ship's  side  between  the  main- 
mast and  the  stern. — v.t.  to  divide  into 
four  equal  parts  :  to  divide  into  parts  or 
compartments:  to  furnish  with  quarters: 
to  lodge  :  to  furnish  with  entertainment : 
{her.)  to  bear  as  an  appendage  to  the 
hereditary  arms.  [Fr.  quartier;  from 
L.  quartarius — quartus,  fourth.] 

QUARTER-DAY,  kwor'ter-da,  n.  the  last 
day  of  a  quarter,  on  which  rent  or  interest 
is  paid  in  England. 

QUARTER-DECK,  kwor'ter-dek,  n.  the 
part  of  the  deck  of  a  ship  abaft  the  main- 
mast. 

QUARTERLY,  kwor'ter-li,  adj.  relating  to 
a  quarter :  consisting  of  or  containing  a 
fourth  part :  once  a  quarter  of  a  year. — 
adv.  once  a  quarter.  —  n.  a  periodical 
published  every  quarter  of  a  year. 


QUEEN-MOTHER 

QUARTERMASTER,  kwor'ter-mas-ter,  n. 
an  officer  who  looks  after  the  quarters  of 
the  soldiers,  and  attends  to  the  supplies: 
(naut.)  a  petty  ofiicer  who  attends  to  the 
helm,  signals,  etc. 

QUARTERN,  kwor'tern,  n.  the  fourth  of  a 
pint :  a  gill  :  (in  dry  measure)  the  fourth 
part  of  a  peck,  or  of  a  stone.— -Quartern- 
loaf,  a  loaf  of  4  lbs. ,  because  orig.  made 
of  a  quarter  stone  of  flour. 

QUARTER-SESSIONS,  kwor'ter-sesh'uns, 
n.pl.  English  county  or  borough  sessioris 
of  court  held  quarterly. 

QUARTER-STAFF,  kwor'ter-staf,  ra.along 
staff  or  weapon  of  defence,  grasped  at  a 
quarter  of  its  length  from  the  end  and  at 
the  middle. 

QUARTETTE,  QUARTET,  kwor-tet',  n, 
anything  in  fours:  a  musical  composi- 
tion of  four  parts,  for  voices  or  instru- 
ments :  a  stanza  of  four  lines. 

QUARTO,  kwor'to,  adj.  having  the  sheet 
folded  into  four  leaves. — n.  a  book  of  a 
quarto  size:— pZ.  Quartos,  kwor'toz. 

QUARTZ,  k worts,  n.  a  mineral  composed  of 
pure  silica  :  rock-crystal. — adj.  Quaetz- 
OSE,  kworts'os,  of  or  like  quartz.  [From 
Ger.  quarz.'\ 

QUASH,  kwosh,  v.t.  to  crush:  to  subdue  or 
extinguish  suddenly  and  completely  :  to 
annul  or  make  void.  [O.  Fr.  quasser,  Fr. 
casser — L.  quasso,  inten.  of  quatio,  to 
shake  ;  prob.  from  the  sound.] 

QUASSIA,  kwash'i-a,  n.  a  South  American 
tree,  the  bitter  wood  and  bark  of  which 
are  used  as  a  tonic,  so  called  from  a  negro 
named  Quassy,  who  first  discovered  its 
properties. 

QUATERNARY,  kwa-ter'nar-i,  adj.  con- 
sisting ot  four  :  by  fours:  a  term  apphed 
to  strata  more  recent  than  the  upper  ter» 
tiary. — n.  the  number  four.  [L.  quatev' 
narixLS  1 

QUATERJSriON,  kwa-ter'ni-on,  n.  the  num- 
ber four :  a  file  of  four  soldiers.  [L.  qua 
tcfivio  1 

QUATERNIONS,  kwa-ter'ni-ons,  n.  a  kind 
of  calculus  or  method  ot  mathematical 
investigation  invented  by  SirW.  R.  Ham- 
ilton of  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  [So 
called  because  four  independent  quanti- 
ties are  involved.] 

QUATRAIN,  kwot'ran  or  ka'tran,  n.  a 
stanza  of /oz<r  lines  rhyming  alternately. 

QUAVER,  kwa'ver,  v.i.  to  shake :  to  sing 
or  play  with  tremulous  modulations. — n. 
a  vibration  of  the  voice  :  a  note  in  mu- 
sic =i  a  crotchet  or  4  of  a  semibreve. 
[From  the  sound,  allied  to  Quiver.] 

QUAY,  ke,  n.  a  wharf  for  the  loading  or 
unloading  of  vessels.  [Fr.  quai — Celt., 
as  in  W.  cae,  an  inclosure,  barrier,  Bret. 
kae.] 

QUAYAGE,  ke'aj,  n.  payment  for  use  of 
a  quay. 

QUEAN,  kwen,  n.  a  saucy  girl  or  young 
woman  :  a  woman  of  worthless  character. 
[Same  as  QuEEN.] 

QUEASY,  kwe'zi,  adj.  sick,  squeamish : 
incUned  to  vomit:  causing  nausea:  fastid- 
ious.— adv.  Quea'sily. — n.  Quea'siness. 
[Norw.  kveis,  sickness  after  a  debauch, 
Ice.  icveisa,  pains  in  the  stomach.] 

QUEEN,  kwen,  n.  the  wife  of  a  king :  a 
female  sovereign  :  the  best  or  chief  ot 
her  kind.  [Lit.  "  a  woman,"  A.S.  cwen ; 
Ice.  kvan,  kona,  O.  Ger.  quena,  Gr.  gyne^ 
Russ.  jena.  Sans,  jani,  all  from  root  gan, 
"to  produce,"  from  which  are  Genus, 
Kin,  King,  etc.] 

QUEENLY,  kwen'U,  adj.  like  a  queen:  be- 
coming or  suitable  to  a  queen. 

QUEEN-MOTHER,  kwen-mu<7i'er,  n.  a 
mteeji-dowager,  the  mother  of  the  reign- 
ing king  or  queen. 


gUEER 

QUEER,  t\ver,  adj.  odd  :  sing^ular  :  quaint. 
— adv.  Queer'ly. — re.  Queer'ness.— The 
Queer,  in  U.  S.,  counterfeit  money. 
[Low  Grer.  queei;  across,  oblique  ;  Ger. 
quer.] 

QUEEEISH,  kwer'ish,  ac{j.,  rather  queer  : 
somewhat  singular. 

QUELL,  kwel,  v.t.  to  crush:  subdue:  to 
allay. — n.  Quell'ek.  [A.S.  cwellan,  to 
kill,  akin  to  QUAIL,  i'.] 

QUENCH,  kwensh,  v.t.  to  put  out :  to  de- 
stroy :  to  check  :  to  allay.  [A.S.  eivencan, 
to  quench,  cwincan,  O.Ger.  kwinka,  to 
waste  away  ;  akin  to  WANE.] 

QUENCHABLE,  kwensh'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  quenched  or  extinguished. 

QUENCHLESS,  kwensh'les,  adj.  that  can- 
not be  quenched  or  extinguished :  irre- 
pressible. 

QUERIMON^OUS,  kwer-i-mon'yus,  adj., 
complaining :  discontented. — adv.  Qceei- 

MON  lOUSLY. — re.  QUERIMON'IOUSNESS.    [L. 

querimonia,  a  complaining — queror,  to 
complain.] 

QUERN,  kwern,  KERN,  kern,  n.  a  hand- 
mill  for  grinding  grain.  [A.S.  cu-ym, 
cwcom ;  Ice.  kveni,  Goth,  gpoaimus ; 
Sans,  churn,  to  grind ;  prob.  connected 
with  Chtirn.] 

QUERULOUS,  kwer'u-lus,  adj.,  complain- 
ing:  discontented. — adv.  QuER'tTLOUSLY. 
— n.  Quer'ulotjsness. 

QUERY,  kwe'ri,  n.  an  inquiry  or  question: 
the  mark  of  interrogation. — v.t.  to  in- 
quire into  :  to  question  :  to  doubt  of  :  to 
mark  with  a  query. — v.i.  to  question : — 
pat.  and  pa.p.  que'ried. — n.  Qce'rist. 
[L.  qucere,  imperative  of  quoero,  qucesi- 
turn,  to  inquire.] 

QUEST,  kwest,  n.  the  act  of  seeking: 
search  :  pursuit :  request  or  desire. 

QUESTION,  kwest'yun,  n.  a  seeking:  an 
inquiry :  an  examination  :  an  investiga- 
tion :  dispute  :  doubt :  a  subject  of  dis- 
cussion.— v.t.  to  ask  questions  of  :  to  ex- 
amine by  questions  :  to  inquire  of :  to 
regard  as  doubtful :  to  have  no  confi- 
dence in. — v.i.  to  ask  questions:  to  in- 
quire.— n.  Quest'ioner.  [Fr. — L.  qucestio 
^qucero,  qucesitum.'] 

QUESTIONABLE,  kwest'yun -a- LI,  adj. 
that  may  be  questioned :  doubtful :  un- 
certain :    suspicious. — adv.    Qdest'IONA- 

BLY.— re.  QUEST'IONABLENESS. 

QUESTION ARY,  kwest'yun-ar-i,  adj.,  ask- 
ing questions. 

QUESTIONIST,  kwest'yun-ist,  n.  a  ques- 
tioner. 

QUESTOR,  kwest'or,  n.  a  Roman  magis- 
trate who  had  charge  of  the  money  affairs 
of  the  state  :  a  treasurer. — n.  Quest'or- 
SHIP.  [L.  qucestor,  contr.  of  quoisitor — 
queer  o.\ 

QUEUE,  ku,  n.  a  fat7-like  twist  of  hair 
formerly  worn  at  the  back  of  the  head. 
[See  Cue.] 

QUIBBLE,  kwibl,  n.  a  tui-ning  away  from 
the  point  in  question  into  mattei-s  ii-rel- 
evant  or  insignificant:  an  evasion,  a  pun: 
a  petty  conceit. — v.i.  to  evade  a  question 
by  a  play  upon  words :  to  cavil:  to  trifle 
in  argument :  to  pun.  —  n.  Qcibb'ler. 
JTrom  M.E.  quib,  a  form  of  Quip.] 

QUICK,  kwik,  adj.,  living,  moving :  livelv: 
speedy:  rapid:  nimble:  ready. — adv.  with- 
out delay  :  rapidly  :  soon. — n.  a  living 
animal  or  plant :  the  living  :  the  living 
flesh  :  the  sensitive  parts. — adv.  Quick- 
ly.—  n.  QuiCK-'NESS.  [A.S.  cicic ;  Ice. 
kvikr,  Prov.  Grer.  qiteck,  Groth.  quHtis,  liv- 
ing ;  aUied  to  L.  vivo,  victum,  Gr.  bioO, 
Sans,  jiv,  to  live. 

QUICKEN,  kwik'n,  v.t.  to  make  quick  or 
alive  :  to  revive :  to  reinvigorate  :  to 
cheer  :  to  excite  :  to  sharpen:  to  hasten. 
— r.t.  to  become  alive  :  to  move  with 
activity. — n.  Quick'emer.  [A.S.  etoician.} 


350 

QUICKLIME,  kwik'llm,  n.  recently  burnt 
lime,  caustic  or  unslaked  :  carbonate  of 
lime  without  its  carbonic  acid. 

QUICKSAND,  kwik'sand,  «.,  sand  easily 
moved,  or  readily  yielding  to  pressure : 
anything  treacherous. 

QUICKSET,  kwik'set,  n.  a  living  plant  set 
to  grow  for  a  hedge,  particularly  the 
hawthorn.  —  adj.  consisting  of  ming 
plants. 

QUICKSIGHTED,  kwik'sit-ed,  adj.  having 
quick  or  sharp  sight :  quick  in  discern- 
ment.        

QUICKSILVER,  kwik'sil-ver,  n.  the  com- 
mon name  for  fluid  mercury,  so  called 
from  its  great  mobility  and  its  silver 
color. 

QUID,  kwid,  n.  something  chewed  or  kept 
in  the  mouth,  esp.  a  piece  of  tobacco. 
[A  corr.  of  Cud.] 

QUIDDITY,  kwidl-ti,  n.  the  essence  of 
anything  :  any  trifling  nicety :  a  cavil : 
a  captious  question.  [Low  L.  quidditas 
— L.  quid,  what.] 

QUIDNUNC,  kwid'nungk,  n.  one  always 
on  the  lookout  for  news :  one  who  pre- 
tends to  know  all  occurrences.  [L. 
"What  now?"} 

QUIESCENCE,  kwl-es'ens,  n.  state  of  be- 
ing quiescent  or  at  rest :  rest  of  mind  : 
silence. 

QUIESCENT,  kwi-es'ent,  adj.  being  quiet, 
resting:  still:  unagitated  :  sUent.^-adv. 
QuiEs'CENTLY.  [L.  quiescens,  -entis,  pr.p. 
of  quiesco,  to  rest.    See  Quiet.] 

QUIET,  kwl'et,  adj.  at  rest:  calm:  smooth: 
peaceable  :  gentle,  inoffensive. — n.  the 
state  of  being  at  rest :  repose ;  calm : 
stillness  :  peace. — v.t.  to  bring  to  rest : 
to  stop  motion  :  to  calm  or  pacify :  to 
lull:  to  allay,  f  L.  quietus — quiesco ;  akin 
to  L.  cabo,  Gr.  Tceimai,  Sans,  fi,  to  lie.] 

QUIETISM,  kwi'et-izra,  n.,rest  of  the  mind: 
mental  tranquillity:  apathy:  the  doctrine 
that  religion  consists  in  repose  of  the 
mind  and  passive  contemplation  of  the 
Deity. — re.  Qui'etist,  one  who  believes  in 
this  doctrine. 

QUIETLY,  kvpi'et-li,  adv.  in  a  quiet  manner: 
without  motion  or  alarm:  calmly:  silent- 
ly :  patiently.  

QUIETNESS,  kwT'et-nes,  QUIETUDE, 
kwi'et-ud,  n.  rest:  repose :  freedom  from 
agitation  or  alarm :  stillness  :  peace  : 
sUence. 

QUIETUS,  kwi-e'tus,  n.  a  final  settlement 
or  discharge.     [L.,  at  rest,  quiet.] 

QUILL,  kwU,  n.  a  reed-pen :  the  feather  of 
a  goose  or  other  bird  used  as  a  pen  :  a 
pen:  anything  like  a  quill:  the  spine,  as 
of  a  porcupine:  the  reed  on  which  weavers 
wind  their  thread  :  the  instrument  for 
striking  the  strings  of  certain  instru- 
ments: the  tube  of  a  musical  instrument. 
— v.t.  to  plait  with  small  ridges  like  quills, 
to  wind  on  a  quiU.  [Orig.  a  stalk,  the 
stalk  of  a  cane  or  reed,  and  lit.  anything 
pointed,  tapering,  Fr.  quille,  a  peg — O. 
Ger.  keqil  or  chegil,  Ger.  kegel,  a  cone- 
shaped  object,  ninepin.j 

QUILLET,  kwU'et,  n.  a  trick  in  argument : 
a  petty  quibble.  [A  corr.  of  L.  quidlibet, 
"  what  you  will."] 

QUILT,  kwilt,  n.  a  bed-cover  of  two  cloths 
sewed  together  with  something  soft  be- 
tween them  :  a  thick  coverlet. — v.t.  to 
make  into  a  quUt :  to  stitch  together 
with  something  soft  between :  to  sew 
like  a  qxrilt.  [O.  Fr.  euilte  (Fr.  couette) 
— L.  eiueita,  a  cushion,  mattress.  See 
Counterpane.] 

QUINARY,  krwinar-i,  adj.  consisting  of 
or  arranged  in  Jives.  [L.  quinanus — 
qwtTigwe,  five.] 

QUINCE,  kwins,  n.  a  fruit  with  an  acid 
^te  and  pleasant  flavor,  much  osed  in 


QUIT-RENT 

making  preserves  and  pies.    [O.  Fr.  coi^ 
nasse  (Fr.  coing).  It.   cotogna — L.  cyM>- 
niuni—Gr.   Cydbnia,    a  town   in  Crete, 
where  it  abounds.] 
QUININE,   kwin'in,    n.    an   alkaline    sub- 
stance,  obtained  from  the  bark  of  the 
Cinchona  tree,  much  used   in  medicine 
in  the  treatment  of  agues  and  fevers. 
[Fr. — Peruvian  kina,  bark.] 
QUINQUAGESIMA,  k win  -  kwa  -  jes'i  -  ma, 
adj.,  Jiftietli,  applied   to  the  Sunday  50' 
days  before  Easter.     [L.  quinquaginta, 
fiftv — quinque,  five.] 
QUIlvIQU ANGULAR,    kwin-kwang'gu-lar, 
adj.,  having_/ttje  angles.  [L.  quinque,  five, 
and  Angulab.] 

QUINQUENNIAL,  kwin-kwen'yal.  adj.  oc- 
curring once  in  Jive  years  :  lasting  five 
years.  [L.  quinquennalis— quinque,  five, 
and  annus,  a  year.] 

QUINSY,  kwin'zi,  n.  inflammatory  sore 
throat.  [M.E.  and  0.  Fr.  squinancie  (Fr. 
esquinaneie) — Gr.  kynanche,  "  dog-throt- 
tUng  " — kyon,  a  dog,  and  anchb,  to  press 
tight,  to  throttle.] 

QUINTAIN,  kwin'tan,  n.  a  post  with  a 
turning  and  loaded  top  or  cross-pieoe,  to 
be  tilted  at.  [Fr. — L.  quintana,  quintus, 
fifth,  from  the  position  of  the  place  of 
recreation  in  the  Roman  camp.] 

QUINTAL,  kwin'tal,  n.  a  hundredweight, 
either  112  or  100  pounds  according  to  the 
scale.  [Through  Fr.  and  Sp.  quintal, 
from  Arab,  quintar,  weight  of  100  pounds 
— L.  centum,  a  hundred!] 

QUINTESSENCE,  kwin-tes'ens,  n.  the  pure 
essence  of  anything  :  a  solution  of  an 
essential  oil  in  spirit  of  wine.  [Fr. — L. 
quinta  essentia,  fifth  essence,  orig.  applied 
to  ether,  which  was  supposed  to  be  purer 
than  fire,  the  highest  of  the  four  ancient 
elements.    See  Essence.] 

QUINTILLION,  kwin-til'yim,  n.  the  Jifth 
power  of  a  million,  or  a  unit  with  30 
ciphers  annexed,  according  to  the  En- 
glish notation,  but  according  to  the 
French  notation,  in  common  use  on  the 
Continent  and  in  the  U.  S.,  represented 
by  a  unit  with  18  ciphers.  [L.  quintus, 
fifth,  and  Million.] 

QUINTUPLE,  kwinlu-pl,  adj.,  fivefold: 
{music)  having  five  crotchets  in  a  bar. — 
v.t.  to  make  fivefold.  [Fr. — L.  quin- 
tnplex — quintus,  Mth,  plico.  to  fold.] 

QUIP,  kwip,  n.  a  sharp  sarcastic  turn,  a 
jibe  :  a  quick  retort.  [W.  chivip,  a  quick 
turn,  clucipio,  to  move  briskly.] 

QUIRE,  kwlr,  n.  a  collection  of  paper  con- 
sisting of  twenty-four  sheets,  each  hav- 
ing a  single  fold.  [O.  Fr.  quaier  (Fr. 
corner),  prob.  from  Low  L.  qiiatemum,  a 
quarto  sheet,  from  quatuor,  four.] 

QUIRE,  kwTr,  old  form  of  Choir. 

QUIRK,  kwerk,  re.  a  quick  turn:  an  art- 
ful evasion :  a  quibble  :  a  taunt  or  re- 
tort :  a  slight  conceit.  [Obs.  E.  quirk, 
to  turn  ;  prob.  from  a  Celtic  imitative 
root  seen  in  W.  cMriori,  to  turn  briskly  ; 
by  some  conn,  with  Queer  and  Thwart.] 

QUIRK3SH,  kwerk'ish,  culj.  consisting  of 
quirks. 

QUIT,  kwit,  V.  t.  to  release  from  obligation, 
accusation,  etc.  :  to  acquit :  to  depart 
from  :  to  give  up  :  to  clear  by  full  per- 
formance : — pr.p.  quitting  ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  quitt'ed.  —  arfj.  (B.)  set  free:  ac- 
quitted: released  1.  obUgation.  —  To^ 
BE  quits,  to  be  even  with  one. — To  quit 
one's  self  (JB.)  to  behave.  [Fr.  quitter, 
through  Low  L.  quietare,  from  L.  quietus, 
quiet.     See  QuiET.] 

QUITE,  kwIt,  adv.  completely:  wholly: 
entirely.  [Merely  a  form  of  Quit,  Quiet.] 

QUIT-RENT,  k-svit'-rent,  re.  (laic)  a  rent  on 
British  manors  by  which  tne  tenants  are 
quit  or  discharged  from  other  service. 


C^UITTANCE 


351 


RADIX 


QUITTANCE,  kwit'ans,  n.  a  quitting  or 
discharge  from  a  debt  or  obligation :  ac- 
quittance. 

QUIVER,  kwiv'er,  w.  a  case  for  arrows. 
[O.  Fr.  cuivre ;  from  O.  Ger.  kohhar 
(GeT.  koeher);  cog.  with  A.S.  cocer.] 

QUIVER,  kwi-Zer,  v.i.  to  shake  witti  slight 
and  tremulous  motion  :  to  tremble :  to 
shiver.  [M.B.  ctciver,  brisk — A.S.  cwifer, 
seen  in  adv.  cii'tfeiiice,  eagerly ;  cf.  Dut. 
kuiveren.    See  Quick  and  Quaver.] 

QUIVERED,  kwiv'erd,  aclj.  fm'nished  with 
a  quiver :  sheathed,  as  in  a  quiver. 

QUIXOTIC,  kwiks-ot'ik,  adj.  like  Don 
Quixote,  the  knight-errant  in  the  novel 
of  Cervantes :  romantic  to  absurdity. — 
adi\  QursoT'iCALLY. 

QUIXOTISM,  kwiks'ot-izm,  n.  romantic 
and  absui'd  notions,  schemes,  or  actions 
like  those  of  Don  Quixote. 

QUIZ,  kwiz,  n.  a  riddle  or  enigma :  one 
who  quizzes  another :  an  odd  fellow. — 
v.t.  to  puzzle  :  to  banter  or  make  sport 
of:  to  examine  narrowly  and  with  an 
air  of  mockery. — v.i.  to  practice  derisive 
joking  i—pr-p.  quizz'ing ;  pa.f.  aadpa.p. 
quizzed.  [Said  to  have  originated  in  a 
wager  that  a  new  word  of  no  meaning 
would  be  the  talk  and  puzzle  of  Dublin 
in  twenty-four  hours,  when  the  wagerer 
chalked  the  letters  qui  z  aR  over  the 
town  with  the  desired  effect.] 

QUOIP,  koif,  n.  a  cap  or  hood. — v.t.  to  cov- 
er or  dress  with  a  quoif.   [Same  as  CoiF.] 

QUOIN,  koin,  n.  (arch.)  a  wedge  used  to 
support  and  steady  a  stone  :  an  external 
angle,  esp.  of  a  building  :  (gun.)  a  wedge 
of  wood  or  iron  put  under  the  breech  of 
heavy  guns  or  the  muzzle  of  siege  mor- 
tars to  raise  them  to  the  proper  level: 
(print.)  a  wedge  used  to  fasten  the  types 
in  the  forms.     [Same  as  COIN.] 

QUOIT,  koit,  n.  a  heavy  flat  rmg  of  iron 
for  tlorowing  at  a  distant  point  in  play. 
[Perh.  from  O.  Fr.  coiter,  to  drive,  press, 
which  may  be  from  L.  coactare — cogere, 
to  force.    See  COGENT.] 

QUONDAM,  kwon'dam,  adj.  that  was  form- 
erly :  former.     [L.,  formerly.] 

QUORUM,  kwo'rum,  n.  a  number  of  the 
members  of  any  body  sufficient  to  trans- 
act business :  in  American  legislative 
assembhes,  a  majority  of  all  the  mem- 
bers constitute  a  quorum.  [The  first 
word  of  a  commission  formerly  issued  to 
certain  justices,  of  whom  (quorum)  a  cer- 
tain number  had  always  to  be  present 
when  the  commission  met.] 

QUOTA,  kwS'ta,  n.  the  part  or  share  as- 
signed to  each.  [It. — L.  quotua,  of  what 
number— ouoi,  how  many.] 

QUOTABLE,  kwof  arbl,  adj.  that  may  be 
quoted. 

QUOTATION,  kwo-ta'shun,  n.  act  of  quot- 
ing :  that  which  is  quoted  :  the  current 
price  of  anything. 

QUOTE,  kwot,  v.t.  to  repeat  the  words  of 
any  one  :  to  adduce  for  authority  or  illus- 
tration :  to  give  the  current  price  of. — 
n.  Quot'er.  [Lit.  to  say  "  how  many," 
fi-om  O.  Fr.  quoter,  to  number — Low  L. 
quotare,  to  divide  into  chapters  and  verses 
— L.  quotus.J 

QUOTH,  kwoth  or  kwuth,  v.t.,  say,  says, 

;  or  said— used  only  in  the  1st  and  3d  per- 
sons present  and  past,  and  always  fol- 
lowed by  its  subject.  [A.S.  cicethan, 
pt.t.  cwoeth,  to  say.] 

QtJOTIDIAN,  kwo-tid'i-an,  o^".,  every  day: 
occurring  daily. — n.  anything  returning 
daily  :  (med.)  a  kind  of  ague  that  returns 
daily.  {Tr.  —  L.  quotidianus  —  quot,  aa 
tnanvas,  and  dies,  a  day.] 

QUOTIENT,  kwo'shent,  n.  (math.)  the 
number  which  shows  how  often  one  num- 
ber is  contained  in  another.  [Fr. ;  from 
h.  qaotiem,  quoties,  how  ottea—quot.} 


R 


RABBET,  taVet,  n.  a  groove  cat  in  the 
edge  of  a  plank  so  that  another  mayflt 
into  it. — V.  to  groove  a  plank  thus.  {Fr* 
raboter,  to  plane.] 

RABBI,  rab'i  or  rabt,  RABBIN,  rab'in,  n. 
Jewish  title  of  a  doctor  or  expounder  of 
the  law:— p/.  Rabbis  (rab'Iz),  Rabb'ins. 
[Lit.  "my  master,"  Gr.— Heb.  rabi — rab, 
great,  a  chief.] 

RABBINIC,  rab-bin'ik,  RABBINICAL,  rab- 
bin'ik-aJ,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  rabbis  or 
to  their  opinions,  learning,  and  language. 

RABBINISM,  rab'in-izm,  n.  the  doctrine  or 
teaching  of  the  rabtna :  a  rabbinic  ex- 
pression. 

EABBINIST,  rab'in-ist,  n.  one  who  adheres 
to  the  Talmud  and  traditions  of  the 
rabbis. 

RABBIT,  rab'it,  n.  a  small  rodent  burrow- 
ing animal  of  the  hare  family  :  a  cony. 
[M.E.  rabet,  dim.  of  a  root  seen  in  Dut. 
robbe.] 

BABBLE,  rabi,  n.  a  disorderly,  noisy 
crowd:  a  mob:  the  lowest  class  of  people. 
[Allied  to  Dut.  rabbden,  to  gabble,  Prov. 
Oer.  rabbeln.] 

BABBLE,  rab'l,  v.t.  to  stir  and  skim  (melt- 
ed iron)  with  a  rabble  or  puddling-tooL 

RABID,  vah'iA,  adj.,  raving :  furious:  mad. 
—  adv.  Eab'idly.— M.  Eab'idness.  [L. 
rabies,  rage.] 

RABIES,  ra'bi-es,  w.  the  disease  (esp.  of 
dogs)  from  which  hydrophobia  is  com- 
municated.    [L.  "  madness."] 

BACA,  ra'ka,  adj.,  worthless:— a  term  of 
reproach  used  by  the  Jews.  [Cfaaldee 
reka,  worthless.] 

RACCOON,  RACOON,  ra-koon',  n.  a  car- 
nivorous animal  of  N.  America,  valuable 
for  its  fiU".  [A  corr.  of  Fr.  raton,  dim.  of 
rat,  a  rat.] 

RACE,  ras,  n.  family :  the  descendants  of 
a  common  ancestor :  a  breed  or  variety  : 
a  herd  :  peculiar  flavor  or  strength,  as  of 
wine,  showing  its  kind.  [Fi-.  (It.  razza) 
— O.  Ger.  reiza,  a  line ;  proo.  modified  by 
the  influence  of  L.  radix,  a  root.] 

RACE,  ras,  n.  a  running  :  rapid  motion : 
trial  of  speed :  progress :  movement  of 
any  kind  :  course  of  action  :  a  rapid  cur- 
rent :  a  canal  to  a  water-wheel. — v.i.  to 
run  swiftly  :  to  contend  in  running.  [A.S. 
roBS,  race,  stream,  cog.  with  Ice.  ras, 
rapid  course,  Sans,  risli,  to  flow.] 

RACECOURSE,  ras'kors,  n.  the  course  or 

gath  over  which  races  are  run.  Also 
:ace  Track. 

RACEHORSE,  rasTiors,  tu  a  horse  bred  for 
racing. 

RACEME,  ra-sem',  n.  a  duster :  <bot.)  a  flow- 
er cluster,  as  in  the  currant.  [Fr.— L. 
racemus,  akin  to  Or.  rax,  ragoa,  a  berry, 
a  arrape.  Doublet  Baisin.] 

RACEMED,  ra-semd',  adj.  having  racemes. 

RACER,  ras'er,  n.  one  who  races :  a  race- 
horsp 

BACK,  rak,  n.  an  instrument  for  racking 
or  extending :  an  engine  for  stretching 
the  body  in  order  to  extort  a  confession  : 
a  framework  on  which  articles  are  ar- 
ranged :  the  grating  above  a  manger  for 
hay :  (mech.)  a  straight  bar  with  teeth  to 
work  vrith  those  of  a  wheel :  (fig.)  ex- 
treme pain,  anxiety,  or  doubt. — v.t.  to 
stretch  forcibly :  to  strain  :  to  stretch 
on  the  rack  or  wheel :  to  torture :  to  ex- 
haust. [Conn,  with  M.E.  rech^n—A.S. 
rcBcan,  to  reach,  and  cog.  with  Gk;r.  reek- 
en,  Goth,  rakjan.     See  Rkach.] 

BACK,  rak,  n.  thin  or  broken  clouds,  drifU 
ing  across  the  sky.  [Ice.  rek,  drift — reka, 
to  drive,  E.  Wreak.T 

RACK,  rak,  v.t,  to  strain  or  draw  off  from 


the  lees,  as  wine.  [O.  Fr.  raqui,  ety. 
unknown.] 
BACKET,  rak'et,  n.  a  strip  of  wood  with 
the  ends  together,  covered  with  network, 
and  having  a  handle — used  in  tennis  :  a 
snow-shoe. — v.t.  to  strikfi,  as  with  a 
racket.  [Fr.  raquette — Sp.  raqueta — Ar. 
rahat,  the  palm  of  the  hand.] 
RACKET,    rak'et,    n.  a  clattering    noise, 

[Gael,  racaid — rac,  to  cackle.] 
BACK-RENT,  rak'-rent,  n.  an  annual  rent 
stretched  to  the  full  value  of  the  thing 
rented  or  nearly  so. 
RACOON.    See  Raccoon. 
RACY,  ra'si,  adj.  having  a  strong  flavor 
showing  its  origin :  rich :  exciting  to  the 
mind  by  strongly  characteristic  thought 
or  language  :  spirited. — adv.  Ra'cily.— 
7!.  Ra'ciness.    [From  Race,  a  family.] 

BADDLE,  radl,  v.t.  to  interweave.  —  Ji. 
a  hedge  formed  by  interweaving  the 
branches  of  trees  :  a  species  of  red  earth, 
colored  by  sesqidoxide  of  iron,  used  for 
marking  sheep  :  a  layer  of  raddle  or 
other  red  pigaient.  "  Some  of  us  have 
more  serious  things  to  hide  than  a  yel- 
low cheek  behind  a  raddle  of  rouge." — 
Thackeray.  [A.S.  wrced,  a  wreath  or 
band.] 

EADDLED,  rad'ld,  p.  and  adj.  smeared  or 
painted  with  raddle :  coarsely  rouged. 
"Can  there  be  anymore  dreary  object 
than  those  whitened  and  raddled  old 
women  who  shudder  at  the  slips?" — 
Tliackeray. 

BADIAL,  ra'di-al,  adj.  shooting  out  like 
a  ray  or  radius :  pertaining  to  the  radius 
of  the  forearm. 

BADIANCE,  ra'di-ans,  RADIANCY,  ra'di- 
an-si,  n.  quality  of  being  radiant :  briLt 
iancy :  splendor. 

RADIANT,  ra'di-ant,  adj.  emitting  rays  of 
light  or  heat :  issuing  in  rays  :  beaming 
with  light:  shining. — n.  (optics)  the  lu=' 
minous  point  from  which  light  emanates : 
(jjeoni.)  a  straight  line  from  a  point  about 
which  it  is  conceived  to  revolve. — adv. 
Ra'DIantly.  [L.  radians,  -antis,  pr.p. 
of  radio,  radiatum,  to  radiate — radius.'\ 

RADIATE,  ra'di-at,  v.i.  to  emit  rays  of 
light :  to  shine :  to  proceed  in  direct  Lines 
from  any  point  or  surface. — v.t.  to  send 
out  in  rays.     [L.  radio,  -afwrn.] 

RADIATION,  ra-di-a'shun,  n.  act  of  radiat- 
ing: the  emission  and  diffusion  of  rays 
of  light  or  heat. 

RADICAL,  r.ad'i-kal,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
root,  or  origin  :  original :  reaching  to  the 
principles :  implanted  by  nature :  not 
derived  :  serving  to  originate  :  (pot.)  pro- 
ceeding immediately  from  the  root :  (poU 
itics)  ultra-Uberal,  democratic. — n.  a  root: 
a  primitive  word  or  letter:  one  who  ad- 
vocates radical  reform  :  (chem.)  the  base 
of  a  compound. — adv.  Rad'ically. — n. 
Rad'icalness.    [See  Radix.] 

RADICALISM,  rad'i-kal-izm,  n.  the  prin- 
ciples or  spirit  of  a  radical  or  democrat. 

BAJjICL^,  rad'i-kl,  n.  a  little  root:  the  part 
of  a  seed  which  in  growing  becomes  the 
root. 

RADISH,  rad'ish,  n.  an  annual  the  root  of 
which  is  eaten  raw  as  a  salad.  [Lit.  a 
"  root,"  Fr.  radis,  through  Prov.  raditz, 
from  L.  radix,  radicisi    Cf.  Radu:.] 

RADIUS,  ra'di-us,  n.  (geoni.)  a  straight 
line  from  the  centre  to  the  circumference 
of  a  circle  :  anything  like  a  radius,  as 
the  spoke  of  a  wheel :  (anait.)  the  exterior 
bone  of  the  arm  :  (bot.)  the  ray  of  a 
fl  )wer:-^i.  RAon,  ra'di-I.  [Lit.  "  a  rod, 
o  •  ray,"  L.     See  Ray,  a  line  of  light.] 

RADIX,  ra'diks,  n.  a  root :  a  primitive 
word  :  the  base  of  a  system  of  logarithms. 
[L.  radix,  radic-ia.  See  ROOT,  andWOET, 
a  plant.] 


RAFFAELESQUE 


3SS 


RANGE 


RAFFAELESQUE,  raf'fa-el-esk,  adj.  after 
the  manner  of  Raffaele,  the  celebrated 
Italian  painter  :  according  to  the  princi- 
ples of  Raffaelism.  Written  also  Rapha- 
EI^SQUE.  "  A  strange  opulence  of  splen- 
dor, characterizable  as  half-legitimate, 
half-meretricious — a  splendor  hovering 
between  the  Raffaelesque  and  the  Japan- 
nish." — Carlyle. 

^iAFFLE,  raf  1,  n.  a  kind  of  lottery  in  which 
all  the  stakes  are  seized  or  taken  by  the 
winner. — v.i.  to  try  a  raffle. — n.  Raff'ler. 
[Fr.  rafle,  a  certain  game  of  dice — Fr. 
rafler,  to  sweep  away,  from  Ger.  raffeln, 
freq.  of  raffen  (A.S.  reaflan),  to  seize.] 

RAFT,  raft,  n.  a  collection  of  pieces  of 
timber  fastened  together  for  a  support 
on  the  water:  planks  conveyed  by  water. 
— n.  Ratts'man,  one  who  guides  a  raft. 
[Ice.  raptr  (pron.  raftr),  a  rafter.] 

RAFTER,  raft  er,  n.  an  inclined  beam  sup- 
porting the  roof  of  a  house. — v.t.  to  fur- 
nish with  rafters.  [A.S.  rcefter,  a  beam; 
Ice.  raptr  (raftr),  a  beam;  Dan.  raft,  a 
pole.] 

RAG,  rag,  n.  a  fragment  of  cloth:  anything 
rent  or  worn  out.  [A.S.  raggie,  rough, 
cog.  with  Sw.  ragg,  rough  hair,  and 
RPG.] 

RAGAMUFFIN,  rag-a-muf'in,  n.  a  low 
disreputable  person.     [Ety.  dub.] 

RAGE,  raj,  n.,  violent  excitement :  enthu- 
siasm :  rapture:  anger  excited  to  fury. — 
v.i.  to  be  furious  with  anger:  to  exercise 
fury,  to  ravage:  to  ore  vail  fatally,  as  a 
disease:  to  be  violently  agitated,  as  the 
waves.  [Fr.  (Sp.  rabia) — ^L.  rabies — rabo, 
to  rave;  akin  to  Sans,  rabh,  to  be  agitated, 
enraged.] 

BAGGED,  rag'ed,  adj.  torn  or  worn  into 
rags :  having  a  rough  edge  :  wearing 
ragged  clothes  :  intended  for  the  very 
poor  :  {B.)  rugged. — adv.  Ragg'edly. — n. 
Ragq'edness. 

"iAGGEE,  rag-g5',  n.  a  species  of  millet, 
grown  in  Southern  India. 

AAGING,  raj'ing,  adj.  acting  with  rage, 
violence,  or  fury. — adv.  Rag'inglt. 

RAGOUT,  ra-goo  ,  n.  a  stew  of  meat  with 
kitchen  herbs,  the  French  equivalent  of 
Irish  stew.  [Fr. — ragofder,  to  restore 
the  appetite— L.  re,  again,  Fr.  d  {=  ad), 
to,  and  gout — L.  gustus,  taste.] 

RAGSTONE,  rag'ston,  RAGG,  rag,  n.  an 
impure  limestone,  so  called  from  its 
ragged  fracture. 

RAGWORT,  rag'wurt,  n.  a  large  coarse 
weed  with  a  yellow  flower,  so  called 
from  its  ragged  leaves.  [Rag,  and  A.S. 
rvyrt,  a  plant.] 

RAU),  rad,  n.  a  hostile  or  predatory  in- 
vasion. [Lit.  "  a  riding  into  an  enerny's 
country,"  Scand.,  as  Ice.  reidh.  See 
Ride.    Doublet  Road.] 

RAIL,  ral,  n.  a  bar  of  timber  or  metal  ex- 
tending from  one  support  to  another,  as 
in  fences,  staircases,  etc. :  a  barrier  :  one 
of  the  iron  bars  on  which  railway  car- 
riages run  :  (arch.)  the  horizontal  part  of 
a  frame  and  panel. — v.t.  to  inclose  with 
rails.  [Low  Ger.  regel,  Ger.  riegel,  from 
the  root  of  Ger.  reihe,  a  row.] 

RAIL,  ral,  v.i.  to  brawl :  to  use  insolent 
language.  [Fr.  railler,  like  Span,  rallar, 
to  scrape,  from  L.  rallum,  a  hoe  for 
scraping  a  ploughshare — rado,  to  scrape. 
See  Rase.] 

ilAIL,  ral,  n.  a  genus  of  wading  birds  with 
a  harsh  cry.  [Fr.  rAle  (Ger.  ralle) — rdler, 
to  make  a  rattle  in  the  throat,  from  the 
root  of  Ratti^.] 

RAILING,  ral'ing,  n.  a  fence  of  posts  and 
rails :  material  for  rails. 

RAILLERY,  ral'er-i,  n.  railing  or  mockery: 
banter :  good-humored  irony.     [Fr.  rail- 
leri£— railler.    See  Rail,  to  brawl.] 
RAILROAD,   ral'rod,  RAILWAY,  ral'wa. 


n.  a  road  or  way  laid  with  iron  rails  on 

which  carriages  run. 

RAIMENT,  ra'ment,  91.  that  in  which  one 
is  arrayed  or  dressed  :  clothing  in  gen- 
eral. [Contr.  of  obs.  Arraiment — Akray.J 

RAIN,  ran,  n.  water  from  the  clouds. — v.i. 
to  fall  from  the  clouds:  to  drop  like  rain. 
— v.t.  to  pour  like  rain.  [A.S.  regn,  ren, 
rain  ;  cog.  with  Dut.  and  Ger.  regen,  and 
Scand.  regn.'] 

RAIN-BAND,  ran'-band,  n.  a  dark  line  or 
band  of  atmospheric  origin  in  the  solar 
spectrum,  being  caused  by  the  absorption 
of  certain  parts  of  the  spectrum  by  aque- 
ous vapor.  It  is  held  to  be  of  some  im- 
portance as  a  weather  predictor,  a  strong 
rain-band  showing  excess,  and  a  weak 
rain-band  a  deficiency  of  moisture  in  the 
atmosphere. 

RAINBOW,  ran'bo,  n.  the  briUiant-colored 
boic  or  arch  seen  when  rain  is  falling  op- 
posite the  sun. 

RAIN-GAUGE,  ran'-gaj,  n.  a  gauge  or  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  quantity  of 
rain  that  falls. 

RAINY,  ran'i,  adj.  abounding  with  rain : 
showerj'. 

RAISE,  raz,  v.t.  to  cause  to  me;  to  lift 
up  :  to  set  upright :  to  originate  or  pro- 
duce :  to  bring  together :  to  cause  to 
grow  or  bi-eed  :  to  produce  :  to  give  rise 
to  :  to  exalt :  to  increase  the  strength 
of  :  to  excite  :  to  recall  from  death :  to 
cause  to  swell,  as  dough.  [M.E.  reisen, 
from  Ice.  reisa,  causal  of  risa,  to  rise. 
See  Rise  and  Reab.] 

RAISIN,  ra'zn,  n.  a  dried  ripe  grape.  [Fr. 
(Prov.  razim,  Sp.  racimo) — L.  raeemus,  a 
bunch  of  grapes.     Doublet  Raceme.] 

RAJAH,  ra'ja  or  ra'ja,  n.  a  native  prince 
or  king  in  Hindustan.  [From  Sans,  ra- 
Jan,  a  king,  cog.  with  L.  rex.} 

RAKE,  rak,  n.  an  instrument  with  teeth 
or  pins  for  smoothing  earth,  etc. — v.t.  to 
scrape  with  something  toothed  :  to  draw 
together :  to  gather  with  difiiculty  :  to 
level  with  a  rake  :  to  search  diligently 
over  :  to  pass  over  violently  ;  (naiit.)  to 
Are  into,  as  a  ship,  length^vise. — v.i.  to 
scrape,  as  with  a  rake :  to  search  mi- 
nutely: to  pass  with  violence.  [A.S.  raca, 
a  rake  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  rechen,  Ice.  reka, 
a  shovel,  from  the  root  of  Goth,  rikan 
(rak),  to  collect,  L.  and  Gr.  lego.] 

RAKE,  rak,  n.  a  rascal.     [Contr.  of  Rake- 

HELL.] 

RAKE,  rak,  n.  (naiit.)  the  projection  of  the 
stem  and  stern  of  a  ship  beyond  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  keel :  the  inclination  of 
a  mast  from  the  perpendicular.     [From 
the  Scand.  raka,  to  reach  (A.S.  rcecan). 
Doublet  Reach.] 
RAKE,  rak,  v.i.  to  fly  wide  of  the  quarry, 
said  of  a  hawk. 
Their  talk  was  all  of  training,  terms  of  art, 
Piet  and  seelinj^,  jesses,  leash  and  lure, 
*'She  is  too  noble,"  he  said,  ^'  to  check  at  pies. 
Nor  will  she  rake  ;  there  is  no  baseness  in  her." 

— Tennyson. 

RAKEHELL,  rak'hel,  n.  a  rascal  or  villain: 
a  debauchee.  [Corr.  of  M.E.  rakel,  rakle; 
cog.  with  Prov.  Sw.  rakkel,  a  vagabond, 
Ice.  reikall,  unsettled,  from  reika,  to  wan- 
der, and  Prov.  E.  rake,  to  wander.] 

RAKERY,  rak'er-i,  n.  the  conduct  or  prac- 
tices of  a  rake:  dissipation.  "He  .  .  . 
instructed  his  lordship  in  all  the  rakery 
and  intrigues  of  the  lewd  town."  — 
Roger  North. 

RAKISH,  rak'ish,  adj.  having  a  rake  or  in- 
clination of  the  masts. — adv.  Rak'ishly. 

RAKISH,  rak'ish,  adj.  like  a  rake :  disso- 
lute :  debauched. — adv.  Rak'ishly. 

RALLY,  ral'i,  v.t.  to  gather  again  :  to  col- 
lect and  arrange,  as  troops  in  confusion  : 
to  recover. — v.i.  to  reassemble,  esp.  after 
confusion  :  to  recover  wasted  strength  : 
—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  rallied  (ral'id). — w.  act 


of  rallying:  recovery  of  order:  anAmeri^ 
can  political  meeting.  [Lit.  "to  re-ally,^ 
Fr.  rallier — L.  re,  again,  ad,  to,  and  ligo^ 
to  bind.     See  Ally,  v.] 

RALLY,  ral'i,  v.t.  to  attack  with  raillery: 
to  banter.  —  v.i.  to  exercise  raillery:—. 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  rall'ied.  [Fr.  railler.  A 
variant  of  Rail,  v.i.] 

RAjM,  ram,  n.  a  male  sheep  :  (astr.)  Aries 
(L.,  the  ram),  one  of  the  signs  of  the  zo- 
diac: an  engine  of  war  for  battering,  with 
a  head  like  that  of  a  ram  :  a  hydrauUc 
engine,  called  water-ram  :  a  ship  of  war 
armed  with  a  heavy  iron  beak  for  run- 
ning down  a  hostile  vessel. — v.t.  to  thrust 
with  violence,  as  a  ram  with  its  head  :  to 
force  together  :  to  drive  hard  down  : — • 
pr.p.  ramm'ing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  rammed. 
[A.S.  ram,  rom  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  ramm. 
Sans,  ram,  to  sport.] 

RAMBLE,  ram'bl,  v.i.  to  go  from  place  to 
place  without  object  :  to  visit  many 
places  :  to  be  desultory,  as  in  discourse. 
— n.  a  roving  from  place  to  place  :  an 
irregular  excursion. — (i.Ram'blek.  [Freq. 
of  Roam.] 

RAMBLING,  ram'bUng,  adj.  moving  about 
irregularly  :  unsettled  :  desultory. 

RAJVIIFICATION,  ram-i-fi-ka'shun,  n.  di- 
vision or  separation  into  branches :  a 
branch  :  a  division  or  subdivision  :  (60^.) 
manner  of  producing  branches. 

RAMIFY,  ram'i-fi,  v.t.  to  make  or  divide 
into  branches. — v.i.  to  shoot  into  branch- 
es :  to  be  divided  or  spread  out : — pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  ram'ified.  [Fr.  ramijier — ^L, 
ramus,  a  branch,  facio,  to  make.] 

RAMOSE,  ra-mos',  RAMOUS,  ra'mus,  adj., 
branchy  :  (hot.)  branched  as  a  stem  or 
root. 

RAJMP,  ramp,  v.i.  to  climb  or  creep,  as  a 
plant  :    to  leap  or  bound. — n.  a  leap  or 
bound.   [Fr.  ramper,  to  creep,  to  clamber; 
from  the  Teut.,  Low  Ger.  rappen,  Ger 
raffen,  to  snatch,  as  with  the  claws.] 

RAMPAJNT,  ramp'ant,  adj.,  ramping  a\. 
overgrowing  usual  bounds  :  overleaping 
restraint  :  (her.)  standing  on  the  hind- 
legs. — adv.  Ramp'antly.— ?i.  Ramp'ancy, 
state  of  being  rampant.  [Fr.,  pr.p.  of 
ramper,  to  creep,  to  cUmb.] 

RAMPART,  ram'part,  n.  that  which  de- 
fends from  assault  or  danger  ;  (fort.)  a 
mound  or  wall  surrounding  a  fortified 
place.  [Fr.  rempart  (orig.  rempar) — remr 
parer,  to  defend — re,  again,  em,  to  (=e?i). 
in,  and  parer,  to  defend — L.  paro,  to  pre- 
pare.   See  Parapet,  PAREYr] 

RAMROD,  ram'rod,  n.  a  rod  used  in  ram- 
ming down  the  charge  in  a  gun. 

RAN,jja.i.  of  Run. 

RAN,  ran,  n.  in  India,  a  waste  tract  of 
land.    Edu-in  Arnold. 

RANCID,  ran'sid,  adj.  having  a  putrid 
smell,  as  old  oQ  :  sour. — adv.  Ran'cidly, 
[L.  rancidus,  putrid.]  

RANCIDNESS,  ran'sid-nes,  RANCIDITY, 
ran-sid'i-ti,  n.  the  quality  of  being  rancid: 
a  musty  smell,  as  of  oil. 

RANCOR,  rang'kur,  n.  deep-seated  enmi- 
ty :  spite  :  virulence.  [Fr. — L.  rancor, 
rancidness,  an  old  grudge — ranceo,  to  be 
rancid.] 

RANCOROUS,  rang'kur-us,  adj.  spiteful: 
malicious:  virulent.— adr.  Ran'ooeously. 

RANDOM,  ran'dum,  adj.  done  or  uttered 
at  hazard  :  left  to  chance. — adv.  At  ran- 
dom, mthout  direction  :  by  chance.  [O. 
Fr.  randon,  urgency,  haste ;  of  doubtful 
origin.] 

RANDOMLY,  ran'dum-li,  adv.  in  a  random 
manner  :  at  hazard  or  without  aim  or 
purpose.     George  Eliot. 

RANG,  rang,  pa.t.  of  Ring. 

RANGE,  ranj,  v.t.  to  rank  or  set  in  a  rom: 
to  place  in  proper  order  .  to  rove  or  pass 
over  :  to  s^  in  a  direction  parallel  to.— 


RANGER 


353 


RATIO 


V.i.  to  be  placed  in  order :  to  lie  in  a  par- 
ticular direction  :  to  rove  at  large :  to 
sail  or  pass  near. — n.  a  row  or  rank  :  a 
cla«s  or  oroer;  a  wandering':  room  for 
passing  to  ana  fro  :  space  occupied  by 
anything  moving :  capacity  of  mind ; 
extent  of  acquirements :  the  horizontal 
distance  to  which  a  shot  is  carried  :  the 
long  cooking-stove  of  a  sitchen  :  (B.)  a 
chimney-rack.  [Fr.  rangef,  to  range — 
rang,  a  rank.  Cf.  Rank.] 
J8ANGER,  ranj'er,  n.  a  rover :  a  dog  that 
beats  the  ground  :  an  officer  wno  super- 
intends a  forest  or  park. — n.  RahoeBt 

SHIP. 

KANINE,  rfi,'n!n,  ady.  pertaining  to  or  like 
a.  frog.    [L.  rana,  a  frog.l 

SANK,  rangk,  n.  a  row  or  line,  esp.  of  sol- 
diers standing  side  by  side :  class  or  order: 
grade  or  degree :  station :  high  social 
position. — v.t.  to  place  in  a  line  :  to  range 
in  a  particular  class :  to  place  method- 
ically.— v.i.  to  be  placed  m  a  rank :  to 
have  a  certain  degree  of  elevation  or  dis- 
tinction.— ^The  Eaiiks,  the  order  of  com- 
mon soldiers. — Rane  and  tile,  the  whole 
body  of  common  soldiers.  [Fr.  raTOgfTE. 
RmG)— O.  Qer.  hring  or  hnnc  Cf.  Ha- 
rangue.] 

RANK,  rangk,  adj.  growing  high  and  luxu- 
riantly :  coarse  from  excessive  growth : 
raised  to  a  high  degree :  excessive  :  caus- 
ing strong  growth :  very  fertile  :  strong 
scented  :  strong  tasted  :  rancid :  strong. 
—adv.  Rank'lt.— n.  Rank'ness.  [A.S. 
rane,  fruitful,  rank;  Dan.  rank,  tank, 
slender  ;  a  nasalized  form  of  the  root  of 
Rack.] 

EANKLE,  rangk^,  v.i.  to  be  inflamed :  to 
fester :  to  be  a  source  of  disquietude  or 
excitement :  to  rage.     [From  Rane,  adj.} 

aANSACK,ran'sak,  v.t.  to  search  thorough- 
ly: to  plunder,  [lit.  "  to  search  a  house," 
Ice.  rannsaka — rann,  a  house,  and  sak 
(scekja),  E.  Seek.] 

!iANSOM,  ran'suni,  re.  price  paid  for  re- 
demption from  captivity  or  punishment : 
release  from  captivity,  -^.t.  to  redeem 
from  captivity,  punishment,  or  owner- 
ship.— n.  Ran'somer.  [Lit.  "  redemption" 
or  "  buying  back,"  Fr.  ran^on  (It.  reden- 
inone) — L.  redemptio.    See  Redemption.] 

KANSOMABLE,  ran'sum-a-bl,  a/lj.  capable 
of  being  ransomed  or  redeemed,  as  from 
captivity,  bondag^e,  punishment,  or  the 
like.     Chapman, 

aANSOMLESS,  ran'sum-les,  a^f.  vritfaout 
ransom  :  incapable  of  being  ransomed. 

RANT,  rant,  v.i.  to  use  violent  or  extrava- 
gant language  :  to  be  noisy  in  words. — n. 
boisterous,  empty  declamation.  [O.  Dut. 
ranten,  to  rave ;  cog.  with  Low  Grer,  ran- 
den,  Ger.  ranzen,  and  prob.  with  O.  Qer. 
razi.  rceze,  violent.] 

RANTER,  rant'er,  n.  a  noisy  talker;  a 
boisterous  preacher. 

RANUNCULUS,  ra-nun'ku-lus,  re.  a  genus 
of  plants,  including  the  crowfoot,  butter- 
cup, etc.,  so  called  DvPlinv because  some 
grow  where  frogrs  aoound  ;-  -^l.  Raiton'- 
CTTLUSES.  [L.,  dim.  of  ranula,  a  little 
frog,  itself  a  dim.  of  rana,  a  frog.] 

SAP,  rap,  n.  a  sharp  blow  :  a  knock. — v.t. 
and  V.I.  to  strike  with  a  quick  blow  :  to 
knock  : — pr.p.  rapp'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
rapped.  [Scand.,  as  Dan.  rap;  imitative 
of  the  sound.] 

XAP,  rap,  v.t.  to  seize  naA  carry  off :  to 
transport  out  of  one's  ftelf :  to  affect  with 
rapture:— pr.jp.  rapp'ing  ;  pa.p.  rapped  or 
rapt.  [Scand.,  as  Ice.  hrapa,  to  rush 
headlong,  cog.  with  Ger.  ro^eji,  to  snatch.] 

SAP,  rap,  v.i.  to  swear,  esp.  to  swear  false- 
ly. "It  was  his  constant  maxim  that  he 
was  a  pitiful  fellow  who  would  stick  at  a 
little  rapping  for  his  friend." — Fielding. 

RAPACIOUS,  ra-pa'shus,  ck^'.,  seizingbj 
W 


violence  :  given  to  plunder  :  ravenous : 
greedy  of  gain. — adv.  Rapa'ciously. — n. 
Rapa  ciousNESS.  [L.  rapax,  rapaeis — 
rapio,  raptum,  to  seize  and  carry  off ; 
akin  to  Or.  harp-azH,  to  seize.] 

RAPACITY,  ra-pas'i-ti,  n.  the  quality  of 
being  rapacums :  ravenousness  :  extor- 
tion. 

RAPE,  rap,  n.  the  act  of  seizing  by  force  : 
violation  of  the  chastity  of  a  female. 
[M.E.  rape,  haste,  from  Rap,  to  seize,  in- 
fluenced oy  L.  rapere,  to  snatch.] 

RAPE,  rap,  re.  a  plant  nearly  allied  to  the 
turnip,  cultivated  for  its  herbage  and  oil- 
producing  seeds.  [O.  Fr.  rahe  (Fr.  rave) 
— L.  rapa,  rapum ;  cog.  with  Gr.  rapya, 
the  turnip.] 

RAPECAKE,  rS.p'kflk,  n.,  cake  made  of  the 
refuse,  after  the  oil  has  been  expressed 
from  the  rapeseed. 

BAPE-OHi,  rap'-oil,  n.,  oU  obtained  from 
T'rtpfiseed. 

RAPHAELISM,  rafa-el-izm,  n.  the  prin- 
ciples of  painting  introduced  by  RaMael, 
the  Italian  painter,  1483-1520. — n.  Raph- 
AKUTE,  raf  ar€l-it,  one  who  follows  tiie 
principles  of  Raphael. 

RAPED,  rap'id,  a<y.  hurrying  along :  very 
swift :  speedy. — n.  that  part  of  a  river 
where  tne  current  is  more  rapid  than 
usual  (gen.  inpi.). — adv.  Rap'idly. — n. 
Rap'idness.  fFr.  rapide—h.  rapidua — 
ropio^^See  Rapacjiocs.] 

RAPIDITY,  ra-pld'i-ti,  re.  quickness  of  mo- 
tion or  utterance  :  swiftness  :  velocity. 

RAPIER,  ra'pi-er,  tu  a  Ught  sword  with  a 
straight,  narrow  blade  (generally  four- 
sided),  used  only  in  thrusting.  [Ft.  ra- 
piire,  of  unknown  origin]. 

RAPINE,  rap'in,  re.  act  of  seizing  and  carry- 
ing away  forcibly  :  plunder  :  violence. 
[Fr. — ^L.  rapina — rapiut.  See  Rapaciocs. 
Doublet  Ravine.] 

RAPPEE,  rap-pe',  n.  a  mcrfst,  coarse  kind  of 
snuff.  [Fr.  r&p&,  rasped,  grated— wJper, 
to  rasp.    See  Rasp.] 

RAPPER,  rap'er,  w.  one  who  raps :  a  door- 
knocker. 

RAPT,  rapt,  adj.  raised  to  rapture :  trans- 
ported :  ravished.  [Lit.  "  carried  away," 
from  Rap,  toseize,influenoed  by  L.rapere, 
to  snatch.] 

RAPTORIAL,  rap-to'ri-al,  adj.,  seizing  by 
violence,  as  a  bird  of  prey.  [L.  raptor,  a 
snatcher — rapere.} 

RAPTURE,  rap'tur,  n.  a  seizing  and  carry- 
ing away  :  extreme  delight :  transport : 
ecstesy.     [L.  rapio,  raptus,  to  seize.] 

RAPTUROUS,  rap'tur-us,  ac^.,  seizing  and 
carrying  away  :  ecstatic  :  transporting. 
— adv.  Rap'ttirously. 

RARE,  rar,  adj.  (comp.  Rar'ee,  gupfrl. 
Rar'est),  thin:  of  a  loose  texture:  not 
dense  :  uncommon  :  excellent :  extraor- 
dinary. —  adv.  RAEE'Ly.  —  n.  Rabe'ness. 
[Fr. — L.  varus,  rare,  thin.] 

RAREFACTION,  rar-e-fak'shun  or  rarre- 
fak'shun,  re.  act  of  rarefying :  expansion 
of  aeriform  bodies.    [Fr.— L.   See  Rabe- 

FY.] 

RAREFY,  rar'e-fl  or  r5're-fl,  v.t.  to  make 
r£ire,  thin,  or  less  dense :  to  expand  a 
body. — v.i.  to  become  thin  and  porous: 
—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  rar'efied.  [Fr.  rar&fkr 
— L.  rams,  rare,  facio,  factum,  to  make.] 

RARITY,  rar'i-ti  or  rar'i-ti,  re.  state  of  being 
rare :  thinness :  subtilty:  something  val- 
ued for  its  scarcity :  uncommonness. 

RASCAL,  ras'kal,  re.  a  tricking,  dishonest 
fellow  :  a  knave  :  a  rogue.  [Lit.  "  the 
scrapings  and  refuse  of  anything,"  Fr. 
raaaiUe,  the  scum  of  the  people — racier, 
O.  PV.  rasder,  to  scrape,  through  a  sup- 
posed L.  form  rasiaUare,  from  ratm, 
scraped^    See  RASE.] 

RASCALITY,  ras-kal'i-ti, «.  mean  trioketjr 
or  dishonesty :  fraud. 


RASCALLY,  rasTial-i,  adj.  mean  :  vile ; 
worthless  :    base. 

RASE,  rSz,  v.i.  to  scratch  or  blot  out !  to 
efface :  to  cancel :  to  level  with  the 
ground  :  to  demolish :  to  ruin  (in  this 
sense  Raze  is  generally  used).  [Fr.  raser 
— L.  rado,  rasum,  to  scrape.] 

RASH,  rash,  adj.  (comp.  Rash'ee,  mperl 
Rash'EST),  hasty:  sudden:  headstrong  , 
Incautious,  —  adv.  Rash'ly.  —  n.  Rash'  • 
KBsa      [Dan.  and  Sw.  rask;  Ger.  ras(A 
rapid.] 

RASH,  rash,  n.  a  slight  eruption  on  the 
body,  [O.  Fr.  rasche  (Fr.  rache) — ^L. 
rado,  rasum,  to  scrape,  to  scratch.  Cf. 
RaseJ^ 

RASHER,  rash'er,  n.  a  thin  slice  of  broiled 
bacon,  prob.  so  called  because  rashly  or 
quickly  roasted. 

RASORLAL,  ra-zo'ri-al,  adj.  belonging  to 
an  order  of  birds  which  scrape  the  ground 
for  their  food,  as  the  hen.  [Low  L.  ra- 
aor,  rasoris,  a  scraper — L.  rado,  rasvni, 
to  scrape.    See  Rase.] 

BASF,  rasp,  v.t.  to  rub  with  a  coarse  file. 
— M.  a  file.— re.  Rasp'er.  [O.  Fr.  rasper 
(Fr.  r&per)—0.  Ger.  raspon;  akin  to  Dot. 
raspen,  to  scrape  together.] 

RASPBERRY,  raz^er-i,  re.  a  kind  of  bram- 
ble, whose  ''ruit  has  a  rough  outside  Uk© 
a  rasp. 

BASURE,  rfi'zhOr,  re.  act  of  scraping- 
shaving,  or  erasing :  obUteration  :  an 
erasure.    [Fr. — L.    See  Rase.] 

RAT,  rat,  re.  an  animal  of  the  mouse  kind, 
but  larger  and  more  destructive.  [A.S. 
reet,  cog.  with  Ger.  ratte,  Gael,  radan, 
prob.  allied  to  L.  rodo,  to  gnaw.] 

RAT,  rat,  v.i.  to  desert  one's  party  and 
join  their  opponents  for  gain  or  power,  as 
rats  are  said  to  leave  a  falling  bouse  :— 
pr.p.  ratt'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  ratt'ed. 

RATABTiE,  rat'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be  rated 
or  set  at  a  cert.ain  value:  subject  to  tax" 
ation. — ns.  Ratabil'ity,  Rat'ableness, 
quality  of  being  ratable. — adj'.RAT'ABLY. 

RATAFIA,  rat-a-fe'a,  re.  a  spirituous  Uquop 
flavored  with  fruit.  [Fr. — Malay  araq- 
tafia,  from  Ar.  araq  (see  Arrack),  and 
Malay  tafia,  rum.] 

RATCH,  rach,  re.  a  rack  or  bar  with  teeth 
into  which  a  click  drops:  the  wheel  which 
makes  a  clock  strike.  ^A  weakened  form 
of  RackJI 

RATCHET,  rach'et,  re.  a  bar  acting  on  the 
teeth  of  a  racbet-wheel :  a  click  or  pall. 

RATCHET-WHEEL,  rach'et-hwel,  «.  & 
wheel  having  teeth  for  a  ratchet. 

BATE,  rat,  re.  a  ratio  or  proportion :  allow* 
ance :  standard :  value  :  price  :  the  clase 
of  a  ship :  movement,  as  fast  or  slow  :  a 
tax. — v.t.  to  calculate :  to  estimate  :  to 
settle  the  relative  rank,  scale,  or  position 
of. — v.i.  to  make  an  estimate ;  to  be 
placed  in  a  certain  class.  [O.  Fr. — If 
rear,  ratus,  to  calculate,  to  think.] 

RATE,  rat,  v.t.  to  tax  one  with  a  thing :  to 
scoid :  to  chide. 

RATEIPAYER,  rafpSrer,  re.  one  who  is  as- 
sessed andpn^s  a  rate  or  tax. 

RATH,  RATHE,  rath,  adj.  early,  soon. 
[A.S.  hrmdh,  cog.  with  O.  Ger.  hrad, 
quick.] 

RATHER,  T&th'er,  adv.  more  willingly :  iat. 
preference :  especially :  more  so  than 
otherwise :  on  the  contrary :  somewhat. 
fLit.  "sooner,"  A.S.  ratlior,  comp.  of 
Rath,  early.] 

RATIFICATION,  rat-i-fl-ka'shun,  re.  act  OS 
ratifying  or  confirming :  confirmation. 

RATIFY,  rat'i-fi,  v.t.  to  approve  and  sane 
tion  :  to  settle  i—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  rat'tfleci. 
[Fr.  ratifler — L.  ratus,  fixed  ty  calcula- 
tion— rear,  ratus,  to  calculate,  and  facio 
to  make.    See  Rate,  w.] 

RATIO,  rS'shi-o,  n.  the  relation  of  one 
thing  to  another.    [L.  ratio,  calculatiou. 


RATIOCINATION 


354 


REANIMATE 


reason,   the  faculty  which  calculates — 
reor.  rattis.    Doublets  Ration,  Reason.] 

RATIOCINATION,  rash-i-os-i-na'shun,  n. 
the  act  or  process  of  reasoning :  deduc- 
ing conclusions  from  premises.  —  adj. 
Ratio'cinative.  [Fr. — L.  ratiocinatio — 
ratioeinor,  -atus,  to  calculate,  to  reason.] 

RATION,  ra'shun,  ?i.  the  rate  of  provisions 
distributed  to  a  soldier  or  sailor  daily : 
an  allowance.  [Ft.— h.  ratio.  See  Ratio.] 

RATIONAL,  rash'un-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  reason  :  endowed  with  reason  :  agree- 
able to  reason  :  sane  :  intelligent :  ju- 
dicious :  (arith.  and  alg.)  noting  a  quan- 
tity which  can  be  exactly  expressed  by 
numbers  :  (geog.)  noting  the  plane  paral- 
lel to  the  sensible  horizon  of  a  place,  and 
passing  through  the  earth's  centre.  [See 
Eatio.J 

RATIONALE,  rash-i-o-nale,  n.  an  account 
of,  \>-ith  reasons  :  an  account  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  some  opinion. 

RATIONALISM,  rash'un-al-izm,  n.  the  re- 
ligious system  or  doctrines  of  a  ration- 
alist. 

RATIONALIST,  rash'un  -  al  -  ist,  ?i.  one 
guided  in  his  opinions  solely  by  reason : 
esp.  one  so  guided  in  regard  to  religion. 

RATIONALISTIC,  rash-un-al-ist'ik, 
BATIONALISTICAL,  rasl  -  un  -  al-ist'ik- 
al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  iu  accordance 
with  the  principles  of  rationalism. 

RATIONALITY,  rash-un-al'i-ti.  n.  quality 
of  being  rational :  possession  or  due  exer- 
cise of  reason  :  reasonableness. 

RATIONALIZE,  rash'un-al-iz,  v.t.  to  in- 
terpret like  a  rationalist. — v.i.  to  rely 
entirely  or  unduly  on  reason. 

RATLINE,  RATLIN,  ratlin,  RATTLING, 
rat'Ung,  7i.  one  of  the  small  lines  or  ropes 
traversing  the  shrouds  and  forming  the 
stefjs    of    the   rigging  of  ships.     [Prob. 

V     "  rat-line,"  i.e.  for  the  rats  to  climb  by.] 

RATTAN,  rat-an',  7i.  a  genus  of  palms  hav- 
ing a  smooth,  reed-like  stem  several  hun- 
dreds of  feet  in  length  :  a  walking-stick 
made  of  rattan  :  stems  of  this  palm  used 
as  a  raft.     [Malay  rotan.] 

RATTLE,  rat'l,  v.i.  to  produce  rapidly  the 
sound  rat :  to  clatter  :  to  speak  eagerly 
and  noisily. — v.t.  to  cause  to  make  a 
rattle  or  clatter :  to  stun  with  noise. — n. 
a  sharp  noise  rapidly  repeated  :  a  clatter  : 
loud  empty  talk  :  a  toy  or  instrument 
for  rattling.  [A.S.  hratele,  cog.  with 
Ger.  rasseln,  Dut.  rafden  ;  Gr.  ki-otalon.] 

RATTLESNAKE,  ratl-snak,  n.  a  poisonous 
snake  having  a  number  of  hard,  bony 
rings  loosely  jointed  at  the  end  of  the 
tail,  which  make  a  rattling  noise. 

RAVAGE,  rav'aj,  v.t.  to  lay  waste  :  to 
destroy:  to  pillage. — n.  devastation:  ruin: 
plunder.  [Fr. — ravir — L.  rapio,  to  carry 
off  by  force.] 

RAVA"GER,  raVaj-er,  n.  he  who  or  that 
which  lays  waste  :  a  plunderer. 

RAVE,  rav,  v.i.  to  be  rabid  or  mad  :  to  be 
wild  or  raging,  like  a  madman  :  to  talk 
irrationally  :  to  utter  wild  exclamations. 
[O.  Fr.  raver  (Fr.  river),  to  dream,  to  be 
delirious — L.  rabies,  madness.  A  doublet 
of  Rage.] 

RAVEL,  rav'el,  v.t.  to  untwist  or  unweave : 
to  confuse.entangle. — v.i.  to  be  untwisted 
or  unwoven  : — pr.ja.  ra Veiling  ;  pa.  f.  and 
pa.p.  raVelled.  [Dut.  ravelen,  to  ravel, 
to  talk  confusedly.] 

RAVELIN,  rav'lin.'w.  a  detached  work  with 
two  embankments  raised  before  the 
counterscarp.  [Fr.  ;  It.  rivellino,  perh. 
from  L.  re,  back,  andraKuTO,  a  rampart.] 

RAVEN,  raVn,  n.  a  kind  of  crow,  noted 
for  its  croak  and  plundering  habits. — 
adj.  black,  Uke  a  raven.  [A.S.  hrcefn  : 
cog.  with  Ice.  hrafn,  Dut.  raaf :  so  called 
from  its  cry.] 
BAVEN,  rai/n,  v.t.  to  obtain  by  violence  : 


to  devour  with  great  eagerness  or  vor- 
acity.— v.i.  to  prey  with  rapacity. — ?!. 
prey  :  plunder.  [M.E.  ravine,  plunder — 
O.  Fr.  ravine,  rapidity,  impetuosity — L. 
rapina.    See  Rapkte.] 

RAVENING,  rav'n-iug,  n.  (B.)  eagerness 
for  plunder. 

RAVENOUS,  rav'n-us,  adj.  voracious,  like 
a  raven  :  devouring  with  rapacity:  eager 
for  prey  or  gratification. — adv.  RaVen- 
ocsLT. — n.  Rav'enousness. 

RAVIN,  (B.)  same  as  Raven,  to  obtain  by 
violence. 

RAVINE,  ra-ven',  n.  a  long  deep  hollow, 
worn  away  by  a  torrent:  a  deep,  naiTow 
mountain-pass.  [Fr.  —  L.  rapina.  See 
Rapist:.] 

RAVISH,  rav'ish,  v.t.  to  seize  or  carry  away 
by  violence  to  have  sexual  intercourse 
with  by  force  :  to  fill  with  ecstasy. — n. 
Rav'isher.     [Fr.  ramr.] 

RAVISHJIENT,  rav'ish-ment,  n.  act  <?f 
ravishirig :  abduction  :  rape :  ecstatic  de- 
light :  rapture. 

RAW,  raw,  adj.  not  altered  from  its  nat- 
ural state :  not  cooked  or  dressed  :  not 
prepared  :  not  mixed  :  not  covered  :  sore  : 
unfinished:  bleak.  —  adv.  Raw'lt. — n. 
Ra'^\-'xess.  [A.S.  hredic,  cog.  with  Dut. 
raauw,  Ice.  7irar,  Ger.  roh,  akin  to  L. 
crudu.i.  raw.] 

RAWBONED,  raw'bSnd,  adj.  with  little 
flesh  on  the  bones. 

RAY,  ra,  n.  a  line  of  light  or  heat  pro- 
ceeding from  a  point :  intellectual  light : 
apprehension.  [Fr.  raie — L.  radius,  a 
rod,  staff,  a  beam  of  light.] 

RAY,  ra,  n.  a  class  of  fishes  including  the 
skate,  thornback,  and  torpedo.  [Fr.  raie 
— L.  raia.l 

RAYAH,  ra'yah,  n.  a  non-Mohammedan 
subject  of  Turkey  who  pays  the  capita- 
tion tax.  [Ar.  rciyah,  a  herd,  a  peas- 
ant— raya,  to  pasture,  to  feed.] 

RAZE,  raz,  v.t.  to  lay  level  with  the 
ground  :  to  overthrow :  to  destroy.  [A 
form  of  Rase.] 

RAZOR,  ra'zor,  n.  a  knife  for  shaving. 

RAZOR-STROP,  ra'zor-strop,  n.  a  strop 
for  razors. 

REACH,  rech,  v.t.  to  stretch  or  extend :  to 
attain  or  obtain  by  stretching  out  the 
hand  :  to  hand  over  :  to  extend  to  :  to 
arrive  at :  to  gain  :  to  include. — v.i.  to 
be  extended  so  as  to  touch  :  to  stretch 
out  the  hand  :  to  try  to  obtain. — ra.  act 
or  power  of  reaching :  extent :  extent  of 
force  :  penetration  :  ai'tifice :  contriv- 
ance :  a  straight  portion  of  a  stream. 
[A.S.  rcecan  ;  Ger.  reichen,  to  reach.] 

REACT,  re-akt',  v.i.  to  act  again  :  to  re- 
turn an  impulse  :  to  act  mutually  upon 
each  other.     [L.  re,  again,  and  Act.] 

REACTION,  re-ak'shun,  n.,  action  back 
upon  or  resisting  other  action  :  mutual 
action  :  backward  tendency  from  revolu- 
tion, reform,  or  progress. 

REACTIONARY,  re-ak'shun-ar-i,  ac^.  for 
or  implying  reaction. 

READ,  rid,  v.t.  to  utter  aloud  written  or 

Erinted  words  :  to  peruse  :  to  compre- 
end  :  to  study. — v.i.  to  perform  the  act 
of  reading  :  to  practice  much  reading  : 
to  appear  in  reading  :— pa.  f.  and  pa.p. 
read  (red).  [A.S.  rcedaii,  to  discern,  in- 
terpret, read  ;  Ger.  rathen,  to  advise.] 

READ,  red,  adj.  versed  in  books  :  learned. 

READABLE,  red'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
read  :  worth  reading  :  interesting. — adv. 
Read' ABLY. — n.  Read'ablesess. 

RE  ADDRESS,  re-ad-dres',  v.t.  to  address 
again  or  a  second  time.  [L.  re,  again, 
and  Address.] 

READER,  red'er,  n.  one  who  reads  :  one 
who  reads  prayers  in  a  church .  or  lectures 
on  scientific  subjects :  one  who  reads  or 
corrects  proofs  :  one  who  reads  much  :  a 


reading-book. — n.  Read'ership,  the  office 
of  a  reader.  [Ready. 

READILY,    RE^VDINESS.     See    under 

READING,  red'ing,  adj.  addicted  to  read- 
ing.— n.  act  of  reading  :  perusal :  study 
of  books  :  pubUc  or  formal  recital :  the 
way  in  which  a  passage  reads  :  an  inter- 
pretation of  a  passage  or  work. 

READING-BOOK,  red'ing-book,  n.  a  book 
of  exercises  in  reading. 

READINGr-ROOM,  red'ing-room,  n.  a  room 
with  papers,  etc.,  resorted  to  for  reading. 

READJOUEN,  re-ad-jurn',  v.t.  to  adjourn 
again  or  a  second  time.  [L.  re,  again, 
and  Adjourn.] 

READJUST,  re-ad-just',  v.t.  to  adjust  or 
put  in  order  again.  [L.  re,  again,  and 
Adjust.] 

READMISSION,  re-ad-mish'un,  n.  act  of 
readmitting  :  state  of  being  readmitted. 

READMIT,  re-ad-mit',  v.t.  to  admit  again. 
[L.  re.  again,  and  Admit.] 

Ready,  red'l,  adj.  prepared  at  the  mo- 
ment :  prepared  in  mind  :  willing  :  not 
slow  or  awkward  :  dexterous  :  prompt : 
quick  :  present  in  hand  :  at  hand  :  near : 
easy  :  on  the  point  of. — adv.  in  a  state  of 
reaciiness  or  preparation. — adv.  Read'- 
ILT. — n.  Readiness.  [A.S.  rcede  ;  Scot. 
red,  to  set  to  rights,  to  put  in  order,  Ger. 
be-reit,  ready.    Conn,  with  Raid,  Ride.] 

READY-MADE,  red'i-mad,  adj.  made  and 
ready  for  use  :  not  made  to  order. 
[Ready  and  Made.] 

REAGENT,  re-a'jent,  ?!.  a  substance  that 
reacts  on  and  detects  the  presence  of 
other  bodies :  a  test.  [L.  re,  again,  and 
Agent.] 

RE  All,  re'al.  adj.  actually  existing :  not 
counterfeit  or  assumed  :  true  :  genuine  : 
{la^(•)  pertaining  to  things  fixed,  as  lands 
or  houses.  [Lit.  relating  to  the  thing. 
Low  L.  realis — L.  res,  a  thing.] 

REAL,  re'al,  n.  a  Spanish  and  Mexican 
silver  coin,  worth  about  ISic.  [Sp. — L. 
regalis,  royal.] 

REALIZABLE,  re'al-iz-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  realized. 

REALIZATION,  re-al-i-za'shun,  n.  act  of 
realizing  or  state  of  being  realized. 

REALIZE,  re'al-iz,  v.t.  to  77iake  real :  to 
bring  into  being  or  act :  to  accomplish  : 
to  convert  into  real  property  :  to  obtain, 
as  a  possession  :  to  feel  strongly  :  to  com- 
prehend completely  :  to  bring  home  tc 
one's  own  experience. 

REALISM,  Te'a}-\zxn,  n.  the  medieval  doc- 
trine that  general  terms  stand  for  real  ex- 
istences (opp.  to  NoJONAllSJl) :  the  tend- 
ency to  accept  and  to  represent  things 
as  they  really  are  (opp.  to  Idealism)  : 
the  doctrine  that  in  external  perception 
the  objects  immediately  known  are  real 
existences. — n.  Re'alist,  one  who  holds 
the  doctrine  of  realism. — adj.  Realistic, 
re-al-ist'ik,  pertaining  to  the  realists  or 
to  realism. 

REALITY,  re-al'i-ti,  n.  that  which  is  real 
and  not  imaginary  :  truth  :  verity  :  (laic) 
the  fixed,  permanent  nature  of  real  prop- 
ertj-. 

REALLY,  re'al-li,  adv.  in  reality:  actually: 
in  truth. 

REALM,  relm,  n.  a  regal  or  royal  jurisdic 
tion  :  kingdom  :  province  :  country.  [O 
Fr.  realme,  through  a  Low  L.  form  regal 
ijnen.  from  L.  regalis,  royal.    See  Regal.] 

REALTY,  re'al-ti,  n.  same  as  Reality  in 
law. 

REAM,  rem,  7!.  a  quantity  of  paper  consist- 
ing of  20  quires.  [O.  Fr.  raime  (Fr.  rame) 
— Sp.  resma—Arah.  rizmat  (pi.  rizam), 
a  bundle.] 

REANIMA'TE,  re-an'i-mat,  v.t.  to  restore 
to  Ufe:  to  infuse  new  life  or  spirit  into:  to 
revive. — n.  Reandia'tion.  [L.  re,  again, 
and  Anulate.]  . 


REAP 


RECKLESS 


REAP,  rep,  v.t.  to  cut  down,  as  grain  :  to 
clear  off  a  crop  :  to  gather:  to  receive  as 
a  reward. — n.  Reap'ee.  [A.S.  ripan,  to 
pluck ;  cog.  with  Goth,  ravpjan,  Ger. 
raufe)i.] 

REAPPEAR,  re-ap-per',  i\i.  to  appear 
again  or  a  second  time.  [L.  re,  again, 
and  Appear.] 

REAR,  rer,  n.  the  back  or  hindmost  part : 
thf.  last  part  of  an  army  or  fleet. — n. 
Reae-ad'miral,  an  officer  of  the  third 
-ank,  who  commands  the  rear  division 
of  a  fleet. — n.  Rear'-GUARD,  troop.s  which 
protect  the  rear  of  an  army. — n.  Reae'- 
RANK,  the  hindermost  rank  of  a  body  of 
troops. — n.  Rear'ward,  (S.)  Rere'ward, 
the  rear-guard.  [O.  Fr.  riere — L.  retro, 
behind,  from  re,  back,  and  suffix  tro, 
denoting  motion.] 

REAR,  rer,  v.t.  (orig.)  to  raise :  to  bring 
up  to  maturity  :  to  educate  :  to  stir  up. 
— v.i.  to  rise  on  the  hind-legs,  as  a  horse. 
[A.S.  rceran,to  raise,  the  causal  of  Rise.] 

REARMOUSE.     Same  as  Reremouse. 

REASON,  re'zn,  n.  that  which  supports  or 
justifies  an  act,  etc. :  a  motive  :  proof : 
excuse  :  cause  :  the  faculty  of  the  mind 
by  which  man  draws  conclusions,  and 
determines  right  and  truth:  the  exercise 
of  reason  :  just  view  of  things  :  right 
conduct :  propriety  :  justice. — v.i.  to  ex- 
ercise the  faculty  of  reason  :  to  deduce 
inferences  from  premises  :  to  argue  :  to 
debate  :  (B.)  to  converse. — v.t.  to  ex- 
amine or  discuss  :  to  debate :  to  per- 
suade by  reasoning.  —  n.  Rea'sonbr.  — 
By  reason  of,  on  account  of  :  in  conse- 
quence of.  [Lit.  "a  calculation,"  Fr. 
raisoii — L.  ratio,  rationis  —  rear,  ratiis, 
to  calculate,  to  think.] 

REASONABLE,  re'zim-a-bl,  adj.  endowed 
v.ith  reason  :  rational  :  acting  according 
to  reason  :  agreeable  to  reason:  just : 
net  excessive :  moderate.— adi>.  Rea'son- 
ABLY. — n.  Rea'sonableness. 

REASONING,  re'zun-ing,  n.  act  of  reason- 
ing :  that  which  is  offered  in  argument : 
course  of  argument. 

REASSEMBLE,  re-as-sem'bl,  v.t.  and  v.i. 
to  assemble  or  collect  again.  [L.  re, 
again,  and  ASSEMBLE.] 

REASSERT,  re-as-sert',  v.t.  to  assert  again. 
[L.  re,  again,  and  Assert.] 

REASSURANCE,  re-a-shoor'ans,  n.  re- 
peated assurance :  a  second  assurance 
against  loss. 

REASSURE,  re-a-shoor',  v.t.  to  assure 
anew  :  to  give  confidence  to :  to  insure 
an  insurer.      [L.  re,  again,  and  Assure.] 

REAVE,  rev,  v.t.  to  take  away  by  violence: 
— pa.t.  and  pa. 23.  reft.  [A.S.  reaflan,  to 
rob,  {lit.)  "to  strip"  —  reaf,  clothing, 
spoil  ;  cog.  with  Gei.  rauben.    See  Rob.] 

REBAPTIZE,  re-bap-tlz',  v.f.  to  baptize 
again  Or  a  second  time.  [L.  re,  again, 
and  Baptize.] 

REBATEMENT.'re  bat'raent,  n.  deduction: 
diminution.  [Fr.  rebattre,  to  beat  back 
— L.  re,  hack,  oattuo,  to  beat.] 

REBEL,  reb'el,  n.  one  who  rebels. — adj.  re- 
bellious. [Fr. — L.  rebellis,  making  war 
afresh,  insurgent — re,  again,  and  helium, 
war.] 

REBEL,  re-bel',  v.i.  to  renounce  authority, 
oi  to  take  up  arms  against  it :  to  oppose 
any  lawful  authority  -.^pr.p.  rebell'ing  ; 
pa.t.  andpa.p.  rebelled'. 

REBELLION,  re-bel'yun,  n.  act  of  rebell- 
ing :  open  opposition  to  lavrful  authority: 
revolt. 

REBELLIOUS,  re-bel'yus,  adj.  engaged  in 
rebellion. 

REBOUND,  re-bownd',  v.i.  to  bound  or 
start  back  :  to  be  reverberated. — v.t.  to 
drive  back  :  to  reverberate. — n.  act  ojE  re- 
bounding.    [L.  re,  back,  and  Bound.] 

REBUFF,  re-buf',  n.  a  beating  back  :  sud- 


den resistance  :  sudden  check  :  defeat : 
unexpected  refu.syl. — v.t.  to  beat  back  : 
to  check  :  to  repel  violently  :  to  refuse. 
[It.  ribuffo,  a  reproof — It.  ri  (=L.  re), 
back,  and  buffo,  a  puff,  of  imitative 
origin.]^  [renew. 

REBUILD,  re-bild',  v.t.  to  buOd  again  :  to 

REBUKE,  re-buk',  v.t.  to  check  with  re- 
proof :  to  chide  or  reprove :  (B.)  to 
chasten. — n.  direct  reproof  :  reprimand  : 
(B.)  chastisement  :  reproach  :  persecu- 
tion.— n.  Rebuk'er.  [O.  Fr.  rebouquer 
(Fr.  reboucher),  from  re,  back,  bougue  (Fr. 
botiche),  the  mouth — L.  bucca,  the  cheek.] 

REBUS,  re'bus,  n.  an  enigmatical  repre- 
sentation of  a  word  or  phrase  by  pic- 
tures of  things :  (her.)  a  coat  of  arms 
bearing  an  allusion  to  the  name  of  the 
person :  —  pi.  Re'buses.  [Lit.  "  by 
things,"  L.,  from  res,  ret,  a  thing.] 

REBUT,  re-buf,  v.t.  to  butt  or  drive  back: 
(law)  to  oppose  by  arg^iment  or  proof. — 
V.  i.  (law)  to  return  an  answer  •.—rn:^).  re- 
butt'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  rebutt'ed.  [Fr. 
rebuter — re,  back,  and  O.  Fr.  bouter. 
See  Butt.] 

REBUTTER,  re-but'er,  n.  that  which  re- 
buts :  a  plaintiff's  answer  to  a  defendant's 
rejoinder. 

RECALCITRANT,  re  -  kal'si  -  trant,  adj. 
showing  repugnance  or  opposition.  [Lit. 
"  kicking  back,"  L.  recaloitrans,  -antis— 
re,  back,  calcitro,  -atum,  to  kick — calx, 
caleis,  the  heel.] 

RECALCITRATE,  re-kal'si-trat,  v.t.  or  v.i. 
to  express  repugnance.  [Lit.  "  to  kick 
back."] 

RECALL,  re-kawl',  v.t.  to  call  back  :  to 
command  to  return  :  to  revoke  :  to  call 
back  to  mind :  to  remember. — n.  act  of 
recalling  or  revoking. 

RECANT,  re-kant',  v.t.  to  withdraw  (a 
former  declaration) :  to  retract. — v.i.  to 
revoke  a  former  declaration  :  to  unsay 
what  has  been  said.  —  n.  Recant'er. 
[Lit. ' '  to  sound  or  sing  back,"  L.  re,  back, 
and  Cant.] 

RECANTATION,  re-kan-ta'shun,  n.  act  of 
recanting  :  a  declaration  contradicting  a 
former  one. 

RECAPITULATE,  re-ka-pit'ii-lat,  v.t.  to  go 
over  again  the  heads  or  chief  points  of 
anything.  [L.  recapitulo,  -atum  —  re, 
again,  and  capitulum,  dim.  of  caput,  the 
head.] 

RECAPITULATION,re-ka-pit-u-la'shun,m. 
act  of  recapitulating :  a  summary  of 
main  points. 

RECAPITULATORY,  re-ka-pit'u-la-tor-i, 
adj.  repeating  again  :  containing  reca- 
pitulation. 

RECAPTURE,  re-kap'tur,  v.t.  to  capture 
back  or  retake,  esp.  a  prize  from  a  captor. 
— n.  act  of  retaking  :  a  prize  retaken. 
[L.  re.  back,  and  Capture.] 

RECAST,  re-kast',  v.t.  to  cast  or  throw 
again  :  to  cast  or  mould  anew  :  to  com- 
pute a  second  time.  [L.  re,  again,  and 
Cast.] 

RECEDE,  re-sed',  v.i.  to  go  or  fall  back  : 
to  i-etreat  :  to  give  vip  a  claim. — v.t.  to 
cede  back,  as  to  a  former  possessor.  [L. 
recede,  recessus — re,  back,  and  cedo,  to  go. 
See  Cede.] 

RECEIPT,  re-set',  n.  act  of  receiving:  place 
of  receiving:  power  of  holding:  a  written 
acknowledgment  of  anything  received  : 
that  which  is  received  :  a  recipe. — iKt.  to 
give  a  receipt  for  :  to  sign.  [M.  E.  receit 
—O.  Fr.  recete  (Fr.  recette)—L.  rccipio.] 

RECEIVABLE,  re-seVa-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  received. 

RECEIVE,  re-sev',  v.t.  to  take  what  is  of- 
fered, etc.  :  to  accept :  to  embrace  with 
the  mind:  to  assent  to:  to  allow:  to  give 
acceptance  to:  to  give  admittance  to:  to 
welcome  or  entertain  :  to  hold  or  con- 


tain: (law)  to  take  goods  knowing  them 
to  be  stolen:  (B.)  to  bear  with,  to  believe 
in.  [0.  Fr.  rececer  (Fr.  recevoirj — L.  re- 
cipio,  receptum — re,  back,  and  capio,  to 
tsike.] 

RECEIVER,  re-sev'er,  n.  one  who  receives: 
(chem.)a,  vessel  for  receiving  and  condens- 
ing in  distillation,  or  for  containing  gases; 
the  glass  vessel  of  an  air-pump  in  which 
the  vacuum  is  formed. 

RECENSION,  re-sen'shun,  n.  act  of  review- 
ing or  revising  :  review,  esp.  critical  re- 
visal  of  a  text  :  a  text  established  by 
critical  re\'ision.  [L.  recensio.  recenseo — 
re,  again,  Censeo,  to  value,  estimate.] 

RECENT,  re'sent,  adj.  of  late  origin  or  oc- 
currence :  not  long  parted  from  :  fresh  : 
modern  :  (geol.)  subsequent  to  the  exists 
ence  of  man. — adv.  Re'cently.^ — n.  Re'- 
centness.     [Fr. — L,  recens,  recentis.} 

RECEPTACLE,  re-sep'ta-kl,  n.  that  into 
which  anything  is  received  or  contained  : 
(bot.)  the  bjisis  of  a  flower.  [From  Re- 
ceive.] 

RECEPTIBILITY,  re-sep-ti-bil'i-ti,  n.  possi- 
bility of  receiving  or  of  being  received. 

RECEPTION,  re-sep'shun,  n.  act  of  receiv- 
ing: admission  :  state  of  being  received: 
a  receiving  or  manner  of  receiving  for 
entertainment :  welcome. 

RECEPTIVE,  re-sep'tiv,  adj.  having  the 
quality  of  receiving  or  containing:  (phil.) 
capable  of  receiving  impressions. — n.  Re- 
CEPTrv'lTY,  quality  of  being  receptive. 

RECESS,  re-ses',  n.  a  going  back  or  with- 
drawing :  retirement  :  state  of  being 
withdrawn  :  seclusion  :  remission  of  busi- 
ness :  part  of  a  room  formed  by  a  reced- 
ing of  the  wall :  private  abode.  [See  Re- 
cede.] 

RECESSION,  re-sesh'un,  n.  act  of  receding: 
a  ceding  or  giving  back. 

RECIPE,  res'i-pe,  n.  a  medical  prescription: 
any  formula  for  the  preparation  of  a 
compound  -.—pi.  Recipes,  res'i-pez.  [Lit. 
take,  the  first  word  of  a  medical  pre- 
scription, L.,  imperative  of  recipio.] 

RECIPIENT,  re-sip'i-ent,  n.  one  who  re- 
ceives. 

RECIPROCAL,  re-sip'ro-l:al,  adj.  acting  in 
return  :  mutual  :  given  and  received. — 
n.  that  which  is  reciprocal :  (math.)  unity 
divided  by  any  quantity.  [L.  reciprocus, 
perh.  from  reque  proqiie,  backward  and 
forward — re,  back,  pro,  forward,  que, 
and.] 

RECIPROCALLY,  re-sip'ro-kal-li.  adv. 
mutually  :  interchangeably. 

RECIPROCATE,  rc-sip'ro-kat,  v.t.  to  give 
and  receive  mutually  :  to  requite.  [L. 
reeiproco,  reciprocatiim.} 

RECIPROCATION,  re-sip-ro-ka'shun,  n. 
interchange  of  acts  :  alternation. 

RECIPROCITY,  res-i-pros'i-ti,  n.  mutual 
obligations:  action  and  reaction. 

RECITAL,  re-sTt'al.  n.  act  of  reciting :  re- 
hearsal :  that  which  is  recited  :  a  narra- 
tion. 

RECITATION,  res-i-ta'shun,  n.  act  of  re- 
citing :  a  |)ublic  reading  :  rehearsal. 

RECITATIVE,  res-i-ta-tev',  adj.  pertaining 
to  musical  recitation :  in  the  style  of 
recitation. — n.  language  delivered  in  the 
sounds  of  the  musical  scale :  a  piece  of 
music  for  recitation. 

RECITE,  re-sit',  v.t.  to  read  aloud  from 
paper,  or  repeat  from  memory  :  to  nar- 
rate :  to  recapitulate. — ji.  Recit'er.  [Fr. 
— L.  re,  again,  and  cito,  citatum,  to  call, 
from  cieo,  to  move.] 

RECK,  rek,  v.t.  to  care  for :  to  regard. 
[A.S.  recall,  from  a  root  seen  in  O.  Ger 
ruoch.  care,  Ger.  ruchlos,  regardless. 
wicked.] 

RECKLESS,  rek'les,  adj.,  careless:  heedles- 
of  consequences. — adv.  Reck'lessly. — n 
Reck'lessness. 


RECKLING 


356 


RECTIFIER 


RECKLING,  rek'ling,  n.  a  reckless  person. 

BECKON,  rek'n,  v.t.  to  count :  to  place  in 
the  number  or  rank  of  :  to  account :  to 
esteem. — i\i.  to  calculate  :  to  charge  to 
account:  to  make  up  accounts:  to  settle: 
to  pay  a  penalty. — n.  Reck'onee.  [^-S. 
ge-recenian,  to  explain,  cog.  with  Dut. 
rekenen.  Ger.  rechnen.] 

RECKONING,  rek'n-ing-,  n.  an  account  of 
time :  settlement  of  accounts,  etc.  : 
charges  for  entertainment :  (naut.)  a 
calculation  of  the  ship's  position  :  (B.) 
estimation. 

RECLAIM,  re-klam',  v.t.  to  demand  the 
return  of :  to  regain:  to  bring  back  from 
a  wild  or  barbarous  state,  or  from  error 
or  vice  :  to  bring  into  a  state  of  cultiva- 
tion :  to  bring  into  the  desired  condition: 
to  make  tame  or  gentle:  to  reform. — v.i. 
to  cry  out  or  exclaim.  [Fr. — L.  re,  again, 
and  clamo,  to  cry  out.] 

RECLAIMABLE,  re-klam'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  reclaimed  or  reformed.  —  adv. 
Reclaim' ABLY. 

RECLAMATION,  rek-la-ma'shun,  n.  act  of 
reclaiming  :  state  of  being  reclaimed  : 
demand  :    recovery. 

RECLINE,  re-klin',  v.t.  to  lean  or  hend  back- 
tcards  :  to  lean  to  or  on  one  side.— I'.i.  to 
lean  :  to  rest  or  repose.  [L.  reclino — re, 
back,  clino,  to  bend.] 

RECLUSE,  re-kloos',  adj.  secluded:  retired: 
solitary. — n.  one  shut  up  or  secluded:  one 
who  lives  retired  from  the  world  :  a  re- 
ligious devotee  Uving  in  a  single  cell,  gen- 
erally attached  to  a  monastery.  [Fr. — 
L.  reclttsus,  pa. p.  of  recludo,  to  open,  also 
to  shut  away — re,  away,  undoing,  and 
daudo.  to  shut.] 

RECOGNITION,  rek-og-nish'un,  n.  act  of 
recognizing  :  state  of  being  recognized  : 
recollection  :  avowal. 

RECOGNIZABLE,  rek-og-nlz'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  recognized  or  acknowledged. 

RECOGNIZANCE,  re-kog'ni-zans  or  re- 
kon'i-zans.  n.  a  recognition  :  an  avowal : 
a  profession :  a  legal  obligation  entered 
into  before  a  magistrate  to  do,  or  not  do, 
some  particular  act. 

RECOGNIZE, rek'og-niz,  v.t.  to  knoivagain: 
to  recollect  :  to  acknowledge.  [L.  recog- 
nosco — re,  again,  and  cognosco,  to  know. 
See  Know.] 

RECOIL,  re-koil',  v.t.  to  start  back  :  to  re- 
bound :  to  return  :  to  shrink  from. — n.  a 
starting  or  springing  back  :  rebound. 
[Fr.  render — L.  re,  back,  and  Fr.  cul,  the 
hinder  part — L.  culus.'\ 

RECOLLECT,  rek-ol-lekt',  v.t.  to  remem- 
ber :  to  recover  composure  or  resolution 
(with  reflex,  pron.).     [L.  re,  again,  and 

("'OT  T  TTOT  ~\ 

RECOLLECT,  re-kol-lekt',  v.t.  to  collect 
again. 

RECOLLECTION,  rek-ol-lek'shun,  n.  act 
of  recollecting  or  remembering:  the 
power  of  recollecting  :  memory  :  that 
which  is  recollected. 

RECOMMENCE,  re-kom-mens',  v.t.  to  com- 
mence again. — n.  RecOMMENCE'ment.  [L. 
re,  again,  and  Commence.] 

RECOMMEND,  rek-om-mend',  v.t.  to  com- 
mend to  another  :  to  bestow  praise  on  : 
to  introduce  favorably:  to  give  in  charge: 
to  advise.     [L.  re,  again,  and  Commend.] 

RECOMMENDABLE,  rek-  om-mend'a-  bl, 
adj.  that  may  be  recommended :  worthy 
of  praise. 

RECOMMENDATION,  rek  -  om  -  men  -  da'- 
shun,  n.  act  of  recommending :  act  of 
introducing  with  commendation. 

RECOMMENDATORY,  rek  -  om  -  mend'a- 
tor-i,  adj.  that  recommends  :  commend- 
atonr. 

RECOMMIT,  re-kom-mit',  v.t.  to  commit 
again  :    particularly,  to  send  back  to  a 


committee.  —  ns.    Recommtt'ment,   Re- 
COMMTTT'al.    [L.  re,  again,  and  Commit.] 

RECOMPENSE,  rek'om-pens,  v.t.  to  re- 
turn an  equivalent  for  anything  :  to  re- 
pay or  requite  :  to  reward  :  to  compen- 
sate :  to  remunerate. — n.  that  which  is 
returned  as  an  equivalent :  repayment : 
reward:  compensation:  remuneration. 
[Lit.  "to  weigh  out  in  return,"  Fr.  re- 
compenser — L-  ^^^  again,  and  compenso. 
See  Compensate.] 

RECOMPOSE,  re-kom-poz',  v.t.  to  compose 
again  or  anew  :  to  form  anew:  to  soothe 
or  quiet.     [L.  re,  again,  and  Compose.] 

RECONCILABLE,  rek-on-sIlVbl,  adj.  that 
may  be  reconciled  :  that  may  be  made  to 
agree  :  consistent. 

RECONCILE,  rek'on-sU,  v.t.  to  restore  to 
friendship  or  union  :  to  bring  to  agree- 
ment :  to  bring  to  contentment  :  to 
pacify  :  to  make  consistent :  to  adjust 
or  compose. — n.  Rec'oncileb.  [Lit.  "  to 
bring  into  counsel  again,"  Fr.  reconeUier 
— L.  re,  again,  and  concilio,  -atum,,  to 
call  together — eon,  together,  calo,  Gr. 
kaleo,  to  call.] 

RECONCILIATION,  rek  -  on  -  sil  -  i  -  a'shun, 
RECONCILEMENT,  rek'on-sll-ment,  n. 
act  of  reconciling  :  state  of  being  recon- 
ciled :  renewal  of  friendship  :  atonement: 
the  bringing  to  agreement  things  at 
variance^ 

RECONDITE,  rek'on-dit  or  re-kon'dit,  adj. 
secret  :  profound.  [Lit.  "  put  together 
out  of  the  way,"  L.  reeonditus,  pa.  p.  of 
recondo,  to  put  away — re,  and  condo,  to 
put  together — com,  together,  and  do,  to 
put.] 

RECONNAISSANCE,  re  -  kon '  a  -  sans  or 
-zans,  n.  the  act  of  reconnoitring :  a  sur- 
vey or  examination  :  the  examination  of 
a  tract  of  country  with  a  view  to  military 
or  engineering  operations.  [Fr.  Doublet 
Recognizance.] 

RECONNOITRE,  rek-on-noi'ter,  v.t.  to  sur- 
vey or  examine  :  to  survey  with  a  view 
to  military  operations.  [Lit.  "  to  recog- 
nize," O.  Fr.  reconoistre  (Fr.  reconnattre) 
— L.  recognosco.    See  Recognize.] 

RECONSIDER,  re-kon-sid'er,  v.t.  to  con- 
sider again:  to  re\iew. — n.  Reconsidera'- 
TION.     [L.  re,  again,  and  Consider.] 

RECONSTRUCT,  re-kon-strukt',  v.t.  to  con- 
struct again:  to  rebuild.—?!.  Reconstruc'- 
TION.     [L.  re,  again,  and  Construct.] 

RECONVEY,  re-kon-va',  v.t.  to  transfer 
back  to  a  former  owner.  [L.  re,  again, 
and  Convey.] 

RECORD,  re-kord',  t\t.  to  write  anything 
formally,  to  preserve  evidence  of  it :  to 
register  or  enroll :  to  celebrate.  [Fr. 
recorder — L.  recordo,  recordor,  to  call  to 
mind — re,  again,  and  cor,  cordis,  E. 
Heart.] 

RECORD,  rek'ord,  n.  a  register  :  a  formal 
writing  of  any  fact  or  proceeding  :  a  book 
of  such  writings.' 

RECORDER,  re-kord'er,  n.  one  who  re- 
cords or  registers :  a  keeper  of  the  rolls 
of  a  city  :  a  registrar :  the  chief  judicial 
officer  in  some  towns. — n.  Record'er- 
SHIP,  his  office. 

RECOUNT,  re-kownt',  v.t.  to  count  again. 

RECOUNT,  re-kownt',  v.t.  to  tell  over 
again  :  to  narrate  the  particulars  of  :  to 
detail.  [Fr.  reconter — re,  and  conter,  to 
tell,  akin  to  compter,  to  count.  See 
Count,  v.] 

RECOUP,  re-ko6p',  v.t.  to  make  good  :  to 
indemnify.  [Lit.  to  cut  a  piece  off,  to 
secure  a  piece,  Fr.  recouper,  to  cut  again 
— re-,  and  couper,  to  cut,  coup,  a  stroke, 
blow,  through  Low  L.  colpus,  L.  colaphus, 
from  Gr.  kolaphos,  a  blow.] 

RECOURSE,  re-kors',  n.  a  going  to  for  aid 
or  protection.     [Lit.  "  a  running  back," 


Fr.   recours — L.  recursxis — re,  back,  and 
curro,  cursum,  to  run.] 

RECOVER,  re-kuVer,  v.t.  to  get  possession 
of  again  :  to  make  up  for  :  to  retrieve  : 
to  cure  :  to  revive :  to  bring  back  to  any 
former  state  :  to  obtain  as  compensation: 
to  obtain  for  injury  or  debt. — v.i.  to  re- 
gain health  :  to  regain  any  former  state  : 
(late)  to  obtain  a  judgment.  [Lit.  "  to 
take  again,"  Fr.  recouvrer — L.  recnperarg 
— re,  again,  and  capio,  to  take.] 

RECOVERABLE,  re-kuVer-a-bl,  adj  that 
may  be  recovered  or  regained  :  capable 
of  being  brought  to  a  former  condition. 

RECOVERY,  re-kuv'er-i,  n.  the  act  of  re- 
covering :  the  act  of  regaining  anything 
lost :  restoration  to  health  or  to  any 
former  state  :  the  power  of  recovering 
anything. 

RECREANCY,  rek're-an-si,  n.  the  quality 
of  a  recreant:  a  yielding,  mean,  cowardly 
spirit. 

RECREANT,  rek're-ant,  adj.  cowardly: 
false  :  apostate  :  renegade. — n.  a  mean- 
spirited  wretch:  an  apostate:  a  renegade. 
[O.Fr.  pr.p.  of  recroire,  to  change  belief 
— Low  L.  (se)  re-credere,  to  be  vanquished 
in  judicial  combat  and  forced  to  confess 
one's  self  wrong — L.  re,  denoting  change, 
credo,  to  believe.] 

RECREATE,  re-kre-at',  v.t.  to  create  again 
or  anew.- — n.  Recrea'tion.  [L.  re,  again, 
and  Create.] 

RECREATE,  rek're-at,  v.t.  to  revive:  to 
reanimate:  to  cheer  or  amuse:  to  refresh: 
to  delight. — v.i.  to  take  recreation. 

RECREATION,  re-kre-a'shun,  n.  a  creating 
again  :  a  new  creation. 

RECREATION,  rek-re-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
recreation  or  state  of  being  recreated': 
refreshment  after  toil,  sorrow,  etc.  :  di- 
version :  amusement  :  sport. 

RECREATIVE,  rek're-at-iv,  adj.  serving  to 
recreate  or  refresh :  giving  relief  in 
weariness,  etc.  :  amusing. 

RECRIMINATE,  re-krim'in-at,  v.t.  to 
criminate  or  accuse  in  return.  —  I'.i.  to 
charge  an  accuser  with  a  similar  crime. 
[L.  re,  in  return,  and  Criminate.] 

RECRIMINATION,  re-krim-in-a'shun,  n. 
the  act  of  recriminating  or  returning 
one  accusation  by  another  :  a  counter- 
charge or   accusation. 

RECRIMINATr\':E,  re-krim'in-at-iv,  RE- 
CRIMINATORY, re-krim'in-a-tor-i,  adj. 
recriminating  or  retorting  accusations 
or  charges. 

RECRUIT,  re-kroot',  v.i.  to  obtain  fresh 
supplies  :  to  recover  in  health,  etc.  :  to 
enlist  new  soldiers. — v.t.  to  repair:  to 
supply :  to  supply  with  recruits. — n.  the 
supply  of  any  want :  a  newly  enlisted 
soldier.— Jis.  RECRmT'ER,  ^^ecruit'ment. 
[Lit.  "  to  grow  again,"  Fr.  recrxiter,  from 
re,  and  croitre — L.  recresco — re,  again, 
and  cresco.  to  grow.] 

RECRUITING,  re-kroot'ing,  adj.  obtaining 
new  supplies  :  enlisting  recruits. — n.  the 
business  of  obtaining  new  supplies  or  en- 
listing new  soldiers. 

RECTANGLE,  rekt'ang-gl,  n.  a  four-sided 
figure  with  right  angles.  [L.  rectus, 
right,  and  angidus,  an  angle.] 

RECTANGLED,  rekt-ang-gld,  adj.  having 
right  angles. 

RECTANGULAR,  rekt-ang'gul-ar,  adj., 
right-angled. 

RECTIFIABLE,  rek'ti-fl-a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  i-ectified  or  set  right. 

RECTIFICATION,  rek-ti-fi-ka'shun,  n.  ;the 
act  of  rectifying  or  setting  right  :  the 
process  of  refining  any  substance  by  re- 
peated distUlation. 

RECTIFIER,  rek'ti-fi-er,  n.  one  who  recti- 
fies or  corrects  :  one  who  refines  a  sub- 
stance by  repeated  distillation. 


RECTIFY 


357 


REEFY 


RECTIFY,  rek'ti-fl,  v.t.  to  make  straight  or 
right :  to  adjust :  to  correct  or  redress  : 
to  refine  by  distillation  : — pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
rec'tified.  [L.  rectus,  straight,  right,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

RECTILrNEAL,  rek-ti-lin'e-al,  RECTI- 
LINEAR, rek-ti-lin'e-ar,  adj.  bounded 
by  straight  lines:  straight.  [L.  rectus, 
straight,  right,  and  linea,  a  line.] 

RECTITUDE,  rek'ti-tud,  n.,  uprightness: 
correctness  of  principle  or  practice  :  in- 
tegrity. [Fr.  —  L.  rectitudo  —  rectus, 
straight,  E.  Right.] 

RECTOR,  rek'tor,  n.  a  ruler:  in  the  En- 
glish Church,  a  clergyman  who  has  the 
charge  and  care  of  a  parish,  together 
with  all  the  tithes,  etc. :  a  pastor  :  a 
clergyman  :  {Scot.)  the  head  master  of  a 
public  school :  the  chief  elective  officer 
of  some  universities,  as  in  France  and 
Scotland:  the  title  given  by  the  Jesuits 
to  the  heads  of  their  religious  houses. — 
ns.  Rec'torate,  Rec'toeship.  [L.—rego, 
rectum,  to  rule  ;  akin  to  Sans,  raj,  to 
govern.] 

RECTORAL,  rek'tor-al,  RECTORIAL,  rek- 
to'ri-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  rector  or  to 
a  rectory. 

RECTORY,  rek'tor-i,  n.  the  province  or 
mansion  of  a  rector. 

RECTUM,  rek'tura,  n.  the  lowest  part  of 
the  large  intestine.  [From  L.  rectus, 
straight.] 

RECUMBENT,  re-kum'bent,  adj.,  lying 
hack  :    reclining  :    idle.  —  adv.    Recum'- 

BENTLY.  —  ns.       ReCUM'BENCE,       ReCUM'- 

BENCY.  [L.  recumbo  —  re,  back,  and 
cumbo,  cubo,  to  lie  down.] 

RECUPERATIVE,  re-ku'per-a-tiv,  RECU- 
PERATORY,  re-ku'per-a-tor-i,  adj.  tend- 
ing to  recovery.  [L.  recuperativus — re- 
aupero,  to  recover.     See  Recovee.] 

EECUR,  re-kur',  v.i.  to  return  to  the  mind  : 
to  have  recourse  :  to  resort :  to  happen  at 
a  stated  interval : — pr.p.  recurr'ing  •,pa.t. 
and  j)a.p.  recurred'.  [L.  recurro — re, 
back,  and  ci«7'ro,  to  run.     See  Cureent.] 

RECURRENT,  re-kur'ent,  adj.  returning 
at  intervals. — ns.  Recurr'ence,  Recurr - 
ENCY. 

RECURVATE,  re-kur'vat,  v.t.  to  curve  or 
bend  back. 

RECUSANCY,  re-kuz'an-si,  n.  state  of 
being  a  recusant  :  nonconformity. 

RECUSANT,  re-kuz'ant  or  rek'-,  adj.  refus- 
ing to  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of  the 
sovereign  in  religious  matters.  —  n.  in 
England,  one  who  refuses  to  acknowl- 
edge the  supremacy  of  the  sovereign  in 
religious  matters  ;  a  nonconformist :  one 
who  refuses  to  acknowledge  some  prin- 
ciple or  party.  [Fr. — pr.p.  of  L.  recuse 
— re,  against,  and  causa,  a  cause.  See 
Cause.] 

RED,  red,  adj.  (comp.  Redd'er,  superl. 
Redd'est)  of  a  color  like  blood. — n.  one 
of  the  primary  colors,  of  several  shades, 
as  scarlet,  pink,  etc. — adv.  Red'ly. — n. 
Red'ness.  [A.S.  redd,  cog.  with  Ice. 
raudh-r,  Ger.  roth,  L.  riif-us,  Gr.  e-ry- 
thros,  Celt,  ruadh,  rhudd.] 

REDACTION,  re-dak'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
arranging  in  systematic  order,  esp.  liter- 
ary materials  :  the  digest  so  made.     [Fr. 

^  — L.  redactus,  pa.p.  of  redigo,  to  bring 
back,  to  get  together.] 

REDAN,  re-dan ,  n.  (fort.)  the  simplest 
form  of  field-work,  consisting  of  two 
faces  which  form  a  salient  angle  towards 
the  enemy,  serving  to  cover  a  bridge  or 
causeway.  [Fr.,  for  O.  Fr.  redent.  See 
Redented.] 

REDBREAST,  red'brest,  n.  a  favorite  song- 
bird, so  called  from  the  red  color  of  its 
breast,  the  robin. 

RED  CHALK,  RED  CLAY.    See  Reddle. 

RED-DEER,  red'-der,   n.  a  species  of  deer 


which  is  reddis/i-brown  in  summer  :  the 
common  stag. 

REDDEN,  red'n,  v.t.  to  make  red.— v.i.  to 
grow  red  :  to  blush. 

REDDISH,  red'ish,  adj.  somewhat  red  : 
moderately  red. — n.  Redd'ishness. 

REDDITION,  red-dish'un,  n.  a  giviiig  back 
or  returning  of  anything  :  surrender :  a 
rendering  of  the  sense  :  explanation.  [Fr. 
— L.  redditi-o,  -onis — redditus,  pa.p.  of 
reddo,  to  restore.     See  Render.] 

REDDITIVE,  red'di-tiv,  ac^.,  returning  an 
answer. 

REDDLE,  red'l,  n.  a  soft  clay  iron  ore  of  a 
reddish  color,  also  called  Red  CLAY  or 
Red  chalk. 

REDEEM,  re-dem',  v.t.  to  ransom  :  to  re- 
lieve from  captivity  by  a  price  :  to  rescue: 
to  pay  the  penalty  of  :  to  atone  for  :  to 
perform,  as  a  promise :  to  improve :  to 
recover,  as  a  pledge.  [Lit.  "to  buy 
back,"  Fr.  redimer—L.  redirao — red,  back, 
and  emo,  to  buy,  orig.  to  take.] 

REDEEMABLE,  re-dem'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  redeemed. — n.  Redeem' ableness. 

REDEEMER,  re-dem'er,  n.  one  who  re- 
deems or  ransoms :  Jesus  Christ,  the 
Saviour  of  the  world. 

REDELIVER,  re-de-liv'er,  v.t.  to  deliver 
back  or  again:  to  liberate  a  second  time. 
— n.  Redeltv'erance.  [L.  re,  back  or 
again,  and  Deliver.] 

REDELIVERY,  re-de-liv'er-l,  n.  the  act  of 
delivering  back  ;  a  second  delivery  or  lib- 
eration.] 

REDEMPTION,  re-dem'shun,  n.  act  of  re- 
deeming or  buying  back :  ransom  :  re- 
lease :  the  deliverance  of  mankind  from 
sin  and  misery  by  Christ.  [Fr. — L. — re- 
demptus,  pa.p.  of  redinio.  See  Redeem. 
Doublet  Ransom.] 

REDEMPTIVE,  re-demp'tiv,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  redemption  :  serving  or  tending 
to  redeem. 

REDEMPTORY,  re-demp'tor-i,  adj.  serving 
to  redeem  :  paid  for  ransom. 

REDENTED,  re-dent'ed,  adj.  formed  like 
the  teeth  of  a  saw.  [O.  Fr.  redent,  a 
double  notching  or  jagging — L.  re,  again, 
and  dens,  dentis,  a  tooth.] 

RED-HAND,  red'-hand,  n.  a  bloody  hand : 
(her.)  a  sinister  hand,  erect,  open,  and 
"  couped,"  the  distinguishing  badge  of 
bai'onets. — adv.  in  the  very  act,  as  if 
with  red  or  bloody  hands. 

RED-HEAT,  red'-liet,  n.  heat  amounting 
to  redness. 

RED-HOT.  red'-hot,  adj.  heated  to  redness. 

REDINTEGRATION,  red-in-te-gra'shun,?i. , 
restoration  to  integrity  or  to  a  whole  or 
sound  state :  renovation.  [L.  redinte- 
gratio.] 

RED-LEAD,  red'-led,  n.  a  preparation  of 
lead  of  a  fine  red  color  used  in  painting, 

RED-LETTER,  red'-let'er,  adj.  having  red 
letters:  auspicious  or  fortunate,  as  a  day, 
so  called  from  the  holidays  or  saints'  days 
being  indicated  by  red  letters  in  the  old 
calendars. 

REDOLENT,  red'o-lent,  adj.,  diffusing  odor 
or  fragrance  :  scented. — ns.  Red'olence, 
Red'olency.  [Fr. — L.  redol-ens,  -entis — 
red,  re,  off,  again,  and  oleo,  to  emit  an 
odor.    See  Odor  and  Olfactory.] 

REDOUBLE,  re-dub'l,  v.t.  to  double  again 
or  repeatedly  :  to  increase  greatly :  to 
multipl}'. — v.i.  to  become  greatly  in- 
creased :  to  become  twice  as  much. 
[Fr.  re-doubler.    See  Double.] 

REDOUBT,  re-dowt',  n.  (fort.)  a  field-work 
inclosed  on  all  sides,  its  ditch  not  flanked 
from  the  parapet.  [Fi'.  redoute,  reduit,  a 
redoubt,  retreat — It.  ridotto — L.  reductus, 
retired.    See  Reduce.] 

REDOUBTABLE,   re-dowt'a-bl,    adj.    ter- 


rible to  foes  :  vaUant.  [O.  Fr.  (Fr.  re- 
doutable),  to  be  feared — O.  Fr.  redoubter 
(Fr.  redouter),  to  fear  greatly — L.  re, 
back,  and  dubito,  to  doubt.    See  Doubt.] 

REDOUND,  re-downd',  v.i.  to  be  sent  back 
by  reaction  :  to  result.  [Lit.  "  to  roll 
back  as  a  wave,"  Fr.  redonder — L.  re- 
dundo — re,  back,  and  undo,  to  surg«— ' 
unda,  a  wave.] 

REDRAFT,  re-draft',  n.  a  second  draft  or 
copy  :  a  new  bill  of  exchange  which  the 
holder  of  a  protested  bill  draws  on  the 
drawer  or  indorsers,  for  the  amount  of 
the  bill,  with  costs  and  charges.  [L.  re, 
again,  and  Draft.] 

REDRESS,  re-dres',  v.t.  to  set  right :  to  re- 
Ueve  from :  to  make  amends  to. — n, 
relief  :  reparation.  [Fr.  redresser — re, 
again,  and  dresser.     See  DresS.] 

REDRESSIBLE,  re-dres'i-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  redressed. 

REDRESSrVE,  re-dres'iv,  adj.  affording  re- 
dress. 

REDSHANK,  red'shank,  n.  an  aquatic 
bird  of  the  snipe  family,  with  legs  of  a 
bright  red  color. 

RED-TAPE,  red-tap',  n.  the  red  tape  used 
in  public,  and  esp.  government  offices, 
for  tying  up  documents,  etc.  :  applied 
satirically  to  the  intricate  system  of 
routine  in  vogue  there  :  official  formal- 
ity.— adj.  pertaining  to  official  formality. 

RED-TAPISM,  red-tap'izm,  n.  the  system 
of  routine  in  government  and  other  pub- 
lic offices. — n.  Red-tap'IST,  a  great  stick- 
ler for  routine. 

REDUCE,  re-dus',  v.t.  to  bring  into  a  lower 
state  :  to  lessen  :  to  impoverish  :  to  sub- 
due :  to  arrange  :  (arith.  and  alg.)  to 
change  numbers  or  quantities  from  one 
denomination  into  another.  [Lit.  "  to 
bring  back,"  L.  reduco,  reductum — re, 
back,  and  duco,  to  lead.     See  Duke.] 

REDUCIBLE,  re-dus'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
reduced. 

REDUCTION,  re-duk'shun,  n.  act  of  reduc- 
ing or  state  of  being  reduced  :  diminu- 
tion :  subjugation  :  a  rule  for  changing 
numbers  or  quantities  from  one  denomi- 
nation to  another.     [Fr. — L.] 

REDUNDANCE,  re-dun'dans,  REDUN- 
DANCY, re-dun'dan-si,  }(.  quality  of  be- 
ing redundant  or  superfluous:  that  which 
is  redundant. 

REDUNDANT,  re-dun'dant,  adj.  exceeding 
what  is  necessary  :  superfluous,  in  words 
or  images. — adv.  Redun'dantly.  [Lit. 
"overflowing  like  waves,"  Fr. — L.  re- 
dund-ans,  -antis,  pr.p.  of  redundo.  See 
Redound.] 

REDUPLICATE,  re-du'plik-at,  v.t.  to  du- 
plicate or  double  again  :  to  multiply  :  to 
repeat. — adj.  doubled. — n.  Reduplica'- 
tion.     [L.  re,  again,  and  Dupucate.] 

RE-ECHO,  re-ek'o,  v.t.  to  echo  back. — v.i, 
to  give  back  eclioes:  to  resound. — n.  the 
echo  of  an  echo.  [L.  re,  back,  and  ECHO.] 

REED,  red,  n.  a  kind  of  grass,  common  at 
the  sides  of  rivers,  lakes,  etc.:  a  musical 
pipe  anciently  made  of  a  reed:  the 
mouth-tube  of  a  musical  instrument: 
the  part  of  a  loom  by  which  the  threads 
are  separated.  [A.S.  hreod ;  Dut.  and 
Ger.  riet.l 

REEDED,  red'ed,  adj.  covered  with  reeds  : 
formed  witli  reed-like  ridges  or  channels. 

REEDY,  red'i,  adj.  abounding  with  reeds; 
resembling  or  sounding  as  a  reed. 

REEF,  ref,  n.  a  chain  of  rocks  lymg  at  or 
near  the  surface  of  the  water.  [Ice.  rif, 
Dan.  rev;  conn,  with  RiVE,  and  so  lit.  the 
"cleft  "  or  "  riven."] 

REEF,  ref,  n.  a  portion  of  a  sail. — v.t.  jO 
reduce  the  exposed  surface  of,  as  a  sa  1. 
[Dut.  rif,  reef] 

REEFY,  ref'i,  adj.  full  of  reefs. 


REEK 


35S 


REFUND 


RKEK,  rek,  n.  smoke  :  vapor. — v.i.  to  emit 

smoke  or  vapor  :  to  steam.     [A.S.   rec  ; 

Ice.  reykr.  Ger.  ranch,  Dut.  roofc,  smoke.] 

KEEKY,  rek'i,  adj.  full  of  reek  :  smokj- : 

soiled  with  steam  or  smoke  :  foul. 
REEL,  rel,    n.    a    lively    Scottish    dance. 

[Gael,  righil.'] 
REEL,  rel,  n.  a  rolling  or  tiu-ning-  frame  for 
winding  yarn,  etc. — v.t.  to  wind  on  a  reel. 
[A.S.  reol,  hreol.] 
REEL,  rel,  v.i.  to  stagger  :  to  vacillate. 
RE-ELECT,  re-e-lekt',  v.t.  to  elect  again. 
— n.   Rk-elec'tion.      [L.  re,  again,  and 
Elect.] 
RE-ELIGIBLE,  re-el'i-ji-bl,  a^'.  capable  of 

re-election. — n.  RE-KLlGlsrL'iTT. 
RE-EMBARK,  re-em-bark',  v.t.  to  embark 
or  put  onboard  again. — n.  EE-EiiBAKKA'- 
TION.  [L.  re.  again,  and  Embark.] 
RE-ENACT,  re-en-akt',  v.t.  to  enact  again. 
— n.  Re-enact'sient.  [L.  re,  again,  and 
EnactJ 

RE  -  ENFORCE,  RE  -  ENFORCEMENT. 
Same  as  Reinforce,  Reinforcement. 

RE-ENTER,  re-en' ter,  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  enter 
again  or  anew. — Re-entering  angle,  an 
angle  pointing  inwards.  [L.  re,  again, 
and  Enter.] 

RE-ENTRY,  re-en'tri,  n.  an  entering  again: 
the  resuming  a  possession  lately  lost. 

REERMOUSE.     See  Reremouse. 

RE-ESTABLISH,  re-es-tab'lish,  v.t.  to  es- 
tablish again.  —  n.  Re-estab'ushiient. 
[L.  re,  again,  and  Establish.] 

REEVE,  rev,  n.  a  steward  or  other  officer 
(bow  used  only  in  composition,  as  in 
Sheriff).  [M.E.  rei-e — A.S.  gerefa  ;  Ger. 
graf :  all  from  Low  L.  graflo,  graphio — 
Gr.  grapho,  to  write.] 

REEVE,  rev,  v.t.  to  psiss  the  end  of  a  rope 
through  any  hole,  as  the  channel  of  a 
block:— ^.;.  and  pa.p.  reeved,  also  rove 
(naut.).    [See  Reef,  v.] 

RE-EXAMINE,  re-egz-am'in,  v.t.  to  ex- 
amine again  or  anew.  [L.  re,  again,  and 
Examine.] 

REFECTION,  re-fek'shun,  n.  refreshment : 
a  meal  or  repast.  [Fr. — L.  refectio — re- 
fido,  refectuni  —  re,  again,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

REFECTORY,  re-fek'tor-i,  n.  the  place 
where  refections  or  meals  are  tsujen : 
(orig.)  a  hall  in  convents  or  monasteries 
where  meals  were  taken. 

REFER,  re-fer',  v.t.  to  submit  to  another 
person  or  authority:  to  assign:  to  reduce. 
— v.i.  to  have  reference  or  recourse  :  to 
relate:  to  allude  : — pr.p.  referr'ing;  jM-t. 
and  pa.p.  referred'.  [Fr.  r^ferer — L.  re- 
fero,  to  carry  away  or  back — re,  back,  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

REFERABLE,  refer-a-bl,  REFERRIBLE, 
re-fer'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be  referred  or 
considered  in  connection  with  something 
else  :  that  may  be  assig-ned  or  considered 
as  belonging  or  related  to. 

REFEREE,  ref-er-e',  n.  one  to  whom  any- 
thing is  referred  :  an  arbitrator,  umpire, 
or  judge. 

REFERENCE,  ref'er-ens.  n.  the  act  of  refer- 
ring :  a  submitting  for  information  or 
decision  :  relation  :  allusion  :  one  who  or 
that  which  is  referred  to  :  (lair)  the  act 
of  submitting  a  dispute  for  investigation 
or  decision. 

REFERRIBLE.    Same  as  Referable. 

REFINE,  re-fIn',  v.t.  to  separate  from  ex- 
traneous matter  :  to  reduce  to  a  fine  or 
pure  state :  to  purify :  to  clarify  :  to 
polish  :  to  make  elegant :  to  purify  the 
manners,  morals,  etc. — v.i.  to  become 
fine  or  pure  :  to  affect  nicety :  to  improve 
in  any  kind  of  excellence. — n.  Refin'er. 
P^  re,  denoting  change  of  state,  and 
FINE ;  cf.  Fr.  raffiner  {reaffiner),  It. 
raffinare/\ 

REFINEMENT,  re-fln'ment,  n.  act  of  refin- 


ing or  state  of  being  refined  :  purifica- 
tion :  separation  from  what  is  impure, 
etc. :  cultivation:  elegance:  polish:  purity: 
an  e.xcessive  nicety. 

REFINERY,  re-fln'er-i,  n.  a  place  for  refin- 
ing. 

REFINING,  re-fin'ing,  n.  the  act  or  proc- 
ess of  refining  or  purifying,  particularly 
sugar  or  metals. 

REFIT,  re-fit',  i'.^  to  Jit  or  prepare  again, 
—n.  Rkfit'ment.  [L.  re,  again,  and 
Fit.} 

REFLECT,  re-flekt',  v.t.  to  bend  back:  to 
throw  back  after  striking  upon  any 
surface,  as  light,  etc. — i:i.  to  be  thrown 
back,  as  light,  heat,  etc.  :  to  revolve  in 
the  mind  :  to  consider  attentively  or 
deeply  :  to  ponder :  to  cast  reproach  or 
censure.  [L.  rejfecto,  rejlexum — re,  and 
flecto,  to  bend  or  turn.] 

REFLECTING,  re-flekt'ing,  adj.,  throwing 
back  light,  heat,  etc. :  given  to  reflection: 
thouglitful. 

REFLECTION,  re-flek'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
reflecting  :  the  sending  back  of  hght, 
heat,  etc.  :  the  state  of  being  reflected  : 
that  which  is  reflected  :  the  action  of  the 
mind  by  which  it  is  conscious  of  its  own 
operations  :  attentive  consideration  :  con- 
templation :  censure  or  reproach. 

REFLECrrVE,  re-flekt'iv,  adj.  reflecting : 
considering  the  operations  of  the  mind  : 
exercising-  thought  or  reflection  :  (gram.) 
reciprocal.  —  adv.  Reflect'itely.  —  n. 
Reflect'iveness. 

REFLECTOR,  re-flekt'or,  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  reflects :  a  mirror  or  polished 
reflecting  surface. 

REFLEX,  re'fleks,  adj.,  bent  or  turned 
back :  reflected  :  (physiology)  said  of  cer- 
tain movements  which  take  place  inde- 
pendent of  the  will,  being  sent  back  from 
a  nerve-centre  in  answer  to  a  stimulus 
from  the  surface  :  (piaint.)  illuminated 
by  light  reflected  from  another  part  of 
the  same  picture. — n.  reflection:  light 
reflected  from  an  illuminated  surface. 
REFLEXIBLE,  re-fleks'i-bl,  REFLECTI- 
BLE,  re-flekt'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be  re- 
flected or  throicn  back. — n.  Reflexibil'- 

ITY.    

REFLEXIVE,  re-fleks'iv,  adj.,  turnedback- 
icard  :  reflective :  respecting  the  past : 
turning  back  on  itself. — adv.  Refles'- 

rVELT. 

REFLUENT,  refl66-ent,  adj.,Jloici7ig  back: 
ebbing.  [L.  rejluens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  re- 
Jluo — re,  back,  and  fliio,  Jttianim,  to 
flow.] 

REFLUX,  re'fluks,  adj..  flmoing  or  return- 
ing back :  reflex. — n.  a  flowing  back  : 
ebb. 

REFORM,  re-form',  v.t.  to  form  again  or 
anew  :  to  transform  :  to  make  better  :  to 
remove  that  which  is  objectionable  from  : 
to  repair  or  improve  :  to  reclaim. — v.i. 
to  become  better :  to  abandon  evil :  to  be 
corrected  or  improved. — n.  a  forming 
anew  :  change,  amendment,  improve- 
ment. [L.  re.  again,  formo,  to  shape, 
from /ormcr.     See  Form,  n.] 

REFORMATION,  re-for-ma'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  forming  again. 

REFORMATION,  ref-or-ma'shun.  n.  the  act 
of  reforming:  amendment:  improvement: 
the  great  religious  change  of  the  16th 
century,  when  the  Protestants  separated 
from  the  R.  Cath.  Church. 

REFORMATIVE,  re-form'a-tiv,  adj.  form- 
ing, again  or  anew:  tending  to  produce 
reform. 

REFORMATORY,  re-form'a-tor-i,  adj.  re- 
forming: tending  to  produce  reform. — n. 
an  institution  for  reclaiming  youths  and 
children  who  have  been  convicted  of 
crime. 


REFORMED,  re-formd'.  adj.  formed  airaia 
or  anew:  changed  :  amended:  improved: 
denoting  the  churches  formed  after  the 
Reformation,  esp.  those  that  separated 
fioni  Lutlier  on  matters  of  doctrine  and 
discipline  :  Protestant. 

REFORMER,  re-form'er,  n.  one  who  re- 
forms :  one  who  advocates  political  re- 
form:  one  of  those  who  took  part  in  the 
Reformation  of  the  16th  century.  t 

REFRACT,  re-frakt',  v.t.  to  break  back  or 
open  :  to  break  the  natural  coui-se,  or 
bend  from  a  direct  line,  as  rays  of  light, 
etc.  [L.  refringo,  refractum—re.  back, 
and /rangio,  to  break.    See  Fraction.] 

REFRACTION,  re-frak'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
refracting  :  the  change  in  the  direction 
of  a  ray  of  light,  heat,  etc.,  when  it  en- 
ters a  difl'erent  medium. 

REFRACTFV^,  re-frakt'iv,  a(Jj.  refracting: 
pertaining  to  refraction. — n.  Refract'- 

IVENESS 

REFRACTORY,  re-frakt'or-i.  adj.,  break- 
ing through  rules  :  unruly  :  unmanage- 
able :  obstinate :  perverse  :  difficult  of 
fusion,  as  metals,  etc. — adv.  Refract'- 
ORILY. — n.  RefRACT'ORINESS. 

REFRAIN,  re-fran',  n.  a  phrase  or  verse 
recurring  at  the  end  of  each  division  of  a 
poem  :  the  burden  of  a  song.  [Fr.— O. 
Fr.  refraindre—1,.   refringo  (refrangoi] 

REFRAIN,  re-fran'.  r.t.  to  ciu-b :  to  re- 
strain.— v.i.  to  keep  from  action  :  to  for- 
bear. [Fr.  refrener — L.  refreno — re,  and 
freniim,  a  bridle.] 

REFRANGIBLE,  re-fran'ji-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  refracted  or  turned  out  of  a  di- 
rect course,  as  rays  of  Ught,  heat,  etc. — 
71.  Refrangibil'tty. 

REFRESH,    re-fresh',  v.t.  to    make  freth 
again :    to    allay    heat :     to    give    new- 
strength,  spirit, 'etc.,  to  :  to  revive  after, 
exhaustion :  to  enliven  :  to  restore.     [L. 
re,  again,  and  Fresh.] 

REFRESHMENT,  re-fresh'ment,  ?i.  the 
act  of  refreshing :  new  strength  or  spirit 
after  exhaustion  :  that  which  refreshes, 
as  food  or  rest. 

REFRIGERANT,  re-frij'er-ant,  adj.  mak- 
ing cold:  cooling:  refreshing. — n.  that 
which  cools. 

REFRIGERATE,  re-frij'er-at,  v.t.  to  make 
cold  :  to  cool:  to  refresh. — n.  Refrigeea'- 
TlON.  [Fr. — L.  re,  denoting  change  of 
state,  and  frigero.  -atiim,  to  cool,  from 
frigu.<<.  cold.     See  Frigid.] 

REFRIGERATIVE.  re-fi-ij'er-a-tiv,  RE- 
FRIGERATORY, re-frij'er-a-tor-i,  adj., 
cooling :  refreshing. 

REFRIGERATOR,  re-frij'er-a-tor,  n.  an 
apparatus  for  prese^^^ng  food  by  keeping 
it  at  a  low  temperature:  an  ice-safe. 

REFRIGERATORY,  re-frij'er-a-tor-i.  n.  a 
cooler :  a  vessel  or  apparatus  for  cooling, 
used  in  brewing,  etc. 

REFT,  reft,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Reave. 

REFUGE,  ref'uj,  n.  that  which  affords 
shelter  or  protection  :  an  asylum  or 
retreat :  a  resource  or  expedient.  [Lit. 
"a  fleeing  back,"  Fr. — L.  refngium — re. 
back,  and  fiigio,  to  flee.] 

REFUGEE,  ref-u-je',  n.  one  who  flees  for 
refuge  to  another  country,  esp.  from 
religious  persecution  or  political  commo- 
tion. 

REFULGENCE,  re-ful'jens,  REFULGEN- 
CY,  re-ful'jen-si,  n.  state  of  being  reful- 
gent:  brightness  :  briUiance. 
REFULGENT,  re-ful'jent,  adi.  casting  a 
flood  of  light :  shining:  brilliant. — adv. 
Reftl'gentlt.  [L.  refulgens,  -entis,  pr.p. 
of  refnlgeo — re,  mtens.,/MZgeo,  to  shine.] 
REFUND,  re-fund',  v.t.  to  repay  :  to  re- 
store :  to  return  what  has  been  taken. 
[Lit.  '•  to  pour  back,"  L.  refundo,  refitntm 
— re,  back,  and/uiido,  to  pour.] 


REFUSAL 


359 


REINSTATEMENT 


EKfUSAL,  re-fuz'al,  n.  denial  of  anything 
requested  :  rejection  :  the  right  of  taking 
in  preference  to  others. 

REFUSE,  re-fuz',  v.t.  to  reject  :  to  deny, 
as  a  request,  etc. — v.i.  to  decline  accept- 
ance :  not  to  comply.  [Fr.  refuser,  prob. 
due  to  confusion  of  L.  refuto,  to  drive 
back,  and  rencso,  to  make  an  objection 
against.] 

REFUSE,  refils,  adj.,  refused:  worthless. 
— n.  that  which  is  rejected  or  left  as 
worthless  :  dross. 

REFUTABLE,  re-fut'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
refuted  or  disproved. — adi\  Refct'ably. 
— n.  Refdtabil'ity. 

REFUTATION,  ref-u-ta'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
refuting  or  disproving. 

REFUTATORY,  re-fut'a-tor-i,  adj.  tending 
to  refute  :   refuting. 

REFUTE,  re-fut',  v.t.  to  repel :  to  oppose  : 
to  disprove.  [Lit.  "to  pour  back,"  Fr. 
rifuter — L.  refuto — re,  back,  and  base 
fnd,  root  of  fundo,  futilis.] 

REGAIN,  re-gan',  v.t.  to  gain  back  or 
again  :  to  recover.  [L.  re,  back,  and 
Gain.] 

REGAL,  re'gal,  adj.  belonging  to  a  king  : 
kingly  :  royal. — adv.  Re'GALLY.  [Fr.— L. 
regalis — rex,  a  king,  from  rego,  to  rule.] 

REGAL,  re'gal,  or  RIGOLE,  rig'ol,  n.  a 
small  portable  organ  used  to  support 
treble  voices.  [Fr. — It. — L.  regalis.  See 
Regal,  adj.] 

REGALE,  re-gal',  v.t.  to  entertain  in  a 
sumptuous  manner  :  to  refresh  :  to  grati- 
fy.— v.i.  to  feast. — n.  a  regal  or  magnifi- 
cent feast.  [Fr.  rdgaler—Sp.  regular — L. 
regelare,  to  thaw  ;  or  from  Fr.  and  It. 
gala,  good  cheer.     See  Gala.] 

REGALEMENT,  re-gal'ment,  n.  the  act  of 
regaling  :  entertainment :  refreshment. 

REGALIA,  re-ga'li-a,  n.pl.  the  ensigns  of 
royalty  :  the  crown,  sceptre,  etc.,  esp. 
those  used  at  a  coronation  :  the  rights 
and  privileges  of  a  sovereign  :  the  orna- 
mental dress,  badges,  jewels,  etc.,  worn 
by  freemasons,  and  other  societies,  or  by 
high  officers  and  dignitaries.  [Lit.  "  royal 
things,"  neuter  pi.  of  regalisJj 

REGALITY,  re-gal'i-ti,  n.  state  of  being 
regal :  royalty  :  sovereignty. 

REGARD,  re-gard',  v.t.  to  observe  jjarticu- 
larly  :  to  hold  in  respect  or  affection  :  to 
pay  attention  to  :  to  keep  or  observe  :  to 
esteem:  to  consider. — n.  {orig.)look,  gaze: 
attention  with  interest :  observation  :  re- 
spect :  affection  :  repute  :  relation  :  ref- 
erence.— n.  Regard'er.  [Fr.  regarder— 
re,  and  garder,  to  keep,  look  after.  See 
Guard.] 

REGARDFUL,  re-gard'fool,  adj.  full  of 
regard  :  taking  notice  :  heedful  :  atten- 
tive.— adv.  Reoard'fully. 

REGARDLESS,  re-gard'les,  adj.  without 
regard  :  not  attending:  negligent:  heed- 
less, -adv.  Reoard'lessly.— 71.  Regard'- 

LESSNESS. 

REGATTA,  re-gat'a,  n.  a  race  of  yachts  : 
any  rowing  or  sailing  match.  [Orig.  a 
grand  fete  and  contest  of  the  gondoliers 
at  Venice,  It.  regatta  or  rigatta  —  It. 
riga,  a  row  —  O.  Ger.  riga,  Ger.  reihe,  a 
row.] 

REGELATION,  re-jel-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
freezing  anew.  [L.  re,  again,  and  gelatio, 
freezing.    See  Gelatin.] 

REGENCY,  re'jen-si,  n.  the  office,  jiiris- 
diction,  or  dominion  of  a  regent  :  a  body 
intrusted  with  vicarious  government. 

REGENERATE,  re-jen'er-at,  v.t.  to  gen- 
erate or  produce  anew:  {fheol.)  to  renew 
the  heart  and  turn  it  to  the  love  of  God. 
— adj.  regenerated:  renewed.  —  ns.  Re- 
gen'erateness,  Regex'eracy,  state  of 
being  regenerate.  [L.  regenero.  -attim, 
to  bring  forth  again — re,  again,  genero, 
to  beget,  bring  forth.    See  Generate.] 


REGENERATION,  re-jen-er-a'shun,  n.  act 
of  regenerating  :  state  of  being  regener- 
ated: (theol.)  n^u- birth:  the  change  from 
a  carnal  to  a  Christian  hfe. 

REGENERATIVE,  re-jen'er-at-iv,  adj.  per- 
taining to  regeneration. — adv.  Regen'- 
eratively. 

REGENT,  re'jent,  adj.  invested  with  in- 
terim sovereign  authority  :  ruling  :  gov- 
erning.— n.  one  invested  with  interim  au- 
thority :  one  who  rules  for  a  sovereign  : 
in  the  English  universities  a  master  of 
arts  under  five  years'  standing,  and  a 
doctor  under  two  :  one  of  the  board, 
appointed  by  the  Legislature,  who  have 
the  superintendence  of  all  tne  colleges, 
acadaraies,  and  schools  of  the  State  of 
New  York.  [Fr. — L.  regens,  -entis,  pr.p. 
of  rego,  to  rule.] 

REGENTSHIP,  re'jent-ship,  n.  office  of  a 
regent  :  deputed  authority. 

REGICIDE,  rej'i-sid,  n.  the  murderer  of  a 
king  :  the  murder  of  a  king. — adj.  Regici'- 
DAL.  [Fr.  ;  from  L.  rex,  regis,  a  king, 
and  ccMio,  to  kill.] 

REGIME,  ra-zhem',  n.  mode  of  ruling  one's 
diet  :  form  of  government  ■  administra- 
tion.   [Fr.—L.  regimen — rego,  to  rule.] 

REGIMEN,  rej'i-men,  n.,  rule  prescribed  : 
orderly  government :  any  regulation  for 
gradually  producing  benefit:  (med.)  rule 
of  diet :  (gram.)  the  government  of  one 
word  by  another  :  words  governed.    [L.] 

REGIMENT,  rej'i-ment,  n.  a  oody  of  soldiers 
ruled  or  commanded  by  a  colonel,  and 
consisting  of  a  number  of  companies  or 
troops. 

REGIMENTAL,  rej-i-ment'al,  adj.  relating 
to  a  regiment : — n.pl.  the  uniform  of  a 
regiment. 

REGION,  re'jun,  n.  a  portion  of  land : 
country  :  district.  [L.  regio,  regionis — 
rego.  to  ride,  direct,  mark  a  boundary.] 

REGISTER,  rej'is-ter,  n.  a  written  record, 
regularly  kept :  the  book  containing  the 
register :  that  which  registers  or  re- 
cords :  that  which  regulates,  as  the  dam- 
per of  a  furnace  or  stove :  a  stop  or 
range  of  pipes  on  the  organ,  etc :  the 
compass  of  a  voice  or  of  a  musical  in- 
strument.— v.t.  to  enter  in  a  register  :  to 
record.  [Fr.  registre  (It.  and  Sp.  registro) 
— Low  L.  regi-itrum,  for  L.  regestiim — re, 
back,  and  gero,  to  carry.] 

REGISTRAR,  reVis-trar,  n.  one  who  keeps 
a  register. — jj.  Keg'istrarship,  office  of  a 
registrar. 

REGISTRATION,  rej-is-tra'shun,  n.  act  of 
registering. 

REGISTRY,  rej'is-tri,  n.  act  of  registering: 
place  where  a  register  is  kept :  facts  re- 
corded. 

REGNANCY,  reg'nan-si,  n.  condition  of 
being  regnant  or  reigning:  reign:  pre- 
dominance. 

REGNANT,  reg'nant,  adj.,  reigning  or  rul- 
ing :  predominant :  exercising  regal  au- 
thority. [L.  regnan.1,  regnantis,  pr.p.  of 
regno — rego,  to  rule.] 

REGRESS,  re'gres,  n.  a  going  or  passage 
back:  return:  power  of  returning. — v.i. 
to  go  back  :  to  return  to  a  former  place 
or  state.  [L.  regressus—re.  back,  and 
gradior.  gre,5s?<s,  to  step,  go.] 

REGRESSION,  re-gresh'un,  n.  act  of  going 
back  or  returning. 

REGRESSIVE,  re-gres'iv,  adj.,  going  back: 
returning. 

REGRET,  re-gret'.  v.t.  to  grieve  at :  to  re- 
member with  sorrow  : — j)r.p.  regrett'ing  : 
pa.t.  und  pn.p.  regrett'ed. — n.  sorrow  for 
anything  :  concern  :  remorse.  [Fr.  re- 
gretter — re-,  and  Goth,  gretan,  A.S.  groe- 
tan.  to  weep.] 
REGRETFUL,  re-gret'fool,  adj.  fall  of  re- 

g)-et. — adv.  Regret'fi'LLY. 
REGULAR,  reg'u  lar.    adj.   according    to 


rule  or  established  custom  :  governed 
by  rule  :  uniform  :  orderly  :  periodical : 
level,  unbroken  :  instituted  according  to 
established  forms:  (geom.)  having  all  the 
sides  and  angles  equal  :  belonging  to  the 
pennanent  array  :  as  opp.  to  "  secular  " 
in  the  R.  Cath.  Church,  denoting  monks, 
friars,  etc.,  under  a  monastic  rule. — 7i. 
a  soldier  belonging  to  the  permanent^ 
army. — adv.  Reg'ularly.  [L.  regularia 
— regula,  a  rule — rego,  to  rule.] 
REGULARITY,  reg-u-lar-i-ti,  n.  quality  of 
being  regular:  conformity  to  rule:  meth- 
od :  uniformity. 
REGULATE,  i-eg'u-lat,  i\i.  to  make  reg?/- 
lar:  to  adjust  by  rule:  to  subject  to 
rules  or  restrictions :  to  jiut  in  good 
order. 

REGULATION,  reg-u-la'shun,  n.  act  of 
regulating  :  state  of  being  regulated  :  a 
rule  or  order  prescribed  :    precept  :  law. 

REGULATIVE,  reg'u-la-tiv,  adj.  tending 
to  regulate. 

REGULATOR,  reg'u-la-tor,  Ji.  one  who  or 
that  which  regulates :  a  lever  which 
regulates  the  motion  of  a  watch,  etc.: 
anything  that  regulates  motion. 

REGULUS,  reg'u-lus,  n.  an  intermediate 
and  impure  product  in  the  smelting  of 
metallic  ores.  [Lit.  ''little  king,"  L.;  a 
name  given  by  the  alchemists.] 

REHABILITA'TE,  re-ha-bil'i-tat,  v.t.  (laiv) 
to  reinstate,  restore  to  former  privileges. 
[Fr.  rehabiliter — L.  re,  again,  habeo,  to 
have.] 

REHEARSAL,  re-hers'al,  n.  act  of  rehears- 
ing :  recital  :  recital  before  public  repre- 
sentation. 

REHEARSE,  re-hers',  v.t.  to  repeat  what 
has  already  been  said  :  to  narrate  :  to  re- 
cite before  a  public  representation. — n. 
Rehears'ER.  [Lit.  "to  harrow  again," 
O.  Fr.  rehercer  —  re,  again,  herce  (Fr 
herse),  a  harrow.     See  Hearse.] 

REIGN,  ran,  n.  rule  :  dominion  :  royal  au- 
thority :  supreme  power  :  influence : 
time  during  wliich  a  sovereign  rules. — 
v.t.  to  rule :  to  have  sovereign  power  :  to 
be  predominant.  [Fr.  reg^ie — L.  regnum 
— rego.  to  rule.] 

REIMBURSE,  re-im-burs',  v.f.  to  refund: 
to  pay  an  equivalent  to  for  loss  or  ex- 
pense. [Fr.  rembourser — re,  back,  and 
embourser,  to  put  in  a  purse,  from  bourse, 
a  purse.     See  Pdrse.] 

REIMBURSEMENT,  re-im-bui-s'ment,  n. 
act  of  reimbursing  or  repaying. 

REIN,  ran,  «.  the  strap  of  a  bridle  :  an 
instrument  for  curbing  or  governing: 
government.  —  v.t.  to  govern  with  the 
rein  or  bridle  :  to  restrain  or  control. — 
To  GIVE  THE  REINS  TO,  to  Icave  unchecked. 
[O.  Fr.  reine  (Fr.  r(ne),  through  Late  L. 
retina,  from  rctineo,  to  hold  back.] 

REINDEER,  ran'der,  n.  a  kind  of  deer  m 
the  north,  valuable  for  the  chase  and  for 
domestic  uses.  [Ice.  hreinn,  O.  Sw.  ren 
— Lapp,  reino,  pasture  (Skeat),  and  E, 
Deer.] 

REINFORCE,  re-in-fors',  v.t.  to  enforce 
again  :  to  strengthen  with  new  foi"ce  or 
support. — n.  Reinforce'ment.  the  act  of 
i-einforciug :  additional  force  or  assist 
ance,  esp.  of  troops.  [L.  re,  agam,  an^ 
Enforce.] 

REINLESS,  ran'les,  adj.  ^v-ithout  rein  ot 
restraint. 

REINS,  ranz,  n.pl.  the  kidneys:  the  lower 
part  of  the  back  over  the  kidneys  :  (B.) 
the  inward  parts ;  tiie  heart.  [Fr. — L. 
renes  :  Gr.  pltren,  the  midriff.] 

REINSTATE,  re-in-stat',  v.t.  to  place  in  » 
former  state.  [u.  re,  again,  and  Is- 
state.] 

REINSTATEMENT,  re-in-stat'ment,  n.  act 
of  reinstating :  re-establishment. 


REINVEST 


360 


REMISSION 


REINVEST,  re-in-vest',  v.f.  to  invest  again 
or  a  second  time. — n.  Redtvest'ment,  act 
of  reinvesting :  a  second  investment.  [L. 
re,  again,  and  Invest.] 

EEESrvIGORATE,  re-in-vig'or-at,  v.t.  to 
invigorate  again.     [L.  re,  again,  and  In- 

TIGORATE.] 

-  REISSUE,  re-ish'6o,  v.t.  to  issue  again. — 7i. 

a  second  issue.    [L.  re,  again,  and  Issue.] 

REITERATE,  re-it'er-at,  v.t.  to  iterate  or 

repeat  again  :  to  repeat  again  and  again. 

—adj.  Reit'erattve.    [L.  re,  again,  and 

REITERATION,  r5-it-er-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
reiterating. 

REJECT,  re-jekt',  v.t.  to  thi-ow  away :  to 
refuse :  to  renounce.  [Lit.  "  to  throw 
back,"  L.  rejicio,  rejectum — re,  back,  and 
Jaeio,  to  throw.] 

REJECTION,  re-jek'shun,  n.  act  of  reject- 
ing :  refusal. 

REJOICE,  re-jois',  v.i.  to  feel  and  express 
Joy  again  and  again :  to  be  glad  :  to  ex- 
ult or  triumph. — v.t.  to  make  joyful :  to 
gladden.  [Ft.  rejouir — re,  again,  and 
Jotiir,  to  enjoy— joie,  joy.    See  Jot.] 

REJOICING,  re-jois'ing,  n.  act  of  being 
joyful :  expression,  subject,  or  experi- 
ence of  joy. 

REJOICINGLY,  re-jois'ing-li,  adv.  with  joy 
or  exultation. 

REJOIN,  re-join',  v.t.  to  join  again :  to 
unite  what  is  separated  :  to  meet  again. 
— v.i.  to  answer  to  a  reply.  [L.  re,  again, 
and  Join.] 

REJOINDER,  re-join'der,  n.  an  answer 
joined  on  to  another,  an  answer  to  a  re- 
ply :  (late)  the  defendant's  answer  to  a 
plaintiff's  "  replication." 

REJUVENESCENT,  re-joo-ven-es'ent,  adj., 
groioing  young  again.  [L.  re,  again,  and 
Juvenescent.  ] 

fiEKINDLE,  re-kin'dl,  v.t.  to  kindle  again: 
to  set  on  fire  or  arouse  anew.  [L.  re, 
again,  and  Kindle.] 

RELAPSE,  re-laps',  v.i.  to  slide,  sink  or 
fall  back :  to  return  to  a  former  state  or 
practice. — n.  a  faJhngback  into  a  former 
bad  state.  [Ij.  reldbor,  relapsus — re,  back 
or  again,  labor,  to  slip  or  sMde.] 

RELATE,  re-lat',  v.t.  to  describe  :  to  tells 
to  ally  by  connection  or  kindred. — v.i, 
to  have  reference  :  to  refer.  [Lit.  "  to 
bring  back,"  L.re/ei'O,  relatum — ?•«-,  back 
fero,  to  carry.] 

RELATED,  re-lat'ed,  adj.  allied  or  con- 
nected by  kindred  or  blood. 

RELATION,  re-la'shun,  n.  act  of  relating 
or  teUing:  recital:  that  which  is  related: 
mutual  connection  between  two  things: 
resemblance :  connection  by  birth  or 
marriage. — n.  Rela'tionship. 

RELATIONAL,  re-la'shun-al,  adj.  having 
relation  :  having  kindred. 

RELATIVE,  rel'a-tiv,  adj.  having  relation: 
respecting :  not  absolute  or  existing  by 
itself :  considered  as  belonging  to  some- 
thing else:  {gram.)  expressing  relation. — 
n.  that  which  has  relation  to  something 
else:  a  relation:  {grata.)  a  pronoun  which 
relates  to  something  before,  called  its 
antecedent.  —  adv.  Rel'attvely.  —  n. 
RelatiVitt. 

RELAX,  re-laks',  v.t.  to  loosen  one  thing 

j    away  from  another  :  to  slacken:  to  make 

^    iess  close:  to  make  less  severe:  to  reUeve 

'/     from  attention  or  effort  :   to  divert:  to 

loosen,  as  the  bowels  :  to  make  languid. 

— v.i.  to  become  less  close :  to  become 

less  severe  :    to  attend  less.    [L.  relaxo, 

-atitm — re-,  away  from,  laxo,  to  loosen — 

laxm,  loose,  slack.] 

RELAXATION,  re-laks-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
relaxing  :  state  of  being  relaxed  :  re- 
mission of  application. 

RELAY,  re-la  ,  «.  a  supply  of  horses  to  re- 
lieve others  on  a  journey.     [Fr.  relais— 


re-  and  laier,  a  byf orm  of  laisser,  so  that 
relay  is  a  doublet  of  Release.] 
RELEASE,  re-les',  v.t.  to  let  loose  frmn :  to 
set  free  :  to  discharge  from  :  to  reUeve  : 
to  let  go,  as  a  claim  :  to  give  up  a  right 
to. — K.  a  setting  free  :  discharge  or  acquit- 
tance :  the  giving  up  of  a  right  or  claim. 
[O.  Fr.  relaisser — re- and  laisser — L.  laxo. 
See  Relay.] 
RELEGATE,  rel'e-gat,  v.t.  to  send  away: 
to  consign  :    to  exUe. — n.  Releoa'tion. 
[L.  relego,  -atum — re-,  away,  lego,  to  send. 
See  Legate.] 
RELENT,  re-lent',  v.i.  to  sliicken,  to  soften 
or  grow  less  severe  :  to  grow  tender :  to 
feel  compassion.     [Fr.  relantir,  to  retard 
— O.Fr.alentir — lj.lentns,  phant,  flexible.] 
RELENTLESS,    re-lent'les,    adj.    without 
relenting  :   without  tenderness  or  com- 
passion :  merciless. — odc.RELENT'LESSLY. 
— n.  Relent'lessness. 
RELEVANCE,  rel'e-vans,  RELEVANCY, 
rel'e-van-si,  n.  state  of  being  relevant : 
pertinence :  appUcabUity. 
RELEVANT,  rel'e-vant,  adj.  bearing  upon 
or  applying  to  the  purpose  :  pertinent : 
related.     [Fr.,  pr.p.  of  relever,  to  raise 
again,  relieve.     See  RELIEVE.] 
RELIABLE,  re-ll'a-bl,   adj.  that  may  be 
relied   upon. — adv.  Reli'ably. — ns.  Re- 
uabil'ity,  Beli'ableness. 
RELIANCE,  re-li'ans,  n.  trust:  confidence. 
RELIC,  rel'ik,  n.  that  which  is  left  after 
loss  or  decay  of  the  rest :   a  corpse  :  in 
R.  Cath.  Church,  the  body  or  other  me- 
morial of  a  saint :  a  memorial.     [Fr.  re- 
lique — L.  reliquvx — relinquo,  relictum,  to 
leave  behind.    See  Relinquish.] 
RELICT,   rel'ikt,  n.  a  woman  left  behind 
her  husband,  a  widow.     [L.  relicta — re- 
linquo.   See  Relinquish.  J 
RELlEF,re-lef ,  n.  the  removal  of  any  evil: 
release  from  a  post  or  duty :  that  which 
relieves  or  mitigates :  aid  :  {fine  art)  tlie 
projection  of  a  sculptured  design  from 
its  ground.     [Same  as  Relievo.] 
RELIEVE,  re-leV,   v.t.   to    remove    from 
that  which  weighs  down  or  depresses: 
to  lessen :   to  ease :   to  help  :  to  release  : 
(fine  art)  to  set  off  by  contrast :  (laic)  to 
redress.     [Fr.  relever,  to  raise  again — ^L. 
relevo — re-,  again,    levo,  to  raise — levis, 
hght.J 
RELIEVO,    BILIEVO,    re-le'vo,   n.      See 

Alto-relievo,  Bass-reuef. 
RELIGION,  re-lij'un,  n.  the  performance 
of  our  duties  of  love  and  obedience  tow- 
ards God  :   piety :   any  system  of  faith 
and  worship.     [Lit.  "  restraint,"  L.  re- 
ligio,  -onis — re-,  back,  and  Z/gro,  to  bind.] 
RELIGIONIST,    re-lij'un-ist,    n.    one    at- 
tached to  a  relirfon. 
RELIGIOUS,  re-lij'us,  adj.  pertaining  to 
religion  :  concerned  with  or  set  apart  to 
rehgion:  pious:  godly:  in  R.  Cath.  Church, 
bound  to  a  monastic  life  :  strict. — adv. 
Relig'iously.     [L.  religiosus.] 
RELINQUISH,  reJing'kwish,  v.t.  to  aban- 
don: to  give  up:  to  renounce  a  claim  to. 
— n.  Relin'quishment,  act  of  relinquish- 
ing or  giving-  up.     [O.Fr.  relinguir — L.re- 
linquo,  relictum — re-,  away  from,  linquo, 
to  leave.] 
RELIQUARY,  rel'i-kwar-i,  n.  a  small  chest 
or  casket   for  holding  relics.    [Fr.  reK- 
quaire.    See  Rexjc] 
RELIQUE,  re-lek',  n.  a  relic. 
RELISH,  rel'ish,  v.t.  to  like  the  taste  of: 
to  be  pleased  with. — v.i.  to  have  an  agree- 
able taste:  to  give  pleasure. — n.  an  agree- 
able peculiar  taste  or  quality  :  enjoyable 
quality:  power  of  pleasing:  inclination  or 
taste  for:  appetite:  just  enough  to  give  a 
flavor:  a  sauce.     [O.  Fr.  relecher,  to  Uck 
or  taste  again,  from  re  and  lecher — O. 
Ger.  lecchon  (Ger.  leeken),  E.  lick.     See 
Lecher  and  Lick.] 


RELUCTANCE,  re-luk'tans,  RELUCTAN- 
CY,  re-luk'tan-si,  n.  state  of  being  reluo= 
tant :  unwillingness. 
RELUCTANT,  re-luk'tant,  adj,  struggling 
or  striving  against :  unwUhng  :  disin- 
clined.— adv.  Reldc'tantlt.  [L.  reluct- 
ans,  -antis,  pr.p.  of  reluctor — re-,  against, 
luctor,  to  struggle.] 
RELY,  re-ll',  v.i.  to  rest  or  repose  :  to  have 
fuU  confidence  in  :—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  re- 
lied'. [Prob.  from  re-,  back,  and  Lie,  to 
rest.] 

REMAIN,  re-man',  v.i.  to  stay  or  be  left 
behind  :  to  continue  in  the  same  place  : 
to  be  left  after  or  out  of  a  greater  num- 
ber :  to  continue  in  an  unchanged  form 
or  condition  :  to  last. — n.pl.  Remains',  a 
corpse :  the  literary  productions  of  one 
dead.  [O.  Fr.  remanoir,  remaindre — ^L. 
remaneo — re,  back,  maneo,  akin  to  Gr. 
meno,  to  stay.] 

REMAINDER,  re-man'der,  n.  that  which 
remains  or  is  left  behind  after  the  re- 
moval of  a  part :  an  interest  in  an  estate 
to  come  into  effect  after  a  certain  other 
event  happens.     [See  Remain.] 

REMAND,  re-mand',  t\t.  to  recommit  or 
send  back.  [L.  remando  —  re,  back, 
mando,  to  order.    See  Command.] 

REMARK,  re-mark',  v.t.  to  mark  or  take 
notice  of ;  to  express  what  one  thinks  or 
sees  :  to  say. — n.  words  regarding  any- 
thing :  notice.  [Fr.  remarquei — re,  in- 
tensive, marquer,  to  mark.    See  Mabk.] 

REMARKABLE,  re-mark'a-bl,  adj.  deserv- 
ing remark  or  notice  :  distinguished  : 
famous  :  that  may  excite  admiration  or 
wonder  :  strange  :  extraordinary. — adv. 
Remark' ably. —)i.  Remakk'ableness. 

REMEDIABLE,  re-me'di-a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  remedied  :  curable. — adv.  Remz'^ 
diably. — n.  Beme'diableness. 

REMEDIAL,  re-me'di-al,  adj.  tending  to 
remedy  or  remove. — adv.  Reme'dially. 

REMEDY,  rem'e-di,  n.  any  medicine,  ap- 
pliance, or  particular  treatment  that 
cures  disease :  that  which  counteracts 
any  evil  or  repairs  any  loss. — v.t.  to  re- 
move, counteract,  or  repair  i—pa-t.  and 
pa.p.  rem'edied.  [L.  remedium — re-,  back, 
again,  medeor,  to  restore,  cure.] 

REMEMBER,  (re-mem'ber,  v.t.  to  keep  in 
mind  :  (B.)  to  meditate  on  :  to  bear  in 
mind  with  gratitude  and  reverence :  to 
attend  to.  [O.  Fr.  remenibrer  (Fr.  re- 
memorer) — L.  rememoro — re-,  again,  ine~ 
moro,  to  call  to  mind — memor,  mindful. 
See  Memoir.] 

REMEMBRANCE,  re-mem'brans,  n.  mem- 
ory :  that  which  serves  to  bring  to  or 
keep  in  mind :  a  memorial :  the  power  of 
remembering :  the  length  of  time  during 
which  a  thing-can  be  remembered.     [Fr.] 

REMEMBRANCER,  re-mem'brans-er,  n. 
that  which  reminds :  a  recorder. 

REMIND,  re-mind',  v.t.  to  bring  to  the 
mind  of  again :  to  bring  under  the  notice 
or  consideration  of.  [L.  re,  again,  and 
'Mind.] 

REMINISCENCE,  rem-i-nis'ens,  n.  recol- 
lection :  an  account  of  what  is  remem- 
bered :  the  recurrence  to  the  mind  of  the 
past.  [Fr.^ — L.  reminiscentioe,  recollec- 
tions— reminiscor,  to  recall  to  mind — re-, 
and  root  men,  whence  mens,  the  mind. 
See  Mention.] 

REMISS,  re-mis',  adj.,  remitting  in  attea- 
tion,  etc.:  negligent:  not  punctual," 
slack  :  not  vigorous.— adv.  Remiss'lt.— » 
n.  Remiss'ness. 

REMISSIBLE,  re-mis'i-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  remitted  or  pardoned. — n.  REMissiBn/- 

ITY. 

REMISSION,  re-mish'un,  n.  slackenings 
abatement  :  relinquishment  of  a  claim  s 
release :  pardon. 


REMISSIVE 


361 


REPENT 


pEMISSIVE,  re-mis'iv,  adj.,  remitting: 
forgiving. 

RKUIT,  re-mi t',  v.t.  to  relax :  to  pardon  : 
•o  resig-n  :  to  transmit,  as  money,  etc.: 
to  put  again  in  custody. — v.i.  to  abate  in 
force  or  violence: — pr.p.  remitt'ing; 
,  pa.t.  a,nd. pa.p.  remitt'ed. — n.  Remitt'er. 
\  [Lit.  "  to  let  go  back,"  L.  remitto,  re- 
missus — re-,  back,  and  mitto,  to  send.] 

KRMTTTAL,  re-mit'al,  n.  a  remitting:  sur- 
render. 

REMITTANCE,  re-mit'ans,  n.  that  which 
is  remitted  :  the  sending  of  money,  etc., 
to  a  distance  :  also  the  sum  or  thing 
sent. 

REMITTENT,  re-mit'ent,  adj.  increasing 
and  remitting  or  abating  alternately,  as 
a  disease. 

REMNANT,  rem'nant,  n.  that  which  re- 
mains  behind  after  a  part  is  removed, 
etc.  :  remainder  :  a  fragment.  [Contr.  of 
O.  Fr.  remainant,  pr.p.  of  remaindre. 
See  Remain.] 

REMODEL,  re-mod'l,  v.t.  to  model  or  fash- 
ion anew.     [L.  re,  again,  and  Model.] 

REMONSTRANCE,re-mon'strans,  n.  strong 
statement  of  reasons  against  an  act :  ex- 
postulation. 

REMONSTRANT,  re-mon'strant,  adj.  in- 
clined to  remonstrate. — n.  one  who  re- 
rn  OR  stmt  PS 

REMONSTRATE,  re-mon'strat,  v.i.  to  set 
forth  strong  reasons  against  a  measure. 
[Lit.  "  to  point  out  again  and  again,"  L. 
re-,  again,  and  monstro,  to  point  out.] 

REMORSE,  re-mors',  n.  the  gnawing  pain 
or  anguish  of  guilt.  [Lit.  "a  biting 
again,  O.  Fr.  remors  (Fr.  remords) — 
Low  L.  remorsus  —  L.  reniordeo,  re- 
morsiim,  to  bite  again — re-,  again,  and 
mordeo,  to  bite.] 

REMORSEFUL,  re-mors'fool,  adj.  full  of 
remorse. — adv.  Remoese'fdx,LY. 

REMORSELESS,  re-mors'les,  adj.  without 
remorse  :  cruel. — adv.  Remorse'lessly. 
—n.  Remorse'lessness. 

REMOTE,  re-mot',  adj.,  moved  back  to  a 
distance  in  time  or  place  :  far :  distant : 
primary,  as  a  cause  :  not  agreeing :  not 
related. — adv.  Remote'ly. — n.  Remote'- 
NESS.     [See  Remove.] 

REMOULD,  re-mold',  v.t.  to  mould  or 
shape  anew.     [L.  re,  again,  and  Mould.] 

REMOUNT,  re-mo wnt',  v.t.  and  v.i.  to 
mount  again.    [L.  re,  again,  and  Mount.] 

REMOVABLE,  re-moov'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  removed. — n.  Removabil'ity. 

REMOVAL,  re-moov'al,  n.  the  act  of  tak- 
ing away  :  displacing  :  change  of  place. 

REMOVE,  re-m65v',  v.t.  to  put  from  its 
place  :  to  take  away  :  to  withdraw. — v.i. 
to  go  from  one  place  to  another. — n. 
any  indefinite  distance  :  a  step  in  any 
scale  of  gradation :  a  dish  to  be  changed 
while  the  rest  remain.  [L.  removeo,  re- 
motus — re,  away,  moveo,  to  move.  See 
Move.] 

REMUNERABLE,  re-mu'ner-a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  remunerated  :  worthy  of  being 
rewarded. 

REMUNERATE,  re-mu'ner-at,  v.t.  to  ren- 
der an  equivalent  for  any  service  :  to 
recompense.  [L.  remuner-o,  -attis — re-, 
in  return,  munero,  to  give  something — 
munus,  muneris,  a  service,  a  gift.] 

;  REMUNERATION,  re-mu-ner-a'shun,  n. 
reward  :  recompense  :  requital. 

REMUNERATIVE,  re-mu'ner-a-tiv,  adj. 
fitted  to  remunerate  :  lucrative  :  yielding 
due  return. 

RENAISSANCE,  re-nas'ans,  n.  the  period 
(in  the  15th  century)  at  which  the  re- 
vival of  arts  and  letters  took  place,  mark- 
ing the  transition  from  the  middle  ages 
to  the  modern  world. — adj.  relating  to 
the  foregoing.  [Lit.  second  or  new  birth, 
Fr.:  see' Renascent.] 


RENAL,  re'nal,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  reins 
or  kidneys.  [L.  renalis  —  renes,  renum 
(only  in  pi.).] 

RENARD,  ren  ard,  n.  a  fox,  so  called  in 
fables  and  in  poetry.  [Fr.^3.  Ger.  Bein- 
hard,  Reginhart,  "strong  in  counsel," 
the  name  of  the  fox  in  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man epic  poem.] 

RENASCENT,  re-nas'ent,  adj.  rising  again 
into  being.  —  n.  Renas'cence,  the  same 
as  Renaissance.  [L.  renascens,  -oitis, 
pr.p.  of  renascor — re-,  again,  and  nascor, 
to  be  born.] 

RENCOUNTER,  ren-kownt'er,  RENCON- 
TRE, rang-kong'tr,  n.  a  meeting  in  con- 
test :  a  casual  combat :  a  collision.  [Fr. 
rencontre  —  L.  re-,  against,  and  root  of 
Encounter.] 

REND,  rend,  v.t.  to  tear  asunder  with 
force  :  to  split : — pa.t.  and  pa.^j.  rent. 
[A.S.  rendan,  to  tear.] 

RENDER,  ren'der,  v.t.  to  give  up:  to  make 
up  :  to  deliver  :  to  cause  to  be :  to  trans- 
late into  another  language  :  to  perform. 
— n.  a  surrender  :  a  payment  of  rent. 
[Fr.  rendre — L.  reddo — re-,  away,  and  do, 
to  give.] 

RENDERING,  ren'der-ing,  n.  the  act  of 
rendering  :  version  :   translation. 

RENDEZVOUS,  ren'de-voo  or  rang*-,  n. 
an  appointed  place  of  meeting,  esp.  for 
troops  or  ships  :  a  place  for  enUstment. 
— 1>.  i.  to  assemble  at  any  appointed  place. 
[Fr.  rendez  vous,  render  yourselves  — 
rendre.    See  Render.] 

RENEGADE,  ren'e-gad,  RENEGADO,  ren- 
e-ga'do,  n.  one  faithless  to  principle  or 
party  :  an  apostate  :  a  deserter.  [Sp. 
renegado  —  Low  L.  renegatus — L.  re-, 
inten.,  and  nego,  negatus,  to  deny.] 

RENEW,  re-nil',  v.t.  to  make  new  again  : 
to  renovate  :  to  transform  to  new  life  : 
to  revive  :  to  beg^in  again :  to  make 
again  :  to  invigorate. — v.i-  to  be  made 
new  :  to  begin  again.  [L.  re,  again,  and 
New.] 

RENEWABLE,  re-nu'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  renewed. 

RENEWAL,  re-nu'al,  n.  renovation :  re- 
generation :  restoration. 

RENNET,  ren'et,  n.  the  prepared  inner 
membrane  of  a  calf's  stomach,  used  to 
make  milk  run  together  or  coagulate. 
[From  A.S.  rennan,  to  cause  to  run;  and 
cog.  with  Ger.  rensal,  (melk-)rinse.] 

RENNET,  ren'et,  n.  a  sweet  kind  of  apple. 
[Fr.  reinette,  rainette,  dim.  of  raine,  a 
frog — L.  rana ;  so  called  from  its  spctttd 
rind.J 

RENOUNCE,  re-nowns',  v.i.  to  disclaim:  to 
disown:  to  reject  publicly  and  finally:  to 
forsake. — v.i.  to  neglect  to  follow  suit  at 
cards.  [L.  renuntio — re-,  away,  a.nd  nun- 
tio,  -atus,  to  announce — nuntius,  a  mes- 
sen'^er.  I 

RENOUNCEMENT,  re-nowns'ment,  ?i.  act 
of  renouncing,  disclaiming,  or  rejecting. 

RENOVATE,  ren'o-vat,  v.t.  to  reneio  or 
make  new  again  :  to  restore  to  the  origi- 
nal state. — 71.  Ren'ovator.  [L.  re-,  again, 
and  novo,  -atus,  to  make  new — novus, 
new.     See  New.] 

RENOVATION,  ren-o-va'shun,  n.  renewal : 
state  of  being  renewed. 

RENOWN,  re-nown',  n.  a  great  name :  ce- 
lebrity. JFr.  renom — L.  re-,  again,  nomen, 
a  name,  t 

RENOWNED,  rc-nownd',  adj.  celebrated : 
illustiious:  famous. 

RENT,  rent,  n.  an  opening  made  by  rend- 
ing :  fissure :  break  :  tear. 

RENT,  rent,  n.  annual  pavment  in  return 
for  the  use  of  property  held  of  another, 
esp.  houses  and  lands. — v.t.  to  hold  or 
occupy  bv  paying  rent :  to  let  for  a  rent. 
— v.i.  to  be  let  for  rent.  [Fr.  rente— ren- 
dre, to  give  back.    See  Render.] 


RENT,  rent,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Rend. 

RENTAL,  rent'al,  n.  a  schedule  or  account 
of  rents,  with  the  tenants'  names,  etc. :  a 
rent-roll :  rent. 

RENTER,  rent'er,  n.  one  who  holds  by  pay- 
ing rent  for. 

RENT-ROLL,  rent'-rol,  n.  a  roll  or  accoant 
of  rents :  a  rental  or  schedule  of  rents. 

RENUNCIATION,  re-nun-si-a'shun,  n.  dis- 
owning  :  rejection  :  abandonment.  [See 
Renounce.] 

REPAID,  re-pad',  pa. <.  and  jja.p.  of  Repay. 

REPAIR,  re-par',  v.i.  to  betake  one's  self 
to  :  to  go  :  to  resort. — n.  a  retreat  or 
abode.  [Fr.  repaire,  a  haunt — L.  repatrio, 
to  return  to  one's  country — re-,  back, 
patria,  native  country.] 

REPAIR,  re-par',  v.t.  to  restore  after  in- 
jury :  to  make  amends  for  :  to  mend. — 
n.  restoration  after  injury  or  decay : 
supply  of  loss.  [Fr.  riparer — L.  reparo 
— re-,  again,  paro,  to  prepare.] 

REPAIRER,  re-par'er,  n.  one  who  restore* 
or  amends. 

REPARABLE,  rep'ar-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  repaired. — adv.  Rep'arably. 

REPARATION,  rep-ar-a'shun,  n.,  repair: 
supply  of  what  is  wasted  :  amends. 

REPARATIVE,  re-par'a-tiv,  adj.  amending 
defect  or  injury. — n.  that  which  restores 
to  a  good  state :  that  which  makes 
amends. 

REPARTEE,  rep-ar-te',  7).  a  smart,  ready, 
and  witty  reply.  [Fr.  repartie — repartir^ 
to  go  back  again — re-,  back,  and  partir, 
to  set  out — L.  partior,  to  divide.  Cf.  the 
E.  Sally.] 

REPAST,  re-past',  n.  a  meal :  the  food  tak- 
en :  victuals.  [Low  L.  repastus  (whence 
Fr.  repas) — L.  re-,  intensive,  and  pastus, 
food,  feeding — paseo,  pastus,  to  feed.] 

REPAY,  re-pa',  v.t.  to  pay  back  :  to  make 
return  for  :  to  recompense  :  to  pay  again 
or  a  second  time.  [L.  re,  back,  and  Pay.] 

REPAYABLE,  re-pa'a-bl,  adj.  that  is  to  be 
repaid. 

REPAYMENT,  re-pa'ment,  n.  act  of  repay- 
ing :  the  money  or  thing  repaid. 

REPEAL,  re-pel',  v.t.  to  revoke  by  au. 
thority,  as  a  law  :  to  abrogate.  —  n.  a 
revoking  or  annulling.  —  n.  Repeal'bk, 
one  who  repeals  :  one  who  seeks  for  a 
repeal.  [Fr.  rappelei — re-,  back,  and 
appelei — L.  ajypello,  to  call.  See  Appeal.] 

REPEALABLE,  re-pel'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  repealed. 

REPEAT,  re-pet',  v.t.  to  do  again  :  to  speak 
again,  to  iterate:  to  quote  from  memoryr 
to  rehearse. — v.i.  to  strike  the  hours,  as 
a  watch  :  to  recur.  —  n.  (mus.)  a  mark 
directing  a  part  to  be  repeated.  [Fr. 
ripHer — L.  repeto,  repetitus — re-,  again, 
a,nii  pefo,  to  attack,  seek.] 

REPEATEDLY,  re-pet'ed-h,  adv.  many 
times  repeated  :  again  and  again  :  fre- 
quentlv. 

REPEATER,  re-pet'er,  n.  one  who  or  that 
which  repeats  :  a  decimal  in  which  the 
same  figure  or  figures  are  continually  re- 
peated: a  watch  that  strikes  again  the 
previous  hour  at  the  touch  of  a  spring. 

REPEL,  re-pel',  v.t.  to  drive  back :  to  re- 
pulse :  to  check  the  advance  of. — v.i,  to 
act  with  opposing  force  :  (rned.)  to  cheqk 
or  drive  inwards  i—pr-p.  repell'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  jM.j}.  repelled'. — n.  Repell'er.  [L. 
repello  —  re-,  off,  back,  and  pello,  to 
drive.] 

REPELLENT,  re-pel'ent,  adj.,  driving 
back  :  able  or  tending  to  repel. — n.  that 
which  repels. 

REPENT,  re-pent',  v.i.  to  regret  or  sorrow 
for  what  one  has  done  or  left  undone  :  to 
change  from  past  evil :  (theol.)  to  feel 
such  sorrow  for  sin  as  produces  newness 
of  life. — v.t.  to  remember  with  sorrow. 
[Fr.  repentir — re-,  and  O.  Fr.  pentir — V, 


REPENTANCE 


362 


REPURCHASE 


panitire,  to  cause  to  repent,  from  poenio, 
punic,  to  punish.    See  Punish.] 

REPENTANCE,  re-pent'ans,  ii.  sorrow  for 
what  has  been  done  or  left  undone  :  con- 
trition for  sin,  producing  newness  of  life. 

REPENTANT,  re-penfant,  adj..  repenting 
or  sorry  for  past  conduct :  showing  sor- 
row for  sin. 

REPERCUSSION,  re-per-kush'un,  n.  a 
striking  or  driving  back :  reverberation  : 
(muis.)  frequent  repetition  of  the  same 
sound.  [L.  repercussio — re-,  back,  per- 
cutio — per.  through,  quatio,  to  strike.] 

REPERCUSSIVE,  re-per-kus'iv,  adj.,  driv- 
ing  back :  causing  to  reverberate. 

REPERTORY,  rep'er-tor-i,  n.  a  place  where 
things  are  kept  to  be  broiigh  t  forth  again: 
a  treasury  :  a  magazine.  [Fr. — L.  reper- 
torium — reperio,  to  find — re-,  again,  and 
pario.  to  bring  forth.] 

REPETITION,  rep-e-tish'un,  n.  act  of  re- 
peating :  recital  from  memory. 

REPINE,  re-pIn',  r.i.  to  pine  again  or  con- 
tinue to  pine  {at  or  against) :  to  fret  one's 
self  :  to  feel  discontpnt  :  to  murmur  :  to 
envy. — adv.  Rkkn-'ingly. — n.  Repin'er. 
[L.  re.  again,  and  Pine,  f.] 

REPLACE,  re-plas',  r.t.  to  place  back :  to 
put  again  in  a  former  place,  condition, 
etc. :  to  repay  :  to  pi-ovide  a  substitute 
for  :  to  take  the  place  of.  [L.  re.  back, 
again,  and  Place.] 

REPLACEMENT,  re-plas'ment,  n.  act  of 
replaeiyig. 

REPLENISH,  re-plen'ish,  v.t.  to  fill  again: 
to  fill  completely  :  to  stock  abundantly. 
— n.  Replkn'ishment.  [O.  Fr.  replenir, 
from  replein,  full — L.  re-,  again,  and 
ptenu.s,  full.     See  Full.] 

REPLETE,  re-plet',  adj.  full  :  completely 
filled.  [L.  repletus,  pa.  p.  of  repleo — re-, 
a^in,  and  jj?fO,  to  fill.] 

BEPLETION,re-ple'shun,n.  superabundant 
fullness  :  (merf.)  fullness  of  blood. 

REPLEVIN,  re-plev'in,  n.  an  action  for 
repleirtfing. 

REPLEVY,  re-plev'i,  v.t.  (Jaw)  to  recover 
goods  distrained  upon  giving  a  pledge  or 
security  to  try  the  right  to  them  at  law. 
— adj.  Replev'iable.  [O.  Ft.  replevir — 
re-,  back,  and  plevir,  to  pledge.  See 
Pledge.] 

REPLICA,  rep'li-ka,  n.  {paint.)  a  copy  of  a 
picture  done  bj'  the  same  hand  that  did 
the  original.  [It. — 'L.replico.  See  REPLY.] 

REPLICATION,  rep-li-ka'shun,  u.  a  reply : 
{law)  the  plaintiff's  answer  to  a  plea. 
[See  Reply.] 

REPLY,  re-pli',  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  answer: — 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  replied'. — n.  an  answer. 
— n.  Repli'er.  [Fr.  repliqiter — L.  replico, 
-atus — re-,  back,  and  plico,  to  fold.] 

REPORT,  re-port',  v.t.  to  bring  back,  as  an 
answer  or  account  of  anything :  to  give 
an  account  of  :  to  relate  :  to  circulate 
publicly  :  to  write  down  or  take  notes  of, 
esp.  for  a  newspaper. — v.t.  to  make  a 
statement :  to  write  an  account  of  occur- 
rences.— n.  a  statement  of  facts  :  de- 
scription :  a  formal  or  official  statement, 
esp.  of  a  judicial  opinion  or  decision  : 
rumor  :  sound  :  noise  :  {B.)  reputation. 
— n.  Rkport'er,  one  who  reports,  esp. 
for  a  newspaper.  [L.  reporto — re-,  back, 
and  porta,  to  carry.] 

REPOSE,  re-poz',  v.t.  to  lay  at  rest:  to 
compose :  to  place  in  trust  (^vith  on  or 
in). — I'.i.  to  rest :  to  sleep  :  to  rest  in 
confidence  (with  on  or  iyxwi):  to  lie. — n. 
a  lying  at  rest  :  .sleep  :  quiet :  rest  of 
mind :  {fine  art)  that  harmonv  which 
gives  rest  to  the  eve.  [Fr.  repo.'ser — re-, 
back,  and  poser,     feee  PosE.  n.J 

REPOSIT,  re-po/it.  v.t.  to  lodge,  as  for 
safetv. 

REPOSTlORY,    re-po/i-tor-i,    n.    a    place 


where  anj-tbing  is  laid  up  for  sate  keep- 
ing. 

REPOSSESS,  re-poz  9;e£',  v.t.  to  possess 
again.     FL.  re,  again,  and  Possess.] 

REPREHEND,  rep-re-hend',  v.t.  to  blame: 
to  reprove.  [L.  repreliendo,  -hensiis — re-, 
iaten..  aniprehend.-'  to  lay  hold  of.  See 
Hand.] 

REPREHENSIBLE.  ,ep-re-hen'si-bl,  adj. 
worthy  of  being  repreliended  or  blamed. 
— adv'  Reprehen'sibly. 

REPREHENSION,  rep-re-hen'shuc  n.  re- 
proof :  censure. 

REPREHENSIVE,  rep-re-hen'siv,  adj.  con- 
taining reproof :  given  in  reproof. 

REPRESENT,  rep-re-zent',  v.t.  to  exhibit 
the  image  of :  to  serve  as  a  sign  of :  to 
personate  or  act  the  part  of :  to  stand  in 
the  place  of :  to  bring  before  the  mind  : 
to  describe.  [L.  reprcesento,  -atiim — re-, 
again,  and  jt^'^^^^o,  to  place  before. 
ScG  Prfsent   ?,'  I 

REPRESENT^VBLE,  rep-re-zent'arbl,  adj. 
that  mav  be  represented. 

REPRESENTATION,  rep-re-zen-ta'shun.  n. 
act  of  representing  or  exhibiting :  that 
which  represents  :  an  image  :  picture  : 
dramatic  performance  :  pai-t  performed 
by  a  representative  :  statement. 

REPRESENTATIVE,  rep-re-zent'a-tiv,  adj. 
representing  :  showing  a  likeness  :  bear- 
ing the  character  or  power  of  others  : 
presenting  the  full  character  of  a  class. 
— 71.  one  who  stands  for  another,  a  dep- 
uty, delegate  :  {laic)  an  heir.     [Fr.] 

REPRESS,  re-pres',  v.t.  to  check  or  restrain. 
[L.  re.  back,  and  Press.] 

REPRESSION,  re-presh'un,  n.  act  of  re- 
pressing :  restraint. 

REPRESsrV'E,  re-pres'iv.  adj.  tending  or 
able  to  repress. — adv.  Repress'ively. 

REPRIEVE,  re-prev',  v.t.  to  delay  the  ex- 
ecution cf  a  criminal :  to  give  "a  respite 
to. — n.  a  suspension  of  a  criminal  sen- 
tence :  interval  of  ease  or  relief.  [Lit. 
to  disapprove  or  disallow  (the  sentence 
passed),  O.  Fr.  reprtiver  (Fr.  riprouver) 
— L.  reprobo.    See  Reprove.] 

REPRIMAND,  rep'ri-mand  or  -mand',  n.  a 
severe  reproof. — r.^  to  chide  :  to  reprove 
severely  :  to  administer  reproof  publicly 
or  officially.  [Fr.  reprimande — L.  repri- 
mendum — reprimo,  repressum,  to  press 
back — re-,  axiA  primo,  to  pre.ss.] 

REPRINT,  re-print',  v.t.  to  print  again  :  to 
print  a  new  impression  of. — n.  Re'PRINT, 
another  impression  of.  [L.  re,  again, 
and  ParsT.] 

REPRISAL,  re-prlz'al,  n.  a  seizing  back  or 
in  retaliation:  (zcar)  the  retaking  of  goods 
captured  by  an  enemy  :  anything  seized 
in  retaliation  :  that  which  is  seized  for 
injury  inflicted.  [Fr.  represaille  —  It. 
ripresaglia — ripreso  (Fr.  reprise),  retaken 
— L.  re-pre{he)ndere,  to  seize  again.  See 
Apprehend  and  Get.] 

REPROACH,  re-proch',  v.t.  to  cast  in  one's 
teeth  :  to  censure  severely  :  to  upbraid  : 
to  revile  :  to  treat  wth  contempt.— «. 
the  act  of  reproaching:  reproof:  censure: 
blame  in  opprobrious  language:  disgrace: 
an  object  of  scorn.  [Lit.  to  bring  (some 
offence)  back  or  near  to  one,  Fi\  reprocher 
— re-,  andproche,  near — Z,. propitis,  comp. 
of  jrrope,  near.] 

REPROACHABLE,  re-prOch'a-W.  a^j.  de- 
serving reproach:  opprobrious. — adt;.(RE- 
proach'aely. 

REPROACHFUL,  re-proch'foul.  udj.  full  of 
reproach  or  blame  :  abusive  :  scurrilous  : 
bringing  reproach :  shameful  :  disgrace- 
ful.— adi\  Reproach'fclly. 

REPROBATE,  rep'ro-bat.  adj.  condemned  : 
base:  given  over  to  sin  :  depraved  :  vile  : 
(B.)  that  will  not  stand  proof  or  trial. — 
n.  an  abandoned  or  profligate  person. — ■ 
v.t.  to  disapprove:  to  censure:  to  disown. 


[L.  reprobatvs,   pa.p.   of  reprobo.      Se« 
Kepro^te.] 

REPROBATION,  rep-ro-ba'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  reprobating :  rejection  :  the  act  of 
abandoning  to  destruction:  state  of  being 
so  abandoned. 

REPRODUCE,  re-pro-dus',  v.t.  to  produce 
again  :  to  form  anew.  [L.  re,  again,  and 
Produce.] 

REPRODUCTION,  re-pro-duk'shun,  n.  the 
a 't  of  producing  new  organisms. 

RZFRODUCTIVE,  re  -  pro  -  dukt'iv,  aclj. 
tending  to  reproduce. 

REPROOF,  re-proof,  n.  a  reproving  or 
blaming:  rebuke:  censure:  reprehension. 

REPROVABLE,  re-prooVa-bl,  adj.  deserv- 
ing reproof,  blame,  or  censure. — adv. 
Reprov'ably. 

REPROVE,  re-proov',  v.t.  to  condemn :  to 
chide  :  to  censure  :  (B.)  to  disprove  or 
refute. — n.  RepeoVer.  [Fr.  riprouver — 
L.  reprovo,  the  opposite  of  approbo  (see 
Approve) — re-,  off,  away,  rejection,  and 
probo,  to  try  or  prove.     See  Prove.] 

REPTILE,  rep'til  or  -til,  aty.  moving  or 
craicling  on  the  belly  or  with  very  short 
legs:  grovelling:  low. — n.  an  animal 
that  moves  or  crawls  on  its  belly  or  with 
short  legs :  a  grovelling,  low  person. 
[L.  reptilis — repo,  serpo,  Gr.  herpo.  Sans. 
sri}),  to  creep.] 

REPTILIAN,  rep-til'yan,  adj.  belonging  to 
reptiles. 

REPUBLIC, re-pub1ik,ii.  a  commonwealth: 
a  form  of  government  without  a  mon- 
arch, in  which  the  supreme  power  is 
vested  in  representatives  elected  bv  the 
people.  [Fr.  republique — L.  respublica, 
"  common  weal."    See  Public] 

REPUBLICAN,  re-pub'lik-an,  adj.  belong- 
ing  to  a  republic  :  agreeable  to  the  prin 
ciples  of  a  republic. — n.  one  who  advo 
cates  a  republican  form  of  government : 
a  democrat :  a  member  of  one  of  two 
great  American  political  parties. 

REPUBLICANISM,  re-publik-an-izm.  n. 
the  principles  of  republican  government: 
attachment  to  republican  government. 

REPUBLISH.  re-pub'Ush,  v.t.  to  pubUsh 
again  or  renew. — ?i.  Republica'TION.  [L. 
re.  again,  and  Publish.] 

REPUDIATE,  re-pu'di-at,  v.t.  to  reject: 
to  disclaim  :  to  disavow :  specifically,  to 
deny  and  refuse  to  pay  a  just  debt. — »i. 
Repu'diatoe.  [L.  repudio,  repudiatus — 
repudium,  a  putting  away — re-,  away, 
and  pudere,  to  be  ashamed.] 

REPUDIATION,  re-pu-di-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  repudiating :  rejection  :  the  state  of 
being  repudiated.     [L.  repudiatio,  -owis.] 

REPUGNANCE,  re-pug'nans.  n.  the  state 
of  being  repugnant:  resistance:  aversion: 
reluctance.  [L.  repugnantia.  See  Re- 
pugnant.] 

REPUGNANT,  re-pug'nant,  adj.  hostile: 
adverse  :  contrary  :  distasteful.  —  adv. 
Refug'nantly.  [L.  repugno—re-,  against, 
and  pugno,  to  figiit.] 

REPULSE,  re-puls',  v.t.  to  drive  back:  to 
repel :  to  beat  off. — n.  the  state  of  being 
repulsed  or  driven  back  :  the  act  of  re- 
pelling :  refusal.  [L.  repulsus,  pa.p.  of 
repello — re-,  off,  back,  and  ■peUo.  to  drive 
See  Pulsate.] 

REPULSION,  re-pul'shun,  n.  act  of  repuls 
ing  or  driving  back  :  state  of  being  re 
l^elled :  power  by  which  bodies  or  their 
particles  repel  each  other. 

REPULSIVE,  re-puls'iv.  adj.  that  repulses 
or  drives  off :  repelling :  cold,  reserved, 
forbidding.— adr.  Repul-s'itely. — n.  Re- 

PULS'rVENESS. 
REPURCHASE,  re-pur'chas,    v.t.    to   pur- 
chase or  buy  back  or  again. — n.  the  act 
of  buying  again  :  that  which  is  bought 
again.     [L.  re,  again,  and  PURCHASE.] 


REPUTABLE 


363 


RESOUND 


REPUTABLE,  rep'Qt-a-bl,  adj.  M?  good  re- 
pute or  esteem  :  respectalile  :  honorable: 
consistent  with  reputation. — adv.  Rep'- 

TTTABLT.— n.   REP'UTABLENESS. 

REPUTATION,  rep-ii-ta'shun,  n.  state  of 
being  held  in  repute  :  estimation  :  char- 
acter as  established  in  public  opinion  : 
credit':  fame.  [Fr. — L.  reputatio,  con- 
sideration— re-putare,  to  think  over.] 

REPUTE,  re-put',  v.t.  to  account  or  esti- 
mate :  to  hold. — n.  estimate :  established 
opinion  :  character.  [L.  repxito,  -atum — 
re-,  ag-ain,  andpjfto,  to  reckon,  to  count.] 

REPUTEDLY,  re-put'ed-li,  adv.  in  com- 
mon repute  or  estimation. 

REQUEST,  re-kwest',  v.t.  to  ask  for  ear- 
nestly: to  entreat:  to  desire. — );.  petition; 
prayer  :  desire :  demand :  that  which  is 
requested :  a  want :  the  state  of  being 
desired.  [L.  requisitum,  pa.  p.  of  requiro 
— re-,  away,  and  qtwero,  to  seek.] 

REQUIEM,  re'kwi-em  or  rek'-,  ?;.  a  hymn 
or  ma.ss  sung  for  the  quiet  or  rest  of  the 
soul  of  the  dead  :  a  grand  musical  com- 
position in  honor  of  the  dead.  [L.,  ace. 
of  requies — (re-,  intensive,  and  qiiies, 
rest) ;  so  called  from  the  words  Requiem 
ceternam  dona  eis,  Domine,  "Give  eter- 
nal rest  to  them,  O  Lord  I  "  which  are 
repeated  in  the  service.] 

REQUIRABLE,  re-kwTr'a-b],a(^'.  that  may 
be  required  :  fit  or  proper  to  be  required. 

REQUIRE,  re-kwlr',  v.t.  to  ask:  to  demand: 
to  need :  to  exact :  to  direct.  [L.  re- 
miiro.J 

REQUIREMENT,  re-kwir'ment,  n.  the  act 
of  requiring  :  that  which  is  required  : 
claim  :  demand. 

REQUISITE,  rek'wi-zit,  adj.,  required : 
needful :  indispensable. — n.  that  which 
is  required  :  anything  necessary  or  in- 
dispensable. 

REQUISITION,  rek-wi-zish'un,  n.  the  act 
of  requiring:  an  application :  a  demand : 
a  written  request  or  invitation  :  a  de- 
mand made  by  the  governor  of  one  State 
upon  the  governor  of  another  State  for 
the  surrender  of  an  alleged  or  convicted 
criminal,  who  has  escaped  fi-om  the  jur- 
isdiction of  his  proven  or  alleged  crime. 
— n.  Reqdisi'tionist,  one  who  makes  a 
requisition.     [L.  requisitio.l 

REQUITAL,  re-kwit'al,  n.  the  act  of  re- 
quiting: payment  in  return:  recompense: 
reward. 

REQUITE,  re-kwit',  v.t.  to  give  hack  so  as 
to  be  quits  :  to  repay  :  to  pay  in  return. 
[L.  re,  back,  and  Qurr.] 

REREDOS,  rer'dos,  n.  the  wall  of  a  church 
behind  the  altar :  an  ornamental  screen 
there  placed.  [Fr.  arriire,  behind— L. 
ad,  and  retro,  and  Fr.  dos,  back — L. 
dorsum.'] 

REREMOUSE,  i-5r'mows,  n.  a  bat.  [Lit. 
"  the  mouse  that  moves  "  or  agitates  the 
air  with  its  wings.  A.S.  hreremus — 
hreran,  to  move,  and  vius,  a  mouse.] 

REREWARD.    Same  as  Rearward. 

RESCIND,  re-sind',  v.t.  to  cut  aicay  or  off . 
to  annul  :  to  repeal :  to  reverse.  [L.  re- 
scindo,  resdssum — re-,  and  scindo,  to  cut. 
See  Scissors  1 

RESCISSION,  re-sizh'un,  n.  the  act  of  re- 
scinding :  the  act  of  annulling  or  repeal- 
ing.—«d/.  Resciss'ory. 

RESCRIPT,  re'skript,  n.  the  official  answer 
of  a  pope  or  an  emperor  to  any  legal 
question:  an  edict  or  decree.  [Lit.  "that 
which  is  written  in  return,"  L.  rescriptum 
— re-,  back,  scribo,  scriptum,  to  write.] 

RESCUE,  res'ku,  v.t.  to  free  from  danger 
or  violence  :  to  deliver  :  to  liberate. — n. 
the  act  of  rescuing :  deliverance  from 
violence  or  danger  :  forcible  release  from 
arrest  or  imprisonment:— pr.;).  res'cuing; 
pa.f.  and  pa.p.  res'cued.  [M.E.  rescous 
— O.  Ft.  rescousse — O.  Fr.  rescoiirre — L. 


re-,  away,  and  exetdere,  to  shake  out — 

ex,  out,  and  quatio,  to  shake.] 
RESEARCH,  re-serch',  n.  a  careful  search: 
diligent  examination    or  investigation : 
scrutiny  :  great  learning  on  a  diflicult  or 
recondite   subject,  as  archaeology.     [L. 
re,  inten.,  and  Search.] 
RESEMBLANCE,  re-zemljlans,  n.  the  state 
of    resembling  :    similitude  :     likeness  : 
similarity  :  that  which  is  similar. 
RESEMBLE,  re-zem'bl,  v.t.  to  be  similar 
to :  to  have  the  likeness  of  :  to  possess 
similar  qualities  or  appearance  :  to  com- 
pare :  to  make  like.   [Fr.  ressembler — re-, 
and  sembler,  to  seem — L.  sinmlo.  to  make 
like — similis,  like.    Cf.  Assimilate  and 

RESENT,  re-zent',  v.t.  (orig.)  to  take  well : 
to  take  ill :  to  consider  as  an  injury  or 
affront:  to  be  Indignant  at:  to  express 
indignation.  [Fr.  resseniir,  from  L.  re-, 
in  return,  and  sentio.  to  perceive,  to  feel.] 

RESENTFUL,  re-zent'fool,  adj.  full  of  or 
prone    to    resentment.  —  aclv.    Resent'- 

FIILLY. 

RESENTMENT,  re-zent'ment,  n.  the  act 
of  resenting :  displeasure  :  anger :  in- 
dignation :  wrath. 

RESERVATION,  rez-er-va"shun,  n.  the  act 
of  reserving  or  keeping  back :  the  with- 
holding from  a  statement  of  a  word  or 
clause  necessary  to  convey  its  real  mean- 
ing :  something  withheld  :  a  clause,  pro- 
viso, or  limitation  by  which  something  is 
reserved  :  public  land  reserved  in  the 
U.S.  for  certain  purposes  ;  as  military 
reservations,  Indian  reservations. 

RESERVE,  re-zerv',  v.t.  to  keep  back:  to 
keep  for  future  r>r  other  use  :  to  retain. 
— n.  that  which  is  resen'ed  :  that  which 
is  kept  for  future  use  :  in  countries  hav- 
ing great  standing  armies  and  powerful 
navies,  a  part  of  an  army  or  a  fleet  re- 
served to  as.sist  those  engaged  in  action  : 
that  which  is  kept  back  in  tlie  mind  : 
mental  concealment :  absence  of  freedom 
in  words  or  actions :  caution.  [L.  re- 
servo — re-,  back,  and  servo,  to  save,  to 
keep.] 

RESERVED,  re-zervd',  udj.  characterized 
by  reserve  :  not  free  or  frank  in  words  or 
behavior  :  shy  :  cold.—adv.  Reserv'edlt. 
— n.  Reserv'edkess. 

RESERVOIR,rez-er-vwor',  n.  a  place  where 
anything  is  reserved  or  kept  in  store  :  a 
place  where  water  is  collected  and  stored 
for  use.     [Fr.] 

RESET,  re-set',  to  set  again  or  anew. 

RESET,  re-set',  v.t.  (Scot.)  to  receive  and 
hide,  as  stolen  goods.  [Perh.  a  corr.  of 
Receipt.] 

RESIDE,  re-zJd',  v.i.  to  remain  sitting :  to 
dwell  permanently :  to  abide  :  to  live  :  to 
inhere.  [L.  resided— -re-,  back,  and  sedeo, 
to  sitj 

RESIDENCE,  rez'i-dens,  n.  act  of  residing 
or  of  dwelling  in  a  place :  place  where 
one  resides. 

RESIDENCY,  rez'i-den-si,  n.  residence : 
the  official  dwelling  of  a  government 
officer  in  India. 

RESIDENT,  rez'i-dent,  adj.,  residing  or 
dwelling  in  a  place  for  some  time  :  resid- 
ing in  the  place  of  his  duties. — n.  one  who 
resides :  a  public  minister  at  a  foreign 
court. 

RESIDENTIAL,  rez-i-den'shal,  adj.  resid- 
ing :  liaving  actual  residence. 

.RESTOENTIARY,  rez-i-den'shar-i,  adj., 
residing. — n.  one  who  keeps  a  certain 
residence,  esp.  an  ecclesiastic. 

RESIDUAL,  re-zid'u-al,  adj.  remaining  as 
residue. 

RESIDUARY,  re-zid'Q-ar-i.  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  residue  :  receiving  the  remainder. 

RESIDUE,  rez'i-du.  n.  that  which  is  left 
behind  after  a  part  is  taken  away  :  the 


remainder.     {L.  residttvm,  from  resideOf 
to  remain  behind.     See  Reside.] 

RESIDUUM,  re-zid'u-um,  v..  residue:  that 
which  is  left  after  anj-  process  of  purifi- 
cation.    [L.] 

RESIGN,  re-zin',  v.t.  to  jneld  up  to  another: 
to  .submit  calmly.  [L.  resigno,  -atus.  tc 
unseal,  to  annul,  to  give  back — re,  .sig 
reversal,  signo,  to  mark,  to  seal — signum 
a  mark.]^ 

RESIGNATION,  rez-ig-na'shun,  n.  act  oj 
resigning  or  giving  up  :  state  of  being 
resigned  or  quietly  submissive  :  acquies- 
cence :  patience.  [Fr. — Low  L. — L.  re- 
signo.] 

RESILIENCE,  re-zil'i-ens,  RESILIENCY, 
re-zil'i-en-si,  n.  act  of  springing  back  or 
rebounding. 

RESILIENT,  re-zil'i-ent,  adj.,  springing 
hack  or  rebounding.  [L.  resili-ens,  -e7itis, 
pr.p.  of  risilio — re-,  back,  and  saHo,  to 
leap  or  spring.] 

RESIN,  rez'in,  ».  an  inflammable  substance, 
which  exudes  from  trees.  [Fr.  risirbe — ^L. 
re.siJio.] 

RESINOUS,  rez'in-us,  adj.  having  the  qual- 
ities of  or  resembling  resin. — adv.  Res'in- 
ousLY.— ?i.  Res'inousness. 

RESINY,  rez'in-i,  adj.  like  resin. 

RESIST,  re-zist',  v.t.  to  strive  against :  to 
oppose. — v.i.  to  make  opposition.  [L. 
resisto — re-,  against,  and  .sisfo,  to  .stand.] 

RESISTANCE,  re-zist'ans,  n.  act  of  resist- 
ing :  opposition  :  {mech.)  the  power  of  a 
body  which  acts  in  opposition  to  the  im- 
pulse of  another. 

RESISTIBLE,  re-zist'i-bl.  adj.  that  may  be 
resisted.- adr.  Resist'ibly. — n.  Reskti 

BIL'ITY. 
RESISTLESS,   re-zist'les,  adj.  ii-resistible, 
—adv.    Resist'lessly. — n.    Resist'less- 

KESS. 

RESOLUTE,  re/o-lut,  adj.,  resolved:  de 
termined  :  having  a  fixed  purpose  :  con 
stant  in  pursuing  a  purpose. — adv.  Res^o- 

LTTELY.- )(.  RES'OLUTENESS. 

RESOLUTION,  rez-o-lii'shun,  n.  act  of  re- 
solving: analj-sis  :  solution:  state  of  be- 
ing resolved:  fixed  determination:  steadi- 
ness :  that  which  is  resolved :  forma! 
proposal  in  a  public  assembly. 

RESOLVABLE,  re-zolv'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  resolved  or  reduced  to  its  elements. 
—adv.  Resolt'aely. 

RESOLVE,  re-zolv',  v.t.  to  separate  into 
parts  :  to  analyze:  to  free  from  doubt  or 
difficulty  :  to  explain  :  to  decide  :  to  fix 
by  resolution  or  formal  declaration  : 
{math.)  to  solve  :  {med.)  to  dispei'se,  as  a 
tumor :  [music)  to  cany  a  discord  into  a 
concord. — v.i.  to  determine. — r?. anything 
resolved  or  determined:  resolution  :  fixed 
purpose.  [L.  resolro.  resohdnin — re-,  in- 
ten., and  solvo,  to  loose.] 

RESOLVED,  re-zolvd',  adj.  fixed  in  pur- 
nose.— acff.    Resolv'edly. — n.    Resolt'- 

EDNESS. 

RESONANCE,  rez'o-nans,  n.  act  of  re- 
scninding :  the  returning  of  sound  by  re- 
flection or  by  the  production  of  vibrations 
in  other  bodies. 

RESONANT,     rez'o-nant,    adj.,    smmding 
back :  returning  sound.     [L.  resono — re- 
back,  and  sono.  to  sound.] 

RESORT,  re-zort',  v.i.  to  go:  to  betakp 
one's  self:  to  have  recourse  :  to  apply.- 
n.  act  of  resorting :  a  place  much  "fr& 
quented  :  a  haunt  :  resource.  [Fr.  res- 
sortir,  lit.  "to  obtain  again,"  from  re- 
and  L.  sortiri,  to  cast  lots,  to  obtain — 
sors.  sortis,  a  lot.] 

RESOUND,  re-zownd',  v.t.  to  sound  hack : 
to  echo :  to  praise  or  celebrate  with 
sound  :  to  spread  the  fame  of. — v.i.  to  be 
sent  back  or  echoed  :  to  echo  :  to  sound 
loudly :  to  be  much  mentioned.  [L.  r& 
back,  and  Sound.] 


RESOURCE 


364 


RETIFORM 


KEBOURCE,  re-sors',  n.  a  source  of  help  : 
an  expedient :  — pi.  means  of  raising' 
money  :  means  of  anj'  kind  :  specifically, 
the  means  possessed  by  banks,  insurance 
companies,  etc.,  for  doing'  a  sound  and 
satisfactory  business  ■with  the  pubUc. 
pv.  ressource — O.  Fr.  resors,  from  res- 
ordre — L.  re-surgere,  to  rise  ag^ain.] 
ijRESPECT,  re-spekt',  v.t.  to  esteem  for 
merit :  to  honor  :  to  relate  to. — >i.  act  of 
esteeming  highly  :  regard  :  expression 
of  esteem  :  deportment  arising  from 
esteem:  relation:  reference:  (B.)good- 
■will :  partiahty.  [Lit.  "to  look  back 
upon,"  L.  respicio,  respectum — re-,  back, 
and  specio,  to  look.] 

EESPECTABLE,  re-spekt'a-bl,  adj.  worthy 
of  respect  or  regard  :  moderate  in  ex- 
cellence or  number  :  not  mean  or  des- 
picable. —  adv.  Respect' ABLY.  —  n.  Re- 
spect abil'itt,  state  or  quahty  of  being 
respectable. 

RESPECTFUL,  re-spekt'fool,  adj.  full  of 
respect :  marked  by  civiUty. — adv.  Re- 
spect'fully. 

RESPECTIVE,  re-spekt'iv,  idj.  having  re- 
spect or  reference  to :  relative  :  relating 
to  a  particular  person  or  thing  :  particu- 
lar.— adv.  Respect'ively. 

RESPIRABLE,  re-spir'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  breathed  :  fit  for  respiration. — n.  Re- 
SPIRABIL'ity,  quality  of  being  respirable. 

RESPIRATION,  res  -  pi  -  ra '  shun,  n.  the 
function  of  breathing. 

RESPIRATOR,  res'pi-ra-tor,  n.  a  network 
of  fine  wire  for  respiring  or  breathing 
through. 

RESPIRATORY,  re-splr'a-tor-i,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  serving  for  respiration. 

RESPIRE,  re-spir',  v.i.  to  breathe  again 
and  again  :  to  breathe  :  to  take  rest. — 
v.t.  to  breathe  out.  [L.  re-tpiro — re-,  sig. 
repetition,  continuance,  and  spiro,-atum, 
to  breathe.] 

REISPITE,  res'pit,  n.  temporary  cessation 
of  anything  :  pause  :  interval  of  rest : 
(law)  temporarj^  suspension  of  the  execu- 
tion of  a  criminal. — v.t.  to  grant  a  res- 
pite to  :  to  relieve  by  a  pause  :  to  delay. 
[O.  Fr.  respit  (Fr.  repit)  —  L.  respectus. 
Doublet  Respect.] 

RESPLENDENCE,  re  -  splen'dens,  RE- 
SPLENDENCY, re-splen'den-si,  n.  state 
of  being  resplendent. 

RESPLENDENT,  re-splen'dent,  adj.  very 
splendid,  shining  brilliantly:  very  bright. 
— adv.  Resplei^dently.  [L.  resplendeo — 
re-,  inten.,  and  splendeo,  to  sliine.] 

RESPOND,  re-spond',  v.i.  to  answer  or  re- 
ply :  to  correspond  to  or  suit :  to  be  an- 
swerable. [L.  respondeo,  responsum — 
re-,  back,  and  spondeo,  to  promise.  See 
Sponsor.] 

RESPONDENT,  re-spond'ent,  adj.  answer- 
ing :  corresponding  to  expectation. — n. 
one  who  answers,  esp.  in  a  law  suit :  one 
who  refutes  objections. 

RESPONSE,  re-spons',  n.  a  reply:  an  orac- 
ular answer  :  the  answer  made  by  the 
congregation,  the  acolytes  within  the 
sanctuary,  or  the  choir  to  the  priest  or 
minister  during  divine  service  :  reply  to 
an  objection  in  a  formal  disputation. 
[See  Respond.] 

RESPONSIBILITY,  re-spon-si-bil'i-ti,  n. 
state  of  being  responsible:  what  one  is 
responsible  for. 

RESPONSIBLE,  re-spon'si-bl.  adj.  liable  to 
be  called  to  account  or  render  satisfac- 
tion: answerable:  capable  of  discharging 
duty. — adv.  Respon'sibly. 

RESPONSIONS,  re-spon'shuns,  ?i.  the  first 
of  the  three   examinations  for  the  B.A. 
degree     at    Oxford,     familiarly    called 
"  smalls."    [See  Respond.] 

RESPONSIVE,  re-spon'siv,  adj.  inclined  to 


respond  :  answering  :  correspondent. — 
adv.  Respon'sfvely. 

REST,  rest,  n.  cessation  from  motion  or 
disturbance  :  peace  :  quiet :  sleep  :  the 
final  sleep  or  death  :  place  of  rest :  that 
on  which  anything  rests  :  a  pause  of  the 
voice  in  reading :  {rnusic)  an  interval  of 
silence  and  its  mark. — At  REST,  applied 
to  a  body,  means,  having  no  velocity  with 
respect  to  that  on  which  the  body  stands. 
— v.i.  to  cease  from  action  or  labor :  to 
be  still :  to  repose  :  to  sleep  :  to  be  dead: 
to  be  supported  :  to  lean  or  trust :  to  be 
satisfied  :  to  come  to  an  end. — v.t.  to  lay 
at  rest :  to  quiet :  to  place  on  a  support. 
[A.S.  ;  Gr«r.  rast,  Dut.  rust.l 

REST,  rest,  n.  that  which  remains  after 
the  separation  of  a  part :  remainder  : 
others.  — v.i.  to  remain.  [Fr.  reste — "L. 
resto,  to  remain — re-,  back,  and  sto,  to 
stand.] 

RESTAURANT,  res'to-rang  or  res'to-rant, 
71.  a  house  for  the  sale  of  refreshments. 
[Fr. — restaurer,  to  restore.  See  Re- 
store.] 

RES'HTUTION,  res-ti-tu'shun,  n.  act  of 
restoring  what  was  lost  or  taken  away. 
[L.  restitutio — restituo,  to  set  up  again 
— re-,  again,  and  statuo,  to  make  to 
stand.     See  Statue.] 

RESTIVE,  rest'iv,  adj.  unwilling  to  go  for- 
ward :  obstinate. — adv.  Rest'ively. — n. 
Rest'iveness.  [O.  Fr.  restif,  Fr.  retif — 
reste.    See  Rest,  that  which  remains.] 

RESTLESS,  rest'les,  adj.  in  continual  mo- 
tion :  uneasy  :  passed  in  unquietness  : 
seeking  change  or  action  :  unsettled  : 
turbulent. — adv.  Rest'lessly. — n.  Rest'- 
LBBSNESS.  [From  Rest,  cessation  from 
motion.] 

RESTORATION,  res-to-ra'shun,  n.  act  of 
restoring  :  replacement :  recovery  :  re- 
'vival  :  reparation. 

RESTORATIVE,  re-storVtiv,  adj.,  able  or 
tending  to  restore,  esp.  to  strength  and 
vigor. — n.  a  medicine  that  restores. — 
adv.  Restor'atively. 

RESTORE,  re-stor',  v.t.  to  repair :  to  re- 
place :  to  return  :  to  bring  back  to  its 
former  state  :  to  revive  :  to  cure. — n. 
Restoe'ee.  [Fr.  restaurei — L.  restauro 
— re-,  again,  and  root  sta,  to  stand.] 

RESTRAIN,  re-stran',  v.t.  to  hold  back:  to 
check  :  to  hinder :  to  hmit.  [O.  Fr.  re- 
straindre — L.  restringo,  restnctum — re-, 
back,  and  stringo,  to  draw  or  bind  tight- 
ly-] 

RESTRAINT,  re-strant',  n.  act  of  restrain- 
ing :  state  of  being  restrained :  want  of 
libert-y  :  Umitation  :  hinderance. 

RESTRICT,  re-strikt',  v.t.  to  limit :  to  con- 
fine :  to  repress.     [See  under  Restrain.] 

RESTRICTION,  re-strik'shun,  n.  act  of  re- 
stricting :  limitation  :  confinement. 

RESTRICTIVE,  re-strikt'iv,  adj.  having' 
the  power  or  tendencj'  to  restrict. — adv. 
Restrict'ively. 

RE.SULT,  re-zult',  v.i.  to  issue  (in) :  to  fol- 
low as  a  consequence. — n.  consequence  : 
conclusion  :  decision.  [Fr. — L.  resulto — 
resilio.     See  Resilient.J 

RESULTANT,  re-zult'ant,  adj.,  resulting 
from  combination. — n.  (physics)  a  force 
compounded  of  two  or  more  forces. 

RESUMABLE,  re-zum'a-bl,  adj.  liable  to 
be  taken  back  again,  or  taken  up  again. 

RESUME,  re-zum',  v.t.  to  take  back  what 
has  been  given  :  to  take  up  again  :  to  be- 
gin again  after  interruption.  [L.  resunio 
— re-,  back,  -sumo,  sumptum,  to  take. 
See  Sumptuary.] 

RESUMPTION,  re-zump'shun,  n.  act  of 
resuming  or  taking  back  again. 

RESURGENT,  re-sur'jent,  adj.,  rising 
again,  or  from  the  dead.  [L.  re-,  a^ain, 
and  .^urgo.  surrecfum,  to  rise.] 

RESLTiRECTION,  rez-ur-rek'shun,  n.  the 


rising  again  from  the  dead :  the  Ufa 
thereafter.  [The  inelegant  verb  resur- 
rect, which  is  utterly  inadmissible  from 
an  etymological  point  of  view,  has  been 
so  much  used  by  the  American  news- 
paper press  that  it  is  now  a  standard 
Americanism.] 

RESUSCITATE,  re-sus'i-tat,  v.t.  to  revive  : 
to  revivify. — v.i.  to  revive  :  to  awaken 
and  come  to  life  again.  [L.  re-,  again, 
and  siuieito — sus,  from  subs,  for  sub,  from 
beneath,  and  cito,  to  put  into  quick  mo- 
tion— cieo,  to  make  to  go.] 

RESUSCITATION,  re-sus-i-ta'shun,  n.  act 
of  re'viving  from  a  state  of  apparent 
death  :  state  of  being  revi'vified. 

RESUSCITATIVE,re-sus'i-tat-iv,  adj.  tend- 
ing to  resuscitate :  reviving  :  revivifying  : 
reanimating. 

RETAIL,  re-tal',  v.t.  to  sell  in  small  paarts : 
to  deal  out  in  small  portions  :  to  teU  in 
broken  parts,  or  at  second-hand. — n. 
Retail'er.  [Fr.  retailler,  to  cut  again 
— re-,  again,  and  tailler,  to  cut.  See 
Detail.] 

RETAIL,  re'tal,  n.  the  sale  of  goods  in  small 
quantities. 

RETAIN,  re-tan',  v.t.  to  keep  in  possession: 
to  detain  :  to  employ  by  a  fee  paid.  [Fr. 
— L.  retineo — re-,  back,  and  teneo,  to  hold. 
See  TenureJ 

RETAINABLE,  re-tan'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  retained. 

RETAINER,  re-tan'er,  n.  one  who  is  re- 
tained or  kept  in  service  :  a  dependent ; 
a  fee  paid  to  a  lawyer  to  defend  a  cause. 

RETALIATE,  re-tal'i-at,  v.t.  to  return.  Kke 
for  like:  to  repay. — v.i.  to  return  like 
for  like.  [L.  refalio,  -atum — re-,  in  re- 
turn, talio,  -onis,  hke  for  like — talis,  of 
such  a  kind.] 

RETALIATION,  re-tal-i-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
retaliating  :  the  return  of  hke  for  like  : 
retribution. 

RETALIATIVE,  re-tal'i-a-tiv,  RETALIA- 
TORY, re-tal'i-a-tor-i,  adj.  returning  hke 
for  like. 

RETARD,  re-tard',  v.t.  to  keep  back:  to 
delay  :  to  defer.  [Fi-. — L.  retardo — re-, 
inten.,  and  tarda,  to  make  slow — tardms, 
slow.    See  Tardy.] 

RETARDATION,  re-tar-da'shun,  n.  delay, 
hinderance  :  obstacle. 

RETCH,  rech,  v.i.  to  try  to  vomit:  to  strain. 
[A.S.  hrceean,  to  hawk,  cog.  with  Ice, 
hroekja,  to  vomit.] 

RETENTION,  re-ten'shun,  n.  act  or  power 
of  retaining  :  memory :  restraint :  ous- 
tody. 

RETENTIVE,  re-tent'iv,  adj.  having  power 
to  retain. — adv.  Retent'ively. — n.  Rb- 
tent'iteness. 

RETIARY,  re'shi-ar-i,  adj.,  netlike:  con- 
structing a  web  to  catch  prey  :  provided 
with  a  net.  [L.  retiariiis,  a  gladiaAor 
who  fights  witn  a  net — rete,  a  net.] 

RETICENCE,  ret'i-sens,  RETICENCY,  ret'- 
i-sen-si,  n.  concealment  by  silence:  reserve 
in  speech. 

RETICENT,  ret'i-sent,  adj.  concealing  by 
silence  :  reserved  in  speech.  [L.  reticens, 
-enfis,  pr.p.  of  reticeo — re-,  and  taceo,  to 
be  silent.] 

RETICULAR,  re-tik'u-lar,  adj.  having  the 
form    of   network :   formed    with    inter- 

StlCGS 

RETICULATE,  re-tik'u-lat,  RETICULAT- 
ED, re-tik'u-lat-ed,  adj.,  netted:  having 
the  form  or  structure  of  a  net  :  having 
veins  crossing  hke  network. — n.  Reticu- 

LA'^nON. 

RETICULE,  ret'i-kul,  RETICLE,  retl-kl, 
n.  a  little  nettrork  bag :  a  lady's  work- 
bag.     [L.  reticulum,  dim.  of  rete.  a  net.] 

RETIFORM,  ret'i-form,  adj.  ha-ving  the 
form  or  structure  of  a  net.  [L.  rete,  and 
forma,  form.] 


KETINA 


365 


REVERT 


RETINA,  ret'i-na,  n.  the  innermost  coat- 
ing of  the  eye,  consisting  of  a  fine  net- 
work of  optic  nerves.  [From  L.  rete,  a 
net.] 

BETENTTE,  ret'i-nu,  n.  the  body  of  re- 
tainers who  follow  a  person  of  rank :  a 
euite.     [See  Retain.] 

BETTIRE,  re-tir',  v.i.  to  draw  back  :  to  re- 
treat :  to  recede. — v.t.  to  withdraw  :  to 
cause  to  retire.  [Tr.  retirer — re-,  back, 
and  tirer,  from  a  Teut.  root  seen  in  Goth. 
tairan,  Ger.  zerren,  E.  Tear.] 

RETIREMENT,  re-tir'ment,  n.  act  of  re- 
tiring or  withdrawing  from  society  or 
from  public  life  :  state  of  being  retired  : 
soUtude  :  privacy. 

KETORT,  re-tort',  v.t.  to  throw  back  :  to 
return. — v.i.  to  make  a  sharp  reply. — n. 
a  ready  and  sharp  reply:  a  witty  answer: 
a  vessel  used  in  distillation,  properly  a 
spiral  tube.  [Fr.— L.  retortum,  pa.  p.  of 
retorqueo  —  re-,  back,  and  torgueo,  to 
twist.     See  Tortuke.] 

RETOUCH,  re-tuch',  v.t.  to  improve,  as  a 
picture,  by  new  touches.  —  n.  the  re-ap- 
plication of  the  artist's  hand  to  a  work. 
fL.  re,  again,  and  Touch.] 

RETRACE,  re-tras',  v.t.  to  trace  back:  to 
go  back  by  the  same  course  :  to  renew 
the  outline  of  :  in  penmanship,  the  fault 
of  uniting  the  up  and  the  down  strokes 
in  making  letters.  [L.  re,  back,  and 
Trace.] 

RETRACT,  re-trakt'.  v.t.  to  retrace  or 
draw  back  :  to  recall :  to  recant. — v.i.  to 
take  back  what  has  been  said  or  granted. 
— n.  Retracta'tion.  [L.  retraho,  retrac- 
tum — re-,  back,  and  traho,  to  draw.] 

RETRACTILE,  re-trakt'il,  adj.  that  may 
be  dratvn  back,  as  claws. 

RETRACTION,  re-trak'shun,  n.  act  of  re- 
tracting or  drawing  back :  recantation. 

RETRACTIVE,  re-trakt'iv,  adj.  able  or 
ready  to  retract.— adv.   Retract'ively. 

RETREAT,  re-tret',  n.  a  dramng  back  or 
retracing  one's  steps  :  retirement :  place 
of  privacy  :  a  place  of  security  :  a  shel- 
ter :  in  the  Catholic  Church,  a  religious 
devotion  observed  by  the  clergy  and 
ecclesiastical  students,  and  usually  last- 
ing for  a  week,  during  which  time  prayer, 
exhortation,  and  meditation  completely 
shut  out  worldly  concerns  :  {mil.)  the  act 
of  retiring  in  order  from  before  the 
enemy,  or  from  an  advanced  position : 
the  signal  for  retiring  from  an  engage- 
ment or  to  quarters. — v.i.  to  draw  back  : 
to  retire,  esp.  to  a  place  of  shelter  or 
security  :  to  retire  before  an  enemy  or 
from  an  advanced  position.  [O.  Fr.  re- 
tret  (Fr.  retraite) — L.  retract  us,  pa.  p.  of 
retraJio.'] 

RETRENCH,  re-trensh',  v.t.  to  cut  off  or 
away:  to  render  less:  to  curtail. — v.i. 
to  live  at  less  expense  :  to  economize. 
[O.  Fi\  retrencher  (Fr.  retrancher) — re-, 
and  trencher,  to  cut,  which,  ace.  to  Lit- 
tre,  is  from  L.  truncare,  to  cut  off,  maim.] 

RETRENCHMENT,  re-trensh'ment,  n.  cut- 
ting off :  lessening  or  abridging  ;  reduc- 
tion :  (fort.)  a  work  within  another  for 
prolonging  the  defence. 

RETRIBUTION,  ret-ri-bu'shun,  n.  repay- 
ment :  suitable  return  :  reward  or  pun- 
ishment. [L.  retributio—retribuo,  to 
give  back— re-,  back,  and  tribuo,  to  give. 
See  Tribute.] 
RETRIBUTIVE,  re-trib'u-tiv,ac?;.  repaying: 

rewarding  or  punishing  suitably. 
RETRIEVABLE,    re-trev'a-bl,   adj.   that 

may  be  recovered. — adv.  Retriev'ablt. 
RETRIEVE,  re-trev',  v.t.  to  recover :  to 
recall  or  bring  back  :  to  bring  back  to  a 
former  state  :  to  repair.— w.  Retriev'al. 
[O.  Fr.  retruver,  Fr.  retrourer  —  re-, 
again,   and  trouver,  to  find.    Cf,    Con- 


trive and  (for  the  vowel  change)  Rb- 
prieveJ 
RETRIEVER,  re-trev'er,  n.  a  kind  of  dog 
trained  to  find  and  fetch  game  that  has 
been  shot,  and  to  recover  anything  lost. 

rWrtrt  T^ pfTTTs -f n \T ij*  n 

RETROCESSION,  re-tro-sesh'un,  n.  agoing 
back :  a  giving  back.  [L.  retrocessus — 
retroeedo,  to  go  back,  to  yield  —  retro, 
back,  and  cedo,  to  go.] 

RETROGRADE,  re'tro-grad,  adj.,  going 
backward:  falling  from  better  to  worse: 
(biology)  becoming  less  highly  organized. 
— v.i.  to  go  backwards. — n.  Retrograda'- 
TION.  [L.  retrogradus — retro,  backward, 
and  gradior,  gresstis,  to  go.] 

RETROGRESSION,  re-tro-gresh'un,  n.  a 
going  backward :  a  decline  in  quality  or 
merit.— ad/.  Retrogress'ive.— adv.  Re- 
trogress'ively.    [See  Retrograde.] 

RETROSPECT,  re'tro-spekt,  n.  a  looking 
back :  a  contemplation  of  the  past.  [L. 
retrospecttis,  pa.p.  of  retrospicio — retro, 
back,  and  specio,  to  look.] 

RETROSPECTION,  re-tro-spek'shun,  n.  the 
act  or  faculty  of  looking  back  oathe  past. 
—  ady.  Retrospect'ive.  —  adv.  Retro- 
spect'ively. 

RETURN,  re-turn',  v.i.  to  come  back  to  the 
same  place  or  state  :  to  answer :  to  re- 
tort.— v.t.  to  bring  or  send  back:  to  trans- 
mit: to  give  back:  to  repay:  to  give  back 
in  reply  :  to  report  :  to  give  an  account. 
— n.  the  act  of  going  back  :  revolution  : 
periodic  renewal :  the  act  of  bringing  or 
sending  back  :  restitution  :  repayment : 
the  profit  on  capital  or  labor  :  a  reply  :  a 
report  or  account,  esp.  official :  — pi.  a 
light  tobacco  :  the  news  of  election  con- 
tests :  the  result  as  determined,  legally 
and  officially,  with  reference  to  elections: 
news  and  results  in  general.  [Fr.  re- 
tourner — re-,  back,  and  tourner,  to  turn 
— L.  tornare.    See  Turn.] 

RETURNABLE,  re-turn'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  returned  or  restored. 

REUNION,  re-un'yun,  n.  a  union  after  sep- 
aration: an  assembly.  [Fr.  reunion — re-, 
and  union.    See  Union.] 

REUNITE,  re-u-mt',  v.t.  to  join  after 
separation  :  to  reconcile  after  variance. 
— v.i.  to  become  united  again  :  to  join 
again.    [L.  re,  again,  and  Unite.] 

REVEAL,  re-vel',  v.t.  to  unveil:  to  make 
known  :  to  disclose.  [Fr.  revUer  —  lt. 
revelo — re-,  reversal,  and  velo,  to  veil — 
velum,  a  veil.    See  Veil.] 

REVEILLE,  ra-vel'ya,  n.  the  sound  of  the 
drum  or  bugle  at  day-break  to  aicaken 
soldiers.  [Lit.  "awake,"  imperative  of 
Fr.  reveiller,  to  awake — re-,  again,  and 
veiller — L.  vigilare,  to  watch.  See  Vigil.] 

REVEL,  rev'el,  v.i.  to  feast  in  a  riotous  or 
noisy  manner  :  to  carouse  •.—pr.p.  rev'- 
elling  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  rev'elled. — n.  a 
riotous  or  tumultuous  feast:  carousal. — n. 
Rev'eller.  [O.  Fr.  reveler — ^L.  rebellare, 
to  rebel.  See  Rebel  ;  prob.  influenced 
also  by  Fr.  reveiller  (see  Reveille),  and 
reve  (see  Rave).] 
REVELATION,  rev-e-la'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
revealing  or  making  known  :  that  which 
is  revealed  :  the  revealing  divine  truth  : 
that  which  is  revealed  by  God  to  man  : 
the  Apocalypse  or  last  book  of  the  New 
Testament:— p/.  unexpected  and  usually 
scandalous  disclosures  touching  public 
and  sometimes  private  affairs.  [Fr. — L. 
revelatio — revelo.  See  Reveal.] 
REVELRY,   rev'el-ri,   n.   riotous  or  noisy 

festivity. 
REVENGfE,  re-venj',  v.t.  to  punish  or  in- 
jure in  return  :  to  avenge. — n.  the  act  of 
revenging :  injury  inflicted  in  return  :  a 
malicious  injuring  in  return  for  an  offence 
or  injury  received  :  the  passion  for  retali- 
ation.— n.  Reveng'er.    [O.  Fr.  revenger, 


revencher  (Fr.  revancher) — L.  re-,  in  re- 
turn, and  vindico,  to  lay  claim  to.  See 
Vindicate  and  Vengeance.] 

REVENGEFUL,  re-venj'fool,  adj.  full  of 
revenge  or  a  desire  to  inflict  injury  in 
return  :  vindictive  :  malicious. — adv.  Rb- 
venge'fully. 

REVENGEMENT,  re-venj'ment,  n.  (B.)  re^ 
venge. 

REVENUE,  rev'en-u,  n.  the  receipts  ot 
rents  from  any  source  :  return  :  income : 
the  income  of  a  state. — Internal  rev- 
enue, U.  S.  government  receipts  from 
sources  other  than  customs  duties,  i»- 
cluding  taxes  on  tobacco,  liquor,  patent 
medicines,  artificial  butter,  etc.  [lit. 
"  that  which  comes  back,"  Fr.  revenue, 
pa.p.  of  revenir,  to  return — L.  revenire— 
re-,  back,  venio,  to  come.] 

REVERBERATE,  re-ver'ber-at,  v.t.  to  send 
back,  as  sound  :  to  echo :  to  reflect  :  to 
drive  from  side  to  side,  as  flame. — v.i. 
to  echo  :  to  resound  :  to  bound  back :  to 
be  repelled. —  n.  Reverbera'tion.  [Lit. 
"  to  beat  back, "  L.  re-,  back,  and  verber-o, 
-atus,  to  beat — verber,  a  lash.] 

REVERBERATORY,  re-ver'ber-a-tor-i,  adf. 
that  reverberates  :  returning  or  driving 
back. 

REVERE,  re-ver',  v.t.  to  regard  with  re- 
spectful awe  :  to  venerate.  [Fr.  reverer 
— L.  revereor — re-,  intensive,  and  vereor, 
to  feel  awe,  akin  to  Gr.  horao,  O.  Grer. 
warten,  E.  Ward.] 

REVERENCE,  rev'er-en?,  n.  fear  arising 
from  high  respect :  respectful  awe  :  ven- 
eration :  honor  :  an  act  of  revering  or 
obeisance  :  a  bow  or  courtesy :  a  title  of 
the  clergy. — v.t.  to  regard  with  rever- 
ence :  to  venerate  or  honor.  [See  Re- 
vere.] 

REVEREND,  rev'er-end,  adj.  worthy  of 
reverence :  a  title  of  the  clergy :  (B.) 
awful,  venerable.  [Fr. — L.  reverendv^ — 
revereor.    See  Revere.] 

REVERENT,  rev'er-ent,  adj.  showing  rev- 
erence :  submissive  :  humble. — adv.  Rev'- 
ERENTLY. 

REVERENTIAL,  rev-er-en'shal,  adj.  pro- 
ceeding from  reverence  :  respectful :  sub- 
missive.— adv.  Reveren'tlally. 

REVERIE,  REVERY,  rev'er-i,  n.  an  irreg- 
ular train  of  thoughts  or  fancies  ia 
meditation  :  voluntary  inactivity  of  the 
external  senses  to  the  impressions  of  sur- 
rounding objects  during  wakefulness. 
("Lit.  "a  dreaming,"  Fr.,  from  rever,  to 
dream.     See  Rave.] 

REVERSAL,  re-vers'al,  n.  the  act  of  re- 
versing :  a  change  :  an  overthrowing  or 
annulling. 

REVERSE,  re-vers',  v.t.  to  place  in  the 
contrary  order  or  position  :  to  change 
wholly  :  to  overthrow  :  to  change  by  an 
opposite  decision  :  to  annul. — n.  that 
which  is  reversed  :  the  opposite  :  the 
back,  esp.  of  a  coin  :  change  :  misfor- 
tune.— adj.  turned  backward  :  having  an 
opposite  direction.  [L.  reversMs,  pa.p.  of 
reverto,  to  turn  back — re-,  back,  and  verto, 
to  turn.] 

REVERSIBLE,  re-vers'i-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  reversed. 

Rp  VERSION,  re-ver'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
revei-ting  or  returning :  that  which  re- 
verts or  returns  :  the  return  or  future 
possession  of  any  property  after  some 
particular  event :  the  right  to  future 
possession.     [L.  reversio.'] 

REVERSIONARY,  re-ver'shun-ar-i,  a^. 
relating  to  a  reversion  :  to  be  enjoyed  in 
succession. 

REVERT,  re-vert',  v.t.  to  turn  or  drive 
back :  to  reverse. — v.i.  to  return :  to  fall 
back  :  to  refer  back :  to  retiu-n  to  the 
original  owner  or  his  heirs.    [L.  reverto.\ 


REVERTIBLE 


366 


RICHNESS 


REVERTIBLE,  re-vert'i-bl,  a#  that  may 

revert  or  be  reverted. 
REVERY.    Same  as  Reverie. 
REVIEW,    re-vu',    v.t.   to  re-examine:  to 
revise  :  to  examine  critically  :  to  inspect, 
as  a  body  of  troops. — n.  a  viewing-  again: 
a  reconsideration  :  the  examination  of  a 
cause  in  a  higher  court,  which  has  al- 
ready been   adjudicated   in  a   lower :  a 
careful  or  critical  examination  :    a  cri- 
tique :    a    periodical    with    critiques    of 
books  :  etc. :  the  inspection  of  a  oody  of 
troops  or  a  number  of  ships.    [Fr.  revue. 
pa.  p.  of  revoir — L.  re-,  again,  and  video. 
See  View.] 
REVTEWER,  re-vQ'er,  tj.  an  inspector :  a 

writer  in  a  review. 
REVILE,  re-vil',  v.t.  to  reproach:  to  calum- 
niate.— n.  Revil'ee.   [L.  re,  and  Vile.] 
RE^^NDICATE,  re-vin'di-kat,  v.t.  to  vindi- 
cate again  :   to  reclaim.     [L.  re,  again, 
and  Vindicate.] 
RE^^SAL,  re-viz'^al,  REVISION,  re-vizh'- 

un,  n.  review  :  re-examination. 
REVISE,  re- viz',  v.t.  to  review  and  amend. 
— >i.  review  :  a  second  proof-sheet. — n. 
Revis'er.  [Ft.  reviser — L.  re-,  back,  and 
fiso,  to  look  at  attentively,  inten.  of 
video,  to  see.] 
REVISIT,  re-viz'it,  v.t.  to  visit  again.  [L. 

re,  again,  and  Visit.} 
REVIVAL,  re-%'iv'al,  n.  recovery  from  lan- 
guor, neglect,  depression,  etc.:    renewed 
performance  of,  a-s  of  a  play  :  renewed 
interest  in  or  attention  to  :  a' time  of  re- 
ligious awakening. — n.  Revtv'alist,  one 
who  promotes    religious    revivals.  —  n. 
Reviv'aijsm. 
REVRi;,  re-viv',  ?».t.  to  return  to   life, 
vigor,  or  fame  :  to  recover  from  neglect, 
oblivion,  or  depression. — y.^.  to  restore 
to  life  again  :  to  reo.waken  in  tlie  mind  : 
to  recover  from  neglect  or  depression  : 
to  bring  again  into  public   notice,  as  a 
play.— ».  Revtv'er.    [L.  re-,  again,  and 
I'iro.  to  live.     See  VrvrD.] 
REVIVIFY,  re-viv'i-fi,  v.t.  to  cause  to  re- 
vive :  to  reanimate. — 7i.  EEVrrrFICA'TION. 
REVOCABLE,  rev'o-ka-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  revoked.— ns.  REV'ocABLE^^ESS,  Revo- 
cabil'ity. — adv.  Rev'ocably. 
REVOCATION,  rev-o-ka'shun,  n.  a  recall- 
ing :  repeal :  reversal. 
REVOKE,  re-vok',  v.t.  to  annul  by  recall- 
ing :  to  repeal :  to  reverse  :  to  neglect  to 
follow  suit  (at  cards).      [L.  reuoco — re-, 
back,  and  voco,  to  call.    See  VoiCE.] 
REVOLT,  re-v5lt',  i\i.  to  renounce  allegi- 
ance:   to   be  grossly   oflfended. — v.t.  to 
cause  to  rise  in  revolt :  to  shock. — n.  a 
rebellion. — n.  Revolt'er.      [Fr. — It.   ri- 
volta — ri,  against,  and  volta,  a  turning— 
L.  volvere,  to  turn.] 
REVOLTING,    re-v61t'ing,  adj.   causing  a 
turning  away  from  :  shocking.— adf.  Re- 
VOLT'DfGLY. 
REVOLUTE,   reVol-ut,  adj.   rolled    back- 
ward. 
REVOLUTION,  rev-ol-u'shun,  n.  act  of  re- 
-oh'ing :  motion  round  a  centre  :  course 
which  brings  to  the  same  point  or  state  : 
space  measured  by  a  revolving  body :  ex- 
tensive change  in  the  govei-nmerit  of  a 
country:  a  revolt.     [See  REVOLVE.] 
REVOLUTIONARY,  rev-ol-u'shun-ar-i,o  (j. 
pertaining  to  or  tending  to  a  revolution 
in  government. 
REVOLUTIONIST,  rev-ol-u'shun-ist,n.  one 

wlio  promotes  or  favors  a  revolution. 
REVOLUTIONIZE,  rev-ol-u'shun-iz,  v.t.  to 
cause  a  revolution  or  entire  change  of 
atn-thing. 
REVOLVE,  re-voh-',  v.i.  to  roll  back:  to 
roll  round  ca  an  axis  :  to  move  round  a 
centre.-  i.t.  to  cause  to  turn:  to  consider. 
\h.  revolvo,  rmolutum—re-,  back,  and 
volvo,  to  roll.] 


REVOLVER,  re-volv'er,  n.  that  which  re- 
volves :  a  firearm  which,  by  means  of 
revolving  bai-rels,  can  fire  more  than 
once  witliout  reloading. 

REVULSION,  re-vul'shun,  n.  disgust :  the 
di\prting  of  a  disease  from  one  part  to 
anothei".  [Lit.  "  a  tearing  away,^'  L.  re- 
vuhio^revello,  revulsum.  to  tear  off  or 
awav — re-,  away,  and  vello.  to  tear.] 

REVULSIVE,  re-vul'siv,  a4J.  tending  to 
revulsion. 

REW^VRD,  re-wawrd',  n.  that  which  is 
given  in  return  for  good  or  evil :  recom- 
pense :  retribution  :  the  fruit  of  one's 
own  labor. — v.t.  to  give  in  return :  to 
requite,  whether  good  or  evil :  to  punish: 
(B.)  to  recompense.  [O.  Fr.  resivarder, 
from  re  and  the  Teut.  root  of  Ward  or 
Guard.] 

REYNARD,  ra'nard,  n.    Same  asRENARD. 

RHAPSODIC,  rap-sod'ik,  RHAPSODICAL, 
rap-sod'ik-al,  aclj.  pertaining  to,  consist- 
ing of,  or  resembling  rhapsody.  —  adv. 
Rhapsod'ically. 

RILVPSODIST,  rap'so-dist,  n.  one  who  re- 
cites or  sings  rliapsodies  :  one  who  com- 
poses verses  extempore :  one  who  speaks 
or  writes  disjointedly. 

RHAPSODY',  rap'so-di,  n.  any  wild  uncon- 
nected composition  :  a  part  of  an  epic 
Soem  for  recitation  at  one  time.  [Fr. — 
r.  rhapsodia,  lit.  "  a  stringing  together 
of  songs"  —  rhapto,  to  sew,  and  ode,  a 
song.] 

RHENISH,  ren'ish,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
river  Rhine.     [L.  Rlienus.] 

RHETORIC,  ret'b-rik,  n.  the  art  of  .speafc- 
ing  with  propriety,  elegance,  and  force. 
[Fr.  —  Gr.  1-lietorilce  —  rhetor,  a  public 
speaker — r7ieo,  to  speak.] 

RBLETORICAL,  re-tor'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  rhetoric  :  oratorical. ^idw.  Rhetoe'io- 

ALLY. 
RHETORICIAN,  ret-o-rish'an,  n.  one  who 

teaches  the  art  of  rhetoric  :  an  orator. 
RHEUM,  room,  n.  the  flotc  or  discharge 

from  the  lungs  or  nostrils  caused    by 

cold :    increased    action  of   any  organ, 

esp.  of  the  mucous  glands.     [L.  —  Gr. 

rheuina — ?'7ieo,  to  flow.] 
RHEUMATIC,  roo-mat'ik.  RHEUMATIC- 

AL,  ro6-mat'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 

affected  with  rlieumatism. 
RHEUMATISM,  room'a-tizra,  n.  a  painful 

affection  of  the  muscles,  so  named  from 

a  notion  that  the  pain  was  caused  by 

rheum  or  humor  flowing  through    the 

part  affected. 
RHEUMY,  roora'i,  adj.  full  of  or  causing 

rheum. 
RHINOCEROS,  rl-nos'er-os,  n.  a  very  large 

animal  allied  to  the  elephant,  having  a 

very  thick  skin,  and   one  or  two  horns 

on  the  nose.    [L. — Gr.  rhinokeroa — rhin, 

rhinos,  nose,  keras,  a  horn.] 
RHODODENDRON,  ro-do-den'dron,   n.  a 

genus  of  plants  Iiaving  evergreen  leaves, 

and  large  beautiful  flowers    like  roses. 

[Lit.  "  the  rose-tree,"  Gr.  rhodon,  a  rose, 

and  dendron.  a  tree.] 
RHODOMONTADE.     See  RODOMONTADE. 
RHOJMB,  romb,  RHOMBUS,  rom'bus,  n.  a 

quadrilateral    figure    having    its    sides 

equal,  but  its  angles  riot  right  angles. 

[L. — Gr.  rhombos — rhembo,  to  turn  round 

and  round.] 
RHOMBIC,  rom'bik,  adj.    shaped    like  a 

rhomb. 
RHOMBOID,  romTjoid,  n.  a  figure  of  the 
form  of  a  rhomb:  a  quadrilateral  figure 

having  only  its  opposite  sides  and  angles 

equal.     [Gr.  rhombos,  and  eidos,  form.] 
RHOMBOIDAL,   rom-boid'al,  adj.  having 

the  shape  of  a  rhomboid. 
RHUBARB,  roo'barb,  n.  a  plant,  the  stalks 

of  which  are  much  used  in  cooking  and 

the  root  in  medicine,  so  called  because 


brought  orig.  from  the  banks  of  the  Rka 
or  Volga.  [Fr.  rhubarbe — Low  L.  rha- 
barbarum — L.  Rha,  the  Volga,  barbarus, 
foreign.] 
RHUMB,  rum,  n.  (orig.)  a  meridian,  es- 
pecially  the  principal  meridian  of  a  map  : 
any  vertical  circle,  hence  any  point  of 
the  compass.  [Fr.  riimb,  a  byform  of 
rhoinbe,  through  L.,  from  Gr.  rhombos 
See  Rhomb.  1^ 

RHUMB-LINE,  rum'-lin,  n.  a  line  which 
cuts  all  the  meridians  at  the  same  angle. 

RHYME,  rim,  n.  {prig.)  words  ari'anged  in 
numbers  or  verse  :  the  correspondence  of 
sounds  at  the  ends  of  verses  :  poetry. — 
v.i.  to  correspond  in  sound:  to  make 
rhymes  or  verses. — v.t.  to  put  into  rhyme. 
—IIS.  Rhym'er,  Rhym'stee.  [Properly 
rime  (the  hy  being  due  to  the  influence 
of  Rhythm) — A.S.  rim,  number,  cog.  with 
O.  Ger.  rim  (Ger.  reim).'\ 

RHYTHM,  rithm,  n.,  flowing  motion  : 
metre  :  regular  recurrence  of  accents  : 
harmony  of  proportion.  [L.  rhythmus— 
Gr.  rhythmos — rhed,  rheusomai,  to  flow.] 

RHYTHMIC,  rith'mik,  RHYTHMICAL, 
rith'mik-al,  adj.  having  or  pertaining  to 
rhythm  or  metre. — adv.  Rhyth'mically. 

RIB,  rib,  n.  one  of  the  bones  from  the 
backbone  which  encircle  the  chest  : 
anj-thing  like  a  rib  in  form  or  use  :  a 
piece  of  timber  wliich  helps  to  form  or 
strengthen  the  side  of  a  ship  :  a  vein  of 
a  ]es.f :  a  crominence  running  in  a  line  : 
(arcfe.)  a  '  oulding  or  projecting  band  on 
a  ceiSing.  v.t.  to  furnish  or  inclose  with 
ribs :  to  form  with  rising  lines  : — pr.p. 
ribb'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  ribbed.  [A.S., 
cog.  with  Ger.  rippe.] 

RIBALD,  rib'akt,  n.  a  loose,  low  character. 
— adj.  low  :  base  :  mean.  [O.  Fr.  ribak 
(Fr.  riband.  It.  ribaldo) — O.  Ger.  ribe  a 
prostitute,  and  suffix  -ald.\ 

RIBALDRY,  rib'ald-ri,  n.  obscenity  :  iilthi- 
ness  :  low  and  vulgar  scurrility. 

RIBBING,  rib'ing,  n.  an  arrangement  of 
ribs. 

RIBBON,  rib'on,  RIBAND,  RIBBAND, 
rib'and,  n.  a  fillet  or  strip  of  silk  :  a  nar- 
row strip. — v.t.  to  adorn  with  ribbons. 
[O.  Fr.  riban  (Fr.  ruban).  perh.  from  Dut. 
ring-band,  necktie,  collar  (Diez).  or  from 
Dut.  rij  (Ger.  reihe),  a  row,  and  Band.] 

RICE,  ris,  n.  one  of  the  most  useful  and 
extensively  cultivated  of  grains,  like 
oats  when  ripe.  [Fr.  riz  (It.  i~iso) — L. 
and  Gr.  oryza — Ar.  rozz,  (with  art.)  ar 
rozz.] 

RICE-PAPER,  ris-pa'per,  m.  a  white  smooth 
paper,  made  by  the  Chinese  from  the 
pith  of  a  plant.  [So  called  because  form- 
erly supposed  to  be  made  from  rice.] 

RICH,  rich  {comp.  Richer,  superl.  Rich'- 
ESt),  adj.  abounding  in  possessions  : 
wealthy  :  valuable  :  sumptuous  :  fertile: 
full  of  agreeable  or  nutritive  qualities  : 
bright,  as  a  color  :  full  of  harmonious 
sounds  :  fuU  of  beauty. — adv.  Rich'ly. 
[A.S.  rice,  rule  (as  ric  in  bishopric),  hav- 
ing rule,  having  means  or  wealth,  rich  ; 
cog.  with  Grer.  reich,  empire,  also  rich, 
Goth,  reiks,  L.  rex,  a  king.  Sans,  raj-an, 
to  rule.  The  fundamental  idea  is  that  of 
power  shown  in  stretching  out  the  hand 
guiding,  obtaining,  as  in  E.  Reach,  Gr 
o-reg-o,  to  reach  after,  L.  reg-ere,  to  keep 
straight  or  guide.  Sans,  arg-,  to  obtain. 
Through  the  idea  of  "  keeping  straight," 
the  root  is  conn,  also  with  E.  Right,  Grer. 
recht,  L.  rectus.'] 

RICHES,  rich'ez,  n.pl.  (in  B.  sometimes 
n.sing.),  wealth  :  rictmess  :  abundance. 
[M.K  richesse  (n.sing.) — Fr.  richesse.] 

RICHNESS,  rich'nes,  n.  wealth:  abundance: 
fruitfulness:  value:  costliness:  abundance 
of  imagery. 


RICK 


367 


RIPARIAN 


RICK,  rik,  n.  a  pile  or  heap,  as  of  hay. 

[A.S.  hredc,  cog.  with  Ice.  nraukr.} 

RICKETS,  rik'ets,  n.sing.  a  disease  of  chil- 
dren, characterized  by  softness  and  cur- 
vature of  the  bones.  [From  the  Prov.  E. 
verb  {w)rick  (Sw.  vricka),  to  twist,  whose 
nasalized  form  isWlUNa,  and  freq.  Wrig- 
gle.] 

RICKETY,  rik'et-i,  cu^'.  affected  with  rick- 
ets :  feeble. 

.RICOCHET,  rik'o-sha  or  -shet,  n.  rebound 
along:  the  ground,  as  of  a  baU  fired  at  a 
low  elevation  :  the  skipping  of  a  flat 
stone  ou  the  surface  of  water.  [Fr. ;  ety. 
unknown.] 

RICOCHET,  rik-o-shet',  v.t.  to  .fire  at  with 
gTins  at  a  low  elevation,  so  as  to  make 
the  balls  skip  on  the  ground  •.—pr.p.  ric- 
ochett'ing;jpa.i.  andpa.p.  ricocnett'ed. 

RID,  rid,  v.t.  to  free :  to  deliver:  to  remove 
by  violence:  to  clear:  to  disencumber: — 
pr.p.  ridd'ing;  pa.t.  and  J9aj3.  rid.  [A.S. 
hreddan,  to  snatch  away  ;  Ger.  retten.] 

RIDDANCE,  rid'ans,  n.  act  of  ridding  or 
freeing. 

RIDDLE,  rid'l,  n.  an  obscure  description  of 
something  which  the  hearer  is  asked  to 
name  :  a  puzzling  question  :  an  enigma. 
— v.i.  to  make  riddles:  to  speak  obscurely. 
— v.t.  to  solve,  as  a  riddle.  [A.S.  roedels — 
rcedan,  to  guess,  to  read — rmd,  counsel, 
cog.  with  Dut.  raad,  Ger.  rath.] 

RIDDLE,  rid'l,  n.  a  large  sieve  for  separat- 
ing coarser  materials  from  finer.  —  v.t. 
to  separate  with  a  riddle,  as  grain  from 
chaff :  to  make  full  of  holes  like  a  riddle, 
as  with  shot.  [A.S.  hriddel — hridrian, 
to  sift ;  Ger.  rddel,  a  riddle — riiden,  to 
sift.J 

RIDE,  rid,  v.i.  to  be  borne,  as  on  horse- 
back or  in  a  carriage  :  to  practice  riding: 
to  float,  as  a  ship  at  anchor. — v.t.  to  rest 

'  on  so  as  to  be  carried : — pa.t.  rode  ;  ^ja.p. 
ridd'en. — n.  act  of  riding :  an  excursion 
on  horseback  or  in  a  vehicle  :  the  course 
passed  over  in  riding.  [A.S.  ridan ;  Ice. 
reida,  to  move,  Ger.  reiten,  to  move 
along,  L.  (from  Celt.)  rheda,  a  carriage. 
See  Road.] 

RIDER,  rid'er,  n.  one  who  rides  on  a  horse: 
one  who  manages  a  horse  :  an  addition 
to  a  document  after  its  completion,  on  a 
separate  piece  of  paper:  an  additional 
clause. 

RIDGE,  rij,  n.  the  back  or  top  of  the  back  : 
anytliing  like  a  back,  as  a  long  range  of 
hills:  an  extended  protuberance:  the  earth 
thrown  up  by  the  plough  between  the 
furrows :  the  upper  horizontal  timber  of 
a  roof. —  v.t.  to  form  into  ridges :  to 
wrinkle.  [A.S.  hryog ;  Prov.  E.  and  Scot. 
rig;  Ice.  hryggr,  Ger.  rilcken,  the  back.] 

RIDGY,  rij'i,  adj.  having,  or  rising  in 
ridges. 

RIDICULE,  rid'i-kul,  n.  wit  exposing  one 
to  laughter :  uerision  :  mockery. — v.t.  to 
laugh  at :  to  expose  to  merriment :  to 
deride :  to  mock.  [L.  ridicidus,  exciting 
laughter — rideo,  to  laugh.] 

RIDICULOUS,  ri-dik'u-lus,  adj.  deserving 
or  exciting  ridicule  :  laughable  :  absurd. 
—adv.  RiDIC'ULOUSLY.— M.  RlDIO'ULOUS- 
NESS.     [L.  ridiculosus — ridiculus.] 

RIDING,  rid'ing,  adj.  used  to  ride  or  travel: 
suitable  for  riding  on,  as  a  horse. — n.  a 
road  for  riding  on. — n.  Rro'lNO-HABlT, 
Red'ING-SKIET,  the  long  upper  habit,  gar- 

]  ment,  or  skirt  worn  by  ladies  when  rid- 
ing. 

RIDING,  rid'ing,  n,  one  of  the  three  di- 
visions of  the  county  of  York.  [A  corr. 
of  A.S.  thrithing,  thriding,  a  third  part 
—thry,  thri,  three.] 

RIFE,  rif,  adj.  prevailing-  abundant. — adv. 
Rife'ly.— n.  Rife'ness.  [A.S.  rif,  prev- 
alent ;  cog.  with  Dut.  rijf,  Ice.  rifr, 
liberal.] 


RXFF-RAFF,  rif-raf,  ».  sweepings:  refuse: 
the  rabble,  the  mob.  [A  reduplication  of 
obs.  raff,  sweepings,  conn,  with  Raffle, 
Rifle,  v.  to  rob.] 

RIFLE,  rl'fl,  v.t.  to  carry  off  by  force  :  to 
strip,  to  rob.  —  n.  Ri'pler.  [Ft.  rijier, 
rajier;  from  Teut.,  as  Ger.  raffen,  to 
snatch  away.    See  Raffle.] 

RIFLE,  rl'fl,  v.t.  to  groove  spirally,  as  a 
gun-barrel. — n.  a  musket  with  a  barrel 
spirally  grooved.  [Allied  to  Low  Ger. 
gerifelde,  rifled,  grooved,  and  Ger.  riefeln, 
to  channel — riefe,  a  channel,  a  groove.] 

RIFLEMAN,  ri'fl-man,  n.  a  man  armed 
with  a  rifle. 

RIFT,  rift,  n.  an  opening  riven  or  split  in 
anything :  a  cleft  or  fissure. — v.t.  to  rive: 
to  cleave. — v.i.  to  split :  to  burst  open. 
[From  Rive.] 

RIG,  rig,  v.t.  to  clothe,  to  dress :  to  put  on: 
{aaut.)  to  fit  with  sails  and  tackling  :— 
pr.p.  rigg'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  rigged. — n. 
sails  and  tackhng.  [Ice.  ngga,  to  band- 
age, to  put  on  sails — riga,  to  be  stiff.] 

RI(j,  rig,  n.  (Scotch)  a  ridge.    [A  form  of 

RlDGE.j 

RIGGING,  rig'ing,  n.  tackle :  the  system 
of  cordage  which  supports  a  ship's  masts 
and  extends  the  sails.     [See  RlG,  v.t.] 

RIGHT,  rit,  ac(j.,  straight :  most  direct : 
upright :  erect :  according  to  truth  and 
justice  :  according  to  law :  true  :  correct: 
just :  fit :  proper  :  exact :  most  conven- 
ient :  well  performed  :  most  dexterous, 
as  the  hand  :  on  the  right  hand  :  on  the 
right  hand  of  one  looking  towards  the 
mouth  of  a  river:  (yiath.)  upright  from 
a  base  :  containing  90  degrees.  —  adv. 
Right'ly.— w.  Right'ness.  [A.S.  riht, 
ryht ;  Ger.  recht,  L.  rectus — rsgo,  to  guide. 
See  Rich.] 

RIGHT,  rit,  adv.  in  a  straight  or  direct  line: 
in  a  right  manner:  according  to  truth 
and  justice :  correctly :  very  :  ia  a  great 
degree. 

RIGHT,  rit,  n.  that  which  is  right  or  cor- 
rect :  truth  :  justice  :  virtue  :  freedom 
from  error:  what  one  has  a  just  claim 
to  :  privilege  s  property :  the  right  side. 
— v.t.  to  make  right  or  straight :  to  set 
upright :  to  do  justice  to. — v.i.  to  recover 
the  proper  position. 

RIGHTEOUS,  rit'yus  or  ri'chus,  adj:  living 
and  acting  according  to  rigr/ti  and  justice: 
free  from  guUt  or  sin:  equitable:  merited. 
— adv.  Right'eously,  (jDii!aw?/)  justly. — n. 
RlGHT'EOUSNESS.  [Lit.  "  in  aright  way,"' 
A.S.  rihtims — riht,  and  wis.  a  way  or 
manner.  The  form  righteous  is  due  to 
the  influence  of  such  words  as  bounteous, 
plenteous,  etc.] 

RIGHTFUL,  rit'fool,  adj.  having  right: 
according  to  justice. — adv.  Right'FULLY. 
— n.  Right'fulness. 

RIGID,  rij 'id,  adj.  not  easily  bent :  stiff : 
severe ;  strict.— adf.  Rig'idly.— ».  RlG'- 
IDNESS.  [L.  rigidus — rigeo,  to  be  stiff 
with  cold  ;'  aldn  to f  rigeo  a,nA  to  Gr,  rigeo, 
to  shiver  with  cold.] 

RIGIDITY,  ri-jid'it-i,  n.  the  quality  of  re- 
sisting change  of  form  :  stiffness  of  man- 
ner. 

RIGMAROLE,  rig'mar-rol,  n.  a  repetition 
of  foolish  words  :  a  long  story.  [A  corr. 
of  ragman^oll,  a  document  with  a  long 
list  of  names,  or  with  numerous  seals 
pendent.] 

RIGOR,  rigur,  n.  the  quality  of  being  rigid 
or  severe  :  stiffness  of  opinion  or  temper: 
strictness  :  severity  of  climate  :  (nied.) 
a  sense  of  chilliness  attended  by  a  shiver- 
ing.— Rigor  mortis,  the  rigidity  of  the 
human  body  caused  by  death.  [L.  rigor 
— rigeo.] 

RIGOROUS,  rig'ur-u."!,  adj.  exercising  rigor: 
allowing  no  abatement  :  marked  by 
severity ;  harsh  :  scrupulously  accurate  : 


very  severe.— adv.  Rig'okously.— n.  Eia'- 

OROUSNESS. 

RILIEVO.    See  Reuevo. 

RILL,  rU,  n.  a  small  murmuring  brook  :  a 
streamlet. — v.i.  to  flow  in  small  streams. 
[Prob.  a  Celt,  word,  akin  to  Fr.  rigole, 
iknd  W.  rliigol.  a  furrow,  a  small  trench.} 

RIM,  rim,  n.  a  raised  margin  :  a  border  : 
a  brim. — v.t.  to  put  a  rim  to  -.—pr.p. 
rimm'ing ;  pa.t.  mxApa.p.  rimmed.  [A.Se 
rima  ;  ety.  unknown.] 

RIME,  rim,  n.  hoar-frost :  frozen  dew.— 
adj.  Rim'y.  [A.S.  hrim  ;  ■  Dut.  rijm,  O. 
Ger.  lirifo,  Ger.  reif.] 

RIND,  rind,  n.  the  external  covering,  as 
the  skin  of  fruit,  the  bark  of  trees,  etc. 
[A.S.  rind,  rhind,  Ger.  rinde  ;  prob.  from 
a  Teut.  root  seen  in  Goth,  rindan  (O.  Gter. 
rintan),  to  surround.] 

RINDERPEST,  rin'der-pest,  n.  a  malignant 
and  contagious  disease  of  cattle.  [Ger. 
"  cattle-plague."] 

RING,  ring,  n.  a  circle :  a  small  hoop,  us- 
ually of  metal,  worn  on  the  finger  as  an 
ornament :  a  circular  area  for  races,  etc. : 
a  circular  group  of  persons :  a  clique  or 
combination  for  selfish  purposes  in  poli- 
tics :  the  prize  ring,  the  occupation  of 
the  pugilist. — v.t.  to  encircle  :  to  fit  with 
a  ring.  [A.S.  hring ;  Ice.  hring-r,  Ger., 
Dan.  and  Sw.  rirtg.  Cf.  Rink  and  Cir- 
cus.] 

RING,  ring,  v.i.  to  sound  as  a  bell  when 
struck  :  to  tinkle  :  to  practice  the  art  of 
ringing  bells :  to  continue  to  sound :  to 
be  flUed  with  report. — v.t.  to  cause  to 
sound,  as  a  metal  :  to  produce  by  ring- 
ing :^)a.i.  rang,  rxxag ;  pa.p.  rung. — n. 
a  sound,  esp.  of  metals  :  the  sound  of 
many  voices :  a  chime  of  many  be'ils. 
[A.S.  hringan,  cog.  with  Ice.  hringia,  to 
ring  bells,  hringia,  to  clink,  Dan.  ringle. 
to  tinklej 

RINGDOVE,  ring'duv,  n.  the  cushat  or 
wood-pigeon ;  so  called  from  a  white 
ring  or  line  on  the  neck. 

RINGLEADER,  ring'led-er,  n.  the  head  of 
a  riotous  body.  [Orig.  the  leader  in  the 
ring  of  a  dance.] 

RINGLET,  ring'let,  n.  a  little  ring :  a  curl, 
esp.  of  hair. 

RING-OUSEL,  ring[-5o'zl,  n.  a  species  of 
thrush,  with  a  white  band  on  the  breast 
[See  Ousel  ] 

RING-STRAKED,  ring'-strakt,  adj.  (S.) 
streaked  with  rings. 

RINGWORM,  ring'wurm,  n.  a  skin  diseasa 
in  which  itchy  pimples  appear  in  rings,  as 
if  caused  by  a  worm. 

RINK,  ringk,  n.  the  area  where  a  race  is 
run,  or  games  are  played. — n.  SKAT'rNO- 
RINK,  a  place  artificially  prepared  for 
skating,  chiefly  for  roller-skating. 
[Simply  a  variant  of  Rikg,  a  circle.] 

RINSE,  rins,  v.t.  to  cleanse  by  introducing 
water :  to  cleanse  with  clean  water.  [O. 
Fr.  rinser  (Fr.  rincer) — Ice.  hreinsa ;  Ger. 
and  Dut.  rein,  pure.] 

RIOT,  ri'ot,  n.  uproar  :  tumult :  a  disturb" 
ance  of  the  peace :  excessive  feasting : 
luxury. — v.i.  to  brawl  :  to  raise  an  up- 
roar :*  to  run  to  excess  in  feasting,  be- 
havior, etc.:  to  be  highly  excited. — n. 
Rl'OTER.     [Fr.  riotte;  ety.  dub.] 

RIOTOUS,  ri'ot-us,  adj.  engaging  in  riot 
seditious :  tumultuous :  luxurious  :  wan- 
ton. —  adv.  Ri'oTocsLY.  —  n.  Ri'OTOCs 

NESS. 

RIP,  rip,  v.t.  to  divide  by  cutting  or  tear- 
ing :  to  cut  open  :  to  take  out  by  cutting 
or  tearing :  to  tear  up  for  search  or  alter- 
ation '.—pr-p.  ripp'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
ripped. — n.  a  tear  :  a  rent :  a  place  torn. 
[A.S.  rypan  :  Dan.  rippe,  akin  to  Reap.] 

RIPARIAN,  rip  a'ri-au,  adj.  belonging  to  a 
river-bank.    [L.  ripa,  a  river-bank.j 


RIPE 


368 


kowujh: 


MPF.,  rip,  adj.  ready  for  harvest:  arrived 
at  perfection:  fit  for  use:  developed  to 
the  utmost:  finished:  ready:  resembling 
ripe  fruit.— <id7J.  Ripe'ly.— n.  Ripe'ness. 
[A.S.  ripe,  conn,  with  rip,  harvest ;  cog. 
with  Dut.  rijp,  Ger.  reif,  akin  to  A.S. 
ripan,  E.  Reap.] 

WPEN,  rip'en,  v.i.  to  grow  ripe:  to  ap- 
proach or  reach  perfection. — v.t.  to  make 
ripe:  to  bring  to  perfection.  [A.S.  ripian; 
Ger.  reifenA 

WPPLE,  ripT,  n.  the  little  waves  on  the 
surface  of  running  water:  a  little  wave. 
— v.t.  to  cause  a  ripple  in. — v.i.  to  curl  on 
the  surface,  as  running  water.  [Allied 
to  Ger.  rippeln,  Low  Ger.  reppcn,  to 
move.] 

BEPPLE,  ripH,  v.t.  to  pluck  the  seeds  from 
stalks  of  flax  by  drawing  them  through 
an  iron  comb. — n.  the  comb  for  rippling. 
[Low  Ger.  repel,  machine  for  breaking 
flax,  Ger.  ri^el,  a  flax-comb.] 

RISE,  rlz,  v.i.  to  move  from  a  lower  to  a 
higher  position:  to  ascend:  to  grow  up- 
ward: to  swell  in  quantity  or  extent:  to 
take  an  upright  position:  to  leav?  the 
place  of  rest:  to  tower  up:  to  appear 
above  the  horizon,  to  break  forth:  to 
appear:  to  have  its  source:  to  increase 
in  size,  value,  etc.:  to  become  excited  or 
hostile:  to  break  forth  into  commotion 
or  insurrection:  to  increase  in  rank,  for- 
tune, or  fame:  to  come  to  mind:  to  close 
a  session:  (B.)  to  ascend  from  the  grave: 
—pa.t.  rose ;  pa.p.  risen  (riz'n). — n.  act 
of  rising:  ascent:  degree  of  elevation: 
a  steep:  origin:  increase:  advance:  {mus.y 
elevation  of  the  voice.  [A.S.  risan,  cog. 
with  Ice.  risa.  Goth  reisan,  Ger.  reisen; 
intransitive  form  of  Raise.] 

BISIBLE,  riz'i-bl,  adj.  capable  of  exciting 
laughter:  laughable:  amusing.  —  adv. 
Eis  IBLT.— n.  Risibil'ity,  quality  of  being 
risible.  [L.  risibilis,  from  rideo,  risum, 
to  laugh.] 

RISING,  riz'ing,  n.  act  of  rising:  resurrec- 
tion: (B.)  a  timior. 

KISK,  risk,  n.  hazard:  chance  of  loss  or 
injury. — v.t.  to  expose  to  hazard:  to  ven- 
ture. [Fr.  risque  (It.  risico) — Sp.  risco,  a 
rock — L.  reseco,  to  cut  off — re,  off,  seeo,: 
to  cut.  The  connection  is,  an  abrupt 
precipice,  hence  danger.] 

RISSOLE,  ris'ol,  n.  fish  or  meat  minced 
and  fried  with  bread  crumbs  and  egg. 
[Fr.,  perh.  from  the  Teut.,  as  Dan.  riste, 
to  roast.] 

EITE,  rit,  n.  a  religious  usage  or  cere- 
mony.   [Fr.  rite — L.  ritus.] 

RITUAL,  rit'u-al,  a4j.  vnsistiag  of  or 
prescribing  Wfes. — w.  manner  or  perform- 
ing divine  ser\nce,  or  a  book  containing 
it :  the  body  of  rites  employed  in  some 
churches,  and  also  in  certain  secret  so- 
cieties, notably  the  Freemasons.  —  adv. 
Rit'uallt.    [L.  ritualis.    See  Rite.] 

RITUALISM,  rit'u-al-izm,  n.  system  of 
rituals  or  prescribed  forms  of  religion  : 
the  observance  of  them:  the  name  given 
to  the  great  increase  of  ceremonial  in 
reUgious  worship  which  has  taken  place 
in  a  large  section  of  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church. 

RITUALIST,  rit'O-al-ist,  n.  one  skilled  in 
or  devoted  to  a  ritual :  one  of  the  party 
in  favor  of  ritualism  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church.  —  adj.  RmjAUST'lc, 
pertaining  to  the  ritual. 

RIVAL,  ri'val,  n.  one  pursuing  the  same 
object  as  another :  one  who  strives  to 
equal  or  excel  another :  a  competitor. 
y-adj.  having  the  same  claims:  standing 
in  competition. — v.t.  to  stand  in  compe- 
tition with  :  to  try  to  gain  the  same  ob- 
ject as  another:  to  try  to  equal  or  excel : 
— «r.p.  rfvaUing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  ri*- 
9aUea.    [Lit.  one  who  lives  on  the  oppo- 


site siue  of  a  river,  and  contends  some- 
times for  the  use  of  it,  Fr. — L.  rivalis — 
rii-iis,  a  brook.    See  RivutET.] 

RIVALRY,  ri'val-ri,  n.  act  of  rivalling : 
competition:  emulation. 

RIVE,  riv,  v.t.  to  tear  asunder:  to  split. 
— v.i.  to  be  spUt  asunder: — pa.t.  rived  ; 
pa.p.  rived,  nVen.  [A.S.  reofan ;  Dan. 
rive.2 

RIVER,  riVer,  n.  a  large  running  stream 
of  water.  [Fr.  riviere  (It.  riviera,  shore, 
river) — Low  L.  riparia,  a  shore  district 
— L.  ripa,  a  bank.] 

EIVET,  ri\''et,  n.  a  bolt  of  metal  fastened 
by  being  hammered  at  both  ends. — v.t. 
to  fasten  with  a  rivet :  to  make  firm  or 
immovable  : — prj>-  riv'eting  ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  riv'eted.  H".,  ace.  to  Diez  from  the 
root  of  Ice.  rifa,  Dan.  rive,  Ger.  reiben, 
E.  Rive.] 

RrVULET,  riVu-let,  n.  a  small  river  or 
stream  :  a  brook.  [L.  rimilus,  dim.  of 
rhms,  a  stream,  akin  to  Sans,  sru,  Gr. 
rheo,  to  flow.] 

ROACH,  roch,  n.  a  fresh-water  fish  of  a 
silvery  color.  [Dut.  roch,  Ger.  roche, 
Dan.  rofcfce.] 

ROAD,  rod,  n.  a  highway  :  an  open  way 
for  passengers  and  traffic  :  (B.)  a  plunder- 
ing excursion.  [A.S.  rdd,  a  nding — rod, 
pa.t.  of  ridan,  RlDE.] 

R0AD,rod,R0ADSTEAD,r6d'sted,R0ADS, 
rodz,  n.  a  place  where  ships  ride  at  an- 
chor ;  as  at  Hampton  Roads,  Va. 

ROADSTER,  rod'ster,  n.  {naiit.)  a  vessel 
riding  at  anchor  in  a  road:  ahorse  fitted 
for  travelling. 

ROADWAY,  rod'wa,  n.  the  way  or  part  of 
a  road  or  street  travelled  by  carriages. 

ROAM,  rom,  v.i.  to  rove  about :  to  ramble. 
— v.t.  to  wander  over.  [Prob.  formed 
from  ROAMEK.] 

ROAMER,  rom'er,  n.  a  wanderer.  [Usually 
derived  from  O.  Fr.  romier,  one  who 
makes  a  pUgrimage  to  Rome  (Sp.  romero. 
It.  romeo)— -L.  Roma,  Rome.] 

ROAN,  ron,  adj.  having  a  bay  or  dark 
color,  with  spots  of  gray  and  white  :  of 
a  mixed  color,  with  a  d.ecided  shade  of 
^ell.  —  n.  a  roan  color :  a  roan  horse : 
plained  sheepskin  leather.  [Fr.  rouan 
(U.  roano) ;  ety.  unknown.] 

ROAN-TREE,  ROWAN-TREE,  ro'an-tre, 
n.  the  mountain-ash.  [So  called  either 
from  the  color  of  its  stem  (see  Roan),  or 
it  is  a  corr.  of  Rune,  from  its  use  in 
divination.    See  Rune.] 

ROAR,  ror,  v.i.  to  utter  a  full,  loud  sound  : 
to  cry,  as  a  beast:  to  cry  aloud:  to  bawl. 
— m.  a  full,  loud  sound:  the  cry  of  a  beast: 
an  outcry  of  mirth,  esp.  of  laughter. 
[A.S.  rdrian,  O.  Ger.  reran,  Ger.  rohren, 
to  cry  as  a  stag,  to  bellow  ;  influenced 
also  by  an  old  verb  hroren,  the  Ger.  rith- 
ren,  to  move  (cf.  Uproar).] 

ROARING,  ror'ing,  n.  act  or  sound  of  roar- 
ing :  a  disease  of  horses  causing  them  to 
roar  in  breathing. 

ROAST,  rost,  v.t.  to  cook  before  a  fire  :  to 
pai'ch  by  exposure  to  heat:  to  heat,  to 
excess  :  to  dissipate  the  volatile  parts 
of  by  heat. — n.  that  which  is  roasted. 
[O.  Ft.  rosiir  (Fr.  rotir) — O.  Ger.  rdstan 
(whence  Ger.  rosten),  to  roast.] 

ROB,  rob,  n.  the  juice  of  ripe  fruit  mixed 
with  honey  or  sugar.  [Fr. — Ar.  robb, 
purified  syrup  of  boiled  fruit.] 

ROB,  rob,  v.t.  to  take  away  from  by  force 
or  theft:  to  plunder:  to  steal:  to  deprive: 
(B.)  to  withhold  what  is  due:— ^.p.  robb'- 
ing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  robbed. — n.  Robb'ee, 
one  who  robs.  [O.  Fr.  rober — Ger.  rau- 
ben,  A.S.  reajianJ] 

ROBBERY,  rob'er-i,  n.  theft  from  the  per- 
son, aggravated  by  violence  or  intimida- 
tion :  plundering. 

ROBE,  rob,  n.  a  gown  or  outer  garment:  a 


dress  of  dignity  or  state  :  a  rich  dreas.^ — 
v.t.  to  dress,  as  with  a  robe     to  clothek 

iFr. ;  from  O.  Ger.  roiibon  (Ger.  rauben), 
!.  Rob  ;  applied  to  clothes,  because  they 
were  so  frequently  stolen.] 

ROBIN,  rob'in,  ROBIN-REDBREAST,  rob'- 
in-red'brest,  n.  a  cingmg  bird  with  a  red- 
dish breast.  [A  familiar  form  of  Robert' 
cf.  Jack-daMv,  Jfag'-pie.] 

ROBUST,  ro-bust',  adj.  of  great  strength  o'j\ 
vigor:  requiring  strength. — adv.  ROBUST'' 
in.—n.  RoBUST'NESS.  [Fr. — L.  robustug^ 
robur.  oak.] 

ROC,  rok,  n.  an  enormous  bird  in  Persian 
folk-tales.     [Pers.  rukh.] 

ROCHET,  roch'et,  n.  a  surplice  with  nar- 
row sleeves  worn  by  bishops.  [Fr. ,  dim. 
of  Low  L.  roceus — O.  Ger.  roc  (A.S.  rooc, 
Ger.  rock),  a  coat.] 

ROCK,  rok,  n.  a  large  mass  of  stone :  (geol.) 
a  natural  deposit  of  sand,  earth,  or  clay : 
that  which  has  the  firmness  of  a  rock : 
(B.)  defence.  [Fr.  roc,  roche ;  prob.  Celt., 
as  in  Gael,  roc,  W.  rhivg,  a  projection.] 

ROCK,  rok,  n.  a  distaif.  [Dut.  rokken,  Ice. 
rockr.] 

ROCK,  rok,  v.t.  to  move  backward  and  for- 
ward :  to  lull  to  sleep. — v.i.  to  be  moved 
backward  and  forward  :  to  totter.  [Teut., 
asJce.  rii,gga,  Ger.  rUcken,  to  move.] 

ROCJKER,  rok'er,  n.  the  curved  support  on 
which  a  cradle  or  rocking-chair  rocks. 

ROCKERY,   rok'er-i,    n.    same    as    Roos* 

WORK. 

ROCKET,  rok'et,  n.  a  firework  which  is 
projected  through  the  air,  used  for  mak- 
ing signals  in  war,  and  for  saving  life  at 
sea  by  conveying  a  line  Ot'er  a  stranded 
vessel.  [It.  roechetta,  from  root  of  rock, 
a  distaff,  because  its  thick  upper  end  is 

ROCK-PIGEON,   rok-pij'un,   n.   a  pigeon. 
inhabiting  rocks.  I 

EOCKSALT,  rok'sawlt,  n.,  salt  in  rock-Uke'j . 
masses.  J 

ROCKWORK,  rok'wurk,  n.  {areh.)  masonry 
in  imitation  of  masses  of  rock  :  {hort.)  a 
pile  of  earth  covered  vidth  stcnes  with 
plants  growing  between. 

ROCKY,  rok'i,  adj.  full  of  rocks  :  resem- 
bling a  rock :  hard  :  unfeeling. — n.  RoOK'- 

LNESS. 

ROCOCO,  ro-ko'ko,  n.  a  term  applied  to  a 
debased  style  of  architecture  prevailing 
in  the  18th  century,  marked  by  endless 
multiplication  of  ornamental  details. 
[Formed  from  Fr.  rocaille,  rockwork.] 

ROD,  rod,  n.  a  long  tvng  :  a  slender  stick  i 
anything  long  and  slender  :  an  instru- 
ment of  correction  :  an  emblem  of  power 
or  authority  :  a  pole  or  perch  (5i  yards)  ; 
(Jig.)  punishment :  authority  :  oppres- 
sion :  (B.)  race  or  tribe.  [A.S. ;  Dut. 
roede,  Ger.  ruthe;  akin  to  L.  nidis,  a 
rod,  and  Sans,  ridh,  to  grow.  See  ROOD.] 

RODE,  rod,  pa.t.  of  Ride. 

RODENT,  ro'dent,  adj.,  gnau'ing.  [L.  ro- 
dens.  rodentis,  pr.p.  of  rodo,  to  gnaw.J 

RODOMONTADE,  rod-o-mont-ad',  n.  vain 
boasting,  like  that  of  Rodomonte  in  the 
Orlando  Furioso  of  Ai'iosto. — v.i.  to 
boast  or  bluster. 

ROE,  ro,  n.  the  eggs  or  spawn  of  fishes. 

ilce.  hrogn,  Ger.  rogen."] 
E,  ro,  n.  a  species  of  deer,  smaller  than 
the  fallow-deer  :  also  the  female  deer. 

ROEBUCK,  ro'buk,  n.  the  male  of  the  roe 
having  usually  one  front  antler  and  twc 
hinder  ones.  [A.S.  rah ;  Ger.  reh,  Ice.  ra.  J 

ROGATION,  ro-ga'shun,  n.  an  asking: 
supplication. — ^Rogation-days,  the  three 
daj's  before  the  festival  of  Ascension, 
being  days  of  special  supplication.  [L., 
from  rogo,  to  ask.] 

ROGUE,  rog,  n.  a  dishonest  person :  a 
knave  :  a  mischievous  or  frolicsome  per- 
son :  (law)  a  vagrant.    [Fr.  rogue,  proud; 


ROGUERY 


369 


ROSE-PINK 


either  from  Bret,  rok,  proud,  or  ace.  to 
Diez,  from  Ice.  hrokr,  proud,  haughty.] 

BOGUEEY,  rog'er-i,  n.  knavish  tricks : 
fraud  :  mischievousness  :  waggery. 

BOOUISH,  rog'ish,  adj.  knavish:  mischiev- 
ous :  waggish.  —  adv.  Rog'uishly. — n. 
Rog'uishness. 

ROISTER,  roist'er,  v.i.  to  bluster,  swagger, 
bully. — n.  Roist'erer.  [Fr.  rustre,  a 
rough,  rude  fellow — O.  Fr.  ruste — L.  rus- 
ticus,  rustic] 

ROLE,  rol,  n.  the  part  performed  by  an 
actor  in  a  play :  any  important  part 
played  in  public  life.  [Fr.,  the  part  of 
each  actor  being  written  on  a  roll  of 
paper.     See  Roll.] 

ROLL,  rol,  v.i.  to  turn  like  a  wheel :  to 
turn  on  an  axis  :  to  be  formed  into  a  roll 
or  cylinder :  to  move,  as  waves :  to  be 
tossed  about :  to  move  tumvdtuously  :  to 
be  hurled  :  to  rock,  or  move  from  side 
to  side  :  to  wallow :  to  spread  under  a 
roller  :  to  sound  as  a  drum  beaten  rapidly. 
— v.t.  to  cause  to  roll :  to  turn  on  an  axis : 
to  wrap  round  on  itself  :  to  inwrap  :  to 
<Jrive  forward  :  to  move  upon  wheels  :  to 
press  with  a  roller  :  to  beat  rapidly,  as  a 
drum. — n.  act  of  rolling  :  that  which 
rolls  :  a  »oller  :  that  which  is  rolled  up  : 
hence  parchment,  paper,  etc.,  wound  into 
a  circular  form  :  a  document :  a  register  : 
a  kind  of  fancy  bread :  the  continued 
sound  of  a  drum.  [O.  Fr.  roeller  (Fr. 
render) — Low  L.  rotulare — L.  rotula,  a 
little  wheel — rota,  a  wheel.] 

ROLL-CALL,  rol'-kawl,  n.  the  calling  of 
the  roll  or  list  of  names,  as  in  the  army. 

ROLLER,  rol'er,  n.  that  which  rolls  :  a 
cylinder  used  for  rolling,  grinding,  etc.: 
a  long  broad  bandage:— jpZ.  heavy  waves. 

ROLLICKING,  rol'ik-ing,  adj.  careless, 
swaggering.  [Prob.  a  form  of  ROLL,  with 
alhision  to  Frolic] 

ROLLING,  rol'ing,  adj.  moving  on  wheels : 
used  in  rolling.— ?t.  Roll'inq-pin,  a  cylin- 
drical pin  or  piece  of  wood  for  rolling 
paste. — n.  Roll'ing-press,  a  press  of  two 
cylinders  for  rolling  or  calendering  cloth. 
— n.  Roll'ing-stock,  the  stock  or  store 
of  engines,  carriages,  etc.,  of  a  railway. 

ROMAIC,  ro-ma'ik,  n.  modern  Greek,  the 
language  of  the  descendants  of  the  East- 
ern Romans.  [Fr.  Romaique  ;  from  mod- 
ern Gr.  Romaikos — L.  Roma.^ 

ROMAN,  ro'man,  adj.  pertaining  to  Rome 
or  to  the  Romans  :  pertaining  to  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  religion  :  papal :  (print.) 
noting  the  letters  commonlj'  used,  as  op- 

Eosed  to  Italics  :  written  in  letters  (used 
y  the  Romans,  as  FV.),  not  in  figures  (as 
4). — n.  a  native  or  citizen  of  Rome.  [L. 
Romanus — Roma,  Rome.] 

ROMAN  CATHOLIC,  ro'man  kath'ol-ik, 
adj.  denoting  the  Christians  throughout 
the  world  who  recognize  the  spiritual  su- 
premacy of  the  Pope  or  Bishop  of  Rome. 
— n.  a  member  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church. 

ROMANCE,  ro-mans',  n.  the  dialects  in  S. 
Europe  which  sprung  from  a  corruption 
of  the  Roman  or  Latin  language  :  a  tale 
written  in  these  dialects  :  any  fictitious 
and  wonderful  tale  :  a  fictitious  narrative 
in  prose  or  verse  which  passes  beyond  the 
limits  of  real  life. — adj.  belonging  to  the 
dialects  called  Romance. — v.i.  to  write  or 
tell  romances  :  to  talk  extravagantly. — 
n.  Roman'cer.  [O.  Fr.  romans — Low  L. 
adv.  (loqiii)  romaniee  (to  speak)  in  the 
Roman  or  Latin  tongue — L.  Romanicus, 
Roman.] 

ROMANESQUE,  ro-man-esk',  n.that  which 
pertains  to  romance :  (arch.)  the  debased 
style  adopted  in  the  later  Roman  empire: 
the  dialect  of  Languedoc  and  other  dis- 
tricts of  the  south  of  France,  [Fr. ;  It. 
romanesco — Romanicus.  ] 


ROMANISM,  ro'man-izm,  n.  an  offensive 
term  applied  to  the  tenets  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church. 

ROMANIST,  ro'man-ist,  n.  a  term  applied 
in  some  localities  to  a  Roman  Catholic. 

ROMANTIC,  ro-man'tic,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  resembling  romance :  fictitious  :  ex- 
travagant:  wUd  :  fantastic. — adv.  Ro- 
man'ticallt.— »i.  Roalan'ticness. 

ROMANTICISM,  ro-man'ti-sizm,  n.  in  lit- 
erature, the  revolt  from  a  classical  to  a 
medieval  style.  [So  called  because  the 
latter  was  orig.  imitated  from  Romance 
models.] 

ROMISH,  rom'ish,  adj.  belonging  to  Rome, 
or  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

ROMP,  romp,  v.i.  to  play  noisily  :  to  skip 
about  in  play. — n.  a  girl  who  romps : 
rude  frolic.     [A  form  of  Ramp.] 

ROMPISH,  romp'ish,  adj.  fond  of  romping 
or  noisy  play.  —  adv.  Romp'ishly.  —  n. 

ROMP'ISHNESS. 

RONDEAU,  ron'do,  n.  a  httle  poem  in 
three  parts,  of  wliich  the  first  two  or 
three  words  are  repeated  at  the  end  of 
the  second  and  third  part,  and  which 
thus  ends  as  it  began.  [Fr.,  from  rond, 
round.     See  Round.] 

RONDO,  ron'do,  n.  the  same  as  Rondelau. 

ilt.  form  of  the  same  word.] 
OD,  rood,  n.  the  fourth  part  of  an  acre, 
or  forty  perches,  so  called  from  the  rod 
used  in  measuring :  a  figure  of  Christ's 
cross,  and  often  of  the  crucifix,  in  R. 
Cath.  Churches.     [Same  as  ROD.] 

ROOF,  roof,  n.  the  top  covering  of  a  house 
or  building  :  a  vault  or  arch,  or  the  inner 
side  of  it :  a  house  or  dwelling. — v.t.  to 
cover  with  a  roof :  to  shelter.  [A.S. 
hrof :  Dut.  roef.] 

ROOFING,  roofing,  n.  covering  with  a 
roof  :  materials  for  a  roof  :  the  roof  it- 
self. 

ROOFLESS,  roof'les,  adj.  without  a  roof : 
having-  no  house  or  home  :  unsheltered. 

ROOK,  rook,  n.  a  kind  of  crow,  so  called 
from  its  croak.  [A.S.  hroc  ;  Goth,  hruk- 
jan,  to  croak.    See  CROW.] 

ROOK,  rook,  n.  a  castle  or  piece  used  in 
playing  chess.  [Fr.  roo ;  from  Pers.  rokh, 
a  camel  with  a  tower  for  archers.] 

ROOKERY,  rook'er-i,  n.  a  group  of  trees 
to  which  rooks  resort  to  build  their  nests  : 
a  group  of  ruinous  buildings. 

ROOM,  room,  n.,  space:  a  chamber  :  ex- 
tent of  place  :  space  unoccupied  :  free- 
dom to  act :  fit  occasion  :  place  of  an- 
other :  stead :  (B.)  a  seat.  [A.S.  and 
Ice.  rum  ;  Ger.  raum.1 

ROOMY,  room'i,  adj.  having  ample  room  : 
wide  :  spacious.  —  adv.  Room  ilt.  —  n. 
Room'iness. 

ROOST,  roost,  n.  a  pole  or  support  on  which 
a  bird  rests  at  night  :  a  number  of  fowls 
resting  together. — v.i.  to  sit  or  sleep  on  a 
roost.     [A.S.  hrost ;  Dut.  roest.] 

ROOSTER,  roost'er,  n.  acock,  the  male  bird 
of  the  domestic  fowl. 

ROOT,  root,  n.  the  part  of  a  plant  which  is 
fixed  in  the  earth,  and  which  draws  up 
sap  from  the  soil :  an  edible  root  :  any- 
thing like  a  root :  the  bottom  :  a  word 
from  which  others  are  derived:  the  cause 
or  occasion  of  anything :  (math.)  the  fac- 
tor of  a  quantitj'  which  multiplied  by  it- 
self produces  that  quantity  :  the  value  of 
the  unknown  quantitj'  in  an  equation. — 
I'.i.  to  fix  the  root :  to  be  firmly  estab- 
lished.— v.t.  to  plant  in  the  earth  :  to  im- 
plant deeply.  [Ice.  and  Sw.  rot  ;  Dan. 
rod ;  akin  to  L.  radix,  Gr.  riea,  a  root. 
Sans,  ruh,  to  grow.] 

ROOT,  root,  v.t.  to  turn  up  with  the  snov.t, 
as  swine. — v.i.  to  turn  up  the  earth  with 
the  snout.  [A.S.  wrotian — wrot,  a  snout; 
Dut.  vrroetmi.'] 

ROOT-CROP,  r6ot'-kK)p,  n.  a  crop  of  plants 


v'th  esculent  roots,  especially  of  plants 
having  single  roots,  as  turnips,  beets,  etc. 

ROOT- EATER,  root'-et-er,  n.  an  animal 
that  feeds  on  roots. 

ROOT- HOUSE,  root'-hows,  n.  a  house 
made  of  roots  :  house  for  storing  up  or 
depositing  turnips,  carrots,  cabbages,  or 
other  roots  or  tops,  for  winter  use. 

ROOTLET,  root'let,  n.  a  little  root :  a  rad- 
icle. 

ROPE,  rop,  n.  a  thick  twisted  cord. — v.i.  to 
extend  into  a  thread,  as  by  a  glutinous 
quality. — adj.  Rop'y. — adv.  Rop'ily. — n. 
Rop'iNESS.  [A.S.  rap  ;  cog.  with  Ice. 
reix>,  Dut.  reep,  Ger.  reif.J 

ROPE-DANCER,  rop'-dans-€r,  n.  one  who 
performs  acrobatic  feats  on  a  rope. 

ROPE-PORTER,  rop'-port-er,  n.  a  pulley 
mounted  on  a  frame,  over  which  the 
ropes  of  steam-ploughs  are  borne  off 
the  ground  so  as  to  prevent  wear  and 
tear  from  friction. 

ROPE-PUMP,  rop'-pump,  n.  a  machine  for 
raising  water;  consisting  of  an  endless 
rope  or  ropes  passing  over  a  pulley  fixed 
at  the  place  to  which  the  water  is  to 
be  raised,  and  under  another  pidley  fixed 
below  the  surface  of  the  water.  The 
upper  pulley  being  turned  rapidly  by  a 
winch,  motion  is  g^ven  to  the  rope,  and 
the  water  rises  up  along  with  the  as- 
cending part  of  the  rope,  partly  by  the 
momentum  it  acquires  when  in  motion, 
and  partly  by  capillary  attraction. 

ROPER,  rop'er,  n.  a  maker  of  ropes. 

ROPERY,  rop'er-i,  n.  a  place  where  ropes 
are  made. 

ROPEWALK,  rop'wawk,  n.  a  long  narrow 
shed  used  for  the  spinning  of  ropes. 

RORQUAL,  ror'kwal,  n.  a  genus  of  whales 
of  the  largest  size.     [Norw.] 

ROSACEOUS,  ro-za'shus,  adj.  (bot.)  per- 
taining to  the  rose  family  :  having  the 
petals  arranged  like  those  of  the  rose. 
tL.  rosaceus7\ 

ROSARY,  ro'za-ri,  n.  a  chaplet:  a  garland: 
the  term  was  formerly  often  adopted  as 
a  title  of  numerous  books,  consisting  of 
a  garland  of  flowers,  as  it  were,  culled 
from  various  authors :  string  of  beads 
used  by  Roman  Catholics,  on  which  they 
count  their  prayers  ;  there  are  always 
in  the  rosary  five  or  fifteen  divisions, 
each  containing  ten  small  beads  and  one 
large  one — for  each  of  the  small  beads  an 
Ave  Maria,  and  for  each  of  the  larger 
a  Paternoster  is  repeated:  a  rose-garden: 
a  counterfeit  coin  of  the  reign  of  Edward 
I.  worth  about  a  cent,  coined  abroad  and 
brought  surreptitiously  into  England ; 
so  called  from  bearing  the  figure  of  a 
rose.     [L.  rosarium.] 

ROSE,  pa.t.  of  Rise. 

ROSE,  roz,  n.  a  plant  of  many  species  with 
a  beautiful  flower,  generally  red  :  a  ro- 
sette :  a  perforated  nozzle  of  a  pipe,  etc.: 
pink,  the  color  of  the  rose.  [A.S.  rose — 
L.  rosa.  akin  to  Gr.  rodon ;  prob.  akin  to 
eryt.hros,  red.]  [or  color. 

ROSEAL,  roz'e-al,  adj.  like  a  rose  in  smell 
ROSEATE,    roz'e-at,    adj.,    rosy:    full    of 

roses  :  blooming  :  red. 
ROSEMARY,  roz'mar-i,  ROSMARIN,  roz'- 
ma-ren,  n.  a  small    fi'agrant  evergreen 
shrub  of  a  pungent  taste,  once  used  as 
an  emblem  of  fidelity.  [M.  E.  roseviarynt 
— L.  ros-marinus,  "  sea-spray,"  from  its 
usually  growing  on  the  sea-coast — ros, 
dew,  marinus — mare,  the  sea.] 
ROSE-MOULDING,    roz'-  mold-ing,    n.   in 
arch,  a  kind  of  Norman  moulding  orna- 
mented with  roses  or  rosettes. 
ROSE-PINK,  roz'-pingk,  adj.  of  a  rosy-pink 
color  or  hue  :  roseate  :  having  a  delicate 
bloom  :  hence,  very  delicate  :  affectedly 
fine  :  sentimental.      "  Rose-pink  piety. 
— Kingsley. 


ROSETTE 


370 


ROYALTY 


B08ETTE,  ro-zet',  n.  an  imitation  of  a  ~ose 
by  means  of  a  ribbon  :  (arch.)  a  rose- 
shaped  ornament.     [Fr..  dim.  of  rose.] 

JlOSE-WATER,  roz'-waw'ter,  )i.,  ii-ater  dis- 
tilled from  rose-leaves. 

ROSE-WINDOW,  roz'-wind'o,  n.  a  circular 
u'indow  with  its  compartments  branching 
from  a  centre,  like  a  rose. 

ROSEWOOD,  roz'wood,  n.  the  wood  of  a 
tree  having  a  fragrance  like  that  of  roses. 
It  is  obtained  from  Brazil,  the  Canai-y 
Islands,  Siam,  and  other  places,  and  is 
in  the  highest  esteem  for  cabinet  work, 
pianos,  etc. 

ROSIN,  roz'in,  n.  the  solid  left  after  distil- 
ling off  the  oil  from  crude  turpentine. — 
V.  t.  to  rub  or  cover  with  rosin.  [A  form 
of  Rbsin.] 

ROSINY,  roz'in-!,  adj.  like  or  containing 
rosin. 

ROSTER,  ros'ter,  n.  the  list  of  persons  lia- 
ble to  a  certain  duty  ;  as  the  roster  of  a 
regiment.  [Prob.  Pi-ov.  CJer.  roster — Ger. 
register,  a  list.    See  Register.] 

ROSTRAL,  ros'tral,  adj.  Uke  a  rostrum  or 
beak. 

ROSTRATE,  ros'trat,  ROSTRATED,  ros'- 
trat-ed,  adj.,  beaked. 

ROSTRIFORM,  ros'tri-form.  adj.  having 
the  form  or  shape  of  a  beak. 

ROSTRUM,  ros'trum,  n.  in  ancient  Rome, 
an  erection  for  public  speakers  in  the 
Forum,  adorned  with  the  beaks  or  heads 
of  ships  taken  in  war  :  the  platform  from 
which  a  speaker  addresses  his  audience. 
[L.,  Ut.  "the  beak" — I'odo,  rosum,  to 
gnaw.] 

ROSY,  roz'i,  adj.  Uke  a  rose  :  red  :  bloom- 
ing :  blushing  :  charming. — n.  Ros'djess. 

BOT,  rot,  v.i.  to  putrefy :  to  become  decom- 
posed.— v.t.  to  cause  to  rot  :  to  bring  to 
corruption  i—pr.p.    rott'ing  ;   pa.t.    and 

'  pa.p.  rott'ed. — n.  decay  :  putrefaction  :  a 
disease  of  the  potato  :  a  decay  (called 
Dry-rot)  which  attacks  timber  :  a  fatal 
distemper  in  sheep.  [A.S.  rotian,  cog. 
with  Ice.  rotna.l 

ROTARY,  ro'tar-i,  adj.  turning  round  like 
a  wheel:  rotatory.  [L.  rota,  a  wheel, 
akin  to  Sans,  ratha,  a  chariot,  and  Ger. 
rad,  a  wheel.] 

ROTATE,  ro'tat,  v.t.  to  turn  anything 
round  like  a  wheel :  to  cause  to  turn. — v.i. 
to  turn  round  Uke  a  wheel.  [L.  roto, 
rotatus — rota.'\ 

ROTATION,  ro-ta'shun,  n.  a  turning  round 
like  a  wheel:  series  or  appropriate  suc- 
cession, as  of  crops.     [Fi\ — L.  rotatio.^ 

ROTATORY,  ro'ta-tor-i,  adj.  turning  round 
Uke  a  wheel :  going  in  a  circle  :  following 
in  succession. 

ROTE,  rot,  n.  the  frequent  and  mechanical 
repetition  of  words  without  knowledge 
of  the  meaning.  [M.E.  rote,  to  hum  a 
tune — A.S.  hrutan,  to  roar;  cf.  Scot. 
rout,  to  bellow,  O.  Fr.  rote,  a  hurdy- 
gurdv.J 

ROTTEN,  rot'n,  adj.  putrefied  :  corrupt : 
decomposed  :  unsound  :  treacherous. — n. 
Rott'enness. 

ROTTENSTONE,  rot'n-ston,  n.  a  soft  stone 
used  in  a  state  of  powder  to  poUsh  soft 
metals  and  glass.  [See  Rotten  and 
Stojte.] 

ROTUND,  ro-tund',  ad/.,  round:  spherical. 
—ns.  RoTUND'NESS,  ROTUND'ITY.  [L.  ro- 
tundus — rota.    See  Rotary.] 

ROTUNDA,  ro-tund'a,  ROTUNDO,  ro- 
tund'o,  n.  a  round  building.  [Fr.  ro- 
tonde.  It.  rotondo.] 

ROUBLE.    Same  as  Ruble. 

ROUE,  roo'a,  n.  a  fashionable  profligate:  a 
rake:  a  debauchee.  [Lit.  "one  broken  on 
the  icheel,"  a  name  given  by  PhiUppe, 
Duke  of  Orleans,  Regent  of  France  1715- 
33,  to  his  dissolute  companions,  Fr. ,  pa.p. 
of  rouer — rcme — L.  rota,  a  wheel.] 


ROUGE,  r66zh,  n.  a  red  paint  used  to  color 
the  cheeks  or  lips.  — v.t.  to  color  with 
rouge.  [Fr.  (It.  roggio,  robbio) — L.  ru- 
beus,  red.     See  Ruby.] 

ROUGE-ET-NOIR,  roozh'-a-nwawr'.  n.  a 
game  at  cards  played  at  a  table,  marked 
with  four  diamond-shaped  spots,  two  red 
and  two  black.    [Fi-.  "red-and-black."] 

ROUGH,  ruf,  adj.  not  smooth  :  uneven  : 
uncut :  unpolished  :  unfinished  :  boistei^ 
ous  :  tempestuous  :  \iolent  :  harsh  : 
severe  :  rude  :  coarse  :  disordered  in  ap- 
pearance.— adv.  Rough'ly. — n.  Rough'- 
NESS.  [A.S.  ruh,  rough,  cog.  with  Ger. 
rauch,  rauh,  Dut.  ruig.] 

ROUGH,  ruf,  v.t.  to  make  rough  :  to  break 
in  a  horse. 

ROUGHEN,  rufn,  v.t.  to  make  rough.— 
v.i.  to  become  rough. 

ROUGH-RIDER,  ruf'-rid'er,  n.  one  who 
rides  rough  orimtrained  horses  :  a  horse- 
breaker,  especially  in  the  army. 

ROULETTE,  rool-et',  n.  a  little  baU  or 
roller  :  a  game  of  chance  played  with  a 
small  baU  on  a  circle  divided  into  red  and 
black  spaces.  [Fr.— rowZer,  to  roll,  from 
the  balls  roUing.     See  Roll.] 

ROUND,  rownd,  adj.  circular  :  globular : 
cylindrical :  whole  :  complete :  plump  : 
large  :  smooth  :  flowing  :  open  :  plain  : 
positive  :  bold  :  brisk. — adv.  in  a  round 
manner  :  on  all  sides :  from  one  side  or 
party  to  another  :  circularly.  — prep. 
around  :  on  every  side  of  :  all  over. — n. 
that  whicn  is  roiind :  a  circle  or  globe : 
a  series  of  actions  :  the  time  of  such  a 
series:  a  turn:  routine:  revolution:  cycle: 
an  accustomed  walk  :  a  step  of  a  ladder : 
a  song  or  dance  having  a  frequent  re- 
turn to  the  same  point :  a  volley  or  gen- 
eral discharge  of  firearms  :  that  in  which 
a  whole  company  takes  part.  —  v.t.  to 
make  round  :  to  surround  :  to  go  round  : 
to  complete  :  to  make  full  and  flowing. 
— v.i.  to  grow  or  become  round  or  full : 
to  go  round. — adj.  Round'ISH,  somewhat 
round.  [O.  Fr.  round,  roond  (Fr.  rond) — 
L.  rotundus—rota.  a  wheel.  See  Rotary.] 

ROUNDABOUT,  rownd'a-bowt,  adj.  en- 
circling :  circuitous:  indirect. — n.  a  hori- 
zontal revol\Tng  wheel  on  which  children 
ride. 

ROUNDEL,  rownd'el,  n.  anj'thing  of  a 
round  form  or  figure  :  a  circle  :  a  rounde- 
lay. [O.  Fr.  rondel  (Ft.  rondean),  dim. 
of  rond.    See  Round.] 

ROUNDELAY,  rownd'e-la,  n.  a  round:  a 
song  or  dance  in  which  parts  are  re- 
peated. [Same  as  above,  modified  by 
influence  of  E.  Lay.] 

ROUNDHEAD,  rownd'hed,  n.  a  name  for- 
merly given  by  the  Cavaliers  or  adher- 
ents of  Charles  I.,  during  the  English 
civil  war,  to  members  of  the  Puritan  or 
parliamentary  party,  who  distinguished 
themselves  by  having  their  hair  closely 
cut,  while  the  Cavaliers  wore  theirs  in 
long  ringlets.  "When  in  October,  1641, 
the  Parliament  reassembled  after  a  short 
recess,  two  hostile  parties,  essentially  the 
same  with  those  which,  under  different 
names,  have  ever  since  contended,  and 
are  still  contending,  for  the  direction  of 
public  affairs,  appeared  confronting  each 
other.  During  some  years  they  were 
designated  as  Cavaliers  a-nd  Roundheads. 
They  were  subsequently  called  Wliigs  and 
Tories ;  nor  does  it  seem  that  these  ap- 
pellations are  likely  soon  to  become  ob- 
solete."— Maeaulay. 

ROUNDHOUSE,  rownd'hows,  n.  in  ships, 
a  cabin  or  house  on  the  after-part  of  the 
quarter-deck  :  the  building  in  which  loco- 
motives are  kept  when  not  in  service  on 
the  railroad. 

ROUNDLY,    rowndU,    adv.    in   a   round 


manner  :  fully  :  completely  :  boldly  : 
openlv  :  plainly. 

ROUNIJNESS.  fownd'nes,  n.  quality  of 
being  round,  globular,  or  cylindrical : 
cylindrical  form  :  fullness  :  smoothness 
of  flow  :  plainness  :  boldness. 

ROUNDROBIN,  rownd-rob'in,  n.  a  petition 
with  the  signatures  in  the  form  of  a  cir- 
cle or  round  ribbon,  so  as  not  to  show 
who  signed  first.  [Fr.  rond  mban,  round 
ribbon.] 

ROUP,  rowp,  »!.  a  sale  by  auction. — v.  to 
seU  by  auction.     [A  Scotch  word.] 

ROUSE,  rowz,  i\t.  to  raise  up :  to  stir  up  : 
to  awaken  :  to  excite  to :  to  put  into  ac- 
tion :  to  startle  or  start,  as  an  animal. — 
r.t.  to  awake  :  to  be  excited  to  action. 
[Prob.  from  the  root  of  Rose,  pa.t.  of 
Rise.    See  also  Raise.] 

ROUSE,  rowz,  n.  a  carousal.  [Perh.  akin 
to  G«r.  rausch,  drunkenness,  perh.  short 
for  Carouse.} 

ROUT,  rowt,  n.  a  tumultuous  crowd,  a  rab- 
ble :  a  lar^e  party :  a  fashionable  even- 
ing assemblj'.  [O.  Fr.  route,  a  band, 
division — Low  L.  rupta,  thing  broken — 
L.  riimpo,  ruptna,  to  break.] 

ROUT,  rowt,  n.  the  defeat  of  an  army  or 
body  of  troops  :  the  disorder  of  troops 
defeated. — v.t.  to  put  to  disorderly  flight: 
to  defeat  and  throw  into  confusion :  to 
conquer.  [O.  Fr.  route — L.  niptus,  rupta, 
pa.p.  of  rjimpo,  to  break.    See  Rupture.] 

ROUTE,  root,  n.  a  course  to  be  traversed  : 
a  line  of  march  :  road  :  track.  [Fr. — L. 
rupta  (via),  "a  broken  vmy."] 

ROUTINE,  root-en',  n.  course  of  duties  : 
regulai'  course  of  action.     [Fr.] 

ROVE,  rov,  v.t.  (lit.)  to  7-ob:  to  wander 
over  Uke  robbers. — v.i.  to  wander  about  : 
to  ramble :  to  range.  [A  byform  of 
Reave,  modified  by  influence  of  Dut. 
roven,  to  plunder.     See  Rob.] 

ROVER,  rov'er,  n.  one  who  roves  :  a  robbei 
or  pirate  :  a  wanderer  :  an  inconstant 
person. 

ROW,  ro,  ?i.  a  line  :  a  rank  :  persons  or 
things  in  a  line.  [A.S.  rawa  ;  Ger.  reihe, 
Dut.  rij-l 

ROW,  ro,  v.t.  to  impel  with  an  oar:  to 
transport  by  rowing. — v.i.  to  work  with 
the  oar :  to  be  moved  by  oars.— n.  an 
excursion  in  a  rowing-boat. — n.  Row'er. 
[A.S.  rovan  ;  Ger.  rudern,  Ice.  roa.'] 

ROW,  row,  n.  a  noisy  squabble  :  uproar. 
[Prob.  a  corr.  of  Rout,  a  rabble.] 

ROWAN-TREE,  ro'an-tre,  n.  See  Roan- 
tree. 

BOWDY,  row'di,  adj.  noisy  and  turbulent. 
— n.  Row'DYlSM.  [Short  for  rowdydow, 
an  expression  formed  on  the  basis  of  Row, 
uproar,  and  RouT,  a  rabble.] 

ROWEL,  row'el,  ?i.  the  little  wheel  in  a 
spur,  set  with  sharp  points  :  a  little  flat 
wheel  or  ring  on  horses'  bits.  [Fr.  rouelle 
--Low  L.  rotella,  dim.  of  L.  rota,  awheel.] 

ROWLOCK,  ro'lok  or  rul'uk,  n.  a  contriv- 
ance on  the  wale  of  a  boat,  to  hold  the 
oar  in  rowing.     [Row,  v.  and  Lock.] 

ROYAL,  roy'al,  adj.,  regal,  kingly:  mag- 
nificent :  mustrious  :  magnanimous :  en- 
joying the  favor  or  patronage  of  the 
sovereign.  —  adv.  Roy' ally.  [Fr.  —  L. 
regalis.    See  Regal.] 

ROYAL,  roy'al,  n.  a  large  kind  of  paper  :  a 
sail  above  the  topgallant  sail :  one  of  the 
soldiers  of  the  1st  British  regiment  of 
foot :  one  of  the  shoots  of  a  stag's  head 

ROYALISM,  roy'al-izm,  n.  attachment  to 
kings  or  to  kingly  government. 

ROYALIST,  roy  al-ist,  n.  an  adherent  of 
royal  ism. 

ROYALTY,  roy'al-ti,  n.,  kingship:  the 
character,  state,  or  office  of  a  king  : 
majesty  :  the  person  of  the  king  or  sov- 
ereign :  in  England  the  fixed  sum  paid  to 
the  crown  or  other  proprietor,  as  on  the 


ROYSTEROUS 


371 


RUNIC 


produce  of  a  mine,  etc.  :  in  U.  S.  a  sum 
paid  to  the  owner  of  a  patent,  copyright 
or  .other  property  in  con.sideration  of  the 
right  to  make  or  use  the  article  within 
certain  limitations  :  kingdom. 

ROYSTEROUS,  roi'ster-us,  adj.  roister- 
ing :  roisterly  :  revelling  :  drunken  or 
riotous.  "  The  roysterous  young  dogs  ; 
carolling,  howling,  breaking  the  Lord 
Abbot's  sleep." — Carlyle. 

RUB,  rub,  v.t.  to  move  something  over 
(the  surface  of)  with  pressure  or  friction  : 
to  clean  :  to  polish  :  to  wipe  :  to  scour  : 
to  erase  or  beat  out :  to  touch  hard. — v.i. 
to  move  along  with  pressure  :  to  grate  : 
to  fret  -.—pr.p.  rubb'ing  ;  pa.t.  &Ddpa.p. 
rubbed. — n.  the  act  of  rubbing  :  that 
which  rubs  :  a  collision  :  an  obstruction  : 
difficulty  :  a  pinch  :  a  joke.  [Grael.  rub, 
W.  rhwbio,  to  rub,  to  grind.] 

RUBBER,  rub'er,  n.  caoutchouc  :  a  coarse 
file  :  a  contest  of  three  games  at  cards. 

RUBBISH,  rub'ish,  n.  waste  matter  :  the 
fragments  of  ruinous  buildings  :  any 
mingled  mass  :  nonsense. — adj.  RUBB- 
ISHY.    [From  Rub.] 

Rubble,  rub'l,  n.  the  upper  fragmentary 
decomposed  matter  of  a  mass  of  rock : 
water  -  worn  stones  :  small,  undressed 
stones  used  in  coarse  masonry.  [From 
Rub.] 

RUBESCENT,  roo-bes'ent,  adj.  tending  to 
a  red  color.  [L.  nibesco,  to  grow  red — 
ruber,  red.] 

RUBICUND,  roo'bi-kund,  adj.  inclining  to 
ruby  or    redness :  ruddy. — n.   Rubicun'- 

DITY. 

RUBLE,  roo'bl,  n.  a  Russian  silver  com 
equal  in  value  to  100  copper  copecks, 
worth  about  73  cents,  gold  standard. 
[Russ.  rubl,  a  piece  cut  off — rubitj,  to 
cut.] 

RUBRIC,  roo'brik,  n.  the  title  of  a  statute  : 
the  directions  for  the  service,  in  Prayer- 
books,  formerly  in  red  letter  :  an  ecclesi- 
astical injunction  :  a  thing  definitely 
settled.— ad/s.  Ru'brical,  Ru'bric.  [L. 
rubrica,  red  earth,  hence  the  title  or  a 
law  (because  written  in  red)  —  ruber, 
red.] 

RUBY,  roo'bi,  n.,  redness:  anything  red: 
a  precious  stone  of  a  red  color. — adj.  hav- 
ing the  color  of  the  ruby:  red. — v.t.  to 
make  red  :—pa.t.  a,ndpa.p.  ru'bied.  [Fr. 
ncbis  ;  from  L.  rubeus — ruber,  red.] 

RUCKLE,  ruk'l,  n.  a  rattling  noise  in  the 
throat  seeming  to  indicate  suffocation. 
[Scotch.] 

RTJCKLING,  ruk'ling,  adj.  having  a  ruckle: 
making  a  rattling  noise.  "  The  deeprwcA'- 
ling  groans  of  the  patient." — Sir  W.  Scott. 
[Scotch.] 

RI7DDER,  rud'er,  n.  the  instrument  by 
which  a  ship  is  rowed  or  steered,  which 
originally  was  an  oar  working  at  the 
stern.  [A.S.  rottier ;  Grer.  ruder,  an  oar. 
See  Row,  v.t.] 

RUDDY,  rud'i  (coinp.  Rudd'iek,  supert. 
Rudd'iest),  adj.  of  a  red  color  :  of  the 
color  of  the  skin  in  high  health. — adv. 
Rudd'ily. — n.  Rudd'iness.  [M.E.  rude, 
the  color  of  the  face,  from  root  of  Red.] 

RUDE,  rood  {comp.  Rxjd'er,  superl.  Rud- 
est), adj.  crude  :  uncultivated  :  barbar- 
ous: rough:  harsh:  ignorant:  uncivil. — 
adv.  Rude'ly. — n.  Rude'ness.  [Ft. — L. 
rudis :  conn,  with  Crude.] 

RUDIMENT,  rood'i-ment,  n.  anything  in 
its  rude  or  first  state  :  a  first  principle  or 
element. 

RUDIMENT AL,  rood  -  i  -  ment'al,  RUDI- 
MENiARY,  rood-i-ment'ar-i,  adj.  per- 
taining to,  consisting  in,  or  containing 
rudiments  or  first  principles  :  initial. 

RUE,  roo,  n.  a  plant  used  in  medicine, 
having  a  bitter  taste  and  strong  smell. 
[Fr.  nie—L.  ruta—Or.  rhyte.] 


RUE,  r66,  v.t.  to  be  sorry  for :  to  lament : 
— pr.p.  rue'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  rued. 
[A.S.  hreowan,  to  be  sorry  for — hreoiv, 
sorrow ;  Ger.  reue,  O.  Ger.  hriuwa, 
mourning.] 

RUE-BARGAIN,  roo'-bar-gin,  n.  a  forfeit 
paid  for  withdrawing  from  a  bargain. 
"  He  said  it  would  cost  him  a  guinea 
of  rue -bargain  to  the  man  who  had 
bought  his  pony  before  he  could  get  it 
back  again." — Sir  W.  Scott. 

RUEFUL,  roo'fool,  adj.,  sorrowful:  pite- 
ous.— adv.  Rue'fully. — n.  Rue'fulness. 

RUFF,  ruf,  n.  an  ornament  of  frills,  for- 
merly worn  round  the  neck  :  anything 
plaited  :  a  species  of  wading-  bird,  the 
male  of  which  has  the  neck  surrounded 
in  the  breeding  season  with  a  ruff  of  long 
feathers: — fem.  Reeve. — v.t.  to  ruffle: 
to  trump  at  whist  instead  of  following 
suit.     [Prob.  a  form  of  ROUGH.] 

RUFFIAN,  ruf'i-an,  n.  a  brutal,  boisterous 
fellow  :  a  robber  :  a  murderer.  —  adj. 
brutal :  boisterous.  [Fr.  rufien ;  It.  nifi- 
ano,  prob.  from  a  root  ruf,  seen  in  Prov. 
Ger.  ruffer,  ruffeln,  to  pander.] 

RUFFIANAGE,'ruf'i-an-aj,  n.  the  state  of 
being  a  ruffian  :  rascaldom  :  ruffians  col- 
lectively. "  Rufus  never  moved  unless 
escorted  by  the  vilest  ruffianage." — Sir 
F.  Palgrave. 

RUFFIANISM,  ruf'i-an-izm,  n.  conduct  of 
a  ruffian. 

RUFFIANLY,  ruf'i-an-li,  adj.  like  a  ruffian: 
violent. 

RtJFFLE,  ruf'l,  v.t.  to  make  like  a  ruff,  to 
wrinkle  :  to  form  into  plaits :  to  form 
with  ruffles :  to  disorder  :  to  agitate. — 
v.i.  to  grow  rough:  to  flutter.— n.  a  plaited 
article  of  dress  :  agitation  :  a  low  roll  of 
the  drum.     [See  Ruff.] 

RUFFLER,  ruf'ler,  n.  a  swaggerer,  abully. 

RUFOUS,  roo'fus,  adj.,  reddish  or  brown- 
ish-red :  having  reddish  hair.  [L.  rufus, 
akin  to  ruber,  red.] 

RUG,  rug,  n.  a  coarse,  rough  woollen  cloth 
or  coverlet :  a  soft,  woolly  mat.  [From 
root  of  Rough.] 

RUGGED,  rug'ed,  adj..  rough:  uneven: 
shaggy  :  sour  :  stormy :  grating  to  the 
ear. — adv.  Rugg'edly. — n.  Rugg'edness. 
[M.E.  rogge,  to  shake,  Scot,  rug,  to  tear, 
from  Scand.  rugga.] 

RUGOSE,  roo'gos,  RUGOUS,  roo'gus,  adj., 
^crinkled :  full  of  wrinkles.  [L.  rugosus 
— ruga,  a  wrinkle.] 

RUIN,  roo'in,  n.  a  rushing  ov  falling  down 
violently  :  destruction  :  overthrow:  that 
which  destroj's:  the  remains  of  a  building 
demolished  or  decayed  (usually  in  pi.). — 
v.t.  to  demolish  :  to  destroy  :  to  defeat : 
to  impoverish.  [Fr. — ^L.  ruina — ruo,  to 
rush  or  tumble  down.] 

RUINOUS,  roo'in-us,  adj.  fallen  to  ruins  : 
decayed  :  pernicious. — adv.  Ru'inously. 

RULE,  rool,  n.  government :  a  principle  : 
a  standard  :  a  statute  :  a  majfim  :  order: 
an  instrument  used  in  drawing  lines. — 
v.t.  to  govern  :  ro  manage  :  to  settle  as 
by  a  rule  :  to  establish  by  decision  :  to 
determine,  as  a  court:  to  mark  with  lines. 
— v.i.  to  exercise  power :  to  decide :  to 
lay  down  and  settle:  to  stand  or  range, 
as  prices.  [O  Fr.  reule,  Fr.  regie — L. 
regula — rego,  to  keep  straight,  to  rule.] 

RULELESSNESS,  rool'les-nes,  m.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  ruleless  or  without 
law.  "  Rvlessness,  or  want  of  rules." — 
London  Academy. 

RULER,  rool'er,  a.  a  sovereign:  a  governor: 
an  instrument  used  in  drawing  lines. 

RULING,  rool'ing,  adj.  predominant :  pre- 
vailing. 

RUM,  rum,  n.  a  kind  of  spirit  distilled  from 
the  fermented  juice  of  the  sugar-cane,  or 
from  molasses.  [Prob.  a  West  Indian 
word.] 


RUMBLE,  rumT)!,  n.  a  seat  for  servants  be- 
hind a  carriage.     [Ety.  dub.] 

RUMBLE,  rum'bl,  t'.t.  to  make  a  confused 
noise  from  rolling  hea%'ily.  —  n.  a,  low, 
heavy,  continued  sound.  [Teut.,  found 
in  Dut.  rommelen,  rummeln,  from  the 
sound.] 

RUMBLING,  rum'bling,  n.  a  low,  heavy, 
continued  sound. 

RUMINANT,  roo'mi-nant,  adj.  having  tha 
power  of  ruminating  or  chewing  the  cud. 
— n.  an  animal  that  chews  the  cud,  as  the 
ox,  etc. 

RUMINATE,  roo'mi-nat,  v.i.  to  chew  tha 
cud:  to  meditate. — v.t.  to  chew  over 
again:  to  muse  on.  [L.  rumino,  -atuni — 
rumen,  the  throat,  gullet.] 

RUMINATION,  roo-mi-na'shun,  n.  act  of 
chewing  the  cud :  calm  reflection. 

RUMMAGE,  rum'aj,  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  search 
narrowly  by  turning  things  over:  to  clear 
a  ship's  hold  of  goods.  —  n.  a  careful 
search.  [Orig.  a  naut.  term,  M.  E.  rxime, 
to  clear  a  space — A.S.  rum,  room,  or  from 
Dut.  ruim,  a  ship's  hold.    See  Room.] 

RUMMER,  rum'er,  n.  a  large  drinking, 
glass.  [Dut.  roemer,  Ger.  romer,  perh. 
from  Low  L.  romarius,  a  glass  of  Roman 
wai'e.] 

RUMOR,  roo'mur,  n.  flying  report :  a  cur- 
rent story.— v.t.  to  report :  to  circulate 
by  report.  [L.  rumor,  a  noise ;  conn, 
with  raucus,  hoarse,  rudo,  to  bray.  Sans. 
ru,  to  sound.] 

RUMP,  i-ump,  n.  the  end  of  the  backbone 
of  an  animal  with  the  parts  adjacent. 
[Ice.  rumpr,  Ger.  rumpf,  Dut.  rompe.] 

RUMPLE,  rum'pl,  v.t.  to  crush  out  of 
shape  :  to  make  uneven. — n.  a  fold  or 
wrinkle.  [A.S.  hrympelle,  a  fold  ;  Dut. 
rompelen,  to  fold.] 

RUN,  run,  v.i.  to  move  swiftly :  to  pass 
quickly  on  the  ground  :  to  flee  :  to  go, 
as  ships,  etc.  :  to  have  course  in  any  di- 
rection :  to  flow  :  to  dart  :  to  turn  :  to 
extend:  to  pierce:  to  melt:  to  be  busied: 
to  become  :  to  be  in  force  :  to  discharge 
matter,  as  a  sore  :  to  press,  esp.  for  im- 
mediate payment.  — v.t.  to  cause  to  move 
swiftly  :  to  force  forward  :  to  push  :  to 
cause  to  pass  :  to  fuse  :  to  discharge,  as 
a  sore  :  to  pursue  in  thought :  to  incur  : 
— pr.p.  runn'ing  ;  pa.t.  ran  ;  jsa.p.  nm. 
— n.  act  of  running  :  course  :  flow :  dis- 
charge from  a  sore  :  distance  sailed  :  a 
trip  by  trainmen  from  one  division  of  a 
railroad  to  the  next  :  voj'age  :  continued 
series  :  general  reception  :  prevalence  : 
popular  clamor  :  an  unusual  pressure, 
as  on  a  bank,  for  payment  of  notes.  [A.S. 
rennan ;  Ger.  rennen.  Ice.  renna,  to  run.] 

RUNAGATE,  run'a-gat,  n.  a  vagabond : 
renegade.  [A  corr.  of  Renegade,  but 
modified  both  in  form  and  meaning  by 
Run.] 

RUNAWAY,  run'a-wa,  n.  one  who  runs 
airay  from  danger  or  restraint :  a  fugi- 
tive.— adj.  fleeing  from  danger  or  re- 
straint :  done  by  or  in  flight. 

RUNE,  roon,  n.  one  of  the  characters  form- 
ing the  earliest  alphabet  of  the  Teutonic 
nations.  [A.S.  run,  a  secret,  mysterious 
talk,  mysterious  writing  ;  applied  to  the 
old  Teutonic  written  characters  from 
their  use  in  divination.  The  word  is 
found  in  M.  E.  rounen,  to  whisper,  and  is 
cog.  with  Ice.  run,  with  O.  Ger.  runa,  a 
secret,  whispering,  Goth,  j-uwa,  secret.] 

RUNECRAFT,  roonTn-aft,  n.  knowledge  of 
nines  :  skill  in  deciphering  runic  charac- 
ters. "  Modern  Swedish  runecraft." — Ar- 
chceologia,  1871. 

RUNG,  rung,  pa. i.  and  pa.p.  of  Ring. 

RUNIC,  roon'ik,  adj.  relating  to  ruiies,  to 
the  ancient  Teutonic  nations,  or  to  their 
language. 


RUNN 


372 


SACRIFICE 


RUNN,  run/n.  in  India,  a  waste  or  desert, 
as  the  Bunn  of  Cutch.    Written  also  Ran. 

EUNNER,  run'er,  n.  one  who  or  that  which 
runs :  a  racer  :  a  messenger :  a  rooting 
stem  that  runs  along  the  ground  :  the 
moving  stone  of  a  mill:  a  rope  to  increase 
the  power  of  a  tackle. 

BUNKING,  run'ing,  adj.  kept  for  the  race: 
successive  :  continuous  :  flowing  :  easy : 

I     discliarging  matter. — n.  act  of   moving 

I  swiftly  :  that  which  runs  or  flows  :  a  dis- 
charge from  a  wound. 

EHINOLOGIST,  roo-nol'o-jist,  ii.  one  versed 
in  runology  :  a  student  of  runic  remains. 
"The  advanced  school  of  Scandinavian 
runologists." — London  Athenaum. 

aUNOLOGY,  roo-nol'o-ji,  v.  the  study  of 
runes.  "Of  late,  however,  great  prog- 
ress has  been  made  in  runology." — Ar- 
chcEologia,  1871. 

RUPEE,  roo-pe',  n.  an  E.  Indian  silver  coin, 
usually  worth  about  50  cents.  [Hind. 
ntpiydh — Sans,  rupya,  silver.] 

RUPTURE,  rup'tiir,  n.  the  act  of  breaking 
or  bursting :  the  state  of  being  broken  : 
a  breach  of  the  peace  :  (med.)  the  protru- 
sion of  any  of  the  viscera. — v.t.  to  break 
or  burst:  to  part  by  violence. — v.i.  to  suf- 
fer a  breach.  [Fr. — Low  L.  ruptura — L. 
rumpo,  ruptum,  to  break.] 

RURAL,  roor'al,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to 
the  country :  suiting  the  country  :  rus- 
tic :  pertaining  to  agricultui-e.  —  adv. 
Rub'ally. — w.  RUH/VL  DEAK,  an  ecclesi- 
astic under  the  bishop  and  archdeacon, 
■with  the  peculiar  care  of  the  clergy  of 
a  district.  [Fr. — L.  ruralis — i-us,  ruris, 
the  country.] 

RURALIZE,  roor'al-iz,  v.i.  to  render  rural. 
— v.i.  to  become  rm-al. 

KUSE.  rooz,  n.  a  turning  or  doubling,  as 
of  animals  to  get  out  of  the  way  of  dogs: 
a  trick  :  fraud.  [Fr.  ruser,  to  tm-n,  O. 
Fr.  reiiser,  to  get  out  of  the  way  ;  prob. 
from  L.  recusare,  to  decline.] 

HUSH,  rush,  v.i.  to  move  with  a  shaking, 
rustling  noise,  as  the  wind  :  to  move 
forward  violently  :  to  enter  rashly  and 
hastily. — n.  a  rushing  or  driving  for- 
ward. [A.S.  hrisciati,  to  shake,  Ger. 
rauschen,  to  make  a  noise.] 

EUSH,  rush,  n.  a  plant  with  a  round  stem 
and  no  leaves,  common  in  wet  ground. 
[A.S.  risce,  like  G^r.  risch,  from  L.  rus- 
euw.] 

RUSHY,  rush'i,  adj.  full  of  or  made  of 
rushes. 

EUSK,  rusk,  n.  a  kind  of  light  hard  cake  : 
a  kind  of  hght  soft  cake  or  sweetened 
biscuit.  [Ace.  to  Mahn,  prob.  from  Low 
(Jer.  rusken,  to  crackle.] 

RUSSET,  rus'et,  adj.,  'rusty  or  reddish- 
brown:  coarse:  rustic.  —  n.  a  coarse 
homespun  dress. — adj.  Russ'ety.  [Dim. 
of  Fr.  rousse — L.  riissus,  red  ;  said  to  be 
from  nibeo,  to  be  red,  Uke  jussus,  from 
jubeo.] 

EUSSETING,  rus'et-ing,  n.  an  apple  of  a 
russet  color  and  rough  skin. 

EUST,  rust,  n.  the  j-eddisTi-brown  coating 
on  iron  exposed  to  moisture :  anything 
resembling  rust :  a  disease  of  cereals  and 
grasses,  showing  itself  in  brown  or  orange 
spots  on  the  leaves,   caused   by    small 

.    fungi. — v.i.  to  become  rusty  :  to  become 

i    dull  by  inaction. — v.t.  to  make  rusty  :  to 

'  impair  by  time  and  inactivity.  [A.S.; 
Ger.  rost.] 

RUSTIC,  rus'tik,   adj.    pertaining  to  the 

^  country :  rural :  rude  :  awkward  :  sim- 
ple :  coarse  :  artless :  unadorned.-^-adu. 
KUs'TiCAiiY.  [Ft.— L.  rvsticus—rus,  the 
country.] 

RUSTICATE,  rus'ti-kat,  v.t.  to  send  into 
the  country :  to  banish  for  a  time  from  a 
town  or  oollege. — v.i.  to  live  in  the  coun- 


try.—n.  Rustica'tion.  [L.  rusticor,  rug. 
ticatus — rus.] 

RUSTICITY,  rus-tis'i-ti,  n.,  rustic  manners. 
[Fr.  rusticite — L.  rusticitas.'\ 

RUSTLE,  rus'l,  v.i.  to  make  a  soft,  whis- 
pering sound,  as  silk,  straw,  etc. — n.  a 
quick  succession  of  small  sounds,  as 
that  of  dry  leaves  :  a  rustling.  [A.S. 
hristlan ;  Ger.  rasseln  :  perh.  from  the 
sound.] 

RUSTLING,  rus'ling,  n.  a  quick  succession 
of  small  sounds,  as  of  dry  leaves. 

RUSTY,  rust'i,  adj.  covered  with  i~ust :  im- 
paired by  inacti\'ity  :  dull. — adv.  RusT*- 
ILY. — n.  Rust'iness. 

RUT,  rut,  71.  a  track  left  by  a  wheel. — v.t. 
to  form  ruts  in  •.—pr.p.  rutt'ing ;  pa.t. 
and  pa. p.  rutt'ed.  [Fr.  route.  See 
Route.] 

RUT,  rut,  n.  the  copulation  of  animals, 
esp.  of  deer. — v.t.  to  cover  in  copulation. 
— v.i.  to  lust,  said  of  animals  :^pr.p. 
rutt'ing;  pa.p.  rutt'ed.  [Fr.  rut  —  L. 
rugitus — rugio,  to  roar.] 

RUTHLESS,  rooth'les,  adj.,  n-ithout  pity 
or  tenderness  :  insensible  to  misery  : 
cruel. — adv.  Ruth'lesslt. — n.  Ruth'less- 
NESS.     [Obs.  ruth,  pity — Rue,  v.] 

RYE,  ri,  n.  a  genus  of  grasses  allied  to 
wheat  and  barley,  one  species  of  which 
is  cultivated  as  a  grain.  [A.S.  ryge  ;  Ice. 
rugr,  Ger.  roggen,  W.  rhyg.] 

RYEGRASS,  ri'gras,  n.  a  variety  of  grass 
Uke  7-ye,  cultivated  Sor  pasture  and  fod- 
der. 

RYOT,  ri'ut,  n.  a  Hindu  cultivatoi  or  peas- 
ant.     [From  Ar.  raaya,  to  pasture.] 

RYPECK,  rl'pek,  n.  a  pole  used  to  moor  a 
punt  while  fishing  or  the  like.  "  He 
ordered  the  fishermen  to  take  up  the  ry- 
pecks,  and  he  floated  away  down  stream." 
— H.  Kingsley. 


s 


SABAISM,  sa'barizm.    Same  as  Sabianism. 

SABAOTH,  sa-ba'oth,  n.pl..  armies,  used 
onl}-  in  the  B.  phrase,  Wieiord  of  Sabaoth. 
[Heb.  tzebaoth,  pi.  of  tzaba,  an  army — 
tzaba,  to  go  forth.] 

SABBATARIAN,  sab-a-ta'ri-an,  n.  one  who 
observes  the  seventh  daj'  of  the  week  as 
the  Sabbath:  a  very  strict  observer  of  the 
Sabbatli. — adj.  pertaining  to  the  Sabbath 
or  to  Sabbatarians. — n.  Sabbata'rianism. 
[L.  sabbatarius  —  Sabbata.  See  Sab- 
bath.] 

SABBATH,  sab'ath,  n.  among  the  Jews, 
the  seventh  day  of  the  week,  set  apart 
for  rest  from  work  :  among  Christians, 
the  first  day  of  the  week,  in  memory  of 
the  resurrection  of  Christ :  among  the 
ancient  Jews,  the  seventh  year,  when  the 
land  was  left  fallow,  [Lit.  rest,  L.  Sab- 
bata— Heb.  Sliabbath,  rest.] 

SABBATIC,  sab-at'ik,  SABBATICAL,  sab- 
at'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  resembling 
the  Sabbatli ;  enjojing  or  bringing  rest. 
[Low  L.  sabbaticus.] 

SABIANISM,  saTji-an-izm,  SABAISM,  sa'- 
ba-izm,  n.  the  worship  of  tlie  host  of 
heaven,  i.e.  heavenly  bodies,  angels,  etc., 
as  well  as  the  Deitj-.  [Prob.  from  Heb. 
tzaba,  an  army,  a  host.] 

SABLE,  sa'bl,  n.  an  animal  of  the  weasel 
kind  found  in  N.  Europe  and  N.  Asia, 
valuable  for  its  glossy  black  fur  :  its  fur. 
[O.  Fr.  sable,  through  Low  L.  sabeltts, 
irom  Russ.  sdboF.] 

SABLE,  sa'bl,  adj.  at  the  color  of  the  sable's 
fur:  black :  dark :  made  of  the  fur  of  the 
sable. 

SABRE,  sa'br,  n.  a  heavy  one-edged  sword, 
slightlj-  curved  towards  the  point,  used 
by  cavalry. — v.t.  to  wound  or  Kill  with  a 


sabre  :  to  arm  or  furnish  with  a  sabre  ; 
as,  "  A  whole  regiment  of  sabred  hus- 
sars."— Henry  Brooke.  [Fr.  sabre — Ger. 
sdbd,  prob.  from  the  Slav.,  as  Russ.  sabla, 
Polish  szabla.Ji 

SABRE-TACHE,  sab'er-tash,  n.  an  orna- 
mental leather  case  worn  by  cavalry  offi- 
cers at  the  left  side,  suspended  from  the 
sword-belt.  [Fr.  sabre-tache,  from  sabre, 
and  Ger.  tasche,  a  pocket.] 

SAC,  sak,  n.  {nat.  hist.)  a  sac  or  bag  for  a 
liquid.     [Fr.  form  of  Sack,  a  bag.] 

SACCHARINE,  sak'a-rin,  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  having  the  qualities  of  sugar.  [Fr. 
saccharin  —  L.  saccharum,  sugar.  S^ 
Sugar.  ]^ 

SACCHAROMETER,  sak-ar-om'e-ter,  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  the  quantity  of 
saccharine  matter  in  a  liquid.  [Gr.  sak- 
charon,  sugar,  and  metron,  a  measure.] 

SACERDOTAL,  sas-er-dot'al,  adj., priestly. 
— adv.  Sacerdot'ally.  [L. —  sacer-doa, 
a  priest — sacer,  sacred,  and  prob.  either 
do,  to  give,  or  root  dha,  to  do.  See 
Sacred.] 

SACERDOTALISM,  sas-er-dot'al-izm,  ». 
the  spirit  of  the  priesthood :  devotion  to 
priestly  interests. 

SACHEL.    Same  as  Satchel. 

SACHEM,  sa'kem,  n.  the  head  in  civil 
afi'airs  of  a  N.  American  Indian  tribe,  the 
chief  being  leader  in  war. 

SACK,  sak,  n.  a  large  bag  of  coarse  cloth, 
for  holding  grain,  flour,  etc.:  the  contents 
of  a  sack  :  a  loose  upper  garment  or  cloak. 
— v.t.  to  put  into  a  sack.  [A.S.  sac,  saee, 
a  word  common  to  all  European  tongues, 
perh.  orig.  Semitic,  as  Heb.  sak,  a  coarse 
cloth  or  garment.] 

SACK,  sak,  v.t.  to  plunder  :  to  ravage. — n, 
the  plunder  or  devastation  of  a  town: 
ravage.  [Fr.  sac,  a  sack,  plunder  (sac. 
eager,  to  sack) ;  cf.  Dut.  sacken,  to  put 
in  sacks,  to  plunder  (from  the  use  of  a 
sack  in  removing  plunder).] 

SACK,  sak,  n.  the  old  name  of  a  dry  Spanish 
wine.  [O.  E.  seek — Fr.  see  (Sp.  secoy-L. 
siccus,  dry.] 

SACKBUT,  sak'but,  n.  the  name  of  the 
trombone  when  first  brought  to  England : 
(B.)  a  kind  of  lyre  or  stringed  instrument. 
[Fr.  saquebute ;  of  uncertain  origin.] 

SACKCLOTH,  sak'kloth,  n.,  doth  for 
sacks :  coarse  cloth  formerly  worn  in 
mourning  or  penance. 

SACKING,  sak'ing,  n.  cloth  of  which  sacks 
are  made  :  the  coarse  cloth  or  canvas 
that  supports  a  bed. 

SACKING,  sak'ing,  n.  the  storming  and 
pillaging  of  a  town. 

SACRAMENT,  sak'rarment,  n.  one  of  the 
solemn  religious  rites  in  the  Christian 
Church,  esp.  the  Lord's  Supper :  one  of 
the  seven  "outward  signs  of  inward 
grace  "  by  which,  in  the  R.  Cath.  Church, 
grace  is  conveyed  to  the  soul — they  are 
Baptism,  Confirmation,  Holy  Eucharist, 
Penance,  Extreme  Unction,  Holy  Orders 
and  Matrimony.  [L.  sacramentum,  a 
sacred  thing — sacro,  to  consecrate— sacer, 

SACRAMENTAL,  sak-ra-ment'al,  adj.  be- 
longing to  or  constituting  a  sacrament. 
— adv.  Sacrament' ALLY. 

SACRED,  sa'ki-ed,  adj.,  set  apart  or  dedi- 
cated,  esp.  to  God  :  made  holy  :  proceed, 
ing  from  God  :  religious  :  entitled  to  re. 
spect  or  veneration  :  in\'iolable. — adv. 
Sa'credly.  —  n.  Sa'credntiss.  [M.  E 
saere,  to  set  apart,  consecrate,  pa.p 
sacred — Fr.  saere — L.  sacer,  from  root  sa 
akin  to  samis,  sound,  Gr.  sos,  safe.  Cf, 
Whole  and  Holy.] 

SACRIFICE,  sak'ri-fiz,  v.t.  to  ofl'er  up,  esp., 
on  the  altar  of  a  divinity  :  to  destroy  or 
give  up  for  something  else  :  to  devote  oi 
destroy  with  loss  or  suffeiiug ;  to  IdlL — 


SACRIFICE 


oiO 


SALEWORK 


v.i.  to  make  offerings  to  Gkxi. — n.  Sac'- 
EmcER.  [L.  saerifico — sacer,  sacred,  and 
facio,  to  make,  to  do.] 

SACRIFICE,  sak'ri-fis,  n.  act  of  sacrificing 
or  offering  to  a  deity,  esp.  a  victim  on  an 
altar:  that  wliich  is  sacrificed  or  offered: 
destruction  or  loss  of  anything  to  gain 
some  object :  that  which  is  given  up, 
destroyed,  or  lost  for  some  end. 

SACRIFICIAL,  sak-ri-fish'al,  adj.  relating 
to  or  consisting  in  sacrifice  :  performing 
sacrifice.     [L.  sacrificialis.] 

SACRILEGE,  sak'ri-lej,  n.  profanation  of 
a  sacred  place  or  tiling  :  the  breaking 
into  a  place  of  worship  and  stealing  there- 
from. [Lit.  the  crime  of  stealing  sacred 
things,  Fr.  sacrilege  —  L.  sacrilegium  — 
sacer,    sacred,   and   lego,  to  gather,   to 

SACRILEGIOUS,  sak-ri-le'jus,adj.  polluted 
with  sacrilege:  profane:  violating  sacred 
things.— adi'.  Sacrile'giously.— )i.  Sac'- 
rile'giousness.    [L.  sacrilegus.] 

SACRIST,  sa'krist,  n.  a  person  in  a  sacred 
place  or  cathedral  who  copies  out  music 
for  the  choir  and  takes  care  of  tlie  books: 
a  sacristan.     [Low  L.  sacrista — L.  sacer.] 

SACRISTAN,  sak'rist-an,  n.  an  officer  in  a 
church  who  has  charge  of  the  sacred  ves- 
sels and  other  movables  :  a  sexton.  [Low 
L.  sacristanus — L.  sacer.] 

SACRISTY,  sak'rist-i,  n.  an  apartment  in 
a,  church  where  the  sacred  utensils,  vest- 
ments, etc.,  are  kept :  vestry.  [Low  L. 
saeristia — L.  sacer.] 

SAD,  sad  {comp.  Sadd'er,  superl.  Sadd'est), 
adj.  heavy  :  serious :  cast  down :  ca- 
lamitous. —  adv.  Sad'ly.  —  n.  Sad'ness. 
[A.S.  sad,  sated,  weary,  with  cog.  words 
in  all  the  Teut.  tongues  and  in  L.  satur, 
full.] 

SADDEN,  sad'n,  v.t.  to  make  sad. — v.i.  to 
grow  sad. 

SADDLE,  sad'l,  n.  a  seat  or  pad,  generally 
of  leather,  for  a  horse's  back  :  an3rthing 
like  a  saddle,  as  a  saddle  of  mutton  (the 
two  loins  undivided),  etc. — v.t.  to  put  a 
saddle  on :  to  load.  [A.S.  sadel.  Cog. 
words  are  in  all  the  Teut.  tongues,  and 
even  in  Slav,  sedlo,  Celt,  sadell,  and  Finn. 
aatulOj] 

Si&DDLGR,  sadler,  n.  a  maker  of  saddles. 

SADDLERY,  sad'ler-i,  n.  occupation  of  a 
SBiddler  :  materials  for  saddles  :  articles 
sold  by  a  saddler. 

SADDLE-SICK,  sad'1-sik,  adj.  sick  or  galled 
with  much  or  heavy  riding.     Carlyle. 

8ADDUCEAN,  sad-u-se'an,  adj.  of  or  relat- 
kxg  to  the  Sadducees. 

8ADDUCEE,  sad'u-se,  n.  one  of  a  Jewish 
school  or  party  who  denied  the  resurrec- 
tion, the  existence  of  spirits,  and  a  future 
state.  —  n.  Sadduceeism,  sad-u-se'izm. 
[Gr.  Saddoukaios  ;  Heb.  Zedukim.] 

SADLY,  SADNESS.     See  under  Sad. 

SAFE,  saf,  adj.  unharmed  :  free  from  dan- 
ger or  injury :  secure  :  securing  from 
•anger  or  injury  :  no  longer  dangerous. 
— Ojdv.  Sape'ly. — n.  Safe'ness.  [Fr.  sauf 
— L.  salmis ;  allied  to  Gr.  holoos,  Sans. 
sarva,  whole,  entire,  and  Goth.  sHs.] 

SAFE,  saf,  n.  a  chest  or  closet  for  money, 
etc.,  safe  against  fire,  thieves,  etc.,  gen- 
erally of  iron ;  a  chest  or  cupboard  for 

SAFE-CONDUCT,  saf-kon'dukt,  n.  a  writ- 
ing, passport,  or  guard  granted  to  a  per- 
son, to  enable  him  to  travel  with  safety. 
fSee  Safe,  ad;',  and  Conduct.] 

SAFEGUARD,  saf'gard,  n.  he  who  or  that 
which  guards  or  renders  safe:  protection: 
»,  guard,  passport,  or  warrant  to  protect 
a  traveller. 

SAFETY,  saf'ti,  n.  freedom  from  danger  or 
loss :  close  custody. 

SAFETY-FUSE,  saf'ti-fuz,  n.  a  waterproof 
woven  tube  inclosing  an  inflammable  sub- 


stance which  burns  at  a  regular  rate. 

[See  Safety  and  Fdse,  n.] 

SAFETY-LAMP,  sat'ti-lamp,  n.  a  lamp 
surrounded  by  wire-gauze,  used  for  safe- 
ty in  mines. 

SAFETY-MATCH,  saf'ti-mach,  n.  a  match 
which  will  light  only  on  being  rubbed  on 
a  specially  prepared  friction  substance, 
such  as  a  roughed  paper  coated  with 
phosphorus  and  attached  to  the  match- 
box.   

SAFETY-VALVE,  safti-valv,  n.  a  valve  in 
the  top  of  a  steam-boiler,  which  lets  out 
the  steam  when  the  pressure  is  too  great 
for  safety. 

SAFFLOWER,  saf'flowr,  n.  a  plant  of  Asia 
and  S.  Europe,  whose  flowers  yield  a  red 
dye.     [Corr.  of  Saffbon  Floweb.] 

SAFFRON,  saf'run,  n.  a  bulbous  plant  of 
the  crocus  kind  with  deep-yellow  flowers: 
a.  coloring  substance  prepared  from  its 
flowers. — adj.  having  the  color  of  saffron: 
deep  yellow.  [Fr.  safran  (It.  zafferano) 
— Ar.  za'farAn,  the  plant  having  been 
cultivated  by  the  Moors  in  Spain.] 

SAGA,  sa'ga,  n.  a  Scandinavian  legend. 
[Ice.  sagra — segja,  E.  Say.  Doublet  Saw, 
a  saying.] 

SAGAClOtfS,  sa-ga'shus,  adj.  keen  or 
quick  in  perception  or  thought :  acute  : 
discerning  and  judicious  :  wise. — adv. 
Saqa'ciously.— n.  Saga'ciousness.  [L. 
sagax,  sagacis — sag-io,  to  perceive  quick- 
ly or  keenly.] 

SAGACITY,  sa-gas'i-ti,  n.  acuteness  of  per- 
ception or  thought:  acute  practical  judg- 
ment: shrewdness.  [L.  sajraci^os — sagax. 
See  Sagacious.] 

SAGA-MAN,  sa'ga-man,  n.  a  narrator  or 
chanter  of  sagas,  who  to  the  ancient 
Scandinavians  was  much  the  same  as  the 
minstrels  wandering  and  resident  of  our 
remote  forefathers.     Longfellow. 

SAGE,  saj,  n.  an  aromatic  garden  herb,  so 
called  from  its  supposed  healing  virtue. 
[Fr.  sauge  (It.  salvia) — L.  salvia — salvus, 
safe,  sound.] 

SAGE,  saj,  adj.  discriminating,  discerning, 
wise  :  well-judged. — n.  a  sage  or  wise 
man  :  a  man  of  gravity  and  wisdom. — 
adv.  Saoe'ly. — n.  Sage'ness.  [Fr.  sage 
(It.  saggio,  savio),  from  a  L.  sapius  (seen 
in  ne-sapius),  wise — sapio,  to  taste,  dis- 
criminate, be  wise.] 

SAGITTAL,  saj'it-al,  adj.  of  or  like  an  ar- 
row.    [L.  sagitta,  an  arrow.] 

SAGITTARIUS,  saj-i-ta'ri-us,  n.  the  Archer, 
one  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac.  [L. — sag- 
itta, an  arrow.] 

SAGO,  sa'go,  n.  a  dry  starch  produced  from 
the  pith  of  several  palms  in  the  E.  India 
Islands,  etc.,  used  for  food.  [Papuan 
name  for  the  sago-palm.] 

SAID,  sed,pa.t.  a.nApa.p.  of  Say. 

SAIL,  sal.  n.  a  sheet  of  canvas,  etc.,  spread 
to  catch  the  wind,  by  which  a  ship  is 
driven  forward  :  a  ship  or  ships  :  a  trip 
in  a  vessel. — v.i.  to  be  moved  by  sails  :  to 
go  by  water  :  to  begin  a  voyage  :  to  glide 
or  float  smoothlj'  along. — t\f.  to  navigate: 
to  pass  in  a  ship  :  to  fly  through.  HA-.S. 
segel,  and  found  in  nearly  all  the  Teut. 
tongues.] 

SAILCLOTH,  sal'kloth,  n.  a  strong  cloth 
for  sails. 

SAILER,  sal'er,  n.  he  who  or  that  which 
sails,  mainly  limited  to  ships  and  boats. 

SAILING,  sal'ing,  n.  act  of  sailing  :  motion 
of  a  vessel  on  water :  art  of  directing  a 
ship's  course. 

SAILOR,  sal'or,  n.  one  who  sails  in  or  navi- 
gates a  ship  :  a  seaman. 

SAINFOIN,  san'foin,  n.  a  leguminous  fod- 
der-plant. [Fr.  sain,  wholesome,  and 
foin,  hay — ^L.  sanum  fcenum.] 

SAINT',  sant,  n.  a  sanctified  or  holy  person  : 
ono  eminent  for  piety  :  one  of  the  blessed 


in  heaven :  one  canonized  by  the  R.  Cath. 

Church.     [Fr. — L.  sanctus,  noly — saneio, 

to  render  sacred.] 
SAINTED,  sant'ed,  adj.  made  a  saint :  holy: 

sacred  :  gone  to  heaven. 
SAINTLIKE,   sant'lik,  SAINTLY,  sant'U, 

adj.  like  or  becoming  a  saint. — n.  SAnra'- 

LINESS. 

SAKE,  sak,  n.  cause :  account :  regard. 
[Lit.  "dispute,"  "cause,"  A.S.  sacit  (with 
cog.  words  in  all  the  Teut.  tongues) — 
sacan,  to  strive,  Goth,  sahan.  Seek  is  a 
doublet.] 

SAKIEH,  sak'i-e,  SAKIA,  saVi-a,  n.  a 
modification  of  the  Persian  wheel  used  in 
Egypt  for  raising  water  for  irrigation 
pur{)oses.  It  consists  essentially  of  a 
vertical  wheel  to  which  earthen  pots  are 
attached  on  projecting  spokes,  a  second 
vertical  wheel  on  the  same  axis  with 
cogs,  and  a  large  horizontal  cogged 
wheel,  which  gears  with  the  other 
cogged  wheel.  The  large  wheel  being 
turned  by  oxen  or  other  draught  ani- 
mals puts  in  motion  the  other  two 
wheels,  the  one  carrjing  the  pitchers 
dipping  into  a  well  or  a  deep  pit  adjoin- 
ing and  supplied  with  water  from  a  river. 
The  pitchers  are  thus  emptied  into  a 
tank  at  a  higher  level,  whence  the  water 
is  led  off  in  a  network  of  channels  over 
the  neighboring  fields.  Instead  of  the 
pitchers  being  attached  directly  to  the 
wheel,  when  the  level  of  the  water  is 
very  low  they  are  attached  to  an  end- 
less rope.  "The  construction  of  these 
machines  is  usually  very  rude. 

SALAAM,  SALAM,  sa-lam',  n.  a  word  of 
salutation  in  the  Orient,  chiefly  among 
Mohammedans  :  homage.    [Lit.  "  peace, 
Ar.  salam,  Heb.  shalom.] 

SALABLE,  sal'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be  sold. 
in  good  demand.  —  n.  Sal'ablenb8B.-~ 
adv.  Sal' ABLY.] 

SALACIOUS,    sal-a'shi-us,    adj.    lustful 
lecherous.     [L.  salax — salio,  to  leap.] 

SALAD,  sal'ad,  n.  raw  herbs  cut  up  and 
seasoned  with  salt,  vinegar,  etc.  [Fr, 
salade  (It.  salato),  lit.  salted — L.  sal, 
salt.]^ 

SAL.iEKATUS,  sal-e-ra'tus,  n.  a  mixture  of 
carbonate  of  soda  and  salt,  used  in  bak- 
ing.   [See  Salt  and  Aerate.] 

SALAM.    See  Salaam. 

SALAMANDER,  sal'a-man-der,  n.  a  genus 
of  reptiles  allied  to  the  frog,  once  sup- 
posed able  to  live  in  fire.  [Fr.  salamandre 
— L.  and  Gr.  .<;alamandra.] 

SALAMANDRINE,  sal-a-man'drin,  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  salantan- 
der  :  enduring  fire. 

SAL  -  AMMONIAC,  sal-am-mon'i-ak,  n, 
chloride  of  ammonium,  a  salt  of  a  sharp, 
acrid,  taste.     [From  L.  sal,  salt,  and  Ai- 

MONIACj 

SALARIED,  sal'a-rid,  adj.  receiving  a 
salary. 

SALARY,  sal'a-ri,  n.  a  recompense  for 
services:  wages.-  [Lit.  "salt-money," 
O.  Fr.  salarie  (Fr.  salaire,  It.  salario) — 
L.  salarium,  money  given  to  Roman  sol- 
diers for  salt — sal,  salt.] 

SALE,  sal,  n.  act  of  selling  :  the  exchange 
of  anything  for  money  :  power  or  oppor- 
tunity of  selling  :  demand  :  public  show- 
ing of  goods  to  sell :  auction.  [Ice.  and 
O.  Ger.  sola.    See  Sell.] 

SALEP,  sal'ep,  n.  the  dried  tubers  of  the 
Orchis  maseula  :  the  food  prepared  from 
it.     [Ar.] 

SALESMAN,  salz'man,  n.  a  man  who  sells 
goods. 

SALEWORK,  sal'wurk,  »i.  work  or  things 
made  for  sale  :  hence,   work   carelessly 
done.     "I  see  no  more  in  you  than  in 
the   ordinary  of    Nature's    saletvork."- 
Shak, 


SALIAN 


S74 


SALVER 


SALIAN,  sa'li-an,  adj.  of  or  pertaining'  to 
a  tribe  ot  Franks  who  were  settled  on  the 
Sala  from  the  third  to  the  middle  of  the 
fourth  century. 

SALIAN,  sa'li-an,  n.  a  member  of  a  tribe  of 
Franks.    See  the  adjective. 

SALIAN,  sali-an,  adj.  ot  or  pertaining  to 
the  Salii  or  priests  of  Mais  in  ancient 
Rome.— Salian  htjins,  songs  sung  at  an 
annual  festival  by  the  priests  of  Mars, 
in  praise  of  that  deity,  other  gods,  and 
of  distingruished  men.  The  songs  were 
accompanied  by  warlike  dances,  the 
clashing  of  ancilia  (shields  of  a  peculiar 
form),  etc. 

SALIC,  sal'ik,  adj.  a.  terra  applied  to  a  law 
or  code  of  laws  belonging  to  the  Salian 
Franks.  One  of  the  laws  in  this  code 
excluded  women  from  inheriting  certain 
lands,  probably  because  certain  military 
duties  were  connected  with  the  holding 
of  those  lands.  In  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury females  were  excluded  from  the 
thi-one  of  France  by  the  application  of 
this  law  to  the  succession  to  the  crown, 
and  it  is  in  this  sense  that  the  term  salic 
laic  is  commonly  used.     [Fr.  salique.] 

SALIENT,  sali-ent,  adj„  leaping  or  spring- 
ing: (fort.)  projecting  outwards,  as  an 
angle  :  prominent  :  (geom.)  denoting  any 
angle  less  than  two  right  angles. — adv. 
Saxiently.  [L.  saliens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of 
salio.  to  leap.} 

SALIFY,  sal'i-fi,  v.t.  to  combine  with  an 
acid  in  order  to  make  a  salt : — pa.f.  and 
pa.p.  sal'ified. — adj.  Saufi'able.  [L.  sal, 
salt,  and/ocio,  to  make.] 

SALINE,  sa'lTn  or  sal-In',  adj.  consisting  of 
or  containing  sa?f;  partakingof  the  quali- 
ties of  salt. — n.  a  salt-spring. — n.  Sauxe'- 
NESS.     [Fr. — L.  salinus — sal,  salt.] 

SALINOMETER,  sal-i-nom'et-er,  n.  an  ap- 
paratus for  indicating  the  density  of 
brine  in  the  boilers  of  marine  steam- 
engines,  and  thus  showing  when  they 
should  be  cleansed  by  blowing  off  the 
deposit  left  by  the  salt  water,  which 
tends  to  injure  the  boilers  as  well  as  to 
diminish  their  evaporating  power.  [Sa- 
line, and  Gr.  metron,  measure.] 

SALIVA,  sa-li'va,  n.  the  fluid  which  is  se- 
creted by  the  salivary  glands,  and  which 
serves  to  moisten  the  mouth  and  tongue. 
The  principal  use  of  saUva  is  that  of  con- 
verting the  starchy  elements  of  the  food 
into  grape-sugar  and  dextrine.  When 
discharged  from  the  mouth  it  is  called 
spittle.  Sahva  contains  about  5  or  6  parts 
of  sohd  matter  to  995  or  994  of  water, 
the  chief  ingredients  being  an  organic 
matt«r  named  ptj'alin  and  sulphocyanide 
of  potassium.  In  its  normal  state  its 
reaction  is  alkaline,  but  the  degree  of 
alkalinity  varies,  being  greatest  after 
meals.  The  parotid  saliva  is  limpid,  and 
serves  to  moisten  the  food  in  the  process 
of  mastication  ;  the  sub-maxillary  and 
sub-lingual  saliva  is  viscid,  and  is  essen- 
tial to  deglutition  and  gustation.  [L., 
akin  to  Gr.  sialon,  saUva.  Cf.  Gael,  and 
Ir.  s€i7e,  saUva,  silim,  to  drop,  to  distil,  to 
spit.] 

SALIVAL,  sa-li'val,  SALIVAEY,sal'i-var-i, 
adj.  pertaining  to,  secreting,  or  contain- 
ing saUva. 

SALIVATE,  sal'i-vat,  v.t.  to  produce  an 
unusual  amount  of  saliva. 

SALIVATION,  sal-i-va'shun,  n.  an  unusual 
flow  of  saliva. 

SALLOW,  sal'6,  n.  a  tree  or  low  shrub  of 
the  ((i7/oit'kind.  [Scot,  saugh.  A.S.  sealh ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  sahl  (whence  Fr.  saule), 
L.  salix,  Gr.  helike.] 
SALLOW,  sal'6,  adj.  of  a  pale,  vellowish 
color.— n.  Saix'owttess.  [A.S.  soZu,  cog. 
with  Dut.  zahw,  O.Ger.  salo.] 


SALLY,  sal'i,  n.  a  leaping  or  bursting  out: 
a  sudden  rushing  forth  of  troops  to  attack 
besiegers  :  excursion  :  outbui'st  of  fancy, 
wit,  etc.:  levitj'. — v.i.  to  is^sh out  sudden- 
ly -.^pa.t.  a,nd  jJa.p.  sall'ied.  [Fr.  saillie 
— sailiir  (It.  saiire) — L.  salio,  to  leap, 
spring.] 

SALLY-LUN,  SALLY'-LUNN,  salli-lun,  ?i. 
a  kind  of  sweet  bun  or  tea-cake,  larger 
than  a  muffin.  It  is  toasted  and  eaten 
hot  with  butter.  "It  is  a  sort  of  night 
that's  meant  for  muffins ;  likewise 
crumpets;  also  sally -luns."  —  Dicketis. 
[From  Sally  Liinn,  a  young  woman  who 
sold  this  species  of  bun  through  the 
streets  of  Bath,  England,  about  tne  end 
of  the  eighteenth  century.] 

SALLY-PORT,  sal'i-port,  n.  a  port,  gate, 
or  passage  by  which  a  garrison  may 
make  a  sally. 

SALMAGUNDI,  sal-ma-gun'di,  n.  a  mix- 
ture of  chopped  meat  and  other  ingre- 
dients: a  medley.  [Fr.  salmigondis  ;  ety. 
unknown.] 

SALMON,  sam'un,  n.  a  well-known  fish, 
living  mostly  in  the  sea,  but  ascending 
rivers  to  spawn.  [O.  Fr.  saidmon — L. 
salmo.  perh.  fi'om  salio,  to  leap,  from 
its  leaping  obstacles  on  its  way  from  the 
sea.] 

SALMON-TROUT,  sam'un-trowt,  u.  a  trout 
like  the  salmon,  but  smaller  and  thicker 
in  proportion. 

SALOMONIAN,  sal-o-mo'ni-an,  SALO- 
JIOXIC,  sal-o-mon'ik,  adj.  pei-taining  or 
relating  to  King  Solomon  or  composed 
by  him.  "Beyond  doubt  many  of  his 
pphorisms  are  to  be  found  in  the  book 
of  Proverbs.  Y'et  this  book  is  not  all 
Salomonie."  —  P)-of.  W.  R.  Smith.  [L. 
Salomon,  Solomon.] 

SALOON,  sa-l66n'.  n.  a  spacious  and  ele- 
gant hall,  or  apartment  for  the  recep- 
tion of  company,  works  of  art,  or  for 
refreshment,  etc. :  a  main  cabin  :  a  grog 
shop.  [Ft.  salo7i — salle :  from  O.  Ger. 
sal,  a  dwelling,  Ger.  saa/.] 

SALOOP.  sa-l6op',  n.  a  drink  composed  of 
sassafras  tea,  -ivith  sugar  and  milk.  [A 
form  of  Salep.] 

SALSIFY,  sal'si-fl,  n.  a  biennial  plant  with 
an  eatable  root  like  the  carrot  or  pars- 
nip.    [Fr. — It.  sassefrica.l 

SALT,  sawlt,  n.  a  well-known  substance 
used  for  seasoning,  found  either  in  the 
earth  or  obtained  bj'  evaporation  from 
sea-water  :  anjiihing  like  salt :  season- 
ing :  piquancy  :  (ehem.)  a  combination  ot 
an  acid  with  a  base. — adj.  containing 
salt :  tasting  of  salt :  overflowed  with  or 
growing  in  salt  water  :  pungent. — adj. 
Salt'ish,  somewhat  salt. — adv.  Salt'lt. 
— n.  Salt'kess.  [A.S.  sealt,  salt ;  with 
cog.  forms  in  aU  the  Teut.  and  nearly  all 
the  Slav,  tongues,  and  in  L.  sal,  Gr.  hals. 
Sans.  sa7'0.] 

SALT,  sawlt,  v.t.  to  sprinkle,  impregnate, 
or  season  ^-ith  salt ;  as,  to  salt  fish,  beef, 
or  pork :  to  fill  with  salt  between  the 
timbers  and  planks,  as  a  ship,  for  the 
preservation  of  the  timber. — i'O  SALT  AN 
INVOICE,  ACCOUNT,  etc.,  to  put  on  the 
extreme  value  on  each  article,  in  some 
cases  in  order  to  be  able  to  make  what 
seems  a  liberal  discount  at  payment. — 
To  SALT  A  JUNE,  to  Sprinkle  a  few  grains 
of  gold-dust  over  an  unproductive  hole, 
a  trick  among  gold-diggers  when  they 
want  to  obtain  a  high  price  for  their 
claim  from  an  inexperienced  person. 

SALTANT,  sal'tant,  adj.,  leaping:  dancing. 
[L.  saltans,  pr.p.  of  salto.  -atum,  inten.  of 
salio,  to  leap.] 

SALTATION,  sal-ta'shun,  n.  a  leaping  or 
jumping  :  beating  or  palpitation.  [L. 
saltatio — salio.] 


SALTATORY,  sal'ta-tor-i,  adj.,  leaping, 
dancing  :  having  the  power  of  or  used  in 
leaping  or  dancing. 

SAL'TCELLAR,  sawlt'sel-ar,  n.  a  small  hol- 
low vessel  for  holding  salt.  [Cellar,  a 
corr.  of  M.E.  saUer — ^Pr.  saliire,  salt-box 
— L.  solarium  (vas),  vessel  for  salt — sal. 
Salt  has  been  unnecessarily  prefixed.] 

SALTIRE  or  SALTIER,  sal'ter,  n.  (lier.)  a 
diagonal  cross,  also  called  a  St.  Andrew's 
Cross,  from  the  belief  that  he  sulered 
martyrdom  on  such  a  cross.  [O.  Fr. 
saulteur  (Fr.  sautoir)  —  Low  L.  salta- 
iorium,  an  instrument  to  help  in  mount- 
ing a  horse — L.  salto,  to  leap.] 

SALTPAN,  sawlt'pan,  n.  a  pan,  basin,  or 
pit  where  salt  is  obtained  or  made. 

SALTPETRE,  sawlt-pe'ter,  n.  a  salt  con- 
sisting of  niti'ic  acid  and  potash  :  nitre. 
[Lit.  "salt-rock,"  Salt,  and  L.  and  Gr. 
peira,  a  rock.] 

SALT-RHEUM,  sawlt'-rfim,  n.  a  vague  and 
indefinite  popular  name  appUed  to  almost 
all  the  non-febrile  cutaneous  eruptions 
which  are  common  among  adults,  except 
ringworm  and  itch. 

SALTS,  sawlts,  n.pl.  a  colloquial  equivalent 
of  Epsom-salt  or  other  salt  used  as  a 
medicine. — Smelling  SALTS,a  preparation 
of  carbonate  of  ammonia  with  some 
agi'eeable  scent,  as  lavender  or  bergamot, 
used  by  ladies  as  a  stimulant  and  restor- 
ative in  case  of  faintness. 

SALUBRIOUS,  sa-l66'bri-us.a(//.,fc<;ait7i/MJ: 
favorableto  health. —adr.SALu'BRlousLT. 
— n.  Salu'britt.  [L.  salubris  —  salus, 
salutis,  health,  akin  to  Safe.] 

SALUTARY',  sal'u-tar-i,  adj.  belonging  to 
health  :  promoting  health  or  safetj' : 
wholesome  :  beneficial. — n.  Sal'UTAIU- 
NESS.     [L..    from  salus,  health.] 

SALUTATION,  sal-u-ta'shun,  7i.  act  of 
saluting  :  that  which  is  said  in  saluting. 

SALUTE,  sal-lit',  v.t.  to  address  with  kind 
wishes  :  to  greet  with  a  kiss,  bow,  etc.: 
to  honor  by  a  discharge  of  cannon, 
striking  colors,  etc. — n.  act  of  saluting  : 
greeting,  a  kiss  :  a  discharge  ot  cannon 
in  honor  of  any  one.  [Lit.  "  to  wish 
health  to,"  L.  saluto,  -atum,  from  salus, 
sahitis.] 

SALVAGE,  sal'vaj,  n.  the  act  of  saving  a 
ship  or  goods  from  extraordinary  dan- 
ger, as  from  the  sea,  fire,  an  enemy,  or 
the  like :  in  commercial  and  maritime 
law,  (a)  an  allowance  or  compensation 
to  which  those  persons  are  entitled  by 
whose  voluntary  exertions  ships  or  goods 
have  been  saved  from  the  dangers  of  the 
sea,  fire,  pirates,  or  enemies  ;  the  crew 
of  a  ship  ai'e  not  entitled  to  salvage  for 
any  extraordinary  efforts  they  may  have 
made  in  saving  their  own  vessel  ;  if  the 
salvors  and  the  parties  from  whom  sal- 
vage is  claimed  cannot  agree,  a  compe- 
tent com-t  has  to  fix  the  sum  to  be  paid 
and  adjust  the  proportions,  which  vary 
according  to  circumstances ;  (6)  that 
portion  of  the  property  saved  from  dan- 
ger or  destruction  by  the  extraordinary 
and  voluntarj-  exertions  of  the  salvors. 
[Fr.,  from  Low  L.  salvagium,  from  L. 
salvus,  safe.] 

SALVATION,  sal-va'shun,  n.  act  ot  saving: 
preservation  :  (tkeol.)  the  sa^ino;  of  man 
from  eternal  misery  :  (B.)  deliverance 
from  enemies. 

SALVE,  sfiv,  n.  (B.)  an  ointment :  any- 
thing to  cure  sores.  [A.S.  sealf;  Dan. 
saZre,  Ger.  salbe.] 

SALVER,  sal'ver,  7i.  a  plate  on  wliich  any- 
thing is  presented.  [Found  in  Sp.  sal- 
villa,  a  salver — Low  E.  salva,  a  toting, 
trial — L.  salvo,  to  save ;  from  the  prac- 
tice of  tasting  food  as  a  guarantee  against 
poison.] 


BALVO 


375 


SANHEDRIM 


SALVO,  sal'vS,  n.  an  exception  :  a  reserva- 
tion. [L.  salvo  jure,  one's  rig-ht  being 
safe,  an  expression  used  in  reserving' 
riffhts.] 

SALVO,  sal'v5,  n.  a  niilitarj-  or  naval  salute 
with  guns  :  a  simultaneous  and  concen- 
trated discharge  of  artillery:— jj/.  Salvos, 
nftl'voz.  [Fr.  salve — L.  salve,  a  form  of 
salutation — root  of  sains.  See  Safe,  adj.'^ 

SAI^VOLATILE,  sal-vo-lat'i-le,  n.  a  solu- 
tion of  carbonate  of  ammonia.  [L., "  vo- 
latile salt."] 

SAMARITAN,  sa-mar'i-tan,  adj.  pertaining 
to  Samaria,  the  principal  city  of  the  ten 
tribes  of  Israel,  belonging  to  the  tribe  of 
Ephraim,  and  after  the  captivity  of  those 
tribes  repeopled  by  Cuthites  from  AssjTia 
or  Chaldea :  applied  to  the  characters  of 
a  kind  of  ancient  Hebrew  writing  proba- 
bly in  use  before,  and  parth'  after,  the 
Babj'lonish  exile. 

SAMARITAN,  sa-mar'i-tan,  n.  a  native  v^r 
inhabitant  of  Samaria,  or  one  that  he- 
longed  to  the  sect  which  derived  their 
appellation  from  that  city  :  the  language 
of  Samaria,  a  dialect  of  the  Chaldean  :  a 
charitable  or  benevolent  person,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  character  of  the  "good  Sa- 
maritan" in  the  parable. 

SAMARITANISM,  sa-mar'i-tan-izm,  n. 
charitableness :  philanthropy :  benevo- 
lence. "  Mankind  are  getting  mad  with 
humanity  and  Samaritanism." — Sydney 
Smith. 

SAME,  sam,  adj.  identical :  of  the  like 
kind  or  degree  :  similar  :  mentioned  be- 
fore.—u.  Same'jjess.  [A.S.;  Goth,  sa- 
mana ;  akin  to  L.  simUts,  like  Gr.  homos, 
Sans,  samas.] 

SAMITE,  sa'mtt,  n.  a  kind  of  silk  stuff.  [O. 
Fr. — Low  L.  examitum,  from  Gr.  liea;  six, 
and  mitos,  thread.] 

3AMOYED,  SAMOIED,  sa-mo'yed,  n.  a 
member  of  a  race  of  people  inhabiting 
the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  from  about 
the  river  Mezeu  on  the  European  side  to 
the  Lena  on  the  Asiatic.  They  are  di- 
vided into  three  tribes,  are  of  small  stat- 
ure, live  by  hunting,  and  their  principal 
wealth  consists  in  reindeer.  Their  lan- 
guage is  Tviranian. 

SAMOYEDIC,  sam-5-yed'ik,  adj.  of  or  be- 
longing  to  the  Sanioyeds  :  designating  a 
group  of  Turanian  or'agglutinate  tongues 
spoken  by  tribes  dwelling  along  the  north 
coast  of  Europe  and  Asia  from  the  Wliite 
Sea  to  the  Lena.  Also  written  Samoiedic. 

SAMP,  samp,  n.  in  the  United  States,  a 
species  of  food  composed  of  maize,  broken 
or  bruised,  boiled  and  mixed  with  milk:  a 
dish  borrowed  from  the  natives  of  Amer- 
ica, but  not  much  used. 

SAMPHIRE,  sam'fir  or  sam'fer,  n.  an  herb 
found  chiefly  on  rocky  cliffs  near  the  sea, 
used  in  pickles  and  salads.  [Lit.  "the 
herb  of  St.  Peter,"  corr.  from  Fr.  Saint 
Pierre,  Saint  Peter.] 

SAMPLE,  sam'pl,  n.  a  specimec  :  a  part  to 
show  the  quality  of  the  whole. — i\t.  to 
make  up  samples  of.  [Short  for  esample, 
from  O.  Fr.  essampte  —  L.  exemplum. 
Doublet  Example.] 

SAMPLER,  sam'pler,  n.  one  who  makes  up 
samples.  [Used  in  compounds,  as  woot- 
sampler  ;  from  Sample.] 

SAMPLER,  sam'pler,  n.  a  pattern  of  work  : 
ornamental  needle-work.  [Formed  from 
L.  e.vemplar.'] 

SAMPLE-ROOM,  sam'pl-r5om,  n.  a  room 
where  samples  are  kept  and  .shown.  In 
the  United  States,  often  applied  to  a 
place  where  liquor  is  sold  by  the  glass ; 
a  tap-room  :  a  grog-shop  :  a  saioon. 

SAMUEL,  sam'u-el,  n.  the  name  of  two 
canonical  books  of  the  Old  Testament. 
Three  principal  periods  are  comprised  in 
tbem,  -viz.  the  restoration  of  the  theoc- 


racy of  which  Samuel  was  the  leader ; 

the  history  of  Saul's  kingship  till  his 
death  ;  and  David's  reign.  In  all  proba- 
bility the  author  was  a  prophet  of  the 
time  of  Solomon. 

SANABLE,  san'a-bl,  arfj.  able  to  be  made 
sane  or  sound  :  curable. — n.  Sanabil'ity. 
[L.  sanabUis — sano,  -atum,  to  heal,  [See 
Sane.] 

SANATIVE,  san'a-tiv,  adj.  tending  or  able 
to  Ileal :  healing. — n.  San'attveness. 

SANATORIUM,  san-a-to'ri-um,  n.  a  place 
for  restoring  to  health,  a  health-station. 
Sauatajuum  and  Samtabicm  are  also 
used  in  the  same  sense  in  this  country, 
though  never  in  England. 

SANATORY,  san'a-tor-i,  adj.,  healing: 
conducive  to  health. 

SANCTANIMTTY,  sangk-ta-nim'i-ti,  n. 
holiness  of  mind.  "  A  '  hath '  or  a  '  thou,' 
delivered  with  conventional  unction,  well 
nigh  inspires  a  sensation  of  solemnity  in 
its  hearer,  and  a  persuasion  of  the  sanc- 
tanimity  of  its  utterer." — Fitzedward 
Hall.  [L.  sanctus,  holy,  and  animtis,  the 
mind.] 

SANCTIFICATION,  sangk-ti-B-ka'shun,  n. 
act  of  sanctifying ;  state  of  being  sanc- 
tified. 

SANCTIFY,  sangk'ti-fT,  v.t.  to  make  sacred 
or  holy :  to  set  apart  to  sacred  use  :  to 
free  from  sin  or  evil :  to  make  the  means 
of  holiness  :  to  secure  from  violation  : — 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  sanc'tified. — n.  Sanc'ti- 
FIER,  [Fr. — L.  sanctijico,  -atum — sanc- 
tus, sacred,  facio,  to  make.] 

SANCTIMONIOUS,  sangk-ti-mo'ni-us,  aclj. 
having  sanctity  :  holj' :  devout :  affect- 
ing holiness. — adv.  Sanctimo'niously. — 
n.  Sanctimo'niocsness. 

SANCTIMONY,  saugk'ti-mun-i,  n.  devout- 
ness  :  appearance  of  sanctity.  [L.,  from 
sanctus,  holy.    See  Saint.] 

SANCTION,  sangk'shun,  ii.  act  of  ratify- 
ing, or  giving  authority  to:  confirmation: 
support. — v.t.  to  give  validity  to:  to 
authorize  :  to  countenance.  [Fr.  —  L. 
sanctio.] 

SANCTITY,  sangk'ti-ti,  n.  quality  of  being 
saered  or  holy :  purity  :  godliness  :  in- 
violability. 

SANCTUARY,  sangk'tu-ar-i,  n.  a  sacred 
place  :  a  place  for  the  worship  of  God  : 
the  most  sacred  part  of  the  Temple  of 
Jerusalem  :  the  Temple  itself  :  the  part 
of  a  church  round  the  altar:  an  inviola- 
ble asylum  :  refuge.  [From  the  time  of 
Constantine  downwards  certain  churches 
have  been  set  apart  in  many  Catholic 
countries  to  be  an  asylum  for  fugitives 
from  the  hands  of  justice.  In  England, 
particularly  down  to  the  Reformation, 
any  person  who  had  taken  refuge  m  a 
sanctuary  was  secured  against  punish- 
ment—except when  charged  with  treason 
or  sacrilege — if  within  the  space  of  forty 
days  he  gave  signs  of  repentance,  and 
subjected  himself  to  banishment.  By 
thea  ct  21  James  I.  xxviii.,  the  privilege  of 
sanctuary  for  crime  was  finally  abolisned. 
Various  sanctuaries,  however,  for  debtors 
continued  to  exist  in  and  about  London 
till  1697,  when  they  too  were  abolished. 
In  Scotland  the  Abbe}'  of  Holyrood 
House  and  its  precincts  still  retain  the 
privilege  of  giving  sanctuary  to  debtors. 
When  a  pei-son  retires  to  the  sanctuary 
he  is  protected  against  personal  diligence, 
which  protection  continues  for  twenty- 
four  hours  ;  but  to  enjoy  it  longer  the 
person  must  enter  his  namv  in  the  books 
kept  by  the  bailie  of  the  abbey.  From 
the  abolition  of  imprisonment  for  debt 
this  sanctuary  is  no  longer  used.] 

SANCTUM,  sangk'tum,  n.  a  sacred  place  : 
a  private  room.     [L.,  "  holy."] 

SAND,  sand,  n.  fine  particles  of  crushed 


or  worn  rocks  -.—pi.  lands  covered  with 
sand  :  a  sandy  beach  :  moments  of  time, 
from  the  use  of  sand  in  the  hour-glass. — 
v.t.  to  sprinkle  with  sand.  [A.S.;  cog. 
with  Ger.  sand.  Ice.  sand-r.] 

SANDAL,  san'dal,  n.  a  kind  of  shoe  consist- 
ing of  a  sole  bound  to  the  foot  by  straps : 
a  loose  slipper.  [Fr.— L.  sandalium—Gr. 
sandalon,  prob.  from  Pers.  sandal,  a  kind 
of  shoe.]  ' 

SANDALLED,  san'dald,  adj.  wearing  san- 
dals. 

SANDALWOOD,  san'dal-wood,  n.  a  wood, 
remarkable  for  its  fragrance,  brought 
from  the  E.  Indies  and  islands  of  the 
Pacific.  [Fr. — Port,  sandalo — Ar.  sandal 
— Sans,  tschandana,  and  Wood.] 

SANDEEL,  sand'el,  n.  a  small  eel-like  fish, 
which  buries  itself  in  the  sand  when  the 
tide  retires. 

SANDERLINQ,  sand'er-ling,  n.  a  small 
wading  bird  which  feeds  on  the  insects  in 
sea-sands, 

SANDGLASS,  sand'glas,  n.  a  glass  instru- 
ment for  measuring  time  by  the  running 
of  sand. 

SANDHEAT,  sand'het,  n.  the  heat  of  warm 
sand  in  chemical  operations. 

SANDIVER,  san'di-ver,  n.  the  saline  scum 
which  forms  on  glass  during  its  first  fu- 
sion :  glass-gall.  [Said  to  be  a  corr.  o{ 
Fr.  sel  de  verre,  "  salt  of  glass."] 

SAND-MARTIN,  sand'-mar'tin,  n.  the 
smallest  of  British  swallows,  which 
builds  its  nest  in  sandy  river-banks  and 
gravel-pits.     [See  Martin.] 

SAND-PAPER,  sand'-pa'per,  «., paper  cov- 
ered w  ith  a  kind  of  sand  for  smoothing 
and  polishing. 

SANDPIPER,  sand'pl-per,  n.  a  wading-bird 
of  the  snipe  family,  which  frequents 
sandy  river-banks,  distinguished  by  its 
clear  piping  note, 

SAND-PUMP,  sand'-puff.p,  ?!.  a  cylindrical 
metallic  case  or  tube  havine:  at  the  bot- 
tom a  valve  opening  inwardly  and  used 
for  removing  the  sand  which  collects  in 
the  bore  when  a  well,  etc.,  is  being 
drilled.  On  the  drill  being  temporarily 
removed  the  sand-pump  is  lowered,  the 
water  and  dirt  force  up  the  valve  and  en- 
ter the  tube,  the  valve  dropping  again 
to  prevent  their  return.  This  being  re- 
peated again  and  again  the  tube  becomes 
filled,  on  which  it  is  drawn  to  the  surface 
and  emptied. 

SANDSTONE,  sand'ston,  n.,  stone  com- 
posed of  consolidated  sand. 

SANDWICH,  .sand'wich,  n.  two  slices  of 
bread  with  ham,  etc.,  between,  said  to 
be  named  after  an  Earl  of  Sandmch ; 
hence  armor-plating  made  up  of  two 
plates  of  ii'on  with  a  plate  of  wood  be- 
tween, or  vice  i^ersd. 

SANDY,  sand'i,  adj.  consisting  of  or  cov- 
ered with  sand :  loose  :  of  the  color  of 
sand. — n.  Sand'ixess. 

SANE,  san,  adj.,  sound  in  mind  or  body: 
healthy  :  not  disordered  in  intellect. — n. 
Sane'ness.  [L.  sanus,  akin  to  Gr.  saos, 
SOS,  sound.] 

SANG,  pa.  f.  of  Sing. 

SANGUINARY,sang'gwin-ar-i,adj.,6/oody; 
attended  with  much  bloodshed  :  blood- 
thirsty.— adv.  San'guinarily. — n.  San*- 
GCiNAjiixKSS.     [Fr.     See  Sanqcine.] 

SANGUINE,  sang'gwin,  adj.  abounding 
with  blood:  ardent :  hopeful  :  confident. 
— adv.  San'guinely.— H.  San'guineness. 
[L,.sangui}ietis — sanguis,sanguinis,  blood, 
proD.  from  root  sag,  sale,  to  drop,  flow,  as 
in  A.S.  suc-an,  Ger.  saugen,  E.  SCCK.] 

SANGUINEOUS,  sang-gwin'e-us,  adj.,  san- 
guine :  resembling  or  constituting  blood. 

SANHEDRIM,  san'he-drim,  n.  the  highest 
council  of  the  Jews,  consisting  of  seventy 
members  with  the  high-priest.     [Lit.  "  a 


SANITARY 


376 


SATURDAY 


sitting  toother,"  Heb.  sanhedrin,  from 
Gr.  synedrion — syn,  together,  and  hedra, 
a  seat.] 

SANITAKY,  san'i-tar-i,  adj.  pertaining  to, 
tending,  or  designed  to  promote  liealth. 
[From  Sanity.] 

SANITY,  san'i-ti,  n.  state  of  being  sane  : 
soundness  of  mind  or  body.  [L.  sanitas 
— sanus.    See  Sane.] 

SANJAK,  san'jak,  n.  a  subdivision  of  an 
eyalet  or  minor  province  of  Turkey,  so 
called  because  the  governor  of  such  dis- 
trict, called  sanjak-beg,  is  entitled  to  car- 
ry in  war  a  standard  of  one  horse-tail. 
Spelled  also  Sangiac.  [Turk.,  a  stand- 
ard.] 

SANJAKATE,  san'jak-at,  n.  a  territorial 
division  of  the  Turkish  Empire:  asanjak. 
"Written  also  Sangiacate. 

SANKHYA,  sang'khya,  n.  the  name  of  one 
of  the  three  great  systems  of  Hindu  phil- 
osophy. It  teaches  how  eternal  happi- 
ness, or  complete  exemption  from  ill,  can 
be  obtained.  [Sans.,  synthetic  reasoning.] 

SANNUP,  san'nup,  n.  among  the  American 
Indians,  a  married  male  member  of  the 
community  :  the  husband  of  a  squaw. 
"  Mindful  still  of  sanmip  and  of  squaw." 
— Emerson. 

SANSAPPEL,  sangz-a-pel,  n.  a  person  from 
whose  decision  there  is  no  appeal :  one 
whose  opinion  is  decisive  :  an  infallible 
person.  "  He  had  followed  in  full  faith 
such  a  sansappel  as  he  held  Frank  to  be." 
— Kingsley.  [Fr.  sans,  without,  and  ap- 
pel.  appeal.] 

SANSKRIT,  sans'krit,  n.  the  ancient  lan- 
guage of  the  Hindus.  [Lit.  the  "perfect" 
language,  from  Sans,  sam,  vnth  (Gr. 
hama),  and  krita,  done,  perfected,  from 
kri,  root  of  L.  ereo.     See  Create.] 

SAP,  sap,  n.  the  vital  juice  of  plants  :  (bot.) 
the  part  of  the  wood  next  to  the  bark. 
[A,S.  seep  ;  Low  Grer.  sapp,  juice,  Gter. 
saft ;  all  borrowed  from  L.  sapa,  new 
wine  boiled  thick.] 

SAP,  sap,  v.t.  to  destroy  by  digging  under- 
neath :  to  undermine. — v.i.  to  proceed  by 
undermining  :  pr.p.  sapp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  sapped. — n.  an  approach  dug  to  a 
fortification  under  cover  of  gabions. — n. 
Sapp'ee,  one  who  saps.  [Fr.  saper,  from 
Low  L.  sappa,  a  pick.] 

SAPID,  sap'id,  adj.,  well-tasted:  savory: 
that  affects  the  taste.  [Fr. — L.  sapidus 
— sapio,  to  taste.] 

SAPID ITY ,  sa-pid'i-ti,  n.  savoriness. 

SAPIDLESS,  sap'id-les,  adj.  without  taste, 
savor,  or  relish  :  insipid.  •  Expecting 
some  savory  mess,  and  to  find  one  quite 
tasteless  and  sopidless." — C.  Lamb.  [A 
badly  formed  word.] 

SAPIENCE,  sa'pi-ens,  n.  discernment : 
wisdom :  knowledge.  [Fr.  See  Sapi- 
ent.] 

SAPIENT,  sa'pi-ent,  adj.,  wise:  discerning: 
sagacious. — adv.  Sa'piently.  [L.  sapiens, 
sapienfis,  pr.p.  of  sapio,  to  taste,  to  be 
wise,  akin  to  Gr.  saphes,  clear,  distinct.] 

SAPLESS,  sap'les,  adj.  wanting  sap :  not 
jmcv. 

SAPLtNG,  sapling,  n.  a  young  tree,  so 
called  from  being  full  of  sap. 

SAPONACEOUS,  sap  -  o  -  na'shus,  adj., 
mapy :  soap-like.  [Fr.  saponace  —  L. 
»apo,  saponis,  Gr.  sapon,  both  borrowed 
from  the  ancient  Celts  or  Germans.  See 
Soap.] 

SAPPHIC,  saf  ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  Sap- 
pho, a  Grecian  poetess  :  denoting  a  kind 
of  verse  said  to  have  been  invented  by 
Sappho. 

SAPPHIRE,  saf ir  or  safir,  n.  a  highly 
brilliant  precious  stone,  inferior  only  to 
the  diamond.  [Fr. — L.  sapphints—GT. 
sappheiros—Ai.  safir,  Heb.  sappir,  fair, 
from  shaphar,  to  shine.] 


SAPPHIRINE,  safir-in,  adj.  made  of  or 
like  sapphire. 

SAPPY,  sap'i,  adj.  abounding  with  sap  : 
juicy. — )i.  Sapp'iness. 

SAEACEN,  sar'a-sen,  n.  a  name  appMed  in 
the  middle  ages  to  the  Mohammedans. 
— adjs.  Saracen'ic,  Saracen'ical.  [L. 
Saracenus — Ar.  sharkeyn,  eastern  people, 
first  applied  to  some  tribes  of  Bedouins 
in  E.  Arabia.] 

SARCASM,  sar'kazm,  n.  a  bitter  sneer  :  a 
satirical  remark  in  scorn  or  contempt. 
[Fr. — L.  sareasmus — Gr.  sarkasmos — sar- 
kazb,  to  teax  flesh  like  dogs,  to  speak  bit- 
terly— sarx,  sarkos,  fiesh.] 

SARCASTIC,  sar-kas'tik,  SARCASTICAL, 
sar-kas'tik-al,  adj.  containing  sarcasm  : 
bitterly  satirical. — adv.  Sarcas'tically. 

SARCENET,  sars'net,  n.  a  very  thin  fine 
silk.  [O.  Fr.,  from  Low  L.  sericinus, 
silken — L.  serieuni,  silk — L.  seres,  Gr. 
seres,  a  people  of  E.  Asia,  from  whom 
the  ancients  got  their  first  silk.] 

SARCOPHAGOUS,  sar-kof'a-gus,  adj., 
flesh-eating :  feeding  on  flesh. 

SARCOPHAGUS,  sar-kof'a-gus,  n.  a  kind 
of  lime-stone  used  by  the  Greeks  for 
coffins,  and  so  called  because  it  was 
thought  to  consume  the  flesh  of  corpses  : 
any  stone  receptacle  for  a  corpse.  [L. — 
Gr.  sarkophagus  —  sarx,  sarkos,  flesh, 
and  phago,  to  eat.] 

SARDINE,  sar'din,  »i.  a  small  fish  of  the 
herring  family,  abundant  about  the 
island  of  Sardinia,  potted  with  olive  oil 
for  export.  [Fr.  (It.  sardina) — L.  sarda, 
sardina — Gr.  sardine.^ 

SARDINE,  sar'din,  SARDIUS,  sar'di-us,  n. 
a  name  of  the  cornehan  stone. — adj.  re- 
lating to  the  sardius.  [Fr.  sardoine — L. 
sardonyx — Gr.  sardonyx.] 

SARDONIC,  sar-don'ik,  adj.  forced,  heart- 
less, or  bitter,  said  of  a  laugh.  [Fr. — L. 
sardoniiis,  sardonicus — Gr.  sardanios,  re- 
ferred to  sardonion,  a  plant  of  Sardinia 
(Gr.  Sardo),  which  was  said  to  screw  up 
the  face  of  the  eater,  but  more  prob. 
from  Gr.  sairo,  to  grin.] 

SARDONYX,  sar'don-iks,  n.  a  reddish- 
yellow  variety  of  chalcedony,  said  to  have 
been  found  orig.  at  Sardis,  in  Asia  Minor, 
and  to  be  so  called  because  its  color  re- 
sembles that  of  the  flesh  under  the  nail. 
[Gr. — Sardios,  Sardian,  and  onyx,  a  nail.] 

SARSAPARILLA,  sar-sa-pa-ril'a,  SARSA, 
sar'sa,  n.  a  twining  shrub  like  the  bramble, 
found  chiefly  in  Mexico,  used  in  medicine. 
[Sp.  zarzaparilla — zarza,  bramble,  and 
parilla,  aUttle  vine,  and  so  sig.  "  a  thorny 
vine."] 

SASARARA,  sas-a-ra'ra,  n.  a  word  formerly 
used  to  emphasize  a  threat,  much  in  the 
same  way  as  "vengeance."  "Out  she 
shall  pack  with  a  sasarara." — Ooldsmith. 
[A  suggested  etymology  is  certiorari.} 

SASH,  sash,  n.  a  band,  riband  or  scarf  worn 
as  a  badge  or  ornament.  [Pers.  shash,  a 
turban,  perh.  from  Heb.  shesh.  fine  cloth.] 

SASH,  sash,  n.  a  case  or  frame  for  panes 
of  glass.  —  v.t.  to  furnish  with  sashes. 
[Ft.  chSsse,  chassis  —  L.  cajisa,  the  re- 
ceiving thing,  a  case  —  capio,  to  take. 
See  Case,  a  covering.] 

SASSAFRAS,  sas'a^fras,  n.  a  kind  of  laurel, 
the  wood  of  which  has  a  pungent  taste, 
and  is  much  used  in  medicine,  so  called 
because  formerly  used  to  break  or  dis- 
solve stone  in  the  bladder.  [Fr. — L. 
saxifraga — saamm,  a  stone,  and  frango, 
to  break.    See  Saxifrage.] 

SAT,  saX,  pa.t.  axiApa.p.  of  Srr. 

SATAN,  sa'tan,  n.  the  enemy  of  men  :  the 
devil :  the  chief  of  the  fallen  angels. 
[Heb.  Satan,  enemy — satan,  Ar.  shatana, 
to  be  adverse.] 

SATANIC,  sa-tan'ik,  SATANICAL,  sa-tan'- 


ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  like  Satan; 
demolish. 

SATCHEL,  sach'el,  n.  a  small  sack  or  bag, 
esp.  for  papers,  books,  etc.  [Older  torax 
sachel,  dim.  of  Sack  ;  cf .  L.  saccellxts,  dim. 
of  saceus.] 

SATE,  sat,  v.t.  to  satisfy  or  give  enough : 
to  glut.  [A.S.  seed ;  L.  satio,  -atum-^ 
satis,  enough.] 

SATELLITE,  sat'el-llt,  n.  an  obsequious 
follower  :  one  of  the  bodies  which  revolve 
round  some  of  the  planets.  [L.  satelies, 
satellitis.  an  attendant.] 

SATIABLE,  sa'shi-a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
satiated. 

SATIATE,  sa'shi-at,  v.t.  to  satisfy  or  give 
enough  :  to  gratify  fully :  to  glut.— Suij. 
glutted. — n.  Satia'tion.  [L.  satio — satis, 
enough.] 

SATIETY,  sa-ti'e-ti,  n.  state  of  being  sati- 
ated :   surfeit. 

SATIN,  sat'in,  n.  a  closely  woven  glossy 
sUk.  [Fr.  (It.  setino) — Low  L.  setinus, 
adj.,  from  L.  seta,  hair.] 

SATINET,  sat'i-net.  n.  a  thin  species  of 
satin  :  a  cloth  with  a  cotton  warp  and 
woollen  weft. 

SATINTTY,  sa-tin'i-ti,  n.  the  quality  of  be- 
ing  satiny,  or  smooth  and  glossy  :  a  soft 
smoothness  like  that  of  satin.  "The 
smooth  satinity  of  his  stvle." — C.  Lamb. 

SATINWOOD,  sat'in-wood,  n.  a  beautiful 
ornamental  itood  from  E.  and  W.  Indies, 
ha%ang  a  texture  like  satin.  [satin. 

SATINY,  sat'in-i,  adj.  hke  or  composed  of 

SATIRE,  sat'Ir  or  safer,  n.  a  species  of 
poetry,  exposing  and  turning  to  ridicule 
vice  or  folly :  severity  of  remark  :  ridi- 
cule. [Fr. — L.  satira,  satura  (lanx,  a 
dish,  understood),  a  dish  full  of  various 
kinds  of  fruit,  food  composed  of  various 
ingredients,  a  medley  ;  hence  applied  t« 
a  dramatic  piece  in  which  dancing,  music, 
and  words  were  intermixed,  afterwards 
to  satire  in  its  present  sense — satur,  full, 
akin  to  satis,  enough.] 

SATIRIC,  sa-tir'ik,  SATIRICAL,  sa-tir'ik- 
al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  conveying  satire: 
sarcastic  :   abusive. — adv.   SATlR'lCAli,Y. 

SATIRIZE,  sat'ir-Iz,  v.t.  to  make  the  object 
of  satire :  to  censure  severely. — n.  Sat"- 
miST,  a  writer  of  satire. 

SATISFACTION,  sat-is-fak'shun,  n.  state 
of  being  satisfied :  gratification  :  comfort: 
that  which  satisfies:  amends:  atanement: 
payment :  conviction. 

SATISFACTORY,  sat-is-fak'tor-i,  adj.,  sat- 
isfying: giving  content:  making  amends 
or  payment:  atoning:  convincing. — adv. 
Satisfac'torily. — n.  Satisfac'toriness. 

SATISFY,  sat'is-fT,  v.t.  to  give  enough  to  : 
to  supply  fully  :  to  please  fully :  to  dis- 
charge :  to  free  from  doubt :  to  convince. 
— v.i.  to  give  content :  to  supply  fully  : 
to  make  payment: — pa.t.  and  pa.p.  sat'- 
isfied.  [Fr.  satisfaire — L.  satis,  enough, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

SATRAP,  sa'trap  or  sat'rap,  n.  a  Persian 
viceroy  or  mler  of  one  of  the  greater 
provinces  -.—fem.  Sa'trapess. — n.  Sat'- 
RAPT,  the  government  of  a  satrap.  [Gr. 
satrapes,  from  the  Persian,  lit.  "chief  of 

SATURABLE,  sat'u-ra-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  saturated. 

SATURATE,  sat'u-rat,  v.t.  to  fill:  to  unite 
^vith  till  no  more  can  be  received  :  to 
fill  to  excess.  [L.  saturo,  -atum — satur, 
full,  akin  to  satis,  enough.] 

SATURATION,  sat-u-ra'shun,  n.  act  of 
saturating :  state  of  being  saturated  : 
the  state  of  a  body  when  quite  fiUed 
with  another. 

SATURDAY,  sat'ur-da,  n.  the  seventh  or 
last  day  of  the  week,  dedicated  by  the 
Romans  to  Saturn.  [A.S.  Sceter-dceg, 
Seetern-deeg,  day  of  Saturn — Li-Satumus.] 


SATURN 


377 


SCALE 


SATURN,  sat'urn  or  sa'-,  n.  the  ancient 
Roman  god  of  agriculture  :  one  of  the 
planets.  [L.  Satumus — sero,  satum,  to 
sow.] 
SATURNALIA,  sat-ur-na'li-a,  n.pl.  the  an- 
nual ancient  Roman  festival  in  honor  of 
Saturn,  a  time  of  unrestrained  license 
and  enjoyment. 

SATURNAJLIAN,  sat-ur-na'li-an,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Saturnalia :  riotously 
Hierry  :    dissolute. 

SATURNIAN,  sa-turn'i-an,  adj.  pertaining 
to  Satum,  whose  fabulous  reign  was 
called  "  the  golden  age  :  "  happy:  pure: 
simple  :  denoting  the  verse  in  which  the 
oldest  Latin  poems  were  written. 

SATURNINE,  sat'ur-nin,  adj.  grave: 
gloomy  :  phlegmatic  : — because  the  as- 
trologers said  that  those  born  under  the 
planet  Saturn  were  so  disposed. 

SATYR,  safer  or  sa'ter,  n.  a  silvan  deity, 
represented  as  part  man  and  part  goat, 
and  extremely  wanton.  [L.  satyrus — Gr. 
satyros.] 

SATYRIC,  sa-tir'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
satyrs. 

SAUCE,  saws,  n.  a  liquid  seasoning  for 
food,  consisting  of  ,<ialt,  etc.  :  a  relish  : 
impudence. — v.t.  to  put  sauce  in  to  rehsh: 
to  make  poignant :  to  treat  with  bitter 
or  pert  language.  [Fr. — L.  salio,  salsum, 
to  salt — sal,  salt.     See  Salt.] 

SAUCEPAN,  saws'pan,  n.  a  pan  in  which 
sauce  or  any  small  thing  is  boiled. 

SAUCER,  saws'er,  n.  the  shallow  platter 
for  a  tea  or  coffee  cup:  (orig.)  a  small 
vessel  to  hold  sauce. 

SAUCY,  saws'i,  adj.  {comp.  Sauc'ier,  su- 
perl.  Sauc'iest)  sharp  :  pungent :  inso- 
lent :  impudent.  —  adv.  Sauc'ILY.  —  n. 
Sauc'iness.    [From  Sauce.] 

SAUER^KRAUT,  sowr'-krowt,  n.  a  favorite 
German  dish,  consisting  of  cabbage  cut 
fine,  pressed  into  a  cask,  with  alternate 
layers  of  salt,  and  suffered  to  ferment 
till  it  becomes  sour.  [Qer.  savsr,  sour, 
and  kraut,  herb,  cabbage.] 

SACXi,  SAL,  sal,  n.  the  timber  of  the  saul- 
tree.    [See  Saul-tree.] 

SAULIE,  saw'li,  n.  a  hired  mourner. 

SACTLT,  so  or  soo  n.  a  rapid  in  some  rivers 
in  North  America.  [O.  Fr.  sault.  Mod. 
fir.  saut,  a  leap,  from  L.  saltus,  a  leap, 
Ivom  salio,  saltum,  to  leap.] 

8A!UX,TFAT,  sawlt'fat,  n.  a  pickling-tub  : 
a  beef-stand.     [Scotch.] 

SAUXr-TREE,  SAL-TREE,  sal'-tre,  n.  the 
name  given  in  India  to  a  tree  of  the 
genus  Shorea,  the  S.  robusta,  which 
yields  a  balsamic  resin,  used  in  the 
tenaples  under  the  name  of  ral  or 
dhoona.  The  timber  called  sal,  the  best 
and  most  extensively  used  in  India,  is 
produced  by  this  tree. 

SAUNDERS-BLUE,  sawn'derz-blu,  n.  the 
original  denomination  probably  of  ultra- 
marine. Applied  now  to  an  artificial 
blue,  prepared  from  carbonate  of  cop- 
per.    [Fr.  cendres  bleues,  blue  ashes.] 

SAUNTER,  sawn'ter  or  san'ter,  v.i.  to 
wander  about  idly  :  to  loiter. — n.  a  .saun- 
tering :  a  place  for  sauntering. — n.  Saun'- 
TEKER.  [Said  to  be  from  Fr.  sainte  terre, 
holy  land,  to  make  a  pilgrimage  to  the 
Holy  Land.l 

SAURIA,  saw'ri-a,  n.j}l.  the  term  by  which 
the  great  order  of  lizards  is  sometimes 
designated.  The  animal  forms  more 
strictly  included  under  it  are  tiiose  com- 
prised under  the  genus  Lacerta  of  Lin- 
naeus; but  in  the  large  and  now  generally 
received  acceptation  of  the  term  saurians, 
not  only  the  existing  lizards,  crocodiles, 
:  monitors,  iguanas,  chameleons,  etc.,  are 
included,  but  also  those  monstrous  fossil 
reptiles  whose  remains  excite  our  wonder, 
as  the  ichthyosaurus,  plesiosaurus,  del- 


nosaurus,  iguanodon,  pterodactyle,  etc. 
The  saurians  are  covered  with  scales,  and 
have  four  legs.  The  mouth  is  always 
armed  with  teeth,  and  the  toes  are  gen- 
erally furnished  with  claws.  They  have 
all  a  tail  more  or  less  long,  and  generally 
very  thick  at  the  base.  The  fossil  species, 
the  most  gigantic  and  singular  members 
of  the  order,  occur  most  abundantly  in 
the  oohtic  strata.  Some  of  them  were 
exclusively  marine,  others  amphibious, 
others  terrestrial,and  others  were  adapted 
for  flying,  as  the  pterodactyles.  [From 
Gr.  sauros,  a  lizard.] 

SAURIAN,  saw'ri-an,  n.  a  reptile  or  animal 
covered  with  scales,  as  the  Mzard. — adj. 
pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  saurian. 
[Gr.  saura,  sauros,  the  lizard.] 

SAUSAGE,  saws'aj,  n.  an  article  of  food, 
consisting  of  chopped  or  minced  meat,  as 
pork,  beef,  or  veal,  seasoned  witli  sage, 
pepper,  salt,  etc.,  and  stuffed  into  prop- 
erly cleaned  entrails  of  the  ox,  sheep, 
or  pig,  tied  at  short  intervals  with  a 
string.  When  sausages  are  made  on  an 
extensive  scale  the  meat  is  minced  and 
stuffed  into  the  intestines  by  machinery. 
[Old  spellings  saucidge,  sausege,  O.  Fr. 
sausisse,  Fr.  saucisse ;  from  Low  L.  salsa, 
sauce  (which  see).] 

SAUTERNE,  s6-tern',  n.  a  kind  of  white 
wine  produced  at  Sauterne,  in  France. 

SAVAGE,  sav'aj,  adj.  wild  :  uncivilized  : 
fierce  :  cruel:  brutal. — n.  a  human  being 
in  a  wild  state  :  a  brutal  person  :  a  bar- 
barian.— adv.  Sav'agely. — ns.  SaVage- 
NESS,  Sav'agery.  [Lit.  living  in  the 
woods,  Fr.  sauvage,  O.Fr.  salvage  —  L. 
silvaticus,  pertaining  to  the  woods — silva, 
a  wood.] 

SAVANNA,  SAVANNAH,  sa-van'a,  w.  one 
of  the  vast  meadows-  in  the  west  of  N. 
America.  [Sp.  savana,  sabana,  bed-sheet, 
a  meadow — L.  sabanum — Gr.  sabanon,  a 
linen  cloth.] 

SAVE,  sav,  v.t.  to  bring  safe  out  of  evil : 
to  rescue  :  to  reserve  :  to  spare. — v.i.  to 
be  economical. — prep,  except.— n.  Sav'er. 
[Fr.  sauver — L.  salvo — salvus.  See  Safe.] 

SAVE-ALL,  sav'-awl,  n.  a  contrivance 
intended  to  save  anything  from  being 
wasted. 

SAVELOY,  saVe-loy,  n.  a  kind  ol  sausage 
made  of  meat  chopped  and  seasoned, 
orig.  of  brains.  [Fr.  cervelas,  a  saveloy, 
cervelle,  brains — L.  cerebellum.] 

SAVING,  saVing,  adj.  disposed  to  save  or 
be  economical  :  incurring  no  loss,  pre- 
serving from  wrong  :  (theol.)  securing 
salvation. — prep,  excepting. — adv.  Hav- 

INQLY. — n.  Sav  INGNESS. 

SAVIN(},  sav'ing,  n.  that  which  is  saved : 

— pi.  earnings. 
SAVINGS-BANK,    sav'ingz-bangk,    n.   a 

ba7ik  in  which  savings  are  deposited  at 

interest. 
SAVIOUR,  saVyur,  n.  one  who  saves  from 

evil. — The    Saviour,   Jesus  Christ,   the 

Redeemer  of  men. 
SAVOR,    sa'vur,   n.,    taite :  odor:  scent: 

(B.)  reputation. — v.i.  to  have  a  particular 

taste  or  smell :  to  be  like.     [Fr.  saveur — 

L.  sapor — sapio,  to  taste.] 
SAVORY,  sa'vor-i,  n.  an  aromatic  kitchen 

herb.     [From  Savor.] 
SAVORY,  sa'vur-i,  adj.   having  savor  or 

relish:    pleasant. —  adv.   Sa'torily. —  n. 

Sa'voriness. 
SAVOY,    sa-voy',    n.   a  kind  of    cabbage 

brought  orig.  from  Savoy,  in  France. 
SAW,  saw,  jja.t.  of  See. 
SAW,  saw,  n.  an  instrument  for  cutting, 

formed  of  a  blade,  band,  or  disc  of  thin 

steel,  with  a  toothed  edge. — v.t.  to  cut 

with  a  saw. — v.i.  to  use  a  saw  .  to  be  cut 

with  a  saw  :—pa.t.  sawed  ;  pa.p.  sawed 


or  sawn.  TA.S.  saga ;  cog.  with  Ger. 
sage,  and  allied  to  L.  seco,  to  cut.] 

SAW,  saw,  n.  a  saying :  a  proverb.  [A.S. 
sagu—sagian,  secgan,  to  say.  Doublet 
Saga.     See  also  Say.] 

SAWDUST,  saw'dust,  n.,  dust,  or  smsUl 
pieces  of  wood,  etc.,  made  in  savnng. 

SAWFISH,  saw'fish,  n.  a  juh  allied  to  the 
shark,  so  called  from  the  sai^^like  form, 
of  its  sngut. 

SAWMILL,  saw'mil,  n.  a  mill  for  sauring 
timber. 

SAWPIT,  saw'pit,  n.  a  pit  where  wood  ia 
sau-ed. 

SAWYER,  saVyer,  n.  one  who  saws  tim- 
ber. 

SAXIFRAGE,  saks'i-fraj,  n.  a  genus  of  al- 
pine plants  formerly  used  for  dissolving 
stone  in  the  bladder.  [Fr. — L.  saxum,  a 
stone,  and  frango,  to  break.] 

SAXON,  saks'un,  n.  one  of  the  people  of 
N.  Germany  who  conquered  England  in 
the  5th  and  6th  centuries  :  the  language 
of  the  Saxons. — adj.  pertaining  to  the 
Saxons,  their  language,  countrj',  of 
architecture.  [A.S.  Seaoce — seax,  O.  Ger. 
sahs,  a  knife,  a  short  sword  ;  so  called 
from  the  short  sword  which  they  carried. J 

SA50NISM,  saks'on-izm,  n.  a  Saxon  idiom. 

SAY,  sa,  v.t.  to  utter  in  words  :  to  speak  i 
to  declare  :  to  state  :  to  answer. — i\i.  tfl 
speak:  to  relate:  to  state  :^3a.?.  an4 
pa.2).  said  (sed). — n.  something  said:  a  re< 
mark  :  a  speech.  [A.S.  sagian,  secgan ; 
cog.  with  Ice.  segja,  Ger.  sagen.  See  Saw, 
a  saying.] 

SAYING,  sa'ing,  «.  something  said;  an  ex- 
pression :  a  maxim. 

SBIRRO,  zber'ro,  n.  (pi.  Sbirri,  zber're),  an 
Italian  police-officer.     [It.] 

SCAB,  skab.  n.  a  crust  over  a  sore  :  a  dis- 
ease of  sheep,  resembling  the  mange, 
[A.S.  scceb ;  Dan.  scab,  Ger.  schabe ;  L. 
scabies,  from  scabo,  Ger.  schaben,  to 
scratch  ;  akin  to  Shave.] 

SCABBARD,  skab'ard,  n.  the  case  in  which 
the  blade  of  a  sword  is  kept.  [M.  E. 
scauberk,  prob.  from  Ice.  skafa,  chisel, 
and  biarga,  Ger.  bergen,  to  hide.] 

SCABBED,  skab'ed,  adj.  affected  or  covered 
with  scabs  :  diseased  with  the  scab. — n. 
Scabb'edness. 

SCABBY,  skab'i,  adj.,  scabbed. — n.  Scabb'i- 

NESS. 

SCAFFOLD,  skaf'old,  n.  a  temporary  plat- 
form for  exhibiting  or  for  supporting 
something  :  for  the  execution  of  a  crim- 
inal.— v.t.  to  furnish  with  a  scaffold  :  to 
sustain.  [O.  Fr.  eschafault,'FT.  echafaud 
(It.  eatafalco) ;  from  a  Romance  word, 
found  in  Sp.  catar,  to  view,  and  falco.  It. 
paleo,  a  scaffold,  from  Ger.  balke,  abeam. 
Doublet  Catafalque.] 

SCAFFOLDING,  skaf'old-ing,  n.  a  scaffold 
of  wood  for  supporting  workmen  while 
building :  materials  for  scaffolds  :  {Jig.] 
a  frame  :  framework. 

SCALABLE,  skal'arbl,  adj.  that  may  be 
scaled  or  cUmbed. 

SCALD,  skawld,  v.t.  to  burn  with  hot 
hquid  :  to  expose  to  a  boiling  liquid. — 7t. 
a  burn  caused  by  hot  liquid. — Scaldinq 
HOT,  so  hot  as  to  scald.  [O.  Fr.  eschalder, 
Fr.  ichauder — L.  excaldo,  to  bathe  in 
warm  water,  from  calidus,  warm,  hot.] 

SCALD,  SKALD,  skald,  n.  one  of  the 
ancient  Scandinavian  poets.  [Ice.  ajio 
Sw.  skald.] 

SCALE,  skal,  n.  a  ladder  :  series  of  steps  : 
a  graduated  measure  :  (music)  a  series  o) 
all  the  tones  :  the  order  of  a  numeral 
system  :  gradation  :  proportion  :  series 
— v.t.  to  mount,  as  by  a  ladder:  to  ascend. 
[L.  scala,  a  ladder  (for  scandla),  from 
scando,  to  mount.  Sans,  sfcajirf.to ascend. I 

SCALE,  skal,  n.  one  of  the  small,  thi« 
plates  on  a  tish  or  reptile  :  a  thin  layer. 


SCALE 


378 


SCEPTIC 


— v.t.  M  clear  of  scales  :  to  peel  off  in 
thin  layers. — i\i.  to  come  off  in  thin 
layers.  [A.S.  scealu,  the  scale  of  a  fish  ; 
Ger.  schale,  shell  (whence  Fr.  icaille,  a 
fish-scale).    Doublet  Shell  and  Skxjll.] 

SCALE,  skal,  n.  the  dish  of  a  balance  ;  a 
balance — chiefly  in  pi.  -.—pi.  Libra,  one  of 
the  signs  of  the  zodiac.  [A.S.  seahi,  a 
balance.  It  is  simply  a  form  of  SCALE, 
a  thin  plate.] 

SCALED,  skald,  adj.  having-  scales. 

SCALENE,  ska-len',  adj.  (geom.)  having 
three  unequal  sides. — n.  a  scalene  tri- 
angle. [Lit.  "limping,"  Fr. — L.  scalenus 
— Gr.  Sfcalenos,  uneven,  froni  root  of 
skazo,  to  Unip.] 

SCALL,  skawl,  n.  (B.)  a  scab  :  scabbiness. 
[A.S.  sealu,  scale;  simply  a  form  of  Scale, 
a  thin  plate.] 

SCALLOP,  skol'up,  ti.  a  bivalvular  s)iell- 
tish,  ha\'ing  the  edge  of  its  shell  in  the 
form  of  a  series  of  curves:  one  of  a  series 
of  curves  in  the  edge  of  anything :  a  lace 
band  or  collar,  scalloped  round  the  edges. 
••  Made  myself  fine  with  Capt.  Ferrers's 
lace  band,  being  loth  to  near  my  own 
new  scallop  it  is  so  fine." — Pepys. — v.t. 
to  cut  the  edge  or  border  into  scallops 
or  curves.  [O.  Fr.  escalope  ;  from  Ger. 
schale,  shell.     See  Scale,  a  shell.] 

SCALP,  skalp,  ?(.  the  skin  of  the  head  on 
which  the  hair  grows  :  the  skin  of  the 
top  of  the  head  torn  off  as  a  token  of 
■victory  by  the  N.  American  Indians. — 
v.t.  to  cut  tlie  scalp  from.  [Prob.  from 
Ice.  skal,  a  skull,  modified  by  confusion 
with  L.  scalpo,  to  cut ;  akin  to  Scale,  a 
shell,  and  Shell.] 

SCALPEL,  skalp'el,  n.  a  small  surgical 
knife  for  dissecting  and  operating.  [L. 
scalpellum,  dim.  of  scalprum,  a  knife — 
scalpo,  to  cut.] 

SCALY,  skal'i,  adj.  covered  with  scales : 
like  scales  :  (bot.)  formed  of  scales. — n. 
Scal'iness. 

SCAMJIONY,  skam'o-ni,  n.  a  cathartic 
gum-resin  obtained  from  a.  species  of  con- 
volvulus in  Asia  Minor,    [ijrr.  skammiia.'\ 

SCAMP,  skamp.  n.  a  vagabond  :  a  mean 
fellow. — t'.^  in  phrase  to  scamp  work,  to 
do  it  dishonestly,  without  thoroughness. 
[From  Scamper.] 

SCAJIPER,  skamp'er.  v.i.  to  run  with 
speed  and  trepidation.  [Lit.  ''to  quit 
the  field,"  O.  Fr.  eJxamper — L.  e.r,  out 
of.  from,  and  campus,  field  ;  cf.  Decamp.] 

SCAN,  skan,  v.t.  to  count  the  feet  or 
measures  in  a  verse  :  to  examine  care- 
fully :  to  scrutinize  -.^pr.p.  scann'ing  ; 
pa.i.  and  pa.p.  scanned.  [Lit.  "to 
climb,"  Fr.  scander,  to  scan — L.  scando, 
scansum.  Sans,  skand,  to  ascend.] 

SCANDAL,  skan'dal,  11.  something  said 
which  is  false  and  injurious  to  reputa- 
tion :  disgrace :  opprobrious  censure. 
[Orig.  offence,  Fr.  scandale — L.  scanda- 
lum — Gr.  skandalor.,  a  snare  laid  for  an 
enemv,  a  stumbling-block.] 

SCANDALIZE,  skan'dal-Iz,  v.t.  to  give 
scandal  or  offence  to  :  to  shock  :  to  re- 
proach :  to  disgrace. 

SCANDALOUS,  "skan'dal-us.  adj.  giving 
scandal  or  offence  :  calling  forth  condem- 
nation :  openly  vile  :  defamatory. — adv. 
ScaN'DALOUSLY.— 71.  SCAN'DALOUSN'ESS. 

SCANDINAVIAN,  skan-di-na'%i-an.  adj.  of 
Scandinavia,  the  peninsula  diWded  into 
Norway  and  Sweden.  The  Scandina%nan 
languages  are  Icelandic,  Danish,  Swed- 
ish, and  Norwegian.  [Latinized  form  of 
the  native  name  ;  the  termination  -avia, 
sig.  "island,"  being  the  same  as  the 
Goth.  avi.  Ice.  ey  (as  in  Orkn-ey).  A.S.  tgr.] 

SCANSION,  skan  shun,  )i.  act  of  scanning 
or  covmtin^the  measures  in  a  verse. 

SCANSORIaL,    skan-s5'ri-al,   adj.,  climb- 


ing :  formed  for  climbing.  [From  L. 
scando,  scansum.    See  Scan.] 

SCANT,  skant,  adj.  not  full  or  plenti- 
ful :  scarcely  sufficient :  deficient.  [Ice. 
skammt,  short,  narrow.] 

SCANTLING  kaut'ling,  n.  a  little  piece  : 
a  piece  or  quantity  cut  for  a  particular 
purpose  :  a  certain  proportion.  [Fr. 
ichantillon,  a  sample — O.  Fr.  cant,  edge, 
corner.    See  Cant,  an  edge.] 

SCANTY,  skant'i,  adj.,  scant:  not  copious 
or  full  :  hardly  sufficient  :  wanting  ex- 
tent :   narrow  •   small. — adv.   Scant'ily. 

SCAPEGOAT,  skap'got,  n.  a  goat  on 
which,  once  a  j'ear,  the  Jewish  high- 
priest  confessed  the  sins  of  the  people, 
and  which  was  then  allowed  to  escape 
into  the  wilderness.  [Escape  and  GtOat.] 

SCAPEGRACE,  skap'gras,  n.  a  graceless 
harebrained  fellow.  [Lit.  "  one  who  has 
escaped  grace.''^ 

SCAPEMENT.    Same  as  Escapement. 

SCAPULAR,  skap'u-lar,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  shoulder.  [Fr. — Low  L.  scapularis — 
L.  .fcajiulce,  the  shouldei'-bladesJ 

SCAPULAR,  skap'u-lar,  SCAPIJLARY, 
skap'u-lar-i,  n.  an  ornament  worn  by 
some  R.  Cath.  orders,  consisting  of  two 
woollen  bands,  one  of  which  crosses  the 
.shoulders,  and  the  other  the  breast. 

SCAR,  skar,  n.  the  mark  left  by  a  wound 
or  sore  :  any  mark  or  blemish.  —  v.t. 
to  mark  with  a  scar. — v.i.  to  become 
scarred;— jjc.^j.  scarr'ing;  pa.t.  aadpa.p. 
scarred.  [Fr.  escarre — L.  e.'Xhara — Gr. 
eschara,  a  fireplace,  a  scab  on  a  wound 
produced  by  burning.] 

SCAR,  skar,  n.  a  precipitous  bank  or  rock. 
[A  Scand.  word,  as  Ice.  sker,  from  the 
root  of  Shear,  r.,  and  Shore,  the  coast.] 

SCARAMOUCH,  skar'armowch,  n.  a  buf- 
foon :  a  bragging,  cowardly  fellow.  [Fr., 
through  It.,  from  0.  Ger.  skennan,  to 
fight.    See  Skirmish.] 

SCARCE,  skars,  adj.  not  plentiful :  not 
equal  to  the  demand  :  rare  :  not  com- 
mon.— adv.  Scarce'lt,  (B.)  Scarce. — n. 
Scarce'ness.  [Lit.  '•  picked  out,"  O.  Fr. 
esears  (Fr.  echars),  niggardly  —  Low  L. 
scarpsus  =  ex-carpsus,  for  L.  excerptus, 
pa.p.  of  exeerpo — ex,  out  of,  and  carpo, 
to  pick.] 

SCARCITY,  skars'i-ti,  11.  state  of  being 
scarce  :  deficiency  :  rareness. 

SCARE,  skar,  v.t.  to  drive  away  by  fright- 
ening :  to  strike  with  sudden  terror. 
[Scot,  skair,  to  take  fright,  conn,  with 
Ice.  skjarr,  shy,  timid,  Ger.  (sich)  scheren, 
to  make  off.] 

SCARECROW,  skarTcro,  n.  anything  set 
up  to  scare  away  crotcs  or  other  birds  : 
a  vain  cause  of  terror. 

SCARE-SINNER,  skar'-sin-er,  n.  one  who 
or  that  which  frightens  sinners.  "  Do 
stop  that  death  -  looking,  long  -  striding 
.scoundrel  of  a  scare-sinner  (Death)  who 
is  posting  after  me." — Sterne. 

SCARF,  skarf,  n.  a  light  piece  of  dress  worn 
loosely  on  the  shoultlers  or  about  the 
neck  :  a  light  handkerchief  for  the  neck  : 
^pl.  Scarfs.  [Fr.  icharpe,  a  scarf,  a 
girdle,  orig.  the  pocket  which  a  pilgrim 
bore  suspended  from  his  neck  (cf.  Scrip), 
from  O.  Ger.  scherbe,  a  pocket.] 

SCARF,  skarf.  v.t.  to  join  two  pieces  of 
timber  endwise,  so  that  they  may  be  used 
as  one.— n.  Scarf'ino.  [Sw.  skarfa,  Dan. 
■fkarve,  to  join  together  ;  Ger.  scharben, 
to  cut  small,  A.S.  scearfe,  a  frao^ment. 
The  fundamental  idea  is  that  of  pomting, 
cutting,  and  so  piecing  together  ;  conn, 
with  Shear,  v.] 

SCARFSKIN,  skarfskin,  n.  the  scurf  or 
surface  skin  ;  the  cuticle  or  outer  skin  of 
animals.  [A.S.  sceorf,  scurf,  and  Skin. 
See  Scurf.  J 


SCARIFICATION,  skar-i-fl-ka'shun,  n.  act 
of  scarifying. 

SCARIFY,  skar'i-fi,  v.t.  to  scratch  or  slight- 
ly cut  the  skin  :  to  make  small  cuts  with 
a  lancet,  so  as  to  draw  blood  -.^pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  scarified.  [Fr.  scarifier — L.  scori- 
fico,  -atum  —  Gr.  skariphaomai  —  skar- 
iphos,  an  etching  tool.] 

SCARLATINA,  skar-la-te'na,  SCARLEff- 
FEVER,  skarlet-fe'ver,  n.  a  contagions' 
fever,  known  by  the  scarlet  flush  which 
accompanies  it. 

SCARLET,  skar'let,  n.  a  bright-red  color : 
scarlet  cloth. — adj.  of  the  color  called 
scarlet.  [O.  Fr.  escarlate  (Fr.  ^carlate), 
through  Low  L.  scarlatnm — Pers.  sakir- 
lat,  perh.  fi-om  Gr.  Sikelia,  Sicily,  which 
during  the  Arab  domination  had  a  large 
cotton  and  silk  manufacture.] 

SCARLET-RUNNER,  skAr'let-run'er,  n.  a 
plant  with  scarlet  flo'n'ers  which  runs  up 
any  support. 

SCARP,  skarp.  Same  as  Escarp.  [Ft.  es- 
carpe,  through  It.  Scarpa,  from  O.  Ger. 
scarp  (Ger.  scharf),  E.  Sharp.] 

SCARPLNES,  skar'pinz,  n.pl.  an  instru- 
ment of  torture  resembling  the  boot. 
"  Being  twice  racked  ...  I  was  put  to 
the  scarpines,  whereof  I  am,  as  you  see, 
somewhat  lame  of  one  leg." — Kingsley. 
[Fr.  escarpins.] 

SCARY,  ska'ri,  adj.  subject  to  a  scare : 
alarmed  :  frightened  :  scared.    Uliittier. 

SCATH,  SCATHE,  skath,  n.  damage,  in- 
jury.— v.t.  to  injure.  [A.S.  sceatha,  an 
enemv,  cog.  with  Ger.  schade,  injui-y.] 

SCATHLESS,  skath'les  or  skath'les,  adj. 
without  damage,  or  injury. 

SCATTER,  skat'^er,  v.t.  to"dispei-se  in  all 
directions  :  to  throw  loosely  about :  to 
strew:  to  sprinkle. — v.i.  to  be  dispersed 
or  dissipated.  [A.S.  scateran,  scaierian. 
See  Shatter.] 

SCAVENGER,  skav'en-ier,  n.  one  who 
cleans  the  streets.  [Orig.  scavager,  an 
inspector  of  goods  for  sale,  and  also  of  the 
streets  ;  from  obs.  E.  scavage,  duty  on 
goods  for  sale — A.S.  sceaivian,  to  inspect, 
E.  Show.] 

SCENE,  sent,  n.  (orig.)  the  stage  of  a  theatre 
on  which  the  actors  perform  :  a  picture 
of  the  place  of  an  action  :  a  large  painted 
view :  place  of  action,  occurrence,  or 
exhibition  :  the  part  of  a  play  acted  with- 
out change  of  place  :  a  series  of  events 
connected  and  exhibited  :  a  number  of 
objects  presented  to  the  view  at  once  : 
spectacle  :  view  :  a  display  of  strong 
feeling  between  two  or  more  persons. 
[Ft.  schte — L.  scena — Gr.  skene,  a  covered 
place,  a  booth,  a  stage.] 

SCENERY,  sen'er-i,  n.  the  painted  repre- 
sentation on  a  stage  :  the  appearance  of 
anything  presented  to  the  eye :  general 
aspect  of  a  landscape. 

SCENIC,  sen'ik  or  se  nik,  adj.  pertaining 
to  scenery :  dramatic:  theatrical. 

SCENOGRAPHIC,  sen-o-graf'ik,  SCENO- 
GRAPHICAL,  sen-o-graf'ik-al,  adj. 
drawn  in  perspective.  —  adv.  Sceno- 
graph'icallt. 

SCENOGRAPHY,  se-nog'ra-fi,  n.  the  art 
of  perspective  :  representation  in  per- 
spective. [Gr.  Skene,  a  scene,  and  grapho, 
to  write,  delineate.] 

SCENT,  sent.  v.t.  to  discern  by  the  sense 
of  smell :  to  perfume. — n.  odor  :  sense 
of  smell  :  chase  followed  bj-  the  scent  : 
course  of  pursuit.  [Fr.  sentir — L.  sentio, 
lit.    "to    discern    by  the    senses."    See 

SCEPTIC,  skep'tik,  SCEPTICAL,  skep'tik- 
al,  adj.  doubting;  hesitating  to  sidniit 
the  certainty  of  doctrines  or  principles  : 
(theol.)  doubting  or  denying  the  truth  of 
revelation. — n.  Scep'tic,  one  who  is  scep- 
tical :  (theol.)  one  who  doubts  or  denies 


SCEPTICISM 


379 


SCORN 


the  existence  of  God  or  the  truths  of 
rerelation.  —  adv.  ScKP'TlCAiLY.  [L. 
scepticus — G-r.  skeptikos,  thoughtful,  re- 
flective—  skeptomai,  to  look  about,  to 
consider.] 

SCEPTICISM,  skep'ti-sizm,  n.  doubt :  the 
doctrine  that  no  facts  can  be  certainly 
known  :  (tlieol.)  doubt  of  the  exist«nce 
of  God  or  the  truth  of  revelation. 

SCEETRAL,  sep'tral,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
resembUng  a  sceptre.  "Large  red  lihes 
of  love,  seeptral  and  tall." — Swijibume. 

SCEPTRE,  sep'ter,  n.  the  staff  or  baton 
borne  by  kings  as  an  emblem  of  author- 
ity: royal  power.  [L.  sceptrum — Gr.  skep- 
tron,  a  staff  to  lean  upon — skepto,  to 
lean.] 

SCEPTRED,  sep'trd,  adj.  bearing  a  sceptre. 

SCEPTRY,  sep'tri,  adj.  bearing  a  sceptre  : 
sceptred  :  royal.  "  His  highness  Lu- 
dolph's  sceptry  hand." — Keats. 

SCHEDULE,  sked'ul,  n.  a  piece  of  paper 
containing  some  writing  :  a  list,  inven- 
tory, or  table. — v.t.  to  place  in  a  schedule 
or  list.  [O.  Fr.  schedule  (Fr.  ceditfe)— L. 
.'ichedula,  dim.  of  scheda,  a  strip  of  papy- 
rus, Gr.  schede,  anything  formed  by  cleav- 
ing, a  leaf,  from  L.  scitido,  Gr.  schizo,  to 
cleave.] 

SCHEIK.    Same  as  Sheik. 

SCHEME,  skem,  n.  plan  :  something  con- 
trived to  be  done:  purpose:  plot:  a  com- 
bination of  things  by  design  :  an  illustra- 
tive diagram. — v.t.  to  plan  :  to  contrive. 
— v.i.  to  form  a  plan  or  scheme. — n. 
Schem'er.  [Fr. — L.  schema — Gr.  schema, 
form  or  shape — echo,  sclieso,  to  have  or 
hold.] 

SCHEMING,  skem'ing,  adj.  given  to  form- 
ing schemes  :  intriguing. 

SCHISM,  sizm,  n.  a  separation  in  a  church, 
from  diversity  of  opinion.  [L.  sohisma — 
Gr.  schizo.  to  split.] 

SCHISMATIC,siz-mat'ik,SCHISMATICAL, 
siz-mat'ik-al,  adj.  tending  to,  or  of  the 
nature  of  schism. — )i.  Schisila.t'ic,  one 
who  separates  from  a  cliurch  on  account 
of  difference  of  opinion. — adv.  Schismat'- 
ICALLY.  [L.  schismatieus — Gr.  schismali- 
kos — .ichisma.] 

SCHIST,  shist,  n.  igeol.)  a  kind  of  rock 
splitting  into  thia\B.yeYs:  slate-rock.  [Fr. 
schiste—Gr.  sehistos — schiso.  to  split.] 

SCHISTIC,  shist'ik,  SCHISTOUS,  shist'us, 
SCHISTOSE,  shist-6s',  adj.  like  schist : 
having  a  slaty  structure. 

SCHIZOGNATHJE,  shiz-og'na-the,  n.pl.  a 
sub-order  of  carinate  birds,  proposed  by 
Huxley  to  include  the  Gallinaj,  Grallaj, 
and  Natatores  of  Cuvier.  [Gr.  schizo,  to 
cleave,  and  gnathos,  jaw-bone.] 

SCHOLAR,  skol'ar,  n.  a  pupil;  a  disciple:  a 
student :  one  who  has  received  a  learned 
education  :  a  man  of  learning  :  in  the 
English  universities,  an  undergraduate 
partly  supported  from  the  revenues  of  a 
college. — Scholar's  mate,  in  chess,  a  sim- 
ple mode  of  checkmate,  frequently  prac- 
ticed on  inexperienced  players,  in  which 
the  skilled  player's  queen,  supported  by 
a  bishop,  mates  the  tyro's  king  in  four 
moves.    "  A  simple  trip,  akin  to  scholar's 


mate  at  chess."— i?.  Kingsleij.     [L.  schol 
aris.  belonging  to  a  school — schola. 


See 


School.] 

SCHOLARLY,  skol'ar-li,  adj.  like  or  becom- 
ing a  scliolar. 

SCHOLARSHIP,  skol'ar-ship,  n.  the  char- 
acter of  a  scholar  :  learning  :  in  the  En- 
glish universities,  maintenance  for  a 
scholar. 

SCHOLASTIC,  sko-las'tik,  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  scholar  or  to  schools  :  scholar-like  : 
pertaining  to  the  schoolmen:  excessively 
subtle. — n.  one  who  adheres  to  the  meth- 
o<l  or  subtleties  of  the  schools  of  the  mid- 
dle ages.    [Fr.— L.  scholasticus—Gr.  scho- 


lastikos — scJiolazo,  to  have  leisure,  to  at- 
tend school — schole,  leisure.  Cf.  School.] 

SCHOLIAST,  sko'li-ast,  n.  a  writer  of  scho- 
lia. [Gr.  scholiast€S — schoHovi,  a  schoU- 
um.] 

SCHOLIASTIC,  sko-U-ast'ik,  a^j.  pertain- 
ing to  a  scholiast  or  to  schoha, 

SCHOLIUM,  sko'U-um,».  one  of  the  margi- 
nal notes  of  the  old  critics  on  the  ancient 
classics  :  {math.)  an  explanation  added  to 
a  problem  -.—pi.  Scho'lia,  Scho'ltums. 
[Low  L. — Gr.  scholion,  a  short  note  or 
comment — schole.  leisure.] 

SCHOOL,  skool,  n.  a  place  for  instruction  : 
an  institution  of  learning,  esp.  for  chil- 
dren: the  pupils  of  a  school:  exercises  for 
instruction  :  the  disciples  of  a  particular 
teacher,  or  those  who  hold  a  common 
doctrine. — v.t.  to  educate  in  a  school  :  to 
instruct :  to  admonish.  [L.  schola — Gr. 
schole,  leisure,  a  lecture,  a  school.] 

SCHOOLMAN,  skool'man,  n.  one  of  the 
philosophers  and  divines  of  the  second 
half  of  the  middle-ages. 

SCHOOLMASTER,  skool'mas-ter,  n.  the 
master  or  teacher  of  a  school :  (B.)  a 
pedagogue  -.—fern.  School'mistress. 

SCHOOISTER,  skoon'er,  n.  a  sharp-built, 
swift-sailing  vessel,  generally  two-mast- 
ed, rigged  either  with  fore-and-aft  sails 
on  both  masts,  or  with  square  top  and 
top-gallant  sails  on  the  foremast.  [Coined 
in  New  England  from  the  Prov.  Eng. 
scoon  (Scot,  scon),  to  make  a  flat  stone 
skip  along  the  surface  of  water.] 

SCIATIC,  sl-at'ik,  SCLATICAL,  sl-at'ik-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  or  afl'ecting  the  hijy. 
[Low  L.  sciaticus — Gr.  ischion,  the  hip- 
joint.] 

SCIATICA,  sl-at'ik-a,  n.  a  rheumatic  affec- 
tion of  the  hip-joint :  a  neuralgic  affec- 
tion of  the  sciatic  nerve.  [Low  L.  sci- 
atica— Gr.  ischion.'] 

SCIENCE,  si'ens,  n.,  knoicledge  (system- 
atized) :  truth  ascertained :  pursuit  of 
knowledge  or  truth  for  its  own  sake : 
knowledge  arranged  under  general  truths 
and  principles  :  tliat  which  refers  to  ab- 
stract principles,  as  distinguished  from 
"art."  [Fr. — L.  scientia — sciens,  -entis, 
pr.p.  of  scio,  to  know.] 

SCIENTIFIC,  si-en-tif'ik,  SCIENTIFICAL, 
sl-en-tif'ik-al,  a<^).  producing  or  contain- 
ing science:  according  to  or  versed  in 
science. — adv.  Scientif'ically.  [Fv.  sci- 
entijigue — L.  scientia,  science,  facio,  to 
make.] 

SCIENTIST,  sT'ent-ist,  n.  one  who  studies 
science,  esp.  natural  science. 

SCIMITAR,  sim'i-tar,  n.  a  short,  single- 
e<lge<l  curved  sword,  broadest  at  the 
point  end,  used  by  the  Turks  and  Per- 
sians. [Prob.  through  Sp.  cimitarra, 
from  Basque  cime  -  terra,  something 
"  with  a  fine  edge."] 

SCINTILLATE,  sin'til-lat,  v.i.  to  throw  out 
s})arks:  to  sparkle.  [L.  sctnh'Ka,  a  spark.] 

SCINTILLATION,  siu-til-la'shun,  n.  act  of 
throwing  out  sparks :  shining  with  a 
twinkling  light. 

SCIOLISM,  si'ol-izm,  n.  superficial  knowl- 
edge. [L.  sciobis,  dim.  of  scius,  knowing 
— .sc!0,  to  know.] 

SCIOLIST,  si'ol-ist,  71.  one  who  knows  any- 
thing superficially:  a  pretender  to  science. 

SCION,  si'un,  n.  a  cutting  or  twig  for  graft- 
ing :  a  young  member  of  a  family.  Also 
spelt  CioN,  when  used  for  the  shoot  of  a 
plant.  [Fr.  (for  secion) — L.  sectio,  a  cut- 
ting—.seco,  to  cut.] 

SCIRRHOUS,  -skir'rus,  adj.,  hardened: 
proceeding  from  scirrhus. 

SCIRRHUS,  skir'rus,  n.  (med.)  a  hardened 
gland  forming  a  tumor:  a  hardening,  esp. 
that  preceding  cancer.   [Gr.  skiros,  hard.] 

SCISSORS,  siz'urz,  n.pl.  a  cutting  instru- 
ment  consisting  of  two  blades  fastened 


at  the  middle.  [Formerly  written  cisors 
— O.Fr.  cisoires,  conn,  with  Fr.  oiseaux, 
scissors,  from  Late  L.  cisorium,  a  cutting 
instrument — L.  ccedo,  to  cut.] 

SCLAVE,  SCLAVONIAN,  etc.  See  Slav, 
Slavonic. 

SCLEROTIC,  skle-rot'ik,  adj.,  hard,  firm, 
noting  the  outer  membrane  of  the  eye- 
ball.— n.  the  outermost  membrane  of  the 
eyeball.     [From  Gr.  skliros,  hard.] 

SCOFF,  skof,  v.t.  to  mock:  to  treat  with 
scorn. — v.i.  to  show  contempt  or  scorn. 
—n.  an  expression  of  scorn  or  contempt. — 
n.  iScoff'er.  [Dan.  skuffe,  to  delude,  al- 
lied to  Fris.  schof.] 

SCOLD,  skold,  v.i.  to  rail  in  a  loud  and  vio- 
lent manner:  to  find  fault.— 1'.<.  to  chide 
rudely:  to  rebuke  in  words. — )i.  a  rude, 
clamorous  woman. — n.  Scold'er.  [Low 
Ger.  schelden,  Ger.  schelten,  to  brawl,  to 
.scold.] 

SCOLLOP.    Same  as  Scallop. 

SCONCE,  skons,  n.  a  bulwark :  a  small 
fort  :  a  protective  headpiece,  hence  the 
head,  the  skull.  [O.  Fr.  sconccr,  eacon- 
cer,  to  conceal,  to  withdraw  —  L.  ah- 
scondere.l 

SCONCE,  skons,  n.  the  part  of  a  candle- 
stick for  the  candle  :  a  hanging  candle- 
stick with  a  mirror  to  reflect  the  light. 
[O.Fr.  esconse — Low  L.  absconsa,  sconsa, 
orig.  a  dark-lantern — L.  absconsa  can- 
dela,  a  hidden  light — abscondo,  to  hide, 
eandela,  a  light.] 

SCOOP,  skoop,  v.t.  to  lift  up,  as  water, 
with  something  hollow  :  to  empty  with 
a  ladle  :  to  make  hollow:  to  dig  out. — n. 
anything  hollow  for  scooping  :  a  lai'ge 
hollow  shovel  or  ladle  :  a  place  hollowed 
out  :  a  sweeping  stroke.  [Cog.  with 
Dan.  skiiffe,  Ger.  schiippe,  prob.  from  the 
same  root  as  Shovel.] 

SCOPE,  skop,  n.  that  which  one  sees,  space 
as  far  as  one  can  see  :  room  or  oppor- 
tunity for  free  outlook:  space  for  action: 
the  end  before  the  mind  :  intention.  [L. 
scopos — Gr.  skopos — skopeo,  skeptomai, 
to  look,  to  view.] 

SCORBUTIC,  skor-bu'tik,  SCORBUTICAL, 
-al,  adj.  pertaining  to,  resembling,  or 
diseased  with  scurvy.  [Late  Low  L.  scor- 
buticiis — scorbutus,  scurvy,  prob.  from  O. 
Dut.  schore  (Dut.  scheur),  a  break,  rent, 
and  bot,  bone,  from  the  wasted  appear- 
ance of  tlie  limbs  of  a  person  afflicted 
with  scurvv.] 

SCORCH,  skorch,  v.t.  to  burn  sUghtly  :  to 
roast  highly  :  to  affect  painfully  with 
heat. — V.I.  to  be  burned  on  the  surface  : 
to  be  dried  up.  [Lit.  "to  strip  the  bark 
off."  O.  Fr.  escorc/iier,  from  Low  L.  e.v- 
corticare—h.  cortex,  corticis,  bark.  See 
Cork.] 

SCORE,  skor,  n.  a  mark  or  notch  for  keep- 
ing count  :  a  line  drawn  :  the  number 
twenty,  once  represented  by  a  larger 
notch":  a  reckoning  :  account  :  reason  : 
the  original  draught  of  a  musical  com- 
position with  all  the  parts,  or  its  tran- 
script.—  v.t.  to  mark  with  notches  or 
lines :  to  furrow.- h.  Scor'kr.  [A.S. 
scor,  cog.  with  Ice.  skor ;  akin  to  A.S. 
sceran,  E.  Shear.] 

SCORIA,  sko'ri-a,  n.,  rfross  or  slag  left  from 
metal  or  ores  after  being  under  fire  -.—pi. 
Scorle.  sko'ri-a,  volcanic  ashes.  [L.— 
Gr.  skoria.] 

SCORN,  skorn,  n.  disdain  caused  by  a  mean 
opinion  :  extreme  contempt  :  object  of 
contempt. — v.t.  to  hold  in  extreme  con- 
tempt :  to  disdain :  (B.)  To  LAUGH  TO 
SCORN,  to  deride.  —  To  theik  scorn,  to 
disdain  or  despise.  [O.  Fr.  eseonier  (It. 
scornare),  lit.  "to  take  the  horns  off." 
to  humble,  to  insult,  from  L.  excomis, 
hornless,  from  ex,  without,  and  comua, 
horns.] 


SCORNER 


380 


SCROLL 


SCORNER,  skorn'er,  n.  one  who  scorns  : 
<B.)  one  who  scoffs  at  rehgion. 

800RNFUL,  skorn'fool,  adj.  full  of  scorn : 
contemptuous  :  disdainful. — adv.  Scorn'- 

FULLT. 

SCORPION,  skor'pi-un,  n.  an  insect  with 
claws  like  the  lobster,  and  armed  with 
a  poisonous  sting  in  its  tail :  one  of  the 
signs  of  the  zodiac  :  (B.)  a  whip  with 
points  like  a  scorpion's  tail.  [Fr. — L. 
scorjrio — Gr.  skorpios.] 

SCOT,  skot,  n.  a  native  of  Scotland.  [A 
Celtic  word,  ety.  dub.] 

SCOTCH,  skoch,  SCOTTISH,  skot'ish, 
SCOTS,  skots,  aclj.  pertaining  to  Scot- 
land, its  people,  or  language.  —  ns. 
Scotch'sian,  Scots'man,  a  native  of 
Scotland. 

SCOTCH,  skoch,  v.f.  to  cut  or  wound 
slightly.     [Ety.  dub.] 

SCOTER,  sko'ter,  n.  a  species  of  marine 
duck  with  dark  plumage,  also  called  the 
"surf  duck." 

SOOT-FREE,  skot'-fre,  adj.,  free  from  scot 
(obs.)  or  payment :  untaxed :  unhurt, 
safe. — Scot  aud  lot,  a  scot  or  tax  origin- 
ally assessed  according  to  the  lot  or  abil- 
ity of  the  payer.  [A.S.  scot,  sceot  (cog. 
with  Ger.  schosz) — sceotan,  to  shoot,  to 
throw  down  as  pavment.     See  SHOOT.] 

SCOTTICISM,  skot'i-sizm,  n.  a  Scotch 
idiom. 

SCOUNDREL,  skown'drel,  n.  a  low,  worth- 
less fellow  :  a  rascal :  a  man  without 
principle. — n.  Scoun'drelism,  baseness, 
rascality.  [It.  scondaniolo,  a  coward — 
scondere,  to  hide — L.  abs-condere.  See 
Abscond  1 

SOOUNDRELDOM,  skown'drel-dum,  n. 
the  character,  habits,  or  practices  of  a 
scoundrel  :  the  community  of  scoun- 
drels :  scoundrels  collectively.  "High- 
born scoundreldom." — Frotide. 

SCOUR,  skowr.  v.t.  to  clean  by  rubbing 
with  something  rough  :  to  cleanse  from 
grease,  dirt,  etc.:  to  remove  by  rubbing  : 
to  pass  quickly  over :  to  range.  —  n. 
Scour'ee.  [O.  Fr.  escurer,  Fr.  icurer; 
Ger.  seheuern;  prob.  both  from  Low  L. 
seurare,  to  sweep — L.  ex-curare.l 

SOOURGE,  skurj,  n.  a  whip  made  of 
leather  thongs  :  an  instrument  of  punish- 
ment :  a  punishment :  means  of  punish- 
saent. — v.t.  to  whip  severely  :  to  punish 
m  order  to  correct. — n.  Scourg'er.  [Fr. 
egeourgee,  ecourgie — L.  (snitica)  excori- 
ata,  (a  whip)  made  of  leather — corium, 
leather.] 

SOOUT,  skowt,  n.  one  sent  out  to  bring 
in  tiding^s,  observe  the  enemy,  etc.  :  a 
college  servant  at  Oxford.  [O.  Fr. 
eacoute — escouter  (It.  ascoltare)—L.  aus- 
ctUtare,  to  listen — auricula,  auris,  the 
ear  J 

SCOUT,  skowt,  v.t.  to  sneer  at :  to  reject 
with  disdain.  [Ace.  to  Wedgwood,  Scot. 
scout,  to  pour  forth  a  liquid  forcibly.] 

SCOWL,  skowl,  v.i.  to  wrinkle  the  brows 
in  displeasure  :  to  look  sour  or  angry  : 
to  look  gloomy. — n.  the  wrinkling  of  the 
brows  when  displeased  :  a  look  of  sullen- 
ness,  anger,  or  discontent.  [Cog.  with 
Dan.  sktde,  Dut.  schiiilen  ;  perh.  conn, 
with  A.S.  sceol,  squint,  Ger.  schel,  squint- 
ing, Scot,  shelly,  to  squint.] 

SCRABBLE,  skrab'l,  v.i.  (B.)  to  scrape  or 
make  unmeaning  marks :  to  scrawl. 
[Freq.  of  Scrape!] 

SCRAG,  skrag,  n.  anj-thing  thin  or  lean 
and  rough  :  the  bony  part  of  the  neck. 
[Gael,  sgreag,  parched.] 

SCRAG,  skrag,  v.t.  to  put  to  death  by 
hanging:  to  hang.  "Intimating  b3'  a 
lively  pantomimic  representation  that 
scragging  and  hanging  were  one  and  the 
same  thing."— 7>icfcens. 

SCRAGGED,  skrag'ed,  SCRAGGY,  skrag-i, 


adj.  lean  and  rough  :  uneven  :  rugged. — 
ns.  Sceaoo'edness,  Scragg'iness.— adv. 

SCRAaG'll,T. 

SCRAMBLE,  skram'bl,  v.i.  to  struggle  to 
seize  something  before  others  :  to  catch 
at  or  strive  for  rudely :  to  move  on  all- 
fours. — n.  act  of  scrambling. — n.  SCRAM'- 
BLER.  [Prov.  E.  scramb,  to  rake  together 
with  the  hands,  or  scramp,  to  snatch  at ; 
nearly  allied  to  Scrabble  and  Scrape.] 

SCRAP,  skrap,  n.  a  small  piece  :  an  uncon- 
nected extract. — Scrap'-book,  n.  a  blank 
book  for  scraps  or  extracts,  prints,  etc. 
[From  Scrape.] 

SCRAPE,  skrup,  v.t.  to  make  a  harsh  or 
grating  noise  on  :  to  rub  with  something 
sharp  :  to  remove  by  drawing  a  sharp 
edge  over :  to  collect  by  laborious  effort: 
to  save  penuriously. — n.  a  perplexing 
situation  :  difficulty.  [A.S.  screopan ; 
Ice.  skrapa,  to  creak,  grate  :  from  the 
sound.] 

SCRAPER,  skrap'er,  n.  an  instrument  used 
for  scraping,  esp.  the  soles  of  shoes. 

SCRAPING,  skrap'ing,  n.  that  which  is 
scraped  off. 

SCRATCH,  skrach,  v.t.  to  rub  or  mark  the 
surface  with  something  pointed,  as  the 
nails :  to  tear  or  dig  with  the  claws. — 
v.i.  to  use  the  nails  or  claws  in  tearing 
or  digging. — )(.  a  mark  or  tear  made 
by  scratching  :  a  slight  wound  :  the  hne 
in  a  prize-ring  up  to  which  boxers  are 
led,  hence  test,  trial,  as  in  phrase  "  to 
come  up  to  the  scratch."  [Allied  to  Gter. 
kratzen,  Dut.  krassen,  to  scratch,  s  being 
intrusive.] 

SCRATCHER,  skrach'er,  n.  a  bird  which 
scratches  for  food,  as  a  hen. 

SCRAWL,  skrawl,  I'.f.  and  v.i.  to  scrape, 
mark,  or  write  irregularly,  or  hastily. — 
n.  irregular  or  hasty  writing.-re.SCRAWL'- 
er.  [Akin  to  Dut.  schravelen,  scrafelen, 
to  scrape.] 

SCREAM,  skrem,  v.i.  to  cry  out  with  a 
shrill  cry,  as  in  fear  or  pain  :  to  shriek. 
— n.  a  shrill,  sudden  cry,  as  in  fear  or 
pain :  a  shriek.  [An  imitative  word, 
found  in  Sw.  skramma,  to  fear ;  cf. 
Creak,  Ceack.  Screech,  Shriek.] 

SCREECH,  skrech,  v.i.  to  shriek  or  utter 
a  harsh,  shrill,  and  sudden  cry. — n.  a 
harsh,  shrill,  and  sudden  cry.  [An  imi- 
tative word,  found  in  Gael,  sgreach, 
Scot,  skreigh.    See  Scream.] 

SCREECH-OWL,  skrech'-owl,  n.  a  kind  of 
owl,  so  called  from  its  screeching  cry. 

SCREEN,  skren,  n.  that  which  shelters 
from  danger  or  observation  :  a  partition 
in  churches :  a  coarse  riddle  for  sifting 
coal,  etc. — v.t.  to  shelter  or  conceal :  to 
pass  through  a  coarse  riddle.  [O.  Fr. 
escren  (Fr.  ecran);  of  uncertain  origin.] 

SCREW,  skroo,  n.  a  cylinder  with  a  spiral 
groove  or  ridge  on  either  its  outer  or 
inner  surface,  used  as  a  fastening  and  as 
a  mechanical  power:  a  screw-propeller. — 
v.t.  to  apply  a  screw  to  :  to  press  with  a 
screw:  to  twist:  to  oppress  by  extortion: 
to  force  :  to  squeeze.  [Low  Ger.  schruve. 
Ice.  skrufa,  G«r.  schraube,  whence  prob. 
Fr.  ecrcnt.'\ 

SCREW-DRIVER,  skroo'-driv'er,  n.  an 
instrument  for  driving  or  turning  screic- 
nails. 

SCREW-JACK,  skroo'-jak.  Same  as  Jack- 
screw. 

SCREW-NAIL,  skroo'-nal,  n.  a  naU  made 
in  the  form  of  a  screii: 

SCREW  -  PROPELLER,  skroo'-pro-pel'er, 
n.  a  screw  or  spiral-bladed  wheel  at  the 
stern  of  steam-vessels  for  propelling 
them  :  a  steamer  so  propelled. 

SCREW-STEAMER,  slo-oo'-stem'er,  n.  a 
steamer  propelled  bv  a  screic. 

SCRIBBLE,  skrib'l,  v't.  to  scratch  or  write 
carelessly  :  to   fill  with  worthless  writ- 


ing.— v.i.  to  write  carelessly  :  to  scrawl, 
— n.  Scribb'ler.  [O.  Ft.  escrivailler,  to 
scribble — escrire,  L.  scribere,  to  write, 
akin  to  Gr.  grapho,  to  scratch.] 

SCRIBE,  skrib,  n.  a  uriter :  a  public  or 
official  writer  :  a  clerk,  amanuensis, 
secretary :  (B.)  a  copyist  or  expounder  of 
the  law.  [Fr. — L.  seriba — seribo,  scribere^ 
to  write.]" 

SCRIMMAGE,  skrim'aj,  n.  a  skirmish  :  a 
general  fight.  (Prob.  a  corr.  of  Skirmish.] 

SCRIMP,  skrimp,  v.t.  to  make  too  small  or 
short  :  to  limit  or  shorten. — adj.  short, 
scanty.  [Scot,  scrimp,  scanty  ;  Ger. 
schrumpfen,  to  shrink.]^ 

SCRIP,  skrip,  n.  that  which  is  written :  a 
piece  of  paper  containing  writing :  a  cer- 
tificate of  stock  or  shares  in  any  joint- 
stock  company  subscribed  or  allotted. 
[L.  scriptum,  pa.p.  of  scribe] 

SCRIP,  skrip,  n.  a  small  bag  or  wallet. 
[Ice.  skreppa  ;  conn,  with  Scarf.] 

SCRIPT,  skript,  n.  {print.)\.ype  like  written 
letters.     [L.  scriptum — seribo.  to  write.] 

SCRIPTURAL,  skript'ur-al,  adj.  contained 
in  Scripture  :  according  to  Scripture  : 
biblical.— adr.ScRlPT'URALLY.— ji.SciUPT'- 

URALNESS. 

SCRIPTURE,  skript'ur,  h.  sacred  writing: 
the  Bible. — The  Sckiptukes,  the  Bible. 
[Lit.  a  leriting,  L.  ssriptura — seribo,  to 
write.] 

SCRFVEN,  skriv'n,  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  write  in 
a  scrivener-like  manner.  "  A  mortgage 
scrivened  up  to  ten  skins  of  parchment." 
— Roger  North.  "  Two  or  three  hours' 
hard  scrivening." — Miss  Edgeworth. 

SCRIVENER,  skriv'en-er,  n.  a  scribe  or 
writer :  a  copyist :  one  who  draws  up 
contracts,  etc.  :  one  who  receives  the 
money  of  others  to  lay  it  out  at  interest. 
[O.  Fr.  escrivain  (Fr.  ecrivain) — Low  L, 
scribanus,  L.  seriba,  a  scribe — seribo.] 

SCROFULA,  skrof'ii-la,  n.  a  disease  due  to 
a  deposit  of  tubercle  in  the  glandular 
and  bony  tissues,  and  in  reality  a  form  of 
tuberculosis  or  consumption.  It  generally 
shows  itself  by  hard  indolent  tumors  of 
the  glands  in  various  parts  of  the  body, 
but  particularly  in  the  neck,  behind  the 
ears  and  under  the  chin,  which  after  a 
time  suppurate  and  degenerate  into  ul- 
cers, from  which,  instead  of  pus,  a  white 
curdled  matter  is  discharged.  Scrofula 
is  not  contagious,  but  it  is  often  a  he- 
reditary disease  ;  its  first  appearance 
is  most  usually  between  the  third  and 
seventh  year  of  the  child's  age,  but  it 
may  arise  between  this  and  the  age  of 
puberty  ;  after  which  it  seldom  makes  its 
first  attack.  It  is  promoted  by  every- 
thing that  debilitates,  but  it  may  remain 
dormant  through  life  and  not  show  itself 
till  the  next  generation.  In  mild  cases 
the  glands,  after  having  suppurated, 
slowly  heal ;  in  others,  the  eyes  and  eye- 
lids become  inflamed,  the  joints  become 
affected,  the  disease  gradually  extending 
to  the  ligaments  and  bones,  and  produc- 
ing a  hectic  and  debilitated  state  under 
which  the  patient  sinks  ;  or  it  ends  in 
tuberculated  lungs  and  pulmonary  con- 
sumption. Called  also  Struma  and  Krya's- 
EVIL.  [L.  scrofulce,  a  swelling  of  the 
glands  of  the  neck,  scrofula,  from  scrofa, 
a  breeding  sow,  sa  called  because  swine 
were  supposed  to  be  subject  to  a  similar 
complaint.] 

SCROFULOUS,  skrof  u-lus,  adj.  pertaining 
to,  resembling,  or  affected  with  scrofula. 

SCROLL,  skrol,  n.  a  roll  of  paper  or  parch- 
ment :  a  writing  in  the  form  of  a  roll  :  a 
rough  draught  of  anything  :  a  schedule  ; 
(arch.)  a  spiral  ornament  :  the  volute  of 
the  Ionic  and  Corinthian  capitals.  [O. 
Fr.  eserol,  Fr.  ecrou;  of  uncertain  ori- 
gin-] 


SCRUB 


381 


SCUTTLE 


SCRUB,  skrub,  v.t.  to  rub  hard,  esp.  with 
something  rough. — v.i.  to  be  laborious 
and  penurious  : — -pr.p.  scrubb'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  scrubbed. — n.  one  who  works 
hard  and  lives  meanly :  anj'thing  small 
or  mean  :  a  worn-out  brush  :  low  under- 
wood.— n.  Scrubb'er.  [Low  Ger.  schrub- 
ben,  Dan.  skmbbe,  to  rub  or  scrub  ;  conn. 
with  Scrape.] 

SCRUBBY,  skrub'i,  adj.  laborious  and  pen- 
urious: mean:  small:  stunted  in  growth. 

SCRUPLE,  skroo'pl,  n.  a  small  weight  (30 
grains,  or  i  drachm):  a  very  small  quan- 
tity: reluctance  to  decide  or  act,  as  from 
motives  of  conscience:  difficulty. — v.i.  to 
hesitate  in  deciding  or  acting.  [Fr.  scrw- 
pule  —  L.  scrupulus,  dim.  of  scrupus,  a 
rough,  sharp  stone,  anxiety.] 

SCRUPULOUS,  skroo'pu-lus,  adj.  having 
scruples,  doubts,  or  objections  :  conscien- 
tious :  cautious  :  exact.  —  adv.  Sceu'pu- 
LOUSLY.     [L.  scrupulosus.] 

SCRUPULOUSNESS,  skroo '  pu  -  lus  -  nes, 
SCRUPULOSITY,  skroo-pu-los'i-ti,  n. 
state  of  being  scrupulous :  doubt :  nioe- 
ness :  precision. 

SCRUTABLE,  skroo'ta-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being  submitted  to  scrutiny  :  discover- 
able by  scrutiny,  inquiry,  or  critical  ex- 
amination. "  Shall  we  think  God  so 
scrutable  or  ourselves  so  penetrating 
that  none  of  his  secrets  can  escape  us  ?  " 
— Dr.  H.  More. 

SCRUTATOR,  skroo-ta'ter,  n.  one  who 
scrutinizes  :  a  close  examiner  or  in- 
quirer :  a  scrutineer.  Ayliffe ;  Bailey. 
[L.,  from  scnttor,  scrutatus,  to  explore.] 

SCRUTINEER,  skroo-ti-ner',  n.  one  who 
makes  a  scrutiny,  or  minute  search  or 
inquiry. 

SCRUTINIZE,  skroo'ti-nTz,  v.t.  to  search 
minutely  or  closely  :  to  examine  care- 
fully or  critically  :  to  investigate. 

SCRUTINY,  skroo'ti-ni,  n.  careful  or  min- 
ute inquiry  :  critical  examination  :  an 
examination  of  the  votes  given  at  an 
election  for  the  purpose  of  correcting 
the  poll.  [L.  scrutinium — scrutor,  to 
search  even  to  the  rags  —  scnita,  Gr. 
gryte,  rags,  trash.] 

SCUD,  skud,  v.i.  to  run  quickly  :  {naut.) 
to  run  before  the  wind  in  a  gale  : — pr.p. 
scudd'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p).  scudd'ed. — n. 
act  of  moving  quickly  :  loose,  vapory 
clouds  driven  swiftly  along.  [A.S.  sett- 
da?!  ,•  Ger.  scliUttem.\ 

SCUDO,  skoo'do  (pi.  Scudi,  skoo'de),  n.  an 
Italian  silver  coin  of  different  value  in 
the  different  states  in  which  it  was  issued. 
The  Genoese  scudo  is  equivalent  to  about 
$1.30  ;  the  Roman,  $1.05  ;  the  Sardinian 
and  Milanese,  97  cents.  This  coin  is 
gradually  disappearing  before  the  deci- 
mal coinage  of  the  Italian  kingdom,  but 
the  name  is  sometimes  given  to  the  piece 
of  5  lire  (about  97  cents).  The  old  Roman 
gold  scudo  was  worth  10  sU ver  scudi.  [It. , 
a  shield,  a  crown,  from  L.  scutum,  a 
shield  ;  so  called  from  its  bearing  the 
heraldic  shield  of  the  prince  by  whom  it 
was  issued.] 

SCUFFLE,  skuf'l,  v.i.  to  struggle  closely  : 
to  fight  confusedly. — n.  a  struggle  in 
which  the  combatants  grapple  closely : 
any  confused  contest.  [A.S.  scufan,  to 
shove  ;  Dan.  skuffe,  Sw.  skttffa,  to  shove 
or  push,  skuff,  a  blow,  a  thrust.  See 
Shove,  Shovel.] 

SCULK.    Same  as  Skulk. 

SCULL,  skul,  11.  a  short,  light  oar:  a  small 
boat:  a  cock-boat. — v.t.  to  impel  by 
sculls:  to  propel  by  working  an  oar 
from  side  to  side  of  the  stern,  without 
raising  the  blade  from  the  water. — n. 
ScuLl7lNa.  [Scand.  sfco?,  to  splash.] 
SCULLER,  skul'er,  n.  one  who  sculls  :  a 


small  boat  rowed  by  two  sculls  pulled  by 
one  man. 

SCULLERY,  skul'er-i,  n.  the  place  for 
dishes  and  other  kitchen  utensUs.  [O. 
Fr.  esculier — escuelle — L.  scutella,  a  sal- 
ver— seutula,  dim.  of  scutra,  a  dish.] 

SCULLION,  skul'yun,  n.  a  servant  in  the 
scullery  :  a  servant  for  drudgery-work. 

SCULPTOR,  skulp'tor,  n.  one  who  carves 
figures  -.—fem.  Sculp'tress. 

SCIJLPTURAL,  skulp'tur-al,  oc^'.  belong- 
ing to  sculpture. 

SCULPTURE,  skulp'tur,  n.  the  art  of  carv- 
ing figures  in  wood,  stone,  etc. :  carved- 
work. — v.t.  to  carve  :  to  form,  as  a  piece 
of  sculpture.  [Fr. — L.  sculptura — seulpo, 
scuptum,  to  carve,  to  cut,  Gr.  glypho,  to 
carve.] 

SCUM,  skum,  n.,  foam  ov  froth:  the  ex- 
traneous matter  rising  to  the  surface  of 
liquids,  esp.  when  boiled  or  fermented  : 
refuse. — v.t.  to  take  the  scum  from  :  to 
skim  : — pr.p.  scumm'ing- ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
.scummed. — n.  Scumm'er.  [Ice.  skum; 
Ger.  schaum,  foam,  froth.] 

SCUNCHEON,  skun'shun,  n.  the  stones  or 
arches  thrown  across  the  angles  of  a 
square  tower  to  support  the  alternate 
sides  of  the  octagonal  spire  :  also,  the 
cross  pieces  of  timber  across  the  angles 
to  give  strength  and  firmness  to  a  frame. 

SCUNNER,  skun'er,  v.t.  to  affect  with 
loathing,  disgust,  or  nausea  :  to  satiate. 
"Scunnered  wi'  sweets."  —  Kingsley. 
[Scotch.] 

SCUP,  skup,  n.  the  name  given  in  Rhode 
Island  to  a  small  fish  belonging  to  the 
sparoid  family.  In  New  York  it  is  called 
porgy.     [From  Indian  name.] 

SCUP,  skup,  n.  a  swing  :  a  term  still  re- 
tained by  the  descendants  of  the  Dutch 
settlers  in  New  York.  [Dut.  schop,  a 
swing.] 

SCUP.  skup,  v.i.  in  New  York,  to  swing. 

SCUPPER,  skup'er,  n.  (naut.)  a  channel 
cut  through  the  water-ways  and  sides  of 
a  ship  at  proper  distances,  and  lined  with 
lead,  for  carrj'ing  off  the  water  from  the 
deck.  [Generally  connected  with  scoop. 
Wedgwood,  however,  refers  it  to  O.  Fr. 
and  Sp.  escupir,  to  spit ;  Armor,  skopa,  to 
spit.  The  Teutonic  forms  (Ger.  speigat, 
Dan.  spy-gat,  lit.  spit-hole)  confirm  his 
derivationj 

SCUPPER-BTOLE,  skup'er-hol,  n.  a  scup- 
per.   [See  Scupper.] 

SCUPPER-HOSE,  skup'er-hoz,  n.  a  leath- 
ern pipe  attached  to  the  mouth  of  the 
scuppers  of  the  lower  deck  of  a  ship  to 
prevent  the  water  from  entering. 

SCUPPER-NAIL,  skup'er-nal,  n.  a  nail 
with  a  very  broad  head  for  covering  a 
large  surface  of  the  scupper-hose. 

SCUPPERNONG,  skup'er-nong,  n.  the 
American  name  for  a  species  of  grape, 
supposed  to  be  a  variety  of  Vitis  vidpina, 
cultivated  and  found  vnld  in  the  Southern 
States.  It  is  said  to  have  come  from 
Greece. 

SCUPPER-PLUG,  skup'er-plug,  n.  a  plug 
to  stop  a  scujDper. 

SCURF,  skurf ,  n.  the  crust  or  flaky  matter 
formed  on  the  skin  :  anj'thing  adhering 
to  the  surface.  [A.S.  scurf,  cog.  with  Ice. 
slntrfa,  from  a  root  seen  in  A.S.  sceorfian, 
to  scrape,  scratch ;  alUed  to  SCRUB, 
Scrape.] 

SCURFY,  skurf'i,  adj.  having  scurf  :  like 
scurf.—?!,.  ScURF'INESS. 

SCURRILE,  skur'ril,  adj.,  buffoon-like:  jest- 
ing :  foul-mouthed :  low.  [L.  scurrilis — 
scurra,  an  elegant  town-bred  man,  a 
buffoon.] 

SCURRILITY,  skur-ril'it-i,  n.  buffoonery: 
low  or  obscene  jesting:  indecency  of  lan- 
guage :  vulgar  abuse.     [L.  scumlitas.] 


SCURRILOUS,  skxir'ril-us,  adj.  using  scur, 
rility,  or  the  language  of  a  buffoon:  in- 
decent: vile:  vulgar:  opprobrious:  grossly 
abusive. — adv.  Scur'rhouslt. 

SCURVILY,  skurv'i-li,  adv.  in  a  scurvy 
manner :  meanly,  basely. 

SCURVINESS,  skurv'i-nes,  n.  state  of  being 
scurvy :  meanness. 

SCURVY,  skurv'i,  n.  a  disease  essentially 
consisting  in  a  depraved  condition  of  the 
blood,  which  chiefly  affects  sailors  and 
such  as  are  deprived  for  a  considerable 
time  of  fresh  provisions  and  a  due  quan- 
tity of  vegetable  food.  It  is  character- 
ized by  livid  spots  of  various  sizes,  some- 
times minute  and  sometimes  large,  pale- 
ness, languor,  lassitude,  and  depressioB 
of  spirits,  general  exhaustion,  pains  in 
the  limbs,  occasionally  with  fetid  breath, 
spungy  and  bleeding  gums,  and  bleeding 
from  almost  all  the  mucous  membranes. 
It  is  much  more  prevalent  in  cold  climates 
than  in  warm.  Fresh  vegetables,  farin- 
aceous substances,  and  brisk  fermented 
hquors,  good  air,  attention  to  cleanliness, 
and  due  exercise,  are  among  the  principal 
remedies,  but  the  most  useful  article,  both 
as  a  preventative  and  as  a  curative  agent, 
is  lime  or  lemon  juice. 

SCURVY,  skurv'i,  adj.  scurfy  ;  covered  or 
affected  by  scurf  or  scabs  ;  scabby ;  dis- 
eased with  scurvy;  "  Scurvy  or  scabbed." 
— Lev.  xxi.  20:  vile  ;  mean  ;  low  ;  vulgar  ; 
worthless  ;  contemptible  ;  as,  a  scurvy 
fellow  ;  "  A  very  scurvy  tune  to  sing  at 
a  man's  funeral." — Shak.  ;  "That  scurvy 
custom  of  taking  tobacco." — Swift:  of- 
fensive ;  mischievous  ;  malicious  ;  as,  a 
scurvy  trick  ; 

Nay,  but  he  prated 
And  spoke  such  scurvy  and  provoking:  terms 
Against  your  honor.— SAafc. 

SCURVY-GRASS,  skurv'i-gras,  n.  the  com- 
mon name  of  several  species  of  plants  ot 
the  genus  Cochlearia,  nat.  order  Cruci- 
feraj.  They  aie  herbaceous  plants,  hav- 
ing alternate  leaves,  the  flowers  disposed 
in  terminal  racemes,  and  usually  white. 
The  common  scurvy-grass  (C  officinalis) 
grows  abundantly  on  the  sea  coast,  and 
along  rivers  near  the  sea.  The  leaves 
have  an  acrid  and  slightly  bitter  taste ; 
they  are  eaten  as  a  salad,  and  are  anti- 
scorbutic and  stimulating  to  the  digest- 
ive organs. 

Some  scurvy-grass  do  bring:, 

That  inwardly  applied's  a  wondrous  sorereipn  thing. 

— Drayton. 

[A  corruption  of  scurvy-cress,  so  named 
because  used  as  a  cure  for  scurvy.] 

SCUTAGE,  sku'taj,  n.  a  pecuniary  fine  or 
tax,  instead  of  personal  service,  which  a 
vassal  or  tenant  owed  to  his  lord,  some- 
times levied  by  the  crown  in  feudal 
times.     [From  L.  setttvm,  a  shield.] 

SCUTCHEON.     Same  as  ESCUTCHEON. 

SCUTIFORM,  sku'ti-form,  adj.  having  the 
form  of  a  shield.  [L.  scutum,  a  shield, 
and  Form.] 

SCUTTER,  sloit'er,  n.  a  hasty,  noisy,  short 
run  :  a  scvittle  :  a  scamper.  "  A  scutter 
downstairs." — E.  Bronte.     [Provincial.] 

SCUTTLE,  skut'l,  n.  a  shallow  basket :  a 
vessel  for  holding  coal.  [A.S.  smttel,  O. 
Fi\  escuelle— li.  scutella,  a  salver — seutula, 
dim.  of  scutra,  a  dish.    See  Scullery.] 

SCUTTLE,  skut'l,  n.  the  openings  or  hatch- 
tvays  of  a  ship  :  a  hole  through  the 
hatches  or  in  the  side  or  bottom  of  a 
ship. — v.t.  to  cut  holes  through  any  part 
of  a  ship  :  to  sink  a  ship  by  cutting  holes 
in  it.  [O.  Fr.  escoutille,  a  hatchway, 
from  O.  Ger.  scoz,  Ger.  sckoosz,  bosom, 
lap.] 

SCUTTLE,  skut'l,  v.i.  to  scud  or  run  with 
haste  :  to  hurry. — n.  a  quick  run.  [From 
Scud.] 


SCUTUM 


3S3 


SEA-SICKNESS 


SCUTUM,  sku'tum,  n.  the  sliield  of  the 
heavy-armed  Roman  legionaries  ;  it  was 
g-enerally  oval  or  of  a  semi-cylindrical 
shape,  made  of  wood  or  wicker-work, 
covered  with  leather,  and  defended  with 
plates  of  iron  :  in  anat.  the  patella  or 
knee-pan,  from  its  shape  :  in  zool.  (a) 
the  second  section  of  the  upper  surface 
of   the  segment   of   an  insect ;  (6)  any 

;  shield-like  plate,  especially  such  as  is 
developed  in  the  integument  of  many 
reptiles :  in  old  laic,  a  pent-house  or 
awning.     [L.] 

SCYBATiA,  sib  a-la,  n.pl.  in  pathol.  small 
indurated  baUs  or  fragments  into  which 
the  faeces  become  converted  when  too 
long  retained  in  the  colon.  [Gr.  skybalon, 
dung.] 

SCYE,  SI,  n.  the  curve  cut  in  a  body  piece 
of  a  garment  before  the  sleeve  is  sewed 
in,  to  suit  the  contour  of  the  arm. 

SCYLE,  sn,  v.t.  to  conceal  :  toveO.  Chau- 
cer. [A.S.  scylan,  to  separate,  to  witli- 
draw.J 

SCYTHE,  sith,  n.  a  kind  of  sickle  :  an  in- 
strument with  a  large  curved  blade  for 
mowing  grass,  etc. — v.t.  to  cut  with  a 
scythe,  to  mow.  [A.S.  sifhe ;  Ice.  sigd, 
Low  Ger.  sigde,  a  sickle,  akin  to  L.  seetiris, 
an  axe,  seco,  to  cut.] 

SCYTHE-WHET,  sWi'-whet,  n.  a  name 
given  in  the  United  States  to  the  bird  Tur- 
dus  fuscescens  (Wilson's  thrush),  from 
the  sharp  metallic  ring  of  its  note.  J.  R. 
Lotrell. 

SEA.  se,  n.  the  great  mass  of  salt  water 
covering  the  greater  part  of  the  earth's 
surface  :  any  great  expanse  of  water  less 
fhan  an  ocean  :  the  ocean  :  the  swell  of 
the  sea  in  a  tempest  :  a  wave  :  any  large 
quantity  of  Uquid:  any  rough  or  agitated 
place  or  element. — At  sea,  away  from 
land  :  on  the  ocean. — Hau-seas  over, 
half-drunk. — High  seas,  the  open  ocean. 
—To  GO  TO  SEA,  to  become  a  saOor.  [A.S. 
SOB ;  Ger.  see,  Goth,  saivs,  lake.  Ice.  sior. 
Sans,  sava,  water.] 

SEA-ANEMONE,  se -a-nem'o-ne,  n.  a  kind 
of  polyp,  like  an  anemone,  found  on  rocks 
on  the  seacoast. 

SEABOARD,  se'bord,  n.  the  border  or  shore 
of  the  sea.  [Sea,  and  Fr.  bord,  border, 
the  shore.] 

SEACOAST,  seTjost.  n.  the  eoast  or  shore 
of  the  sea :  the  land  adjacent  to  the  sea. 

SEAFARING,  se'far-ing,  adj.,  faring  or  go- 
ing to  sea:  belonging  to  a  seaman.  [Seia 
and  Fare.] 

SEAGAGE,  se'gaj,  n.  the  depth  a  vessel 
sinks  in  the  water.     [Sea  and  Gage.] 

SEAGIRT,  se'gert,  adj.,  girt  or  surrounded 
by  the  sea. 

SEA-GOING,  se'-go'ing,  ac^.  saiUng  on  the 
deep  sea,  as  opposed  to  coasting  or  river 
(vessels). 

SEAGKEEN,  se'gren,  adj.,  green  like  the 
sea. 

SEAHORSE,  seTiors,  n.  the  walrus:  the 
hippopotamus  or  river-horse  :  the  hippo- 
campus. 

SEA-ISLAND,  se'-Hand,  adj.  a  term  ap- 
pUed  to  a  fine  long-stapled  variety  of  cot- 
ton grown  on  the  islands  off  the  coast  of 
South  CaroUna  and  Greorgia. 

SEAKALE,  seTial,  n.  a  kind  of  kale  or  cab- 
bage found  on  sandy  shores  of  the  sea. 

SEAjEING,  seldng,  n.  a  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  leaders  of  the  early  Scandi- 
navian piratical  expeditions.  [Based  on 
a  false  ety.  of  Vikcng,  which  see.] 

SEAL,  sel,  71.  an  engraved  stamp  for  im- 
pressing the  wax  which  closes  a  letter, 
etc. :  the  wax  or  other  substance  so  im- 
pressed: that  which  makes  fast  or  secure: 
that  which  authenticates  or  ratifies  :  as- 
surance.— v.t.  to  fasten  with  a  seal:  to  set 
a  seal  to:  to  mark  with  a  stamp:  to  make 


fast:  to  confirm:  to  keep  secure. — Geeat 
SKAT,,  the  state  seal  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  and  of  the  commonwealths  of  the 
Union;  as  of  Massachusetts  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. Notaries  pubUc  usually  have  au- 
thority to  affix  a  seal  to  public  documents 
of  record,  such  as  mortgages,  deeds,  etc. 
Corporations  have  corporate  seals.  [A.S. 
sigle  (Ger.  siege! ,  It.  sigillo),  all  from  L. 
sigiUuin,  dim.  of  signnm,  a  mark  or  sign.] 

SEAL,  sel,  n.  a  marine  animal  valuable  for 
its  skin  and  oil.  [A.S.  seolh ;  Ice.  sdr,  O. 
Ger.  selah.'\ 

SEAL,  sel,  v.i.  to  fix  a  seal.  "Yes,  Shy- 
lock,  I  will  sea/ unto  this  bond." — Shak. 

SEAL-ENGRAVING,  sel'-en-grav'ing,  n. 
the  art  of  engra%'jng  seals. 

SEA-LEYEL,  se'-le%-'el,  n.  the  level  or  sur- 
face of  the  sea. 

SEALING-WAX,  sel'ing-waks,  «.,  voax  for 
sealing  letters,  etc. 

SEAL-RING,  sel'-ring,  n.  a  signet-ring. 
"  I  have  lost  a  seal-ring  of  my  grand- 
father's, worth  forty  mark." — Shak. 

SEAL-SKIN,  sel'-skin,  n.  the  skin  of  the 
seal,  which  when  dressed  with  the  fur  on 
is  made  into  caps  and  other  articles  of 
clothing,  or  when  tanned  is  used  in  mak- 
ing boots,  etc.  The  skin  of  some  species, 
as  the  sea-bear  or  fur-seal,  wlien  the 
coarser  long  outer  hairs  are  removed, 
lea\-ing  the  soft  under  fur,  is  the  ex- 
pensive seal-sldn  of  which  ladies'  jackets, 
etc.,  are  made. 

SEAL-WAX,  sel'-waks,  n.  sealing-wax. 
"Your  organs  are  not  so  dull  that  I 
should  inform  you  'tis  an  inch,  sir,  of 
seal-tcax. " — Sterne. 

SEAM,  sem,  Ji.  that  w^hich  is  sewed:  the 
line  formed  by  the  sewing  together  of 
two  pieces :  a  line  of  union  :  a  vein  or 
stratum  of  metal,  ore,  coal,  etc.:  (geol.) 
a  thin  layer  between  thicker  strata. — 
v.f.  to  unite  by  a  seam  :  to  sew  :  to  make 
a  seam  in.  ^A.S.  seam,  from  seotvian, 
to  sew ;  Ice.  saumr,  Ger.  saum,  a  seam.] 

SEAMAN,  se'man,  n.  a  man  who  assists  in 
the  navigation  of  ships  at  sea  :  a  sailor. 

SEAMANSHIP,  se'man-ship,  n.  the  axt  of 
navigating  ships  at  sea. 

SEAMARK,  se'mark,  n.  any  mark  or  object 
on  laud  serving  as  a  guide  to  those  at 
sea  :  a  beacon. 

SEAJIEW,  se'mu,  Ji.  a  species  of  gull. 

SEA3ILESS,  semles,  adj.,  without  a  aeam  : 
woven  throughout. 

SEAMSTRESS,  sem'stres  or  sem'-,  n.  one 
who  sews.    [From  Seast  ;  doublet  Semf- 

STEESS.] 

SEAMY,  s§m'i,  adj.  having  a  seam  or 
seams. 

SEAN,  sen,  n.  a  drag-net :  a  seine.  [See 
Seixe.] 

SEANCE,  sa'angs,  n.  a  sitting,  as  of  some 
public  body  :  a  sitting  for  consideration 
or  inquiry  :  a  meeting  of  Spiritualists  for 
purposes  of  "communication"  througli 
mediums.     [Fi\,  from  L.  sedeo,  to  sit.] 

SEA-OTTER,se'-ot-er,  n.  a  marine  mammal 
of  the  genus  Enhydra  (JE.  marina),  of  the 
famUy  Mustelidaj,  and  closely  allied  to  the 
common  otter.  It  averages  about  4  feet 
in  length  including  the  tail,  which  is 
about  7  inches  long.  The  ears  are  small 
and  erect,  and  the  wliiskers  long  and 
white,  the  legs  are  short  and  thick,  the 
hinder  ones  somewhat  resembling  those 
of  a  seal.  The  fur  is  extremely  soft,  and  of 
a  deep  glos.sy  black.  The  skins  of  the 
sea-otters  are  of  great  value,  and  have 
long  been  an  article  of  considerable  ex- 
port from  Alaska. 

SEAPIECE,  se'pes,  n.  a  piece  or  picture 
representing  a  scene  at  sea. 

SEAPORT,  se'port,  7i.  a  port  or  harbor  on 
the  seashore:  a  town  near  such  a  harbor. 

SEAR,  ser,  v.t.  to  cfry  up  :  to  burn  to  dry- 


ness on  the  surface  :  to  scorch  :  to  cau- 
terize :  to  render  callous  or  insensible.— 
adj.  dry,  withered.  [A.S.  seai-ian  ;  O. 
Ger.  soren,  to  dry,  Low  Ger.  soor,  seftr.j 

SEARCH,  serch,  v.t.  to  look  round  to  find  v 
to  seek :  to  examine :  to  inspect :  to  ex- 
plore :  to  put  to  the  test. — v.i.  to  seek 
for  :  to  mjike  inquiry. — w.  the  act  of  seek 
ing  or  looking  for:  examination:  inquiry:, 
investigation  :  pursuit.  [M.E.  serehen, 
cerchen — O.  Fr.  cercher  (Fr.  chercher)— 
L.  eircare,  to  go  about — circus,  a  circle.  " 
See  Circle.] 

SEARCHER,  serch'er,  n.  a  seeker  :  an  in- 
quirer or  examiner. 

SEARCHING,  serch'ing,  adj.  looking  over 
closely  :  penetrating  :  trying :  severe.- 
adv.  Seaech'tnglt. 

SEARCH-LIGHT,  serch'-lit,  n.  a  powerful 
light  fitted  with  reflectors  and  used  in 
the  modern  battle  ships  of  the  United 
States,  for  the  purpose  of  illuminating 
the  vessel  of  an  enemy. 

SEARCH-WARRANT,  serch'-wor'ant.  n. 
in  laiv,  a  warrant  granted  by  a  justice  of 
the  peace  to  a  constable  to  enter  the 
premises  of  a  person  suspected  of  secret- 
ing stolen  goods,  in  order  to  discover, 
and  if  found  to  seize,  the  goods.  Similar 
warrants  are  granted  to  search  for  prop- 
erty or  articles  in  respect  of  which  other 
offences  are  committed,  such  as  base 
coin,  coiners'  tools,  also  gunpowder, 
nitro-glycerine,  liquors,  etc.,  kept  con- 
trary to  law.  Under  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution the  law  of  search-warrant  re- 
quires that  the  property  sought  and  tlie 
place  to  be  entered  and  searched  must 
be  specifically  described.  Before  1776, 
Writs  of  Assistance  were  issued  by  royal 
order  in  the  Colonies,  giving  officers  of 
the  crown  the  p>ower  to  search  and  in- 
vade the  homes  of  the  people  in  very 
indiscriminate  and  outrageous  fashion. 
The  reaction  against  such  tyrannical  in- 
vasion of  privacy  gave  us  our  present 
well-hedged  law,  under  which  the  liomes 
of  citizens  may  not  be  so  invaded,  and 
search-warrants  may  not  issue  without 
probable  cause,  indemnity  bond  in  ciril 
cases,  and  a  specific  description  of  the 
place  and  the  property  involved  in  the 
process. 

SEARED,  serd,  ady.,  dried  up :  bm-ned  : 
hardened. 

SEAROOM,  se'room,  n.,  room  or  space  at 
sea  for  a  ship  to  drive  about  without 
ninning  ashore. 

SKA  SALT,  se'salt,  n.  common  salt  obtained 
from  sea-water  by  evaporation. 

SEA-SERPENT,  se -ser'pent,  n.  a  fabulous 
sea-monster. 

SEASHORE,  se'shor,  ?i.  the  land  adjacent 
to  the  sea. 

SEA-SICK,  se'-sik,  a<HJ.  affected  with  sick- 
ness through  the  rolling  of  a  vessel  at 
sea. 

SEA-SICKNESS,  se'-sik-nes,  n.  a  nervous 
affection  attended  with  nausea  and  con- 
vulsive vomiting,  produced  by  the  roll- 
ing, but  more  especially  the  pitching  of 
a  vessel  at  sea.  Its  origin  and  nature 
are  still  imperfectlj'  known.  It  usually 
attacks  those  persons  who  are  unaccus- 
tomed to  a  seafaring  life,  but  persons  so 
accustomed  do  not  always  escape.  It 
may  attack  the  strong  and  cautious, 
while  the  debilitated  and  incautious  may 
go  free.  It  may  attack  on  smooth  war 
ters,  whUe  a  rough  sea  may  fail  to  pro- 
duce it.  It  may  pass  away  after  the 
lapse  of  a  few  hours,  or  last  during  a 
whole  voyage.  One  good  authority  ex- 
plains it  as  an  undue  accumulation  of 
the  blood  in  the  nervous  centres  along 
the  back,  and  especially  in  those  seg- 
ments of  the  spinal  cord  related  to  the 


SEASIDE 


383 


SEDITI  ON 


stomach  and  the  muscles  concerned  in 
vomiting,  and  recommends  as  the  best 
remedy  against  it  the  application  of  ice- 
bags  to  tlie  spinal  column.  In  some 
caaes  its  violence  may  be  considerably 
mitigated  by  iced  brandj',  by  small  doses 
of  opium,  by  soda-water,  or  by  saline 
draughts  in  the  effervescent  state. 

SEASIDE,  se'sid,  n.  the  land  beside  the 
sea. 

SEASON,  se'zn,  n.  one  of  the  four  periods 
of  the  year  :  the  usual  or  proper  time  : 
any  particular  time  :  any  period  of  time. 
— v.t.  to  mature  :  to  prepare  for  use  :  to 
accustom  :  to  fit  for  the  taste :  to  give 
relish  to  :  to  mingle  :  to  moderate. — vA. 
to  become  seasoned  or  matured  :  to  grow 
fit  for  use  :  to  become  inured. — n.  Sea'- 
SONER.  [Fr.  saison — L.  satio,  -onis,  a 
sowing,  seedtime.] 

SEASONABLE,  se'zn-a-bl,  adj.  happening 
in  due  season  :  occurring  in  good,  suit- 
able, or  proper  time  :  timely  :  opportune. 
— adv.    Seasonably. — n.  Sea'sonable- 

NESS. 

SEASONING,  se'zn-ing,  n.  that  wliich  is 
added  to  food  to  give  it  greater  relish  : 
anything  added  to  increase  enjoyment. 
[See  Season.] 

SEAT,  set,  n.  that  on  which  one  sits :  a 
chair,  bench,  etc. :  the  place  where  one 
sits :  site :  a  place  where  anything  is 
established  :  post  of  authority  :  station  : 
abode  :  a  mansion. — v.t.  to  place  on  a 
seat :  to  cause  to  sit  down  :  to  place  in 
any  situation,  site,  etc.:  to  establish  :  to 
fix  :  to  assign  a  seat  to.  [A.8.  soete — 
sitan,  E.  Sit,  which  see.] 

SEA-UNICORN,  se'-fl'ni-korn,  n.  the  uni- 
corn  of  the  sea,  the  narwhal. 

SEA-URCHIN,  se'-ur'chin,  n.  the  _  sea- 
hedgehog.      [So  called  from  its  spines.] 

SEAWARD,  se  ward,  adj.,  towards  the  sect. 
— adv.  towards  or  in  the  direction  of  the 
sea. 

SEAWEED,  se'wed,  n.  a  weed  or  plant  of 
the  sea. 

SEAWORTHY,  se'wur-/M,  adj.,  worthy  or 
fit  for  sea.— 71.  Sea'worthiness. 

SEBKA,  seb'ka,  n.  a  name  of  salt  marshes 
in  North  Africa,  sometimes  so  hard  on  the 
dried  surface  that  laden  camels  can  trav- 
erse them,  sometimes  so  soft  that  these 
venturing  to  enter  them  sink  beyond  the 
power  of  recovery. 

SEBUNDT,  se-bun'di,  SEBUNDEE,  se- 
bun'de,  n.  in  the  East  Indies,  an  irregu- 
lar or  native  soldier  or  local  militia-maa, 
generally  employed  in  the  ser\-ice  of  the 
revenue  and  polite. 

SECANT,  se'kant,  adj.,  cutting:  dividing 
into  two  parts. — n.  a  line  that  cuts  an- 
other :  a  straight  line  from  the  centre  of 
a  circle  to  one  extremity  of  an  arc,  pro- 
duced till  it  meets  the  tangent  to  the 
other  extremity.  [L.  secans,  seeantis, 
pr.p.  of  seco,  to  cut.] 

SECEDE,  se-sed',  v.i.  to  go  away:  to  separ- 
ate one's  self  :  to  withdraw  from  fellow- 
ship or  association:  to  withdraw  from  the 
Federal  Union.  [L.  secedo,  secessum — se, 
away,  and  cedo,  to  go.    See  Cede.] 

SECEDER,  se-sed'er,  n.  one  who  secedes  : 
one  of  a  body  of  Presbjrterians  who  se- 
ceded from  the  Church  of  Scotland  about 
1733. 

SECESSION,  se-sesh'un,  n.  the  act  of  se- 
ceding :  withdrawal :  departure. 

SECLUDE,  se-kl66d',  v.t.  to  shut  apart:  to 
keep  apart.  [L.  secludo,  seclusum — se, 
apart,  and  claudo,  to  shut.] 

SECLUSION,  se-klo6'zhun,  n.  the  act  of 
secluding  :  a  shutting  out :  the  state  of 
being  secluded  or  apart :  separation  :  re- 
tirement :  privacv  :  solitude. 

SECOND,  sek'und,"  adj.  immediately  foU 
lowingih^  first :  the  ordinal  of  two  :  next 


in  position  :  inferior. — n.  one  who  orthat 
which  foMows  or  is  second  :  one  who  at- 
tends another  in  a  duel  or  a  prize-fight : 
a  supporter  :  the  60th  part  of  a  minute 
of  time,  or  of  a  degree. — v.t.  to  follow: 
to  act  as  second  :  to  assist  :  to  encourage: 
to  support  the  mover  of  a  question  or 
resolution.  [Fr. — L.  secundus—sequor, 
seoitrts,  to  follow.    See  Sequence.] 

SECONDARILY,  sek'und-ar-i-li,  adv.  in  a 
secondary  manner  or  degree  :  (B.)  sec- 
ondly. 

SECONDARY,  sek'und-ar-i,  adj.,  following 
or  coming  after  the  first :  second  in  posi- 
tion :  inferior :  subordinate  :  deputed. — 
n.  a  subordinate  :  a  delegate  or  deputy. 
IL.  sectindarius.] 

SECONDER,  sek'und-er,  n.  one  who  sec- 
onds or  suppoi-ts. 

SECOND-HAND,  sek'und-hand,  adj.  re- 
ceived as  it  were  from  the  hand  of  a 
second  person  :  not  new :  that  has  been 
used  by  another.  [place. 

SECONDLY,  sek'und-li,  adv.  in  the  second 

SECOND-SIGHT,  sek'und-sit,  n.  a  second 
or  additional  sight:  power  of  seeing  things 
future  or  distant. 

SECRECY,  se'kre-si,  n.  the  state  of  being 
secret :  separation  :  concealment :  retire- 
ment :  privacj' :  fidelity  to  a  secret :  the 
keeping  of  secrets. 

SECRET,  se'kret,  adj.  put  apart  or  separ- 
ate :  concealed  from  notice :  removed 
from  sight :  unrevealed  :  hidden  :  se- 
cluded :  retired :  private  :  keeping  se- 
crets :  reserved. — n.  that  which  is  con- 
cealed :  anything  unrevealed  or  un- 
known :  privacy  :  a  light  flexible  coat  of 
chain-mail  worn  under  the  ordinary 
outer  garments.  Sir  W.  Scott.  [Fr. — E. 
secretus,fvom  seeerno,secretum — se,  apart, 
and  eerno,  to  separate.] 

SECRETARIAL,  sek-re-ta'ri-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  secretary  or  his  duties. 

SECRETARY,  sek're-tar-i,  n.  one  employed 
to  write  for  another :  a  public  officer  in- 
trusted with  the  affaire  of  a  department 
of  government,  or  of  a  company,  etc. — 
n.  Sec'eetabyship.  [Lit.  "  one  who  is 
intrusted  with  secrets,"  a  confidant,  Fr. 
secretaire — ^Low  L.  secretarius.  See  Se- 
cret.] 

SECRETE,  se-kr5t',  v.t.  to  put  apart  or 
make  secret :  to  hide :  to  conceal  :  to 
produce  from  the  circulating  fluids,  as 
the  blood 'in  animals,  the  sap  in  vege- 
tables.   [L.  secerno,  secretum.] 

SECRETION,  se-kre'shun,  n.  the  act  of  se- 
creting or  separating  from  a  circulating 
fluid:  that  which  is  secreted. 

SECRETIVE,  se-kret'iv,  adj.  tending  to  or 
causing  secretion  :  given  to  secrecy  or  to 
keeping  secrets. — adv.  Secret'ivelt. — n. 
Secret'iteness. 

SECRETLY,  se'kret-li,  adv.  in  a  secret 
manner :  privately :  unknown  to  othert: 
inwardly. 

SECRETNESS,  s5'kret-nes,  n.  the  state  of 
being  secret. 

SECRETORY,  se-kret'or-i,  adj.  performing 
the  office  of  secretion. 

SECT,  sekt,  n.  a  body  of  men  who  unite  in 
holding  some  particular  views,  esp.  in 
religion  and  philosophy :  those  who  dis- 
sent from  an  established  church.  [Fr. 
secte — L.  secta,  a  way,  a  way  of  thinking, 
hence  a  school  of  philosophy — seco,  sec- 
turn,  to  cut  off.] 

SECTARIAN,  sek-ta'ri-an,  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  peculiar  to  a  sect. — n.  one  of  a  sect. 

SECTARIANISM,  sek-ta'ri-an-izm,  n.  qual- 
ity or  character  of  a  sectarian  :  devotion 
to  a  sect. 

SECTARY,  sek'tar-i,  n.  one  of  a  sect :  a 
dissenter. 

SECTILE,  sek'til.  adj.  that  may  be  cut 
with  a  knife.    [L. — seco,  to  cut.] 


SECTION,  sek'shun,  n.  act  of  cutting :  a 
division  :  a  portion  :  the  plan  of  any  ob- 
ject cut  through,  as  it  were,  to  show  its 
interior :  the  line  formed  by  the  inter- 
section of  two  surfaces :  the  surface 
formed  when  a  soUd  is  cut  by  a  plane  : 
a  square  mile  or  640  acres  of  land. 

SECTIONAL,  sek'shun-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  section  or  distinct  part. — adv.  Sec 

TIONALLY. 

SECTOR,  sek'tur,  n.  that  which  cuts :  that 
which  is  cut  off  :  a  portion  of  a  circle  bfr 
tween  two  radii  and  the  intercepted  arc. 
a  mathematical  instrument  for  finding  a 
fourth  proportional. 

SECULAR,  sek'u-lar.  adj.  pertaining  to  an 
age  or  generation  :  coming  or  observed 
only  once  in  a  centurj- :  (geol.)  gradually 
becoming  appreciable  in  the  course  of 
ages  :  pertaining  to  the  present  world, 
or  to  things  not  spiritual :  not  bound  by 
monastic  rules. — n.  a  layman  t  an  ec- 
clesiastic not  bound  bv  monastic  rules.— 
adv.  Sec'ularly.  [£.  see^daris  —  seeu- 
htm,  an  age.  a  generation.] 

SECULARIST,  sek'Q-lar-ist,  n.  one  who, 
discarding  religious  belief  and  worship, 
applies  himself  exclusively  to  the  things 
of  this  life.— 7i.  Sec'TJLARISM. 

SECULARITY,  sek-ii-Iar'i-ti,  n.  state  of 
being  secular  or  worldly :  worldliness. 

SECULARIZE,  seVu-lar-Iz,  v.t.  to  make 
secular :  to  convert  from  spiritual  to 
common  use. — n.  Sectjlariza'TION. 

SECURABLE,  se-kiir'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  secured. 

SECURE,  se-kiir',  adj.,  u-ithout  care  or 
anxiety,  careless,  so  in  B. :  free  from  fear 
or  danger:  safe:  confident:  incautious. — 
v.t.  to  make  safe  :  to  render  certain  :  to 
guarantee  :  to  fasten. — adv.  Secure'ly, 
— n.  Secure'ness.  [L.  se  (for  sine),  with- 
out, cura,  care.    See  Care.] 

SECURITY,  se-kur'i-ti,  n.  state  of  being 
secure  :  freedom  from  fear:  carelessness: 
protection  :  certainty  :  a  pledge  :  — pi, 
bonds  or  certificates  in  evidence  of  debt 
or  property. 

SEDAN,  se-dan',  n .  a  covered  chair  for  one, 
carried  by  two  men.  [Invented  at  Sedan, 
in  France.] 

SEDATE,  se-dat',  adj.  quiet:  serene:  serious. 
—adv.  Sedate'ly. — n.  Sedate'ness.  [Lit. 
"  seated,"  "  settled,"  L.  sedatus — sedo, 
sedatum,  to  seat,  to  compose,  akin  to 
sedeo.  Sans,  sad,  to  sit.] 

SEDATIVE,  sed'a-tiv,  adj.  tending  to  make 
sedate  or  composed  :  moderating  :  allay- 
ing irritation  or  pain. — n.  a  medicine  that 
allays  irritation  or  pain. 

SEDENTARY,  sed'en-tar-i,  adj.,  sitting 
much:  passed  chiefly  in  sitting:  requiring 
much  sitting  :  inactive.  —  adv.  Sed'es- 
TAEILY.— n.  Sed'ektariness.  [L.  sedenta- 
rius — sedeo,  to  sit.] 

SEDERUNT,  sed-e'runt,  n.  (Scotland)  the 
sitting  of  a  court.  [L.  "they  sat" — 
sedeo,  to  sit.] 

SEDGE,  sej,  «.  a  kind  of  flag  or  coarse 
grass  arrowing  in  swamps  and  rivers, 
folder  form  seg — A.S.  secg ;  from  root  of 
Saw,  instrument  for  cutting,  the  sedge 
being  so  called  from  its  sharp,  sword-like 
leaves.    Cf.  Gladiolus.] 

SEDGED,  sejd,  adj.  composed  of  sedge  or 

SEDGY,  sei'i,  adj.  overgrown  with  sedge 

SEDIMENT,  sed'i-ment,  n.  that  which  set 
ties  at  the  bottom  of  a  lijjuid  :  dregs.  [L, 
sedimentum — sedeo,  to  sit,  to  settle.] 

SEDIMENTARY,  sed-i-ment'ar-i,  adj.  per- 
taining to,  consisting  of,  or  formed  by 
sediment. 

SEDITION,  se-dish'un,  n.  insurrection : 
any  offence  against  the  state  next  to 
treason.  [Lit.  "  a  going  away,"  L.  sedifio 
— se,  away,  and  eo,  itimi.  Sans,  i,  to  go.] 


SEDITIOUS 


384 


SELECTIVE 


SMJITIOUS,  se-dish'us,  adj.  pertaining  to 
sedition  :  of  the  nature  of  or  tending  to 
excite  sedition  :   turbulent. — adv.  Sedi'- 

TIOCSLY.— ?l.  SeDI'TIOUSNESS. 

SEDRAT,  sed'rat,  n.  in  Mohamviedanviyth. 
tiie  lotus-tree  which  stands  on  the  right 
side  of  the  in^asible  throne  of  Allah. 
Each  seed  of  its  fruit  contains  a  houri, 
and  two  rivers  issue  from  its  roots.  In- 
numerable birds  carol  in  its  branches, 
which  exceed  in  width  the  distance  be- 
tween heaven  and  earth,  and  numberless 
angels  rest  in  their  shade. 

SEDUCE,  se-dus',  v.t.  to  draic  aside  from 
tectitude  :  to  entice:  to  corrupt. — n. 
SEDtTcER.  [L.  sedueo — se,  aside,  and  duco, 
ductttm,  to  lead,  to  draw.     See  Duct.] 

SEDUCEMENT,  se-dus'ment,  n.  act  of  se- 
ducing or  drawing  aside  :  allurement. 

SEDUCTION,se-duk'shun,ji.act  of  seducing 
or  enticing  from  virtue  :  crime  of  fraud- 
ulently depriving  an  unmarried  woman 
of  her  chastity. 

SEDUCTIVE,  se-duk'tiv,  adj.  tending  to 
seduce  or  draw  aside. — adu.SEDUC'TrvELY. 

SEDULOUS,  sed'u-lus,  adj.  dUigent  :  con- 
stant. —  adi:  Sed'ulouslt.  —  n.  Sed'u- 
LOUSNESS.  [Lit.  "  sitting  constantly,"  L. 
sedulus — sedeo,  to  sit.] 

SEE,  se,  n.  the  seat  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
bishop  or  archbishop.  £0.  Fr.  se,  sied — 
L.  sedes — sedeo,  to  sit.     See  Sit.] 

SEE,  se,  v.t.  to  perceive  by  the  eye  :  to 
observe  :  to  discover  :  to  remark  :  to  ex- 
perience :  to  visit. — v.i.  to  look  or  inquire: 
to  discern  :  to  understand  :  to  be  atten- 
tive : — pa.t.  saw  ;  pa.p.  seen. — int.  look  1 
behold ! — n.  Se'ee. — To  see  to,  to  look 
after :  (B.)  to  behold.  [A.S.  seon,  sehvan; 
cog.  with  Ger.  sehen.'l 

SEED,  sed,  n.  the  thing  sortm :  the  sub- 
stance produced  by  plants  and  animals 
from  which  new  plants  and  animals  are 
generated  :  first  principle  :  original  : 
descendants. — v.i.  to  produce  seed.  [A.S. 
seed  —  sdwan,  E.  Sow  ;  cog.  with  Ice. 
sddh,  Ger.  saat.'\ 

SEEDBUD,  sed'bud,  n.  the  bud  or  germ  of 
the  seed. 

SEEDCAKE,  sed'kak,  n.  a  sweet  cake  con- 
taining aromatic  seeds.  [the  seed. 

SEEDLC^G,  sed'iing,  n.  a. plant  reared  from 

SEEDLOBE,  sed'lob,  n.  the  lobe  or  leaf  of 
a  plant  which  nourishes  the  growing 
point  or  seed. 

SEEDSMAN,  seds'man,  n.  one  who  deals  in 
seeds :  a  sower  : — pi.  Seeds'men. 

SEEDTIME,  sed'tim,  n.  the  time  or  season 
for  sowing  seed. 

SEEDY,  sed'i,  adj.  abounding  with  seed  : 
run  to  seed  :  having  the  flavor  of  seeds  : 
worn  out :  shabby. — adv.  Seed'ilt. — n. 
Seed'INESS.  [since. 

SEEING,   se'ing,  n.,  sight:  vision. — co?y. 

SEEK,  sek,  v.t.  to  go  in  search  of  :  to  look 
for :  to  try  to  find  or  gain  :  to  ask  for  : 
to  solicit. — v.i.  to  make  search  or  inquiry: 
to  try  :  to  use  solicitation  :  (B.)  to  resort 
to  -.—pa.t.  a.nd  pa.p.  sought. — Ji.  Seek'er. 
[A.S.  sican,  cog.  with  Ger.  suchen,  E. 
Sake.] 

SEEK-SORROW,  sek'-sor-o,  n.  one  that 
contrives  to  give  himself  vexation :  a 
self-tormentor.    Sir  P.  Sidiiey. 

SEEL,  sel,  v.t.  to  close  the  eyes  of  with  a 
thread:  a  term  of  falconry,  it  being  a  com- 
mon practice  to  run  a  thread  through 
the  eyehds  of  a  hawk,  so  as  to  keep  them 
together,  when  first  taken,  to  aid  in  mak- 
ing it  tractable.  "A  seeled  dove  that 
mounts  and  mounts." — Bacon.  Hence, 
to  close,  as  a  person's  eyes  :  to  blind  :  to 
hoodwink. 

She  that  so  youn?  could  give  out  such  a  seeming, 
To  aeeJ  her  father's  eyes  up,  close  as  oak.— Sftafc. 
Oold  death  ...  his  sable  eyes  did  ted.— Chapman. 
[Fr.  ctller,  siOer,  fromca,  L.  ciKum,,  an 
eyelash.] 


SEEM,  sem,  v.i.  to  appear:  to  have  a  show: 
to  look.— ^.<.  {B.)  to  befit. — n.  Seem'er. 
[A.S.  seman,  to  place  together,  to  adapt 
or  fit ;  conn,  with  Same,  and  Grer.  zienien, 
to  be  suitable.] 

SEEMING,  sem  ing,  adj.,  apparent:  spe- 
cious.— n.  appearance  :  semblance. — adv. 
Seem'inglt.— n.  Seem'djgness. 

SEEMLY,  sem'li,  adj.  (comp.  Seem'liee, 
superl.  Seem'liest).  becoming  :  suitable  : 
decent. — adv.  in  a  decent  or  suitable  man- 
ner.—«.  Seem'liness. 

SEEN,  sen,  pa.p.  of  See. 

SEER,  se'r,  n.  one  who  foresees  events :  a 
prophet. 

SEESAW,  se'saw,  n.  motion  to  and  fro,  as 
in  the  act  of  sau'ing :  a  play  among  chil- 
dren, in  which  two  seated  at  opposite 
ends  of  a  board  supported  in  the  centre 
move  alternatelj'  up  and  down.  — adj. 
moving  up  and  down,  or  to  and  fro. — 
v.i.  to  move  backwards  and  forwards. 
[Prob.  a  reduplication  of  Saw.] 

SEETHE,  seth,  v.t.  to  boil :  to  cook  in  hot 
liquid. — v.i.  to  be  boiUng :  to  be  hot : — 
pa.f.  seethed  or  sod  ;  pa.p.  seethed  or 
sodd'en.  [A.S.  seothan,  cog.  with  Ice. 
sjodha,  and  Ger.  sieden.} 

SEETHER,  seth'er,  n.  one  who  or  that 
which  seethes  :  a  boiler :  a  pot  for  boU- 
ing  things. 

She  sets  the  kettle  on; 
Like  burnished  gold  the  little  seeiher  shone. 

—Dryden. 

SEFATTAN,  se-fa'shi-an,  n.  one  of  a  sect 
of  Mohammedans  who  hold  peculiar 
views  with  regard  to  the  essential  at- 
tributes of  God.  They  are  opposed  to 
the  Motazilites. 

SEG,  seg,  n.  sedge:  also,  the  yellow  flower- 
de-luce. 

SEG,  SEGG,  seg,  n.  a  castrated  bull  :  a 
bull  castrated  when  full  grown  :  a  bull- 
seg.     [Scotch.] 

SEGAR,  se-gar'.     See  Cigae. 

SEGE,  n.  a  siege.     Chaucer. 

SEGGAR,  seg'gar,  n.  the  case  of  fire-clay 
in  which  fine  stoneware  is  inclosed  while 
being  baked  in  the  kiln.  Written  also 
Sagger.  [Prov.  E.saggard,  saggar,  contr. 
for  safeguard.  Of.  seggard,  a  riding  sur- 
tout.] 

SEGHOL,  se-gol',  n.  a  Hebrew  vowel-point, 
or  short  vowel,  thus  •.• — indicating  the 
sound  of  the  English  e  in  men. 

SEGHOLATE,  se-gol'at,  adj.  marked  with 
a  seghol. 

SEGMENT,  seg'ment,  n.  a  part  cid  off:  a 
portion  :  (geoni.)  the  part  of  a  circle  cut 
ofl'  by  a  straight  Une  :  the  part  of  a 
sphere  cut  off  by  a  plane.  [L.  seco,  to 
cut.] 

SEGMENT,  seg'ment,  v.t.  to  separate  or 
di\-ide  into  segments  :  as,  a  segmented 
cell. 

SEGREGATE,  seg're-gat,  v.t.  to  .separate 
from  others.  —  n.  Segrega'tion.  [Lit. 
"  to  set  apart  from  a  flock,"  L.  segrego, 
-atus  —  se,  apart,  and  grex,  gregis,  a 
flock.] 

SEIDLITZ,  sid'Mtz,  adj.  saline  water  of  or 
from  Seidlitz  in  Bohemia,  also  a  saline 
aperient  powder. 

SEIGNIOR,  sen'yur,  n.  a  title  of  honor  and 
address  in  Europe  to  elders  or  superiors: 
the  lord  of  a  manor-^jRANi)  Seignior, 
the  Sultan  of  Turkey. — adj.  Seignobial, 
se-no'ri-al.  [Fr.  seigneur  —  L.  senior — 
senex,  old.  In  Low  L.  senior  sometimes= 
domimis,  lord.     Doublet  Sire.] 

SEIGNIORY,  sen'^Tir-i,  n.  the  power  or 
authority  of  a  seignior  or  lord  :  a  manor. 

SEINE,  sen,  ?!.  a  large  net  for  catching  fish. 
[Fr. — L.  sagena — Gr.  sagene.] 

SEISMIC,  sis'mic,  adj.  belonging  to  an 
earthquake. 

SEISMOLOGY,  sis-mol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 


of  earthquakes.  [Gr.  seismos,  an  earth- 
quake, and  tofifos.] 

SEISMOMETER,  sls-mom'et-er,  n.  an  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  direction 
and  force  of  earthquakes  and  similar  con- 
cussions. There  are  various  contrivances 
for  this  purpose,  the  most  perfect  of 
which  is  perhaps  the  form  used  in  the 
observatory  on  Mount  Vesuvius.  It  con- 
sists of  a  delicate  electric  apparatHS, 
which  is  set  to  work  by  the  agitation  or 
change  of  level  of  a  mercurial  column, 
which  records  the  time  of  the  first  shock, 
the  interval  between  the  shocks,  and  the 
duration  of  each  ;  their  nature,  whethw 
vertical  or  horizontal,  the  maximum  in- 
tensity ;  and  in  the  case  of  horizontal 
shocks  the  direction  is  also  g^ven.  [Gr. 
seismos,  a  shaking,  an  earthquake,  and 
metron,  a  measure.] 

SEISMOMETRY,  sIs-mom'et-ri,n.the  meas- 
urement of  the  force  and  direction  of 
earthquakes,  etc.:  the  art  or  practice  of 
using  the  seismometer. 

SEIZE,  sez,  v.t.  to  take  possession  of  forc- 
ibly :  to  take  hold  of  :  to  grasp  :  to  ap- 
prehend.— n.  Seiz'er. — adj.  Seiz'ablx:. 
[Fr.  saisir  (Prov.  sazir,  to  take  posses- 
sion of) — O.  Ger.  sazjan,  to  set,  Ger.  he- 
setzen,  E.  Beset.] 

SEIZIN,  sez'in,  n.  in  law,  (a)  possession. 
Seizin  is  of  two  sorts — seizin  in  deed  or 
fact  and  seizin  in  law.  Seizin  in  foot 
or  deed  is  actual  or  corporal  possession  ; 
seizin  in  laiii  is  when  something  is  done 
which  the  law  accounts  possession  or 
seizin,  as  enrolment,  or  when  lands  de- 
scend to  an  heir  but  he  has  not  yet  en- 
tered on  them.  In  this  case  the  law 
considers  the  heir  as  seized  of  the  estate, 
and  the  person  who  wrongfully  enters  on 
the  land  is  accounted  a  disseizor :  (b)  the 
act  of  taking  possession  :  (c)  the  thing 
possessed;  possession.  [Fr.  saisine,  seizin, 
from  saisir,  to  seize.    See  Seize.] 

SEIZURE,  se'zhoor,  n.  act  of  seizing :  cap- 
ture :  grasp  :  the  thing  seized. 

SELAH,  se'la,  n.  in  the  Psalms,  a  word  de- 
noting silence  or  a  pause  in  the  musical 
performance  of  the  song.     [Heb.] 

SELDOM,  sel'dum,  adv.,  rarely  :  not  often. 
[A.S.seldum;Ice.sialdan,Ger.selten,r&re.] 

SELECT,  se-lekt',  v.t.  to  pick  out  from  a 
number  by  preference :  to  choose :  to 
cull. — adj.,  picked  out :  nicely  chosen  : 
choice. — n.  Select'ness.  [L.  seligo,  se- 
lectum — se,  aside,  and  lego,  Gr.  lego,  to 
gather,  to  pick  out.] 

SELECTION,  se-lek'shun,  n.  the  act  of  se- 
lecting or  choosing  and  taking  from 
among  a  number  ;  a  taking  by  prefer- 
ence of  one  or  more  from  a  number  :  a 
number  of  things  selected  or  taken  from 
others  by  preference. — NATURAL  SELEC- 
TION, that  process  in  nature  by  which 
plants  and  animals  best  fitted  for  the 
conditions  in  which  they  are  placed  sur- 
%'ive,  propagate,  and  spread,  while  the 
less  fitted  die  out  and  disappear  ;  sur- 
vival of  the  fittest ;  the  preservation  by 
their  descendants  of  useful  variations 
arising  in  animals  or  plants.  "This 
preservation  of  favorable  individual  dif- 
ferences and  variations,  and  the  destruc- 
tion of  those  which  are  injurious,  I  have 
called  Natural  Selection,  or  the  Survival 
of  the  Fittest.  .  .  .  Several  writers  have 
misapprehended  or  objected  to  the  term 
natural  selection.  Some  have  even  im- 
agined that  natural  selection  induces 
variability,  whereas  it  implies  onlj'  the 
preservation  of  such  variations  as  arise 
and  are  beneficial  to  the  being  under  its 
conditions  in  life." — Danvin. 

SELECTIVE, se-lek'tiv,ad/  selecting:  tend- 
ing to  select.  "  Selective  providence  of 
the  Almighty.  "—Bp.  Hall. 


SELECTMAN 


385 


SENSIGENOUS 


SELECTMAN,  se-lekt'man,  n.  in  New  En- 
gland, a  towa  officer  chosen  annually  to 
manage  the  concerns  of  the  town,  pro- 
vide for  the  poor,  etc.  Their  number  is 
usually  from  three  to  seven  in  each  town, 
and  these  constitute  a  kind  of  executive 
authority. 

SELENIUM,  sel-e'ni-um,  n.  an  elementary 
substance  allied  to  sulphur.  [Coined 
from  Gr.  selene,  the  moon,  like  tellurium 
from  L.  tellus.] 

SELENOGRAPHY,  sel-en-og'raf-i,  n.  de- 
scription of  the  moon.  [Gr.  selene,  and 
graphs,  to  write.] 

SELF,  self,  n.  one's  own  person:  one's  per- 
sonal interest :  selfishness  :  a  flower  or 
blossom  of  a  uniform  color,  especially  one 
without  an  edging  or  border  distinct  from 
the  ground  color:^pZ.  Selves  (selvz). — 
adj.  very:  particular:  one's  own. — Self  ia 
the  first  element  in  innumerable  com- 
pounds, generally  of  obvious  meaning,  in 
most  of  which  it  denotes  either  the  agent 
or  the  object  of  the  action  expressed  by  the 
word  with  which  it  is  joined,  or  the  person 
on  behalf  of  whom  it  is  performed,  or  the 
person  or  thing  to,  for,  or  towards  whom 
or  which  a  quality,  attribute,  or  feeling 
expressed  by  the  following  word,  belongs, 
is  directed,  or  is  exerted,  or  from  which 
it  proceeds;  or  it  denotes  the  subject  of, 
or  object  affected  by,  such  action,  qual- 
ity, attribute,  feeling,  and  the  like.  [A.S. 
self,  silf,  cog.  with  Ger.  selbe,  Goth,  silba.l 

SELF-DENLVL,  self-de-ni'al,  n.  the  denial 
of  one's  self:  the  not  gratifying  one's  own 
appetites  or  desires. 

SELF-EVIDENT,  self-eVi-dent,  adj.  evi- 
dent of  itself  or  without  proof:  that  com- 

SELF-EXISTENT,  self-egz-ist'ent,  adj.  ex- 
isting of  or  by  himself,  independent  of  any 
other  being. — 7i.  Selp-EXIST'ence. 

SELFISH,  selfish,  adj.  chiefly  or  wholly 
regarding  one's  own  self  :  void  of  regard 
to  others.— odr.   Self'ishly.— ;i.  Self'- 

ISHNESS. 

SELF-POSSESSION,    self-poz-zesh'un,    n. 

the  possession  of  one's  self  or  faculties  In 

danger:  calmness. 
SELF-RIGHTEOUS,  self-rtt'yus,  adj. 

righteous  in  one's   own  estimation. — n. 

Self-right'eousness. 
SELFSAME,  self  sam,  adj.  the  very  same. 
SELF-SUFFICIENT,  self-suf-fish'ent,  adj. 

confident     in     one's     own     sufficiency : 

haughty. — n.  Self-s u  ffi'ciency. 
SELF-WILLED,  self-wild,  oc^'.  governed 

by  one's  own  ivill. 
SELICTAR,  se-lik'tar,  n.  the  sword-bearer 

of  a  Turkish  chief. 

Selictar  !  unsheathe  then  our.chief's  scimitai*. 

—Byron. 

SELL,  sel,  v.t.  to  deliver  in  exchange  for 
something  paid  as  equivalent :  to  betray 
for  money. — v.i.  to  have  commerce :  to 
be  sold:^9a.^.  andpa.p.  sold. — n.  Seli,'- 
EB.  [A.S.  sellan,  to  give,  with  cog.  words 
in  all  the  Teut.  tongues,  as  Ice.  selja,  O. 
Ger.  sellen,  Goth,  saljan,  to  offer  in  sac- 
rifice.] 

SELTZER,  selt'zer,  adj.  denoting  a  mineral 
water  brought  from  Lower  Setters,  a 
village  of  Nassau,  in  Germany. 

SELVAGE,  sel'vaj,  SELVEDGE,  sel'vej,  ra. 
that  part  of  cloth  which  forms  an  edge 
of  itself  without  hemming :  a  border. 
[From  Self  and  Edge.] 

SELVES,  selvz,  pi.  of  Self. 

SEMAPHORE,  sem'a-for,  n.  a  kind  of  tele- 
graph or  apparatus  for  conveying  infor- 
mation by  signals  visible  at  a  distance, 
such  as  oscillating  arms  or  flags  by  day- 
light and  lanterns  at  night.  Many  kinds 
of  semaphores  were  in  use  before  the  in- 
vention of  the  electric  telegraph,  and  a 
simple  form  is  still  employed  on  rail- 


ways to  signal  trains  approaching  a  sta- 
tion.    [Gr.  sema,  a  sign,  and  phero,  to 

SEMAPHORIC,  sem-a-for'ik,  SEMAPHOR- 
ICAL,  sem-arfor'ik-al,  adj.  relating  to  a 
semaphore  or  to  semaphores :  tele- 
graphic. 

SEMBLANCE,  sem'blans,  n.,  likeness:  ap- 
pearance :  figure.  [Fr. — sembler,  to  seem 
— L.  similo,  to  make  like — similis,  like.] 

SEMIBREVE,  sem'i-brev,  n.  a  musical 
note,  half  the  length  of  a  hreve.  [L. 
semi,  half.  Breve.] 

SEMICIRCLE,  sem'i-serk-1,  n.  half  a  cir- 
cle :  the  figure  bounded  by  the  diameter 
of  a  circle  and  half  the  circumference. 
— adj.  Semicie'c0Lae.  [L.  sevii,  half, 
and  Circle.] 

SEMICIRCUMFERENCE,  sem-i-ser-kum'- 
fer-ens,  n.,  half  of  the  circumference  of 
a  circle.     [L.  semni,  half,  and  CracUMFEBr- 

ENCE.J 

SEMICOLON,  sem'i-ko-lon,  n.  the  point  (;) 
showing  a  division  greater  than  the 
comma.  [Lit.  "  half  a  colon,"  L.  semi, 
half,  and  Colon.] 

SEMIDIAMETER,  sem-i-di-am'e-ter,  n., 
half  the  diameter  of  a  circle  :  a  radius. 
[L.  semi,  half,  and  Dlameter.] 

SEMIFLUID,  sem-i-floo'id,  adj  'alf  or 
imperfectly  fluid.  [L.  semi,  haif,  and 
Fluid.  1 

SEMINAL,  sem'in-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
seed :  radical :  rudimental.  [L.  semen, 
semiyiis,  seed — sero,  to  sow.] 

SEMINARY,  sem'in-ar-i,  n.  a  place  of 
education  :  (lit.)  a  place  where  seed  is 
sown. 

SEMINATION,  sem-i-na'shun,  n.  act  of 
soim'ng :  natural  dispersion  of  seed. 

SEMIQUAVER,  sem'i-kwa-ver,n.  a  mus- 
ical note,  half  the  length  of  a  quaver. 
[L.  semi,  half,  and  Quaver.] 

SEMITIC,  sem-it'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
great  famUy  of  languages  that  includes 
Hebrew  and  Arabic.  [Derived  from  Shem 
in  Genesis  x.  21.] 

SEMITONE,  sem'i-ton,  n.,  half  a  tone: 
one  of  the  lesser  intervals  of  the  musical 
scale,  as  from  B  to  C. — adj.  Semiton'IC. 
[L.  semi,  half,  and  Tone.] 

SEin- TRANSPARENT,  sem'i -trans -pa'- 
rent,ad/.  ,half  or  imperfectly  transparent. 
— n.  Sem'i-transpa'rency.  [L.  semi,  half, 
and  TranspjVBENT.] 

SEMi VOCAL,  sem-i-voTcal,  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  semivowel.  [L.  semi,  half,  ana 
Vocal.] 

SEMIVOWEL,  sem-i-vow'el,  n.  ahalf  vowel: 
a  letter  with  a  half  vowel  sound,  as  m. 
[L.  semi,  half,  and  Vowel.] 

SEMOLINA,  sem-o-le'na,  n.  the  particles 
of  fine  hard  wheat  which  do  not  pass 
into  flour  in  milling.  [From  It.  semola — 
L.  simila,  the  finest  wheat  flour.] 

SEMPITERNAL,  sem-pi-ter'nal,  adj.,  ever- 
lasting: endless.  [L.  sempitermis — sem^ 
per,  ever,  and  cetemus.    See  Eternal.] 

SEMPSTER,  sem'ster,  SEMPSTRESS,  sem'- 
stres,  n.  a  woman  who  seics.  [See  Seam- 
stress.] 

SEMPSTRY-WORK,  sem'stri-'mirk,  w.  nee- 
die-work  :  sewing.    Henry  Brooke. 

SENARY,  sen'ar-i,  adj.  containing  six :  of 
or  belonging  to  six.  [L.  senarius — seni, 
six  each — sex,  six.] 

SENATE,  sen'at,  n.  a  legislative  or  deliber- 
ative body,  esp.  the  upper  house  of  a 
national  legislature  :  that  branch  of  the 
American  Congress  chosen  by  the  Legis- 
latures of  the  States  and  whose  members 
are  elected  for  a  term  of  si.x  years  :  one 
of  the  two  co-ordinate  branches  of  the 
State  Legislature  or  Assembly.  [L.  sena- 
tus,  (lit.)  a  council  of  elders — senex,  senis, 
old,  an  old  man.] 


g 


SENATOR,  sen'a-tur,  n.  a  member  of  a 
senate. — n.  Sen'atorship. 

SENATORIAL,  sen-a-to'ri-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing  to  or  becoming  a  senate  or  a  senator. 
—adv.  Senato'rlally. 

SEND,  send,  v.t.  to  cause  to  go:  to  cause 
to  be  eonvejed  :  to  despatch  :  to  com- 
mission :  to  diffuse  :  to  bestow. — v.i.  to 
despatch  a  message  or  messenger  : — pa.i. 
and  pa.p.  sent. — n.  Send'er.  [A.S.  sen- 
dan  ;  Ice.  senda ;  Goth,  sandjan  ;  prob. 
allied  to  Sans,  sadh,  to  go  away.] 

SENDAL,  sen'dal,  n.  a  thin  silk  or  linen. 
[O.  Fr. — Low  L.  sindalum — L.  sindon-- 
Gr.  sindon,  a  fine  cloth  from  India.] 

SENESCHAL,  sen'esh-al,  n.  a  steward. — n. 
Sen'eschalshlp.  [Lit.  "  the  senior  or 
oldest  of  the  servants,"  Fr.  sinechal — Low 
L.  siniscalcus,  from  a  Teut.  root  sin  founo 
in  Goth,  sini-sta,  oldest  (cog.  with  L 
senex,  senis,  old),  and  Goth,  skalks,  O. 
Grer.  scale,  a  servant.] 

SENILE,  se'nil,  adj.  pertaining  to  old  age 
or  attendant  on  it :  aged. — n.  Senilitt, 
se-nil'i-ti.     [L.  senilis — senex,  senis,  old.] 

SENIOR,  sen'yur,  adj.,  elder:  older  in  of- 
fice.—n.  one  older  than  another:  one 
older  in  office  :  an  aged  person. — n.  Sen- 
iority, sen-i-or'i-ti.  TL.,  comp.  of  senex.] 

SENNA,  sen'a,  n.  the  dried,  purgative  leaf- 
lets of  several  species  of  cassia.  [Ar, 
sejia.] 

SENNIGHT,  sen'it,  n.  contracted  from 
seven  night :  a  week.     [See  FORXNiaHT.] 

SENSATION,  sen-sa'shun,  n.  perception  by 
the  senses :  feeling  excited  by  external 
objects,  by  the  state  of  the  body,  or  by 
immaterial  objects  :  a  state  of  excited 
feeling  :  an  unexpected  or  startling  news- 
item  or  other  article  in  the  newspapers  : 
any  surprising  or  shocking  intelligence 
—adj.  Sensa'tional. 

SENSATIONALISM,  sen-sa'shun-al-izm,  ju 
the  doctrine  that  om*  ideas  originate 
solely  in  sensation,  and  that  there  are  no 
innate  ideas  :  the  practice  of  dealing  in 
newspaper,  pulpit,  or  forensic  sensations. 
— n.  Sensa'tionalist,  a  believer  in  sensa- 
tionalism. 

SENSE,  sens,  n.  a  faculty  by  which  objects 
are  perceived  :  perception  :  discernment : 
understanding :  power  or  soundness  ot 
judgment :  reason  :  opinion  :  conviction  : 
import  :—pl.  The  senses,  or  FIVE  senses, 
sight,  hearing,  smell,  taste,  and  touch. 
[Fr. — L.  sensiis — sentio,  to  discern  by  the 

SGQSGS    1 

SENSELESS,  sens'les,  adj.  without  sense : 
incapable  of  feeling :  wanting  sympathy  . 
foolish. — adv.  Sense'lessly. — n.  Sense' 
lessness. 

SENSE -RHYTHM,  sens'-rithm,  n.  an 
arrangement  of  words  characteristic  of 
Hebrew  poetry,  in  which  the  rhythm 
consists  not  in  a  rise  and  fall  of  accent 
or  quantity  of  sj'llables,  but  in  a  pulsa- 
tion of  sense  rising  and  falling  through 
the  parallel,  antithetic,  or  otherwise 
balanced  members  of  each  verse  :  paral^ 
lelism.     Prof.  W.  R.  Smith. 

SENSIBILITY,  sens-i-bil'i-ti,  n.  state  or 
quality  of  being  sensible  :  actual  feeling  - 
capacity  of  feeling-:  susceptibility:  acute 
ness  of  feeling  :  delicacy. 

SENSIBLE,  sens'i-bl,  adj.  capable  of  being 
perceived  by  the  senses  or  oy  the  mind  , 
capable  of  being  affected;  easily  affected: 
delicate:  intelligent:  judicious:  cognizant: 
aware. — n.  Sens'ibleness. — adv.  Sens'I- 

ELY. 

SENSIFACIENT,  sen-si-fa'shi-ent,  adj.  pro 

ducing  sensation :  sensific.     Huxley.     [L. 

senstts.  sense,  and  facto,  to  make.] 
SENSIFICATORY,    sen-sifi-ka-tor-i,    adj. 

sensifacient :  sensific.     Huxley. 
SENSIGENOUS,  sen-sij'e-nus,  adj.  origin 

ating  or  causing  sensation.     "  "The  sensi 


SENSITIVE 


386 


SERIES 


tlve  subject,  the  sensigenous  object." — 
Huxley.  [L.  sensus,  sense,  and  gen,  root 
of  gigno,  to  beget.] 

SENSITIVE,  sens'i-tiv,  adj.  having  sense 
or  feehng  :  susceptible  to  sensations  : 
easily  affected  :  pertainins:  to  or  depend- 
ing on  sensation. — adi:  Sexs'itivelt. — 
ns.  Sens'ittveness,  Sensith-'ity.— Seins'- 
rriTE  PLAirr,  a  plant,  the  leaves  of  which 
are  so  sensitive  that  they  close  when 
touched. 

SENSORIAL,  sen-so'ri-al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  sensorinm. 

SENSORIUM,  sen-s6'ri-um,  SENSORY, 
sen'sor-i,  n.  the  organ  which  receives  the 
impressions  made  on  the  senses. 

SENSUAL,  sen'sh66-al.  adj.  pertaining  to, 
affecting,  or  derived  from  the  senses,  as 
distinct  from  the  mind:  not  intellectual 
or  spiritual :  given  to  the  pleasures  of 
sense  :  voluptuous  :  lewd. — adv.  Sen'su- 
ALLY. — n.  Sen'sualness.  [Fr. — L.  sen- 
siialis.] 

SENSUALISM,  sen'sh66-al-izm,  n.  sensual 
in.dulgence :  the  doctrine  that  all  our 
knowledge  is  derived  originally  from  the 
senses. 

SENSUALIST,  sen'sho6-al-ist,  n.  one  given 
to  sensualism  or  sensual  indulgence:  a 
debauchee  :  a  believer  in  the  doctrine  of 
sensualism. 

SENSUALITY,  sen-shoo-al'i-ti,  ?(.  indul- 
irence  in  sensual  pleasures  :  lewdness. 

SENSUALIZE,  sen'sh65-al-Iz,  v.t.  to  make 
sensual:  to  debase  by  carnal  gratification. 

SENSUOUS,  sen'shoo-us,  adj.  pertaining 
to  sense  ;  full  of  passion:  connected  with 
sensible  objects. 

SENTENCE,  sent'ens,  n.  opinion :  a  judg- 
ment pronounced  on  a  criminal  by  a 
court  or'  judge  :  a  maxim  :  (grant.)  a 
number  of  words  containing  a  complete 
thought. — v.t.  to  pronounce  judgment 
on:  to  condemn.  [Fr. — L.  sententia(lit.) 
what  one  thinks — seniio,  to  feel,  to  think.] 

SENTENTIAL,  sen-ten'shal,  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  sentence :  comprising  sentences. — 
adv.  Senten'tially. 

SENTENTIOUS,  sen-ten'shus,  adj.  abound- 
ing with  sentences  or  maxims  :  short  and 
pithy  in  expression  :  bombastic,  or  affect- 
ed in  speech. — adv.  Senten'tiotjsly. — n. 
Senten'tiousxess. 

SENTIENT,  sen'shi-ent,  adj.,  di^cerninghy 
the  senses :  having  the  facultj*  of  percep- 
tion and  sensation. — n.  SEyxiENCE.  [Pr.p. 
of  L.  sentio,  to  feel.] 

SENTIMENT,  sen'ti-ment,  n.  a  thought 
occasioned  by  feeling  :  opinion  :  judg- 
ment :  sensibility  :  feeling :  a  thought 
expressed  in  words  :  a  maxim  :  a  toast. 
[From  L.  sentio,  to  feel.] 

SENTIMENTAL,  sen-ti-ment'al,  adj.  hav- 
ing or  abounding  in  sentiments  or  reflec- 
tions :  having  an  access  of  sentiment  or 
feeling  :  affectedly  tender. — adv.  Senti- 
ment'ally. 

SENTIMENTALISM,  sen-ti-ment'al-izm, 
SENTIMENTALITY,  sen-ti-men-tal'i-ti, 
li.  quality  of  being  sentimental :  affecta- 
tion of  fine  feeling. 

SENTIMENTALIST,  sen-ti-ment'al-ist,  n. 
one  who  affects  sentiment  or  fine  feeling. 

SENTINEL,  sen'ti-nel,  n.  one  who  keeps 
watch  by  pacing  to  and  fro  a  little  path  : 

[  a  sentry.  [Fr.  sentineUe ;  of  doubtful 
originj" 

SENTRY,  sen'tri,  n.  a  sentinel :  a  soldier  on 
guard  to  observe  the  approach  of  danger. 
JA  corr.  of  SENTINEL.] 
SENTRY-BOX,   sen'tri-boks,  n.   a   box  to 

shelter  a  sentry. 
SEPARABLE,  sep'ar-a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
separated  or  disjoined. — adv.  Sep'akably. 
—n.  Separabil  ITY. 
SEPARATE,   sep'ar-at.    i'.*.   to   divide  :  to 
part  :  to  withdraw  :  to  set  apart  for  a 


[L.  separo,  separatus  {lit.)  to  put 
■  bj'  itself — se,  aside,  axid  paro,  to 


certain  purpose. — v.i.  to  part :  to  with- 
draw from  each  other  :  to  become  dis- 
united.— adj.  separated  :  divided  :  apart 
from    another  :    distinct. — adv.    Sefar 

ATELY. 

aside  or  Dy 
put.  to  prepare.] 

SEPARATION,  sep-ar-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
separating  or  disjoining  :  state  of  being 
separate  :  disunion  :  the  state  of  a  mar- 
ried couple  legally  li\'ing  apart,  without 
an  absolute  divorce. 

SEPARATISM,  sep'ar-a-tizm,  n.  act  of 
separating  or  withdrawing,  esp.  from  an 
established  church. 

SEPARATIST,  sep'ar-a-tist,  n.  one  who 
separates  or  withdraws,  esp.  from  an  es- 
taljlished  church  :  a  dissenter. 

SEPIA,  se'pi-a,  n.  a  fine  brown  pig^ment 
prepared  from  the  "  ink  "  of  the  cttttle- 
ilsh:  Indian  or  Cliina  ink.  [L. — Gr.,  the 
cuttle-fish.] 

SEPOY,  se'poy,  n.  a  native  soldier,  wheth- 
er Hindu  or  Mohammedan,  in  the  British 
army  in  India.  [Hind,  sipahi,  a.  soldier, 
(lit.)  a,  bowman,  the  spahi  of  Turkish  and 
Algerian  armies,  from  sip,  a  bow  and 
arrow.] 

SEPT,  sept,  n.  in  Ireland,  a  subdivision  of 
a  tribe.     [Probablv  a  corr.  of  Sect.] 

SEPTEMBER,  sep-tem'ber,  n.  the  ninth 
month  of  the  year.  [L.  septem,  seven, 
and  ber  =fer.  Sans,  bhar,  to  carry,  bear. 
It  was  the  seveyith  month  of  the  old  Ro- 
man year,  which  began  in  March.] 

SEPTE'NARY,  sep'ten-ar-i,  adj.  consisting 
of  seven.  [L.  septenarius — septem,  seven.] 

SEPTENNIAL,  sep-ten'yal,  adj.  lasting 
seven  years:  happening  every  seven  years. 
— adv.  Septenn'ially.  [L.  septennis — 
septem,  seven,  annus,  a  year.] 

SEPTIC,  sep'tik,  adj.  promoting  putrefac- 
tion.— n.  a  substance  that  promotes  the 
putrefaction  of  bodies.  [Gr.  septikos — 
.sepo,  to  make  putrid.] 

SEPTUAGENARIAN,  sep-tu-a-jen-a'ri-an, 
n.  a  person  seventy  years  old. 

SEPTUAGENARY,  sep-tu-aj'en-ar-i,  a4). 
consisting  of  sei'enty. — n.  one  70  years 
old.  [L.  septuagenarius  —  septuageni, 
seventy  each — septem,  seven.] 

SEPTUAGESIMA,  sep-tu-a-jes'i-ma,  n. 
the  third  Sunday  before  Lent — the  sev- 
entieth day  before  Easter.  [L.  septuages- 
imiis — septem,  seven.] 

SEPTUAGESIMAL,  sep-tu-a-jes'i-mal,  adj. 
consisting  of  seventy :  counted  by  seven- 
ties. 

SEPTUAGINT,  sep'tu-a-jint,  n.  the  Greek 
vei'sion  of  the  Old  Testament,  said  to 
have  been  made  by  seventy  translators  at 
Alexandria  about  300  years  B.C.  [L.  ,?ep- 
tuaginta — septem,  seven.] 

SEPULCHRAL,  se-pul'kral,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  sepulchre,  or  to  monuments 
erected  for  the  dead  :  (Jig.)  deep,  hollow, 
as  tone. 

SEPULCHRE,  sep'ul-ker,  n.  a  place  of 
burial :  tomb.  [Fr. — L.  sepulchnim—se- 
pelio.  sepidtus,  to  bury.] 

SEPULTURE,  sep'ul-tur,  n.  act  of  burying 
the  dead  :  interment  :  burial. 

SEQUEL,  se'kwel,  ?i.  that  which /oWoics ; 
succeedmg  part :  result :  consequence. 
[Fr. — L.  sequela — sequor,  Gr.  hepomai, 
to  follow.] 

SEQUENCE,  seTcwens,  n.  state  of  being 
sequent  or  following :  order  of  succession: 
that  which  follows  :  consequence:  (music) 
a  regular  succession  of  similar  chords. 
[L.  sequor,  to  follow.] 

SEQUENT,  se'kwent,  adj.  following  :  suc- 
ceeding. 

SEQUESTER,  se-kwes'ter,  v.t.  to  separate: 
to  withdraw  from  society  :  to  set  apart  : 
(law)  to  place  anything  contested  into  the 
hands  of  a  third  person  till  the  dispute 


is  settled:  to  hold  the  property  of  another 
till  the  profits  pay  the  demands :  to 
take  possession  of  the  estate  of  a  bank- 
rupt in  order  to  distribute  it  among  the 
creditors. — v.i.  (law)  to  renounce  any  in- 
terest in  the  estate  of  a  husband.  [Low 
L.  sequestro,  -atum — L.  sequester,  a  de- 
positary, from  sequi,  to  follow.] 

SEQUESTERED,  se-kwes'terd,  adj.  retired, 
secluded.  j 

SEQLTESTRATE,  se-kwes'trat,  v.t.  to  se- 
quester. 

SEQUESTRATION,  sek-wes-tra'shun,  n. 
act  of  sequestering,  esp.  the  seizure  of 
any  one's  property  for  the  use  of  the 
state  during  dispute,  or  for  the  benefit  of 
creditors  :  state  of  being  separated  :  se- 
clusion from  society. 

SEQUESTRATOR,  sek-wes-tra'tor,  n.  one 
who  sequesters  another's  property  :  one 
to  whom  property  is  committed  during 
dispute. 

SEQUIN,  se'kwin,  n.  a  gold  Venetian  coin 
of  the  13th  centur3'=|3.25.  [Fr.  — It. 
zecchino — zecca,  the  mint.] 

SERAGLIO,  se-ral'yo,  ?!.  the  palace  of  the 
Turkish  Sultan,  esp.  the  part  in  which 
the  women  are  kept.  [It.  serraglio — 
serrare,  to  lock  up,  from  L.  sera,  a  door- 
bar,  which  came  to  be  used  for  Pers. 
serai,  a  palace.] 

SERAPH,  ser'af,  n.  an  angel  of  the  hlgn- 
est  rank  :^j?.  SERAPHS,  ser'afs,  Seraph- 
im, ser'af-im.  [Heb.,  lit.  "a  prince  ot 
heaven,"  akin  to  sar,  a  prince,  in  pi.  an- 
gelsj 
.SERAPHIC,  se-rafik,  SERAPHICAL,  se- 
raf'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  becoming 
a  seraph :  angelic  :  pure :  sublime  :  re- 
fined.— adv.  Seeaph'ically. 

SERB.    Same  as  Sear. 

SERENADE,  ser-e-nad',  7i.  evening  music 
in  the  open  air  :  music  performed  by  a 
gentleman  under  a  lady's  window  at 
night :  a  piece  of  music  for  such  an  oc- 
casion.— v.t.  to  entertain  with  a  sere- 
nade. [Fr.  —  It.  serenata,  from  Prov. 
Serena,  even-song — L.  serus,  late.] 

SERENE,  se-ren',  adj.  calm  :  unclouded  ; 
undisturbed  :  unruffled  :  a  form  of  ad- 
dress used  to  the  princes  of  Germany 
and  their  families.  —  adv.  Serene'ly. 
[L.  serenus,  clear.] 

SERENITY,  se-ren'i-ti,  n.  state  or  quality 
of  being  serene :  clearness :  calmness  : 
peace. 

SERF,  serf,  m.  a  slave  attached  to  the  soil 
and  sold  vrfth  it.  [Fr.  —  L.  servus,  a 
slave.    See  Serve.] 

SERFDOM,  serfdom,  n.  condition  of  a 
serf. 

SERGE,  serj,  n.  a  cloth  made  of  twilled 
worsted  or  silk.  [Fr. — L.  serica,  silk. 
from  Seres,  the  Chinese.] 

SERGEANCY,  sar'jen  -  si,  SERGEANT- 
SHIP,  sar'jent-ship,  n.  office  of  a  ser- 
geant. 

SERGEANT,  sar'jent,  n.  a  non  -  commis- 
sioned officer  next  above  a  corporal. — n. 
Sergeant-major,  the  highest  non-.com- 
missioned  officer,  employed  to  assist  the 
adjutant.  [Lit.  "a  servant,"  Fr.  scrgejj^ 
— L.  serviens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  servio,  to 
serve.    See  Serve.] 

SERIAlL,  se'ri-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  con- 
sisting of  a  series:  appearing  periodic- 
ally. —  n.  a  tale  or  other  composition 
appearing  in  successive  parts,  as  in  a 
periodical. 

SERIALLY,  se'ri-al-li,  adv.  in  a  series  or 
regular  order. 

SERIATE,  se'ri-at,  adj.  arranged  in  a 
series. 

SERIES,  se'ri-ez,  n.sing.  and  pi.  a  srcces- 
sion  of  things  connected  by  some  l.ke- 
ness  :  sequence :  order  :  (math.)  a  pro- 
gression  of   numbers   or  quantities  ac- 


SERIOUS 


SEVOEJA 


cording  to  a  certain  law.  [L. — sero, 
serins,  to  join,  akin  to  Gr.  eiro,  to  fasten, 
Sane,  sarat,  thread.     See  Sermon,  Ser- 

EIED.J 

SERIOUS,  se'ri-us,  ad/,  solemn:  in  earnest: 
important :  attended  with  danger. — adv. 
Se'eiously.— 91.  Se'riousness.  [L.  serins, 
akin  to  severus,  severe.] 

SERJEANT,  sar'jent,  n.  in  England,  a  law- 
yer of  the  highest  rank.  ^—  u.  Serjeant- 
A.T-ABMS,  an  officer  who  attends  a  king, 
a  lord-higli-steward,  etc.:  an  officer  of  a 
legislative  body  for  keeping  order,  etc. 
[Same  as  Sergeant.] 

SERMON,  ser'mun,  n.  a  discourse  on  a  text 
of  Scripture.  [L.  sermo,  sermonis,  from 
sero,  to  join  or  bind  together,  to  com- 
pose.] 

SEROUS,  sS'rus,  adj.  resembling  serum: 
thin  :  watery. — n.  Seros'ity. 

SERPENT,  ser'pent,  n.  a  reptile  without 
feet  which  moves  by  means  of  its  ribs 
and  scales  :  a  person  subtle  or  malicious: 
one  of  the  constellations  :  (music)  a  bass 
wind-instrument,  so  called  from  its  form. 
[Lit.  "  the  creeping  animal,"  L.  serpens, 
•entis,  pr.p.  of  serpo,  to  creep,  akin  to 
Gr.  herpo,  L.  7'epo,  and  Sans,  srip,  to 
creep.] 

SERPENTINE,  ser'pen-tin,  adj.  resembling 
a  serpent :  winding  :  spiral :  crooked. — n. 
a  mineral  of  a  green,  black,  or  red  color, 
sometimes  spotted  like  a  serpent's  skin. 

SERRATE,  ser'rat,  SERRATED,  ser'rat-ed, 
uilj.  notched  or  cut  like  a  saw.  [L.  ser- 
ratus — serra,  a  saw.] 

SERRATION,  ser-ra'shun,  n.  state  of  being 
serrated. 

SERRIED,  ser'rid,  adj.  crowded  :  pressed 
together.  [Pa.p.  of  obs.  v.  serry,  to  press 
together — Fv.serrer,  to  crowd  (It.  serrare, 
to  lock  up) — L.  sera,  a  door-bar,  conn. 
with  sero,  to  join  together.] 

SERUM,  fee'rum,  n.  the  watery  part  of 
curdled  milk  :  whey  :  the  thin  fluid  which 
separates  from  the  blood  when  it  coagu- 
lates. [L.  ;  prob.  akin  to  Gr.  or'o.s,  serum, 
and  Sans,  saras,  water.] 

SERVANT,  serVant,  n.  one  who  is  in  the 
service  of  another :  a  domestic  :  (B.)  a 
slave  :  one  of  low  condition  or  spirit : 
a  word  of  civility.  [Fr.,  pr.p.  of  servir, 
to  serve — L.  servire.  Doublet  Sergeant.] 

SERVE,  serv,  v.i.  to  be  a  servant  to  :  to 
work  for  and  obey :  to  discharge  the 
duties  of  an  office  :  to  attend  or  wait : 
to  be  sufficient :  to  suit. — v.t.  to  work 
for :  to  be  in  the  employment  of  :  to 
obey  :  to  be  subser\nent  or  subordinate 
to  :"  to  wait  upon  at  table,  etc. :  to  do 
duty  for :  to  treat. — Serve  up,  to  bring 
to  table. — Serve  out,  to  deal  or  distrib- 
ute. [Fr.  servir — L.  sertno,  from  aeriits, 
a  slave,  perh.  conn,  with  sero,  to  bind 
together.    See  Series.] 

SERVER,  serv'er,  n.  one  who  .serves  :  a 
salver. 

SERVICE,  serv'is,  n.  condition  or  occupa- 
tion of  a  servant :  a  working  for  an- 
other :  duty  required  in  any  office: 
military  or  naval  duty  :  office  of  devo- 
tion :  a  musical  composition  for  devo- 
tional purposes :  labor,  assistance,  or 
kindness  to  another  :  benefit  :  profes- 
sion of  respect :  order  of  dishes  at 
table,  or  a  set  of  them. — n.  Serv'ice- 
BOOK,  a  book  of  forms  of  religious  seri-- 
ice :  a  prayer-book.  [Fr. — L.  servitium.'] 
SERVICEABLE,  serv'is-a-bl,  adj.  able  or 
willing  to  serve  ;  advantageous:  useful. 
—adv.  Serv'iceablt.— n.  SERV'iCE.i£LE- 

NESS. 

SERVILE,  serv'il,  adj.  pertaining  to  a,  slave 
or  servant :  slavish  :  meanly  submissive  : 
cringing. — adv.  Serv'ilely. 

SERVILITY,  ser-vil'i-ti,  n.  state  or  quality 


of  being  servile  :   slavery  :    obsequious- 
ness. 

SERVITOR,  serv'i-tor,  n.  one  who  serves  : 
a  servant  :  a  follower  or  adherent. 

SERVITUDE,  serv'i-tud,  Ji.  state  of  being  a 
slave:  slavery;  state  of  slavish  depend- 
ence.    [Fr. — L.] 

SESAME,  ses'a-me,  SESAMUM,  ses'a-mum, 
)i.  an  annual  herb  of  Southern  A.sia, 
whose  seed  yields  a  valuable  oil.     [Gr.] 

SESQUIBASIC,  ses'k  wi-ba^ik,  adj.  in  chem. 
a  term  applied  to  a  salt  containing  one 
and  a  lialf  equivalents  of  the  base  for 
each  equivalent  of  acid.  [L.  sesqui,  one 
and  a  half,  and  basis,  a  base.] 

SESQUIPEDALIAN,  ses  -  kwi  -  pe-da'li-an, 
adj.  containing  a  foot  and  a  half :  often 
humorously  said  of  a  very  long  word. 
[L.  sesqui-pedalis — sesqui,  one  half  more, 
and  pes,  ped-is,  E.  Foot.] 

SESQUIPEDALIANISM,  ses-kwi-pe-dali- 
an-izm,  n.  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
sesquipedalian  :  the  use  of  long  words. 
"Masters  of  hyperpolysyllabic  sesgwipe- 
dalia  nism.'' — Fitzemvard  Sail. 

SESSION,  sesh'un,  n.  the  sitting  or  assem- 
bly of  a  court  or  public  body  :  the  time 
it  sits :  the  period  of  time  between  the 
meeting  and  adjournment  of  Congress : 
{Scotland)  the  lowest  ecclesiastical  court 
of  a  Presbyterian  church.  [Fr. — L.  sessio, 
sessionis,  from  sessum,  pa.p.  of  sedeo,  E. 
SiT.j 

SESSPOOL.    Same  as  Cesspool. 

SET,  set,  v.t.  to  make  to  sit :  to  place  :  to 
fix  :  to  put  in  a  condition  :  to  render  mo- 
tionless :  to  determine  beforehand :  to 
obstruct :  to  plant :  to  fix  in  metal,  as  to 
arrange  the  teeth  of  a  saw  so  as  to  cut 
narrow  or  wide :  to  assign,  as  a  price  :  to 
put  in  order  for  use  :  to  sharpen  :  to 
spread,  as  sails :  to  pitch,  as  a  tune :  to 
adapt  music  to :  to  adorn  with  some- 
thing fixed  :  to  stud  :  to  point,  as  a  dog. 
— v.i.  to  sink  below  the  horizon  :  to  de- 
cline :  to  plant :  to  become  fixed  :  to  con- 
geal :  to  have  a  certain  direction  in 
motion :  to  point  out  game  :  to  apply 
(one's  self) :— pr.p.  sett'ing;  pa. I.  and 
pa.p.  set.— To  SET  ASIDE,  to  put  away, 
to  omit  or  reject : — at  naught,  to  de- 
spise : — BT  (B.),  to  value  or  esteem  : — 
forth,  to  exhibit :  to  publish :  (B.)  to 
set  off  to  advantage :  to  set  out  on  a 
journey  : — forward  (B.),  to  fiulher,  pro- 
mote : — IN,  to  put  in  the  way :  to  begin : 
— OFF,  to  adorn  :  to  place  against  as  an 
equivalent : — ON  (B.),  to  attack  : — to,  to 
affix.  [A.S.  settan,  cog.  with  Ger.  setzen. 
Ice.  setja,  Goth,  satjan  ;  being  the  weak 
causative  of  the  Goth,  root-verb  sittan, 
E.  Sit.] 

SET,  set,  adj.  (lit.)  seated,  so  in  B.;  fixed  : 
firm  :  determined  :  regular  :  established. 
— n.  a  number  of  things  similar  or  suited 
to  each  other,  set  or  used  together :  a 
number  of  persons  associated  :  direction. 

SET-OFF,  set'-of,  n.  a  claim  set  up  against 
another :  a  counterbalance. 

SETON,  se'tn,  n.  a  passage  made  by  a 
needle  under  the  skin,  through  which 
threads  of  silk  are  drawn  to  cause  irrita- 
tion and  discharge.  [Fr.  seton  (It.  setone) 
— Low  L.  selo — L.  seta,  a  bristle.  See 
Satin.] 

SETTEE,  set-te',  n.  a  long  seat  with  a  back. 

SETTER,  set'er,  n.  one  who  sets,  as  words 
to  music :  a  dog  which  sets  or  crouches 
when  it  sees  the  game. 

SETTING,  set'ing,  n.  act  of  setting :  direc- 
tion of  a  current  of  wind  :  the  hardening 
of  plaster  :  that  which  sets  or  holds,  as 
the  mounting  of  a  jewel. 
SETTLE,  set'l,  v.t.  to  set  or  place  in  a  fixed 
state :  to  fix  :  to  establish  in  a  situation 
or  business  :  to  render  quiet,  clear,  etc.: 
to  decide  :  to  free  from  uncertainty  :  to 


quiet :  to  compose  :  to  fix  by  gift  or  legali 
act  :  to  adjust :  to  liquidate  or  pay :  to 
colonize. — v.i.  to  become  fixed  or  station 
ary  :  to  fix  one's  residence  :  to  grow  calm 
or  clear  :  to  sink  by  its  own  weight  :  to 
sink  to  the  bottom  :  to  ceaso  from  agita- 
tion :  to  adjust  differences  or  accounts. 
[M.E.  setlen — A.S.  setlan.] 
SETTLE,  set'l,  n.  a  long  bench  with  a  high 
back  for  sitting  on  :  (B.)  also,  a  platform 
lower  than  another  part.  [M.E.  setel — 
A.S.  setl,  from  sittan,  to  sit  ;  cog.  with 

SETTLEMENT,  set'l-ment,  n.  act  of  set- 
tling :  state  of  being  settled  :  payment : 
arrangement :  a  colony  newly  settled  :  a 
sum  newly  settled  on  a  woman  at  her 
marriage.  [colonist. 

SETTLER,  set'ler,  n.  one  who  settles  :  a 

SEVEN,  sev'n,  adj.  and  )i.  six  and  one. 
[A.S.  seofon  ;  cog.  with  Dut.  zeven,  Ger. 
sieben,  Goth,  sibun,  Gr.  hepta,  L.  septem, 
Sans,  saptan.] 

SEVENFOLD,  sev'n-fold,  adj.  folded  seven 
times :  multiplied  seven  times.  [A.S. 
seofon-feald.    See  Seven  and  Fold.] 

SEVENTEEN,  sev'n-ten,  adj.  and  n.,  seven 
and  ten.  [A.S.  seofontine — seofon,  and 
tin,  ten.] 

SEVENTEENTH,  sev'n-tenth,  adj.  and  n, 
the  seventh  after  the  tenth.  [A.S.  seofon- 
teotha — seofon,  and  teotha,  tenth.] 

SEVENTH,  sev'nth,  adj.  last  of  seven,  next 
after  the  sixth. — re.  one  of  seven  equal 
parts.— adi'.  Sev'enthly.  [A.S.  seofotha.] 

SEVENTIETH,  sev'n-ti-eth,  adj.  last  of 
seventy:  the  ordinal  of  70. — w.  a  seven- 
tieth part. 

SEVENTY,  sev'n-ti,adj.  and  »i.,  sei-en  times 
ten :  the  name  given  to  the  body  of  scliol- 
ars  who  first  translated  the  Old  Testa- 
ment into  Greek.  [A.S.  seofontig — seo- 
fon, seven,  and  tig,  ten.] 

SEVER,  sev'er,  v.t.  to  separate  with  \io- 
lence  :  to  cut  apart :  to  divide:  (B.)  to 
keep  distinct. — v.i.  to  make  a  separation 
or  distinction  :  to  be  rent  asunder.  [Fr. 
sevrer,  to  wean  (It.  sevrare,  sceverare) — 
L.  separo.    Doublet  Separate.] 

SEVERAL,  seVer-al,  adj.  distinct :  par- 
ticular :  different :  various :  consisting 
of  a  number  :  sundry. — adv.  Sev'erally. 
[Lit.  "separate,"  O.  Fr.— L.  separo.  See 
Separate,  Sever.] 

SEVERALTY,  sev'er-al-ti,  n.  a  state  of  sep- 
aration from  the  rest,  or  from  ail  others. 
— Estate  in  severalty,  an  estate  which 
the  tenant  holds  in  his  own  right  with- 
out being  joined  in  interest  with  any 
other  person.  It  is  distinguished  from 
joint-tenancy,  and  common.  "The  rest 
of  the  land  in  the  country,  however,  was 
not  possessed  in  severalty,  but  by  the  in- 
habitants of  each  district  in  common." — 
Brotigham. 

SEVERANCE,  sev'er-ans,  n.  act  of  sever- 
ing :  separation. 

SEVERE,  se-ver',  adj.  serious :  grave  j 
austere  :  strict :  not  mild  :  strictly  ad- 
hering  to  rule :  sharp:  distressing" :  in- 
clement :  searching :  difficult  to  be  en 
dured.— ad«.  Severe'ly.  [Fr.  sivire—L. 
severus,  akin  to  Gr.  seb-omai,  to  worship, 
Sans,  si'v.] 

SEVERENESS,  se-ver'nes,  n.  severity.  Sit 
ir.  Temple. 

SEVERIAN,  se-ve'ri-an,  n.  (eecles.)  one  ol 
the  followers  oi  Severius,  a  Monophysite, 
who  held,  in  opposition  to  the  Julianists, 
that  the  Saviour's  body  was  corruptible 
SEVERITY',  se-ver'i-ti,  n.  quality  of  being 
severe  :  gravity  :  harshness  :  exactness 
inclemency. 
SEVOEJA,  sev-o-a'ha,  n.  a  Mexican  plant 
the  Stenanthium  frigidum.  It  possesses 
acrid  and  poisonous  qualities,  and  is  used 
as  an  anthelmintic. 


SEVRES  WARE 


388 


SHAGREEN 


SEVRES  WAEE,  sa-vr  war,  n.  a  kind  of 
porcelain  ware,  unsurpassed  for  artistic 
design  and  brilliancy  of  coloring,  manu- 
factured at  SeiTcs,  in  France. 

SEW,  so,  v.t.  to  join  or  fasten  together 
with  a  needle  and  thread.— r.i.  to  practice 
sewing. — n.  Sew'er.  [A.S.  seoician,  si- 
wian,  cog.  with  O.Ger.  siuii-en,  and  Goth. 
siujan  ;  also  conn,  with  L.  s^i-o,  and  Sans, 
root,  sir.] 

SEWAGE,  su'aj,  n.  refuse  carried  ofif  by 
sewers. 

SEWEL,  su'el,  n.  in  hunting,  a  scarecrow, 
generfilly  made  of  feathers,  hung  up  to 
prevent  deer  from  entering  a  place. 
[Probablj'  for  sheu-ell  or  shoioell,  from 
shew,  shoic-l 

BEWELLEL,  se-wel'el,  n.  a  gregarious 
American  rodent  which  unites  some  of 
the  characteristics  of  the  beaver  with 
those  of  the  squirrel  family  and  the 
prairie-dog.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  root- 
less molars.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a 
muskrat,  and  the  reddish-brown  skin 
which  covers  its  plump  heavy  body  is 
much  used  bj'  the  Indians  as  an  article 
of  dress.     [Indian  name.] 

SEWER,  sil'er,  n.  an  underground  passage 
for  draining  off  water  and  filth.  [Lit. 
"a  drainer,"  from  an  obs.  verb  sew,  to 
drain — O.  Fr.  essuer  (Fr.  essuyer.  It.  as- 
ciugare) — Late  L.  exsucare — L.  ex,  out  of, 
and  sucus,  moisture.] 

SEWERAGE,  su'er-aj,  n.  the  whole  sewers 
of  a  city  :  drainage  bv  sewers. 

8EWIN,  su'in,  SEWEff,  su'en,  n.  a  fish 
which  has  often  been  regarded  as  a  vari- 
ety of  the  salmon  trout,  salmon  peal,  or 
bull  trout,  but  is  regarded  by  Couch  as  a 
distinct  species,  the  silver  salmon  (Salmo 
cambricus). 

SEWING,  so'ing,  n.  act  of  sewing  :  what 
is  S6\vsd. 

SEWING-MACHINE,  so'lng--ma-shen,  n. 
a  machine  for  sewing  or  stitching  cloth, 
etc.,  now  in  extensive  use,  and  largely 
superseding  sewing  by  hand.  Sewing- 
machines  ai-e  of  several  classes  ;  as,  (a) 
those  in  which  the  needle  is  passed  com- 
pletely through  the  work,  as  in  hand- 
sewing  ;  (6)  those  making  a  chain-stitch, 
which  is  wrought  by  the  crotchet  hook, 
or  by  an  eye-pointed  needle  and  auxiliary 
hook  ;  (c)  those  making  a  fair  stitch  on 
one  side,  the  upper  thread  being  inter- 
woven by  another  thread  below ;  (d) 
those  making  the  lock-stitch,  the  same 
on  both  sides.  The  modifications,  im- 
provements, and  additions  made  to  the 
sewing-machine  since  its  introduction 
are  very  numerous.  It  has  now  been 
adapted  to  produce  almost  all  kinds  of 
stitching  which  can  be  done  by  the  hand. 

SEX,  seks,  n.  the  distinction  between  male 
and  female:  the  characteristics  by  which 
an  animal  or  plant  is  male  or  female. — 
The  Sex,  womankind.  [Lit.  "  a  division 
or  section,"  Fr.  sexe — L.  sexus,  from  the 
root  of  seco,  to  cut.    See  Sect.] 

SEXAGENARIAN,  seks-a-jen-a'ri-an,  n.  a 
person  sixty  years  old. 

SEXAGENART",  seks-aj'en-ar-i  or  seks'a- 
jen-ar-i,  adj.  designating  the  number 
sixty. — n.  a  sexagenarian:  something 
containing  sixty.  [L.  sexaginta,  sixty — 
sex,  six.] 

SEXAGESIMA,  seks-a-jes'i-ma,  n.  the 
second  Sunday  before  Lent,  being  about 
the  sixtieth  day  before  Easter.  [L.  sexa- 
gesimns,  sixtieth.] 

SEXAGESIMAL,  seks-a-jes'i-mal,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  number  sixty:  proceeding 
by  sixties. 

SEXENNIAL,  seks-en'yal,  adj.  lasting  six 
years :  happening  once  in  six  years. — 
adv.  Sexenn'ially.  [L.  sex,  six,  and 
annua,  a  year.] 


SEXTANT,  seks'tant,  n.  (math.)  the  sixth 
part  of  a  circle :  an  optical  instrument 
having  an  arc  =  the  sixth  part  of  a  cir- 
cle, and  used  for  measuring  angular  dis- 
tances.    [Fr. — L.  sextans,  -antis,  a  sixth 

-~~S€X    SLX    I 

SEXTILE,  "seks'tll,  adj.  denoting  the  as- 
pect or  position  of  two  planets  when  dis- 
tant from  each  other  60  degrees  or  two 
signs.  '-The  moon  receives  the  dusky 
light  we  discern  in  its  sextile  aspect  from 
the  earth's  benignity." — Glanville.  Used 
also  as  a  noun.  [L.  sextus,  sixth,  from 
sex,  six.] 

SEXTILLION,  seks-til'yun,  n.  according  to 
English  notation,  a  million  raised  to  the 
sixth  power  ;  a  number  represented  by 
a  unit  with  thirty-six  ciphers  annexed: 
according  to  French  notation,  used  in  the 
United  States,  by  a  unit  with  twenty-one 
ciphers  annexed.  Spelled  also  Sexillion. 
[From  L.  sex,  six,  and  E.  ■million.} 

SEXTO,  seks'to  (pi.  Sextos,  seks'toz),  n.  a 
book  formed  by  folding  each  sheet  into 
six  leaves.     [L.] 

SEXTO- DECIMO,  seks-to-des'i-mo,  n.  a 
book,  pamphlet,  or  the  like,  folded  so 
that  each  sheet  makes  sixteen  leaves : 
tlie  size  of  the  book  thus  folded.  Usually 
indicated  thus,  16mo,  16°.  Used  also  ad- 
jectively.  Called  also  Sixteenmo.  [L. 
sexttis  decimus,  sixteenth — sextus,  sixth, 
and  decimus,  tenth.] 

SEXTON,  seks'tun,  n.  an  officer  who  has 
charge  of  a  church,  attends  the  clergy- 
man, digs  graves,  etc. — n.  Sex'tonship, 
his  oiBce.     [A  corr.  of  Sacristan.] 

SEXTUPLE,seks'tu-pl,  adj., si.v fold:  (rmtsic) 
ha\'ing  sis  parts.  [Fr. — L.  sextus,  sixth, 
and  -plus,  akin  to  plemis,  E.  Full.] 

SEXUAL,  seks'u-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  sex: 
distinguishing  or  founded  on  the  sex  : 
relating  to  the  distinct  organs  of  the 
sexes. — adv.  Sex'ually. 

SEXUALITY,  seks-u-al'i-ti,  n.  state  or 
quality  of  being  sexual. 

SHABBY,  shab'i,  adj.  threadbare  or  worn, 
as  clothes  :  having  a  look  of  poverty  : 
mean  in  look  or  conduct :  low  :  paltry. — 
adv.  Shabb'ilt. — n.  Shabb'iness.  [Adj. 
from  shah,  an  old  byform  of  Scab  ;  cog. 
with  Ger.  schabig,  scabby,  threadbare. 
Doublet  Scabby.] 

SHABBY-GENTEEL,  shab'i-jen-tel',  adj. 
retaining  in  present  shabbiness  traces 
of  former  gentility  :  aping  gentility  but 
really  shabbv.     Thackeray. 

SHACKLE-BAR,  shak'1-bar,  n.  the  coup- 
ling bar  or  link  on  the  pilot  of  a  'oco- 
motive. 

SHACKLE-BOLT,  shak'l-bolt,  n.  a  shackle: 
a  gyve:  a  shack-bolt.  "'What  device 
does  he  bear  on  his  shield  ? '  asked  Ivan- 
hoe. — '  Something"  resemWing  a  bar  of 
iron,  and  a  padlock  painted  blue  on  the 
black  shield.' — '  A  fetterlock  and  shackle- 
bolt  azure,'  said  Ivanhoe  ;  '  I  know  not 
who  may  bear  the  device,  but  well  I  ween 
it  might  now  be  mine  own.' " — Sir  W. 
Scott. 

SHACKLE-BONE,  shak'1-bon,  n.  the 
wrist.  [Scotch.  Lit.  the  bone  on  which 
shackles  are  put ;  Low  Ger.  shakebein.] 

SHACKLES,  shak'lz,  n.pl.  a  chain  to  con- 
fine the  limbs  :  handcuffs  :  fetters  :  any- 
thing that  hinders  free  action. — v.t. 
Shack'le,  to  fetter :  to  tie  the  limbs 
of:  to  confine.  [A.S.  sceaeid,  scacul,  a 
shackle  ;  cog.  with  O.  Dut.  shakel,  a  link 
of  a  chain.  Ice.  skokrdl,  the  pole  of  a 
cart.] 

SHAD,  shad,  n.sing.  and  pi.  a  teleostean 
fish  of  the  genus  Alosa,  family  Clupeida5, 
which  inhabits  the  sea  near  the  mouths 
of  large  rivers,  and  in  the  spring  ascends 
them  to  deposit  its  spawn.  It  attains  a 
length  of  three  feet,  and  is  distinguished 


by  the  absence  of  sensible  teeth,  and  by 
an  irregular  spot  behind  the  gills.  Two 
species  of  shad  are  found  off  the  British 
coast,  the  Twaite  (^4.  vulgaris)  and  the 
Allice  shad  (^4.  Jinta),  but  their  flesh  is 
dry  and  not  much  esteemed.  In  this 
country  a  species  of  shad,  plentiful  in 
the  Hudson,  Delaware,  Chesapeake,  and 
St.  Lawrence  is  much  esteemed,  and  is 
consumed  in  great  quantities  in  the  fresh 
state.  [Prov.  Ger.  schade,  a  shad  ;  comp. 
Arm.  sgadan,  W.  ysgadan,  a  herring.] 

SHAD-BUSH,  shad'-boosh,  n.  a  name  of  a 
shub  or  small  tree  common  in  the  North- 
ern United  States  (Amelanchier  cana- 
densis), so  called  from  its  flowering  in 
April  and  May,  when  the  shad  ascend 
the  rivers.  The  fruit  is  edible  and  ripens 
in  June,  whence  the  name  June-bebey. 
Called  also  Service-berry. 

SHADDOCK,  shad'dok,  n.  a  tree  and  its 
fruit,  which  is  a  large  species  of  orange, 
the  produce  of  the  Citrus  decumana,  a 
native  of  China  and  Japan.  The  fruit 
weighs  sometimes  from  10  to  20  lbs.  [Af- 
ter Captain  Shaddock,  who  first  brought 
it  to  the  West  Indies,  early  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century.] 

SHADE,  shad,  n.  partial  darkness  :  inter- 
ception of  light  :  obscurity :  a  shady 
place:  protection  :  shelter  :  a  screen:  de- 
gree of  color :  a  very  minute  change  : 
(paint.)  the  dark  part  of  a  picture  :  the 
soul  separated  from  the  body  :  a  ghost. 
— v.t.  to  screen  from  light'  or  heat :  to 
shelter:  to  mark  with  gradations  of  color: 
to  darken. — v.i.  to  act  as  a  shade. — n. 
Shad'er.  [A.S.  scead,  sceddu,  cog.  with 
Ger.  sehatte,  sehatten  ;  perh.  conn,  with 
Gr.  skia,  shadow,  skotos,  darkness,  and 
with  root  ska,  to  cover.] 

SHADOW,  shad'6,  n.,  shade  caused  by  an 
object:  shade:  darkness:  shelter:  secur-j 
ity:  favor:  the  dark  part  of  a  picture:  aijj 
inseparable  companion:  a  mystical  repre 
se'ntation  :  faint  appearance  :  something 
only  in  appearance. — v.t.  to  shade  :  to 
cloud  or  darken:  to  shade,  as  a  painting: 
to  represent  faintly  :  to  follow,  unob- 
served, as  a  detective  shadotrs  a  suspect- 
ed criminal. — adj.  Shad'owless.  [Doub- 
let of  Shade.] 

SHADOWING,  shad'o-ing,  n.,  shading: 
gradation  of  light  and  color. 

SHADOWY,  shad'o-i,  adj.  full  of  shadow  : 
dark  :  obscure  :  tj'pical :  unsubstantial : 
doubtful,  in  a  bad  sense. 

SHADY,  shad'i,  adj.  haxang  or  in  shade  : 
sheltered  from  light  or  heat.— adr.  Shad'- 
ILY. — Ji.  Shad'iness. 

SHAFT,  shaft,  n.  anything  long  and 
str.aight,  as  the  stem  of  an  arrow,  etc.; 
the  part  of  a  column  between  the  base 
and  capital :  the  stem  of  a  feather  :  the 
entrance  to  a  mine  :  a  pole  of  a  carriage. 
[A.S.  sceaft,  cog.  with  Ger.  achuft,  prob. 
from  root  of  SHAPE.] 

SHAFTED,  shaft'ed,  adj.  having  a  shaft 
or  handle. 

SHAG,  shag,  n.  that  which  is  rough  or 
bushy  :  woolly  hair  :  cloth  with  a  rough 
naji :  a  kind  of  tobacco  cut  into  shreds. 
[A.S.  sceacga,  a  head  of  hair,  prob.  from 
a  Scand.  root  seen  in  Ice.  skegg,  beard, 
skagi,  cape  (in  Shetland,  skate).] 

SHAGGY,  shag'i,  adj.  covered  with  rough 
hair  or  wool:  rough:  I'ugged. — Ji.  Shagg'- 

INESS. 

SHAGREEN,  sha-gren',  n.  a  species  of 
leather  prepared  without  tanning,  from 
horse,  ass,  and  camel  skin,  its  granular 
appearance  being  given  by  imbedding  in  it, 
whilst  soft,  the  seeds  of  a  species  of  chen- 
opodium,  and  afterwards  shaving  down 
the  surface,  and  then  by  soaking  causing 
the  portions  of  the  skin  which  had  been 
indented  by  the  seeds  to  swell  up  into  re- 


SHAGREEN 


389 


SHANTY 


Kef.  It  is  dyed  with  the  green  produced 
by  the  action  of  sal  ammoniac  on  copper 
filings.  It  is  also  made  of  the  sldns  of 
the  shark,  sea-otter,  seal,  etc.  It  was 
formerly  much  used  for  watch,  spectacle, 
and  instrument  cases.  [Fr.  chagrin, 
Venetian  sagrin,  from  Turk,  sagri,  Per. 
saghri,  shagreen.] 

SHAGREEN,  sha-gren',  SHAGREENED, 
shagrend',  adj.  made  of  the  leather  called 
shagreen.  "  A  shagreen  case  of  lancets." 
—T.  Hook. 

SHAH,  sha,  n.  a  title  given  by  European 
writers  to  the  monarch  of  Persia,  but  in 
his  own  country  he  is  designated  by  the 
compound  appellation  of  Padishah. — 
Shah  Namf.h  [Per.,  the  Book  of  Kings], 
the  title  of  several  Eastern  works,  the 
most  ancient  and  celebrated  of  which  is 
the  poem  in  the  modern  Persian  language 
by  the  poet  Firdousi.  It  contains  the  his- 
tory of  the  ancient  Persian  kings.  [Per., 
a  king,  a  prince  (hence  chess).'\ 

BHAHI,  sha'hi,  n.  a  Persian  copper  coin  of 
the  value  of  one  cent. 

SHAKE,  shak,  v.t.  to  move  with  quick, 
short  motions :  to  agitate  :  to  make  to 
tremble  :  to  threaten  to  overthrow  :  to 
cause  to  waver :  to  make  afraid  :  to  give 
a  tremulous  note  to. — v.i.  to  be  agitated : 
to  tremble  :  to  shiver  :  to  lose  firmness  : 
— pa.t.  shook,  (B.)  shaked  ;  pa.p.  shak'en. 
— n.  a  rapid  tremulous  motion :  a  trem- 
Wing  or  shivering  :  a  concussion  :  a  rent 
in  timber,  rock,  etc.  :  (music)  a  rapid 
repetition  of  two  notes.  [A.S.  scacan, 
cog.  with  Ice.  shaka,  and  perh.  akin  to 
Grer.  schaukeln,  to  make  to  swing.  Cf. 
Shock.] 

SHAKFr-BAG,  shak'-bag,  n.  a  lai'ge-sized 
variety  of  game-cock.  "  I  would  pit  her 
for  a  cool  hundred  .  .  .  against  the  best 
slmke-hag  of  the  whole  main." — Smollett. 

ISHAKEE,  sha-ke',  n.  an  East  Indian  coin 
of  the  value  of  about  6  cents. 

SHAKER,  shak'er,  n.  a  person  or  thing 
that  shakes  or  agitates  ;  as,  Neptune,  the 
shaker  of  the  earth  :  a  member  of  a 
religious  sect  founded  in  Manchester, 
England,  about  the  middle  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  so  called  popularly  from 
the  agitations  or  movements  in  dancing 
which  forms  part  of  their  ceremonial, 
but  calling  themselves  the  United  Society 
of  Believers  in  Christ's  Second  Appearing. 
The  Shakers  teach  a  system  of  doctrine 
founded  partly  on  the  Bible  and  partly 
on  the  supposed  revelations  of  Mother 
Ann  Lee,  their  first  inspired  leader,  and 
her  successors.  They  lead  a  celibate  life, 
hold  their  property  in  common,  engage 
in  agriculture,  horticulture,  and  a  few 
simple  trades.  They  believe  the  millen- 
nium has  come,  that  they  hold  communi- 
cation \vith  the  spirits  of  the  departed, 
and  have  the  exercise  of  spiritual  gifts. 
They  wear  a  peculiar  dress,  and  abstain 
from  the  use  of  pork  as  food.  They  teach 
the  theory  of  non-resistance  as  opposed 
to  war  and  bloodshed.  Tliey  are  now 
mostly  confined  to  the  United  States. 
Sometimes  called  SHAKING  QUAKER. 

SHAKESPEAREAN  or  -IAN,  SHAK- 
SPEAREAN  or  -IAN,  SHAKSPEREAN 

^  or  -IAN,  shak-sper'e-an,  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  in  the  style  of  Shakespeare,  or  to 
his  works. 

SHAKO,  shak'6,  n.  a  kind  of  military  cap. 
[Hun.] 

Shaky,  shak'i  adj.  in  a  shaking  condi- 
tion :  feeble  :  unsteady  :  full  of  cracks 
or  clefts.— ?i.  Shak'INESS. 

SHALE,  shal,  n.  a  rock  of  a  slaty  structure, 
often  found  in  the  coal-measures.  [Doub- 
let of  Scale  and  Shell.] 

SHALL,  shal,  v.i.  to  be  under  obligation  : 
used  in  Jhe  future  tense  of  the  verb. — 


Shall  and  tmBare  often  confounded  by 
inaccurate  speakers  or  writers,  and  even 
writers  such  as  Addison  sometimes  make 
a  slip.  In  quoting  the  following  lines 
from  a  song  in  Sir  George  Etherege's 
"  She  Would  if  she  Could "  (1704),  Mr. 
R.  Grant  White  says,  "  I  do  not  know  in 
English  Uterature  another  passage  in 
which  the  distinction  between  shall  and 
will  and  would  and  should  is  at  once  so 
elegantly,  so  variously,  so  precisely,  and 
so  compactly  illustrated." 

How  lon^  I  8?iaU  love  him  I  can  no  more  tell. 
Than,  had  I  a  fever,  when  I  should  be  well. 
My  passion  shall  kill  me  before  I  will  show  it. 
And  yet  I  vxm'd  give  all  the  world  he  did  Icnow  it ; 
But  oh  how  I  sigh,  when  I  thinly  shou'd  he  woo  me, 
X  cannot  refuse  what  I  know  wou^d  undo  me. 

[Originally  "  to  owe,"  A.S.  sceal,  to  be 
obliged,  Ger.  soil,  Goth,  skal.  Ice.  skal,  to 
be  in  duty  bound :  ace.  to  Grimm  orig. 
the  pa.t.  of  a  root-verb  skilan,  to  kill, 
thus  lit.  sig.  "I  have  slain,"  hence,  "I 
am  liable  for  the  fine  or  wer-gild."] 

SHALLOON,  shal-loon',  n.  a  light  kind  of 
woollen  stuff  said  to  have  been  first  made 
at  Chdlons  in  France. 

SHALLOP,  shal'op,  n.  a  large  schooner- 
rigged  boat  with  two  masts.  [Fr.  cha- 
loupe — Dut.  sloep.    Doublet  Sloop.] 

SHALLOW,  shal'o,  n.  a  sandbank  :  a  flat 
place  over  which  the  water  is  not  deep  : 
a  shoal. — adj.  not  deep  :  not  profound  : 
not  wise  :  trifling.  —  n.  Shall'owness. 
[Conn,  with  Shoal,  and  perh.  with 
Shelf.] 

SHALOT,  SHALLOT,  sha-lot',  n.  a  kind 
of  onion  with  a  flavor  like  that  of  garlic. 
[Short  for  Eschalot.] 

SHALT.  Shalt,  2d  per.  sing,  of  Shall. 

SHALY,  shal'i,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  shale. 

SHAM,  sham,  n.  a  pretence :  that  which 
deceives  expectation  :  imposture.  —  adj. 
pretended:  false. — v.t.  to  pretend:  to 
feign:  to  impose  upon. — v.i.  to  make 
false  pretences:—^./),  shamm'ing;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  shammed.  [From  root  of 
Shame.] 

SHAMAN,  sham'an,  n.  a  professor  or  priest 
of  Shamanism  :  a  wizard  or  conjurer, 
among  those  who  profess  Shamanism. 

SHAMAN,  sham'an,  adj.  relating  to  Sham- 
anism. 

SHAMANISM,  sham'an-izm,  n.  a  general 
name  applied  to  the  idolatrous  religions 
of  a  number  of  barbarous  nations,  com- 
prehending those  of  the  Finnish  race,  as 
the  Ostiaks,  Samoyedes,  and  other  inhab- 
itants of  Siberia,  as  far  as  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  These  nations  generally  believe 
in  a  Supreme  Being,  but  to  this  they  add 
the  belief  that  the  government  of  the 
world  is  in  the  hands  of  a  number  of 
secondary  gods  both  benevolent  and 
malevolent  towards  man,  and  that  it  is 
absolutely  necessary  to  avert  their  ma- 
lign influence  by  magic  rites  and  spells. 
The  general  belief  respecting  another  life 
appears  to  be  that  the  condition  of  man 
will  be  poorer  and  more  wretched  than 
the  present ;  hence  death  is  an  object  of 
great  dread.  [Shamanism. 

SHAMANIST,  sham'an-ist,  n.  a  believer  in 

SHAMBLE,  sham'bl,  v.i.  to  walk  with  an 
awkward,  unsteady  gait.  —  adj.  Sham'- 
blino.    [Conn,  witn  Scampee?] 

SHAMBLES,  sham'blz,  n.pl.  a  slaughter- 
house. [Lit.  stalls  on  which  butchers  ex- 
posed their  meat  for  sale,  A.S.  scamel 
(Ger.  schdmel),  a  bench — Low  L.  scamel- 
lum,  for  L.  scabellum,  dim.  of  seamnum, 
a  bench.] 

SHAME,  sham,  n.  the  feeling  caused  by 
the  exposure  of  that  which  ought  to  be 
concealed,  or  by  a  consciousness  of 
guilt  :  the  cause  of  shame  :  dishonor : 
(B.)  the  parts  of  the  body  which    mod- 


esty requires  to  be  concealed.  —  v.t.  to 
make  ashamed  :  to  cause  to  blush  :  to 
cover  with  reproaeh.  [A.S.  sceamu, 
scamu,  modesty  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  scham, 
prob.  from  a  root-verb  skiman,  to  become 
red,  seen  in  Shimmer.] 

SHAMEFACED,  sham'fast  (properly 
Shamefast,  sham'fast),  adj.  very  mod- 
est or  bashful :  easily  confused. — adv. 
Shame'facedlt. — n.  Shame'facednesSj 
modesty.  [For  M.  E.  shamefast  —  A.S, 
sceam-fcBst — sceamu,  modesty, /asf,  fast, 
perfectly,  very.] 

SHAMEFAST,  sham'fast,  adj.  shamefaced: 
modest.  "  He  saw  her  wise,  shamefast 
and  bringing  forth  children." — North. 
"It  is  a  pity  that  shamefast  and  shame- 
fastness  .  .  .  should  have  been  corrupted 
in  modern  use  to  shamefaced  and  shavie- 
facedness.  The  words  are  properly  of 
the  same  formation  as  steadfast,  stead- 
fastness, soothfast,  soothfastness,  and 
those  good  old  English  words  now  lost 
to  us,  rootfast,  rootfastness.  As  by  root- 
fast  our  fathers  understood  that  which 
was  firm  and  fast  by  its  root,  so  by 
shamefast,  in  like  manner,  that  which 
was  established  and  made  fast  by  (an 
honorable)  shame.  To  change  this  into 
shamefaced  is  to  allow  all  the  meaning 
and  force  of  the  word  to  run  to  the  sur- 
face, to  leave  us,  ethically,  a  far  interior 
word." — Trench.     [A.S.  sceam-fcest.'\ 

SHAMEFASTNESS,  sham '  fast  -  nes,  n. 
shamefacedness :  great  modesty.  "  In 
mannerly  aparell  with  shavifastnes." — 
Bible,  Tyndale's  trans.,  1536. 

SHAMEFUL,  sham'fool,  adj.  disgraceful: 
raising  shame  in  others  :  indecent. — adv. 
Shame'fullt.— ?i.  Shame'fulness. 

SHAMELESS,  sham'les,  adj.  immodest : 
done  without  shame  :  audacious. — adv, 
Shame'lessly. — n.  Shame'lessness. 

SHAMMY,  sham'i,  SHAMOY,  sham'oy  ra. 
leather  orig.  prepared  from  the  skin  of 
the  chamois,  but  now  fi-om  that  of  the 
deer,  goat,  etc.    [A  corr.  of  Chamois.] 

SHAMPOO,  sham-poo',  v.t.  to  squeeze  and 
rub  the  body,  in  connection  with  the  hot 
bath  :  to  wash  thoroughly  with  soap  and 
water,  as  the  head.  —  n.  Shampoo'er. 
[Hind,  tshampua,  to  squeeze.] 

SHAMROCK,  sham'rok,  n.  a  species  of 
clover,  the  national  emblem  of  Ireland. 
[A  Celt,  word  ;  Ir.  seamrog,  Gael,  seam- 
>'ag.\ 

SHANK,  shangk,  n.  the  leg  below  the  knee 
to  the  foot :  the  long  part  of  any  instru- 
ment, as  of  an  anchor  between  the  arms 
and  ling.  [A.S.  sceanca,  the  bone  of  the 
leg,  the  leg ;  cog.  with  O.  Ger.  scincho 
((jer.  schinken,  schenkel),'] 

SHANKLIN-SAND,  shangk'lin-sand,  n.  in 
geol.  another  name  for  lower  greensand 
of  the  chalk  formation  ;  so  called  from 
its  being  conspicuously  developed  at 
Shanklin  in  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

SHANK-PAINTER,  shangk' -  pan  -  ter,  n. 
(naut.)  a  short  rope  and  chain  which  sus- 
tains the  shank  and  flukes  of  an  anchor 
against  the  ship's  side,  as  the  stopper 
fastens  the  ring  and  stock  to  the  cat-head. 

SHANNY,  shan'ni,  n.  a  small  fish  allied  to 
the  blenny,  and  found  under  stones  and 
seaweeds,  where  it  lurks.  It  is  the  Blen- 
nius  pholis  of  Linr.ajus,  and  the  Pholis 
laivis  of  modern  authors.  By  means  of 
its  pectoral  fins  it  is  able  to  crawl  upon 
land,  and  when  the  tide  ebbs  will  often 
creep  upon  shore  until  it  finds  a  crevice 
wherein  it  can  hide  until  the  tide  returns. 

SHANTY,  shant'i,.)).  a  rude,  improvised 
dwelling  or  hut,  to  be  found  in  lumber 
camps,  on  fisliing  gi'ounds,  and  along  the 
line  of  railroads,  canals,  etc.,  incom-se  of 
construction.  [Perh.  from  Ir.  sean,  old., 
and  tig,  a  house.] 


SHAPABLE 


390 


SHED 


BHAPABLE,  shap'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
shaped. 

811  APE,  shap,  v.t.  to  form :  to  fashion  : 
to  adapt  to  a  purpose  :  to  reg-ulate  :  to 
direct  :  to  conceive  : — pa.p.  shaped,  (B.) 
shap'en.  — »!.  form  or  figure:  external 
appearance  :  that  which  has  form  or  fig- 
ure :  an  appearance  :  particular  nature  : 
expression,  as  in  words.  [A.S.  sceapian, 
acapan,  cog.  with  Groth.  skapjan,  Ger. 
schaffen,  Ice.  skapa.  to  form  ;  prob.  conn. 
vTith  Ship,  Shaft,  Shift.] 

SHAPELESS,  shap'les,  adj.  having  no 
shape  or  regular  form  :  wanting  sym- 
metry.—».  Shape'lkssness. 

8ELAPELY,  shap'li,  adj.  having  shape  or  a 
regular  form  :  symmetrical. — n.  Shape'- 

IjIXESS 

8HAPESMITH,  shap'smith,  n.  one  that  un- 
dertakes to  improve  the  form  of  the  body. 
Xo  stiapesniith  yet  set  up  and  drove  a  trade. 
To  mend  the  work  tliat  Providence  had  made. 

— Garth. 

SHARD,  shard,  w.  a  piece  or  fragment  of 
an  earthen  vessel  or  of  any  brittle  sub- 
stance; a  potsherd;  a  fragment;  "Shai-ds, 
flints,  and  pebbles."  —  Shak.;  "Dashed 
your  cities  into  shards." — Tennyson; 
Thus  did  that  poor  soul  wander  in  want  and 

cheerless  discomfort. 
Bleeding:,  bare-footed,  over  the  shards  and  thorns 
of  existence. — Longfellow: 

the  shell  of  an  egg  or  of  a  snail :  the 
wing-case  of  a  beetle  ;  "  Thev  are  his 
shard.'i,  and  he  their  beetle." — §hak.:  the 
leaves  of  the  artichoke  and  some  other 
vegetables  whitened  or  blanched ;  "Shards 
or  mallows  for  the  pot." — Dryden.  [Also 
therd;  A.S.  sceard,  from  seeran,  to  sliear, 
to  separate  ;  cog.  Ice.  shard,  a  notch,  a 
gap  ;  Dan.  skaar,  an  incision,  a  sherd  ; 
akin  share.] 

SHARD-BORNE,  shard'-born,  adj.  borne 
along  by  its  shards  or  scaly  wing-cases. 
•'  Tlie  shard-borne  beetle." — Shak. 

8HARDED,  shard'ed,  adj.  having  wings 
sheathed  with  a  hard  case.  "The  sharded 
beetle."— S/iofc. 

SHARDY,  shard'i,  adj.  consisting  of  or 
formed  by  a  shard  or  shards  :  furnished 
with  shards.  "  The  hornefs  shardy 
wings." — J.  R.  Drake. 

SHARE,  shar,  n.  a  part  shorn  or  cut  off : 
a  portion  :  dividend :  one  of  a  number 
of  equal  portions  of  anything. — v.t.  to 
divide  into  parts  :  to  partake  with  others. 
— v.i.  to  have  a  part :  to  receive  a  divi- 
dend.— n.  Shar'er.  [A.S.  sceam — seeran, 
E.  Sheae  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  schar,  schaar, 
a  dix-ision.] 

SHARE,  shar,  n.  the  iron  blade  of  a  plough 
which  shears  or  cuts  the  ground.  [M.E. 
schar— A.S.  scear — seeran,  E.  Sheae  ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  schar,  schaar,  a  division, 
also  a  ploughshare.     Of.  above  word.] 

SHAREHOLDER,  shar'hold-er,  n.  one  who 
holds  or  owns  a  share  in  a  joint  fund  or 
property. 

SHARK,  shark,  n.  a  large  voracious  fish 
with  large  sharp  teeth.  [Ety.  dub.  ; 
perh.  from  L.  carcharus — Gr.  karcharos, 
sharp-pointed,  having  sharp  teeth.] 

SHARP,  sharp,  adj.  having  a  thin,  cutting 
edge  or  fine  point :  peaked  or  ridged  : 
affecting  the  senses  as  if  pointed  or  cut- 
ting :  severe  :  keen  :  of  keen  or  quick 
perception  :  pungent :  biting :  sarcastic : 
eager :  fierce  :  impetuous  :  shrill. — n.  an 
acute  sound  :  {miuiic)  a  note  raised  a 
semitone:  the  character  %  directing  this : 
a  shrewdly  dishonest  person,  especially 
at  gaming  and  speculating. — adv.  Sharp'- 
L,T.— »i.  Sharp'ness.  [A.S.  scearp  :  cog. 
with  Ice.  skarp-r,  Ger.  scharf ;  from  a 
root  skarp  seen  in  A.S.  sceorfan,  to  split, 
seeran,  to  Shear  ;  conn,  with  L.  sarp- 
ere,  to  prune,  Gr.  harp-e.  Cf.  also  Scarf 
and  Escarp.] 


SHARPEN,  sharp'n,  v.t.  to  make  sharp  or 
keen  :  to  give  edge  or  point  to  :  to  make 
pungent  or  painful :  to  make  severe  :  to 
make  eager,  active,  or  acute. — v.i.  to 
grow  sharp. 

SHARPER,  sharp'er,  n.  a  trickster :  a 
swindler  :  a  cheat. 

SHARP-SET,  sh&rp'-set,  adj.  eager  :  keen  : 
ravenous. 

SHARP-SIGHTED,  sharp'-sit'ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing a,c\ite  sight :  shrewd:  discerning. 

SHARP-WITTED,  sharp'-wit'ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing an  acute  tint :  sagacious. 

SHATTER,  shat'er,  v.t.  to  break  so  that 
the  pieces  are  scattered :  to  break  or  dash 
to  pieces  :  to  crack  :  to  disorder  :  to  ren- 
der unsound. — n.  a  fragment.  [A doublet 
of  Scatter  1 

SHATTER-BRAIN,  shat'ter-bran,  n.  a  care- 
less giddj'  person  :  a  scatter-brain. 

SHATTER  -  BRAINED,  shat'ter  -  brand, 
SHATTERr-PATED,  sh,at'ter-pat-ed,  adj. 
disordered  in  intellect :  intellectually 
weak  :  scatter-brained.  ' '  You  cannot 
.  .  .  but  conclude  that  religion  and 
devotion  are  far  from  being  tlie  mere 
effects  of  ignorance  and  imposture,  what- 
ever some  shatter-brained  and  debauched 
persons  would  fain  persuade  themselves 
and  others." — Dr.  J.  Ooodman. 

SHATTERY,  shat-ter'i,  adj.  brittle  :  easily 
falling  into  many  pieces  :  not  compact  : 
loose  of  texture.  "  A  coarse  grit-stone 
....  of  too  shattery  a  nature  to  be  used 
except  in  ordinarv  buildings." — Pennant. 

SHAUCHLE.  SHAUGHLE.'^shawch'l,  v.i. 
to  walk  with  a  shuffling  or  shambling 
gait.     [Scotch.] 

SHAUCHLE,  SHAXJGHLE,  shawch'l,  v.t. 
to  distort  from  the  proper  shape  or  right 
direction  by  use  or  wear. — Shaughled 
8H00N,  shoes  trodden  down  on  one  side 
by  bad  walking  :  (fig.)  applied  to  a  jilted 
woman.  Burns  ;  Sir  W.  Scott.   [Scotch.] 

SHAXTL,  shawl,  adj.  shallow.  "Duncan 
deep,  and  Peebles  sliaul."  —  Burns. 
[Scotch.] 

SHAVE,  shav,  v.t.  to  cut  off  the  hair  with 
a  razor:  to  pare  closely:  to  make  smooth 
by  paring  :  to  cut  in  thin  slices  :  to  skim 
along  the  surface:  to  atrip:— pa.p.  shaved 
or  shav'en.  [A.S.  scafan;  Dut.  schaven, 
to  rub,  to  shave,  Ger.  schaben.  L.  scabo, 
to  scrape,  Gr.  skapto,  to  dig.  See  Shape.] 

SHAVELING,  shav'ling,  n.  a  monk  or 
friar  (in  contempt),  from  his  shaven 
crown. 

SHAVER,  shav'er,  n.  one  who  shaves :  a 
barber :  a  sliarp  dealer  :  a  plunderer. 

SHAVIE,  shaVi,  n.  a  trick  or  prank. 
"  Mony  a  prank  an'  niirthfu'  shatnc." — 
Blackivood's  Mag.     [Scotch.] 

SHAVING,  shaVing-,  n.  the  act  of  shaving: 
that  which  is  shaved  or  pared  off. 

SHAW,  shaw,  n.  a  thicket ;  a  small  wood  ; 
a  shady  place;  "This  grene  shaw." — 
Chaucer  ;  "  Close  hid  beneath  the  green- 
wood shaio." — Fairfax :  a  stem  with  the 
leaves,  as  of  a  potato,  turnip,  etc.  [Now 
only  Scotch  or  Northern  English  in  both 
senses.  A  Scandinavian  word;  Dan.  skov. 
Ice.  SKogr,  Sw.  skog,  a  wood  or  grove.] 

SHAW,  shaw,  v.t.  to  show.     [Scotch.] 

SHAW-FOWL,  shaw'-fowl,  n.  the  repre- 
sentation or  image  of  a  fowl  made  by 
fowlers  to  shoot  at.  [Shaw  here  a  form 
of  Show.] 

SHAWL,  shawl,  n.  a  cloth  of  wool,  cotton, 
silk,  or  hair,  used,  particularly  by  wom- 
en, as  a  covering  for  the  shoulders :  a 
kind  of  mantle. — v.t.  to  wrap  in  a  shawl. 
[From  the  Pers.  word  shal,  a  fine  cloth 
(Ger.  shaicl,  Fr.  ch&le  are  from  the  E. 
word).] 

SHAWL  -WAISTCOAT,  shawl'- wast  -  kot, 
n.  a  vest  or  waistcoat  with  a  large  prom- 
inent pattern  like  a  sbawl.    2  hackeray. 


SHAWM,  SHALIiI.  shawm,  n.  an  old 
wind-instrument  similar  in  form  to  the 
clarionet.  Others  think  it  was  formed  of 
pipes  made  of  reed  or  of  wheaten  or  oaten 
straw.  [O.  Fr.  chalemel.  Mod.  Fi'.  chalu- 
meau,  from  calamelbis,  a  dim.  of  L.  cala- 
mus, a  reed,  a  reed-pipe.] 

SHAY,  sha,  n.  a  chaise.     Lamb. 

SHE,  she,  pron.  fern,  the  female  understoodi 
or  previously  mentioned  :  .soiiietin)'-9^ 
used  as  a  noun  for  female.  [Orig.  the 
fern,  of  the  def.  art.  in  A.S. — viz.  sen  or 
sia.  which  in  the  12th  century  began  to 
replace  heo,  the  old  fem.  pron.'] 

SHEAF,  shef,  n.  a  quantity  of  things,  esp. 
the  stalks  of  grain,  shoved  together  and 
bound  :  any  bundle  or  collection  :  — pi. 
Sheaves,  shevz. — v.t.  to  bind  in  sheaves. 
— v.i.  to  make  sheaves.  [A.S.  sceaf,  Ger. 
.icliaub  —  A.S.  seeofan,  Ger.  schieben.  to 
shove.] 

SHEAFY,  shef'i,  adj.  consisting  of  sheaves. 

SHEAR,  sher,  v.t.  to  cut  or  clip  :  to  clip 
with  shears  or  any  otlier  instnmient. — 
v.i.  to  separate: — pa.t.  sheared,  (obs.) 
shore  ;  pa.p.  sheared  or  shorn.  —  t\. 
Shkar'er.  [A.S.  seeran :  Ice.  skera.  to 
clip,  Ger.  scheren,  to  shave,  to  separate.] 

SHEARHOG,  sher'hog,  n.  a  ram  or  wether 
after  the  first  shearing:  provincially  7>ro- 
nounced  as  J  written sherrug or sliarrag. 
"To  talk  of  .'hearhogs  and  ewes  to  men 
who  habitually  said  sharrags  and  yowes." 
— George  Eliot. 

SHEARLING,  sher'ling,  n.  a  sheep  only 
once  sheared. 

SHEARS,  sherz,  n.pl.  an  instrument  for 
shearing  or  cutting,  consisting  of  two 
blades  that  meet  each  other :  anything 
like  shears :  an  apparatus  for  raising 
heavy  weights,  consisting  of  upright 
spars  fastened  together  at  the  top  and 
furnished  with  tackle. 

SHEATH,  sheth,  n.  a  case  for  a  sword  oi 
other  long  instrument :  a  scabbard  :  any 
thin  defensive  covering :  a  membrane 
covering  a  stem  or  branch  :  the  wing- 
case  of  an  insect.  [A.S.  sceath,  scaeth  ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  scheide,  a  sheath,  Ice. 
skeid-ir ;  from  the  root  of  Shed,  to 
separate.] 

SHEATHE,  shef/i,  v.t.  to  put  into  a  sheath: 
to  cover  with  a  sheath  or  case:  to  inclose 
in  a  lining. 

SHEATHING,  sheWi'ing,  n.  that  which 
sheathes,  esp.  the  covering  of  a  ship's 
bottom. 

SHEAA'IE.  shev,  n.  a  grooved  wheel  in  a 
block,  mast,  yard,  etc.,  on  which  a  rope 
works  :  the  wheel  of  a  pulley  :  a  shiver  : 
a  sliding  scutcheon  for  covering  a  key- 
hole. [O.  Dut.  schijve.  Mod.  Dut.  schijf, 
Ger.  scheibe,  a  round  slice,  a  disc.  .See 
Shive,  which  is  a  slightly  different  form 
of  this  word.] 

SHEAATE,  shev,  v.t.  to  bring  together  into 
sheaves  :  to  collect  into  a  sheaf  or  into 
sheaves. 

SHEAVED,  shevd,  adj.  made  of  straw. 
Shak. 

SHEAVE-HOLE,  sheV-hol,  n.  a  channel 
cut  in  a  mast,  yard,  or  other  timber,  in 
which  to  fix  a  sheave. 

SHEBANDER,  sheb'an-der.  n.  a  Dutch 
East  India  commercial  oflScer. 

SHEBEEN,  she-ben',  n.  a  place  where  in- 
toxicating drinks  are  privately  and  un- 
lawfuUv  sold.     [Ir.] 

SHECHINAH,  she-M'na,  n.  See  Shekikah. 

SHED,  shed,  v.t.  to  scatter  :  to  throw  out: 
to  pour  :  to  spill. — v.i.  to  let  fall  : — pr.p. 
•shedd'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  shed.  —  n. 
Shedd'er.  [A.S.sceddan:  cog.  with  Ger. 
.ichutten.  to  pour.] 

SHED,  shed,  v.t.  to  part,  separate.  [A.S. 
seeadan  :  cog.  with  Ger.  scheiden.  See 
Watershed.] 


SHED 


391 


SHERIFF 


SHED,  shed,  n.  that  which  shades:  a  slight 
erection,  usually  of  wood,  for  shade  or 
shelter :  an  outhouse  :  a  hut :  a  di\'iding 
line,  as  a  water -shed,  in  geography. 
[From  Shade.] 

SHEDDINGr,  shed'ing,  n.  the  act  of  one 
that  sheds  :  that  which  is  shed  or  cast 
off:  a  parting  or  branching  off,  as  of  two 
roads  ;  the  angle  or  place  where  two 
roads  meet.  "  That  shedding  of  the 
roads  which  marks  the  junction  of  the 
highways  coming  down  for  Glasgow  and 
Edinburgh."— W^  Black. 

SHEEN,  shen,  n.  that  which  shines : 
brightness  or  splendor.      [From  Seone.] 

SHEEP,  shep,  n.sing.  and  pi.  the  well- 
known  animal  covered  with  wool:  a  silly 
fellow  (in  contempt).  [A.S.  sceap  ;  Dut. 
schaap,  Ger.  schaf.] 

SHEEPCOT,  shep'kot,  Ji.  a  cot  or  inclosure 

for  sJl€€D 

SHEEPFOLD,  shep'told,  n.  a  fold  or  in- 
closure for  sheep  :  a  flock  of  sheep. 

SHEEPHEADED,  shep-hed'ed,  adj.  dull: 
simple-minded  :  silly.  "  Simple,  sheep- 
headed  fools." — John  Taylor. 

SHEEPHOOK,  shep'hook,  n.  a  hook  fast- 
ened to  a  pole,  by  which  shepherds  lay 
hold  on  the  legs  of  their  sheep  :  a  shejv 
herd's  crook. 

Thou  a  sceptre^s  heir, 
That  thus  affect 'st  a  skeephook.' — Shak. 

SHEEPISH,  shep'ish,  adj.  like  a  sheep: 
bashful:  foolishly  diffident. — adv.  Sheep'- 
ISHLY. — n.  Sheep'ishness. 

SHEEP-LAUREL,  shep'-law-rel,  n.  a  small 
North  American  evergreen  shrub  of  the 
genus  Kalmia  (K.  angustifolia),  nat.  or- 
der Ericaceae.  Like  many  other  plants 
of  the  heathwort  order,  it  has  been  intro- 
duced into  our  gardens,  and  is  deservedly 
a  favorite.  It  has  received  this  name,  as 
well  as  that  of  Lambkill,  from  its  leaves 
and  shoots  being  deleterious  to  cattle. 

SHEEPMASTER,  shep'mas-ter,  n.  (B.)  a 
master  or  owner  of  sheep. 

SHEEPSHEARER,  shep'sher-er,7i.  one  who 
shears  sheep. 

SHEEPSHEARING,  shep'sher-ing,  n.  the 
shearing  or  removing  the  fleece  of  sheep : 
the  time  of  shearing  the  sheep. 

SHEEPWALK,  shep'wawk,  n.  the  place 
where  the  slieep  walk  and  pasture:  sheep- 
pasture. 

SHEEP-WHISTLING,  shep-whis'Ung,  adj. 
whistling  after  sheep :  tending  sheep. 
"An  old  sheep-whistling  rogue,  a  ram- 
tender.  " — Shak. 

SHEER,  sher,  adj.  pure:  unmingled:  simple: 
without  a  break,  perpendicular.  —  adv. 
clear  :  quite  :  at  once.  [A.S.  scir  ;  Ice. 
skirr,  bright,  clear,  G«r.  schier,  Goth. 
skeirs,  clear.] 

SHEER,  sher,  v.i.  to  deviate  from  the  line 
of  the  proper  course,  as  a  ship  :  to  turn 
aside. — n.  the  deviation  from  the  straight 
line,  or  the  longitudinal  curve  or  bend  of 
a  ship's  deck  or  sides.     [From  Sheae,  v.i.'] 

SHEERS,  sherz,  n.  same  as  SHEARS. 

SHEET,  shet,  n.  a  large,  thin  piece  of  any- 
thing :  a  large,  broad  piece  of  cloth  in  a 
bed:  a  large,  broad  piece  of  paper:  a  sail: 
the  rope  fastened  to  the  leeward  corner 
of  a  sail  to  extend  it  to  the  wind. — v.t.  to 
cover  with  or  as  with  a  sheet.  [Lit. 
"  that  which  is  shot  or  spread  out,"  A.S. 
tcedt,  scete.  from  sceotan,  to  shoot,  to  ex- 
tend, Ger.  schote,  the  sheet  {naut.).] 

SHEET-ANCHOR,  shet'-ang'kor,  n.  the 
largest  anchor  of  a  ship,  shot  or  thrown 
out  in  extreme  danger  :  chief  support : 
last  refuge.    [See  Sheet.] 

SHEETING,  shet'ing,  n.  cloth  used  for  bed- 

shBCtS 

SHEET- LIGHTNING,  shet'-lit'ning,  n. 
lightning  appearing  in  sheets  or  having 
a  broad  appearance. 


SHEIK,  shek  or  shak,  n.  a  tide  of  dignity 
properly  belonging  to  the  chiefs  of  the 
Arabic  tribes  or  clans.  The  heads  of 
monasteries  are  sometimes  called  sheiks 
among  the  Mohammedans,  and  it  is 
also  the  title  of  the  higher  order  of 
religious  persons  who  preach  in  the 
mosques.  The  sheik-ul-Islam  is  the  chief 
mufti  at  Constantinople.  The  name  is 
now  widely  used  among  Moslems  as  a 
title  of  respect  or  reverence.  [Ar.,  an 
old  man,  an  elder.] 

SHEKARRY,  she-kar'i,  n.  a  name  given  in 
Hindustan  to  a  hunter. 

SHEKEL,  shek'l,  n.  an  ancient  weight  and 
coin  among  the  Jews  and  other  nations 
of  the  same  stock.  Dr.  Arbuthnot  makes 
the  weight  to  have  been  equal  to  9  dwts. 
2^  grs.  Troy  weight,  and  the  value  55 
cents,  others  make  its  value  60  cents. 
The  golden  shekel  was  worth  nearlj'  $9. 
The  shekel  of  the  sanctuary  was  used 
in  calculating  the  offerings  of  the  temple, 
and  all  sums  connected  with  the  sacred 
law.  It  differed  from  the  common  shekel, 
and  is  supposed  to  have  been  double  its 
value.     [Heb.,  from  shakal,  to  \veigh.] 

SHEKINAH,  she-ki'na,  n.  the  Divine  pres- 
ence which  rested  like  a  cloud  or  visible 
light  over  the  mercy-seat.  [Heb.,  from 
shakan,  to  rest.] 

SHELF,  shelf,  n.  a  board  fixed  on  a  wall, 
etc. ,  for  laying  things  on :  a  flat  layer  of 
rock  :  a  ledge  :  a  shoal :  a  sandbank : — 
pi.  Shelves  (shelvz).  —  adj.  Shelf't. 
[M.E.  scelfe — A.S.  scylfe — scelan,  to  sep- 
arate, to  split ;  cog.  with  Scotch  skelve 
and  Ger.  sehelfe,  a  shell  or  husk.] 

SHELL,  shel,  n.  a  hard  covering  of  some 
ammals  :  any  framework  :  a  rough  kind 
of  coffin  :  an  instrument  of  music :  a 
bomb  :  the  semicircular  hilt  which  pro- 
tected part  of  the  hand  in  some  forms  of 
rapiers.  Tliackeray. — v.t.  to  break  off 
the  shell :  to  remove  the  shell  from  :  to 
take  out  of  the  shell :  to  throw  shells  or 
bombs  upon,  to  bombard. — v.i.  to  fall  off 
like  a  shell :  to  cast  the  shell.  [Lit. 
"  something  thin  like  a  scale,"  A.S.  scell, 
cog.  wth  Ice.  skell,  Ger.  schale.  Doublet 
Scale.] 

SHELLAC,  SHELL-LAC,  sheHak,  n.  lac 
prepared  in  thin  plates.  [See  Lac,  a  res- 
inous substance.] 

SHELLFISH,  shel'flsh,  Ji.  a  Jish  or  an 
aquatic  animal  with  an  external  shell. 

SHELLPROOF,  shel'proof,  adj.,  proof 
against  or  able  to  resist  shells  or  bombs. 

SHELLWORK,  shel'wm-k,  n.,  work  com- 
posed of  or  adorned  with  shells. 

SHELLY,  shel'i,  adj.  full  of  or  made  of 
shells 

SHELTER,  shel'ter,  n.  that  which  shields 
or  protects  :  a  refuge :  a  retreat,  a  har- 
bor :  one  who  protects,  a  guardian :  the 
state  of  being  covered  or  protected  :  pro- 
tection.— v.t.  to  cover  or  shield  :  to  de- 
fend :  to  conceal. — v.i.  to  take  shelter. 
[Prob.  from  the  M.  E.  sheld  (E.  Shield), 
through  the  influence  of  M.E.  scheltrone 
(from  A.S.  scildtncma  a  covering-  com- 
posed  of  shields,  a  line  of  soldiers).] 

SHELVE,  shelv,  v.t.to  furnish  with  shelves: 
to  place  on  a  shelf  :  to  put  aside. — v.i. 
to  slope  like  a  shelf. 

SHELVING,  shelv'ing,  n.  the  furnishing 
with  shelves  :  the  act  of  placing  on  a 
shelf :  shelves  or  materials  for  shelves. 

SHELVY,  shelv'i,  adj.  full  of  shelves  or 
shoals :  shallow. 

SHEMITIC.    Same  as  Semitic. 

SHE-OAK,  she'-6k,  n.  a  peculiar  jointed, 
leafless,  tropical  or  sub-tropical  tree,  of 
the  genus  Casuarina  (C.  quadrivalvis), 
whose  cones  and  young  shoots,  when 
chewed,  yield  a  grateful  acid  to  persons 
and  cattle  suffering  from  thirst. 


SHEOL,  she'ol,  n.  a  Hebrew  word  of  fre 
quent  occurrence  in  the  Old  Testament, 
and  rendered  by  the  Authorized  Version 
grave,  hell,  or  pit.  The  word  is  generally 
understood  to  be  derived  from  a  root 
signifying  hollow,  and  taken  literally  it 
appears  to  be  represented  as  a  subter- 
ranean place  of  vast  dimensions  in  which 
the  spirits  of  the  dead  rest.  Sometimes 
the  idea  of  retribution  or  punishment  is 
connected  with  it, but  never  that  of  future 
happiness. 

SHEPHERD,  shep'erd,  n.  a  man  employed 
in  tending,  feeding  and  guarding  sheep 
in  the  pasture  :  a  pastor,  one  who  exer- 
cises spiritual  care  over  a  district  or  com- 
munity.— Shephebd  kings,  the  chiefs  of 
a  conquering  nomadic  race  from  the  East 
who  took  Memphis,  and  rendered  the 
■whole  of  Egypt  tributary.  The  dates  of 
their  invasion  and  conquest  have  been 
computed  at  from  2567  to  2500  B.C.,  and 
they  are  stated  by  some  to  have  ruled 
for  from  260  to  500  years,  when  the 
Egyptians  rose  and  expelled  them.  At- 
tempts have  been  made  to  connect  their 
expulsion  with  tlie  narrative  in  the  book 
of  Exodus.  Called  also  Hycsos  or  Htk- 
SHOS.— Shepherd's  crook,  a  long  staff 
having  its  upper  end  curved  so  as  to  form 
a  hook,  used  by  shepherds. — Shepherd's 
DOG,  a  variety  of  dog  employed  by  shep- 
herds to  protect  the  flocks  and  control 
their  movements.  It  is  generally  of  con- 
siderable size  and  of  powerfullithe  build; 
the  hair  thick-set  and  wavy  ;  the  tail  in- 
clined to  be  long,  and  having  a  bushy 
fringe  ;  the  muzzle  sharp,  the  eyes  large 
and  bright.  The  collie  or  sheep-dog  of 
Scotland  is  one  of  the  best  known  and 
most  intelhgent  dogs  of  this  wide-spread 
and  useful  variety.  —  Shepherd's  (or* 
shepherd)  tartan,  (a)  a  kind  of  small 
check  pattern  in  cloth,  woven  with  black 
and  white  warp  and  weft ;  (b)  a  kind  of 
cloth,  generally  woollen,  woven  in  this 
pattern — generally  made  into  shepherd's 
plaids,  and  often  into  trouserings,  etc. 
fA.S.  sce&p-hirde — sheep  and  herd.] 

SHEPHERD,  shep'erd,  v.t.  to  tend  or  guide, 
as  a  shepherd.    (Poetical.) 

White,  fleecy  clouds 
Were  wandering  in  thick  flocks  along  the  mount- 
ains. 
Shepherded  by  the  slow,  unwilling  wiDd.—SlieUey: 

to  attend  or  wait  on  ;  to  gallant.  "  Shep- 
herding a  lady." — Edin.  Rev. 
SHEPHERDESS,  shep'erd-es,  n.  a  woman 
that  tends  sheep  ;  hence,  a  rural  lass. 
She  put  herself  into  the  garb  of  a  shepherdess. 
—Sir  P.  Sidnej/. 

SHERBET,  sher'bet,  n.  a  drink  of  water 
and  fruit  juices,  sweetened  and  flavored. 
[Arab,  sherbet,  a  drink,  from  shariba,  to 
dilnk,  perh.  conn,  with  L.  sorbeo.  to  sip  ; 
otiier  forms  are  Shettb  and  Sirup.] 

SHERD,  sherd,  n.  (B.)a  shred,  a  fragment. 

SHERIAT,  sher'i-at,  ?i.  the  sacred  or  rather 
civil-religious  law  of  Turkey,  which  is 
founded  on  the  Koran,  the  Sunna  or  tra- 
dition, the  commentaries  of  the  first  four 
caliphs,  etc.  "The  Ulenia  declared  that 
the  Sultan  ruled  tlie  empire  as  Caliph, 
that  he  was  bound  by  the  sheriat,  or  sa- 
cred law Ci\-il  law  can  never  take 

the  place  of  the  .ilieriat,  and  the  emanci- 
pation  of  the  Christian  subjects  of  the 
Porte  is  an  impossibility." — Coniemp. 
Rev. 

SHERIFF,  sher'if,  n.  originally  and  in  En- 
gland the  governor  of  a  shire  :  an  officer 
in  a  county  who  executes  the  la\v  :  the 
executive  officer  of  the  county  and  circuit 
courts  of  the  States.— n.  Sher'iffship. 
[M.  E.  shir-reeve — A.S.  scirgerefa — scir 
(E.  Shire),  and  gerefa.  a  governor,  cog. 
with  Ger.  graf,  a  count,  E.  Reeve  ;  cf. 
Landgrave  and  Margrave.] 


SHERIFFALTY 


393 


SHOOT 


SHERIFFALTY,  sher'if-al-ti,  SHERIFF- 
DOM, sher'if-dura,  n.  the  office  or  juris- 
ifiction  of  a  sheriff.  In  U.  S.,  Shriev'al- 
TY  is  generally  used. 
SHERRIS,  she/is,  SHERRIS-SACK,  sher'- 
is-sak,  n.  sherry. 

Your  sherris  warms  the  blood.— S/tafc. 
But,  all  his  vast  heart  sherris-VKinned^ 
He  flashed  his  random  speeches. — Tennyson. 

SHERRY,  sher'ri,  n.  a  species  of  wine,  so 
called  from  Xeres  in  Spain,  where  it  is 
made.  The  highest  class  of  the  many 
varieties  are  those  that  are  technically 
called  "dry,"  that  is,  free  from  sweetness, 
such  as  the  Amontillado,  Montilla,  Man- 
zanilla,  etc.  It  is  much  used  in  this 
country,  and  when  pure  it  agrees  well 
with  most  constitutions.  Genuine  and 
unadulterated  sherry,  however,  brings  a 
/ery  high  price,  and  is  rarely  to  be  had, 
inferior  wines  being  extensively  sold 
mder  this  name.     [Formerly  s/ierris.l 

SHERRY-COBBLER,  sher-ri-kob'ler,  n. 
cherry  and  iced  water  sucked  up  through 

o     CT  T*Q  W* 

SHERRY-VALLEES,  sher'ri-val-iz,  n.pl. 
pantaloons  of  thick  cloth  or  leather, 
worn  buttoned  round  each  leg  over  other 
pantaloons  when  riding.  [Corrupted 
from  Fr.  chevalier,  a  horseman.] 

SHERTE,  n.  a  shirt  :  also  a  skirt  or  lap. 
Chaucer. 

SHE-SLIP,  she'-slip,  n.  a  young  female 
scion,  branch,  or  member.  "The  slight 
she-slips  of  loyal  blood." — Tennyson. 

SHE -SOCIETY,  she-so-sfe-ti,  ti.  female 
society-.     Tennyson. 

SHEW,"sh6.    Same  as  Show. 

SHEWBREAD,  sholired.    Same  as  Show- 

BRE.U). 

SHIBBOLETH,  shib'bo-leth,  n.  (S.)  a  word 
used  as  a  test  by  the  Gileadites  to  detect 
the  Ephraimites,  who  could  not  pro- 
nounce the  sh :  the  criterion  or  watch- 
word of  a  party.  [Heb.  an  ear  of  corn ; 
or  a  stream,  from  shabal,  to  grow,  to 
flow.] 

SHTETiT),  sheld,  n,  a  broad  plate  worn  for 
defence  on  the  left  arm  :  defence :  a 
person  who  protects :  an  escutcheon. — 
v.t.  to  defend.  [A.S.  seyld — scyldan,  to 
defend  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  schild,  Ice. 
skiold-r,  protection.] 

SHIELDLESS,  sheld'les,  adj.  without  a 
shield  :  defenceless. 

SHUT,  shift,  v.t.  to  change  :  to  put  out 
of  the  way  :  to  dress  in  fresh  clothes. — 
v.i.  to  change  about :  to  remove  :  to 
change  one's  clothes  :  to  resort  to  ex- 
pedients for  some  purpose. — n.  a  change: 
a  contrivance  :  an  artifice  :  last  resource: 
a  chemise  (orig.  sig.  a  cliange  of  linen). — 
n.  Shut'er.  [A.S.  sciftan,  to  divide,  to 
order  ;  cog.  with  Ice.  skipta,  to  divide, 
to  change;  conn,  \vlth  Equip.] 

SHIFTLESS,  shift'les,  adj.  destitute  of 
shifts  or  expedients :  unsuccessful,  for 
want  of  proper  means. 

SHILLALAH,  shil-la'Ia,  SHILLALY,  shil- 
la'li,  n.  an  oak  sapling  :  a  cuagel  [Said 
to  be  named  fi-om  an  B'ish  wood,  famous 
for  its  oaks.] 

SHILLING,  shinng,  n.  an  English  silver 
coin  =13  pence,  or  a  little  less,  by  the 

,    gold   standard,  than  twenty-five   cents. 

I  [Lit.  "the  ringing  (coin).-'  A.S.  seilling, 
cog.  with  Ger.  schilling :  the  root  is  seen 
in  O.  Ger.  sceUan,  Ger.  schaUen,  to 
sound,  to  ring.] 

SHUMER,  shim'er,  v.i.  to  gleam:  to 
glisten.— n.  Shtmh'er.  [A.S.  scymrian — 
scimian,  tc  shine— serma,  lustre,  bright- 

^ness,  cog.  ivith  Ger.  sehimmern.] 

SHIN,  shin,  n.  the  large  bone  of  the  leg  or 
the  forepart  of  it.  [A.S.  scina,  the  shin 
(esp.  in  the  compound  scin-ban,  shin- 
bone),  cog.  withDut.  seheen,  Ger.  schien.] 


SHINE,  shin,  v.i.  to  beam  with  steady 
radiance  :  to  glitter :  to  be  bright  or 
beautiful  :  to  be  eminent  -.—pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  shone  (shon),  (B.)  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
shined. — n.  brightness:  splendor:  fair 
weather.  [A.S.  scinan ;  Groth.  skeinan, 
(Jer.  acheinen  ;  conn,  with  root  of 
Shucmee.] 

SHINGLE,  shing'gl,  n.  wood  sawed  or 
split  thin,  used  instead  of  slates  or  tiles, 
for  covering  houses  :  the  coarse  gravel 
on  the  shores  of  rivers  or  of  the  sea. — 
v.t.  to  cover  or  roof  with  shingles  :  to 
trim,  as  the  hair.  [Orig.  shindle  (cog. 
with  Ger.  schindel)  —  scindida,  a  late 
form  of  L.  scandula,  perh.  from  scindo, 
to  split.] 

SHINGLES,  shing'glz,  n.  an  eruptive  dis- 
ease which  often  spreads  round  the 
body  like  a  belt.  [A  corr.  of  L.  cingulum, 
a  belt  or  girdle — cingo,  to  gird.] 

SHINGLY,  shing'gli,  adj.  abounding  with 
shingle. 

SHINING,  shin'ing,  adj.  scattering  light : 
bright :  resplendent :  conspicuous. — «. 
effusion  or  clearness  of  light :  bright- 
ness. 

SHINT,  shln'i,  adj.,  .shining :  diffusing 
light :    bright :  splendid  :  unclouded. 

SHIP,  ship,  M.  a  vessel  having  three  masts, 
with  tops  and  yards  to  each  :  generally, 
any  large  vessel. — v.t.  to  put  on  board  a 
ship  :  to  engage  for  service  on  board  a 
ship  :  to  receive  on  board  ship  :  to  fix  in 
its  place. — v.i.  to  engage  for  service  on 
shipboard: — pr.p.  shipp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  shipped. — n.  Shipp'ee. — n.  Ship- 
OF-THE-LINE,  one  of  the  large  war-ships 
of  the  navy.  [Lit.  "a  vessel;"  A.S. 
sdp,  cog.  with  Goth,  skip.  Ice.  skip, 
Ger.  schiff ;  conn,  with  E.  Rhapf.,  and 
vrith  Gr.  skap-to.  to  dig,  skaph-os,  the 
hull  of  a  ship,  a  ship,  and  L.  scapha,  a 
boat.     Doublet  Skiff.] 

SHIPBOARD,  ship'bord,  n.  the  board  or 
deck  of  a  ship. — adv.  upon  or  within  a 
ship. 

SHIP-BROKER,  ship'-brok'er,  n.  a  broker 
who  effects  sales,  insurances,  etc.,  of 
shijK. 

SHIP-CHANDLER,  ship'-chandaer,  n.  a 
chandler  or  dealer  in  cordage,  canvas, 
and  other  furniture  and  provisions  for 
ships. 

SHIPMAN,  ship'man,  n.  (B.)  a  man  who 
manages  a  shij} :  a  sailor  '.—pi.  Ship'men. 
[A.S.  scipmann.} 

SHIPMASTER,  ship'mas-ter,  n.  the  master 
or  captain  of  a  ship. 

SHIPMATE,  ship'mat,  n.  a  mate  or  com- 
panion in  the  same  ship. 

SHIPMENT,  ship'ment,  n.  act  of  putting 
on  board  ship  :  embarkation  :  that  which 
is  shipped. 

SHIP-MONEY,  ship'-mun'i,  n.  in  English 
history,  money  for  providing  ships  for 
the  service  of  the  king  in  time  of  war, 
raised  at  intervals  in  England  1007-1640. 

SHIPPING,  ship'ing,  adj.  relating  to  ships. 
— 71.  ships  collectively:  tonnage. — To 
TAKE  SHIPPING,  (B.)  to  embark. 

SHIP'S  -  HUSBAND,  ship's-huz'band,  n. 
the  owner's  agent  in  the  management  of 
a  ship. 

SHIPWRECK,  ship'rek,  n.  the  it-reck  or 
destruction  of  a  shiji :  destruction. — v.t. 
to  destroy  on  the  sea  :  to  make  to  suffer 
wreck. 

SHIP'WRIGHT,  ship'rit,  n.  a  u-right  who 
constructs  ships. 

SHIPYARD,  ship'yard,  n.  a  yard  where 
■  ships  are  built  or  repaired. 

SHIRE,  shir,  n.  a  division  of  the  island  of 
Great  Britain  under  a  sheriff :  a  county. 
(When  added  to  the  name  of  a  county 
the  i  is  pronounced  as  in  hill.)     [A.S. 


scir,  a  division — sceran,  to  shear,  to  cut. 
See  Share  and  Shear.] 

SHIRK,  sherk,  v.t.  to  avoid,  get  off  or  slink 
away  from.  [A  form  of  vulgar  shark,  to 
play  the  thief,  to  shift  for  a  living,  from 
Shark,  the  fish.] 

SHIRT,  shert,  n.  a  short  garment  worn 
next  the  body  by  men. — v.t.  to  cover  as 
with  a  shirt.  [Cog.  with  Ice.  skyrta, 
Ger.  schurz,  an  apron  ;  conn,  with  SHORT 
and  Skert.] 

SHIRTING,  shert'ing,  n.  cloth  for  shirts. 

SHIST,  etc.     See  ScmsT,  etc. 

SHITTAH,  shit'a,  SHITTIM,  shit'im,  n.  a 
precious  wood  used  in  the  construction 
of  the  Jewish  Tabernacle  and  its  furni- 
ture, supposed  to  be  a  species  of  acacia. 
[Heb.  shittah,  pi.  shittim.] 

SHIVER,  shiv'er,  n.  a  splinter,  or  small 
piece  into  which  a  thing  breaks  by  sud- 
den violence. — v.t.  to  shatter. — v.i.  to 
fall  into  shivers.  [From  root  of  Sheatk  ; 
alUed  to  Grer.  schiefer,  a  splinter.] 

SHIVER,  shiv'er,  v.i.  to  shake  or  tremble  : 
to  shudder. — v.t.  to  catise  to  shake  in  the 
wind,  as  sails.  [An  imitative  word  ;  al- 
lied to  O.  Dut.  schoeveren,  to  shake,  prov. 
Ger.  schubbeni.l 

SHIVERY,  shiv'er-i,  adj.  easily  falling  into 
shivers  or  fragments  :  cohering  loosely. 

SHOAL,  shol,  n.  a  great  multitude  of  fishes 
swimming  together.  —  v.i.  to  crowd. 
[A.S.  scolu,  a  company  —  L.  schola,  a 
school.    See  School.] 

SHOAL,  shol,  n.  a  shallow :  a  place  where 
the  water  of  a  river,  sea,  or  lake  is  not 
deep  :  a  sandbank. — adj.  shallow. — v.i. 
to  grow  shallow:  to  come  \ipon  shallows. 
[From  root  of  Shallow.] 

SHOAL Y',  shol'i,  adj.  full  of  shoals  or  shal- 
lows :  not  deep. — n.  Shoal'iness. 

SHOAR,  shor,  n.  a  prop.  Same  as  Shors, 
a  prop. 

SHOCK,  shok,  n.  a  violent  shake :  a  sud 
den  dasliing  of  one  thing  against  another; 
violent  onset :  an  offence. — v.t.  to  shake 
by  violence  :  to  offend  :  to  disgust  :  to 
dismay.  [Prob.  through  Fr.  c/ioc,  a  dash- 
ing, from  O.  Ger.  schoc,  shock  ;  allied  to 
Shake.] 

SHOCK,  shok,  n.  a  heap  or  pile  of  sheavea 
of  corn.  [Ger.  sehock,  Dut.  schokke,  a 
heap.] 

SHOCK-HEADED,  shok'-hed'ed,  adj.  hav 
ing  a  thick  and  bushy  head  of  hair.  [From 
Prov.  E.  shock,  a  rough  dog ,  a  form  of 
Shag.] 

SHOCKING,  shok'ing,  adj.  giving  a  sliock 
or  shake  from  horror  or  disg^ust :  highly 
offensive. — adv.  Shock'inglt. 

SHOD,  shod,  pa.t.  a.nd pa.p.  of  Shoe. 

SHODDY,  shod'i,  n.  {orig.)  the  waste  shed 
or  thrown  off  in  spinning  wool :  now  ap- 
pUed  to  the  wool  of  old  woven  fabrics 
reduced  to  the  state  in  which  it  was  be- 
fore being  spun  and  woven,  and  thus  fit 
for  re-manufacture.  [From  SHED,to  part.] 

SHOE,  shoo,  n.  a  covering  for  the  foot :  a 
rim  of  iron  nailed  to  the  hoof  of  an 
animal  to  keep  it  from  injury  :  anj'thing 
in  form  or  use  like  a  shoe  -.—pi.  Shoes 
(shooz). — v.t.  to  furnish  with  shoes  :  to 
cover  at  the  bottom  : — pr.p.  shoe'ing  ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  shod.  [A.S.  sco,  sceo ; 
Goth,  skohs.  Ger.  schuh.^ 

SHOEBLACK,  shoo'blak,  n.  one  who  blacks 
and  cleans  shoes  or  boots. 

SHOEHORN,  shoo'horn,  n.  a  ciuTred  piece 
of  horn  or  metal  used  in  putting  on  a  slwe. 

SHONE,  shon,  pa.t.  and  pa.j}.  of  Shine. 

SHOOK,  shook,  pa.t.  of  Shake. 

SHOON,  shoon,  n.,  oldpl.  of  Shoe.  [A.S. 
sceun.    See  Shoe.] 

SHOOT,  shoot,  v.t.  to  dart:  to  let  fly  with 
force  :  to  discharge  from  a  bow  or  gun  : 
to  strike  with  a  shot :  to  thrust  forward: 
to  send  forth  new  parts,  as  a  plant. — v.i. 


SHOOTING 


393 


SHRUNK 


to  perform  the  ax3t  of  shooting :  to  be 
driven  along:  to  fly,  as  an  arrow:  to  jut 
out :  to  germinate  :  to  advance  : — pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  shot. — n.  act  of  shooting  :  a 
young  branch. — n.  Shoot'er.  [A.S.  sce- 
otati;  cog.  with  Dut.  schieten,  Ger.  sehies- 
sen,  to  dart.] 

SHOOTENG,  shoot'ing,  n.  act  of  discharg- 
ing firearms  or  an  arrow  :  sensation  of  a 
quick  pain  :  act  or  practice  of  killing 
game. 

SHOOTING-BOX,  shoot'ing  -  boks,  n.  a 
small  house  in  the  country  for  use  in  the 
shooting  season. 

SHOOTING -STAR,  shoot'ing  -  star,  n.  a 
meteor,  so  called  from  its  quick,  darting 
motion. 

SHOP,  shop,  n.  a  building  in  which  goods 
are  sold  by  retail :  a  place  where  me- 
chanics work. — v.i.  to  visit  shops  for  the 
purpose  of  buying: — pr.p.  shopp'ing  ; 
pa.p.  shopped.  [A.S.  sceoppa,  a  treasury 
(influenced  by  O.  Fr.  eschoppe,  a  stall — 
Ger.  schoppen,  a  shed).] 

SHOP-LIFTING,  shop'-lift'ing,  n.,  lifting 
or  stealing  anything  from  a  shop. — n. 
Shop'-lift'ee. 

SHOP-WALKER,  shop'-wawk'er,  n.  one 
who  walks  in  a  shop  or  store  and  sees  the 
customers  attended  to:  in  the  U.  S.,  usu- 
ally termed  a  floor-walker. 

SHORE,  shor,  n.  the  coast  or  land  adjacent 
to  the  sea,  a  river,  or  lake.  [Lit.  the 
place  where  the  land  is  cut  or  broken  off, 
A.S.  score — sceraii,  to  shear,  to  divide.] 

SHORE,  shor,  n.  a  prop  or  support  for  the 
side  of  a  building,  or  to  keep  a  vessel  in 
dock  steady  on  the  slips. — v.t.  to  prop. — 
n.  Shor'er.  [Allied  to  O.  Dut.  sehore, 
and  conn,  with  Sheab.] 

SHORELESS,  shor'les,  adj.  having  no 
shore  or  coast :  of  indefinite  or  unlim- 
ited extent. 

SHORN,  shorn,  pa.p.  of  Shear. 

SHORT,  short,  adj.  (conip.  Short'er,  su- 
perl.  Short'est),  not  long  in  time  or 
space  :  near  at  hand  :  scanty  :  insuffi- 
cient :  narrow  :  abrupt :  brittle. — adv. 
not  long.— n.  Short'ness.— In  short,  in 
a  few  words.  [A.S.  sceort,  cog.  with  O. 
Ger.  seiirz,  prob.  conn,  with  Shear.  The 
Dut.  and  Scand.  hort,  Ger.  kurz,  are  bor- 
rowed from  L.  curtus.    See  Curt.] 

SHORTCOMING,  short'kum-ing,  n.  act  of 
coming  or  falling  short  of  produce  or  re- 
sult :  neglect  of  or  failure  in  duty:  usu- 
ally in  the  plural. 

SHORT-DATED,  short'-dat'ed,  adj.  having 
short  or  little  time  to  run  from  its  date, 
as  a  bill. 

SHORTEN,  short'n,  v.t.  to  make  short :  to 
deprive:  to  make  friable. — v.i.  to  become 
short  or  shorter  :  to  contract. 

SHORTHAND,  short'hand,  n.  an  art  by 
which  v?riting  is  made  shorter  and  eas- 
ier, so  as  to  keep  pace  with  speaking. 

SHORT-LIVED,  short'-Uvd,  adj.,  living  or 
lasting  only  for  a  short  time. 

SHORTLY,  short'li,  adv.  in  a  short  time  : 
in  a  brief  manner  :  quickly  :  soon. 

SHORT-SIGHTED,  short'-slt'ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing sight  extending  but  a  short  distance  : 
unable  to  see  far  :  of  weak  intellect : 
heedless. — n.  Short'-sight'edness. 

SHORT-WINDED,  short' -wind'ed,  adj. 
affected  with  shortness  of  wind  or  breath. 

SHOT,  pa.^  and  pa.jj.  of  Shoot. 

SHOT,  shot,  n.  act  of  shooting :  a  marks- 
man :  a  missile:  flight  of  a  missile  or  the 
distance  passed  by  it :  small  globules  of 
lead  :  (gun.)  solid  projectiles  generally. — 
v.t.  to  load  with  shot  i^pr.p.  shott'ing ; 
pa.p.  shott'ed. 

SHOULD,  shood,  pa.t.  of  Shall.  [A.S. 
sceolde,  pa.t.  of  sceal.    See  Shall.] 

SHOULDER,  shol'der,  n.  the  joint  which 
connects  the  human  arm  or  the  foreleg  of 


a  quadruped  with  the  body :  the  flesh 
and  muscles  about  the  shoulder :  the 
upper  joint  of  the  foreleg  of  an  animal 
cut  for  market :  a  prominence :  {fig.) 
that  which  sustains. — v.t.  to  push  with 
the  shoulder  or  violently  :  to  take  upon 
the  shoulder.  [A.S.  scuidor  ;  Ger.  schul- 
ter,  Dut.  sehouder.] 

SHOULDER-BELT,  shol'der-belt,  n.  a  belt 
that  passes  across  the  shoulder. 

SHOULDER-BLADE,  shol'der-blad,  n.  the 
broad,  flat,  Wade-like  bone  of  the  shoul- 
der. 

SHOULDER-KNOT,  shol'der-not,  n.  a  knot 
worn  as  an  ornament  on  the  shoulder. 

SHOUT,  showt,  n.  a  loud  and  sudden  out- 
cry of  joy,  triumph,  or  courage. — v.i.  to 
utter  a  shout. — v.t.  to  utter  with  a  shout: 
to  cry. — n.  Shout'er.  [Either  merely 
imitative,  or  a  by-form  of  SCOUT,  as  being 
the  sentinel's  challenge.] 

SHOVE,  shuv,  v.t.  to  drive  along  :  to  push 
before  one. — v.i.  to  push  forward:  to  push 
off. — u.  act  of  shoving  :  a  push.  [A.S. 
sceofan,  cog.  with  Dut.  schuiven,  Ger. 
schteben.] 

SHOVEL,  shuv'l,  n.  an  instrument  with  a 
broad  blade,  and  a  handle  for  shoving  and 
lifting. — v.t.  to  lift  up  and  throw  with  a 
shovel :  to  gather  in  large  quantities. — 
v.i.  to  use  a  shovel  -.—pr.p.  shov'elling  ; 
pa.t.  SLuApa.p.  shov'elled.  [From  Shove; 
cog.  with  Ger.  schaufel.} 

SHOW,  sho,  v.t.  to  present  to  view  :  to 
enable  to  perceive  or  know  :  to  inform  : 
to  teach:  to  guide:  to  prove:  to  explain: 
to  bestow.  —  v.i.  to  appear  :  to  look : — 
pa.p.  shown  or  showed. — n.  act  of  show- 
ing :  display  :  a  sight  or  spectacle  :  par- 
ade: appearance:  plausibility:  pretence. 
— n.  Show'er.  [A.S.  sceawian ;  Dut. 
schouwen,  Ger.  scliauen,  Goth,  v^-scav- 
jan  :  probably  allied  to  See.] 

SHOWBILL,  sho'bil,  n.  a  bill  for  shomng 
or  advertising  the  price,  merits,  etc.,  of 
goods. 

SHOWBREAD,  sho'bred,  n.  among  the 
Jews,  the  twelve  loaves  of  bread  shown 
or  presented  before  the  Lord  in  the  sanc- 
tuary. 

SHOWER,  show'er,  n.  a  fall  of  rain  or 
hail,  of  short  duration  :  a  copious  and 
rapid  fall. — v.t.  to  wet  with  rain :  to 
bestow  liberally. — v.i.  to  rain  in  showers. 
[A.S.  scur ;  Ice.  skur,  O.  Ger.  scur  (Ger. 
schauer):  perh.  orig.  sig.  "  a  raincloud."] 

SHOWERY,  show'er-i,  adj.  abounding 
with  showers. 

SHOWY,  sho'i,  adj.  making  a  show  :  cut- 
ting a  dash  :  ostentatious  :  gay. — adv. 
Show'ily.— M.  Show'iness. 

SHRAPNEL,  shrap'nel,  n.  (gun.)  a  shell 
filled  with  musket-balls,  called  after  its 
inventor.  Col.  Shrapnel. 

SHRED,  shred,  n.  a  long,  narrow  piece  cut 
or  torn  off  :  a  strip  or  fragment. — v.t.  to 
cut  or  tear  into  shreds.  [A.S.  screade ; 
Ger.  sohrot,  Scot,  screed.] 

SHREW,  shroo,  n.  a  brawling,  trouble- 
some woman  :  a  scold.  [Prob.  closely 
connected  with  Dut.  schreeuwen.  Low 
Ger.  schrauen.  Ger.  schreien,  to  brawl.] 

SHREWD,  shrood,  adj.  of  an  acute  juclg- 
ment  :  (obs.)  malicious,  wicked,  cunning. 
—  adv.  Shrewd'ly.  —  n.  Shrewd'ness. 
[Lit.  "  having  the  nature  of  a  shrew."] 

SHREWISH,  shroo'ish,  adj.  having  the 
qualities  of  a  shrew:  peevish  and  trouble- 
some :  clamorous. — adv.  Shrew'ishly. — 
— n.  Shrew'ishness. 

SHREWMOUSE,  shroo'mows,  n.  a  harm- 
less little  animal  like  the  mouse,  which 
burrows  in  the  ground.  [A.S.  screatva, 
and  Mouse.] 

SHREW-STRUCK,  shroo'-struk,  adj.  poi- 
soned or  otherwise  harmed  by  what  was 
formerly  believed  to  be  the   vemomous 


bite    or    contact    of   a    shrew-moua*.— • 
Kingeley. 

SHRIEK,  shrek,  v.i.  to  utter  a  shriek  :  to 
scream. — »i.  the  shrill  outcry  caused  by 
terror  or  anguish.  [Ice.  skrika.  See 
Scream  and  Screech.] 

SHRIEVALTY,  shrev'al-ti,  n.  same  aa 
Sheriffalty  in  England  and  the  Donua- 
ion  of  Canada. 

SHRIFT,  shrift,  n.  confession  made  to  a 
priest :  absolution — especially  of  a  dying 
man.     [From  Shrive.] 

SHRIKE,  shrik,  Ji.  a  bird  which  preys  on 
insects  and  small  birds,  impaling  its  prey 
on  thorns,  hence  called  the  Butcher  Bird. 
[Lit.  the  "  shrieking "  bird,  Ice.  skrikja, 
Cf.  Shriek.] 

SHRILL,  shril,  adj.  piercing  :  sharp  :  ut- 
tering an  acute  sound. — adv.  Shril'lt. — 
n.  Shrill'ness.  [Allied  to  Low  Grer. 
schrell,  Ger.  schrill,  and  conn,  with  Gfer. 
schreien,  to  cry.] 

SHRIMP,  shrimp,  n.  a,  small  shellfish,  about 
two  inches  long,  much  esteemed  as  food. 
[Prov.  E.  shrimp,  anything  very  small ; 
conn,  with  A.S.  scrymman,  to  wither,  and 
Ger.  schrumpfen,  to  shrivel.] 

SHRINE,  shrin,  n.  a  place  in  which  sacred 
things  are  deposited  :  a  sacred  place  :  an 
altar. — v.t.  to  enshrine.  [Lit.  "a  chest 
for  written  papers,"  A.S.  serin,  O.  Fr. 
escrin — L.  scrinium — scribo,  to  write.] 

SHRINK,  shringk,  v.i.  to  contract  :  to 
wither  :  to  occupj'  less  space  :  to  become 
wrinkled  by  contraction  :  to  recoil,  as 
from  fear,  disgust,  etc. — v.t.  to  cause  to 
shrink  or  contract: — pa.t.shrank,  shrunk; 
pa.p.  shrunk,  shrunk'en.  —  n.  act  cf 
shrinking  :  contraction  :  withdrawal  or 
recoil.  [A.S.  scrinean  ;  akin  to  Ger. 
schrdnken,  to  place  obliquely  or  cross- 
wise :  perh.  also  conn,  with  SHRUG.] 

SHRIVE,  shriv,  v.t.  to  hear  a  confession.— 
v.i.  to  receive  confession  (said  of  a  priest): 
— pa.t.  shrove  or  shrived  ;  pa.p.  shriv'en. 
[A.S.  scrifan,  to  write,  to  prescribe  pen- 
ance — L.  scribo.] 

SHRIVEL,  shriv'l,  v.i.  and  v.t.  to  contract 
into  wrinkles  : — pr.p.  shriv'elling  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.j}.  shriv'elled.  [Ety.  dub.  ;  perh. 
conn,  with  A.S.  screpa.  to  become  dry, 
and  obs.  E.  rivel,  to  shrink,  to  wither.] 

SHROUD,  shrowd,  n.  the  dress  of  the  dead: 
that  which  clothes  or  covers  :—pl.  a  set 
of  ropes  from  the  mast-heads  to  a  ship's 
sides,  to  support  the  masts. — v.t.  to  in- 
close in  a  shroud  :  to  cover  :  to  hide  :  to 
shelter.  [A.S.  scrud,  cog.  with  Ice. 
skrudh,  clothing.] 

SHROVE-TIDE,  shrov'-tid,  n.  the  time  at 
which  confession  used  to  be  made,  the 
time  immediately  before  Lent.  —  n. 
Sheove-Tues'day,  the  day  before  Ash- 
Wednesday.  [M.E.  schrof  (pa.t.  of 
schriven) — A.S.  scraf  (pa.t.  of  scrifan). 
See  Shrive  and  Tide.] 

SHRUB,  shrub,  n.  a  low,  dwarf  tree :  a 
woody  plant  with  several  stems  from  the 
same  root.  [A.S.  scrobb,  perh.  conn. 
with  prov.  E.  shruff,  light  rubbish  wood, 
and  with  the  root  of  Shrivel.] 

SHRUB,  shrub,  n.  a  drink  or  liquor  ot 
lemon-juice,  spirit,  sugar,  and  water.  [A 
corr.  of  Sherbet.] 

SHRUBBERY,  slirub'er-i,  n.  a  collection 
of  shrubs. 

SHRUBBY,  shrub'i,  ady.  full  of  shrubs: 
like  a  shrub  :  consisting  of  shrubs  or 
brush. 
SHRUG,  shrug,  v.t.  to  draw  up  :  to  con- 
tract.— v.i.  to  draw  up  the  shoulders  : 
— pr.2}.  shrugg'ing  :  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
shrugged.  —  n.  a  drawing  up  of  the 
shoulders.  [Ety.  dub. ;  perh.  conn,  with 
Shrink.] 
SHRUNK,  pa. <.  and  pa.p.  of  Shrink. 


SHUDDER 


394 


SILK 


SHUDDER,  shud'er,  v.i.  to  tremble  from 
fear  or  horror. — n.  a  trembling  from  fear 
or  horror.  [Dut.  schuddern,  schudden, 
Grcr.  scluuuiern,  to  shudder.] 

SHUFFLE,  shuf'l,  v.t.  to  change  the  posi- 
tions of  :  to  confuse  :  to  remove  or  intro- 
duce by  purposed  confusion. — v.i.  to 
change  the  order  of  cards  in  a  pack  :  to 
shift  ground  :  to  evade  fair  questions  : 
to  move  by  shoving  the  feet  along. — n. 
act  of  shuffling  :  an  evasion  or  artifice. — 
n.  Shuff'ler.  [A  by-form  of  Scuffle, 
thus  conn,  with  Shote  and  Shovel.] 

SHUN,  shun,  i\t.  to  avoid:  to  keep  clear 
of :  to  neglect  -.—pr.}).  shunn'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.f).  shunned.  [A.S.  scunian,  sceo- 
nian  :  akin  to  Dut.  schuinen,  to  slope.] 

SHUNT,  shunt,  v.t.  to  turn  off  upon  a 
siderail,  as  cars  in  a  railroad  yard. — n, 
the  British  name  for  a  short  siderail  for 
allowing  the  main-line  to  be  kept  free. — 
7i.  Shunt'ing.  [M.  E.  shunten;  a  form 
of  Shun.] 

SHUT,  shut,  v.t.  to  close,  as  a  door  :  to 
forbid  entrance  into :  to  contract  or 
close. — v.i.  to  close  itself: — pf-p.  shutt'- 
ing;  pa.t.  a.n6.pa.p.  shut.  [A.S.  seyttan, 
conn,  with  Shoot,  from  the  shooting 
forward  of  the  bar.] 

8HUTTEE,  shut'er,  n.  one  who  or  that 
which  shuts :  a  close  cover  for  a  win- 
dowor  aperture. 

SHUTTER,  shut'er,  v.t.  to  provide,  pro- 
tect, or  cover  over  with  a  shutter  or 
shutters.  "The  school-house  windows 
were  all  shuttered  up." — T.  Hughes. 

SHUTTLE,  shut'l,  n.  an  instrument  used 
for  shooting  the  thread  of  the  woof  be- 
tween the  threads  of  the  warp  in  weav- 
ing. [A.S.  scytel,  sceathel — seeotan,  E. 
Shoot  ;  cog.  with  Dan.  and  Sw.  skyttel.] 

SHUTTLECOCK,  shut'1-kok,  n.  a  cork 
stuck  with  feathers,  like  a  cock,  shot, 
struck,  or  driven  with  a  battledore. 

SHY,  shi.  adj.  timid  :  reserved  :  cautious  : 
suspicious.  —  v.i.  to  start  aside,  as  a 
horse  from  fear: — pa.t.  and  pa.p.  shied. 
— adv.  Shy'ly  or  Shi'lt. — n.  Sht'ness. 
[A.S.  sceoh  :  Grer.  scheu.] 

SIBILANT,  sib'i-lant,  adj.  making  a  hissing 
sound. — n.  a  sibilant  letter.  [L.  sibilo, 
to  hiss.] 

SIBILATION,  sib-i-la'shun,  n.  a  hissing 
sound. 

SIBYL,  sib'il,  n.  (lit.)  she  that  tells  the 
will  of  Zeus  or  Jupiter  :  a  pagan  proph- 
etess. [L. — Gr.  Sibylla,  Doric  Gr.  sio- 
bolla — 3ios,  Doric  Sios,  genitive  of  Zeus, 
and  boule,  Doric  holla,  counsel.] 

SIBYLLINE,  sib'il-In,  adj.  pertaining  to, 
uttered,  or  written  by  sibyls :  prophetical. 

SICK,  sik,  adj.  affected  with  disease  :  ill : 
inclined  to  vomit:  disgusted:  used  by  the 
sick.— n.  Sick'ness,  pi.  (B.)  Sick'nesses, 
diseases.  [A.S.  sioc;  Ger.  siech,  Goth. 
siuks.] 

SICKEN,  sik'n,  v.t.  to  make  sick:  to  disgust. 
— v.i.  to  become  sick :  to  be  disgusted  ; 
to  become  disgusting  or  tedious  :  to  be- 
come weak. 

SICKISH,  sik'ish,  adj.  somewhat  sick.  — 
adv.  SiCK'iSHLY. — n.  Sick'Ishness. 

SICKLE,  sik'l,  n.  a  hooked  instrument  for 
cutting  grain.  [A.S.  sicel;  Ger.  sichel. 
Low  Ger.  sekel ;  all  from  a  rustic  L.  secula 
— seeo,  to  cut.] 

SICKLY,  sik'li,  adj.  inclined  to  sickness : 
unhealthy :  somewhat  sick  :  weak :  lan- 

Siid  :  producing  disease. — n.  Sick'liness. 
E,  sid,  n.  the  edge  or  border  of  anything: 
the  surface  of  a  solid  :  a  part  of  a  thing 
as  seen  by  the  eye  :  region  :  part :  the 
part  of  an  animal  between  the  hip  and 
shoulder :  any  party,  interest,  or  opinion 
opposed  to  "another :  faction :  line  of 
descent. — adj.  being  on  or  toward  the 
side  :  lateral :  indirect. — v.i.  to  embrace 


the  opinion  or  cause  of  one  party  against 
another.  [A.S.  side,  cog.  with  Ice.  sida, 
Grer.  seite.'] 

SIDEARMS,  sld'armz,  n.pl.,  arms  or  weap- 
ons worn  on  the  side,  as  a  sword  or 
bayonet. 

SIDfiBOAJRD,  sid'bord,  n.  a  piece  of  furni- 
ture on  one  side  of  a  dining-room  for 
holding-  dishes,  etc. 

SIDEBOX,  sid'boks,  n.  a  box  or  seat  at  the 
side  of  a  theatre. 

SIDED,  sid'ed,  adj.  having  a  side. 

SIDELING,  sid'ling,  adj.  inclining  to  a 
side  :  sloping. 

SIDELONG,  sid'long.  adj.  oblique :  not 
straight. — adv.  in  the  direction  of  the 
side  :  obliquely. 

SIDEREAL,  sl-de're-al,  adj.  relating  to  a 
star  or  stars :  starrv :  {astr.)  measured 
by  the  apparent  motion  of  the  stars.  [L. 
sidus,  sideris,  a  star.] 

SIDE-SADDLE,  sid'-sad'l,  n.  a  saddle  for 
women. 

SIDE-SLIP,  sld'-slip,  n.  an  illegitimate 
chUd.  "This  side-slip  oi  a  son  that  he 
kept  in  the  dark." — George  Eliot :  a  divis- 
ion at  the  side  of  the  stage  of  a  theatre, 
where  the  scenerv  is  slipped  off  and  on. 

SIDEWAYS,  sid'waa,  SIDEWISE,  sid'wiz, 
adv.  toward  or  on  one  side  :  inclining : 
laterally. 

SIDING,  sid'ing,  n.  a  short  line  of  track  on 
which  i-ailroad  cars  are  shunted  or 
switched  off  from  the  main  line. 

SIDLE,  srdl,  v.i.  to  go  or  move  sic?€-fore- 
most. 

SIEGE,  sej,  n.  a  sitting  down  with  an  army 
round  or  before  a  fortified  place  to  take 
it  by  force  :  a  continued  endeavor  to  ^ain 
possession.  [Orig.  a  "seat,"  Fr.  stege, 
seat  (It.  seggia,  sedia) — L.  sedes,  a  seat 
— sedeo,  E.  Sit.] 

SIENNA,  si-en'a.  7i.  a  fine  orange-red  pig- 
ment used  in  painting.  [From  SlEliNA  in 
Italy.] 

SIERRA,  se-er'ra,  n.  a  ridge  of  mountains, 
the  summits  of  which  resemble  the. teeth 
of  a  saw  :  the  name  given  to  various 
peaks  and  ranges  in  the  American  Cor- 
dilleras ;  as  Sierra  Madre,  Sierra  Nevada, 
etc.     [Sp.,  from  L.  serra,  a  saw.] 

SIESTA,  si-es'ta,  n.  a  short  sleep  taken 
about  midday  or  after  dinner.  [Sp. — L. 
sexta  (hora),  the  sixth  (hour)  after  sun- 
rise, the  hour  of  noon.] 

SIEVE,  siv,  n.  a  vessel  with  a  bottom  of 
woven  hair  or  wire  to  separate  the  fine 
part  of  anything  from  the  coarse.  [A.S. 
sife;  cog.' with  Ger.  sieb.  Sift  is  a  de- 
rivative.] 

SIFT,  sift,  v.t.  to  separate  with  or  as  with 
a,  sieve:  to  examine  closely. — n.  Sift'er. 
[A.S.  siftan — sife  (see  Sieve)  ;  cog.  with 
Ger.  sichteix.'] 

SIGH,  si,  v.i.  to  inhale  and  respire  with  a 
long,  deep,  and  audible  breathing,  as  in 
grief:  to  sound  like  sighing. — v.t.  to  ex- 
press by  sighs. — n.  a  long,  deep,  audible 
respiration.  [A.S.  sican:  from  the  sound.] 

SIGHT,  sit,  n.  act  of  seeing  :  \new  :  faculty 
of  seeing :  that  which  is  seen  :  a  spec- 
tacle :  space  within  vision  :  examination: 
a  small  opening  for  looking  through  at 
objects  :  a  piece  of  metal  on  a  gun  to 
guide  the  eye  in  taking  aim. — v.t.  to 
catch  sight  of.  [A.S.  ge-siht ;  O.  Gfer. 
siht,  Ger.  sicht,  from  root  of  See.] 

SIGHTED,  sit'ed,  adj.  having  sight. 

SIGHTLESS,  sltles,  adj.  wanting  sight: 
blind. —adr.  Sight'lessly.  —  )i.  Sight'- 

UESSNESS 

SIGHTLY,  sit'li,  adj.  pleasing  to  the  sight 
or  eve  :  comely. — n.  Sight'likess. 

SIGN,'  sin,  ?!.,  mark,  token:  proof:  that 
by  which  a  thing  is  known  or  repre- 
sented :  a  word,  gesture,  or  mark,  in- 
tended   to    signify    something   else  :    a 


remarkable  event :  an  omen  .  a  miracle ; 
a  memorial :  something  set  up  as  a  notice 
in  a  public  place  :  {math.)  a  mark  show- 
ing the  relation  of  quantities  or  an  opera- 
tion to  be  performed  :  (med.)  a  symptom  : 
(astr.)  one  of  the  twelve  parts  of  the 
zodiac. — v.t.  to  represent  or  make  known 
bv  a  sign  :  to  attach  a  signature  to.  [Fr. 
slgne — L.  signum.] 

SIGNAL,  sig'nal,  n.  a  sign  for  giving  no- 
tice,  generally  at  a  distance  :  token  :  the 
notice  given.— r.f.  and  v.i.  to  make  sig- 
nals to  :  to  convey  by  signals  : — pr.jj. 
sig'nalling  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  sig'nalled. — 
adj.  having  a  sign  :  remarkable:  notable  : 
eminent.— «.  Sig'nalling. — adv.  Sig'xal- 
LY.     FFr.] 

SIGNALIZE,  sig'nal-iz,  v.t.  to  make  signal 
or  eminent :  to  signal. 

SIGNATURE,  sig'na-tur,  n.  a,  sign  or  mark : 
the  name  of  a  person  written  by  himself : 
(music)  the  flats  and  sharps  after  the  clef 
to  show  the  key.  [Fr. — Low  L.  signa- 
tura.] 

SIGNBOARD,  sln'bord,  n.  a  board  with  a 
sign  telling  a  man's  occupation  or  ar- 
ticles for  sale. 

SIGNET,  sig'net,  n.  a  private-seal :  (B.)  a 
seal.   JFrom  Sign.] 

SIGNIFICANCE,  sig-nif'i-kans,  n.  that 
which  is  signified:  meaning:  import- 
ance :    moment. 

SIGNIFTCANT,  sig-nif'i-kant,  adj.,  signify- 
ing:  expressive  oi'  something:  standing 
as  a  si^n. — adv.  Signif'icantly. 

SIGNIFICATION,  sig-ni-fi-ka'shun,  n.  act 
of  signifying  :  that  which  is  signified : 
meaning.     

SIGNIFICATIVE,  sig-nif  i-kat'iv,  adj.,  sig- 
nifying: denoting  by  a  sign:  having 
meaning :   expressive. 

SIGNIFY,  sig'ni-fl,  v.t.  to  make  known  by 
a  sign  or  by  words  :  to  mean  :  to  indicate 
or  declare  :  to  have  consequence  -.—^pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  sig'nifXed.  [L.  signiflco,  -atus 
— sig)Uim,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

SIGNIOR,  SIGNOR,  sen'yur,  n.  an  Italian 
word  of  address  equivalent  to  Sir,  Mr. 
[It.  signore.    See  Seignior.] 

SIGN-MANUAL,  sin-man'u-al,  n.  (lit.)  a 
sign  made  by  one's  own  hatui :  the  sig- 
nature of  a  sovereign,  usually  only  the 
initial, with  R.  for  Sex  (L.  "king"),  or 
Regina  (L.  "queen").  [Sign  and  Man- 
ual.] 

SIGNORA,  sen-yo'ra,  ?i.  feminine  of  SiGNOR. 

SIGNPOS'T,  siii'post,  n.  a  post  on  which 
a  sign  is  hung :  a  direction-post. 

SILENCE,  si'lens,  n.  state  of  being  silent : 
absence  of  sound  or  speech  :  muteness  : 
cessation  of  agitation:  calmness:  obli\-ion. 
— v.t.  to  cause  to  be  silent:  to  put  to  rest: 
to  stop. — int.  be  silent  ! 

SILENT,  silent,  adj.  free  from  noise  :  not 
speaking:  habitually  taciturn  :  stUl:  not 
pronounced. — adv.  Si'lently.  [L.  silens, 
-entis,  pr.p.  of  sileo,  to  be  sOent.] 

SILEX,  si'leks,  n.,  silica,  as  found  in  nature, 
occurring  as  flint,  quartz,  rock-crystal, 
etc.     [L.  silex,  .■nlieis,  flint.] 

SILHOUETTE,  sil'oo-et,  n.  a  shadow-out- 
line of  the  human  figure  or  profile  filled 
in  of  a  dark  color.  [From  Silhouette,  a 
French  minister  of  finance  in  1759.  after 
whom  everything  cheap  was  named,  from 
his  excessive  economy  in  financial  mat- 
ters.] 

SILICA,  sil'i-ka,  n.  pure  sHex  or  flint,  the 
most  abundant  soUd  constituent  of  our 
globe. 

SILICEOUS,  SILICIOUS,  si-lish'us,  adj. 
pertaining  to,  containing,  or  resembling 
.filex  or  flint. 

SILK,  sUk,  n.  the  delicate,  soft  thread  pro- 
duced  by  certain  caterpillars  :  thread  or 
cloth  woven  from  it. — adj.  pertaining  to 
or  consisting  of  silk.     [A.S.  seolc — L.  ser- 


SILKEN 


395 


SINGSONG 


icum—Gr.  serikon,  neut.  of  adj.  Serikos, 
pertaining-  to  the  Seres — Ser,  a  native  of 
Cliina,  whence  silk  was  first  obtained.] 

SILKEN.  sOk'n,  adj.  made  of  silk  :  dressed 
in  silk  :  resembling  silk  :  soft :  delicate. 

SILK-MERCER,  silk'-mer'ser,  n.  a  mercer 
or  dealer  in  silks. 

SILK-WEAVER,  silk'-wev'er,  n.  a  iveaver 
of  silk  stuffs. 

SILKWORM,  silk'wurm,  n.  the  inorm  or 
caterpillar  which  produces  siVc. 

SILKY,  silk'i,  adj.  like  silk  in  texture:  soft: 
smooth:  glossy. — n.  Silk'iness. 

SILL,  sil,  n.  the  timber  or  stone  at  the  foot 
of  a  door  or  window:  the  lowest  piece  in 
a  window-frame.  [A.S.  syll,  cog.  with 
Ice.  si/lla,  Ger.  schwelle,  conn,  with 
Swell.] 

SILLABUB,  sil'a-bub,  n.  a  liquor  made 
of  wine  or  cider  mixed  with  milk  and 
sweetened.  [Perh.  from  slabbering  it  up 
quickly.] 

SILLY,  sil'i,  adj.  simple  :  harmless  :  fool- 
ish :  witless  :  imprudent :  absurd  :  stu- 
pid.—adv.  Sill'ily.— ?i.  Slll'iness.  [Orig. 
"  happy,"  "blessed."  and  so  "innocent," 
"simple,"  A.S.  scelig :  cog.  with  Ger. 
selig,  and  Goth.  sels.  good.] 

SILT,  silt.  n.  that  which  is  left  by  strain^ 
ing  :  sediment  :  the  sand,  etc.,"  left  by 
water.  [Prov.  E.  siie,  allied  to  Low  Ger. 
sielen,  Sw.  sila,  to  let  water  off,  to 
strain.] 

SILURIAN,  si-loo'ri-an,  adj.  belonging  to 
Sihiria,  the  country  of  the  Silures,  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  part  of  Wales  and 
England  :  applied  to  the  strata  below 
the  old  red  sandstone,  which  are  found 
best  developed  in  that  district. 

SILVAN,  sil'van,  adj.  pertaining  to  ti-oods  ; 
woody:  inhabiting  woods.  [Fr. — L.  silva; 
cf.  Gr.  hyU,  a  wood.] 

SILVER,  sil'ver,  n.  a  soft  white  metal, 
capable  of  a  liigh  polish  :  money  made 
of  silver  :  anything  having  the  appear- 
ance of  silver.— ad;',  made  of  silver  :  re- 
sembling silver:  white:  bright:  precious: 
gentle. — v.t.  to  cover  with  silver:  to 
make  like'  silver  :  to  make  smooth  and 
bright :  to  make  silverj-.  [A.S.  silfer, 
scolfer,  cog.  with  Ice.  silfr,  and  (Jer.  .5)7- 
ber'.] 

SILVERING,  sil'ver-ing,  n.  the  operation 
of  covering  with  silver:  the  silver  so  used. 

SILVERLING,  sil'ver-ling,  n.  {B.)  a  small 
silver  coin. 

SILVERSMITH,  sil'ver-smith,  ?i.  a  .-onifh 
who  works  in  silver. 

SILVERY,  sil'ver-i,  adj.  covered  with  sil- 
ver :  resembling  silver :  white  :  clear, 
soft,  mellow. 

SIMILAR,  sim'i-lar,  adj.,  like:  resembling: 
uniform  :  (geom.)  exactly  corresponding 
in  shape,  without  regard  to  size. — adv. 
Sim'ilarly.— re.  Similae'ity.  [Fr.  sinii- 
laire — L.  similis,  like,  same.] 

SIMILE,  sim'l-Ie,  n.  something  siviilar : 
similitude  :  (rhet.)  a  comparison  to  illus- 
trate anvthing. 

SIAHLITUDE.  si-mil'i-tud,  n.  the  state  of 
being-  similar  or  like  :  resemblance:  eom- 

Earison  :  simile  :  (B.)  a  parable.  [Fr.— 
..  similitude.] 

SIMIOUS,  sim'i-us,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
resembling  an  ape  or  vionkey :  monkey- 
like.  [From  L.  simius,  an  ape — simus, 
flat-nosed.] 

SIMMER,  sim'er,  v.i.  to  boil  with  a  gentle, 
hissing  sound.     [From  the  sound.] 

SIMONIAC,  si-mo'ni-ak,  n.  one  guilty  of 
simony. 

SIMONIACAL,  sim-o-ni'ak-al.  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  guiltj'  of,  or  involving  simony. 

SIMONY,  sim'on-i,  ?!.  the  crime  of  bujnng 
or  selling  ecclesiastical  preferment,  so 
named  from  Simon  Magus  who  thought 


to  purchase  the  gift  of  the  Holy  Spirit 

with  monev.  Acts  viii. 

SIMOOM,  si-moom'.  SIMOON,  si-moon',  ?!. 
a  destructive  hot  wind  which  blows  in 
Northern  Africa  and  Arabia  and  the  ad- 
jacent countries  from  the  interior  des- 
erts.    [Ar.  setnum — semm.  to  poison.] 

SIMPER,  sini'per,  v.i.  to  smile  in  a  silly 
affected  manner. — )!.  a  silly  or  affected 
smile.     [Prob.  conn,  with  Simmer.] 

SIMPLE,  sim'pl,  adj.  single  :  undivided  : 
resisting  decomposition  :  elementary  : 
homogeneous  :  open  :  vmaffected  :  un- 
desig-ning  :  true  :  clear  :  straightforward: 
artless  :  guileless  :  unsuspecting  :  cred- 
ulous :  not  cunning:  weak  in  intellect  : 
silly. — n.  something  not  mixed  or  com- 
pounded :  a  medicinal  herb.  [Lit.  "one- 
fold," Fr. — L.  simplus — sim-  (L.  semel, 
Gr.  hama,  Sans,  sam),  once,  and  root  of 
plico,  to  fold.] 

SIMPLENESS,  sim'pl-nes,  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  simple  :  artlessness  : 
simplicity' :  follj-. 

SIMPLETON, sim'pl-tun, 71.  a simt)?e person: 
a  weak  or  foolish  person. 

SIMPLICITY,  sim-plis'i-ti.  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  simple  :  singleness  : 
want  of  complication  :  openness  :  clear- 
ness :  freedom  from  excessive  adorn- 
ment :  plainness  :  sincerity  :  artlessness  : 
credulity,  silliness,  follv.  [L.  simplicitas.] 

SIMPLIFY,  sim'pli-fl,  v.'t.  to  make  simple  : 
to  render  less  difficult :  to  make  plain : 
— pa.t.  and  pa.p.  sini'plified. — n.  .Simpli- 
fica'tion.  [!•.  simj^ilex,  simple,  and/acto, 
to  make.] 

SIMPLY,  sim'pli,  adv.  in  a  simple  manner  : 
artlessly  :  foolishly  :  weakly  :  plainly  : 
considered  by  itself  :  alone  :  merely  : 
solelv. 

SIMULACRUM,  sim-u-la'krura.  n.  that 
which  is  made  like,  or  formed  in  the  like- 
ness of  any  object :  an  image  :  a  form  : 
hence,  a  mere  resemblance  as  op|Xised  to 
realitv.  Thackeray.     [L.] 

SIMULATE,  sim'u-lat,  v.t.  to  imitate  :  to 
counterfeit :  to  pretend  :  to  assume  the 
appearance  of  without  the  reality. — n. 
Sim'ulator.  [L.  simulatus.  pa.p.  of 
simtilo,  to  make  (something)  similar  to 
(another  thing) — similis.  like.] 

SIMUL.-VTION,  sim-u-la'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  simulating  or  putting  on  what  is  not 
true. 

SIMULTANEOUS,  sim -ul  -  tan'e-us,  adj. 
acting,  existing,  or  happening-  at  the 
sametiine. — adv.  SiiruLTAN'EOCSLY.  [Lew 
L.  simidtaneus — L.  simid,  at  the  same 
time,  akin  to  similis.  like.] 

SIN,  sin,  )(.  willful  violation  of  law  :  neg- 
lect of  duty  :  neglect  of  the  laws  of  mo- 
rality and  religion:  wickedness:  iniquity. 
— v.i.  to  commit  sin  :  to  violate  or  neg- 
lect the  laws  of  morality  or  religion  :  to 
do  wrong  •.—pr.p.  sinn'ing ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.2^.  sinned.  [A.S.  .^ynn,  cog.  with  Ice. 
syn-d,  Ger.  sfinde:  prob.  from  a  root  seen 
in  Goth,  sunja,  truth,  and  syn-jon.  to 
vindicate  (both  from  sun-is,  true),  also  in 
Ice.  sy7i,  denial.  Prob.  it  thus  orig.  meant 
"  a  thing  to  be  cleared  up  or  accounted 
for,"  "  an  act  as  to  which  one  must  just- 
ify one's  self,"  "  a  deed  involving  i-espon- 
sibility  or  guilt."  hence  "  a  crime."] 

SINCE,  sins,  adv.  from  the  time  that : 
past  :  ago. — prep,  after  :  from  the  time 
of. — conj.  seeing  that :  because  :  consid- 
ering. [M.E.  sin.  sith.  sithence :  A.S. 
sith-than.  lit.  "  after  that."  from  sith, 
late  (Ger.  seit),  and  than,  dative  case  of 
the  article.] 

SINCERE,  sin-ser'.  adj.  clean  :  pure  :  (B.) 
unadulterated  :  being  in  reality  what  it 
is  in  appearance:  imfeigned  :  frank: 
honest  :  true. — adv.  Sincere'LY.  [Ti\ — 
L.  sincerus,  clean,  generally  derived  from 


sine,  -without,  and  cera,  wax:  better  from 
sim-.  single,  and  the  root  of  Ger.  schier, 
E.  Sheer.    See  Simple,  Single.] 

SINCERITY,  sin-ser'i-ti,  n.  state  or  quality 
of  being  sincere  :  honesty  of  mind  :  free- 
dom from  jjretence. 

SINCIPUT,  sin'si-put,  n.  the  forepart  oi 
the  head  from  tlie  forehead  to  the  Ter- 
tex.  [L.,  lit.  "  half  a  head  '" — se^ni,  half, 
and  caput,  the  head.] 

SINE,  sin,  n.  a  straight  line  drawn  from 
one  exti-emity  of  an  arc  perpendicular  to 
the  diameter  that  passes  through  the 
other  extremity.     [L.  sinus,  a  cui-ve.] 

SINECURE,  si'ne-kur,  n.  an  ecclesiastical 
benefice  tcithout  the  cui-e  or  care  of 
souls  :  an  office  with  salary  but  -without 
work. — n.  Si'n^curist,  one"  who  holds  a 
sinecure.  [L.  sine,  without,  and  cura, 
carej 

SINEW,  sin'u,  n.  that  which  joins  a  mus- 
cle to  a  bone,  a  tendon  :  muscle,  nerve  : 
that  which  supplies  vigor. — v.t.  to  bind 
a-s  by  sinews  :  to  strengthen.  [A.S. 
sinu.  cog.  with  Ice.  .sin,  Ger.  .se/iree.J 

SINE^^^^  sin'u-i,  adj.  furnished  with  sin- 
ews :  consisting  of,  belonging  to.  or  re- 
sembling sinews  ;  strong  :  vigorous. 

SINFUL,  sin'fool.  adj.  full  of  or  tainted 
with  sin  :  iniquitous  :  wicked  :  depraved: 
criminal:  unholv. — adv.  SiS'FrLLY. — /i. 
Snc'FCLXESS. 

SING,  sing,  v.i.  to  utter  melodious  sounds: 
to  make  a  small,  shrill  sound  :  to  relate 
in  verse.— To  SISG  small,  to  adopt  a 
humble  tone  :  to  assume  the  demeanor  of 
a  conquered,  inferior,  or  timid  person:  to 
play  a  very  subordinate  or  insignificant 
part.  "  I  must  myself  sing  small  in  her 
company." — Richardson.^  v.t.  to  utter 
musically  :  to  chant  :  to  celebrate  or  re-' 
late  in  verse  : — ^jn.f.  sang  or  sung  :  pa.ju' 
sung.  [A.S.  .siiigan,  cog.  with  Ger.  sin- 
gen, Goth,  siggvan  :  cf.  Gael.  sein7i.  Sans. 
svan.] 

SINGE,  sinj,  v.t.  to  burn  on  the  surface  :  to 
scorch  : — jyr.p.  singe'ing- :  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
singed. — n.  a  burning  of  the  surface  :  .1 
slight  burn.  [M.E.  sengen  (cog.  -snth 
Ger.  sengen) — A.S.  be-sengan,  the  causa- 
tive of  Sing,  from  the  singing  noise  pro- 
duced by  scorching.] 

SINGER,  sing'er.  n.  one  who  sings  :  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  sing. 

SINGING,  sing-'ing,  n.  the  act  or  art  of 
singing. 

SINGING-MASTER,  sing-ing-mas'ter,  n.  a 
master  who  teaches  singing. 

SINGLE,  sing'gl.  adj.  consisting  of  one 
only  :  individual  :  separate  :  alone  :  un- 
married: not  combined  with  others  :  un- 
mixed :  liaving  one  only  on  each  side  : 
straightforward  :  sincere  :  simple  :  pure. 
— v.t.  to  separate  :  to  choose  one  from 
others  :  to  select  from  a  number.  [L. 
sin-gulus,  one  to  each,  separate,  akin  to 
setn-el,  once,  Gr.  ham-a.  See  Simple. 
Sincere.] 

SINGLE-HEARTED,  sing'gl-hart'ed,  adj. 
having  a  single  or  sincere  heart:  withoiit 
duplicitv. 

SINGLE-MINDED,  sing'gl  -  mind'ed,  adj. 
having  a  single  or  sincere  mind:  upright. 

SINGLENESS,  sing'gl-nes,  n.  state  of  beings 
single  or  alone  :  freedom  from  deceit  : 
sinceritv  :  simplicitv. 

SINGLESTICK,  sing'gl-stik,  ?i.  a,  single  stick 
or  cudgel  used  in  fighting :  a  fight  or 
same  with  singlesticks. 

SINGLETREE,  sing'gl-tre,  n.  the  same  -is 
S-wingletree. 

SINGLY,  sing'gli.  adv.  one  by  one  :  partic- 
ularl}-  :  alone  :  by  one's  self  :  honestly  : 
sincerelv. 

SINGSONtr,  sing'song,  n.  bad  singing: 
drawling. 


SINGULAR 


396 


SKEW 


BINGULAE,  sing^g^u-lar,  adj.  alone:  {gram.) 
denoting  one  person  or  thing  :  single  : 
not  complex  or  compound  :  standing 
alone  :  rare  :  unusual  :  uncommon  :  ex- 
traordinary :  strange  :  odd:  (B.)  particu- 
lar.    [L.  singularis.'\ 

SINGULAEITY,  sing-gu-lar'i-ti,  n.  the 
state  of  being  singular  :  peculiarity  : 
anj-thing  curious  or  remarkable  :  par- 
j   tioular  privilege  or  distinction. 

SINGULARLY,  sing'gu-lar-H,  adv.  in  a 
singular  manner  :  peculiarlj- :  strangely  : 
so  as  to  express  one  or  the  singular  num- 
ber. 

SINISTER,  sin'is-ter,  adj.,  left :  on  the  left 
hand  :  evil :  unfair  :  dishonest :  unlucky  : 
inauspicious.     [L.] 

SINISTRAL,  sin'is-tral,  adj.  belonging  or 
inclining    to    the    left :   reversed. — <idv. 

SrN'lSTRALLY. 

SmiSTROUS,  sin'is-trus,  adj.  on  the  left 
side  :  wrong  :  absurd  :  perverse. — adv. 
Sin'istrously. 

SINK,  singk,  v.i.  to  fall  to  the  bottom  :  to 
fall  down  :  to  descend  lower  :  to  fall 
gradually  :  to  fall  below  the  surface  :  to 
enter  deeply :  to  be  impre.s.sed  :  to  be 
overwhelmed  :  to  fail  in  strength. — v.t. 
to  cause  to  sink  :  to  put  under  water  :  to 
keep  out  of  sight :  to  suppress  :  to  de- 
grade :  to  cause  to  decline  or  fall :  to 
plunge  into  destruction :  to  make  by 
digging  or  delving  :  to  pay  absolutely  : 
to  lower  in  value  or  amount  :  to  lessen  : 
—pa.t.  sank  and  sunk ;  jM.p.  sunk, 
sunk'en. — n.  a  drain  to  carry  off  dirty 
water  :  a  box  or  vessel  connected  with  a 
drain  for  receiving  dirty  water. — jj.  SlNK'- 
ER.  [A.S.  sencan,  cog.  with  Ger.  sinken, 
Goth,  siggquan,  Ice.  sokkva,  to  fall  to 
the  bottom.] 

SINLESS,  sin  les,  adj.  without  sin  :  inno- 
cent :  pure  :  perfect. — adv.  Sin'lesslt. 
— n.  Sin'lessness. 

SINNER,  sin'er,  ?!.  one  who  sins  :  an  of- 
fender or  criminal  :  (theol.)  an  unregen- 
erate  person. 

SIN-OFFERING,  sin'-ofer-ing,  n.  an  offer- 
ing  for  or  sacrijBce  in  expiation  of  sin. 

SINTER,  sin'ter,  n.  a  name  given  to  rocks 
precipitated  in  a  crj'stalline  form  from 
mineral  waters.    [Ger.,  "  iron  sparks."] 

SINUATE,  sin'u-at,  adj.,  curved:  (bot.) 
with  a  waved  margin. — v.t.  to  bend  in 
and  out. — n.  Sinta'tion.  [L.  sinuatus, 
pa.p.  of  sinuo,  to  bend.] 

SINUOSITY,  sin-u-os'i-ti,n.  quality  of  being 
sinuous  :  a  bend  or  series  of  bends  and 
turns. 

SINUOUS,  sin'u-us,  SINUOSE,  sin'u-os, 
adj.,  bending  in  and  out:  winding:  un- 
dulating.— adv.  Sm'uousLT.  [L.  sinuosiis 
— sinus,  a  bending.] 

SINUS,  sl'nus,  n.  a  bending :  a  fold  :  an 
opening  :  a  bay  of  the  sea  :  a  recess  in 
the  shore  :  (anat.)  a  cavity  wider  in  the 
interior  than  at  the  entrance:  a  venous 
canal :  (med.)  a  cavity  containing  pus. 
[IL.  sinus,  a  bending,  a  curve.] 

SIP,  sip,  v.t.  to  sup  or  drink  in  small  quan- 
tities :  to  draw  into  the  mouth:  to  taste: 
to  drink  out  of. — v.i.  to  drink  in  small 
quantities  :  to  drink  by  the  lips  -.—pr.p. 
sipp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  p>a.p.  sipped. — n.  the 
taking  of  a  liquor  with  the  lips  :  a  small 
draught  taken  -wWh.  the  lips.  [A.S.  Si'tpan, 
cog.  with  Ger.  saufen  ;  conn,  with  SoP, 
Soup,  Sup.] 

SIPHON,  si'fun,  n.  a  bent  tube  for  drawing 
off  liquids  from  one  vessel  into  another. 
FFr.— Gr.  siphon — siphlos,  hollow.] 

SIPPET,  sip'et,  7i.  a  small  sop. 

SIR,  ser,  n.  a  word  of  respect  used  in  ad- 
dressing a  man  :  the  title  of  a  knight  or 
baronet.  [Lit.  "senior"  or  "elder,"  O. 
Fr.  sire,  through  O.  Fr.  sendre,  from  L. 
senior,  an  elder,  comp.  of  sencv,  old.     Cf. 


the  parallel  forms  Sike,  Seniob,  Seign- 
ior, SiGNOR.] 

SIRE,  sir,  n.  (lit.)  a  "  senior  "  or  father:  one 
in  the  place  of  a  father,  as  a  sovereign  : 
the  male  parent  of  a  beast,  esp.  of  a 
horse: — pi.  (poetry)  ancestors. — v.t.  to 
beget,  used  of  animals.  [See  above  word.] 

SIREN,  si'ren,  n.  (myth.)  one  of  certain 
fabulous  nymphs  in  S.  Italy  who  enticed 
mariners  to  destruction  by  sweet  music  : 
a  fascinating  woman  :  any  one  insidious 
and  deceptive  :  an  eel-like,  amphibious 
animal,  with  only  one  pair  of  feet. — adj. 
pertaining  to  or  like  a  siren  :  fascinating. 
[L.  siren — Gr.  seiren,  lit.  an  "entangler" 
— seira,  a  cord,  a  band.] 

SIRENE,  si'ren,  n.  a  musical  instrument 
for  determining  the  number  of  pulses  per 
second  in  a  given  note.  [Same  word  as 
above.] 

SIRIUS,  sir'i-us,  n.  the  Dogstar.  [L. — Gr. 
seirios,  scorching ;  cf.  Sans,  surya,  the 
sun.] 

SIRLOIN,  ser'loin,  n.  a  loin  of  beef.  [Fr. 
surlonge — sur  ( — L.  super,  above),  and 
longe  (see  Loin).  The  first  syllable  has 
been  modified  by  confusion  with  E.  Sir.] 

SIRNAME,  ser' nam,  ?!.  [A  corruption  of 
Surname.] 

SIROCCO,  si-rok'o,  »i.  a  hot,  oppressive 
wind,  from  the  south-easf  in  S.  Italy  and 
adjoining  parts.  [It.  siroeeo,  Sp.  siroeo, 
Ar.  sehoruq — scharq,  the  east.] 

SIRRAH,  ser'a,  n.  sir,  used  in  anger  or  con- 
tempt. [M.  E.  sirrha — sir,  ha :  or  from 
Ir.  sirreach,  poor.] 

SIRUP,  sir'up,  ?i.  a  solution  of  sugar  in 
water,  simple,  flavored,  or  medicated. 
[Fr.  'sirop — Low  L.  sirupus — Ar.  shariib, 
sharbat,  a  drink.  See  Sherbet  and 
Shrub.] 

SISKIN,  sis'kin,  n.  a  migratory  song-bird, 
resembling  the  green  canary.  [Dan. 
si^ge)i,  Sw.  si'sfca.] 

SISTER,  sis'ter,  n.  a  female  born  of  the 
skme  parents  :  a  female  closely  allied  to 
or  associated  with  another. — n.  SlSTER- 
IN-LAW,  a  husband's  or  wife's  sister,  or  a 
brother's  wife.  [M.  E.  susten — A.S.  siveos- 
ter,  cog.  with  Dut.  suster,  G«r.  schwester, 
Slav,  sestra,  L.  soror  (for  sosor,  orig.  sos- 
tor).  Sans,  svasri,  svasdr  (orig.  svast&r).} 

SISTERHOOD,  sis'ter-hood,  n.  (orig.)  state 
of  being  a  sister,  the  duty  of  a  sister  :  a 
society  of'females. 

SISTERLEKE,  sis'ter-llk,  SISTERLY,  sis'- 
ter-li,  adj.,  like  or  becoming  a  sister:  kind: 
affectionate. 

SIT,  sit,  v.i.  to  rest  on  the  haunches :  to 
perch,  as  birds  :  to  rest  :  to  remain :  to 
brood  :  to  occupy  a  seat,  esp.  officially  : 
to  be  officially  engaged  :  to  blow  from  a 
certain  direction,  as  the  wind. — v.t.  to 
keep  the  seat  upon  :  to  seat  -.—pr.p.  sitt'- 
ing  ;  2)a.f.  and  pa.p.  sat.^n.  Sitt'er. — 
Sit  out,  to  sit  during. — Srr  ur,  to  rise 
from  a  lying  to  a  sitting  position.  [A.S. 
sittan,  cog.  with  Ger.  sitzen,  L.  sed-eo, 
Gr.  hed-os,  a  seat,  hezomai,  to  sit.  Cf. 
Seat  and  Set.] 

SITE,  sit,  n.  the  place  where  anything  is 
set  down  or  fixed  :  situation  :  a  place 
chosen  for  any  particular  purpose.  [Fr. 
— L.  situs  —  situm,  pa.p.  of  sino,  to  set 
down.    Cf.  Situate.] 

SITH,  sith,  adv.  (B.)  since.  [A.S.  sidh;  cog. 
with  Goth,  seidlm,  Ger.  seit.    See  Since.] 

SITTING,  sit'ing,  n.  state  of  resting  on  a 
seat :  a  seat :  the  act  or  time  of  resting 
in  a  posture  for  a  painter  to  take  a  like- 
ness :  an  official  meeting  to  transact 
business:  uninterrupted  application  to 
anything  for  a  time  :  the  time  during 
which  one  continues  at  anything:  a  rest- 
ing on  eggs  for  hatcliing. 

SITUATE,  sit'u-at,  SITUATED,  sit'u-at-ed, 
adj.,  set  or  permanently  fixed:  placed  with 


respect  to  other  objects:  residing.  [Low 
L.  situatv^ — L.  situo,  to  place — situi,  a 
site,  situation.] 

SITUATION,  sit-u-a'shun,  n.  the  place 
where  anything  is  situated :  position : 
temporary  state  :  condition  :  office  :  em- 
ployment. 

SIX,  siks,  adj.  and  n.  five  and  one:  a  fig^ure 
denoting  six  units  (6,  or  vi.).  [A.S.  six, 
sex ;  cog.  with  Scand.  sex,  Goth,  sailis, 
Ger.  seeks,  Gael,  se  ;  also  with  L.  sex,  Gr. 
hex,  Pers.  shesh.  Sans,  shash.] 

SIXFOLD,  siks'fold,  adj.,  folded  or  multi- 
plied six  times. 

SIXPENCE,  siks'pens,  n.  an  Enghsh  silver 
coin=12  cents. 

SIXTEEN,  siks'ten,  adj.  and»i.,sia;andien. 

SIXTEENTH,  siks'tenth,  adj.  and  n.  the 
si-xth  after  the  tenth. 

SIXTH,  siksth,  adj.  the  last  of  six  :  the  or- 
dinal of  six. — -71.  the  sixth  part :  (music) 
an  interval  of  four  tones  and  a  semitone, 
or  six  intervals.     [A.S.  sixta.] 

SIXTHLY,  siksth'li,  adr.  in  the  sixth  place. 

SIXTIETH,  siks'ti'eth,  adj  and  n.  the  sixth 
tenth :  the  ordinal  of  sixty.  [A.S.  akc- 
teogeotha.} 

SIXTY,  siks'ti,  adj.  and  n.,  six  times  ten. 
[A.S.  sixtig.] 

SIZAR,  siz'ar,  n.  in  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, Eng.,  orig.  one  who  served  out  the 
sizes  or  rations  :  one  of  the  lowest  rank 
of  students.  [From  Size,  orig.  a  "fixed 
quantity."] 

SIZE,  siz,  71.  extent  of  volume  or  surface  : 
magnitude. — v.t.  to  arrange  according  to 
size.  [Orig.  a  "  fixed  quantity,"  contr. 
of  Assize,  which  see.] 

SIZE,  siz,  SIZING,  siz'ing,  n.  a  kind  of 
weak  glue,  used  as  varnish  :  any  gloey 
substance. — Size,  v.t.  to  cover  with  size. 
[W.  syth,  stiffening,  glue — syth,  stiff.) 

SIZY.  siz'i,  adj.,   size-like  :  glutiuoMS. — n. 

SlZ'lKESS. 

SKALD,  71.    See  Scald,  a  poet. 

SKATE,  skat,  ?i.  a  kind  of  sandal  or  frame 
of  wood  with  a  steel  ridge  under  it  for 
moving  on  ice. — v.i.  to  slide  on  skates. — 
ns.  Skat'er,  Skat'ixg.  [Dut.  schaats;  cf. 
also  Dan.  skoite.} 

SKATE,  skat,  7>.  a  large  flat  fish  belonging 
to  the  Ray  family,  with  spikes  or  thorns 
on  the  back.  [il.E.  schate  (Ice.  skata) — 
L.  squat  us ;  cf.  Shad.] 

SKATHE.    Same  as  Scathe. 

SKEAN,  sken,  n.  a  dagger.  [Gael,  sgian, 
a  knife.] 

SKEIN,  skan,  7i.  a  knot  or  number  of 
knots  of  thread  or  yarn.  [O.  Fr.  escaigne; 
Gael,  sgeinn.] 

SKELETON,  skel'e-tun,  n.  the  bones  of  an 
animal  separated  from  the  flesh  and  pre- 
served in  their  natural  position :  the 
framework  or  outline  of  anything.  [Gr. 
skeleton  (soma),  a  dried  (body) — skeletos, 
dried — skello,  to  dry.  to  parch.] 

SKELETON-KEY,  skel'e-tun-ke,  n.  a  key 
for  picking  locks, -without  the  inner  bits, 
and  so  like  a  skeleton. 

SKEPTIC.    Same  as  Sceptic. 

SKERRY,  sker'i,  ?i.  a  rocky  isle.     [Ice.] 

SKETCH,  skech,  n.  a  first  draft  of  any 
plan  or  painting:  an  outline. — v.t.  to 
make  a  rough  draft  of :  to  draw  the 
outline  :  to  give  the  principal  points  of. 
— v.i.  to  practice  sketching.  [Lit. "some- 
thing made  offhand,"  Fr.  esquisse,  influ- 
enced by  Dut.  schets,  from  L.  schedius, 
made  offhand— Gr.  schedios,  sudden — 
schedo7i,  near — echo,  scheso,  to  have.] 

SKETCHY,  skech'i,  adj.  containing  a  sketch 
or  outline  :   incomplete. — adv.   Sketch'- 

ILT. — ?i.  SkETCH'DJESS. 

SKEW,  sku,  adj.  oblique  :  intersecting  a 
road,  river,  etc.,  not  at  right  angles,  as 
a  bridge. — adv.  awry  :  obliquely.  [Ice. 
skeifr,  Dan.  skjev ;  conn,  with  Shy.] 


SKEWER 


397 


SLAV 


SKEWER,  sku'er,  n.  a  pin  of  wood  or  iron 
for  keeping  meat  in  form  while  roasting. 
— v.t.  to  fasten  with  skewers.  [Prov.  E. 
skiver,  prob.  the  same  as  Shivee,  a  splint 
of  wood.] 

SKID,  skid,  n.  a  piece  of  timber  hung 
aguinst  a  ship's  side  to  protect  it  from 
injury  :  a  sliding  wedge  or  drag  to  check 
the  wheel  of  a  wagon  on  a  steep  place  : 
a  slab  put  below  a  gun  to  keep  it  off  the 
ground. — v.t.  to  check  with  a  skid.  [A.S. 
scide.  a  piece  split  off,  a  billet  of  wood — 
soidan,  to  cleave.] 

SKIFF,  skif,  n.  a  small  light  boat.  [A 
doublet  of  Ship.] 

SKILL,  skil,  n.  knowledge  of  anything  : 
dexterity  in  practice. — (B.)  v.i.  to  under- 
stand. [Lit.  "  separation,"  "  discrimina- 
tion," prob.  first  from  the  Soand.,  as  Ice. 
skil,  and  skilja  (verb),  cog.  with  A.S.  scy- 
lan,  to  separate.] 

SKILLED,  skild,  adj.  having  skill:  skillful: 
expert. 

SKILLET,  skil'et,  n.  a  small  metal  vessel 
with  a  long  handle,  used  for  boiling 
water,  in  cooking,  etc.  [Prob.  from  O. 
Fr.  eseuellette,  dim.  of  esciielle  (Fr.  ecuelle) 
— L.  scutella,  dim.  of  scutra,  a  dish.  See 
Scullery.] 

SKILLFUL,  skil'fool,  adj.  having  or  dis- 
playing skill  :  dexterous. — adv.  Sktt.t,'- 
FULLT. — n.  Skill'fulness. 

SKIM,  skim,  v.t.  to  clear  off  scum  :  to  take 
off  by  skimming  :  to  brush  the  surface  of 
lightly. — v.i.  to  pass  over  lightly  :  to 
glide  along  near  the  surface: — pr.p. 
skimm'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  skimmed. 
[A  by-form  of  ScUM.] 

SKIMMER,  skim'er,  n.  a  utensil  for  skim- 
ming milk. 

SKIM-MILK,  skim'-milk,  n.,  skimmed  mitk: 
milk  from  which  the  cream  has  been 
skimmed. 

SKIN,  skin,  n.  the  natural  outer  covering 
of  an  animal  body :  a  hide  :  the  bark  or 
rind  of  plants,  etc. — v.t.  to  cover  with 
skin  :  to  cover  the  surface  of :  to  strip 
the  skin  from,  to  peel. — v.i.  to  be  covered 
with  a  skin  : — pr.p.  skinn'ing  ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  skinned. — n.  Skinn'ee.  [A.S.  seinn, 
cog.  with  Ice.  skiiin,  skin,  Ger.  schinden, 
to  flay.] 

SKIN-DEEP,  skin'-dep,  adj.  as  deep  as  the 
skin  only  :   superficial. 

SKINFLINT,  skin'fliut,  n.  one  who  takes 
the  smallest  gains,  who  would,  as  it  were, 
even  skin  a,  flint :  a  very  niggardly  per- 
son. 

SKINNY,  skin'i,  adj.  consisting  of  skin  or 
of  skin  only :  wanting  flesh. — n.  Skinn'- 

INESS. 

SKIP,  skip,  v.i.  to  leap  :  to  bound  lightly 
and  joyfully:  to  pass  over. — v.t.  to  leap 
over  :  to  omit  -.—pr.p.  skipping  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  skipped. — n.  a  light  leap :  a 
bound :  the  omission  of  a  part.  [Either 
Celt.,  conn,  with  W.  cip,  a  sudden  effort, 
and  Gael,  sgiab,  to  move  suddenly,  or 
Teut.,  conn,  with  Ice.  skopa,  to  run.] 

SKIPPER,  skip'er,  n.  the  master  of  a  mer- 
chant-ship. [Lit.  "  a  skipper  or  sailor," 
Dut.  schipper,  Dan.  skipper.     See  Ship.] 

SKIPPING-ROPE,  skip'ing-rop,  n.  a  rope 
used  in  skipinng. 

SKIRMISH,  sker'mish,  n.  an  irregular  fight 
between  two  small  parties  :  a  contest. — 
v.i.  to  fight  slightly  or  irregularly.  [M.E. 
scarmiih — Fr.  escarmouche — O.  Ger.  sker- 
man,  to  fight,  Ger.  schirinen.] 

SKIRMISHER,  sker'mish-er,  n.  a  soldier 
belonging  to  troops  dispersed  to  cover 
front  or  flank,  and  prevent  surprises. 

SKIRT,  skert,  n.  the  part  of  a  garment 
below  the  waist  :  a  woman's  garment 
like  a  petticoat :  the  edge  of  any  part  of 
the  dress  :  border  :  margin  :  extreme 
part. — v.t.  to  border  :  to  form  the  edge 


of. — v.i.  to  be  on  the  border  :  to  live  near 
the  extremity.  [A  doublet  of  SHIRT.  Cf . 
Skiff  and  Ship.] 

SKITTISH,  skit'ish,  adj.  unsteady,  light- 
headed, easily  frightened  :  hasty  :  vola- 
tile, changeable  :  wanton. — adv.  Skitt'- 
ISHLY.— ?i.  Skitt'ishness.  [M.E.  sket— 
Ice.  skjotr,  quick,  hasty,  conn,  with  root 
of  Shoot.] 

SKITTLES,  skit'lz,  n.pl.  a  game  in  which 
wooden  pins  are  shot  or  knocked  down 
with  a  wooden  ball  :  ninepins  :  in  the 
U.  S.,  the  game  is  usually  played  with 
ten  pins,  and  is  often  called  tenpins. 
[From  root  of  Skittish.] 

SKULK,  skulk,  v.i.  to  sneak  out  of  the 
way:  to  lurk. — w.  Skulk'ee.  [Scand.,as 
Dan.  skulke,  to  sneak,  conn,  with  Ice. 
skjol,  cover,  hiding-place  ;  also  with  E. 
Scowl.] 

SKULL,  skul,  n.  the  bony  case  that  in- 
closes the  brain:  the  head.  [Ice.  and  Dan. 
skal,  a  shell;  conn,  with  Shell  and  Scale, 
a  thin  plate.  The  fundamental  idea  is 
that  of  a  thin  plate  or  case,  with  which  a 
body  is  covered,  or  in  which  anything  is 
contained.] 

SKULLCAP,  skul'kap,  n.  a  cap  which  fits 
closely  to  the  sktdl  or  head. 

SKUNK,  skungk,  n.  a  small  N.  American 
carnivorous  quadruped  allied  to  the  otter 
and  weasel,  which  defends  itself  by  emit- 
ting a  most  offensive  fluid.  [Contr.  from 
the  Indian  seganku.] 

SKY,  ski,  n.  the  apparent  canopy  over  our 
heads:  the  heavens:  the  weather.  [Dan., 
Svv.,  and  Ice.  sky,  a  cloud  ;  akin  to  A.S. 
sctia,  Gr.  skia,  a  shadow.  Sans,  sku,  to 
cover.] 

SKY-BLUE,  sln'-bloo,  adj.,  blue  like  the 
sky, 

SKYEY,  ski'i,  adj.  like  the  sky  :  ethereal. 

SKYLARK,  ski'lark,  n.  a  species  of  lark 
that  mounts  high  towards  the  sky  and 
sings  on  the  wing. 

SKYLARKING,  skl'lark-ing,  n.  running 
about  the  rigging  of  a  ship  in  sport  : 
frolicking.  [From  Sky,  and  Laek,  a 
game.] 

SKYLIGHT,  ski'lit,  n.  a  window  in  a  roof  or 
ceiling  towards  the  sky  for  the  admission 
of  light. 

SKY-ROCKET,  ski'-rok'et,  n.  a  rocket  that 
ascends  high  towards  the  sky  and  burns 
as  it  flies. 

SKYSAIL,  ski'sal,  n.  the  sail  above  the 
"  royal." 

SKY-SCRAPER,  ski'-skrap'er,  n.  a  skysail 
of  a  triangular  shape. 

SKYWARD,  ski' ward,  adv.,  toward  the  sky. 

SLAB,  slab,  n.  a  thin  slip  of  anything,  esp. 
of  stone,  having  plane  surfaces  :  a  piece 
sawed  from  a  log.  [W.  yslab,  llab,  a  thin 
slip.] 

SLABBER,  slab'er,  v.i.  to  slaver  :  to  let  the 
saliva  tall  from  the  mouth  :  to  drivel. — 
v.t.  to  wet  by  saliva. — n.  Slajbb'eree.  [Al- 
lied to  Low  Ger.  and  Dut.  slabbern  ;  from 
the  sound.     Doublet  Slaver.] 

SLACK,  slak,  adj.  lax  or  loose  :  not  firmly 
extended  or  drawn  out:  not  holding  fast: 
weak:  not  eager  or  diligent:  inattentive: 
not  violent  or  rapid  :  slow. — adv.  in  a 
slack  manner  :  partially :  insufficiently. 
— adv.  Slaok'ly. — n.  Slack'ness.  ['A.S. 
sleac.  cog.  with  Sw.  slak.  Ice.  slakr.] 

SLACK,  slak,  SLACKEN,  slak'n,  v.i.  to  be- 
come loose  or  less  tight:  to  be  remiss:  to 
abate  :  to  become  slower  :  to  fail  or  flag. 
— v.t.  to  make  less  tight:  to  loosen:  to 
relax:  to  remit :  to  abate  :  to  withhold  : 
to  use  less  liberally  :  to  check  :  (B.)  to 
delay. 

slag",  slag,  n.  vitrified  cinders  from  smelt- 
ing-works,  etc. :  the  scorije  of  a  volcano. 
[Low  Ger.  slagge,  Ger.  schlacke—schlagen, 
to  cast  off,  Ice.  slagga,  to  flow  over.] 


SLAGGY,  slag'i,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  like 
slag. 

SLAIN,  slan,  pa.p.  of  Slay. 

SLAKE,  slak.  v.t.  to  quench:  to  extinguish: 
to  mix  with  water. — v.i.  to  go  out  :  to 
become  extinct.  [Lit.  to  .slacken  or  make 
less  active  ;  it  is  simply  a  form  of  Slack.] 

SLAM,  slam,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  shut  with  \'io- 
lence  and  noise  : — pr.p.  slamm'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.2}.  slammed. — n.  the  act  of  slam- 
ming :  the  sound  so  made.  [From  the 
soundj 

SLANDER,  slan'der,  n.  a  false  or  mali- 
cious report :  defamation  by  words  :  ca^ 
lumny. — v.t.  to  defame:  to  calumniate. 
— n.  Slan'deree.  [M.E.  sclavnder — Fr. 
esclandre — L.  scandalum — Gr.  skandalo^i. 
See  Scandal.] 

SLANDEROUS,  slan'der-us,  adj.  given  to 
or  containing  slander  :  calumnious.— 
adv.  Slan'deeously. 

SLANG,  slang,  n.  low  language.  [Ety. 
dub.] 

SLANT,  slant,  adj.,  sloping:  oblique:  in 
clined  from  a  direct  line. — n.  a  slope.— 
v.t.  to  turn  in  a  sloping-  direction. — v.i 
to  slope.      [Scot,  sclent.  Prov.  E.  slen,  to 
slope,  allied  to  Sw.  sliitta.  to  slide.] 

SLANTLY,  slant'li,  SLANTWISE,  slant'- 
wiz,  adv.  in  a  sloping,  oblique,  or  inclined 
manner. 

SLAP,  slap,  n.  a  blow  with  the  hand  or 
anything  flat. — v.t.  to  give  a  slap  to  : — 
jyr.p.  slapp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  p)0.-P-  slapped. 
— adv.  with  a  slap  :  suddenlj',  violently. 
[Allied  to  Low  Ger.  slappe,  Ger.  schlappe: 
from  the  sound.] 

SLAPDASH,  slap'dash,  adv.  in  a  bold,  care- 
less way.     [From  Slap  and  Dash.] 

SLASH,  slash,  v.t.  to  cut  by  striking  with 
violence  and  at  random  :  to  make  long 
cuts. — v.i.  to  strike  violently  and  at  ran- 
dom with  an  edged  instrument. — n.  a  long 
cut  :  a  cut  at  random  :  a  cut  in  cloth  to 
show  colors  through  the  openings.  [Ice. 
slasa,  to  strike:  from  the  sound.] 

SLATE,  slat,  n.  a  well-known  stone  which 
sjolits  into  thin  plates  :  a  rock  or  stone  of 
a  slaty  structure  :  a  piece  of  slate  for 
roofing,  or  for  writing  upon.  —  v.t.  to 
cover  with  slate.  —  n.  Sla'TEE.  [M.E. 
sclat — O.  Fr.  esclat,  from  O.  Ger.  skleizan, 
Ger.  sehleiszen,  to  spUt.] 

SLATE-PENCIL,  slat'-pen'sil,  n.  a  pencil 
of  soft  slate,  or  for  writing  on  slate. 

SLATING,  slat'ing,  n.  the  act  of  covering 
with  slates :  a  covering  of  slates  :  ma- 
terials for  slating-. 

SLATTERN,  slat'ern,  n.  a  woman  sluttish 
and  negligent  of  her  dress  :  an  untidy 
woman.  [AlUed  to  Low  Ger.  sluddem, 
Dut.  slodderen,  to  hang  and  flap  ;  prob. 
from  the  flapping  sound  of  loose,  untidy 
clothing  :  conn,  with  Slut.] 

SLATTERNLY,  slat'ern-li,  adj.  like  a  slat- 
tern :  negligent  of  person :  slovenly : 
dirty  :  sluttish.— adu.  negligently  :  un- 
tidily. 

SLATY,  slat'i,  adj.  resembling  slate  :  hav- 
ing the  nature  or  properties  of  slate. 

SLAUGHTER,  slaw'ter,  n.  a  slaying  or 
killing  ;  a  great  destruction  of  life  :  car- 
nage :  butchery. — v.t.  to  slay  :  to  kill  for 
the  mai-ket :  to  destroy  by  -violence  (as 
numbers):  to  massacre. — n.  Slaugh'tek- 
er.  [Ice.  slatr,  prob.  influenced  by  A.S. 
sleaht  :  both  are  from  root  of  Slay.] 

SLAUGHTERHOUSE,  slaw'ter-hows,  n.  a 
house  where  beasts  are  slaughtered  or 
killed  for  the  market. 

SLAUGHTERMAN,  slaw'ter-man,n.  &man 
employed  in  .slaughtering,  killing,  or 
butchering  animals. 

SLAUGHTEROUS,  slaw'ter-us,  adj.  given 
to  slaughter  :  destructive  :  murderous. 

SLAV,  SLAVE,  Slav,  n.  the  name  of  the 
peoples    inhabiting    E.     Europe.  —  adj. 


SLAVE 


398 


SLOVEN 


Slav'ic.  pit.  "the  speaking  men," 
from  Polish  slou-o,  a  word,  in  contrast 
io  iiiemiez,  the  ■' dumb,"  "  ujiiutelligi- 
ble,"  applied  by  the  Poles  to  the  Ger- 
mans.    Cf.  Bakbabian.] 

SLAVE,  Slav,  n.  a  captive  in  servitude:  any 
one  in  bondage:  a  serf:  one  who  labors 
like  a  slave  :  a  drudge:  one  wholly  under 
the  will  of  another  ;  one  who  has  lost  all 
power  of  resistance. — i:i.  to  work  like  a 
slave  :  to  drudge.  [Oi-ig-.  a  Slav  made 
captive  by  the  Teutons,  Fr.  esclave—Gei: 
sdave,  from  Slav,  the  national  name. 
During  the  early  wars  of  the  Germans 
against  tlie  Slavs,  ujany  of  the  latter  were 
captured  and  reduced  "to  servitude.] 

SLAVER,  slav'er,  w.  a  ship  employed  in 
the  si  a  ve-tra.Ae. 

SLAVER,  slav'er,  n.,  sniffle  or  saliva  run- 
ning from  the  mouth. — i-.i.  to  let  the 
saliva  run  out  of  the  mouth, — v.t.  to 
smear  with  saliva. — n,  Slav'eree.  [A 
form  of  Slabber.] 

SLAVERY,  slav'er-i,  n.  the  state  of  being 
a  slave  :  serfdom  :  the  state  of  being  en- 
tirely under  the  will  of  another:  bondage: 
drudgerv. 

SLAVE-TRADE,  slav'-trad,  n.  the  Oracle  of 
buying  and  selling  slaves. 

SLAVE-TRADER,  slaV-trad'er,  ?i.  a.  trader 
in  slaves. 

SLAVISH,  slav'ish,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to 
slaves:  becoming  slaves :  servile:  mean: 
base  :  laborious. — adi:  Slav'ishly. — n. 
Slav'ishness. 

SLAVONIC,  sla-von'ik,  SCLAVONIC,  skla- 
vou'ik,  SLAVONIAN,  sla-von'yan,  SCLA- 
VONIAN,  skla-von'yan,  adj.  of  or  belong. 
iug  to  the  Slavs,  or  their  language. 

SLAY,  sla,  v.t.  to  strike:  to  kill:  to  put 
to  death  :  to  destroy :^}a.f.  slew  (sloo) ; 
pa.p.  slain.— ji.  Slay'er.  [A.S.  slean : 
Ice.  sld,  Goth,  slalian,  Ger.  schlageii,  to 
strike.] 

SLED,  sled,  SLEDGE,  slej,  n.  a  carriage 
made  for  sliding  upon  snow  :  a  sleigh. 
[Low  Ger.  slede,  Ice.  sledi :  from  a  root 
seen  in  A.S.  slidan,  to  slide.] 

SLEDGE,  slej,  n.  an  instrmnent  for  strik- 
ing :  a  lai'ge  heavy  hammer  used  chiefly 
by  ironsmiths.  [A.S.  slecge— slean,  to 
strike,  slay  (cf.  Ger.  schliigel,  a  beater— 
schlagen).    See  Slay.] 

SLEEK,  slek,  adj.,  smooth  :  glossj- :  soft: 


not  rough 


k,  adj., 
. — aat'. 


Sleek'ly.— «.  Sleek'- 


NESS.  [Ger.  schlicht.  Ice.  slikja,  to  smooth 
or  polish  ;  perh.  akin  to  Sijght.] 

SLEEP,  slep,  v.i.  to  take  j'est  by  relaxation: 
to  become  unconscious  :  to  slumber :  to 
rest :  to  be  motionless  or  inactive  :  to 
remain  unnoticed  :  to  live  thoughtlessly  : 
to  be  dead :  to  rest  in  the  grave  : — jjxi.f. 
and  pa.p.  slept.— «.  the  state  of  one  who 
or  that  which  sleeps  :  slumber  :  rest. — 
On  sleep  (B.)  asleep.  [A.S.  slcepan  ;  Ger. 
sehlafen,  Goth,  slepan,  from  O.  Ger.  slaf, 
relaxed.  Ice.  slapa,  to  hang  loose.] 

SLEEPER,  slep'er,  ii.  one  who  sleeps  :  a 
liorizontal  timber  supporting  a  weight, 
rails,  etc. 

SLEEPLESS,  slep'les,  adj.  without  sleep  : 
unable  to  sleep.— adr.  Sleep'LESSLY. — n. 
Sleep' LESSXESS. 

SLEEP-WALKER,  slep'-wawk'er,  n.  one 
who  walks  while  asleep:  a  somnambulist. 
—n.  Sleep' -walk'ing. 

SLEEPY,  slep'i,  adj.  inclined  to  sleep : 
drowsj- :  dull  :  lazy. — adv.  Sleep'ily. — 
n.  Sleep'iness. 

SLEET,  slet,  n.  rain  mingled  with  snow  or 
hail.  —  v.i.  to  hail  or  snow  with  rain 
mingled.  [Prob.  allied  to  Low  Ger. 
slate,  slote,  hail,  Ger.  schlosze.] 

SLEETY,  slet'i,  adj.  consisting  of  or  bring- 
ing sleet.—)!.  Sleet'iness. 

SLEEVE,  slev,  n.  the  part  of  a  garment 
which  covers  the  arm.— r.(.   to  furnish 


with  sleeves.  [A.S.  slefe,  a  sleeve  ;  cog. 
with  Ger.  schlaitf.] 

SLEIGH,  sla,  n.  same  a-s  Sledge. 

SLEIGHT,  slit,  n,  cunning:  dexterity  :  an 
artful  trick.— )i.  SLEIGHT-OF-HAND,  leg- 
erdemain.   [Ice.  slagth,  cunning,  sloegr, 

SLENDER,  slen'der,  adj.,  thin  or  narrow  : 
feeble:  inconsiderable:  simple.  —  adv. 
Slen'dekly.— )i.  Slen'derness.  [O.  Dut. 
slinder,  thin,  conu.  with  Dut.  slenderen, 
Ger.  schlende)!!.  to  saunter.] 

SLEPT,  slept,  pa. ^.  and  pa.p.  of  Sleep. 

SLEUTH-HOUND,  sloolh-hownd,  n.  a  dog 
that  tracks  game  by  the  scent,  a  blood- 
hound.   See  Slot. 

SLEAV,  sloo,  pa.f.  of  Slay. 

SLICE,  slis,  v.t.  to  slit  or  divide  into  thin 
pieces. — n.  a  thin  broad  piece  :  a  broad 
knife  for  serving  flsli.  [O.  Fr.  esclisse — 
O.  Ger.  sleizan,  to  spUt,  E.  Slit.] 

SLICER,  slis'er,  n.  one  who  or  that  which 
slices  :  a  broad,  flat  knife. 

SLID,  sUd,  pa.f.  and  pa.p.  of  Slide. 

SLIDDEN,  shd'n,  pa.p.  of  Sude. 

SLIDE,  slid,  v.i.  to  slip  or  glide  ;  to  pass 
along  smoothly  :  to  fall. — v.t.  to  thrust 
alono^:  to  slip  i—pa.t.  slid  ;  pa.p.  slid  or 
slidd  en. — n.  a  smooth  passage  :  the  fall 
of  a  mass  of  earth  or  rock  :  a  smooth 
declivity :  a  slider :  (nuisic)  two  notes 
sliding  into  each  other.  [A.S.  slidan,  to 
slide  ;  Dut.  slidderen,  to  slip.] 

SLIDER,  slid'er,  n.  one  who  or  that  which 
slides  :  the  part  of  an  instrument  or  ma- 
chine that  slides. 

SLIDING-SCALE,  slld'ing-skal,  n.  a  scale 
of  duties  which  slide  or  vary  according 
to  the  value  or  market  prices  :  a  sliding- 
rule. 

SLIGHT,  slit,  adj.  weak :  slender  :  of  little 
value  :  triiiing  :  small ;  negligent :  not 
decided. — adv.  Sliqht'LY. — n.  Slight'- 
NESS.  [Orig.  "plain,  smooth;"  found 
in  Low  Ger.  sligt,  Ger.  schlicht,  plain, 
smooth.     See  Sleek.] 

SLIGHT,  slit,  v.t.  to  disregard,  as  of  little 
value  :  to  neglect. — n.  neglect :  disre- 
gard.—ady.  SliGHT'ingly.  [FroraSUGHT, 
adj.] 

SLILl ,  sli'li,  adv.    See  under  Sly. 

SLIM,  slim,  adj.  {comp.  Sldim'er,  superl. 
Sluim'est),  weak :  slender  :  slight.  [Orig. 
"vile,  wortliless;"  found  in  Low  Ger. 
slim.  Ger.  schlimm.] 

SLIBIE,  slim,  H.  glutinous  mud  :  (B.)  prob. 
bitumen.  [a!S.  slim,  cog.  witli  Ger. 
schleim.] 

SLIMY,  sllm'i,  adj.  abounding  with  or  con- 
sisting of  slime:    glutinous. — ji.  Slim'I- 

NESS. 

SLING,  sling,  n.  an  instrument  consisting 
of  a  strap  and  two  cords,  for  throwing 
stones  to  a  great  distance,  by  ichirling  it 
rapidly  roitHd.- a  throw:  a  hanging  band- 
age for  a  wounded  limb :  a  rope  with 
hooks,  used  in  hoisting  and  lowering 
weights. — v.t.  to  throw  witli  a  sling  :  to 
hang  so  as  to  swing :  to  move  or  swing 
by  means  of  a  rope  :  to  cast : — pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  slung.— )i.  Sling'er. — n.pl.  Sling'- 
STONES  (B.)  stones  thrown  from  a  sling. 
[A.S.  slingan,  to  turn  in  a  circle,  cog. 
with  Ger.  schlingen,  to  move  or  twine 
round.] 

SLINK,  sUngk,  v.i.  to  creep  or  crawl  away, 
as  if  ashamed:  to  sneak:— pa.f.  and  po.p. 
slunk.  [A.S.  slincan  ;  Low  Ger.  sliken, 
Ger.  sclueichen.'] 

SLIP,  slip,  v.i.  to  slide  or  glide  along:  to 
move  out  of  place  :  to  escape  :  to  err  : 
to  slink  :  to  enter  by  oversight. — v.t.  to 
cause  to  slide  :  to  convey  secretlj'  :  to 
omit :  to  throw  off :  to  let  loose  :  to  es- 
cape from  :  to  part  from  the  branch  or 
stem  :—pr .p.  slipp'ing  ;  po.f.  and  pa.p. 
slipped. — 71.   act    of    slipping :    that    on 


which  anything  may  slip  :  an  error  :  an 
escape  :  a  twig  :  a  strip  :  a  leash  :  a  slop- 
ing bank  for  ship  -  building  :  anything 
easily  slipped  on.  Ta.S.  slipan ;  SwI  alipa, 
Dut.  sUppen,  to  glide.] 

SLIP-KNOT,  slip'-not,  n.  a  knot  which 
slips  along  the  rope  or  line  around  which 
it  is  made. 

SLIPPER,  slip'er,  n.  a  loose  shoe  easily 
slipped  on. 

SLIPPERED,  sUp'erd,  adj.  wearing  slip- 
pers. 

SLIPPERY,  slip'er-i,  adj.  apt  to  slip  away : 
smootli  :  not  affording  firm  footing  or 
confidence  :  unstable  :  uncertain.  —  n. 
Slipp'eeiness. 

SLIPSHOD,  slip'shod,  adj.,  shod  with  ship- 
pers, or  shoes  down  at  the  heel  hke  slip- 
pers :  careless. 

SLIT,  slit,  v.t.  to  cut  lengthwise  :  to  split : 
to  cut  into  strips  ■.^nr.p.  slitt'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  sHt. — n.  a  long  cut :  a  narrow 
opening.  [A.S.  slitan ;  Ice.  slita.  to  tear.] 

SLOE,  slo,  u.  a  small  sour  wild  plum,  the 
fruit  of  tlie  blackthorn.  [A.S.  sla,  Dut. 
sleeuwe,  a  sloe — sleeinv,  sour.] 

SLOGAN,  slo'gan,  n.  a  war-cry  among  the 
ancient  Highlanders  of  Scotland.  [Gael., 
contracted  from  sluagh-ghairm,  an  army- 
cry,] 

SLOOP,  sloop,  n.  a  light  boat  :  a  one- 
masted  cutter-rigged  vessel.  [Dut.  sloepe. 
See  Shallop.] 

SLOP,  slop,  n.  water  carelessly  spilled  :  a 
puddle  :  mean  liquor  or  liquid  food  i—pl. 
dirty  water. — v.t.  to  soil  by  letting  a 
liqmd  lal!  upon  : — pr.p.  slopp'ing  ;  pa.p. 
slopped.  ;  Ace.  to  Wedgwood,  imitative 
of  the  sound  of  dashing  water.] 

SLOPE,  slop,  n.  any  incline  down  which 
a  thing  may  slip :  a  direction  downward. 
— v.t.  to  form  with  a  slope,  or  obUquely. 
— v.i.  to  be  inclined. — aci'r.  in  a  sloping 
manner.  [From  slopen,  pa.p.  of  A.S. 
slupan,\ 

SLOPPY,  slop'i,  adj.  wet  :  muddy.— ji. 
Slopp'iness. 

SLOPS,  slops,  n.pl.  any  loose  lower  gar- 
ment, that  slips  on  easily,  esp.  trousers: 
ready-made  clothing,  etc.     [From  SuP.] 

SLOT,  slot,  n.  a  broad,  flat,  wooden  bar 
which  locks  or  holds  together  larger 
pieces.  [Allied  to  Low  Ger.  slot,  Dut. 
slot,  a  lock.] 

SLOT,  slot,  n,  the  track  of  a  deer.  flee. 
sloth,  track,  path  ;  Scot,  sleuth,  tract  by 
the  scent.] 

SLOTH,  sl5th  or  sloth,  j).  laziness:  slug- 
gishness :  a  quadruped  which  lives  on 
trees,  so  named  from  its  slow  movement 
when  on  the  ground.  [Lit.  "  slowness," 
A.S.  slcEwth,  sleivih — slau;  slow.  See 
Slow.] 

SLOTHFUL,     sloth'fool    or    sloth'-,   adj. 

fiven  to  sloth  :  inactive  :  lazj*.  —  adv. 
loth'fully. — n.  Sloth'fulness. 

SLOUCH,  slowch,  n.  a  hanging  down 
loosely  of  the  head  or  other  part:  clown- 
ish gait :  a  clown. — v.i.  to  hang  down  : 
to  have  a  clownish  look  or  gait. — v.t.  to 
depress.   [Allied  to  Slack,  Slow,  Slug.] 

SLOUGH,  slow,  n.  a  hollow  filled  witli 
mud:  a  soft  bog  or  marsh.  [A.S.  slog,  a 
hollow  place  ;  perh.  from  Gael,  shigaid, 
W.yslwch,  a  deep  miry  place.] 

SLOUGH,  sluf , )!.  the  cast-off  skin  of  a  ser- 
pent :  the  dead  part  which  separates 
from  a  sore.— r./.  to  come  away  as  a 
slough  :  to  be  in  the  state  of  sloughing. 
[Alhed  to  O.  Ger.  sluch,  Ger.  schlaueh, 
the  cast-off  skin  of  the  serpent.] 

SLOUGHY,  slow'i,  adj  full  of  sloughs : 
miiy.  [slough. 

SLOUGHY,  slufi,  adj.  like  or  containmg 

SLOVEN,  sluv'n,  n.  a  man  cai-elessly  or 
dirtily  dressed  -.—fern.  Slut.  [Dut.  slof 
Low  Ger.  sluf,  slow,  indolent.] 


SLOVENLY 


399 


SMUTCH 


SLOVENLY,  sluv'en-li,  adj.  likp  a  sloven  : 
negligent  of  neatness  or  cleanliness  :  dis- 
orderly :  done  in  an  untidy  manner. — n. 
Slov'enuness. 

SLOW;  slo,  adj.  not  swift :  late  :  behind  in 
time  :  not  hasty  :  not  ready  :  not  pro- 
gressive.— adv.  Slow'lt. — n.  Slow'ness. 
[A.S.  slaw,  slow,  lazy ;  cog.  with  Dut. 
she.  Ice.  sliofr,  blunt.] 

SLOW-WORM,  slo'-wurra,  n.  a  species  of 
worm,  so  called  from  the  slowness  of  its 
motion. 

SLUDGE,  sluj,  n.  soft  mud  or  mire.  [A 
form  of  Slush.  1 

SLUG,  slug,  n.  a  heavy,  lazy  feUow:  a  snail 
very  destructive  to  vegetation.  [From 
!M.E.  slugge,  lazy  ;  conn,  with  Slack.] 

SLUG,  slug,  n.  a  cylindrical  or  oval  piece 
of  metal  for  firing  from  a  gun.  [From 
root  of  Slay.] 

SliUGGARD,  slug'ard,  n.  one  habitually 
idle  or  inactive. 

SLUGGISH,  slug'ish.  adj.  habitually  lazy  : 
slothful  :  having  little  motion  :  having 
little  or  no  power. — adv.  Slitgo'ishlt. — 

?!.  SLUGO'ISH^fESS. 

SLUICE,  sloos,  7?.  a  sliding  gate  in  a  frame 
for  shutting  off  or  regulating  the  flow  of 
water  :  the  stream  which  flows  through 
it :  that  through  which  anything  flows  : 
a  source  of  supply.  [Like  Dut.  shtis, 
Ger.  schleitse,  from  O.  Fr.  cscluse  (Fr. 
ecluse) — Low  L.  exclusa.  (aqua),  a  sluice, 
lit.  "  (water)  shut  out,"  pa.p.  of  L.  ex- 
eludo.    See  Exclude.] 

SLUM,  slum,  n.  a  low  street  or  neighbor- 
hood.    [Ety.  dub.] 

SLUMBER,  .slum'ber,  v.i.  to  sleep  lightly : 
to  sleep  :  to  be  in  a  state  of  negligence 
or  inactivity. — ?i.  light  sleep  :  repose. — 
71.  Sluji'berer.  [With  intrusive  b  from 
A.S.  slvmerian,  to  slumber — sluma,  slum- 
ber, cog.  with  Ger.  schlummern.] 

SLUMBEROUS,  slum'ber-us,  adj.  inviting 
or  causing  slumber  :  sleepy. 

SLUJIP,  slump,  v.i.  to  fall  or  sink  suddenly 
into  water  or  mud.    [From  the  sound.] 

SLUMP,  slump,  v.t.  to  throw  into  a  lump 
or  mass.     [A  corr.  of  Lump,] 

SLUNG,  pa.  f.  and  pa.p.  of  Sling. 

SLUNK,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Slink. 

SLUR,  slur,  v.t.  to  soil :  to  contaminate  : 
to  disgrace  :  to  pass  over  lightly  :  to 
conceal :  (mugic)  to  sing  or  play  in  a 
gliding  manner: — p/'.p.  slurr'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  slurred. ^ji.  a  stain:  slight 
reproach :  (music)  a  mark  showing  that 
notes  are  to  be  sung  to  the  same  syllable. 
IProb.  orig.  "to  draw  or  touch  in  a  care- 
less waj',"  found  in  Low  Ger.  sliiren,  Dut. 
sleuren,  to  drag  along  the  ground.] 

SLUSH,  slosh,  n.  liquid  mud  :  melting 
snow.— ac?;.  Slush'y.  [Prob.  conn,  with 
Slough  ;  cf.  Dan.  staske,  to  dabble.] 

SLUT,  slut,  n.  (fem.  of  Slov'en),  a  dirty, 
untidy  woman,  vised  sometimes  in  con- 
tempt :  a  female  dog,  a  bitch.  [Dan. 
slutte,  Bav.  sehJutt,  an  uncleanly  person.] 

SLUTTISH,  slut'ish,  adj.  resemblingaslut: 
dirty  :  careless. — adv.  Slutt'ishly. — n. 
Slutt'ishness. 

SLY,  sU,  adj.  dexterous  in  doing  anytliing 
so  as  to  be  unobserved:  cunniiig:  wily: 
.secret:  done  with  artful  dexterity. — adv. 
Sly'ly  or  Su'LY.— K.  Sly' NESS.  [Prob. 
from  Scand.  slmg-r ;  cf.  Ger.  sc/tZaw.] 

SMACK,  smak,  n.  taste:  flavor:  a  pleasing 

*  taste:  a  small  quantity  :  a  taste. — v.i.  to 
make  a  noise  with  the  lips,  as  after  tast- 
ing :  to  have  a  taste  :  to  have  a  quality 
[A.S.  smoec  ;  Dut.  smal; :  from  the  sound 
made  by  the  lips.] 

SMACK,  smak,  n.  a  small  vessel  used  chief- 
ly in  the  coasting  and  fishing  trade. 
[From  A.S.  S7iacc  (Dut.  smak,  Ger. 
schmaeke),  perh.  from  Ice.  snak-r,  E. 
Snake.] 


SMALL,  smawl,  adj.,  little  in  quantity  or 
degree:  minute:  notgreat:  unimportant: 
of  little  worth  or  ability  :  short  :  having 
little  strength  :  gentle. — n.  Small'ness. 
[A.S.  smoel ;  O.  Ger.  .irnal  (Ger.  schnial).] 

Smallpox,  smawl'poks,  n.  a  contagious, 
feverish  disease,  characterized  by  small 
po.v,  or  eruptions  on  the  skin.  [See  PoCK, 
of  which  it  is  a  mistaken  form.] 

SMALT,  smawlt,  n.  glass  melted,  tinged 
blue  by  cobalt,  and  pulverized  when  cold. 
[Low  L.  smaltum — O.  Ger.  smalzjan  (Ger. 
schmelztn),  to  melt.  See  Smelt,  v.  and 
Melt.] 

S^MART,  smart,  n.  quick,  stinging  pain  of 
body  or  mind. — v.i.  to  feel  a  smart:  to  be 
punished. — adj.  causing  a  smart :  prick- 
ing :  severe  :  .sharp  :  vigorous  :  acute  : 
witty  :  \ivacious. — adv.  Smakt'ly. — n. 
Smart'ness.  [M.  E.  smerte ;  cog.  witli 
Dut.  smerte,  Ger.  schmerz ;  perh.  also 
conn,  with  L.  mord-eo,  to  bite.  Sans. 
mard.'] 

SMART-MONEY,  smart'-mun'i,  n.,  money 
required  of  a  person  in  order  that  he  may 
smart  or  be  punished  by  its  loss  :  in  En- 
gland, money  allowed  to  .soldiers  and 
sailors  for  wounds  received. 

SMASH,  smash,  v.t.  to  break  in  pieces  vio- 
lently :  to  crush. — n.  act  of  smashing. — 
H.  Smash'er.  [Prob.  imitative,  and  perh. 
also  influenced  by  Mash.] 

SMATTER,  smat'er,  v.i.  to  talk  superfi- 
cially :  to  liave  a  superficial  knowledge. 
— n.  Smatt'eeee.  [M.E.  smateren,  to 
rattle,  to  chatter;  cog.  with  Ger.  schmet- 
tern,  to  rattle,  to  jabber,  to  shatter;  perh. 
from  the  root  of  Smite.] 

SMATTERING,  smat'er-ing,  7i.  a  superfi- 
cial knowledge. 

SMEAR,  smer,  v.t.  to  overspread  with  any- 
thing sticky  or  oily,  as  grease :  to  daub. 
[A.S.  smerian — snieru,  fat,  grease,  cog. 
with  Gr<r.  schmeer,  grease,  Ice.  smjor, 
butter.] 

SMELL,  smel,  v.i.  to  affect  the  nose  :  to 
have  odor :  to  use  the  sense  of  smell. — 
v.t.  to  perceive  by  the  nose  :^pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  smelled  or  smelt. — n.  the  quality 
of  bodies  which  affects  the  nose:  odor: 
perfume  :  the  sense  which  perceives  this 
quality.  [Allied  to  Low  Ger.  smellen,  to 
smoke  ;  so  Ger.  riechen,  to  smeU,  from 
rauch,  smoke.] 

SMELLING-BOTTLE,  smel'ing-bot'l,  n.  a 
bottle  containing  a  smelling  substance  for 
stimulating  the  nose  and  reviving  the 
spirits. 

SJIELT,  smelt,  n.  a  fish  of  the  salmon  or 
trout  family,  having  a  cucumber-like 
smell.     [A.S.] 

SMELT,  smelt,  v.t.  to  melt  ore  in  order  to 
separate  the  metal. — n.  Smelt'er.  [Allied 
to  Dut.  smclten ;  prob..  conn,  with  MELT.] 

SMELTERY,  smelfer-U  n.  a  place  forsmelt- 

ing'- 

SMEW,  smii,  Ji.  a  species  of  duck  or  diver. 
Called  also  white-nun,  vare-widgeon,  and 
smee.     [Ety.  unknown.] 

SMILE,  smil,  v.i.  to  express  pleasure  by 
the  countenance  ;  to  express  slight  con- 
tempt ;  to  look  joyous  :  to  be  favorable. 
— n.  act  of  smiling :  the  expression  of 
the  features  in  smiling:  favor.  [Dau. 
smile,  Sw.  smUa ;  conn,  with  E.  Smirk, 
L.  minis,  wonderful,  Sans,  smi,  to  smile.] 

SMIRCH,  smirch,  v.  to  besmear,  dirty.  [A 
weakened  form  of  smer-k,  from  M.E. 
smeren,  to  smear.] 

SJIIRK,  smerk,  v.t.  to  smile  affectedly  :  to 
look  affectedly  soft. — n.  an  afl'ected  smile. 
[A.S.  smercian ;  akin  to  Smile.] 

SMITE,  smit,  v.t.  to  strike  with  the  fist, 
hand,  or  weapon  :  to  beat  :  to  kUl :  to 
overthrow  in  battle  :  to  affect  with  feel- 
ing :  (B.)  to  blast  :  to  afflict. — v.i.  to 
strike  : — pa.t.  smOtc  ;  pa.p.  smilt'en. — n. 


Smit'ee.    [A.S.  smitan ;  cog.  with  Dut, 
smijfen,  Ger.  schmeiszen.] 

SMITH,  smith,  n.  one  who  forges  with  the 
hammer  :  a  worker  in  metals  :  one  who 
makes  anything.  [A.S.  ;  cog.  with  Ger. 
schmied.] 

8MITHERY,  sraith'er-i,  «.  the  workshop  of 
a  smith  :  work  done  by  a  smith. 

SMITHY,  smith'i,  n.  the  workshop  of  a 
smith. 

SMITTEN,  smit'n,  pa.p.  of  Smite. 

SMOCK,  smok,  n.  a  woman's  shift :  a 
smock-frock.  [A.S.  sinoc,  perh.  from  A.S. 
smeogan,  Ger.  schmiegen,  to  creep  ;  and 
so  lit.  sig.  "  a  garment  crept  into."] 

SMOCK-FROCK,  smok'-frok,  n.  a  loose 
shirt  of  coarse  linen  worn  over  the  other 
clothes.    [Smock  and  Frock.] 

SMOKE,  smok,  n.  the  vapor  from  a  burning 
body.  — v.i.  to  emit  smoke  :  to  draw  in 
and  puff  out  the  smoke  of  tobacco  :  to 
raise  smoke  by  moving  rapidly  :  (B.)  to 
burn  :  to  rage. — v.t.  to  applj'  smoke  to  : 
to  di'y,  scent,  or  medicate  by  smoke  :  to 
inhale  the  smoke  of :  to  use  in  smoking  : 
to  try  to  expel  by  smoking. — On  a  smoke 
(B.)  smoking,  or  on  Are.  [A.S.  smoca ; 
cog.  with  Low  Ger.  and  Dut.  smock,  Ger. 
scKmatich ;  perh.  conn,  with  the  root  of 
Smack.] 

SMOKER,  smok'er,  n.  one  who  smokes 
tobacco  :  one  who  dries  by  smoking. 

SMOKY,  smok'i.ad/.  gi\Tng  out  smoke:  like 
smoke:  filled,  or  subject  to  be  filled,  witli 
smoke:  tarnished  or  noisome  with  smoke. 
—adv.  Smok'ily.— )!.  Smok'iness. 

SMOOTH,  smooth,  adj.  having  an  even 
surface  :  not  rough  :  evenly  spread  :  glos- 
sy :  gently  flowing :  easy  :  regular :  vin- 
obstructed  :  bland:  mild. — v.i.  to  make 
smooth  :  to  palUate  :  to  soften  :  to  calm  : 
to  ease.  —  n.  (B.)  the  smooth  part.  — 
adv.  Smooth'ly. — n.  Smooth'ness.  [Lit. 
"yielding  to  the  hammer,"  A.S.  smoethe; 
cog.  with  Low  Ger.  smoedig,  and  with 
Ger.  schmeidig,  ge-schvieidig,  soft ;  from 
tije  same  root  as  Smith.] 

SMOOTHING-IRON,  smoo</i'ing-I'urn,  n. 
an  instrument  of  tj'on  for  smoothing 
clothes. 

SMOOTH-TONGUED,  smoO/Zt'-tungd,  adj. 
having  a  smooth  tongne  :  flattering. 

SMOTE.  s.mU,pa.t.  of  Smite. 

SMOTHER,  smuth'er,  v.i.  to  suffocate  by 
excluding  the  air :  to  conceal. — v.i.  to  be 
suffocated  or  suppressed:  to  smoulder. — 
n.  smoke  :  thick  floating  dust.  [Closely 
conn,  -ivith  A.S.  smorian  (cog.  with  Ger. 
schmoren,  to  stew);  perh.  from  the  same 
root  as  Smear.] 

SMOULDER,  sm5l'der,  v.i.  to  bui-n  slowly 
or  without  vent.  [Conn,  with  Smother, 
also  influenced  by  Smell.] 

SMUG,  smug,  adj.  neat,  pnm,  spruce  :  af- 
fectedly smart.  [From  the  Scand.,  as 
Dan.  sm,uk,  handsome  ;  cf.  A.S.  snieag, 
fine.] 

SMUGGLE,  smug^,  v.t.  to  import  or  ex- 
port without  paying  the  legal  duty  :  to 
convey  secretly. — n.  Smuoo'lisq.  [Low 
Ger.  smuggeln,  cog.  wjth  Ger.  sehmug- 
geln;  from  a  root  found  in  Dut.  smuigen, 
to  do  secretly.] 

S  M  U  G  G  L  E"R,  smug'ler,  7i.  one  who 
smuggles  :  a  vessel  used  in  smuggling. 

SMUT,  snmt,  n.  a  spot  of  dirt,  soot,  etc.: 
foul  matter,  as  soot  :  a  disease  of  corn 
by  which  the  ear  becomes  a  soot-like 
powder  :  obscene  language. — v.t.  to  soil 
with  smut :  to  blacken  or  tarnish. — v.i. 
to  gather  smut  :  to  be  turned  into  smut: 
—pr.p.  smutt'ing  ;  p>a.t.  and  pa.p. 
snnitt'ed.  [Cog.  with  Sw.  snnds,  Ger. 
schiuutz,  prob.  from  root  of  SlttlTE.  Cf. 
Smutch.] 

SJnJTCH,  smuch,  v.t.  to  blacken,  as  with 
suot. — n.  a  dirty  mark.     [From  Smlt.J 


SMUTTY 


400 


SOCIALISM 


SMXTTTY,  smut'i,  adj.  stained  with  smut. 

— adv.  Smutt'ily. — n.  Smutt'iness. 
SNACK,  snak,  n.  a  share  :  a  slight,  hasty 

meal.     [A  form  of  Snatch.] 
SNAFFLE,  snaf'l,  ?i.  a  bridle  which  crosses 

the  nose  and   has  a  slender  mouth-bit 

without  branches.     [Perh.  an  extension 

of  Snap.] 
SNAG,  snag,  n.  a  sharp  protuberance  :  a 

short    branch  :    a    projecting   tooth    or 

stump.     [Akin  to  Gael,  and  Ir.  snaigh,  to 

cut  down,  to  prune.] 
SNAGGED,  snag-ed,  SNAGGY,  snag'i,  adj. 

full  of  snags. 
SNAIL,  snal,  n.  a  shmy  creeping  mollusc, 

with  or  without  a    shell.      [Lit.    "  the 

crawling  animal,"  A.S.  snegl,  snoegl;  Ger. 

schnecke ;  conn,  ■yvith  Snake  and  Sneak.] 
SNAKE,  snak,  n.  a  kind  of  serpent.     [Lit. 

"  the  creeping  animal,"  A.S.  snaea,  prob. 

from  snican,  to  creep  ;  Ice.  sndk-r.    Cf. 

Snatl  and  Sneak.] 
SNAP,  snap,  v.t.  to  break  short  or  at  once: 

to  bite,  or  catch  at  suddenly  :  to  crack. 

— v.i.  to  break  short :  to  try  to  bite  : — 

pr.p.  snapping;  pa.t.  andpa.p.  snapped. 

— n.  act  of  snapping,  or  the  noise  made  by 

it :  a  small  catch  or  lock.     [Allied  to  Ice. 

snapa,   Dut.  snappen,    Ger.   sehnajipen. 

See  Snip.] 
SNAPDRAGON,  snap'drag-un,  n.  a  plant, 

so  called  because  the  lower  lip  of  the 

corolla  when  parted  shuts  with  a  s^iap 

hke    a  dragon's  jaw  :   a  play  in  which 

raisins     are     snatched    from     burning 

brandy,  also  the  raisins  so  taken. 
SNAPPISH,  snap'ish,  adj.  inclined  to  snap: 

eager  to  bite:  sharp  in  reply. — n.  Snapf- 

ISHNESS. 

SNARE,  snar,  n.  a  running  noose  cf  string 
or  wire,  etc.,  for  catching  an  animal :  a 
trap :  that  by  which  any  one  is  entrapped. 
— v.t.  same  as  Insnabe. — n.  Snae'ek. — 
adj.  Snar'y.  [A.S.  snear,  cord,  snare  ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  sehnur,  Goth,  snorjo;  also 
conn,  with  L.  nennis,  Gr.  neuron,  string, 
nerve.] 

SNARL,  snarl,  v.i.  to  growl  as  a  surly  dog: 
to  speak  in  a  surly  manner. — n.  Snael'ee. 
[Prob.  imitative;  L6w  Ger.  snarren,  Ger. 
schnarren ;  conn,  with  E.  Snore.] 

SNATCH,  snach,  i\t.  to  seize  quickly  :  to 
take  without  permission  :  to  seize  and 
carry  away. — v.i,  to  try  to  seize  hastily. 
— n.  a  hasty  catching  or  seizing :  a  short 
time  of  exertion :  a  small  piece  or  frag- 
ment. [M.  E.  snecchen ;  cog.  with  Dut. 
snakken,  and  vrith  Prov.  E.  sneek,  a  bolt; 
also  conn,  with  Snap.] 

SNEAK,  snek,  v.i.  to  cre^  or  steal  away 
privately  or  meanly  :  to  behave  meanly. 
— n.  a  mean,  servile  fellow. — adj.  Sneak'- 
TSQ. — adv.  Sneak'inglt.  [A.S.  snican,  to 
creep  ;  Dan.  snige.    See  Snake.] 

SNEER,  sner,  v.i.  to  show  contempt  by  the 
expression  of  the  face,  as  by  turning  up 
the  nose  :  to  insinuate  contempt. — n.  an 
indirect  expression  of  contempt.  —  n. 
Sneer'er. — adj.  Sneeh'ing. — adv.  Sneer'- 
INGLY.      [Imitative  ;  conn,  with  Snael.] 

SNEEZE,  snez,  v.i.  to  eject  air  rapidly  and 
audibly  through  the  nose.— Ji.  a  sneezing. 
[M.E.  nesin,  hneosen  (the  A.S.  isfneosan), 
cog,  with  Ice.  hniosa,  Ger.  niesen.] 

SNIFF,  snif,  v.t.  to  draw  in  with  the  breath 
through  the  nose. — v.i.  to  snuff  or  draw 
in  air  sharply  through  the  nose:  to  snuff: 
to  scent.     [From  the  root  of  Snuef.] 

SNIP,  snip,  v.t.  to  cut  off  at  once  with  scis- 
sors :  to  cut  off  the  nib  of :  to  cut  off:— 
pr.p.  snipp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  snipped. 
— 71.  a  single  cut  with  scissors :  a  clip  or 
small  shred.  [AUied  to  Dut.  snippen,  Ger. 
^hnippen;  closely  conn,  with  Snap.] 

SNIPE,  snip,  n.  a  bird  which  frequents 
marshy  places.     [Prob.  so  called  from  its 


long  hill ;  Dut.  snip,  Ger.  sehnepfe  ;  conn. 

with  Ger.  schneppe,  E.  Neb.] 
SNIVEL,  sniv'l,  v.i.  to  run  at  the  nose :  to 

cry,  as  a  child: — pr.p.  sniv'elling ;  pa.t. 

and  pa.p.  snivelled. — adj.  Sniv'elling. 

[A.S.  snofel,  mucus  from  the  nose  ;  akin 

to  Sniff,  Snuff.] 
SNIVELLER,   sniv'1-er,  n.    one    prone  to 

snivelUng :    one    who    cries    for   slight 

causes. 
SNOB,  snob,  n.  a  vulgar  person,  esp.  one 

who  apes  gentility :  (orig.)  a  shoemaker. 

—  adj.  Snobb'ish.  —  n.  Snobb'ishness. — 

adv.  Snobb'ishlt.     [Prov.  E.] 
SNOOD,  snood,  n.  the  fillet  which  binds  a 

maiden's  hair.      [A.S.  snod,  prob.  orig. 

Celtic] 
SNOOZE,  snooz,  v.i.  to  doze  :  to  slumber. 

— n.  a  quiet  nap.  [From  root  of  SNEEZE.] 
SNORE,  snor,  i:i.  to  breathe  roughly  and 

hoarsely  in  sleep. — n.  a  noisy  breathing 

in  sleep. — n.  Snor'er.     [From  the  root 

of  Snarl,  influenced  by  imitation  of  the 

sound.] 
SNORT,  snort,  r.£.   to  force  the  air  with 

violence  and  noise  through  the  nostrils, 

as    horses.  —  ns.    Snort'ing,    Snort'er. 

[Extension  of  Snore.] 
SNOT,  snot,  n.  mucus  of  the  nose. — adj. 

Snott'y.       [A.S.,    and    in    other    Teut. 

tongues ;  conn,  with  Snout.] 
SNOUT,  snowt,  n.  the  projecting  nose  of 

a  beast,  as  of  a  swine.    [Low  Ger.  snute ; 

cog.  with  Dut.  snuit,  Ger.  schnauze.'] 
SNOW,  sno,  re.  frozen  moisture  which  falls 

from  the    atmosphere    in    light,   white 

flakes. — v.i.  to  fall  in  snow.     [A.S.  snaw 

(cog.  with  Goth,  snaivs,  Ger.  sehnee,  L. 

nix,  nivis) — sniwan,  to  snow  (cog.  with 

Qer.  schneien,  L.  ningo,  Gr.  niplio.^ 
SNOW -BLINDNESS,    sno'- bllnd'nes,    re., 

blindness  caused  by  the  reflection  of  light 

from  snoiv. 
SNOWDRIFT,  sno'drift,  re.  a  bank  of  snow 

drifted  together  by  the  wind. 
SNOWDROP,  sno'drop,  re.  a  bulbous-rooted 

plant  with  beautiful  drop-like  flowers, 

which  often  come  forth  before  the  snow 

has  disappeared. 
SNOWLINE,  snb'lin,   n.  the  line  upon  a 

mountain  that  marks  the  limit  of  per- 
petual snow. 
SNOWPLOUGH,  sno'plow,  re.  a  machme 

like  a  ploaigh  for  clearing  roads  and  rail- 
ways from  snow. 
SNOWSHOE,  sno'shoo,  n.  a  great  flat  shoe 

worn  to  prevent  sinking  in  the  s^iow. 
SNOWSLIP,  sno'slip,  n.  a  mass  of  snow 

which  slips  down  a  mountain's  side. 
SNOWY,  sno'i,  adj.  abounding  or  covered 

with  snow  :    white,   like  snow  :    pure  : 

spotless. 
SNUB,  snub,  v.t.  to  check :  to  reprimand  : — 

pr.p.  snubb'ing ;  pa.t.  an&pa.p.  snubbed. 

[Dan.  snubbe  (af),  to  nip  (off),  and  Ice. 

stiubba  (Ut.  "  to  cut  short "),  to  chide.] 
SNDB-NOSE,  snub'-noz,  n.  a  short  or  flat 

nose.     [See  under  Snub.] 
SNUFF,  snuf,  v.i.  to  draw  in  air  violently 

and  noisily  through  the  nose  :  to  sniff. — 

t\t.  to  draw  into  the  nose  :  to  smell :  to 

take  off  the  snuff  of  (as  a  candle). — n. 

powdered  tobacco  or  other  substance  for 

snuffing :  the  charred  part  of  a  candle- 
wick.      [Cog.    with    Dut.   snuffcn,  Ger. 

schnaufen,    Sw.     snufva.      See    Sniff, 

Snivel.] 
SNUFF-BOX,  snuf'-boks,  re.  a  box  tor  snuff. 
SNUFF-DISHES,   snuf-dish'ez,   n.pl.   (B.) 

dishes  for  the  smtff  of  the  lamps  of  the 

tabernacle. 
SNUFFER,  snufer,  re.  one  who  snuffs:— 

pi.  an  instrument  for  taking  the  snuff  off 

a  candle. 
SNUFFLE,   snuf'l,   v.i.    to   breathe    hard 

through  the  nose.     [Freq.  of  SNun.] 


SNUFFY,  snuf'i,  adj.  soiled  with  or  smell- 
ing  of  SMM^. 

SNUG,  snug,  adj.  lying  close  and  warm  •. 
comfortable  :  not  exposed  to  ^-iew  or  no- 
tice :  being  in  good  order  :  compact. — 
adv.  Snuo'ly.— re.  Snug'ness.  [Scand., 
as  Ice.  sniigg-r,  short-haired,  smooth ; 
perh.  conn,  with  E.  Sneak.] 

SO,  so,  adv.  and  C09y.  in  this  manner  or 
degree  :  thus  :  for  like  reason :  in  such 
manner  or  degree  :  in  a  high  degree  :  as, 
has  been  stated  :  on  this  account :  be  it 
so :  provided  that :  in  case  that.  [A.S. 
swd.  Ice.  and  Goth,  svd ;  whence  E.  and 
Ger.  so  (sva  being  changed  to  sua,  and 
the  u  coalescing  with  the  a  to  form  o).] 

SOAK,  sok,  i\t.  to  steep  in  a  fluid  :  to  wet 
thoroughly  :  to  drench  :  to  draw  in  by 
the  pores. — v.i.  to  be  steeped  in  a  liquid: 
to  enter  into  pores. — re.  Soak'er.  [A.S. 
socian  ;  conn,  wth  Suck.] 

SOAP,  sop,  n.  a  compound  of  oils  or  fats 
with  soda  or  potash,  used  in  washing. — 
v.t.  to  rub  or  wash  with  soap.  [A.S. 
sape,  from  the  root  of  sipan,  to  drip  ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  seife ;  conn,  also  with  L. 
sebum,  fat  (L.  sapo  is  borrowed  from  the 
Teut.).] 

SOAPSTONE,  sop'ston,  re.  a  soft  kind  of 
magnesian  rock  having  a  soapy  feel, 
also  called  Steatite. 

SOAPY,  sop'i,  adj.  like  soap  :  having  the 
qualities  of  soap  :  covered  with  soap. — 
n.  Soap'iness. 

SOAR,  sor,  v.i.  to  mount  into  the  air :  to 
fly  aloft :  to  rise  to  a  height.  [O.  Fr.  es- 
sor-er,  to  balance  in  air  (Fr.,  to  air  or 
dry,  as  hnen  ;  cf.  es-sor,  flight  of  birds, 
and  It.  sor-are,  to  flutter,  to  soar) — L. 
ex,  out  of,  and  aura,  air.] 

SOB,  sob,  f.i.  to  sigh  in  a  convulsive  man- 
ner, \vith  tears  : — jyr.p.  sobb'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  sobbed. — n.  a  short,  convulsive 
sigh.  [Conn,  with  A.S.  seojian,  to  sigh, 
Ger  seuf-z-en,  and  E.  Sigh.]  ' 

SOBER,  so'ber,  adj.  not  drunk  :  temperate, 
esp.  in  the  use  of  liquors  :  not  mad  :  not 
wUd  or  passionate  :  self-possessed  :  se- 
date :  grave:  calm:  regular. — v.t.  to 
make  sober  :  to  free  from  intoxication. — 
adv.  So'berly. — re.  So'berness.  [Fr.  so- 
bre — L.  sobrius,  conn.  \dth  Gr.  sophron, 
of  sound  mind,  and  sos  (for  saos),  sound, 
L.  samis.'] 

SOBRIETY,  so-brT'et-i,  re.  state  or  habit  of 
being  sober :  calmness  :  gravity.  [Fr. 
sobriete — L.  sobrietas.     [See  Sober.] 

SOBRIQUET,  s6'bri-ka,  re.  a  contemptuous 
nickname  :  an  assumed  name.  [Fr.  ; 
ety.  dub.  ;  ace.  to  Diez,  perh.  comp.  of 
Fr.  sot,  simple,  and  O.  Fr.  briquet,  a 
young  ass,  a  simpleton.] 

SOCAGE,  sok'aj,  n.  a  tenure  of  lands  in 
England,  for  which  the  service  is  fixed 
and  determinate  in  quality.  [A.S.  soc,  a 
right  of  holding  a  court ;  from  hlaford- 
socn,  seeking  a  lord — secan,  to  seek.] 

SOCIABILITY,  so-sha-bil'i-ti,  re.  quaUty  of 
being  sociable  :  good-fellowship. 

SOCIABLE,  s6'sha-bl,  adj.  inclined  to  so- 
ciety:  fit  for  company:  companionable: 
affording  opportunities  for  intercourse. — 
adv.  So'ciably. — re.  So'ciableness.  [Fr. 
—  L.  sodabilis  —  socio,  to  associate - 
socitis,  a  companion.] 

SOCIAL,  so'shal,  adj.  pertaining  to  society 
or  companionship:  relating  to  men  united 
in  a  society  :  inchned  for  friendly  inter- 
course :  consisting  in  mutual  converse  : 
convivial. — adv.  So'cially. — re^.  Social'- 
ITY,  So'ciALNESS.  [L.  socialis — socius,  a 
companion.] 

SOCIALISM,  so'shal-izm,  re.  the  name 
given  to  schemes  for  regenerating  society 
by  a  more  equal  distribution  of  property, 
and  esp.  by  substituting  the  prmciple  of 


SOCIALIZE 


401 


SOLITUDE 


association  for  that  of  competition.^-n. 
So'ciALlST,  an  adherent  of  socialism. 

SOCIALIZE,  so'shal-iz,  v.t.  to  reduce  to  a 
social  state  :  to  render  social. 

SOCIETY,  so-sl'e-ti,  n.  a  number  of  per- 
sons associated  for  a  common  interest :  a 
community  or  partnership  :  the  civilized 
body  of  mankind:  persons  who  associate: 
a  religious  or  ecclesiastical  body.  [L. 
soeietas — sociiis,  a  companion.] 

SOCINIAN,  so-sin'i-an,  adj.  pertaining  to 
Socimts,  who  in  the  16th  century  denied 
the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  the  deity  of 
Christ,  etc. — n.  SociN'lAiasM,  the  doc- 
trines of  Socinus. 

SOCIOLOGY,  so-shi-ol'o-ji,  n.  the  science 
that  treats  of  the  conditions  and  develop- 
ment of  human  society,  including  ethics, 
politics,  political  economy,  etc.  —  adj. 
SociOLOa'iCAL.  [A  hybrid  from  L.  socius, 
a  companion,  and  Gr.  logos,  science.] 

SOCK,  sok,  n.  a  kind  of  halt-stocking : 
comedy.  [Orig.  a  low-heeled  light  shoe, 
worn  by  actors  of  comedy,  A.S.  socc — 
L.  socciis.] 

SOCKET,  sok'et,  n.  a  hollow  into  which 
something  is  inserted  :  the  hollow  of  a 
candlestick.     [From  SoCK.] 

SOCRATIC,  so-krat'ik,  SOCRATICAL,  so- 
krat'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  Socrates,  a 
celebrated  Greek  phUosopher,  to  his  phil- 
osophy, or  to  his  manner  of  teaching, 
which  was  by  a  series  of  questions  lead- 
ing to  the  desired  result. — adv.  Socrat'- 

ICAXiY. 

SOD,  sod,  71.  any  surface  of  earth  grown 
with  grass,  etc.  :  turf. — aJj.  consisting 
of  sod. — v.t.  to  cover  with  sod.  [Low 
Ger.  sode,  Ger.  sode ;  perh.  connected 
with  sod,  pa.t.  of  SEETHE,  and  thus  orig. 
sig.  "  fuel  for  making  the  pot  boil."] 

SOD,  sod,  pa.t.  of  Seethe. 

SODA,  so'da,  n.  oxide  of  the  metal  sodium. 
[Sp.  soda  (It.  soda,  Fr.  sonde) — L.  solida, 
hrm,  because  found  in  hard  masses.] 

SODA-WATER,  so'da-waw'ter,  n.,  ivater 
containing  soda  charged  with  carbonic 
acid. 

SODDEN,  sod'n,  obs.  pa.p.  of  Seethe. 

SODDY,  sod'i,  adj.  covered  with  sod:  turfy. 

SODIXIM,  s6'di-um,  w.  a  yellowish-white 
metal,  the  base  of  soda. 

SODOMITE,  sod'om-It,  n.  an  inhabitant  of 
Sodom  :  one  guilty  of  sodomy.  —  adj. 
Sodomit'ical. — adv.  Sodomtt'ically. 

SODOMY,  sod'om-i,  n.  unnatural  lust,  so 
called  because  imputed  to  the  inhabitants 
of  Sodom. 

SOFA,  so'fa,  n.  a  long  seat  with  stuffed 
bottom,  back,  and  arms.  [Fr. — Ar.  siiffa 
— saffa,  to  arrange  or  set  in  order.] 

SOFT,  soft,  adj.  easily  yielding  to  pressure: 
easily  cut  or  acted  upon  :  malleable :  not 
rough  to  the  touch:  smooth:  pleasing  or 
soothing  to  the  senses:  easily  yielding  to 
any  influence:  mild  :  gentle:  effeminate: 
gentle  in  motion  :  easy  :  free  from  lime 
or  salt,  as  water. — adv.  gently  :  quietly. 
adv. — SOFT'LY. — n.  Soft'ness.  [A.S. 
sefte ;  cog.  with  Dut.  soft,  Ger.  sanft.] 

SOFTEN,  sof'n,  v.t.  to  make  soft  or  softer. 
— v.i.  to  grow  soft  or  softer. — n.  SOFT'- 
5;ner. 

'IL,  soil,  n.  the  ground  :  the  mould  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth  which  nourishes 
plants  :  country.  [Fr.  sol  —  L.  solum, 
conn,  with  solidus,  solid.  It  has  been 
much  confused  with  the  following 
word.] 

SOIL,  soil,  n.  dirt:  dung:  foulness:  a  spot 
or  stain. — v.t.  to  make  dirty  :  to  stain  : 
to  manure. — v.i.  to  take  a  soil :  to  tar- 
nish. [Fr.  souille,  wallowing-place — L. 
suillus,  piggish — kus,  a  pig,  a  hog.] 

SOIREE,  swa'ra,  n.  an  evening  party  :  a 
public  meeting  with  refreshments.    [Fr. 


— soir,  evening  (Prov.  sera) — L.  serus, 
late.] 

SOJOURN,  so'jurn,  v.t.  to  stay  for  a  day  : 
to  dwell  for  a  time.  —  n.  a  temporary 
residence. — n.  So'joitrner.  [Fr.  sejourn- 
er — L.  sub,  and  Low  L.  jomus — L.  di- 
urnu.s,  relating  to  day — dies,  a  day.] 

SOLACE,  sol'as,  n.,  consolation,  comfort 
in  distress  :  relief. — v.t.  to  comfort  in 
distress  :  to  console  :  to  allay.  [O.  Fr. 
— L.  solatium — solor,  -atus,  to  comfort  in 
distress.] 

SOLAN-GOOSE,  so'lan-goos,  n.  the  gan- 
net.     [Ice.  sula.'] 

SOLAR,  so'lar,  adj.  pertaining  to  tlie  sun : 
measured  by  the  progress  of  the  sun: 
produced  by  the  sun.  [L.  Solaris — sol, 
the  sun.] 

SOLD,  sold,  pa.t.  audpa.p.  of  Sell.  [A.S. 
sealde,  seatd.] 

SOLDER,  sol'der,  v.t.  to  unite  two  metal- 
lic surfaces  by  a  fusible  metallic  cement: 
to  cement.  —  n.  a  metallic  cement  for 
uniting  metals.  [Lit.  "to  make  solid," 
O.  Fr.  solider,  solder  (Fr.  souder)  —  L. 
solidare,  to  make  solid — solidus,  solid.] 

SOLDIER,  sol'jer,  n.  a  man  engaged  in 
military  service :  a  private,  as  distin- 
guished from  an  officer  :  a  man  of  much 
military  experience  or  of  great  valor. 
[Lit.  "one  who  serves  for  pay,"  M.E. 
souldier — O.  Fr.  soldier  (Fr.  soldat) — L. 
solidus,  a  piece  of  money,  the  pay  of  a 
soldier.] 

SOLDIERLIKE,  sol'jer-lik,  SOLDIERLY, 
sol'jer-li,  adj.,  like  a  soldier:  martial: 
brave. 

SOLDIERSHIP,  sol'jer-ship,  n.,  state  or 
quality  of  being  a  soldier :  military  qual- 
ities :  martial  skill. 

SOLDIERY,  s6l'jer-i,  n.,  soldiers  collect- 
ively :  the  body  of  military  men. 

SOLE,  sol,  M.  the  lowest  part  or  under  side 
of  the  foot :  the  foot  :  the  bottom  of  a 
boot  or  shoe  :  the  bottom  of  anything. — 
v.t.  to  furnish  with  a  sole.  [A.S. — L. 
solea — solum,  the  lowest  part.  See  Soil, 
the  ground.] 

SOLE,  sol,  n.  a  genus  of  flat-fish  which  keep 
on  or  near  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  [Fr. 
sole — L.  solea.] 

SOLE,  sol,  adj.,  alone :  only  :  being  or 
acting  without  another  :  single :  Qaw) 
unmarried.  —  n.  SOLE'UBSS.  [L.  sohis, 
alone.    Cf.  Solo.] 

SOLECISM,  sol'e-sizm,  n.  a  breach  of  syn- 
tax :  any  absurdity  or  impropriety.  [Fr. 
— soloikos,  speaking  incorrectly,  awk- 
soUcisme — L.  solcecisnius — Gr.  soloikisjiios 
ward  ;  said  to  come  from  the  corruption 
of  the  Attic  dialect  among  the  Athenian 
colonists  of  Soloi  in  Cilicia,  but  this  is 
very  improb.    (Liddell  and  Scott).] 

SOLECIST,  sol'e-sist,  w.  one  who  commits 

SOlCCiSTilS 

SOLECISTIC,  sol-e-sist'ik,  SOLECISTIC- 
AL,  -al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  involving  a 
solecism  :  incorrect :  incongruous. — adri. 
Solecist'ically. 

SOLELY,  sol'li,  adv.,  alone:  only  :  singly. 

SOLEMN,  sol'em,  adj.  (lit.)  taking  place 
every  year,  said  especially  of  religious 
ceremonies :  attended  with  religious 
ceremonies,  pomp,  or  gravity  :  impress- 
ing with  seriousness  :  awful :  devout : 
having  the  appearance  of  gravity  :  de- 
votional :  attended  with  an  appeal  to 
God,  as  an  oath  :  serious.— adr.  Sol'emn- 
LY'. — n.  Sol'emnness.  [Fr.  solennel.  It. 
solenne,  L.  sollemnis,  solennis — Oscan  sol- 
lus,  all,  every,  L.  annus,  a  year.  See 
Solid.] 

SOLEMNITY,  so-lem'ni-ti,  n.  a  solemn  re- 
ligious ceremony  :  a  ceremony  adapted 
to  inspire  with  awe  :  reverence  :  senous- 
ness  :  aifected  gravity. 


SOLEMNIZE,  sd'em-niz,  v.t.  to  perform 
religiously  or  solemnly  once  a  year,  or 
periodically  :  to  celebrate  :  to  render 
grave.  —  ns.    Sol'emnizer,    Solemniza'- 

TION. 

SOL-FA,  sol-fa',  v.i.  to  sing  the  notes  of 
the  gamut,  do,  re,  mi, /a,  .<!oZ, etc.: — -pr.p. 
sol-fa'ing. 

SOLFEGGIO,  sol-fej'i-o,  n.  (music.)  an  ex- 
ercise on  the  notes  of  the  scale  as  repre- 
sented by  do,  re,  mi,  etc.     [It.] 

SOLICIT,  so-lis'it,  v.t.  to  aslc  earnestlj' :  to 
petition  :  to  seek  or  try  to  obtain.  [Fr. 
solliciter — L.  sollicito — solliaehis.  See  So- 
licitous.] 

SOLICITANT,  so-lis'it-ant,  n.  one  who  so- 

SOLICITATION,  so-hs-i-ta'shun,  n.  a  solic- 
iting :  earnest  request  :  invitation.  [L. 
sollicitatio.'] 

SOLICITOR,  so-lis'it-or,  n.  one  who  asks 
earnestly:  one  who  is  legally  qualified  to 
act  for  another  in  a  court  of  law. — n. 
Solicitor  -  general,  in  England,  the 
second  law-officer  of  the  crown.  [Fr. 
sollieiteur — solliciter.    See  Solicit.] 

SOLICITOUS,  so-lis'it-us,  adj.,  soliciting  or 
earnestly  asking  or  desiring  :  very  desir- 
ous :  anxious  :  careful. — adv.  SoLic'rr- 
OUSLY.  [Lit.  "thoroughly  moved,"  L. 
sollicitus — sollus  (see  Solemn),  and  citus, 
pa.p.  of  eieo.] 

SOLICITUDE,  so-lis'i-tud,  n.  state  of  bemg 
solicitous:  anxiety  or  uneasiness  of  mind: 
trouble.     [Fr.  sollicitude — L.  sollicitudo.] 

SOLID,  sol'id,  adj.  having  the  parts  firmly 
adliering  :  hard  :  compact :  full  of  mat- 
ter: not  hollow:  strong:  having  length, 
breadth,  and  thickness  (opp.  to  a  mere 
surface) :  cubic  :  substantial  :  weighty. 
— n.  a  substance  having  the  parts  firmly 
adhering  together:  a  firm,  compact  body, 
opposed  to  fluid.  —  adv.  Sol'idly. — n. 
SoL'iDNESS.  [L.  solidus,  akin  to  O.  Lat. 
sollus,  Gr.  holos,  whole.  Sans,  sarvas,  aU. 
Cf.  Solemn.] 

SOLIDARITY,  sol-i-dar'i-ti,  n.  the  being 
made  solid  or  compact:  tlie  being  bouno: 
a  consolidation,  or  oneness  of  interests. 
[Fr.  solidarite  —  solidaire,  jointly  and 
severally  liable — solide — L.  solidus.} 

SOLIDIFICATION,  so-lid-i-fi-ka'shun,  n. 
act  of  making  solid  or  hard. 

SOLIDIFY,  so-lid'i-fl,  v.t.  to  make  solid  or 
compact. — v.i.  to  growsohd  :  to  hardenc 
—pa.p.  solid'lfied.  [Fr.  solidijier — L.  soli- 
dus, facio,  to  make.] 

SOLIDITY,  so-lid'i-ti,  n.  a  being  solid:  full- 
ness of  matter :  strength  or  firmness, 
moral  or  physical :  soundness  :  (georo.) 
the  solid  content  of  a  body. 

SOLILOQUIZE,  so-lil'o-kwiz,  v.i.  to  speak 
to  one's  self  or  utter  a  soliloquy. 

SOLILOQUY,  so-lil'o-kwe,  n.  a  talking 
when  solitary  or  to  one's  self :  a  discourse 
of  a  person,  not  addressed  to  any  one. 
[L.  soliloquium — sohis,  alone,  and  loqui. 
to  speak.] 

SOLIPED,  sol'i-ped,  n.  an  animal  vnth  a 
single  or  uncloven  hoof  on  each  foot. 
[L.  solus,  a\one,  pes,  pedis,  a  foot.] 

SOLITAIRE,  sol-i-tar',  n.  a  recluse  or  one 
wlio  lives  alone :  a  game  played  by  one 
person  with  a  board  and  balls :  an  orna- 
ment worn  singly  on  the  neck  or  wrist. 

SOLITARY,  sol'i-tar-i,  adj.  being  the  sole 
person  present  :  alone  or  lonely  :  single  : 
living  alone  :  without  company  :  remote 
from  society :  retired  :  gloomy. — m.  one 
who  lives  alone :  a  recluse  or  hermit. — 
adv.  Sol'itakily.— n.  Sol'itariness.  [Fr. 
solitaire — L.  solitarius — solus,  alone.] 

SOLITUDE,  sol'i-tud,  n.  a  being  alone :  a 
lonely  life  :  want  of  company  :  a  lonely 
place  or  desert.  [Fr. — L.  solitudo — eolita, 
alone.] 


SOLMIZATION 


402 


SOT 


SOLMIZATION,  sol-mi-zS'shun,  n.,  sol- 
fa'ing:  a  recltaj  of  the  notes  of  the  gamut, 
do,  re,  mi,  etc. 

SOLO,  sO'lo,  n.  a  musical  piece  performed 
by  only  one  voice  or  instrument  -.—pi. 
So'LOS. — n.So'LOIST.  [It.— L.  solus,  alone.] 

SOLSTICE,  sol'stis,  n.  that  point  in  the 
ecliptic  where  the  sun  is  farthest  from 
the  equator,  and  seems  to  stand  still : 
the  time  when  the  sun  reaches  this  point. 
[Fr. — lj.solstitium — sol,  the  sun,  and  sisio, 
to  make  to  stand — sto,  to  stand.] 

SOLSTITIAL,  sol-stish'al,  ac^j.  pertaining 
to  or  happening-  at  a  solstice,  esp.  at  the 
north  one. 

SOLUBILITY,  sol-u-biri-ti,  n.  capability 
of  being  dissolved  in  a  fluid. 

SOLUBLE,  sol'u-bl,  adj.  capable  of  being 
solved  or  dissolved  in  a  fluid.  [L.  solv^ 
bills.    See  Solve.] 

SOLUTION,  sol-u'shun,  n.  act  of  solving 
or  dissolving,  esp.  a  solid  by  a  fluid  :  the 
separating  of  the  parts  of  any  body: 
the  preparation  resulting  from  dissolv- 
ing a  solid  in  a  liquid  :  explanation :  re- 
moval of  a  doubt :  construction  or  solv- 
ing of  a  problem.  [L.  solutio — solvo, 
solutum,  to  loosen.] 

SOLVABLE,  solv'a  bl  adj.  capable  of  be- 
ing solved  or  explained:  capable  of  being 
paid. — n.  SOLVABlL'rrY.  [Fr. — L.  solvo, 
to  dissolve,  pay.] 

SOLVE,  solv,  v.t.  to  loosen  or  separate  the 
parts  of :  to  clear  up  or  explain  :  to  re- 
move.— n.  SolVer.  [L.  solvo,  to  loosen, 
prob.  from  se,  aside,  and  luo,  to  loosen.] 

SOLVENCY,  solv'en-si,  n.  state  of  being 
solvent,  or  able  to  pay  all  debts. 

SOLVENT,  solvent,  adj.  having  power  to 
solve  or  dissolve :  able  to  pay  all  debts. — 
n.  anything  that  dissolves  another.     [L. 

,  solvens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  solvo,  to  loosen, 
to  pay.] 

SOMBRE,  som'ber,  adj.  dull :  gloomy : 
melanchoh'. — n.  Som'breness.  [Lit.  "un- 
der a  shade,"  Fr.  sombre — Sp.  sombra,  a 
shade — L.  sid),  under,  umbra,  a  shade.] 

SOME,  sum,  adj.  denoting  an  indefinite 
number  or  quantity  :  certain,  in  distinc- 
tion from  otners :  moderate  or  in  a  cer- 
tain degree :  about.  [A.S.  sum  ;  (Joth. 
sums.  Ice.  sumr.] 

SOMEBODY,  sum'bod-i,  n.,  some  or  any 
60^  or  person :  a  person  of  importance. 

SOMEHOW,  sumTiow,  adv.  in  some  way 
or  other. 

SOMERSAULT,  sum'er-sawlt,  SOMERSET, 
sum'er-set,  n.  a  leap  in  which  a  person 
turns  with  his  heels  over  his  head.  [Corr. 
of  Fr.  sotibresaut.  It.  soprassalto — L. 
supra,  over,  saltus,  a  leap — salio,  to  leap.] 

SOMETHING,  sum'thing,  n.  an  indefinite 
thing  or  event :  a  portion,  an  indefinite 
quantity^— ady.  in  some  degree. 

SOMETDIE,  sum'tim,  adv.  at  a  time  not 
fixed  :  once :  at  one  time  or  other. 

SOMETIMES,  sum'timz,  adv.  at  certain 
times  :  now  and  then :  at  one  time :  (B.) 
once^ 

SOMEWHAT,  sumliwot,  n.  an  unfixed 
quantity  or  degree. — adv.  in  some  degree. 
[Some  and  What.] 

SOMEWHERE,  sumTiwar,  adv.  in  some 
place :  in  one  place  or  another.    [Some 

SOMEWHITHER,  sum'hwjf;i-er,  adv.    to 

some  place. 
SOIIN AMBULATE,  som-nam'bQ-lat,  v.t.  to 

walk  in  sleep. — ji.  Somnambula'tion.    [L. 

somnus,  sleep,  and   ambulo,  -atum,   to 

walk.] 
SOMNAMBULISM,    som-namTju-lizm,    n. 

act  or  practice  of  jcalking  in  sleep. 
SOMNAMBULIST,    som-nam^ii-list,  n.   a 

sleep-TraJkftr. 
SOMNIFEROUS,  som-nif'er-us,  adj.,  bring- 


ing or  causing  sleep.  [L.  somnws,  sleep, 
and  fero,  to  bring.] 

SOMNOLENCE,  som'no-lens,  SOMNO- 
LENCY, som'no-len-si,  n.,  sleepiness : 
inclination  to  sleep.  [L.  somnolentia — 
somniis,  sleep.] 

SOMNOLENT,  som'no-lent,  adj.,  sleepy  or 
inclined  to  sleep.      [JL..  somnolentusT] 

SON,  sun,  V.  a  male  child  or  descendant: 
any  young  male  person  spoken  of  as  a 
child  :  a  term  of  aflfection  generally  :  a 
disciple  :  a  native  or  inhabitant :  the 
produce  of  anything.  [A.S.  sunn  ;  (Jer. 
sohn,  Russ.  siin;  Sans.  sAnu — s>i,  to  be- 
get, bring  forth  ;  conn,  with  Gr.  huios, 
a  son.] 

SONATA,  so-nS'ta,  n.  a  musical  composi- 
tion for  one  or  more  instruments,  con- 
sisting of  three  or  more  movements  or 
di\'isions.     [It. — ^L.  sono,  to  sound.] 

SONG,  song,  n.  that  which  is  sung :  a  short 
poem  or  ballad:  the  melody  to  which  it 
IS  adapted:  a  poem,  or  poetry  in  general: 
the  notes  of  oirds :  a  mere  trifle :  (B.) 
an  object  of  derision.  [A.S.  song,  sang; 
Grer.  ge-sang,  Goth,  saggus.  Ice.  sSngr ; 
from  root  of  Sdjg.] 

SONGSTER,  song'ster,  n.  a  singer  or  one 
skilled  in  singing ;  esp.  a  bird  that  sings: 
—fern.  SoNG'STRESS.  [A.S.  sangestre,  from 
Song.] 

SON-IN-LAW,  sun'-in-law,  n.  the  husband 
of  one's  daughter. 

SONNET,  son  et,  n.  a  short  song  or  poem 
of  fourteen  lines,  with  varying  rhymes. 
[Fr. — It.  sonetto,  dim.  of  sono,  a  sound, 
songj— L.  sonvs,  a  sound.] 

SONNETEER,  son-et-er',  n.  a  composer  of 
sonnets. 

SONOROUS,  so-n6'rus,  o^;.,  sounding 
when  struck:  giving  a  clear,  loud  sound: 
high  sounding. — adv.  Sono'bously. — n. 
Sono'rousness.  [L.  sonorus — sonor  or 
sonus,  a  sound — sono,  to  sound.  See 
Sound.] 

SONSHIP,  sun'ship,  n.  state  or  character 
of  a  son. 

SOON,  soon,  adv.  immediately  or  in  a  short 
time  :  without  delay  :  early  :  readily : 
willingly.  [A.S.  sona,  cog.  witli  Goth. 
suns,  immediately,  soon.] 

SOOT,  soot,  71.  the  black  powder  condensed 
from  smoke.  [A.S.  and  Ice.  s6t ;  Dan. 
sood.] 

SOOTH,  s55th,  71.  truth,  reality.  —  of?;, 
true  :  pleasing.  [A.S.  soth,  true ;  Ice. 
sannr,  true,  G«th.  sunis :  conn,  wilih  Gr. 
fsteos.  Sans,  satyas,  true.] 

SOOTHE,  so5f/4,  v.t.  to  please  with  soft 
words  :  to  flatter  ;  to  soften.  —  adv. 
Sooth'ingly.  ]Xit.  "to  please  any  one 
by  agreeing  with  him,  by  receiving  his 
words  as  true,"  A.S.  gesodhian,  to  soothe, 
gesoth,  a  flatterer — soth,  true.] 

SOOTHSAY,  so5th'sa,  v.i.  to  foretell.— ns. 
Sooth'sayer,  Sooth'saying.  [Lit.  "to 
say  or  teU  the  truth."] 

SOOTY,  soot'i,  adj.  producing,  consisting 
of,  containing,  or  like  soot. — Ji.  SoOT'l- 
NESS.     [A.S.  sotig.] 

SOP,  sop,  n.  anything  dipped  or  soaked, 
esp.  in  soup,  tobe  eaten  :  anything  given 
to  satisfy. — v.t.  to  steep  in  liquor  : — -pr-P. 
sopp'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  sopped,  f  A.S. 
sop  (in  sopcoppa,  a  soiip-cup,  dish),  from 
supan,  to  sip,  soak ;  Ice.  sqppa,  broth, 
soup.    See  Sup,  Sodp.] 

SOPHISM,  sof'izm,  n.  a  specious  fallacy. 
[Fr.  sophisme — Gr.  sophisma — sophizd,  to 
make  wise — sophos,  cleverness.] 

SOPHIST,  sof  ist,  M.  one  of  a  class  of  public 
teachers  in  Greece  in  the  fifth  century 
B.  c. :  a  captious  or  fallacious  reasoner. 

gjit.  and  ofig.  "a  wse  or  clever  man," 
r.  sophistes — sopho.<<.  wise.] 
SOPHISTIC,  so-fist'ik,  SOPHISTICAL,  so- 
flst'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  sophist  or 


to  sophistry  :   fallaciously  subtle. — adx>^ 
SopmsT'iCALLY.    [Gr.  sophistikos.] 

SOPHISTICATE,  so-flst'i-kat,  v.t.  to  render 
sophistical,  or  unsound  :  to  corrupt  by 
mixture. 

SOPHISTICATION,  so-flst-i-ka'shun,  n.  act 
of  sophisticating,  adulterating,  or  injur- 
ing bv  mixture. 

SOPHISTRY,  sof  ist-ri,  n.  specious  but  fa] 
lacious  reasoning. 

SOPORIFEROUS,  sop  -  or  -  if'er  -  us,  a'lj.., 
bringing,  causing',  or  tending  to  cause 
sleep  :  sleepy.  [L.  sopor,  soporis,  sleep, 
and  fero,  to  bring.] 

SOPORIFIC,  sop-or-ifik,  adj.,  making  or 
causing  sleep. — n.  anything-  that  causes 
sleep.  ^  [Fr.  soporifimie — L.  sopor,  sleep, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

SOPPY,  sop'i,  adj.,  sopped  or  soaked  in 
liquiil. 

SOPRANIST,  so-pra'nist,  n.  a  singer  of  so- 
prano. 

SOPRANO,  so-pra'no,  11.  the  highest  kind 
of  female  voice :  air  x—pl.  Sopra'nos  or 
Sopra'ni.  [Lit.  "superior."  It.,  from 
sopra — L.  supra  or  sitper,  above.] 

SORCERER,  sor'ser-er,  71.  one  who  prac- 
tices sorcery :  an  enchanter  :  a  magician. 
—fern.  Sor'CEEESS.  [Fr.  sorcier — Low  L. 
sortiarius — L.  sors,  sortis,  a  lot.] 

SORCERY,  sor'ser-i,  n.  divination  bj'  the 
assistance  of  evil  spirits  :  enchantment : 
magic.  [Lit.  "  casting  lots,"  O.  Fr.  sor- 
eerie — L.  sortior,  to  cast  lots — sors,  sortis, 
a  lot.] 

SORDID,  sor'did,  adj.  vile  :  mean  :  meanly 
avaricious. — adv.  Sob'didly. — n.  Sor'dii> 
NESS.  [Fr.  sordide — L.  sordidus — sordeo, 
to  be  dirty.] 

SORE,  sor,  n.  a  wound:  an  ulcer  or  boU  : 
(B.)  grief,  affliction. — adj.  wounded  :  ten 
der  :  susceptible  of  pain  :  easily  painec 
or  grieved  :  (B.)  severe. — adv.  (B.)  same 
as  Sore'ly. — n.  Sore'ness.  [A.S.  sar.  a 
wound  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  selir  (orig.  pain- 
fully), very.  Ice.  sor,  wound,  sore,  pain. 
See  "Sorry.] 

SORELY,  sSrli,  adv.  in  a  sore  manner  ; 
grievously. 

SORREL,  sor'el,  n.  a  plant  of  a  sour  taste, 
allied  to  the  dock.  \Fr.  surelle—sttr,  sour , 
from  Ger.  saner,  A.S.  sur,  soar.] 

SORREL,  sor'el,  adj.  of  a  reddtsh-brown 
color. — n.  a  sorre?  or  reddish-browa  color. 
[Fr.  saure,  sorrel ;  of  uncertain  origin.] 

SORROW,  sor'6,  n.  pain  of  mind  :  grief  : 
affliction. — v.i.  to  feel  sorrow  or  pain  of 
mind  :  to  grieve.  [A.S.  sorg,  sorh  ;  cog. 
with  Ger.  sorge.  Ice.  sorg,  and  perhaps 
allied  to  Sore.] 

SORROAVFUL,  sor'o-fool,  adj.  full  of  sor- 
row :  causing,  showing,  or  expressing 
sorrow  :  sad  :   dejected. — adv.  Sorr'ow. 

FULLY. — n.  SORR'OWFULNESS. 

SORRY,  sor'i,  adj.  grieved  for  something 
past :  melancholy ;  poor  :  worthless.— 
adv.  Sorr'ily. — n.  Soer'inesg.  [A.S. 
sarig,  wounded,  sorrowful ;  O.  Dut. 
sorigh  ;  conn,  with  SOKE,  but  has  come 
to  be  regarded  as  the  adj.  of  SORROW.] 

SORT,  sort,  n.  a  number  of  persons  or 
things  having  like  qualities  :  class,  kind 
or  species  :  order  or  rank  :  manner. — v.t, 
to  separate  into  lots  or  classes  :  to  put 
together :  to  select. — i\i.  to  be  joinei^ 
with  others  of  the  same  sort:  to  asso 
ciate :  to  suit.— n.  Sort'er.— Our  of 
SORTS,  out  of  order :  unwell  [Lit 
"lot,"  Fr.  sorte — L.  sors,  sortis,  a  lot- 
sero,  to  join.] 

SORTIE,  sor'te,  n.  the  issuing  of  a  body  of 
troops  from  a  besieged  place  to  attack 
the  besiegers.  [Fr. — sortir,  to  go  out,  to 
issue.] 

SOT,  sot,  77.  one  stupefied  by  drinking :  a 
habitual  drunkard.  [Old  Fr.  sot,  perh, 
of  Celt,  origin.] 


SOTERIOLOGY 


403 


SPARTAN 


SOTERIOLOGY,  s5-tg-ri-ol'o-ji,  n.  (theot.) 
the  doctrine  of  salvation  by  Jesus  Christ. 
[Gr.  soterios,  saving,  soter,  saviour,  and 
logos,  discourse.] 

SOTTISH,  sot'ish,  adj.  like  a  sot :  foolish  : 
stupid  with  drink. — adv.  Sott'ishly. — n. 
Sott'ishness. 

SOU,  s66,  n.  a  French  copper  coin  ^  •g'jth 
of  a  franc,  or  about  one  cent.     [Fr.  sou ; 

■    It.  soldo — L.  solidus,  a  coin.] 

SOUCHONG,  soo-shong-',  n.  a  fine  sort  of 
black  tea. 

SOUGH,  so6ch(cA  guttural),  v.i.  to  whistle 
or  sigh,  as  the  wind. — n.  a  sighing  of  the 
wind.     [Fi-om  the  sound.] 

SOUGHT,  sawt,  pa.t  andpa.p.  of  Sesk. 

SOUL,  sol,  n.  that  part  of  man  which 
thinks,  feels,  desires,  etc.  :  the  seat  of 
life  and  intellect :  life :  essence :  interaal 
power  :  energy  or  grandeur  of  mind  :  a 
human  being,  a  person.  [M.E.  saule — 
A.S.  sawol ;  Ger.  seele,  Goth.  saivala.\ 

SOULED,  sold,  adj.  full  of  soul  or  feeling. 

SOULLESS,  sol'les,  adj.  without  a  soul  or 
nobleness  of  mind  :  mean  :  spiritless. 

SOUND,  sownd,  adj.  safe,  whole,  entire : 
perfect:  healtny,  sti>ong;  profound:  cor- 
rect :  orthodox :  weighty. — adv.  SODM)'- 
LY. — n.  Sound'Ness.  [A.S.  sund,  gesund; 
cog.  with  Ger.  gesund,  allied  to  L.  sanus, 
sound,  Gr.  saos,  sos,  sate  and  sound.] 

SOUND,  sownd,  n.  a  narrow  passage  of 
water:  a  strait.  [A.S.  sund,  a  swimming, 
a  narrow  arm  of  the  sea,  from  svimman, 
to  swim  ;  cog.  with  G<;r.  sund,  a  strait.] 

SOUND,  sownd,  n.  the  air  or  sinmniing 
bladder  of  a  flsh.  [A.S.  sund,  swimming.] 

SOUND,  sownd,  v.t.  to  make  a  noise :  to 
utter  a  voice  :  to  spread. — v.t.  to  cause 
to  make  a  noise :  to  utter  audibly :  to 
direct  by  a  sound  or  audible  signal :  to 
publish  audibly. — n.  the  impression  pro- 
duced on  the  ear  by  the  vibrations  of  air: 
noise :  report :  empty  or  meaningless 
noise.  [M.  E.  sounen — Fr.  sonner — ^L. 
sono;  cog.  with  O.  Ger.  svana.  Sans,  svan, 
to  sound.] 

SOUND,  sownd,  v.t.  to  measure  the  depth 
of,  esp.  with  a  line  and  plummet:  to  probe: 
to  try  to  discover  a  man's  secret  wishes, 
etc.:  to  test :  to  introduce  an  instrument 
into  the  bladder  to  examine  it. — v.i.  to 
use  the  line  and  lead  in  ascertaining  the 
depth  of  water. — n.  an  instrument  to  dis- 
cover stone  in  the  bladder.  [Fr.  sonder, 
to  sound  ;  ace.  to  Diez,  from  Low  L.  sub- 
uiidare,  to  put  under  the  wave — L.  svb, 
under,  unda,  a  wave.] 

SOUNDING,  sownd'ing,  n'.  the  ascertain- 
ing the  depth  of  water  -.—pi.  any  part  of 
the  ocean  where  a  sounding-line  will 
reach  the  bottom. 

SOUP,  soop,  n.  the  juice  or  liquid  obtained 
by  boUing  flesh,  seasoned,  and  often 
mixed  with  vegetables.  [Fr.  soupe; 
from  Ger.  suppe,  soup,  cog.  with  E.  Sup.] 

SOUR,  sowr,  adj.  having  a  pungent,  acid 
taste  :  turned,  as  milk  :  rancid  :  crabbed 
or  peevish  in  temper:  bitter. — adv.  SOUR'- 
LY. — n.  Sour'ness.  [A.S.  sur;  G«r.  saner. 
Ice.  surr.] 

SOUR,  sowr,  v.t.  to  make  sour  or  acid :  to 
make  cross,  peevish,  or  discontented. — 
v.i.  to  become  sour  or  acid :  to  become 

'    peevisli  or  crabbed. 

SOURCE,  sors,  n.  that  from  which  any- 
thing rises  or  originates :  origin  :  the 
spring  from  which  a  stream  flows.  [Fr. 
source,  from  sourdre  (It.  sorgere) — L.  sitT^- 
go,  to  raise  up,  to  rise.] 

SOUSE,  sows,  n.  pickle  made  of  salt :  any- 
thing steejied  in  pickle :  the  ears,  feet, 
etc.,  of  swine  pickled. — v.t.  to  steep  in 
pickle  :  to  plunge  into  water. — v.i.  to  fall 
on  suddenly.  [Written  also  sauce,  a  form 
of  Sauce.] 

SOUTH,  sowth,  n.  the  direction  in  which 


the  sun  appears  at  noon  to  the  people 
N.  of  the  Tropic  of  Cancer :  any  land  op- 
posite the  N. — acy.  lying  towards  the 
south. — adv.  towards  the  south.  [A.S. 
siidh ;  Grer.  siid  (whence  Fr.  sud).  Ice. 
sudr,  prob.  from  root  of  StTN.] 

SOUTH-EAST,  sowth-est',  n.  the  direction 
equally  distant  from  the  south  and  east, 

SOUTH-EAST,  sowth-est',  SOUTH-EAST- 
ERLY, sowth-est'er-li,  SOUTH-EAST- 
ERN, sowth-est'ern,  adj.  pertaining  to, 
in  the  direction  of,  or  coming  from  the 
smith-east. 

SOUTHERLY,  su<;i'er-li,  SOUTHERN, 
snth'era,  adj.  pertaining  to,  situated  in, 
or  proceeding  from  or  towards  the  south. 
— superl.  Soijth'eenmost,  Sodthmost, 
sowth'most,  most  southern,  furthest  to- 
wards the  soutli. 

SOUTHERNWOOD,  suWi'ern-wood,  n.  an 
aromatic  plant  of  Southern  Europe, 
closely  allied  to  wormwood. 

SOUTHAVARD,  sowth'ward  or  suiTi'ard. 
adv.,  toward  the  south. 

SOUTH-WEST,  sowth-west',  w.  the  direc- 
tion equally  distant  from  the  south  and 
west. 

SOUTH-WEST,  sowth-west',  SOUTH- 
WESTERLY, sowth-west'er-li,  SOUTH- 
WESTERN, sowth-west'ern,  adj.  per- 
taining to,  proceeding  from,  or  lying  in 
the  direction  of  the  south-west. 

SOUTHWESTER,  sow-west'er,  n.  a  storm 
or  gale  from  the  south-west :  a  painted 
canvas  hat  witli  a  broad  flap  behind  for 
the  neck. 

SOUVENIR,  s55v'ner,  n.  a  remembrancer. 
[Fr.  (It.  sovvenire) — L.  subvenire,  to  come 
up,  to  come  to  mind — sub,  under,  from 
under,  and  venio,  venire,  to  come.] 

SOVEREIGN,  sov'er-in,  adj.,  supreme : 
possessing  supreme  power  or  dominion  ; 
superior  to  all  others  :  utmost. — u.  a  su- 
preme ruler  :  a  monarch  :  an  English 
gold  coin=$4.86,  gold  standai-d.  [M.E. 
soveraine — ^Fr.  souverain — Low  L.  super- 
anus — ^L.  super,  supra,  above.] 

SOVEREIGNTY,  sov'er-in-ti,  n.  supreme 
power  :  dominion.     [Fr.  souverainete.} 

SOW,  sow,  n.  a  female  pig  :  an  oblong 
piece  of  metal  larger  than  a  pig.  [A.S. 
su,  sugu ;  cog.  with  Ger.  sau.  Ice.  syr ; 
L.  sus,  Gr.  hys;  conn,  with  SwiNE.] 

SOW,  so,  v.t.  to  scatter  seed  that  it  may 
grow  :  to  plant  by  strewing  :  to  scatter 
seed  over :  to  spread. — v.i.  to  scatter 
seed  for  growth  i—pa.p.  sown  and  sowed. 
— n.  Sower.  [A.S.  sawan  ;  Ger.  sd&ii. 
Ice.  sa,  Goth,  saian ;  akin  to  L.  sero  (for 
seso).    See  Seed.] 

SPA,  spaw,  n.  a  place  where  there  is  a 
mineral  spring  of  water.  [From  Spa,  a 
famous  watering-place  in  Belgium.] 

SPACE,  spas,  n.  extension  as  distinct  from 
material  substances  :  room  :  largeness  : 
distance  between  objects  ;  interval  be- 
tween lines  or  words  in  books  :  quantity 
of  time  :  distance  between  two  points  of 
time  :  a  short  time  :  interval. — v.t.  to 
make  or  arrange  intervals  between.  [Fr. 
espace — L.  spatium,  from  root  spa.  Sans. 
spha,  to  draw,  as  m  Gr.  spao,  Ger.  span- 
nen.] 

SPACIOUS,  spa'shus,  adj.  having  large 
space  ;  large  in  extent :  roomy :  wide. — 
adu.SPA'ciOUSLY.— n.  Spa'ciousness.  [Ft. 
spacieux — L.  spatiosus.] 

SPADE,  spad,  n.  a  broad  blade  of  iron  with 
a  handle,  used  for  digging. — v.t.  to  dig 
with  a  spade.  [A.S.  spadu ;  cog.  with 
Ger.  svaten,  L.  spatha,  Gr.  spathe,  any 
broad  blade.] 

SPAKE,  spak,  olApa.t.  of  Speak. 

SPAN.span,  n.  the  space  from  the  end  of  the 
thumb  to  the  end  of  the  little-finger  when 
the  fingers  are  extended:  nine  inches:  the 
spread  of  an  arch  between  its  abutments: 


aspace  of  time. — v.t.  to  measure  by  spans^ 
to  measure  :  to  embrace : — -pr.p.  spann'- 
ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  spanned.  [A.S. 
spann — spannan;  cog.  with  Oct.  spannen, 
L.  pando  (for  spando).    See  Space.] 

SPAN,  span,  n.  a  yoke  of  horses  or  oxen 
[Borrowed  fromDut.;  from  the  same  root 
as  above  word.] 

SPANDREL,  span'drel,  n.  the  irregular  tri- 
angular space  between  the  span  or  curve 
of  an  arch  and  the  inclosing  right  angle, 
[From  Span.] 

SPANGLE,  spang'gl,  n.  a  small,  thin  plate 
or  boss  of  shining  metal:  any  thing  spark 
ling  and  brilliant,  like  a  spangle. — v.t.  to 
adorn  with  spangles.  —  v.i.  to  glitter. 
[A.S.  spange,  a  clasp,  being  prob.  conn, 
with  Span  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  spange.  Ice. 
spong.'] 

SPANIARD,  span'yard.n.  a  native  of  Spaiiu 

SPANIEL,  span'yel,  n.  a  kind  of  dog,  usu 
ally  liver  and  white  colored,  and  vritb 
large  pendent  eai's,  once  supposed  to  be 
of  Spanish  origin.  [O.  Fr.  espagneul 
(Fr.  epagneul),  Spanish.] 

SPANISH,  span'ish,  adj.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Spain. — n.  the  language  of  Spain. 

SPANKER,  spang'ker,  n.  the  after-sail  of  a 
ship  or  bark,  so  called  from  its  flapping 
in  the  breeze.  [From  Prov.  E.  spank,  to 
flap,  to  move  quickly.] 

SPAR,  spar,  n.  a  rafter :  a  general  term 
for  masts,  yards,  booms,  and  gaffs,  etc. 
[Ice.  spam,  Dut.  ^par;  prob.  conn,  with 
Bar.] 

SPAR,  spar,  n.  a  mineral  which  is  perfect- 
ly crystalhne.  [A.S.  spoer[-stan),  gyj>» 
sum,  peril,  from  the  spar  or  spear  form 
it  assumes  ;  cf.  Grer.  spar{-kalk).} 

SPAR,  spar,  v.i.  to  box  with  the  hands :  to 
fight  with  showy  action  :  to  dispute:-^ 
pr.p.  sparr'ing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  sparred. 
— n.  Sparr'er.  [O.  Fr.  esparer,  Fr. 
eparer,  to  kick  out,  from  root  of  Parry.] 

SPARE,  spar,  v.t.  to  use  frugally  :  to  do 
witliout :  to  save  from  any  use:  to  with- 
hold from  :  to  treat  tenderly :  to  part 
with  wilUngly. — v.i.  to  be  frugal :  to  for- 
bear :  to  be  tender :  to  forgive.  [A.S. 
spartan  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  sparen  ;  allied 
also  to  L.  par-eo  (for  spar-co).] 

SPARE,  spar,  adj.,  sparing:  frugal; 
scanty  :   lean  :  superfluous. — n.  Spare'- 

NESS. 

SPARERIB,  spar'rib,  n.  a  piece  of  meat 

consisting  of  the  ribs  with  a  spare  ot 

small  amount  of  flesh. 
SPARING,  spar'ing,  adj.  scarce  :  scanty  : 

saving. 
SPARK,  spark,  n.  a  small  particle  of  fire 

shot  off  from  a  burning  body  :  any  small 

shining  body  or  light:  a  small  portion  of 

anything  active  or  vivid.    [A.S.  spearca., 

a  spark  ;  Dut.  spark,  sperk.] 
SPARKLE,    spark'l,   n.    a    little    spark  ; 

lustre. — v.i.  to  emit   sparks :   to  shine  : 

to  glitter.     [Dim.  of  Spark.] 
SPARKLING,  spark'hng.  adj.  giving  out 

sparks:  glittering:  brilliant :  lively. 
SPARRER.     See  under  Spar,  to  box. 
SPARROW,  spar's,  7i.  a  well-known  small 

bird.     [A.S.    speartca ;  cog.  with  Goth, 

sparva.  Ice.  sporr,  Ger.  sper-ling.'^ 
SPARROW-BILL,    spar'6-bil,  n.    a  smaL 

shoe-nail,  so  called  from  its  shape. 
SPARROW-HAWK,     spar'6-hawk,    n.    a 

small    species   of   hawk   destructive  to 

sparrows,  etc.     [A.S.  spear-hafoc] 
SPARRY,  spar*!,  adj.  consisting  of  or  like 

spaj-. 
SPARSE,  spars,   adj.    thinly    scattered.— 

adv.  Sparse'ly.  —  n.  Sparse'ness.    [L. 

sparsum,   pa.p.    of    spargo,  to  scatter ; 

allied  to  Gr.  speiro,  to  sow.] 
SPARTAN,  spar'tan,  adj.  of  or  pertainir.j 

to  Sparta  in  Greece :  hardy  :  fearless. 


SPASM 


404 


SPERM-WHALE 


H'-ASM,  spazm,  ji.  an  irregxilar,  violent  and 
involuntary  drawing  or  contraction  of  the 
muscles — less  violent  than  a  convulsion. 
[Fr.  spasme — "L.  spasmus — Gr.  spasmos — 
spad,  to  draw.] 

SPASMODIC,  spaz-niod'ik,  SPASMODIC- 
AL, spaz-mod'ik-al,  adj.  relating-  to  or 
coDSiBting^  in  »pastns :  convulsive. — n. 
Spasmod'ic,  a  medicine  for  removing 
spasms. 

5PAT,  spat,  pa.t.  of  Spit,  to  throw  from 
the  mouth. 

SPAT,  spat,  n.  the  spawn  or  young,  spit  or 
thrown  out  by  shellfish.  [From  root  of 
SpitJ 

SPATTER,  spat'er,  v.t.  to  spit  or  throw 
out  upon  :  to  scatter  about :  to  sprinkle 
with  dirt  or  anything  moist :  to  defame. 
IFreq.  from  Spat,  pa.t.  of  SPIT.] 

SPATTER-DASHES,  spat'er-dash'ez,  n.pl. 
coverings  for  the  legs,  to  keep  them 
clean  from  water  and  mud,  a  Kind  of 
gaiters. 

SPATULA,  spat'u-la,  SPATTLE,  spat'l,  n. 
a  little  spade  :  a  broad  kind  of  knife  for 
spreading  plasters.  [L.  spatula,  spathula, 
dim.  of  spatha,  any  broad  blade  —  Gr. 
spathe.    See  Spade.] 

SPAVIN,  spav'in,  n.  a  disease  of  horses 
affecting  the  hock-joint,  or  joint  of  the 
hind-leg,  between  the  knee  and  the  fet- 
lock. It  occurs  in  two  forms:  (a)  bog  or 
blood  spavin,  in  which  the  joint  is  dis- 
tended by  synovia  or  joint  oU  ;  (6)  bone 
spavin,  or  spavin  proper,  where  there  is 
a  morbid  deposition  of  bony  substance, 
such  as  to  unite  separate  bones — a  form 
which  is  sometimes  incurable.  [O.  Fr. 
espavent  ("a  spaven  in  a  horse." — Cot- 
grave),  also  esparvain.  Mod.  Fr.  eparvin. 
It.  spavenio.     Origin  doubtful.] 

SPAVINED,  spaVind,  adj.  affected  with 
spavin. 

SPAAVN,  spawn,  n.  the  eggs  of  fish  or  frogs 
when  ejected:  offspring. — v.t.  to  produce, 
as  fishes  and  frogs  do  their  eggs,  to  bring 
forth. — v.i.  to  deposit  eggs,  as  fishes  or 
frogs  :  to  issue,  as  offspring.    [Ety.  dub.] 

8PAWNER,  spawn'er,  n.  the  female  flsh, 
from  which  the  spatvn  is  ejected. 

SPEAK,  spek,  v.i.  to  utter  words  or  ar- 
ticulate sounds  :  to  say  :  to  talk :  to  con- 
verse :  to  sound. — v.t.  to  pronounce  :  to 
converse  in  :  to  address :  to  declare :  to 
express  by  signs  -.—pa.t.  spoke  or  spake; 
pa.p.  spok'en.  [A.S.  specan  (for sprecan): 
cog.  with  Dut.  spreketi,  Ger,  sprechen.y 

SPEAKER,  spek'er,  n.  one  who  speaks : 
the  person  who  presides  in  a.  deliberative 
or  legislative  body,  as  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives.— n.  Speak'eeship. 

SPEAKING-TRUMPET,  speVing-trum'- 
pet,  n.  an  instrument  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  trumpet,  used  for  intensifying 
the  sound  of  the  voice,  so  as  to  convey 
it  to  a  greater  distance. 

SPEAR,  sper,  n.  a  long  weapon  used  in  war 
and  hunting,  made  of  a  pole  pointed  with 
iron  :  a  lance  with  barbed  prongs  used 
for  catching  fish. — v.t.  to  pierce  or  kill 
with  a  spear.  [A.S.  spere ;  cog.  with  Ger. 
speer,  w.  ysper,  L.  spartis  ;  prob.  further 
conn,  with  Spar  and  Spire.] 

SPEARMAN,  sper'man,  n.  a  man  armed 
with  a  spear.  •  ' 

;iPEARMINT,  sper'mint,  n.  a  species  of 
mint  having  spear-shaped  leaves. 

SPECIAL,  spesh'al,  adj.  of  a,  species  or  sort: 
particular  :  distinctive  :  uncommon  :  de- 
signed for  a  particular  purpose  :  confined 
to aparticular  subject. — adv.  Spe'ciaIiLT. 

SPECIALIST,  spesh'al-ist,  n.  one  who  de- 
votes himself  to  a  special  subject. 

SPECIALITY,  spesh-i-al'i-ti,  n.  the  special 
or  particular  mark  of  a  person  or  tning  : 
a  special  occupation  or  object  of  atten- 
tion.   [Ft.— L.] 


SPECIALIZE,  spesh'al-iz,  v.t.  to  determine 
in  a  special  manner. — n.  Specxaliza'tion. 

SPECIALTY,  spesh'al -ti,  7i.  something 
special:  a  special  contract:  that  for  which 
a  person  is  distinguished. 

SPECIE,  spe'shi,  n.  gold  and  silver  coin, 
because  visible  wealth,  and  not  merely 
representing  it,  as  bills  and  notes  do.  [Cf. 
next  word.] 

SPECIES,  spe'shez,  n.  a  group  of  individu- 
als having  common  marks  or  character- 
istics : — subordinate  to  a  Genus.  [L.  (lit.) 
"  that  which  is  seen,"  then  a  form,  a  par- 
ticular sort — specio,  to  look.] 

SPECIFIC,  spe-sif'ik,  SPECIFICAL,  spe- 
sif'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  constituting 
Sispeeies:  that  S2)ecijies:  precise:  infallible. 
— adv.  Specif'icallx. 

SPECIFIC,  spe-sif  ik,  n.  a  remedy  which 
has  a  special  power  in  a  particular  dis- 
ease :  an  infallible  remedy. 

SPECIFICATION,  spes-i-fi-ka'shun,  n.  act 
of  specif yhig :  a  statement  of  particu- 
larS; 

SPECIFY,  spes'i-fl,  v.t.  to  make  special: 
to  mention  particularly : — pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
spec'ified.  [Low  L.  speeifico — L.  species, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

SPECIMEN,  spes'i-men,  n.  a  portion  of 
anything  to  show  the  kind  and  quality  of 
the  whole  :  a  sample. 

SPECIOUS,  spe'shus,  adj.  that  looks  well 
at  first  sight :  showy  :  plausible. — adv. 
Spe'ciously. — n.  Spe'ciousness. 

SPECK,  spek,  n.  a  spot:  a  blemish. — v.t. 
to  spot.     [A.S.  specea ;  Low  G«r.  spaafc.] 

SPECKLE,  spekl,  n.  a  little  speck  or  spot 
in  anything  different  in  substance  or  color 
from  the  thing  itself. — v.t.  to  mark  with 
speckles. 

SPECTACLE,  spek'ta-kl,  n.  a  sight :  show  : 
exhibition: — pi.  glasses  to  assist  the 
sight. — adj.  SPECTAC'rrLAR.  [L.  specta- 
eidum  —  specto,  spectatum,  mtens.  of 
spec-io,  to  look  at.] 

SPECTACLED,  spek'ta^kld,  adj.  wearing 
spectacles. 

SPECTATOR,  spek-ta'tur,  n.  one  who  looks 
on  :—fem.  Specta'tress. 

SPECTRAL,  spek'tral,  adj.  relating  to,  or 

SPECTRE,  spek'ter,  n.  a  ghost.  [Lit. 
"  something  seen."    Doublet  Spectrum.] 

SPECTROSCOPE,  speVtro-skop,  n.  an  in- 
strument  for  forming  and  examining 
spectra  of  luminous  bodies,  so  as  to  de- 
termine their  composition.  [Spectrum, 
and  Gr.  skope5,  to  look  at.] 

SPECTRUM,  spek'trum,  n.  the  image  of 
something  seen  continued  after  the  eyes 
are  closed  :  the  colors  of  light  separated 
by  a  prism,  and  exhibited  as  spread  out 
on  a  screen  i—pl.  Spec'tra.  [Lit.  "some- 
thing seen,"  from  L.  speo-io,  to  see. 
Doublet  Spectre.] 

SPECULAE,  spek^u-lar,  adj.  resembling  a 
speculum :  having  a  smooth  reflecting 
surface.     [L.] 

SPECULATE,  spek'u-lat,  v.i.  to  look  at  or 
into  with  the  mind :  to  consider :  to 
theorize  ;  to  traffic  for  great  profit. — n. 
Spec^ULATOR.  [L.  speculatus,  pa.p.  of 
speeulor — specula,  a  look-out — -spec-io,  to 
look.J 

SPECULATION,  spek-u-la'shun,  ?i.  act  of 
speculating :  mental  view  :  contempla- 
tion :  theory  :  the  buying  goods,  etc.,  to 
■sell  them  at  an  advance. 

SPECULATIVE,  spek'u-lat-iv,  adj.  given 
to  speculation  or  theory :  ideal :  pertain- 
ing to  speculation  in  business,  etc. — adv. 
Spec'ulativelt. 

SPECULUM,  speVu-lum,)^.  {opt.)  a  reflector 
usually  made  of  polished  metal:  (surgery) 
an  instrument  for  bringing  into  view 
parts  otherwise  hidden  -—pi.  Speo'ula- 


[Lit.  "a  toofcmgr-glass,"   L. —  spec-io,  to 
look.] 

SPED,  sped,  pa.t.  and  pa.2).  of  Speed. 

SPEECH,  spech,  n.  that  which  is  spoken : 
language  :  the  power  of  speaking  :  ora^ 
tion:  anv  declaration  of  thoughts  :  men- 
tion. [A.S.  spcec,  sprcec  ;  Ger.  sprach^. 
See  SpeakJ 

SPEECHLESS,  spechles,  adj.  destitute  or. 
deprived  of  the  power  of  speech.  —  n.) 
Speech'lessness. 

SPEED,  sped,  n.  quickness,  velocity  :  suc- 
cess.— v.i.  to  move  quickly  :  to  succeed  : 
to  fare. — v.t.  to  despatch  quickly  :  to 
hasten,  as  to  a  conclusion  :  to  execute  : 
to  aid:  to  make  prosperous: — pr.p.  speed'- 
ingipa.t.  and  pa.p.  sped.  [A.S.  sped; 
cog.  with  Dut.  ^ced,  speed,  Ger.  sputen, 
to  speed.] 

SPEEDY,  sped'i,  adj.  hasty:  quick:  nimble. 
— adv.  Speed'ely. — n.  Speed'iness. 

SPELL,  spel,  n.  any  form  of  words  supposed 
to  possess  magical  power. — adj.  Spp.t.i/- 
BOUND.  [A.S.  spell,  a  narrative  or  tale ; 
cog.  with  Goth,  spilll,  Ice.  spial,  a  tale.] 

SPELL,  spel,  v.t.  to  tell  or  name  the  letters 
of  :  to  name,  write,  or  print  the  proper 
letters  of. — v.i.  to  form  words  with  the 
proper  letters: — jjr-.p.  spell'ing  ;  pa.t. 
aaa  pa.p.  speUed,  spelt.  [Same  word  as 
above,  modiSed  by  O.  Fr.  espaler  (Fr. 
epeler) — O.  Ger.  spellon,  to  tell,  Goth. 
^llon.] 

SPELL,  spel,  v.t.  to  take  another's  place  at 
work. — 71.  a  turn  at  work :  a  short  period  : 
— pr.p.  spell'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  spelled. 
[A.S.  spelian,  to  act  for  another,  perh. 
conn,  with  A.S.  spilian,  Ger.  spielen,  to 
play.] 

SPELLING,  spel'ing,  n.  act  of  spelling  or 
naming  the  letters  of  words :  orthog^ 
raphy. 

SPELLING-BOOK,  spel'ing-book,  n.  a  book 
for  teaching  to  spell. — n.  Spell'ing-bee, 
a  competition  in  spelling. 

SPELT,  spelt,  n.  a  kind  of  grain:  also  called 
German  wheat.  [A.S.  (Ger.  spelt) — ^L. 
spelta.'] 

SPELTER,  spel'ter,  n.  zinc.  [Allied  to 
Dut.  spiauter.    See  Pewter.] 

SPENCER,  spens'er,  n.  a  short  over- 
jacket  worn  by  men  or  women,  named 
after  a  Lord  Spencer  who  introduced  it 
or  made  it  fashionable. 

SPENCER,  spens'er,  n.  (in  ships  and  barks) 
a  fore-and-aft  sail  abaft  the  fore  and 
main  masts.     [Ety.  unknown.] 

SPEND,  spend,  v.t.  to  expend  or  weigh 
out :  to  give  for  any  purpose :  to  con- 
sume :  to  waste :  to  pass,  as  time. — v.i. 
to  make  expense :  to  be  dissipated  : — 
pr.p.  spend'ing ;  pa.t.  and  ^a.p.  spent. 
— n.  Spend'er.  [A.S.  d-spendan,  for 
-spendan — L.  expendo  or  dispendo,  to 
weigh  out.] 

SPENDTHRIFT,  spend'thrift,  to.  one  who 
spends  the  savings  of  thrift :  a  prodigal, 
[See  Spend  and  Thrift.] 

SPENT,  spent,  po.t  and  pa.p.  of  Spend. 

SPERM,  sperm,  to.  animal  seed  :  spawn  of 
fishes  or  frogs:  spermaceti.  [Lit.  "  that 
which  is  soimi,"  Late  L. — Gr.  sperm-a, 
sperm-atos — speiro,  to  sow.] 

SPERMACETI,  sper-ma-se'ti,  n.  a  waxy 
matter  from  the  head  of  the  sperm-whale. 
[L.  (lit.)  "the  sperm  of  the  whale" — 
sperma  (see  Sperm),  and  eettis,  a  whale 

SPERMATIC,  sper-mat'ik,  SPERMATIC 
AL,  sper-mat'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
consisting  of  sperm  or  seed  :  seminal. 

SPERM-OIL,  sperm'-oU,  ?i.,  oil  from  the 
^erm-whale. 

SPERM-WHALE,  sperm'-hwaj,  to.  a  specie? 
of  tchale  from  which  sperm  or  spenna* 
ceti  is  obtained. 


SPEW 


405 


SPLENETIC 


SPEW,  SPUE,  spQ,  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  vomit : 
to  eject  with  loathing.  [A.S.  spiwan  ; 
cog.  with  Dut.  sjjtnven,  Ger.  speien;  also 
conn,  with  L.  spuo,  Gr.  ptyo,  and  with 
Spit.] 

SPHERE,  sfer,  n.  a  ball  or  globe :  an  orh  : 
circuit  of  motion :  province  or  duty : 
rank :  (geom.)  a  surface  every  point  of 
which  is  equidistant  from  one  and  the 
same  point,  called  the  centre.  —  adj. 
Spher'al.  [Fr. — L.  sphcera~Gr.  sphairaA 

SPHERIC,  sfer'ik,  SPHERICAL,  ster'ik-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  or  like  a  sphere. — adv. 
Spher'ically. 

SPHERICITY,  sfer-is'i-ti,  n.  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  spherical :  roundness. 

SPHEROID,  sfer'oid,  n.  a  body  or  figure 
having  the  form  of  a  sphere,  but  not 
quite  round.  [Fr.  sphiroide — Gr.  sphaira, 
and  eidos,  form.] 

SPHEROIDAL,  sfer-oid'al,  adj.  having  the 
form  of  a  spheroid. 

SPHERULE,  sfer'ul,  n.  a  little  sphere. 

SPHINCTER,  sfingk'ter,  w.  (anat.)  a,  muscle 
that  contracts  or  shuts  an  orifice  or  open- 
ing which  it  surrounds,  [Gr.  "  that 
which  binds  tight" — sphinggo,  to  bind 
tight.] 

SPHINX,  sfingks,  n.  (ancient  myth.)  a  mon- 
ster witli  the  head  of  a  woman  and  the 
body  of  a  lioness,  that  proposed  riddles  to 
travellers,  and  strangled  those  who  could 
not  solve  them.  [Lit.  "  the  throttler," 
Gr. — sphinggo,  sphmgxo,  to  squeeze,  akin 
to  L.  flgo,  to  fix.] 

SPICE,  spts,  n.  an  aromatic  vegetable  used 
for  seasoning  food,  formerly  one  of  the 
most  valuable  kinds  of  merchandise :  a 
small  quantity. — v.t.  to  season  with  spice: 
to  tincture.  [O.Fr.  esj>ice  (Fr.  ipice) — 
Late  L.  species,  kinds  of  goods,  spices — 
L.  species,  a  pai-ticular  kind,  etc.  (see 
Species).  Cf.  the  use  of  Gr.  materialien 
(lit.  "materials"),  to  signify  drugs.] 

SPICERY,  spis'er-i,  n.  spices  in  general :  a 
repository  of  spices. 

SPICK,  spik,  n.  a  nail :  dbs.  save  in  the 
phrase  Spick  and  span  nevt,  i.e.  as  new 
as  a  spike  just  made  and  a  chip  just 
split.    [Prov.  form  of  Spike,  a  nail.] 

SPICY,  spls'i,  adj.  producing  or  abounding 
with  spices  :  fragrant :  pungent. — adv. 
Spic'ily.— n.  Spic'iness. 

SPIDER,  spi'der,  n.  an  animal  remarkable 
for  spinning  webs  to  take  its  prey.  [Lit. 
"  the  spinner,"  for  spinder,  from  Spin  ; 
cf.  Dan.  spinder,  O.  Ger.  spinna,  Gfer. 
tpinne.'] 

SPIGOT,  spig'ut,  n.  a  sptfcc  or  pointed  piece 
of  wood  for  stopping  a  small  hole  in  a 
cask.  [Gael,  spiocaid,  W.  yspigOd;  conn, 
with  root  of  Spike,  a  nail.] 

SPEKE,  splk,  n.  an  ear  of  grain  :  (bot.)  an 
inflorescence,  of  which  the  flowers  are 
sessile,  or  issue  directly  from  .a  simple 
undivided  axis.  [From  L.  sj>ica,  aa  ear 
of  grain.] 

SPEKE,  spik,  n.  a  small  pointed  rod  :  a 
large  nail. — v.t.  to  set  with  spikes :  to 
stop  the  vent  of  with  a  spike.  [A.S. 
spicing,  cog.  with  Gei-.  spiekrr ;  conn, 
with  Spike,  an  ear  of  grain,  and  Spoke, n.] 

SPIKELET,  splk'let,  n.  a  little  .spike. 

SPIKENARD,  spik'nard,  n.  a  highly  aro- 
matic oil  or  balsam  obtained  from  an 
Indian  plant,  the  Nardus,  with  spike- 
shaped  blossoms :  the  plant  itself.  [L. 
apica  nardi.     See  Naed.] 

SPIKY,  spTk'i,  adj.  furnished  with  spikes : 
having  a  sharp  point. 

SPELL,  spil,  v.t.  to  allow  to  run  out  of  a 
vessel  :  to  shed  :  to  waste.  — v.i.  to  be 
shed  :  to  be  allowed  to  fall,  be  lost,  or 
wasted:— pa. f.  and  iDa.23.  spilled,  spilt. — 
M.  Spill'er.  [A.S.  spillan:  cog.  with  Dut. 
spillen,  Ice.  spilla,  to  destroy;  also  conn, 
with  Spur.] 


SPILL,  spil,  SPILE,  spll,  n.  a  small  peg  or 

pin  to  stop  a  hole.  [Lit.  "  a  spbnter," 
Dut.  sx>il,  (jer.  spille,  conn,  with  E.  Spin- 
dle.] 

SPIN,  spin,  v.t.  to  draw  out  and  twist  into 
threads:  to  draw  out  a  thread  as  spiders 
do  :  to  draw  out  tediously  :  to  cause  to 
whirl  rapidly. — v.i.  to  practice  the  art  or 
trade  of  spinning,  to  perform  the  act  of 
spinning  :  to  issue  in  a  small  or  thread- 
like current :  to  whirl:— pr.p.  spinn'ing ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.  ■».  spun. — n.  Spinn'er.  [A.S. 
spinnan,  cog.  with  Dut.  and  Ger.  spin- 
nen  ;  closely  conn,  with  Span.] 

SPINACH,  SPINAGE,  spin'aj,  n.  an  escu- 
lent vegetable  with  jagged  or  spiny 
leaves.  [It.  spinace — Low  L.  spinaceus 
— spina,  a  thorn.] 

SPINAL,  spin'al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
spine  or  backbone. 

SPINDLE,  spin'dl,  n.  the  pin  from  which 
tlie  thread  is  spun  or  twisted  :  a  pin  on 
which  anything  turns :  the  fusee  of  a 
watch.  [A.S.  spinl  (from  Spin)  ;  cog. 
with  Ger.  spindel.    Cf.  Spill,  n.] 

SPINE,  spin,  n.  a  thorn  :  a  thin,  pointed 
spike,  esp.  in  fishes :  the  backbone  of  an 
animal.  [O.  Fr.  espine  (Fr.  epine) — ^L. 
spina,  a  thorn,  conn,  with  root  of  Spike, 
a  nail,  applied  to  the  backbone  because 
of  its  sharp-pointed  projections.] 

SPINET,  spin  et  or  spin-et',  n.  (rtvus.)  an 
old-fashioned  keyed  instrument  like  the 
harpsichord.  [It.  spinetta  (Fr.  ipinette), 
dim.  of  spina — L.  spina,  a  thorn ;  so 
called  from  the  pointed  quills  used  in 
playing  on  it.] 

SPINNING,  spin'ing,  adj.  used  in  spinning. 

SPINOSE,  spi'nos,  SPINOUS,  spl'nus,  adj. 
full  of  spines  :    thorny. 

SPINSTER,  spin'ster,  n.  Qaiv)  an  unmar- 
ied  female.    [Lit.  a  woman  who  spins.'\ 

SPINY,  spin'i,  adj.  full  of  spines ;  thorny  : 
troublesome :  perplexed. — n.  Spin'djess. 

SPIRACLE,  spir'a-kl,  n.  a  breathing  hole  : 
any  minute  passage.  [L.  spiraculum, 
formed  as  a  double  dim.  from  spiro,  to 
breathe.] 

SPIRAL,  splr'al,  acy.  pertaining  to  or  like 
a  spire':  winding  like  the  thread  of  a 
screw. — n.  a  spiral  line :  a  curve  which 
continually  recedes  from  a  centre  about 
whicli  it  revolves :  a  screw. 

SPIRALLY,  spir'al-li,  adv.  in  a  spiral  form 
or  direction. 

SPIRE,  splr,  n.  a  winding  line  like  the 
threads  of  a  screw:  a  curl:  a  wreath:  a 
tapering  body:  a  steeple.  [L.  spira — Gr. 
speira,  anything  wound  round  or  upon  a 
thing  ;  akin  to  eiro,  to  fasten  together  in 
rows.] 

SPIRIT,  spir'it,  n.  vital  force  :  the  soul :  a 
ghost  :  mental  disposition  :  enthusiasm  : 
real  meaning:  chief  quality:  a  very  lively 
person  :  any  volatile,  inflammable  liquid 
obtained  l)y  distillation,  as  brandy  i—pl. 
intellectual  activity  :  liveliness  •  persons 
with  particular  qualities  of  mind  :  men- 
tal excitement :  spirituous  liquors.  — 
Holy  Spirit.  See  under  Holy.— The 
Spirit,  the  Holy  Spirit :  the  human  spirit 
under  the  influence  of  the  Holy  Spirit. — 
i\t.  to  take  away  suddenly  or  secretly,  as 
by  a  spirit.  [L.  spiritus,  a  breath — spiro, 
to  breathe.] 

SPIRITED,  spir'it-ed,  adj.  full  of  spirit,  life, 
or  fire:  animated. — adv.  Spir'itedly. — n. 
Spir'itedness. 

SPIRITISM,  spir'it-izm,n.  see  under  Spirit- 

UAUSM. 

SPIRITLESS,  spir'it-les,  a<y.  without  spirit, 
cheerfulness,  or  courage:  dejected:  dead. 
— adv.  Spir'itlessly. 

SPIRIT-RAPPER,  spir'it-rap'er,  n.  a  spir- 
itualist wlio  professes  that  spirits  convey 
intelligence  to  him  by  raps  or  knocks. 

SPIRITUAL,  spir'it-u-al,  adj.  consisting  of 


spint :  having  the  nature  of  a  spirit  t 
immaterial  :  relating  to  the  mind  :  intel- 
lectual :  pertaining  to  the  soul  :  holy  , 
divine  :  relating  to  sacred  things  :  not 
lay  or  temporal. — adv.  Spir'ituaixy. 

SPIRITUALISM,  spir'it-u-al-izm,  n.  a  being 
spiritual :  the  philosophical  doctrine  that 
nothing  is  real  Dut  soul  or  spirit:  the 
doctrine  that  spirit  has  a  real  existence 
apart  from  matter  :  the  beUef  that  cer 
tain  peculiar  phenomena  (as  rapping 
table-turning,  etc.)  are  du-ectly  due  to 
the  influence  of  departed  spirits,  invokeoi 
by  a  "  medium "  (in  this  sense  better 
called  SpmrnsM). 

SPIRITUALIST,  spir'it-u-al-ist,  n.  one  who 
has  a  regard  only  to  spiritual  things ; 
one  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  spiritual- 
ism (or  spiritism). 

SPIRITUALITY,  spir-it-u-al'i-ti,  n.  state 
of  being  spiritual :  essence  distinct  from 
matter. 

SPIRITUALIZE,  spir'it-u-al-iz,  v.t.  to  make 
spiritual :  to  imbue  with  spiritualitj' :  to 
refine :  to  free  from  sensuality  :  to  give 
a  spiritual  meaning  to. 

SPIRITUOUS,  spir'it-u-us,  adj.  possessing 
the  qualities  of  spirit :  containing  spirit: 
volatile. 

SPIRT,  spert.    Same  as  Spurt. 

SPIRY,  splr'i,  adj.  of  a  spiral  form  . 
wreathed :  tapering  like  a  spire  or  a 
pyramid  :  abounding  in  spires. 

SPIT,  spit,  n.  an  iron  prong  on  which  meat 
is  roasted. — v.t.  to  pierce  with  a  spit : — 
pr.pi.  spitt'ing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  spitt'ed. 
[A.S.  spitii ;  Dut.  sjxit,  Ger.  s^nesz.'] 

SPIT,  spit,  v.t.  to  throw  out  from  the 
mouth  :  to  eject  with  violence. — v.i.  tc 
throw  out  saliva  from  the  mouth  : — X>r.p, 
spitt'ing :  pa.t.  spit,  spat ;  pa.p.  spit 
[A.S.  spittan  ;  Ice.  spyta,  Ger.  spUtzen, 
These  are  all  extensions  of  Spew.I  ' 

SPITE,  spit,  n.  grudge  :  lasting  ill-will  . 
hatred. — v.t.  to  vex  :  to  thwart  :  to  hate 
[Short  for  Despite.] 

SPITEFUL,  splt'i'ool,  adj.  full  of  spite  :  de 
sirous  to  vex  or  injure :  malignant.  - 
adv.  Spite'fijlly. — n.  Spite'fulness. 

SPITTED,  spit'ed  (B  )  pa.p.  of  Spit,  to 
throw  out  from  thf  mouth. 

SPITTLE,  spit'l,  71.  tl.e  moist  matter  spit 
or  thrown  from  th-  mouth:  saliva. 

SPITTOON,  spit-toon',  n.  a  vessel  for  re- 
cei\^ng  spittle. 

SPLASH,  splash,  v.t.  to  spatter  with  water 
or  mud. — v.i.  to  dash  about  water  or  any 
liquid. — )).  water  or  mud  thrown  on  any- 
thing.   [Like  Plash,  an  imitative  word.] 

SPLASHBOARD,  splash'bord,  n.  a  board 
to  keep  those  in  a  vehicle  from  being 
splashed  with  mud. 

SPLASHY,  splash'i,  adj.,  splashing:  wet 
and  muddy  :   full  of  dirty  water. 

SPLAY,  spla,  v.t.  (arch.)  to  slope  or  slant : 
to  dislocate,  as  the  shoulder-bone. — ac^, 
turned  outward,  as  in  splay-foot.  [A 
-ontr.  of  Display.] 

SPLEEN,  splen,  n.  a  spongy  gland  near 
the  large  extremity  of  the  stomach,  sup- 
posed by  the  ancients  to  be  the  seat  of 
anger  and  melancholy  :  hence,  spite  :  ill- 
humor  :  melancholy.  [M.E.  splen — E..- 
Gr.  splen ;  cog.  with  L.  lien  (for  p-lien.). 
Sans.  jMhan!] 

SPLENDENT,  splen'dent,  adj.  splendid  or 
shining:  bright.  [L.,  pr.p.  of  splendeo. 
to  shine.] 

SPLENDID,  splen'did,  adj.  magnificent . 
famous  :  illustrious  :  heroic.  —  odv 
Splen^didly.  [Lit.  "  shining,"  L.  splen 
didus— splendeo,  to  shine.] 

SPLENDOR,  splen'dur,  n.  the  appearance 
of  anything  .splendid  :  brilliance  :  mag 
nificence. 

SPLENETIC,  sple-net'ik  or  splen'e-tik, 
SPLENETICAL,   sple-net'ik-al,   adj.   af- 


SPLENIC 


406 


SPOTLESS 


fected  with  spleen:  peevish;  melancnoly. 
— n.  Splkn'etic,  a  splenetic  person.— am'. 
Splenet'icalxy. 

SPLENIC,  splen'ik,  adj.  pertaining'  to  the 
spleen. 

SPLENITIS,  sple-nTtis,  n.  inflammation  of 
the  spleen. 

SPLICE,  splis,  v.t.  to  unite  two  ends  of  a 
rope  by  interweaving  the  strands. — n.  act 
of  splicing:  joint  made  by  splicing.  [Lit. 
'■to  split  in  order  to  join;"  a  form  of 
Split  ;  allied  to  Dut.  splitsen.} 

SPLINT,  spUnt,  n.  a  small  piece  of  wood 
sp/t(  off :  (med.)  a  thin  piece  of  wood, 
etc.,  for  confining  a  broken  or  injured 
limb  :  a  hard  excrescence  on  the  shank- 
bone  of  a  horae. — v.t.  to  confine  with 
splints.     [A  nasalized  form  of  Split.] 

SPLINTER,  splint'er,  n.  a  piece  of  wood 
or  other  substance  split  off. — v.t.  and  v.t. 
to  split  into  splinters. 

SPLINTERY,  splint'er-i,  adj.  made  of  or 
like  splinters. 

SPLIT,  split,  v.t.  to  cleave  lengthwise  :  to 
tear  asunder  violently :  to  divide :  to 
throw  into  discord. — v.i.  to  divide  or  part 
asunder  :  to  be  dashed  to  pieces  : — pr.p. 
splitt'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  split. — n.  a 
crack  or  rent  lengthwise.  [Allied  to  Dut. 
splijten,  Grer.  spleiszen.  Cf.  Splice  and 
Splent.J 

SPLUTTER,  splut'er,  v.i.  to  eject  drops  of 
saliva  while  speaking  :  to  scatter  ink 
upon  a  paper,  as  a  bad  pen.  [By-form  of 
Sputter.] 

SPODOMANCY,  spod'6-iuan-si,  n.  divina- 
tion by  ashes.  [Gr.  ^odos,  a  cinder,  and 
manteia,  divination.]^ 

SPODOMANTIC,  spod-o-man'tik,  adj.  re- 
lating  to  spodomancy,  or  divination  by 
means  of  ashes.     Kingsley. 

SPODTJMENE,  spod'u-raen,  n.  a  mineral, 
hard,  brittle,  and  translucent,  called  by 
Haiiy  triphane.  It  occurs  in  laminated 
masses,  easily  divisible  into  prisms  with 
rhomboidal  bases  ;  the  lateral  faces 
smooth,  shining,  and  pearly  ;  the  cross 
fracture  uneven  and  splintery.  Before 
the  blowpipe  it  exfoliates  into  little 
yellowish  or  grayish  scales ;  whence  its 
name.  It  is  found  at  Uto  in  Sweden,  in 
the  Tyrol,  in  Ireland,  and  North  America. 
It  consists  of  silica  and  alumina,  with  8 
to  10  per  cent  of  litliia,  and  a  little 
protoxide  of  iron.  [Fr.  spodumhie,  Gr. 
spodoumenos,  part,  passive  of  spodob,  to 
reduce  to  ashes,  from  spodos,  ashes.] 

SPOIL,  spoU,  v.t.  to  take  by  force :  to 
plunder. — v.i.  to  practice  robbery. —  n. 
that  which  is  taken  by  force  :  plunder  : 
piUage  :  robberj'. — n.  Spoil'er,  a  plun- 
derer. [Prob.  short  for  despoils — O.  Fr. 
despoiller  (Fr.  dipouillery—L.  despoliare 
— de-,  and  spolio — spolium,  spoil.] 

SPOIL,  spoil,  v.t.  to  corrupt :  to  mar  :  to 
make  useless. — v.i.  to  decay  :  to  become 
useless. — n.  Spoil'er,  a  corrupter.  [Same 
as  above  word.] 

SPOKE,  spo^,  pa.t.  of  Speak. 

SPOKE,  spok,  71.  one  of  the  bars  from  the 
uave  to  the  rim  of  a  wheel.  [A.S.  spaca ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  speiehe  ;  conn,  with  Spike. 
a  small  pointed  rod.] 

SPOKEN,  spok'n,  pa.p.  of  Speak. 

SPOKESHAVE,  spolr'shav,  n.  a  plane  for 
dressi-.^g  the  spokes  of  wheels.  [Cf. 
Shavlno.] 

SPOKESMAN,  spoks'man,  7^.  (B.)  one  who 
speaks  for  another,  or  for  others. 

SPOLIATE,  sp6'li-at,  v.t.  to  spoil :  to  plun- 
der :  to  pUlage. — v.i.  to  practice  robberj'. 
[L.  spoliattis,  pa.p.  of  spolio— ^spolitim, 
spoil.] 

SPOLIATION,  sp5-li-a'shun,  n.  act  of  spoil- 
ing :  robbery. 

SPONDAIC,  spon-da'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  consisting  of  spondees. 


SPONDEE,  spon'dS,  n.  in  classical  poetnr, 
a  foot  of  two  long  syllables,  as  bello.  [Fr. 
— L.  spondeus  (pes)— Gr.  spondeios{pous), 
(a  foot)  of  two  syllables,  so  called  be- 
cause much  used  in  tlie  slow  solemn 
hymns  sung  at  a  sponde  or  drink-offer- 
ing (—speiidO).    See  Sponsor.] 

SPONGE,  spunj,  n.  the  porous  framework 
of  an  animal,  found  attached  to  rocks, 
etc.,  under  water,  remarkable  for  its 
power  of  sucking  up  water  :  an  instru- 
ment for  cleaning  cannon  after  a  dis- 
charge :  the  heel  of  a  horse's  shoe. — v.t. 
to  wipe  with  a  sponge  :  to  wipe  out  with 
a  sponge :  to  wipe  out  completely  :  to 
destroy. — i\i.  to  suck  in,  as  a  sponge  :  to 
gain  by  mean  tricks.  [A.S.,  O.Fr.  esponge 
(Fr.  epongey—h.  spongia — G^.  sponggia, 
sponggos.    Doublet  Fungus,  j 

SPONGECAKE,  spunj'kak,  ?!.  a  very  light 

SPONGING-HOUSE,  spunj'ing-liows,  n.  a 
victualling  house,  or  tavern,  in  England, 
where  persons  arrested  for  debt  were 
kept  by  a  bailiff  for  twenty-four  hours 
before  being  lodged  in  prison,  in  order 
that  their  friends  might  have  an  oppor- 
tunity of  settling  the  debt.  Sponging- 
houses  were  usually  the  private  dwell- 
ings of  baihffs,  and  were  so  named  from 
the  extortionate  charges  made  upon  pris- 
oners for  their  accommodation  therein. 

SPONGY,  spunj'i,  adj.  like  a  sponge :  of  an 
open  texture  :  soft  and  porous  :  wet  and 
.soft:  capable  of  imbibing  fluids. — n. 
Spong'iness. 

SPONSAL,  spon'sal,  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
betrothal,  a  marriage,  or  a  spouse.  [L. 
— sponsus,  a  betrothal — spondeo,  sponsus, 
to  promise  solemnly.    See  Sponsor.] 

SPONSOR,  spon'sur,  n.  one  who  promises 
solemnly  for  another  :  a  surety  :  a  god- 
father or  godmother. — n.  Spon'sorship. 
[L. — spondeo,  sjwnsus,  to  promise  sol- 
emnly, akin  to  Gr.  spendo,  to  pour  a 
Ubatfon,  spoyidai,  a  solemn  treaty.  Cf. 
Spouse.] 

SPONSORIAL,  spon-s5'ri-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  sponsor,  or  sponsorship. 

SPONTANEITY,  spon-ta-ne'i-ti,  n.  state  or 
quality  of  being  spontaneous. 

SPONTANEOUS,  spon-ta'ne-us,  adj.  of 
one's  free-icill :  involuntary  :  acting  by 
its  own  impulse  or  natural  law :  pro- 
duced of  itself  or  without  interference. 
— adv.  Sponta'neously.  [L.  spontaneus 
— sponte,  of  one's  own  accord — spondeo."] 

SPOOL,  bpool,  n.  a  hoUow  cyUnder  for 
«-inding  yarn  upon. — v.t.  to  wind  on 
spools.     [Low  Ger.;  Ger.  spule.] 

SPOON,  spoon,  n.  an  instrument  for  sup- 
pingliquids.  [Lit.  "a  c7i(pof  wood,"  A.S. 
spon;  Ger.  span,  a  chip.  Ice.  spann,  a 
chip,  a  spoon.] 

SPOON-BILL,  spoon'-bil,  n.  the  popular 
name  of  the  birds  of  the  genus  Platalea 
belonging  to  the  heron  family  (Ardeidae), 
order  Grallatores,  from  the  shape  of  the 
bill,  which  is  somewhat  like  a  spoon  or 
spatula.  They  live  in  society  in  wooded 
marshes,  generally  not  far  from  the 
mouths  of  rivers,  and  on  the  sea-shore. 
The  white  spoon-bUl  (P.  leucorodia)  in- 
habits Europe  generally,  being  rare,  how- 
ever, in  England,  although  common  in 
Holland  in  summer.  As  winter  approaches 
it  migrates  to  more  southern  regions,  par- 
ticularly the  salt  marshes  on  the  coast  of 
Italy,  till  the  milder  weather  recalls  it. 
The  roseate  spoon-bill  (P.  ojaja)  is  an 
American  species,  with  the  plumage  of  a 
fine  rose  color.  The  name  is  also  given 
to  a  kind  of  sturgeon  (Polyodon  spatula) 
found  in  the  Ohio,  Mississippi,  etc.  It 
is  remarkable  for  the  uncommonly  elon- 
gated and  flattened  snout,  which  it  uses 
for  digging  in  the  mud  in  search  of  food, 


and  for  wanting  tliose  bony  plates  whicli 
generally  form  so  characteristic  an  adoni' 
ment  of  the  sturgeon. 

SPOONEY,  spoon'i,  adj.  silly,  weakly  affec- 
tionate.    [As  if  fed  on  spoon-meat.] 

SPOONFUL,  spoon'fool.  n.  as  much  as  a 
spoon  contains  when  full :  a  small  quan- 
tity. 

SPOOR,  spoor,  n.  track  or  trail  of  an  ani- 
mal, esp.  when  hunted  as  game.  [Dut. 
spoor,  a  track,  cog.  with  Scot,  speir,  to 
ask.] 

SPORADIC,  spo-rad'ik,  adj.,  scattered— a 
terra  specially  applied  to  solitary  cases 
of  a  disease  usually  epidemic.  [Gr.  sj)o- 
radikos — sporas,  sjiorados,  scattered — • 
speird,  to  sow.] 

SPORE,  sp6r,  n.  a  minute  grain  which 
serves  as  a  seed  in  flowerless  plants  Uke 
the  fern.  [Gr.  sjioros,  a  sowing,  seed — 
speiro,  to  sow.] 

SPORRAN,  spor'an,  n.  an  ornamental 
]iouch  worn  in  front  of  the  kilt  by  the 
Highlanders  of  Scotland.    [Gael,  sporan.] 

SPORT,  sport,  v.i.  to  play  :  to  frolic  :  to 
practice  field  diversions:  to  trifle. — v.t. 
to  amuse :  to  make  merry :  to  represent 
plaj'fully.  —  n.  that  which  amuses  or 
makes  merry  :  play  :  mirth  :  jest :  con- 
temptuous mirth  :  anything  for  playing 
with:  a  toy  :  idle  jingle  :  field  diversion  : 
anj'  organism  deviating  from  the  normal 
or  natural  condition  ;  an  aberrant  nat- 
ural production  ;  a  monstrosity  ;  a  lusus 
naturae;  as,  "Yes — I  nursed  thee,  .  .  . 
thou  monstrous  sport  of  nature." — By- 
ron ;  specifically,  in  bot.  a  plant  that  as- 
sumes a  character  and  appearance  dis- 
tinct from  the  normal  type,  a  bud  or 
portion  of  a  plant  that  assumes  such  a 
form.    [Short  for  Disport.] 

SPORTFUL,  sport'fool,  adj.  full  of  sport  • 
merrv:  full  of  jesting. — adi'.SPORT'FULLY, 
—1).  fepORT'FULNESS. 

SPORTING,  sport'ing,  adj.  relating  to  or 
engaging  in  sports. — adv.  Sport'inglt. 

SPORTIVE,  sport'iv,  adj.  inclined  to  sport: 
plajrful :  merry. — adv.  Sport'ively. — n. 
Sport'iveness. 

SPORTSMAN,  sports'raan,  n.  one  who 
practices,  or  one  skilled  in  fieid-spor^s. — 
n.  Sports'manship,  practice  or  skill  of  a 
sportsman. 

SPORTULARY,  sport'u-la-rj,  adj.  subsist- 
ing on  alms  or  charitable  contributions. 
"  These  sporttdary  preachers."— Bp.  Hall. 
[See  Sportule.] 

SPORTULE,  sport'ul,  n.  an  alms  :  a  dole  : 
a  charitable  gift  or  contribution  :  a  lar- 
gess, either  of  meat  or  money,  given  by 
princes  or  great  men  to  the  poor  people. 
Ayliffe.  [L.  sporfida,  a  little  basket,  dim. 
of  sport  a,  a  wicker  ba.sket.] 

SPORULE,  spor'ul,  n.  in  bot.  a  little  spore. 
The  word  is  sometimes  used  generally  in 
the  same  sense  as  sjiore,  sometimes  to 
denote  a  distinct  granule  within  a  spore. 
Treas.  of  Bot.     [A  dim.  from  Spore.] 

SPORULIFEROUS,  spor-u-lif'er-us,  adj. 
in  bot.  bearing  or  producing  sporules. 
[E.  sponde,  and  L.  fero,  to  produce.] 

SPOT,  spot,  n.  a  mark  made  by  a  drop  of 
wet  matter  :  a  blot :  a  discolored  place  : 
a  small  part  of  a  different  color  :  a  small 
extent  of  space  :  any  particular  place  : 
sometliing  that  soils  :  a  stain  on  charac- 
ter or  reputation. — v.t.  to  mark  with 
drops  of  wet  :  to  stain  :  to  discotor  :  to 
taint  :  to  tarnisli,  as  reputation  i—pi-.p. 
spott'ing  ;  ^ja.f.  and  pa.p.  spott'ed.  [M. 
E.  spat,  Scot,  and  Dut.  spat,  prob.  from 
the  root  of  Spit,  to  throw  out  from  the 
mouth.] 

SPOTLESS,  spot'les,  adj.  without  a  «pot : 
untainted  :  pure. — adv.  Spot'lessly.- 
Spot'lessness. 


SPOTTED 


407 


bPUMOUS 


SPOTTED,  spot'ed,  SPOTTY,  spot'i,  adj. 
marked  witli  spots  or  discolored  places. 

SPOUSAL,  spowz'al,  adj.  pertaining:  to  a 
spouse,  or  to  marriage  :  nuptial  :  matri- 
monial.— n.  usually  in  pi.  nuptials  :  mar- 
riage. 

SPOUSE,  spowz,  n.  a  husband  or  wife. 
[Lit.  "one  promised  in  marriage,"  "  a 
betrothed  person,"  O.  Fr.  espotis  (Fi-. 
epoiix,  fern,  ipo^ise) — L.  sponsiis,  pa.p.  of 
spondeo,  to  promise,  to  promise  in  mar- 
riage.   Of.  Espouse  and  Sponsor.] 

3P0UT,  spowt,  v.t.  to  throw  out,  as  from 
a  pipe. — v.i,  to  issue  with  ^^olence,  as 
from  a  pipe. — n.  the  projecting  mouth  of 
a  vessel  from  which  a  stream  issues :  a 

gipe  for  conducting  a  liquid.  [Allied  to 
lut.  spuiten,  Ice.  spyta,  from  root  of 
Spit,  to  throw  out.] 

SPRACK,  sprak,  adj.  vigorous  :  sprightly: 
spruce  :  lively:  animated  :  quick:  alert. 
(Old  and  provincial  English.)  Shake- 
speare has  it  in  the  form  sprag,  being 
put  into  the  mouth  of  Sir  Hugh  Evans,  a 
Welshman,  who  pronounces  hie,  hcec.  hoc, 
a^  hig,  hteg,  hog.  "If  your  Royal  High- 
ness had  seen  him  dreaming  and  dozing 
about  the  banks  of  Tally  Veolan  like  an 
hypochondriac  person,  you  would  won- 
der where  he  hath  sae  suddenly  acquired 
all  this  fine  sprack  festivity  and  jocular- 
ity."— Sir  W.  Scott.  [Ice.  sprce}^,  brisk, 
sprightly,  also  sjxirkr,  brisk,  lively.  Cf. 
also  Ir.  and  Gael,  spraic,  strength,' vigor, 
spraiceach,  vigorous,  strong;  E.  Spree.] 

SPR.\G,  sprag,  n.  a  young  salmon.  [Cf. 
Ice.  spraka,  a  small  flounder.] 

SPRAG,  sprag,  n.  a  billet  of  wood :  spe- 
cifically, in  ■mining,  a  diagonal  prop  or 
stay  for  preventing  the  roof  of  a  mine 
from  sinking  in.  Edin.  Rev.  [Allied  to 
Sprio.] 

SPRAG,  sprag,  i\t.  to  prop  by  a  sprag : 
also  to  stop,  as  a  carriage,  on  a  steep 
gradient,  by  putting  a  sprag  in  the  spokes 
of  the  wheel. 

SPRAICH,  sprach,  n.  a  crj',  a  shriek  :  a 
collection  :  a  multitiide,  from  the  idea 
of  the  noise  made ;  as,  a  spraich  of 
bairns.     Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 

SPRAICH.  sprach,  v.i.  to  cry :  to  shriek. 
[.Scotch.] 

SPRAICKLE,  sprakl,  SPRACKLE,  sprakl, 
f.i.  to  clamber:  to  get  on  witli  difficulty. 
Sir  W.  Scott ;  Barns.  Written  also 
Sprachu;.    [Scotch.    Ice.  sprokla.] 

SPRAIN,  spran,  v.t.  to  overstrain  the 
muscles  of    a   joint.  —  n.    an  excessive 

.  strain  of  the  muscles  of  a  joint.  [Lit. 
"to  strain,"  "to  squeeze  out,"  O.  Fr. 
e-9preindre  (F-.  epreindre),  to  force  out, 
to  strain — L.  crprimere.    See  ErPRESS.1 

SPRANG,  pa.t.  of  Spring. 

SPRAT,  sprat,  n.  a  sea-fish  like  the  herring, 
but  much  smaller.  [M.E.  sprotte ;  Dut. 
sprot,  Ger.  sprotte.] 

SPRAWL,  sprawl,  v.i.  to  toss  or  kick  about 
the  limbs  :  to  stretch  the  body  carelessly 
when  lying :  to  spread  ungracefully. — n. 
Sprawl'er.  [Akin  to  Low  Ger.  spaddeln, 
Dan.  sprcBlle,  to  toss  about  the  limbs.] 

SPRAY,  spra,  n.  small  particles  of  water 
driven  by  the  wind,  as  from  the  top  of 
waves,  etc.  [From  A.S.  spregan,  to 
pour.] 

SPRAY,  spra,  n.  a  small  shoot  of  a  tree. 
jAkin  to  A.S.  spree,  Ice.  sprek,  a  twig. 
Doublet  Sprig.] 

SPREIAD,  spred,  v.t.  to  scatter  abroad  or 
ia  all  directions  :  to  stretch  :  to  extend  : 
to  overlay  :  to  shoot  out,  as  branches  : 
to  circulate,  as  news  :  to  cause  to  aSect 
numbers,  as  a  disease  :  to  diffuse  :  to  set 
with  provisions,  as  a  table. — v.i.  to  ex- 
t-ind  or  expand  in  all  directions  :  to  be 
extended  or  stretched  :  to  be  propagated 
or  circulated  -.—^a.t  and  pa.p.  spread. — 


n.  extent  ;  compass  :  expansion  of  parts : 
a  cloth  used  as  a  cover,  as  a  bed  spread. 
[A.S.  sprcedan ;  Dut.  sxjreiden,  Ger. 
spreiten.] 

SPREE,  spre,  n.  a  merry  frolic  :  a  drunken 
frolic.  [Prov.  E.  adj.  sprag,  sjjry,  spree, 
M.E.  sprac,  from  Ice.  .•sprcehr,  lively.] 

SPRIG,  sprig,  n.  a  small  shoot  or  twig. — 
V.t.  to  embroider  with  representations  of 
twigs  •.—pr.p.  sprigg'ing  ;pa.^.  and  jja.p. 
sprigged.     [Doublet  of  Spray.] 

SPRIGHTLY,  sprlt'll,  adj.,  spirit-like:  airy: 
full  oi  life :  hvely :  brisk. — n.  Spright'li- 
NESS.  [From  spright,  a  corr.  of  Spirit. 
Cf.  Sprite.] 

SPRING,  spring,  v.i.  to  bound:  to  leap:  to 
rush  hastily:  to  move  suddenly  bj'  elastic 
force  :  to  start  up  suddenly  :  to  break 
forth  :  to  appear  :  to  issue  :  to  come  into 
existence  :  (B.)  to  rise,  as  the  sun. — v.t, 
to  cause  to  spring  up  :  to  start :  to  pro- 
duce quickly  :  to  contrive  on  a  sudden  : 
to  explode,  as  a  mine:  to  open,  as  a  leak: 
to  crack,  as  a  mast: — pa.t.  sprung, 
sprang  ;  pa.p.  sprung. — ?i.  a  leap  :  a  flj'- 
ing  back  with  elastic  force:  elastic  power: 
an  elastic  body  :  any  active  power  :  that 
by  which  action  is  produced  :  cause  or 
origin  :  -a  source  :  an  outflow  of  water 
from  the  earth  :  {B.)  the  dawn:  the  time 
when  plants  begin  to  spring  up  and  grow, 
the  vernal  season — March,  April,  liay:  a 
starting  of  a  plank  in  a  vessel:  a  crack  in 
a  mast.     [A.S.  springan ;  Ger.  springen.] 

SPRINGAL,  spring'awl,  n.  an  ancient  war- 
like engine,  usecT  for  shooting  large  ar- 
rows, pieces  of  iron,  etc.  It  is  supposed 
to  have  resembled  the  cross-bow  in  its 
construction.  Written  also  Springald. 
[O.  Fr.  espringale,  from  Ger.  springen, 
to  spring.] 

SPRING-BACK,  sjaring-'-bak,  n.  in  hook- 
binding,  a  curvea  or  semicircular  false 
back,  made  of  thin  sheet-iron  or  cf  stiff 
pasteboard  fastened  to  the  under  side  of 
the  true  back,  and  causing  the  leaves 
of  a  book  thus  bound  to  spring  up  and  lie 
flat — commonly  used  in  Dinding  ledgers 
and  other  blank  books. 

SPRING-BALANCE,  sprin^-bal-ans,  n.  a 
contrivance  for  determining  the  weight 
of  any  article  by  observing  the  amount 
of  deflection  or  compression  which  it 
produces  upon  a  helical  steel  spring 
properly  adjusted  and  fitted  with  an  in- 
dex working  against  a  graduated  scale. 
Another  form  of  spring-balance  is  made 
in  the  shape  of  the  letter  C,  the  upper 
end  being  suspended  by  a  ring,  and  the 
lower  end  affording  attachment  for  the 
hook  whereby  the  object  is  suspended. 
As  the  bow  opens  a  finger  traverses  a 
graduated  arc  and  registers  the  weight. 

SPRINGBOK,  spring'bok,  n.  a  sort  of  South 
African  antelope,  larger  than  a  roebuck. 
[Dut.  for  "  spring-bucK,"  from  its  leaping 
motionj 

SPRINGE,  sprinj,  n.  a  snare  with  a  spring- 
noose  :  a  gin. — v.i.  to  catch  in  a  springe. 
[Prov.  E.  springle  —  Spring  ;  cf.  Ger. 
spren  kel — .^jjrin  gen.] 

SPRINGER,  spring'er,  n.  a  kind  of  dog 
allied  to  the  spaniel,  useful  for  springing 
game  in  copses. 

SPRING-TIDE,  spring'-tid,  n.  a  tide  which 
springs  or  rises  higher  tlian  ordinary 
tides,  after  new  and  full  moon. 

SPRINGY,  spring'i,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
likeasprinj/;  elastic  :  nimble  .  abounding 
with  springs  or  fountains. — n.  Speing'I- 
NESS. 

SPRINKLE,  spring'kl,  v.t.  to  scatter  in 
small  drops  or  particles  :  to  scatter  on  : 
to  baptize  with  a  few  drops  of  water  :  to 
purify. — f.i.  to  scatter  in  drops.  —  n. 
Sprin'kle  or  Sprink'llng,  a  small  quan- 
tity sprinkled.— n.   Spkink'i.KB,     [Freq. 


formed  from  A.S.  sprengan,  the  causative 
of  Sprdjo  ;  cf.  Ger.  sprenkeln.] 

SPRIT,  sprit,  71.  (naut.)  a  spar  set  diago- 
nally to  extend  a  fore-and-aft  sail.  [A.S. 
spreot,  a  pole  ;  Dut.  and  Ger.  spnet,  a 
bowsprit ;  conn,  with  Sprout.] 

SPRITE,  sprit,  n.  a  spirit :  a  shade :  a 
ghost.  [A  corr.  of  Spirit.  Cf.  Sprightly.] 

SPROUT,    sprowt,  n.   a   germ   or    young 

•  shoot : — pi.  young  shoots  from  old  cab-< 
bages. — v.i.  to  shoot :  to  push  out  new 
shoots.  [M.E.  sprute — A.S.  spreotan 
(Ger.  sjirteszen) ;  cog.  with  Dut.  spruit. 
Cf.  Sprit  and  Spruce-beer.] 

SPRUCE,  sprdos,  adj.  smart  :  neat. — adv. 
Spruce'ly. — n.  Spruce'ness.  [Prob.  from 
O.  Vr.preus  (Fr.  preux),  gallant.] 

SPRUCE,  spr6os,  v.t.  to  trim  or  dress  in  a 
spruce  manner,  or  with  affected  or  finical 
neatness:  to  prink  or  prank.  "  To  spruce 
his  plumes." — Dr.  H.  More. 

SPRUCE,  sproos,  v.i.  to  dress  one's  self 
with  affected  neatness. — To  spruce  up, 
to  dress  one's  self  sprucely  or  neatly. 
"  Till  she  had  spruced  np  herself  first." — 
Burton. 

SPRUCE,  sproos,  SPRUCE-FIR,  sproos'- 
fer,  n.  the  name  given  to  several  species 
of  trees  of  the  genus  Abies.  The  Norway 
spruce-fir  is  A.  ecccelsa,  which  yields  the 
valuable  timber  known  under  the  name 
of  white  or  Christiana  deal.  The  white 
spruce  is  the  A.alba,  which  grows  in  the 
colder  regions  of  North  America.  The 
black  spruce-fir  is  the  A.  nigra,  which  is 
a  native  of  the  most  inclement  regions  of 
North  America,  and  attains  the  height 
of  70  or  80  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  from 
15  to  20  inches.  Its  timber  is  of  great 
value  on  account  of  its  strength,  light- 
ness, and  elasticity.  It  is  employed  for 
the  yards  of  ships,  and  from  the  young 
branches  is  extracted  the  essence  of  spruce, 
so  well  known  as  a  useful  anti-scorbutic. 
The  red  spruce  is  ^4.  ndrra.  The  hem- 
lock spruce-fir  is  the  A.  canadensis,  a 
noble  -species,  rising  to  the  height  of  70 
or  80  feet,  and  measuring  from  3  to  3  feet 
in  diameter.  It  grows  abundantly  near 
Quebec,  in  Nova  Scotia,  New  Bruns- 
wick, Vermont,  and  the  upper  parts  of 
New  Hampshire.  The  wood  is  employed 
for  laths,  and  for  coarse  in-door  work. 
The  bark  is  exceedingly  valuable  for  tan- 
ning. [According  to  one  view  from  O. 
E.  Spruce,  Pruce,  Prussian,  because  the 
tree  was  first  known  as  a  native  of  Prus- 
sia. But  cf.  Ger.  sprossen-Jichte,  the 
spruce-fir,  lit.  sprout-fir,  from  sprossen, 
young  sprouts,  spriessen,  to  sprout.  Ac- 
cording to  Wedgwood  the  tree  was  called 
the  sprout-fir  from  its  sprouts  being  u.sed 
in  maldng  beer,  sp?Tice-beer  (that  is 
sproid-beev).] 

SPRUCE-BEER,  sprSos'-ber,?;.  a  fermented 
liquor  made  from  the  leaves  and  small 
branches  of  the  spruce-fir  or  from  the 
essence  of  spruce,  boiied  with  sugar  or 
molasses,  and  fermented  with  yeast. 
There  are  two  kinds,  the  brown  and  the 
white,  of  which  the  latter  is  considered 
the  best,  as  being  made  from  white  sugar 
instead  of  molasses.  Spruce-beer  forms 
an  agreeable  and  wholesome  beverage, 
and  is  useful  as  an  antiscorbutic. 

SPRUNG,  pa.f.  and  pa.p.  of  Spring. 

SPUD,  spud,  71.  a  narrow  spade  with  a 
short  handle.     [From  root  of  Spade.] 

SPUE.    Same  as  Spew. 

SPUME,  .spum,  n.  scum  or  froth  spewed  or 
thrown  up  by  liquids:  foam.  —  v.i.  to 
throw  up  scum  :  to  foam.  [L.  spumor-. 
spuo.  E.  Spew.] 

SPUMOUS,  spum'us,  SPUMY,  spum'i,  adj. 
consisting  of  spume  or  froth  :  frothy ; 
foamy, 


SPUN 


408 


SQUEAMISH 


SPUN,  pa.  f.  auApa.p.  of  Spin. 

SPUN-GOLD,  spun' -gold,  ?i.  flattened  gold, 
or  silver-gilt  wire  wound  on  a  thread  of 
yellow  sUk. 

SPUNK,  spungk,  n.  touchwood  ;  tinder  ;  a 
kind  of  tinder  made  from  a  species  of 
fungus;  "Spunk,  or  touchwood  pre- 
pared."— Sir  T.  Broivne  :  a  quick,  ardent 
temper;  mettle;  spirit;  pluck;  "Thy 
girl,  perhaps  a  lass  of  spunk." — Wolcot; 
"  Men  of  spunk,  and  spirit,  and  power, 
both  of  mind  and  body."— Pro/.  Wilson: 
a  very  small  fire  ;  a  fiery  spark  or  small 
flame  ;  also,  a  lucifer-match.  [Scotch. 
Ir.  sponc,  tinder,  touchwood,  sponge, 
Gael,  spong ;  from  L.  spongia,  a  sponge.] 

SPUNKIE,  spungk'i,  n.  the  ignis  fatuus,  or 
Will-o'-the-wisp.  Burns:  a  person  of  a 
fiery  or  irritable  temper.  Qalt.  [Scotch. 
From  Spunk.] 

SPUNKY,  SPUNKIE,  spungk'i,  adj.  spir- 
ited: fiery:  irritable:  brisk:  an  epithet  ap- 
?ilied  to  a  place  supposed  to  be  haunted, 
rom  the  frequent  appearance  of  the  ignis 
fatuus.  "The  spunkie  howe." — Tanna^ 
hill.     [Scotch.] 

SPUN-SILVER,  spun'-sil-ver,  n.  flattened 
silver  wire  wound  round  a  thread  of 
coarse  silk. 

SPUN-YARN,  spun'-ySrn,  n.  (naut.)  a  line 
or  cord  formed  of  two,  three,  or  more 
rope-yarns  twisted  together.  The  yarns 
are  usually  drawn  out  of  the  strands  of 
old  cables  and  knotted  together.  Spun- 
yarn  is  used  for  various  purposes,  as  serv- 
ing ropes,  weaving  mats,  etc. 

SPUR,  spur,  n.  an  instriunent  on  a  horse- 
man's heels,  with  sharp  points  for  goad- 
ing the  horse:  that  which  goads  or  insti- 
gates :  something  projecting  :  the  hard 
projection  on  a  cock's  leg  :  a  small 
range  of  mountains  extending  laterally 
from  a  larger  range. — v.t.  to  urge  on  with 
spurs  :  to  urge  onward  :  to  impel :  to  put 
spurs  on. — v.i.  to  press  forward:  to  travel 
in  great  haste  -.—pr.p.  spurr'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  spurred.  [A.S.  spura,  spora  ; 
Ice.  spori,  Ger.  spor-n  ;  akin  to  Spae  and 
Speak.] 

SPURGE,  spur],  n.  a  class  of  acrid  plants 
with  a  milky  juice,  used  for  taking  off 
warts.  [O.  Fr.  espurge  (Fr.  epurge) — ^L. 
expurgare,  to  purge — ex,  off,  purgo,  to 
clear.    See  Puege.J 

SPURIOUS,  spur'i-us,  adj.  illegitimate : 
bastard:  not  genuine  :  false. — adv.  Spue'- 
lousLY. — n.  Spur'iousness.    [L.  spurius.} 

SPURN,  spurn,  v.t.  to  drive  away  as  with 
the  foot :  to  kick  :  to  reject  with  disdain. 
— n.  disdainful  rejection.  [A.S.  spurnan, 
an  extension  of  Spur.] 

SPUR-PRUNING,  spur'-proon-ing,  n.  a 
mode  of  pruning  trees  by  which  one  or 
two  eyes  of  last  year's  wood  are  left  and 
the  rest  cut  off,  so  as  to  leave  short  rods. 

SPUR- ROYAL,  spur'-roi-al,  n.  a  gold  coin, 
first  made  in  the  reign  of  Edward  rv.  In 
the  reign  of  James  I.  its  value  was  about 
equal  to  $3.60  of  our  money.  It  was  so 
named  from  having  on  the  reverse  a  sun 
with  the  four  cardinal  rays  issuing  from 
it  so  as  to  suggest  a  resemblance  to  the 
rowel  of  a  spur.  Sometimes  written 
Spub-rial  or  Spur-rtal. 

SPURT,  spurt,  v.t.  to  spout,  or  send  out  in 
a  sudden  stream,  as  water. — v.i.  to  gush 
out  suddenly  in  a  small  stream  :  to  flow 
out  forcibly  or  at  intervals. — n.  a  sudden 
or  violent  gush  of  a  liquid  from  an  open- 
ing :  a  jet  :  a  sudden  and  short  effort. 
[Like  Spirt,  formed  by  transposition 
from  sprit  (Ger.  spritzen),  conn,  with 
Sprit  and  Sprout.] 

SPUR-WHEEL,  spur'-hwel,  n.  in  mach.  a 
wheel  in  which  the  teeth  are  perpen- 
dicular to  the  axis,  and  in  the  direction 


of  radii.    A  train  of  such  wheels  work- 
ing into  each  other  is  called  spur-gear. 

SPUR-WING,  spur'-wing,  n.  the  English 
name  for  a  species  of  wading  birds  of  the 
genus  Parra,  having  the  wing  armed  with 
a  bony  spur  ;  they  inhabit  Africa  and 
South  America  :  the  name  given  to  the 
species  of  geese  of  the  genus  Plectrop- 
terus,  which  are  natives  of  Africa,  and 
have  two  strong  spurs  on  the  shoulder 
of  the  wing. 

SPUTATION,  spu-ta'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
spitting  :  that  which  is  spit  up.  "  A 
moist  sputation  or  expectoration.  — Har- 
vey.    [L.  sputo,  sputatum,  to  spit.] 

S PUTATIVE,  spu'tartiv,  adj.  spitting 
much  :  inclined  to  spit.     Wotton. 

SPUTTER,  sput'er,  v.i.  to  spit  in  small 
drops,  as  in  rapid  speaking :  to  throw 
out  moisture  in  scattered  drops :  to  speak 
rapidly  and  indistinctly. — v.t.  to  throw 
out  with  haste  and  noise  :  to  utter  hastily 
and  indistinctly.— ?i.  moist  matter  thrown 
out  in  particles.  [Like  Spatter,  from 
the  stem  of  Spit  and  Spout.] 

SPY,spi,n.one  sent  into  an  enemy's  country 
or  camp  to  find  out  their  strength,  etc.: 
one  who  keeps  a  watch  on  others  :  one 
who  secretly  conveys  information. — v.t. 
to  see:  to  discover.generally  at  a  distance: 
to  discover  by  close  search  :  to  inspect 
secretly: — pa.t.  and pa.jj.  spied.  [O.  Fr. 
espie — O.  Ger.  speha ;  cog.  with  L.  speeio. 
Sans.  spac.'\ 

SPYGLASS,  spi'glas,  n.  a  glass  for  spying : 
a  small  telescope. 

SPY- WEDNESDAY,  spi-wens'da,  n.  an  old 
name  given  to  the  Wednesday  immedi- 
ately preceding  Easter,  in  allusion  to  the 
betrayal  of  Christ  by  Judas  Iscariot. 

SQUAB,  skwob,  adj.  fat;  short  and  stout ; 
plump  ;  bulky  :  unfledged  ;  unfeathered; 
as,  a  squab  pigeon. 

Why  must  old  pigeons,  and  they  stale,  be  drest. 
When  there's  so  many  squab  ones  in  the  nest  ? 

—Dr.  W.  King. 

[A  word  which  also  occurs  without  the  s. 
According  to  Wedgwood,  from  the  sound 
made  by  a  soft  lump  falling.] 
SQUAB,  skwob,  n.  a  young  pigeon  or  dove: 
a  short  fat  person; 

Gorgonius  sits  abdominous  and  wan. 
Like  a  fat  squab  upon  a  Chinese  fan. 

—Oowper: 

A    kind    of    sofa    or   couch ;    a  stuffed 

cu-shion;  "Punching  the  squab  of  chairs 

and  sofas  virith  their  dirty  fists." — D-ickens; 

On  a  large  squab  you  find  her  spread. — Pope. 

SQUAB,  skwob,  adv.  striking  at  once: 
with  a  heavy  fall :  plump.  "  The  eagle 
took  the  tortoise  up  into  the  air  and 
dropt  him,  squab,  upon  a  rock." — Sir  R. 
JJ  Estrange. 

SQUAB,  skwob,  v.i.  to  fall  plump. 

SQUABASH,  skwa-bash',  v.t.  to  crush  :  to 
quash.  "  His  (Gifford's)  satire  of  the 
Baviad  and  Masviad  squabashed,  at  one 
blow,  a  set  of  coxcombs  who  might  have 
humbugged  the  world  long  enough." — 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

SQUABBISH,  skwob'ish,  SQUABBY, 
skwob'i,  adj.  thick  :  fat  :  heavy.  "  Diet 
renders  them  of  a  squabbish  or  lardy 
habit  of  body." — Harvey. 

SQUABBLE,  skwob'i,  v.i.  to  dispute  in  a 
noisy  manner  :  to  wrangle. — n.  a  noisy, 
petty  quarrel :  a  brawl. — n.  Squabb'ler. 
[Akin  to  Low  Ger.  kabbeln,  to  quarrel, 
and  Prov.  Ger.  schivabbeln,  to  jabber.] 

SQUAD,  skwod,  n.  a  small  body  of  men 
assembled  for  drill.  [Fr.  escouade  (It. 
squadra)—L.exquadrare,  to  make  square. 
See  Squadron.] 

SQUADRON,  skwod'run,  n.  a  body  of  cav- 
alry, consisting  of  two  troops,  or  120  to 
200  men:  a  section  of  a  fleet,  commanded 
by  a   flag-officer.      [Orig.   a    square   of 


troops,  Fr.  escouade  (It.  sguadra),    Se« 
Square.] 

SQUALID,  skwol'id,  adj.,  stiff  with  dirt: 
filthy. — adv.  Squal'idly. — n.  Squal'id- 
NESS.  [L.  squalidus  —  squaleo,  to  be 
stiff  ;  akin  to  Gr.  skello,  to  dry.] 

SQUALL,    skwawl,    v.i.    to   cry  out   vio- 
lently.— n.  a  loud  cry  or  scream  :  a  vio< 
lent  gust  of  wind.     [Ice.  sqvala  ;  Ir.  and 
Gael,  sgal,  to  shriek;  an  imitative  word  .,  .. 
cf.  Squeal.] 

SQUALLY,  skwavfl'i,  adj.  abounding  or 
disturbed  with  squalls  or  gusts  of  wind  : 
gusty. 

SQUALOR,  skwol'or,  n.  state  of  being 
squalid  :  dirtiness  :  filthiness.     [L.] 

SQUANDER,  skwon'der,  v.t.  to  spend 
lavishly  or  wastefully. — n.  Squan'derer. 
[Ety.  dub. ;  perh.  a  nasalized  form  of 
Prov.  E.  squatter,  to  splash,  to  disperse  ; 
allied  to  E.  Scatter.] 

SQUARE,  skwar,  adj.  having  four  equal 
sides  and  angles  :  forming  a  right  angle  : 
having  a  straight  front  or  an  outline 
formed  by  straight  lines. — n.  that  which 
is  square  :  a  square  figure  :  a  four-sided 
space  inclosed  by  houses  :  a  square  body 
of  troops  :  the  length  of  the  side  of  any 
figure  squared :  an  instrument  for  measur- 
ing right  angles  :  (arith.)  the  product  of 
a  quantity  multiplied  by  itself. — v.t.  to 
form  like  a  square  :  to  form  with  four 
equal  sides  and  angles  :  (arith.)  to  mul- 
tiply by  itself :  {naut.)  to  place  at  right 
angles  with  the  keel. — H.  Square'ness. 
[O.  Fr.  esquarre  (Fr.  iquerre) — L.  ex- 
quadrare,  to  square — quadrus,  conn,  with 
qucittuor.  four.    Cf.  Squad  and  Quarry.] 

SQUASH.  skwosh,ii.<.  to  beat  or  press  into 
pulp  :  to  crush  flat. — n.  a  sudden  fall  or 
shock  of  soft  bodies :  anything  soft  and 
easily  crushed,  anything  soft  or  unripe. 
[Conn,  with  QuASH.] 

SQUASH,  skwosh,  n.  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Cucurbita,  C.  Melopepo,  and  its  fruit, 
cultivated  in  America  as  an  article  of 
food.  "  Squash  is  an  Indian  kind  of  pum- 
pion  that  grows  apace." — Boyle.  [From 
American  Indian  name  :  "  Askutasquash, 
.  .  .  which  the  English  frooi  t'lem  call 
squashes." — Roger  Williams.  From  as- 
quash  (pi.),  raw,  green.] 

SQUASH,  skwash,  n.  the  American  name 
for  a  species  of  weasel.  "  The  smell  of 
our  weasels,  and  ermines,  and  polecats 
is  fragrance  itself,  when  compared  to 
that  of  the  squash  and  the  skunk." — 
Ooldsmith. 

SQUASH-BUG,  skwosh'-bug,  n.  a  name 
given  in  the  United  States  to  insects  well 
known  for  their  destructive  ravages  upon 
squash  and  pumpkin  plants. 

SQUAT,  skwot,  v.i.  to  sit  down  upon  the 
hams  or  heels  :  to  cower,  as  an  animal : 
to  settle  on  new  land  without  title: — pr.p, 
squatt'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  squatt'ed. 
[Prov.  E.  quat,  to  squat;  prob.  a  Romance 
word  ;  cf.  It.  quatto,  cowering,  Fr.  (se) 
cacher,  to  crouch  down,  to  hide  one's  self, 
both  from  L.  coactus,  pa.p.  of  cogo — co-, 
together,  ^d  ago,  to  drive.] 

SQUATTER,  skwot'er,  n.  a  settler  on  new 
land  without  title  :  one  who  leases  pas- 
ture land  from  the  government,  in  Aus- 
tralia and  New  Zealand.     [See  Squat.] 

SQUAW,  skwaw,  n.  among  the  American 
Indians,  a  woman,  esp.  a  wife.  * 

SQUEAK,  skwek,  v.i.  to  utter  a  shrill  and 
usually  short  cry. — n.  a  sudden,  shrill  cry, 
[Imitative;  cf.  Sw.  sqvaka,  to  croak,  Ger. 
quieken,  to  squeak.] 

SQUEAL,  skwel,  v.i.  to  utter  a  shrill  and 
prolonged  sound.  [Imitative ;  cf.  Sw. 
sqvala.  to  cry  out.] 

SQUEAMISH,  skwem'ish,  adj.  sickish  at 
stomach  :  easily  disgusted  or  offended  : 
fastidious  in  taste. — adv.  Squeam'ishly. 


SQUEEZE 


409 


STALK 


—  n.  Squeam'ishness.  [Akin  to  Ice. 
sveim-r,  stir,  Ger.  schweim-en,  to  become 
giddy  or  faint,  conn,  with  Swim  ;  prob. 
also  influenced  by  qualmish  {see  Qualm).] 

SQUEEZE,  skvvez,  v.t.  to  crush  or  press 
between  two  bodies  :  to  embrace  closely: 
to  force  through  a  small  hole  :  to  cause 
to  pass. — v.i.  to  push  between  close  bod- 

!  ies:  to  press:  to  crowd. — n.  act  of  squeez- 
ing :  pressing-  between  bodies.  [M.  E. 
queisen — A.S.  eimsan  ;  akin  to  Ger.  quet- 

SQUETEAGUE,  skwe-teg',  n.  an  American 
fish,  the  Labrus  squeteague  of  Mitchell, 
the  Otolithus  regalis of  Cuvier,  very  com- 
mon in  the  waters  of  Long  Island  Sound 
and  adjacent  bays,  where  it  is  captured 
in  large  quantities  for  the  table.  It  pro- 
duces a  dull  sound  like  that  of  a  drum. 

SQUIB,  skwib,  n.  a  paper  tube  filled  with 
combustibles,  thrown  up  into  the  air 
burning  and  bursting  :  a  petty  lampoon. 
'Ety.  unknown.] 

UILL,  skwil,  n.  a  genus  of  plants  (in- 
cluding the  bluebell)  allied  to  the  lily,  an 
African  species  of  which  is  used  in  medi- 
cine. [Fr.  squille — L.  squilla,  scilla — Gr. 
skilla.] 

SQUINT,  skwint,  adj.  looking  obliquely: 
having  the  vision  distorted. — v.i.  to  look 
obliquely  :  to  have  the  vision  distorted. 
— v.t.  to  cause  to  squint. — 71.  act  or  habit 
of  squinting  :  an  oblique  look  :  distortion 
q{  vision.  [Prob.  allied  to  Dut.  schuin, 
oblique  ;  cf.  Wink,  and  Fr.  giiigner,  to 
squint.] 

SQUIRE,  skwir,  n.  short  for  EsQUIRE. 

SQUIRREL,  skwir'el,  n.  a  nimble,  reddish- 
brown,  rodent  animal  with  a  bushy  tail. 
I^Lit.  "  shadow-tail,"  O.  Fr.  esquirel  (Fr. 
ecureuil) — Low  L.  scuriolus,  dim.  of  L. 
sciunis — Gr.  skiouros — skia,  shade,  oura, 
tail.] 

SQUIRREL-CORN,  skwir'el-korn,  n.  the 
American  name  for  a  fragrant  plant  of 
the  genus  Dicentra  (D.  canadensis),  nat. 
order  Fumariacese. 

SQUIRREL-FISH,  skwir'el-fish,  n.  a  sort 
of  perch. 

SQUIRREL-MONKEY,  skwir'el-mung-ki, 
n.  a  platyrhine  or  flat-nosed  monkey  of 
the  genus  Callithrix,  inhabiting  Brazil, 
resembling  in  general  appearance  and 
size  the  familiar  squirrel. 

SQUIRREL-TAIL,  skwir'el-tal,  n.  a  name 
for  a  species  of  wild  barley,  Hordeum 
niaritimum. 

SQUIRT,  skwert,  v.t.  to  throw  out  water 
in  a  stream  from  a  narrow  opening. — n. 
a  small  instrument  for  squirting:  a  small, 
quick  stream.  [Allied  to  Low  Ger.  swirt- 
jen,  O.  Sw.  squattra,  to  scatter.  Cf. 
Squander.] 

SEADHA,  srad'ha,  SHRADDHA,  shrad'- 
ha,  n.  a  funeral  ceremony  paid  by  the 
Hindus  to  the  manes  of  deceased  ances- 
tors, to  eff'ect,  by  means  of  oblations,  the 
re-embodying  of  the  soul  of  the  deceased 
after  burning  his  corpse,  and  to  raise  his 
shade  from  this  world  up  to  heaven 
amongthe  manes  of  departed  ancestors. 

SRAVaSa,  sra'va-ka  or  shra'va-ka,  n.  a 
name  given  to  those  disciples  of  Buddha 
who  through  the  practice  of  the  four 

Jrreat  truths  attain  the  dignity  of  saints. 
Sans,  sru,  to  hear.] 
AB,  stab,  v.t.  to  wound  with  a  pointed 
weapon  :  to  wound  :  to  injure  secretly, 
or  by  falsehood  or  slander. — v.i.  to  give 
a  stab  or  a  mortal  wound  -.-^pr.p.  stabb'- 
ing ;  pa.  t.  and  pa.j).  stabbed. — n.  a  wound 
with  a  pointed  weapon  :  an  injury  given 
secretly.  [Orig.  "  to  pierce  with  a  staff 
or  stake."  See  Staff.] 
iSTABILITY,  starbil'i-ti,  n.  state  of  being 
stable  :  firmness  :  steadiness :  immovar 
bility.    [Fr.— L.J 


STABLE,  staTjl,  adj.  that  stands  firm : 
firmly  established  :  durable  :  firm  in  pur- 
pose or  character  :  constant. — adv.  Sta'- 
BLY. — n.  Sta'bleness.  [Fr.— L.  ■'itabilis 
— sto,  E.  Stand.] 

STABLE,  sta'bl,  n.  a  building  for  horses 
and  cattle. — v.t.  to  put  or  keep  in  a  sta- 
ble.— v.i.  to  dwell  in  a  stable.  [O.  Fr. 
estable  (Fr.  itable) — L.  stabulum — sto,  E. 
Stand.] 

STABLING,  sta'bling,  n.  act  of  putting 
into  a  stable :  accommodation  for  horses 
and  cattle. 

STABLISH,  stab'lish,  v.t.  old  form  of  Es- 

TABUSH. 

STACCATO.  stak-Ka'to,  adj.  (mus.)  giving 
a  clear  distinct  sound  to  each  note.  [It., 
from  staccare,  for  distaccare,  to  separ- 
ate, from  root  of  Tack.] 

STACK,  stak,  n.  (lit.)  that  which  sticks 
out :  a  large  pile  of  hay,  grain  in  the 
sheaf,  corn,  wood,  etc.:  a  number  of 
chimneys  standing  together. — v.t.  to  pile 
into  a  stack  or  stacks.  [Dan.  stak.  Ice. 
stak-r ;  conn,  with  Stake,  Stick,  and 
Stock.] 

STACKYARD,  stak'yard,  n.  a  yard  for 
stacks. 

STACTE,  stak'te,  n.  one  of  the  sweet  spices 
which  composed  the  holy  incense  of  the 
ancient  Jews.  Two  kinds  have  been  de- 
scribed, one  the  fresh  gum  of  tlie  myrrh 
tree  (Balsamodendron  Myrrha),  mixed 
with  water  and  squeezed  out  through 
a  press  ;  the  other  kind,  the  resin  of  the 
storax  (Styrax  officinale),  mixed  with 
wax  and  fat.  Exod.  xxx.  34.  [Gr.  stakte, 
the  oil  that  drops  from  myrrh,  from 
stazo,  to  drop,  to  distilj 

STADIUM,  sta  di-um,7i.  a  Greek  measure  of 
125  geometrical  paces,  or  625  Roman  feet, 
equal  to  606  feet  9  inches  Englisli ;  con- 
sequently the  Greek  stadium  was  some- 
what less  than  our  furlong ;  it  was  the 
principal  Greek  measui-e  of  length  :  the 
course  for  foot-races  at  Olympia  in 
Greece,  which  was  exactly  a  stadium 
in  lengtli ;  the  name  was  also  given  to 
all  other  places  throughout  Greece 
wherever  games  were  celebrated :  in 
med.  the  stage  or  period  of  a  disease, 
especially  of  an  intermittent  disease. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  stadion.'] 

STADTHOLDER,  stat'hold-er,  n.  formerly, 
the  cliief  magistrate  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces of  Holland,  or  the  governor  or 
lieutenant-governor  of  a  province.  [Dut. 
stadhouder  —  stad,  a  city,  and  houder, 
holder.] 

STADTHOLDERATE,  stat '  hold  -  er  -  at, 
STADTHOLDERSHIP,  stat'hold-er-ship, 
n.  the  oSice  of  a  stadtholder. 

STAFF,  staf,  n.  a  stick  carried  for  support 
or  defence:  a  prop:  a  long  piece  of  wood: 
pole  :  a  flagstaff  :  the  long  handle  of  an 
instrument :  a  stick  or  ensign  of  author- 
ity :  the  five  lines  and  spaces  for  music : 
a  stanza  (the  previous  ryieanings  have  pi. 
Staffs  or  Staves,  stavz) :  an  establish- 
ment of  officers  acting  together  in  an 
army,  esp.  that  attached  to  the  com- 
mander :  a  similar  establishment  of  per- 
sons in  any  undertaking  ;  as,  the  edito- 
rial staff  of  a  newspaper  (the  last  two 
meanings  have  pi.  Staffs,  stafs).  [A.S. 
stc^ ;  cog.  with  Ice.  staf-r,  Ger.  jtab.'\ 

STAG,  stag,  n.  the  male  deer,  esp.  one  of 
the  red  deer  -.—fem.  Hind.  [Ice.  stegg-r, 
a  male  bird,  Yorkshire  steg,  a  gander, 
Scot,  stag,  staig,  a  young  ifiorse  ;  prob. 
from  root  stig,  to  mount.] 

STAGE,  staj,  n.  an  elevated  platform,  esp. 
in  a  theatre  :  theatre  :  theatrical  repre- 
sentations :  any  place  of  exhibition  or 
performance  :  a  place  of  rest  on  a  jour- 
ney or  road  :  distance  between  places  : 
<l^;ree  of  progress.    [O.  Fr.  estage  (Fr. 


itage),  a  story  of  a  house,  through  a  L, 
form  staticus,  from  sto,  E.  Stand.] 

STAGECOACH,  staj'koch,  n.  a  coach  that 
runs  regularly  with  passengers  from  stagt 
to  stage. 

STAGE-PLAYER,  staj'-pla'er,  71.  a  playev 
on  the  stage. 

STAGGER,  stag'er,  v.i.  to  reel  from  side  to 
side  :  to  begin  to  give  way :  to  begin  to 
doubt :  to  hesitate. — v.t.  to  cause  to  reek 
to  cause  to  doubt  or  hesitate  :  to  shockc 
[Ice.  stakra,  to  totter,  O.  Dut.  staggeren.^ 

STAGrGERS,  stag'erz.  n.  a  disease  of  horses. 

STAGHOUND,  stag'hownd,  n.  a  hound 
used  in  hunting  the  stag  or  deer. 

STAGING,  staj'ing,  n.  a  stage  or  structure 
for  workmen  in  building. 

STAGNANT,  stag'nant,  adj.,  stagnating: 
not  flowing :  motionless  :  impure  from 
being  motionless :  not  brisk  :  dull. — adv. 
Stag'nantly.  [L.  stagnans,  -antis,  pr.p. 
of  stagno.    See  Stagnate.] 

STAGNATE,  stag'nat,  v.i.  to  cease  to  flow: 
to  become  dull  or  motionless.  [L.  stagno, 
stagnatus — stagnum,  a  pool.] 

STAGNATION,  stag-na'shun,  n.  act  ol 
stagnating :  state  of  being  stagnant  or 
motionless :  dullness. 

STAID,  stad,  adj.  steady :  sober :  grave. 
— adv.  Staid'ly. — n.  Staid'ness.  [From 
Stay.] 

STAIN,  stan,  v.t.  to  tinge  or  color  :  to  give 
a  different  color  to:  to  dye:  to  mark  with 
guilt  or  infamy  :  to  bring-  reproaeli  on  : 
to  sully  :  to  tarnish. — n.  a  discoloration  ; 
a  spot:  taint  of  guilt:  cause  of  reproach: 
shame.     [Short  for  Distain.] 

STAINLESS,  stan'les,  adj.  without  or  free 
from  stain. 

STAIR,  star,  n.  (orig.)  a  series  of  steps  for 
ascending  to  a  higher  level  :  one  of  such 
steps  :  a  flight  of  steps,  only  in  pi.  [A.S. 
stager — stigan,  to  ascend,  Ger.  steigen. 
Ice.  stigi,  a  ladder.  See  Stile,  a  step, 
and  Sty.] 

STAIRCASE,  star'kas,  n.  a  case  or  flight  of 
stairs  with  balusters,  etc. 

STAKE,  stak,  n.  a  strong  stick  pointed  at 
one  end  :  one  of  the  upright  pieces  of  a 
fence  :  a  post  to  which  an  animal  is  tipo, 
esp.  that  to  which  a  martyr  was  tied  to  be 
burned  :  martyrdom  :  anything  pledged 
in  a  wager. — v.t.  to  fasten,  or  pierce  with 
a  stake  :  to  mark  the  bounds  of  with 
stakes:  to  wager:  to  hazard.  [A.S.  staca 
— stecan.    See  Stick.] 

STALACTIC,  sta-lak'tik,  STALACTITIC, 
sta-lak-tit'ik,  adj.  having  the  form  or 
properties  of  a  stalactite. 

STALACTITE,  sta-lak'tit,  n.  a  cone  of  car- 
bonate of  lime,  hanging  like  an  icicle, 
in  a  cavern,  formed  by  the  dripping  ol 
water  containing  carbonate  of  lime.  [Fr. 
— Gr.staZafcios.dropping — siataxo, to  drip, 
to  drop.] 

STALAGMITE,  sta-lag'mit,  n.  a  cone  ol 
carbonate  of  lime  on  tlie  floor  of  a  cavern, 
formed  by  the  drijijjing  of  water  from 
the  roof.  [Fi-. — Gr.  stalagmos,  a  drop- 
ping— .'italazo,  to  drip.] 

STALAGMITIC,  sta-lag-mit'ik,  adj.  hav- 
ing  the  form  of  stalagmites. 

STALE,  stal,  adj.  too  long  kept :  tainted  : 
vapid  or  tasteless  from  age,  as  beer :  not 
new  :  worn  out  by  age  :  decayed  :  no 
longer  fresh  :  trite.  —  n.  Stale'ness, 
fProv.  E.  stale,  conn,  with  O.  Dut.  stel, 
old.]    ■ 

STALE,  stal,  v.i.  to  make  water,  as  beasts, 
[Ger.  stallen — stall,  a  stable,  A.S.  steals 
(See  Stall).] 

STALK,  stawk,  n.  the  stem  of  a  plant . 
the  stem  on  which  a  flower  or  fruit 
grows :  the  stem  of  a  quill.  [An  exten< 
sion  of  A.S.  stel  (cf.  Ice.  stilkr,  Dan. 
stilk),  cog.  with  Grer.  stiel,  which  is  al- 
lied to,  perh.  borrowed  from,  L.  stiltis,  t 


STALK 


410 


STAK-GAZER 


stake,  a  pale,    further   conn,    with  Gr. 
xtelechos.] 

STALK,  stawk,  i\i.  to  walk  as  on  stilts  : 
to  walk  with  long-,  slow  steps  :  to  walk 
behind  a  stalking-horse  :  to  pursue  gume 
by  approaching  behind  covers. — i:t.  to 
approach  secretly  in  order  to  kill,  as 
deer.  —  n.  Stalk'er.  [A.S.  stealcian — 
steaJc,  high,  elevated  ;  Dan.  stalke,  to 
walk  with  long  steps.] 

STAT.KIXG-HORSE,  stawk'ing-hors,  n.  a 
horse  behind  which  a  sportsman  hides 
while  stalking  game  :  a  mask  or  pretence. 

STALL,  stawl.  n.  a  place  where  a  horse  or 
other  animal  stands  and  is  fed  :  a  division 
of  a  stable  for  a  single  animal :  a  stable  : 
a  bench  or  table  on  which  articles  are 
exposed  for  sale  :  the  fixed  seat  of  a 
church  dignitary  in  the  choir  :  a  reserved 
seat  in  a  theatre. — v.t.  to  put  or  keep  in 
a  stall.  [A.S.  steall,  Ice.  stall-r,  Ger. 
stall :  conn,  with  Ger.  stellen,  and  Gr. 
stem.] 

STALLAGE,  stawl'aj,  n.  liberty  of  erecting 
stalls  in  a  fair  or  market :  rent  paid  for 
this  liberty. 

STALL-FEED,  stawl'-fed,  v.t.  to  feed  and 
fatten  in  a  stall  or  stable. 

STALLION,  stal'yun,  /(.  a  horse  not  cas- 
trated. [Lit.  "  a  horse  kept  in  the  stall," 
Ft.  estalon  (Fr.  etalon).  through  Low  L. 
from  O.  G«r.  stall  (^see  Stall).] 

STALWART,  stawl' wart,  arfj.stout:  strong: 
sturdy  :  in  American  politics  the  more 
intense  and  sturdy  partisans  are  called 
the  Stalwarts.  [Lit.  "  worth  stealing," 
A.S.stcel-wordh.  See  Steal  and  Worthy.] 

STAMEN,  sta'men  (pi.  Sta'mens),  «.  one  of 
the  male  organs  of  a  flower  which  pro- 
duce the  pollen  -.—pi.  Stam'ixa.  the  prin- 
cipal strength  of  anj-thing  :  the  firm 
part  of  a  body  which  supports  the  whole. 
[Lit.  "  a  thread,"  L.  .■stamen  (pi.  stami- 
Tia),  the  warp  in  an  upright  loom,  hence, 
a  thread — sto,  E.  Stand  ;  like  Gr.  stemon, 
from  stenai.  to  stand.] 

STAMJIER,  stam'er,  v.i.  to  halt  in  one's 
speech  :  to  falter  in  speaking  :  to  stutter. 
—  I'.t.  to  utter  with  hesitation. — n.  hesi- 
tation in  speech  :  defective  utterance. — 
ns.  Stamm'erer,  Stamm'ering.  —  adv. 
Stamm'eringly.  [A.S.  stamor,  stammer- 
ing ;  cog.  with  Low  Ger.  sfammem.'] 

STAMP,  stanap,  v.i.  to  step  or  plant  the 
foot  firmly  down. — v.t.  to  strike  with  the 
sole  of  the  foot,  by  thrusting  it  down  : 
to  impress  with  some  mark  or  figure  :  to 
imprint :  to  fix  deeply  :  to  coin  :  to  form: 
(B.)  to  pound. — n.  the  act  of  stamping: 
the  mark  made  by  pressing  something  on 
a  soft  body  :  an  instrument  for  making 
impressions  on  other  bodies  :  that  wliich 
is  stamped:  an  official  mark  put  on  things 
chargeable  with  duty,  as  proof  that  the 
duty  is  paid  :  a  small  piece  of  paper  hav- 
ing a  certain  figure  impressed  by  the 
government,  sold  to  the  public  to  be 
attached  to  a  paper,  letter,  or  document 
hable  to  duty,  in  order  to  show  that  such 
has  been  paid;  as.  a  postage  stamp,  a  re- 
ceipt stamp :  an  instrument  for  cutting 
materials  into  a  certain  shape  by  a  down- 
ward pressure  :  cast  :  form  :  character  : 
a  heavy  hammer  worked  by  machinery 
for  crushing  metal  ores. — ns.  Stasip'er, 
Stamp'ing.  [Low  Ger.  stampen.  Ice. 
stappa,  to  stamp  ;  cog.  with  Gr.  stemph-. 
Sans,  stambh  :  a  nasalized  form  of  Step.] 

STAMP -ACT,  stamp'-akt,  n,  an  act  for 
regulating  the  imposition  of  .stamp- 
duties  ;  especially,  an  act  passed  by  the 
British  parliament  in  1765,  imposing  a 
duty  on  all  paper,  vellum,  and  parch- 
ment used  in  the  American  colonies,  and 
declaring  all  writings  on  unstamped  ma- 
terials to  be  null  and   void.    This    act 


roused  a  general  opposition  in  the  colo- 
nies, and  was  one  cause  of  the  Revolution. 

STAMPEDE,  stam-ped',  n.  a  sudden  fright 
seizing  on  large  bodies  of  horses  or  other 
cattle,  causing  them  to  stamp  and  run  : 
flight  caused  by  panic.  [Sp.  estampeda\; 
from  root  of  Stamp.] 

STANCH,  stansh,  v.t.  to  stop  the  flowing 
of,  as  blood. — v.i.  (B.)  to  cease  to  flow. — 
adj.  constant  :  trusty  :  zealous  :  sound : 
firm.— ady.  Stanch'ly. — n.  Stanch'ness. 
[O.  Fr.  estanchier  (Fr.  etancher) — Low  L. 
stancare,  to  stanch — L.  stagno,  stagnare, 
to  be  or  make  stagnant.   See  Stagnant.] 

STANCHION,  stan'shun.  n.  an  upright  iron 
bar  of  a  window  or  screen  :  (naut.)  an 
upright  beam  used  as  a  support.  [O.  Fr. 
estangon — estancer,  to  stop,  to  stay.  See 
Stencil.] 

STAND,  stand,  v.i.  to  cease  to  move:  to 
be  stationary  :  to  occupy  a  certain  posi- 
tion :  to  stagnate  :  to  be  at  rest :  to  be 
fixed  in  an  upright  position  :  to  have  a 
position  or  rank  :  to  be  in  a  particular 
state  :  to  maintain  an  attitude  :  to  be 
fixed  or  firm  :  to  keep  one's  ground :  to 
remain  unimpaired  :  to  endure  :  to  con- 
sist :  to  depend  or  be  supported  s  to  offer 
one's  self  as  a  candidate  :  to  have  a  cer- 
tain direction  :  to  hold  a  course  at  sea. — 
v.t.  to  endure  :  to  sustain  :  to  sufl'er  :  to 
abide  hy.^pa.t.  and  pa.p.  stood. — n. 
Stand'er. — Stand  against,  to  resist : — 
BY,  to  support : — fast,  to  be  unmoved  : — 
FOR,  to  be  a  candidate  for :  (naut.)  to 
direct  the  course  towards  : — OUT,  to  pro- 
ject : — TO  (B.)  to  agree  to  : — up,  to  rise 
from  a  fitting  posture  : — upon  (B.)  to 
attack  : — WITH,  to  be  consistent.  [A.S. 
standan,  Goth,  standan.  Ice.  standa,  O. 
Ger.  st&n  (for  stantan),  whence  Ger. 
stehen  :  from  a  root  seen  in  Gr.  hi-sta-nai, 
to  place,  L.  sta-re,  to  stand.  Sans.  stlUi.] 

STAND,  stand,  n.  a  place  where  one  stands 
or  remains  for  any  purpose  :  a  place  be- 
yond vv'hich  one  does  not  go  :  an  erection 
for  spectators  :  something  on  which  any- 
thing rests  :  a  stop  :  a  difficulty  :  resist- 
ance.— n.  Standstill,  a  stop. 

STANDARD,  stand'ard,  ?!.  that  which 
stands  or  is  fixed,  as  a  rule  :  the  upright 
post  of  a  truss  :  that  which  is  established 
as  a  rule  or  model :  a  staff  with  a  flag  : 
an  ensign  of  war  :  one  of  the  two  flags  of 
a  cavalry  regiment  (not  dragoons):  (hort.) 
a  standing  tree,  not  supported  by  a  wall. 
— adj.  according  to  some  standard:  legal: 
usual:  having  a  fixed  or  permanent  value. 
[A.S.— O.  Fr.  estendard  (Fr.  Mendard), 
whicli  is  either  from  the  Teut.  root  found 
in  Ger.  stehen,  E.  Stand,  or  from  L.  ex- 
tendere,  to  stretch  out.] 

STANDING,  stand'ing,  adj.  estaWished : 
settled  :  permanent  :  fixed  :  stagnant  r 
being  erect. — n.  continuance  :  existence: 
place  to  stand  in  :  position  in  society. 

STANDISH,  stand'ish,  n.  a  standing  dish 
for  pen  and  ink.     [Stand  and  Dish.] 

STANNARY,  stan'ar-i,  adj.  of  or  relating 
to  ^7?!  mines  or  works. — n.  a  tin  mine. 
[L.  stanmim,  tin. 

STANNIC,  stan'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
procured  from  tiyi.} 

STANZA,  stan'za,  n.  (poetry)  a  series  of 
lines  or  verses  connected  witli  and  ad- 
justed to  each  other:  a  division  of  a  poem 
containing  every  variation  of  measure  in 
the  poem.  [It.  stanza,  a  stop — L.  stans, 
pr.p.  of  sto,  to  stand. J 

STAPLE,  sta'pl,  n.  ((trig.)  a  settled  mart  or 
market  :  the  principal  production  or  in- 
dustry of  a  district  or  country  :  the  prin- 
cipal element :  the  thread  of  textile  fab- 
rics: unmanufactured  material:  a  loop  of 
iron  for  holding  a  pin,  bolt,  etc. — adj.  es- 
tablished in  commerce  :  regularlj'  pro- 
duced for  market.  [A.S.  stapul  and  staffel. 


a  prop,  a  table;  Ger.  stapel,  a  heap,  mart; 
L.  6'fa6i/M,' fixed.    See!  Stable.] 

.STAPLER,  sta'pler,  n.  a  dealer. 

STAR,  star,  n.  one  of  the  bright  bodies  in 
the  heavens,  except  the  sun  and  moon  : 
one  of  the  heavenly  bodies  shining  by 
their  own  light,  and  which  keep  the  same 
relative  position  in  the  heavens:  a  repre- 
sentation of  a  star  worn  as  a  badge  of. 
rank  or  honor  :  a  person  of  brilliant  or; 
attractive  qualities:  (print.)  an  asterisk 
(*). — v.t.  to  set  with  stars  :  to  bespangle. 
— v.i.  to  shine,  as  a  star  :  to  attract  at- 
tention:—^.^, starr'ing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
starred. — STARS  AND  STRIPES,  the  Anneri- 
can  flag. — STAR  OF  BETHLEHEM,  n.  a  gar- 
den plant  of  the  lily  family,  so  called  from 
the  likeness  of  its  white  sfnr-like  flowers 
to  old  drawings  of  the  star  of  Nativity 
(Matt.  ii.  2,  9.  10).  [M.  E.  sterre— A.S. 
stcorra.  cog.  with  Ger.  stem,  L.  stella 
(for  sterula),  Gr.  aster.  Sans,  stri,  pi. 
star-ns.l 

STARBOARD,  star'bord,  n.  the  right-hand 
side  of  a  ship,  to  one  looking  toward  the 
bow. — adj.  pertaining  to  or  lying  on  the 
right  side  of  a  ship.  [Lit.  "the  steer- 
ing side,"  A.S.  steorhord — steoran,  E. 
Steer,  and  bord.  a  board,  the  side  of  a 
ship.  See  BOARD,  LARBOARD,  and  of. 
the  Ger.  steiterbord.] 

STARCH,  starch,  adj.  .stiff,  precise. — n. 
stiffness  :  formality.  [Simply  a  form  of 
StarkJ 

STARCH,  starch,  n.  a  glistering  white 
powder,  forming  when  wet  a  sort  of  gum 
much  used  for  stiffening  cloth. — v.t.  to 
stiffen  wth  starch. — n.  Starcb'ee.  [Lit. 
"that  which  makes  stark  or  stiff;"  a 
special  use  of  the  adj.  STARK  ;  cf.  Ger. 
Starke,  starch — stark,  strong.] 

STAR-CHAMBER,star'-cham-ber,  n.  form- 
erly  a  court  of  civil  and  criminal  juris- 
diction at  Westminster.  It  consisted 
originallj'  of  a  committee  of  the  privj'- 
council,  and  was  remodelled  during  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  when  it  consisted 
of  four  high  officers  of  state,  with  power 
to  add  to  their  number  a  bishop  and  tem- 
poral lord  of  the  cout;il,  and  two  jus- 
tices of  the  courts  of  Westminster.  It 
had  jurisdiction  of  forgery,  perjury, 
riots,  maintenance,  fraud,  libel,  and  con- 
spiracy, and  in  general  of  every  misde- 
meanor, especially  those  of  public  im- 
portance ;  it  was  exempt  from  the  in- 
tervention of  a  jurj',  and  could  inflict 
any  punishment  short  of  death.  Under 
Charles  I.  the  scope  of  the  Star-cham- 
ber was  extended  to  cases  properly  be- 
longing to  the  courts  of  common  law, 
solely  for  the  purpose  of  levying  fines. 
Its  process  was  summary,  and  often  in- 
iquitous, and  the  punishment  it  inflicted 
often  arbitrary  and  cruel.  This  court 
was  abolished  by  statute  16  Charles.  I. 
[Said  to  be  so  called  because  the  roof 
was  ornamented  with  stars,  or  from  cer- 
tain Jewish  contracts  and  obhgations, 
called  starrs  (Heb.  shetar,  pronounced 
shtar),  preserved  in  it.] 

STARCHED,  starcht,  adj.  stiffened  with 
starch  :  stiff  :  formal. — adv.  Stakch'ed- 
LY. — n.  Starch'edness. 

STARCHY,  starch'i,  adj.  consisting  of  or 
like  starch  :  stiff' :  precise. 

STARE,  star,  v.i.  to  look  at  with  a  Jkced 
gaze,  as  in  horror,  astonishment,  etc. :  to 
look  fixedlv.— t'.*.  to  influence  by  gazing. 
— n.  a  flxe'd  look.  [A.S.  starian,  from  a 
Teut.  root  seen  in  Ger.  starr,  fixed,  rigid; 
also  in  E.  Stern.] 

STARFISH,  star'fish,  n.  a  marine  animal 
usually  in  the  form  of  a  five-rayed  star. 

STAR-GAZER,  star'-gaz'er,  n.  one  who 
gazes  at  the  stars :  an  astrologer  :  an  as- 
tronomer. 


STARK 

STABS,  stark,  adj.,  stiff:  gross:  absolute; 

entire. — adv.  absolutely  :  completely. — 

adv.    Staek'ly.      [A.  §.    stearc,    hard, 

strong,  cog.  with  Ice.  sterk-r,  (Jer.  stark. 

Doublet  Starch.] 

STARLING,  star'liflg,  n.  a  bird  about  the 

size  of  the  blackbird  :  (arch.)  a  ring  of 

piles  supporting  the    pier  of  a  bridge. 

1    [Formed  as  a  dun.  from  the  obs.  stare — 

A.S.  star,  cog.  with  Ger.  staar,  L.  stur- 

mis,  Gr.psar.] 

STARRED,  stard,  adj.  adorned  or  studded 

witli  stars. 
STARRY,  stfir'i,  adj.  abounding  or  adorned 
with  stars :  consisting  of  or  proceeding 
from  the  stars  :  like  or  shining  like  the 
stars. — w.  Starr'iness. 
START,  start,  v.i.  to  move  suddenly  aside: 
to  wince  :  to  deviate  :  to  begin. — v.i.  to 
cause  to  move  suddenly  :  to  disturb  sud- 
denly :  to  rouse  suddenly  from  conceal- 
ment :  to  set  in  motion  :  to  call  forth : 
to  invent  or  discover  :  to  move  suddenly 
from  its  place:  tcloo.sen:  to  empty  :  to 
pour  out.  —  n.  a  sudden  movement :  a 
sudden  motion  of  the  body :  a  sudden 
rousing  to  action  :  an  unexpected  move- 
ment :  a  sally :  a  sudden  fit :  a  quick 
spring  :  the  first  motion  from  a  point  or 
place  ;  the  outset.  [Ice.  sterta ;  closely 
akin  to  Dut.  and  Low  Ger.  storten,  to 
plunge,  Ger.  .Mrzen.] 
STARTLE,  start'l,  v.i.  to  start  or  move 
suddenly:  to  feel  sudden  alarm. — v.t.  to 
excite  suddenly :  to  shock  :  to  frighten. 
— n.  sudden  alarm  or  surprise.  [Exten- 
sion of  Start.] 
STARVATION,    star-va'shun,    n.    act  of 

starving :  state  of  being  starved. 
STARVE,   starv,   v.i.  to  die  of  hunger  or 
cold:  to  suffer  extreme  hunger  or  want: 
to  be  in  want  of  anything  necessary. — 
v.t.  to  kill  with  hunger  or  cold:  to  destroy 
by  want :   to  deprive  of  power.     [A.S. 
steorfan,  cog.    with   Dut.   sterven,  Ger. 
sterbeii,  to  die,  orig.  prob.  "  to  work  one's 
self  to  death,"  the  Ice.  starf,  work,  pains, 
and  starfa,  to  work,  to  take  pains,  being 
from  the  same  root.] 
STARVELING,    starvling,   adj.   hungry : 
lean  :    weak. — n.   a  thin,   weak,    pining 
animal  or  plant.     [See  Starve.] 
STATE,  stat,  n.   condition  as  determined 
by  whatever  circumstances ;  the  condi- 
tion or  circumstances  of  a  being  or  thing 
at  any  given  time  ;  situation  ;  position  ; 
as.  the  state  of  one's  health,  the  state  of 
public  affairs,  the  roads  are  in  a  wretched 
state,  to  be  in  a  state  of  uncertainty  ; 
"Nor  laugh  with  his  companions  at  thy 
-     state." — Shak. ;   "  The  past  and  present 
state  of  things." — Dryden;  "  The  state  of 
the  questioi." — Boyle :  rank ;  condition  ; 
quaUty  ; 
Fair  dame,  I  am  not  to  you  kuowu, 
Thoufjh  in  your  state  of  lionor  I  am  perfect. 

—Shak. : 
royal  or  gorgeous  pomp ;  appearance  of 
greatness ; 

In  state  the  monarchs  marcli'J. — Dryde^i ; 
Where  least  of  state  there  most  of  love  is  shown. 

—Dryden : 

dignity;  grandeur;  "  She  instructed  him 
how  he  should  keep  state,  yet  with  a 
modest  sense  of  his  misfortunes." — Ba- 
con: a  person  of  high  rank  ;  '"She  is  a 
duchess,  a  great  state." — Latimer; 
The  bold  de.si^^l 
Pleas'd  highly  those  iufernal  slates.— Milton : 
any  body  of  men  constituting  a  commun- 
ity of  a  particular  character  in  virtue  of 
certain  political  privileges,  who  partake 
either  directly  or  by  representation  in  the 
government  of  their  country  ;  an  estate  ; 
as,  the  states  of  the  realm  in  Great 
Britain  are  the  Lords,  spiritual  and  tem- 
poral, and  the  Commons  :  a  whole  people 
united  into  one  body  politic  ;  a  civil  and  j 


411 

self-governing  community  ;  a  common- 
wealth — often  with  the,  and  signifj-ing 
the  body  politic  to  which  the  party  speak- 
ing belongs  ;  "  Municipal  law  is  a  rule  of 
conduct  prescribed  by  the  supreme  power 
in  a  state."— Blackstone ; 

In  Aleppo  once. 
Where  a  mallfrnaiit  and  a  turban'd  Turk 
Beat  a  Venetian  and  traduc'd  the  state.—Bhak. : 

the  power  wielded  by  the  government  of 
a  country ;  the  civil  power,  often  as 
contrasted  with  ecclesiastical  ;  as,  the 
union  of  church  and  state :  one  of  the 
commonwealths  or  bodies  politic  which 
together  make  up  the  Federal  Republic, 
which  stand  in  certain  specified  relations 
with  the  central  or  national  government, 
and  as  regards  internal  affairs  are  more 
or  less  independent :  a  republic,  as  op- 
posed to  a  monarchy.  Dryden  :  a  seat  of 
dignity  ;  a  throne  ;"  "This  chair  shall  be 
my  state." — Shak. :  a  canopy  ;  a  cover- 
ing of  dimity ;  "  His  high  throne,  under 
state  of  richest  texture  spread." — Milton: 
estate  ;  possession  ; 

Strong-  was  their  plot. 
Their  states  far  off,  and  they  of  wary  w[t.— Daniel : 
the    highest   and    stationary    condition 
or  point,  as  that  of   maturity  between 

frowth  and  decline,  or  as  tha"t  of  crisis 
etween  the  increase  and  the  abating 
of  a  di-sease.  Wiseman :  that  which  is 
stated  or  expressed  in  writing  or  in  words 
or  figures  ;  a  statement ;  a  document 
containing  a  statement ;  "  He  sat  down 
to  examine  Mr.  Owen's  states." — Sir  W. 
Scott.  When  state  is  used  adjectively, 
or  as  the  first  elenipnt  in  a  compound,  it 
denotes  public,  or  «  hat  belong^  to  the 
community  or  body  politic ;  as,  state 
affairs  :  state  policy.'  [O.  Fr.  esiat,  state, 
case,  condition,  circumstances,  etc.;  Mod. 
Fr.  ^tat ;  L.  status,  state,  position,  stand- 
ing, from  sto,  to  stand.  See  Stand.] 
STATE,  stat,  v.t.  to  set ;  to  settle  ;  to  es- 
tablish ; 

Who  calls  the  council  states  the  day. —  Pope  : 
to  express  the  particulars  of ;  to  set  down 
in  detail  or  in  gross  ;  to  represent  fully 
in  words  ;  to  make  known  specifically  ; 
to  explain  particularly  ;  to  narrate  ;  to 
recite  ;  as,  to  state  an  opinion,  to  state 
the  particulars  of  a  case  ;  "  I  pretended 
not  fully  to  state,  much  less  demonstrate, 
the  truth  contained  in  the  text."— Atter- 
Iniry. — To  STATE  rr,  to  assume  state  or 
dignity:  to  act  or  conduct  one's  self 
pompously.  "  Rarely  dressed  up,  and 
taught  to  state  it." — Beau.  &  Ft. 

STATED,  stat'ed,  adj.,  settled :  established : 
fixed  :  regular. — adv.  Stat'edly. 

STATELY,  statli,  adj.  showing  state  or 
dignity:  majestic:  grand. —«.  State*- 

UNESS. 

STATEMENT,  stat'ment,  «.  the  act  of 
stating :  that  which  is  stated  :  a  narra- 
tive or  recital. 

STATE-PAPER,  stat'-pa'per,  n.  an  official 
paper  or  document  relating  to  affairs  of 
state. 

STATE-PRISONER,  stat'-priz'n-er,  n.  a 
prisonei^  confined  for  offences  against 
the  state. 

STATEROOM,  stat'room,  n.  a  stately  room 
in  a  palace  or  mansion :  principal  room 
in  the  cabin  of  a  ship. 

STATESMAN,  stats'man,  n.  a  man  ac- 
quainted with  the  affairs  of  the  state  or 
of  government :  one  skilled  in  govern- 
ment :  one  employed  in  public  affairs :  a 
politician. — n.  States'siansEOP. 

STATESMANLIKE,  stats'man  -  lik,  adj., 
like  a  statesman. 

STATIC,  stat'ik,  STATICAL,  stat'ik-al.  adj. 
pertaining  to  statics:  pertaining  to  bodies 
at  rest  or  in  equilibrium:  resting*  acting 
by  mere  weight. 


STAY 

STATICS,  stat'iks,  n.  the  science  which 
treats  of  the  action  of  force  in  maintain- 
ing rest  or  preventing  change  of  motion. 
[Gr.  statike  {episteme,  science,  being  un- 
derstood)—7its<e»ii,  cog.  with  E.  Stand  1 

STATION,  sta'shun,  n.  the  place  where  a 
person  or  thing  stands:  post  assigned! 
position  :  office  :  situation  :  occupation ; 
business  :  state  :  rank  :  condition  in  life  r 
the  place  where  railway  trains  come  to  a 
stand  :  a  district  or  branch  post-office.—^ 
V.t.  to  assign  a  station  to  :  to  set :  to  ap. 
point  to  a  post,  place,  or  office.  [Lit.  "a 
standing,"  Fr.—L.s<a<fo—sfo.  See  Stand.! 

STATIONARY,  sta'shun-ar-i,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  station  :  standing:  fixed:  settled: 
acting  from  or  in  a  fixed  position  (as  an 
engine):  not  progressing  or  retrogressing: 
not  improving. 

STATIONER,  sta'shun-er,  n.  one  who  sells 

fiaper  and  other  articles  used  in  writing. 
Orig.  a  bookseller,  from  occupjang  a 
stall  or  station  in  a  market  place.l 

STATIONERY,  sta'shun-er-i,  adj.  belong- 
ing to  a  stationer. — n.  the  articles  sold 
by  stationers. 

STATIST,  sta'tist,  ii.  a  statesman,  a  poUtj- 
cian. 

STATISTIC,  sta-tist'ik,  STATISTICAL,  sta- 
tist'ik-al,  a<y.  pertaining  to  or  containing 
statistics. — adv.  Statist'ically. 

STATISTICIAN,  stat-ist-ish'an.  »i.  one 
skilled  in  the  science  of  statistics. 

STATISTICS,  sta-tist'iks,  ?!.  a  coUection  of 
facts  and  figures  regarding  the  condition 
of  a  people,  class,  etc.:  the  science  which 
treats  of  the  collection  and  arrangement 
of  statistics.  [Coined  (as  if  from  a  form 
statistike)  from  the  Gr.  statizo,  to  set  up, 
establish.] 

STATUARY,  stat'u-ar-i,  n.  the  art  of  carv- 
ing statues :  a  statue  or  a  collection  of 
statues  :  one  who  makes  statues  :  one 
who  deals  in  statues.     [L.  statnarius.] 

STATUE,  stat'u,  n.  a  likeness  of  ahving  be- 
ing carved  out  of  some  solid  substance  : 
an  image.  [Lit.  "  that  which  is  made  to 
stand  or  is  set  up,"  Fr. — L.  statua — statno, 
to  cause  to  stand — sto.] 

STATUESQUE,  stat-fl-esk',  ot^'.  like  a 
statue.  _[Fr.J 

STATUETTE.  stat-Q-et',  n.  a  small  statue. 

STATURE,  stat'ur,  n.  the  height  of  any 

animal.     [L.  statura.] 
STATUS,  sta'tus,  n.,  state :  condition :  rank 


STATUTABLE,  stat'ut-a-bl,  adj.  made  by 
.'statute:  according  to  statute.— adr.  Stat'- 

UTABLY. 

STATUTE,  stat'ut.  n.  a  law  expressly  en- 
acted by  the  legislatm'e  (as  distinguished 
from  a  customarj-  law  or  law  of  use  and 
wont) :  a  written  law :  the  act  of  a  cor- 
poration or  its  founder,  intended  as  a  per- 
manent rule  or  law.  [L.  statutum,  that 
which  is  set  up — statuo.] 

STATUTORY,  stat'ut-or-i,  adj.  enacted  by 
statute :  depending  on  statute  for  its 
authority. 

STAUNCa,  STAUNCLIiY,  STAUNCH- 
NESS.   See  Stakch,  etc. 

STAVE,  stav,  n.  one  of  the  pieces  of  which 
a  cask  is  made  :  a  staff  or  part  of  a  ])iece 
of  music  :  a  stanza. — v.t.  to  break  a  stave 
or  the  staves  of :  to  break :  to  burst :  to 
drive  off,  as  with  a  staff :  to  delay  : — pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  staved  or  stove.  [By-form  of 
Stab  and  Staff.] 

STAY,  sta,  v.i.  to  remain  :  to  abide  for  any 
time  :  to  continue  in  a  state  :  to  wait  i 
to  cease  acting  :  to  dwell  :  to  trust. — v.t. 
to  cause  to  stand  :  to  stop  :  to  restrain  : 
to  delay  :  to  prevent  from  falling  :  to 
prop  :  to  support  -.—pa.t.  and  ca.j).  staid, 
stayed. — n.  continuance  in  a  ]>lace:  abode 
for  a  time  :  stand  :  stop  :  a  fixed  state : 


STEAD 


412 


STEIN 


(B.)  a  stand-still :  prop  :  support :  (naut.) 
a  large  strong-  rope  running  from  the 
head  of  one  mast  to  another  mast  (•'  fore- 
and-aft  "  stay),  or  to  the  side  of  the  ship 
("  back  "-stay) : — pi.  a  kind  of  stiff  inner 
waistcoat  worn  by  women.  [O.  Fr.  es- 
teir — L.  stare,  to  stand.] 

STRAX),  sted,  n.  the  place  which  another 
had  or  might  have.  [Lit.  ' '  a  standing- 
place,"  A.S.  stede,  from  root  of  Stakd  ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  statt.] 

STEADFAST,  sted'fast.  adj.  firmly  fixed  or 
established  :  firm  :  constant :  resolute  • 
steady. — adv.  Stead'fastly. — n.  Stead' 

FASTNESS. 

STEADY,  sted'i,  adj.  {comp.  Stead'iee, 
superl.  Stead'iest),  firm  in  standing  or 
in  place  :  fixed  :  stable  :  constant :  reso- 
lute :  consistent  :  regular  :  uniform. — 
adv.  Stead'ily. — n.  Stead'iness. 

STEADY,  sted'i,  v.t.  to  make  steady :  to 
make  or  keep  firm: — pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
stead'ied. 

BTEAK,  stak,  n.  a  slice  of  meat  (esp.  beef) 
broiled,  or  for  broiling.  [M.E.  steike, 
prob.  from  Ice.  steik,  steikja,  to  broil.] 

STEAL,  stel,  v.t.  to  take  by  theft,  or  felo- 
niously :  to  take  away  without  notice : 
to  gain  or  win  by  address  or  by  gradual 
means. — v.t.  to  practice  theft  :  to  take 
feloniously :  to  pass  secretly  :  to  slip  in 
or  out  unperceived  :^3a.f.'stole  ;  pa.p. 
stol'en. — ti.  Steal'er.  [A.S.  stelan;  cog. 
with  Ger.  stehlen;  further  conn,  with  Gr. 
stereo,  to  rob,  Sans,  sttnas,  a  thief.] 

STEALTH,  stelth,  n.  the  act  of  stealing :  a 
secret  manner  of  bringing  anj'thing  to 
pass.    

STEALTHY,  stelth'i,  adj.  done  by  stealth  : 
unperceived  :  secret. — adv.  Stealth'ilt. 
— ?i.  Stealth'iness. 

STEAM,  stem,  jj.  the  vapor  into  which 
water  is  changed  when  heated  to  the 
boiling-point,  water  in  the  gaseous  state: 
the  mist  formed  by  condensed  vapor : 
any  exhalation. — v.i.  to  rise  or  pass  off 
in  steam  or  vapor  :  to  move  by  steam. — 
v.t.  to  expose  to  steam.  [A.S.  steam; 
cog.  with  Dut.  stoom,  Fris.  stoame.'] 

STEAIIBOAT,  stem'bot,  STEAMSHIP, 
stem'ship,  STEAM-VESSEL,  stem'-ves'- 
el,  w.  a  boat,  ship,  or  vessel  propelled  by 
steain. 

STEAM-ENGINE,  stem'-en'jin,  n.  an  en- 
gine or  machine  which  changes  heat 
into  useful  work  through  the  medium  of 
steain. 

STEAMER,  stem'er,  n.  a  vessel  moved  by 
steam :  a  vessel  in  which  articles  are 
steamed. 

STEAMY,  stem'i,  adj.  consisting  of  or  like 
steam :  full  of  steam  or  vapor. 

STEARINE,  ste'a-rin,  n.  the  solid  substance 
of  beef  and  mutton  suet.  [Gr.  stear, 
steatos,  suet — stenai,  aorist  inf.  of  his- 
temi,  to  make  to  stand. 

STEATITE,  ste'a-tit,  n.  soapstone,  a  soft 
magnesian  rock,  soapy  and  unctuous  to 
the  touch.  [Gr.  steatites  —  stear.  See 
Steartne.] 

STEED,  sted,  n.  a  horse  or  stallion,  esp.  a 
spirited  horse.    [A.S.  steda,  from  the  root 

^of  Stand.] 

STEEL,  stel,  n.  any  instrument  of  steel : 
an  instrument  of  steel  for  sharpening 
'inives  on  :  extreme  hardness  :  a  chaly- 
beate medicine  :  iron  combined  with  a 
•wnall  portion  of  carbon.  Steel  usually 
contains  also  small  quantities  of  silicon, 
phosphorus,  manganese,  and  sulphur,  but 
iron  and  carbon  appear  to  be  its  only  es- 
sential constituents.  The  relative  pro- 
portions of  iron  and  carbon  vary  in  steel 
of  different  qualities  ;  but  iu  that  used 
for  ordinary  purposesthe  carbon  amounts 
from  about  0-5  to  1-5  per  cent,  the  tough- 
ness, tenacity,  and  hardness  increasing 


with  the  increase  of  the  carbon,  the  elas- 
ticity diminishing  as  the  hardness  in- 
creases, and  vice  versa.  At  a  red  heat 
steel  is  malleable  and  may  be  welded. 
The  cilor  is  a  bright  grayish  white,  the 
texture  closely  granular,  the  specific 
gravity  varying  from  7-63  to  7-81.  Steel 
formed  from  bar-iron  by  cementation  is 
called  blistered  steel,  from  its  surface  ac- 
quiring a  blistered  character  in  the  proc- 
ess. When  blistered  steel  is  rolled  or 
beaten  down  into  bars,  it  is  called  shear- 
steel,  and  if  it  be  melted,  cast  into  ingots, 
and  again  rolled  out  into  bars,  it  forms 
cast-steel.  Natural  or  German  steel  is  an 
impure  and  variable  kind  of  steel  pro- 
cured from  cast-iron,  or  obtained  at  once 
from  the  ore.  The  natural  steel  yielded 
by  cast-iron,  manufactured  in  the  refin- 
ing houses,  is  known  by  the  general  name 
of  furnace  steel,  and  that  which  has  only 
been  once  treated  with  a  refining  furnace 
is  particularly  called  rough  steel.  The 
peculiaritj'  of  steel,  upon  which  its  high 
value  in  the  arts  in  a  great  measure  de- 
pends, is  its  property  of  becoming  hard 
after  being  heated  to  redness  and  then 
suddenly  cooled  by  being  plunged  into 
cold  water,  and  of  being  again  softened 
down  to  any  requisite  degree  by  the  ap- 
plication of  a  certain  temperarure.  This 
process  is  called  tempering.  It  is  found 
that  the  higher  the  temperature  to  which 
steel  is  raised,  and  the  more  sudden  the 
cooUng,  the  greater  is  the  hardness;  and 
hence,  any  degree  of  hardness  can  be 
given  to  steel  which  is  required  for  the 
various  purposes  to  wliich  it  is  applied. 
According  to  the  degree  of  hardness  to 
which  steel  is  tempered  it  assumes  vari- 
ous colors,  and  formerly  these  colors 
served  as  guides  to  the  workman.  Now, 
however,  a  thermometer,  with  a  bath  of 
mercury  or  oU,  is  employed,  and  the  op- 
eration of  tempering  is  performed  with  a 
much  greater  degree  of  certainty.  The 
uses  of  steel  in  forming  various  kinds  of 
instruments,  edge-tools,  springs,  etc.,  are 
well  known. — adj.  made  of  steel. — v.t.  to 
overlay  or  edge  with  steel :  to  harden  : 
to  make  obdurate.  [A.S.  styl ;  cog.  with 
Ice.  stal,  Ger.  stahl.] 

STEEL-BRONZE,  stel'-bronz,  n.  a  very 
hard  and  tenacious  aUoy,  composed  of 
about  90  parts  copper  to  10  parts  tin,  used 
as  a  substitute  for  steel,  especially  in  the 
manufacture  of  cannon. 

STEEL-ENGRAVING,  stel'-en-grav-ing,  n. 
the  art  of  engraving  upon  steel-plates  for 
the  purpose  of  producing  prints  or  im- 
pressions in  ink,  upon  paper  and  other 
substances  :  the  design  engraved  upon 
the  steel-plate :  an  impression  or  print 
taken  from  the  engraved  steel  plate. 

STEELING,  stel'ing,  n.  the  process  of  weld- 
ing a  piece  of  steel  on  that  part  of  a  cut- 
ting instrument  which  is  to  receive  the 
edge:  the  process  of  covering  a  metal- 
plate  with  steel  by  voltaic  electricity  for 
the  purpose  of  rendering  it  more  durable; 
it  is  applied  to  stereotype  and  engraved 
copper-plates. 

STEEL-PLATE,  stel'-plat.n.  a  piece  of  steel 
flattened  or  extended  to  an  even  surface, 
and  of  uniform  thickness  ;  such  plates 
are  used  as  armor  for  the  sides  of  war- 
ships, being  much  improved  on  by  the 
addition  of  nickel  in  our  modern  cruisers: 
a  plate  of  polished  steel  on  which  a  design 
is  engraved  for  the  purpose  of  transfer- 
ring it  to  paper  by  impressing  or  printing: 
the  impression  or  print  taken  from  the 
engraved  plate. 

STEELYARD,  stil'yard,  n.  a  weighing  ma- 
chine, in  which  a  single  weight  is  moved 
along  a  graduated  beam.  [Orig.  the  yard 


in  London  where  steel  was  sold  by  Ger- 
man merchants.] 

STEEP,  step,  adj.  rising  or  descending  with 
great  inclination  :  precipitous. — Ji.  a  pre- 
cipitous place:  a  precipice. — adv.  Steep'- 
LY. — n.  Steep'ness.^^teep'en,  v.i.  to  be- 
come steep.     [A.S.  steap.] 

STEEP,  step,  v.t.  to  dip  or  soak  in  a  liquid; 
to  imbue,  —n.  something  steeped  or  used 
in  steeping  :  a  fertilizing  liquid  for  seed, 
[M.  E.  stopen  ;  prob.  conn,  with  Steep 
adj.] 

STEEPLE,  step'l,  n.  a  tower  of  a  church  or 
building,  ending  in  a  point.  [A.S.  stepel; 
conn,  with  Steep,  adj.,  and'with Staple.] 

STEEPLECHASE,  step'1-chas,  n.  a  chase  or 
race,  over  all  obstacles,  direct  toward  a 
distant  object,  orig.  a  steeple. 

STEER,  ster,  n.  a  young  ox,  esp.  a  cas- 
trated one  from  two  to  four  years  old. 
[A.S.  sieor;  Ger.  stier;  akin  to  L.  tauncs, 
Gr.  tartros.  Sans.  sthHra,  Ice.  thior,  Celt. 
tarbh.] 

STEER,  ster,  v.t.  to  direct  with  the  hehn-. 
to  guide:  to  govern. — v.i.  to  direct  a  ship 
in  its  course  :  to  be  directed  :  to  move. 
[A.S.  steoran  :  cog.  with  Ger.  steuern, 
Ice.  styra,  to  guide.] 

STEERAGE,  ster'aj,  n.  act  or  practice  of 
steering :  the  effect  of  a  rudder  on  the 
ship  :  an  apartment  in  the  forepart  of  a 
ship  for  passengers  paying  a  lower  rate 
of  fare. 

STEERSMAN,  sterz'man,  n.  a  man  who 
steers  a  ship. 

STEERSMATE,  sterz'mat,  n.  one  who 
steers  :  a  steersman  or  helmsman.  "  Suoh 
a  steersmate  at  the  helm." — Milton. 

STEEVE,  stev,  v.i.  (naut.)  to  project  from 
the  bows  at  an  angle  instead  of  horizon- 
tally, said  of  a  bowsprit.  [Akin  to  stiff, 
and  perhaps  directly  from  tiie  Dutch ; 
cf.  Dut.  stev^ig,  stiff,  firm.  A  steeving 
bowsprit  has  its  name  from  the  lower 
end  being  fixed  stiff  or  firmly  and  im- 
movably in  the  vessel,  a  horizontal  one 
being  movable.] 

STEE\T;,  stev,  v.t.  (narit.)  to  give  a  cer- 
tain  angle  of  elevation  to,  said  of  the  bow- 
sprit. 

STEEVE,  stev,  n.  (naid.)  the  angle  which 
the  bowsprit  makes  with  the  horizon  :  a 
long  heavy  spar,  with  a  place  to  fix  a 
block  at  one  end,  and  used  in  stowing 
certain  kinds  of  cargo,  which  need  to  be 
driven  in  close. 

STEEVE.  stev,  adj.  firm  :  compacted  :  not 
easih^  bent  or  broken.  [Scotch.  A  form 
of  Sttft.] 

STEEVELY,  stevli,  adv.  firmly  :  stoutly. 
[Scotch.] 

STEEVING,  steVing,  n.  {naut.)  the  angle 
of  elevation  which  a  ship's  bowsprit 
makes  with  the  horizon. 

STEGANOGRAPHIST,  steg-a-nog'ra-fist, 
n.  one  who  practices  the  art  of  writing  in 
cipher.  [^Gr.  steganos,  secret,  and  grapho, 
to  write.] 

STEGANOGRAPHY,  steg-a-nog'ra-fl,  n. 
the  art  of  vsriting  in  cipher,  or  in  char- 
acters which  are  not  intelligible  except 
to  the  persons  who  correspond  with  each 
other:  cryptography.  "Occult  notes, 
steganography ,  polygraphy." — Burton. 

STEGNOSIS,   steg-no'sis,  n.   constipation 


TEG" 


STEGNOTIC,  steg-not'ik,  adj.  tending  to 
render  costive,  or  to  diminish  excretions 
or  discharges  generally.  [Gr.  stegnot- 
ikos.'] 

STEGNOTIC,  steg-not'ik,  n.  a  medicine 
which  tends  to  produce  costiveness  :  one 
that  diminishes  excretions  or  discharges 
generally. 

STEIN,  sten,  v.t.  to  line  with  stone  and 
brick,  as  a  well.  Loudon.  [A.S.  stcenan, 
to  stone.] 


STEINBOCK 


413 


STERLING 


STEINBOCK,  stin'bok,  n.the  Grerman  name 
of  the  ibex,  an  animal  inhabiting  the 
mountainous  regions  of  southern  Europe. 

STELA,  ste'la,  STELE,  stele,  n.  in  arch. 
a  small  column  without  base  or  capital, 
serving  as  a  monument,  a  milestone,  and 
the  like  :  in  archceol.  a  sepulchral  slab  or 
column,  which  in  ancient  times  answered 
the  purpose  of  a  gravestone.  [Gr.  stele, 
a  post  or  slab,  an  upriglit  stone,  from 
stem  sta,  to  stand.] 

STELL,  stel,  v.t.  to  fix  :  to  set  :  to  place  ia 
a  permanent  manner :  to  place  against  a 
fixed  support ;  as,  to  stell  his  foot  against 
the  wall.  (Old  English  and  Scotch.) 
Mine  eye  hath  played  the  painter  and  hath  stefd 
Thy  beauty's  form  in  table  of  my  heart. — Shak, 

[Dut.  and  Ger.  stellen,  to  set,  to  pl&e  ; 
akin  to  stall.] 
STELLA,  stel'a,  n.  in  surg.  a  bandage  so 
named  because  it  makes  a  cross  or  star 
on  the  back.  It  is  a  roller  applied  so  as 
to  keep  back  the  shoulders,  and  has  been 
often  employed  in  cases  of  fracture  of 
the  clavicle,  sternum,  and  scapula.     [L., 

STELLAR,   stel'ar,   STELLARY,   stel'ar-i, 

adj.  relating  to  the  stars :  starry.     [L. 

stellar  is — stella,  a  star.] 
STELLATE,  stel'at,  STELLATED,  stel'at- 

ed,  adj.  like  a  star :  radiated. 
STELLULAR,  stel'u-lar,   adj.  formed  like 

little  stars.     [From   L.  stellula,  dim.  of 

STELLULATE,  stel'u-lat,  adj.  (bot.)  like  a 
little  star. 

STEM,  stem,  n.  the  part  of  a  tree  between 
the  ground  and  the  branches  :  the  little 
branch  supporting  the  flower  or  fruit :  a 
race  or  family:  branch  of  a  family.  [A.S. 
stefn,  stemm,  cog.  with  Ger.  stamm.  The 
root  is  found  in  A.S.  stoef,  Ger.  stab ;  see 
Staff.] 

STEM,  stem,  n.  the  prow  of  a  ship :  a 
curved  piece  of  timber  at  the  prow  to 
which  the  two  sides  of  a  ship  are  united. 
—v.t.  to  cut,  as  with  the  stem :  to  resist 
or  make  progress  against :  to  stop,  to 
check  : — pr.p.  stemm'ing;  pa.t.  a,nd  pa.p. 
stemmed.  [Same  word  as  above,  the 
trunk  of  a  tree  forming  the  forepart  of  a 
primitive  ship.] 

STENCH,  stensh,  n.,  stink :  bad  odor  or 
smell.  [A.  S.  stenc ;  Ger.  stank.  See 
Sttnk.] 

STENCIL,  sten'sil,  n.  a  plate  of  metal,  etc., 
with  a  pattern  out  out,  which  is  im- 
pressed upon  a  surface  by  drawing  a 
brush  with  color  over  it. — v.t.  to  print  or 
paint  by  means  of  a  stencil  -.^pr.p.  sten'- 
cilling  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  sten'cilled.  [O. 
Yt.  estance  (Fr.  4taneon),  a  support — Low 
L.  stantia — L.  sto,  E.  Stand.] 

STENOGRAPHY,  sten-og'ra-fl,  n.  art  of 
ujriting  very  quickly  by  means  of  abbre- 
viations:  shorthand. — n.  Stenog'rapher. 
— adjs.  Stenogeaph'ic,  Stenooraph'ical. 
[Gr.  stenos,  narrow,  and  grapho,  to  write.] 

STENOPHYLLOUS,  ste-nof'il-us  or  sten-5- 
fil'us,  adj.  in  bot.  having  narrow  leaves. 
[Gr.  stenos,  narrow,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.] 

STENT,  stent,  v.t.  to  keep  within  limits  : 
to  restrain  :  to  stint.    Spenser. 

STENT,  v.i.  to  stint :  to  cease :  to  desist. 
Chaucer. 

STENT,  stent,  n.  in  Scots  law,  a  valuation 
of  property  in  order  to  taxation  :  a  taxa- 
tion :  a  tax. — Stent  master,  a  person 
appointed  to  allocate  the  stent  or  tax 
on  the  persons  liable. — Stent  roll,  the 
assessment-roll  :  an  allotted  portion  or 
quantity  :  a  task  :  a  piece  of  work  to  be 
performed  in  a  determined  time  :  stint. 
[Scotch.  O.  E.  and  Scand.  extent,  valua- 
tion ;  Low  L.  extenta,  valuation,  from 
extetuiere,  O,  Fr.  estendre,  to  estimate.] 


STENT,  stent,  v.t.  in  Scots  law,  to 
to  tax  at  a  certain  rate. 

STENT,  stent,  n.  in  mining,  the  rubbish 
constituting  the  waste  heaps  at  mines. 
Called  also  Trade,  Deads,  Attal,  Stuff. 

STENTORIAN,  sten-to'ri-an,  adj.  very  loud 
or  powerful,  like  the  voice  of  Stentor,  a 
herald  mentioned  by  Homer.  [L.  sten- 
toreus — Gr. — Stentor,  Stentor.] 

STEP,  step,  n.  a  pace  :  the  distance  crossed 
by  the  foot  in  walking  or  running  :  a 
small  space  :  degree  :  one  remove  in  as- 
cending or  descending  a  stair  :  round  of 
a  ladder:  footprint:  manner  of  walking : 
proceeding  :  action  :  — pi.  walk  :  a  self- 
supporting  ladder  with  flat  steps. — v.i. 
to  advance  or  retire  by  pacing  :  to  walk  : 
to  walk  slowly  or  gravely. — v.t.  to  set, 
as  a  foot:  to  fix,  as  a  mast : — pr.p.  stepp'- 
ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  stepped.  [A.S. 
stcepe :  Ger.  stapfe.] 

STEP-CHILD,  step'-chlld,  v.  one  who 
stands  in  the  relation  of  a  child  through 
the  marriage  of  a  parent.  [A.S.  steop, 
Ger.  stief,  orig.  an  adj.  sig.  bereft,  and 
Child.]— So  Step'- broth'er,  Step'- 
dadoh'ter,  Step'-pa'ther,  Step'-moth'- 
ER,  Step'-sis'ter,  Step'-son. 

STEPPE,  step,  n.  one  of  the  vast  unculti- 
vated plains  in  the  S.  E.  of  Europe  and 
in  Asia.     [Russ.  stepj.] 

STEPPING-STONE,  step'ing-ston,  n.  a 
stone  for  stepping  on  to  raise  the  feet 
above  the  water  or  mud. 

-STER,  a  termination  as  in  maltster,  game- 
ster, spinster,  songster,  denoting  occupa- 
tion. In  the  earliest  times,  and  up  to 
about  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
it  was  generally  the  sign  of  the  feminine 
gender,  corresponding  to  the  masculine 
-ere  or  -er.  In  the  fourteenth  century  it 
began  to  give  place  as  a  feminine  termi- 
nation to  the  Norman  -ess.  In  modern 
literary  English  there  is  now  only  one 
feminine  word  with  this  suffix,  viz. 
spinster,  but  huckster  was  used  very  late 
as  a  feminine  ;  and  in  Scotch  and  Pro- 
vincial English  sewster  is  still  used. 
When  the  suffix  -ster  was  felt  no  longer 
to  mark  the  feminine  distinctively,  some 
new  feminines  were  formed  by  the  ad- 
dition of  the  termination  -ess  to  the  -ster, 
as  songstress  and  seamstress.  "  The  suf- 
fix -ster  now  often  marks  the  agent  with 
more  or  less  a  sense  of  contempt  and  de- 
preciation, as  punster,  trickster,  game- 
ster."— Di:  Morris.  "But  we  cannot 
recognize  the  termination  -ster  as  being, 
or  as  having  been  at  some  time  past,  a 
feminine  formative  in  every  instance. 
Not  only  does  the  present  use  of  such 
old  words  as  Baxster,  huckster,  malt- 
ster, songster,  Webster,  not  to  urge  the 
more  recent  oldster,  youngster,  roadster, 
make  it  hard  to  prove  them  all  femi- 
nines ;  but  even  if  we  push  our  inquiries 
further  back  we  nowhere  find  the  group 
clearly  defined  as  such  except  in  modern 
Dutch.  There  was  in  Anglo  -  Saxon 
bo'cere  and  bcecistre,  and  yet  Pharaoh's 
baker  in  Genesis  xl.  is  bcecistre.  Grimm 
conjectured  that  these  nouns  in  -estre 
are  all  that  is  left  of  an  older  pair  of  de- 
clensions, whereof  one  was  masculine  in 
-estra,  the  other  feminine  in  -estre." — 
J.  Earle. 

STEREO,  ster'e-o,  n.  a  contr.  of  Stereo- 
type :  used  also  adjectively  ;  as,  a  stereo 

St'eREOGRAPHIC,  ster-e-o-graf'ik,  STER- 
EOGRAPHICAL,  ster-e-o-graf'ik-al,  a*', 
pertaining  to  stereography:  made  accord- 
ing to  stereography :  delineated  on  a 
phiiic— f/dc.  Stereo'graph'icauly. 

STEREOGRAPHY,  ster-e-og'ra-fi,  n.  the 
art  of  showing  solids  on  a  plane,    [tir. 


stereos,  hard,  solid,  and  grapho,  to 
write.] 

STEREOSCOPE,  ster'e-o-skop,  n.  an  opti- 
cal contrivance  by  which  two  flat  pict- 
ures of  the  same  object  are  seen  having 
an  appearance  of  solidity  and  reality. — n. 
Stereos'copy.  [Gr.  stereos,  solid,  and 
skopeo,  to  see.] 

STEREOSCOPIC,  ster-e-o-skop'ik,  STERE- 
OSCOPICAL,  ster-e-o-skop'ik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  stereoscope. 

STEREOTROPE,  ster'e-o-trop,  n.  an  instru- 
ment by  which  an  object  is  perceived  as 
if  in  motion  and  with  an  appearance  of 
solidity  or  relief  as  in  nature.  It  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  stereoscopic  pictures, 
generally  eight,  of  an  object  in  the  suc- 
cessive positions  it  assumes  in  complet- 
ing any  motion,  affixed  to  an  octagonal 
drum  revolving  under  an  ordinary  len- 
ticular stereoscope,  and  viewed  through 
a  solid  cylinder  pierced  in  its  entire 
length  by  two  apertures,  which  makes 
four  revolutions  for  one  of  the  picture- 
drum.  The  observer  thus  sees  the  object 
constantly  in  one  place,  but  its  parts  ap- 
parently in  motion  and  in  solid  and  nat- 
ural relief.  [Gr.  stereos,  solid,  and  trope, 
a  turning,  from  trepb,  to  turn.] 

STEREOTYPE,  ster'e-o-tip,  n.  a  solid  me- 
tallic plate  for  printing,  cast  from  an 
impression  of  movable  types,  taken  on 
some  plastic  substance  :  art  of  making 
or  printing  with  such  plates. — adj.  per- 
taining to  or  done  with  stereotypes.  [Gr. 
stereos,  solid,  and  Type.] 

STEREOTYPE,  ster'e-o-tIp,  v.t.  to  cast,  as 
a  stereotype  plate  :  to  prepare  for  print- 
ing by  means  of  stereotype  plates  ;  as, 
to  stereotype  the  New  Testament,  cer- 
tain societies  have  stereotyped  the  Bible  : 
to  fix  or  establish  firmly  or  unchangeably 
"  He  throws  the  whole  of  his  heart  into 
eloquent  descriptions  of  places  that  have 
stereotyped  themselves  in  his  memory  in 
their  most  minute  details."— i'dra.  Rev. 

STEREOTYPED,  ster'e-o-tlpt,  p.  and  adj. 
made  or  printed  from  stereotype  plates  : 
formed  in  a  fixed  unchangeable  manner ; 
as,  stereotyped  opinions.  "  From  1797  to 
the  present  hour,  the  amount  of  the 
land-tax  remains  stereotyped.'" — Eclec. 
Rev. 

STEREOTYPER,  ster'e:0-tlp-er,  n.  one  who 
makes  stereotype  plates. 

STERILE,  ster'il,  adj.  unfruitful  :  barren  : 
destitute  of  ideas  or  sentiment.  [Fr. — L. 
sterilis,  akin  to  Gr.  stereos,  hard,  and  to 
steira,  a  barren  cow,  Sans,  stari.] 

STERILITY,  ster-il'i-ti,  n.  quality  of  being 
sterile  :  imfruitfulness  :  barrenness. 

STERLING,  sterling,  adj.  an  epithet  by 
which  English  money  of  account  is  dis- 
tinguished, signifying  that  it  is  of  the 
fixed  or  standard  national  value  ;  as,  a 
pound  sterling,  a  shilling  sterling,  a 
penny  sterling :  according  to  a  fixed 
standard  ;  having  a  fixed  and  permanent 
value  ;  "  If  my  word  be  sterling  yet  in 
England." — Shak.  :  genuine  ;  pure  ;  of 
excellent  quality  ;  as,  a  work  of  sterling 
merit,  a  man  of  sterling  wit  or  sense  ; 
"  Do  these  foreign  contemporaries  of  ours 
still  exhibit,  in  their  characters  as  men, 
something  of  that  sterling  nobleness,  that 
union  of  majesty  with  meekness,  which 
we  must  ever  venerate  in  those  our 
spiritual  fathers?" — Carlyle.  [Said  to  be 
from  the  Esterlings  or  Easterlings,  the 
old  popular  name  in  England  of  traders 
from  the  north  of  Germany  (east  from 
England),  whose  money  was  of  peculiar 
purity,  and  who  in  the  reign  of  King  John 
first  .stamped  pure  coin  in  England.  But 
this  origin  is  doubtful.  According  to 
Wedgwood  sterling  was  originally  the 
name  of  the  English  penny,  the  standard 


STERLING 


414 


STIGMA 


coin  in  which  it  was  stipulated  that 
payment  should  be  made  ;  it  was  subse- 
quently applied  to  the  coinage  of  England 
in  general.] 

STERLING,  ster'Iing,  n.  an  old  name  in 
England  for  a  penny  :  English  money. 
"And  Roman  wealth  in  English  sterling 
view." — Arbuthnot :  standard;  rate. 

STERN,  stern,  adj.  severe  of  countenance, 
manner,  or  feeling:  austere  :  harsh  :  un- 
relenting: steadfast. — adv.  Stern'lt. — n. 
Stern'ness.  [Orig.  "  rigid,"  A.S.  sierra*, 
from  the  root  of  Stabe  ;  conn,  with  M.E. 
stur,  Scot,  stour,  Ger.  starr.] 

STERN,  stern,  n.  the  hindpart  of  a  vessel. 
— n.  Stern'post,  the  aftermost  timber  of 
a  ship  that  supports  the  rudder.  [Lit. 
"  the  part  of  a  ship  where  it  is  steered ;  " 
of.  Ice.  stjoTii,  a  steering.] 

STERNALUIA,  ster-nal'ji-a,  n.  pain  about 
the  sternum  or  breast-bone :  a  name  of 
the  pectoral  angina ;  angina  pectoris. 
Dunglisoii.  [Gr.  stemon,  the  breast-bone, 
and  algos,  pain.] 

STERNMOST,  stern'most,  adj.  furthest 
astern. 

STERNSHEETS,  stern'shets,  n.  the  part  of 
a  boat  between  the  stern  an-i  the  rowers. 

STERNUM,  ster'num,  n.  the  breast-bone. 
— adj.  Stee'nal.  [L. — Gr.  stemon,  the 
chest.] 

STERNUTATION,  ster-nu-ta'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  sneezing.  [L.  sternutatio,  sternu- 
tationis,  from  stemuto,  to  sneeze,  freq. 
of  sternuo,  to  sneeze.] 

STERNUTATIVE,  ster-nu'ta-tiv,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  quality  of  provoking  to  sneeze. 
[L.  sternuo,  to  sneeze.] 

STERNUTATORY,  ster-nu'ta-tor-i,  adj. 
ha\-ing  the  quality  of  exciting  to  sneeze. 
[Fr.  sternutatoire,  from  L.  sternuo,  to 
sneeze.] 

STERNUTATORY,  ster-nu'ta-tor-i,  n.  a 
substance  that  provokes  sneezing.  The 
most  familiar  sternutatories  are  snuffs  of 
different  kinds.  They  are  chiefly  em- 
ployed to  occasion  a  violent  succussion 
of  the  frame,  either  to  restore  suspended 
respiration,  as  in  some  cases  of  fainting, 
or  to  dislodge  some  foreign  body  from 
the  nasal  passages  or  windpipe. 

STERN-WAY,  stern'-wa,  n.  the  movement 
of  a  ship  backward,  or  with  her  stern 
foremost. — To  fetch  stern-wat,  to  ac- 
quire motion  astern. 

8TERQUILIN0US,ster-k\\il'in-us,  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  dunghill :  mean  :  dirty  :  pal- 
try. "  Any  sterquilinoiis  rascal  is  licensed 
to  throw  dirt  in  the  faces  of  sovereign 
princes  in  open  printed  language." — 
Howell.  [L.  sterquilinium,  a  dunghiU, 
from  stercus,  dung.] 

STERTOROUS,  ster'to-rus,  adj.,  snoring.— 
adv.  Ster'torously.  [Fr.  stertoreux — L. 
sterto,  to  snore.] 

STET,  stet,  in  printing,  a  word  written 
upon  proofs  to  signify  that  something 
which  has  been  deleted  is  after  all  to 
remain.  It  is  often  used  as  a  verb ; 
as,  the  passage  was  stetted.  [L.,  let  it 
stand.] 

STETHOMETER,  ste-thom'et-er,  n.  an  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  external 
movement    in    the  walls   of   the    chest 

I     during  ordinary  or  tidal  respiration.     In 

I  ons  form  a  cord  or  band  is  extended 
round  the  chest,  and  its  extension  as 
the  thorax  is  expanded  works  an  index 
figure  on  a  dial-plate.  [Gr.  stethos,  the 
breast,  and  metron,  a  measure.] 
STETHOSCOPE,  steth'6-skop,  n.  an  instru- 
ment used  by  medical  men  for  distin- 
guishing soimds  within  the  thorax  and 
other  ca%-ities  of  the  bodj'.  In  its  sim- 
plest and  most  common  form  it  consists 
of  a  simple  hollow  cylinder  of  some  fine- 
.   grained  light  wood,  as  cedar  or  maple, 


with  one  extremity  funnel-shaped  and 
furnished  with  a  conical  plug;  the  other 
with  a  comparatively  large  orbicular 
ivory  plate,  fastened  by  a  screw.  In 
using  it  the  funnel-shaped  extremity, 
either  with  or  without  the  plug,  "is 
placed  upon  the  body,  and  the  ivory 
plate  to  the  ear  of  the  listener.  Flexi- 
ble instruments  of  rubber  are  also  used, 
and  are  provided  with  one  or  two  ear- 
tubes,  in  the  latter  case  the  sounds  be- 
ing appreciable  by  both  Vars.  [Gr.  ste- 
thos, the  breast,  and  skopeo,  to  examine.] 

STETHOSCOPIC,  steth-o-skop'ik,  STETH- 
OSCOPICAL,  steth-o-skoplk-al,  adj.  of 
or  pertaining  to  a  stethoscope  :  obtained 
or  made  by  means  of  a  stethoscope  :  as,  a 
stethoscopic  examination. 

STETHOSCOPICALLY,  steth-o-skop'ik-al- 
li,  adv.  in  a  stethoscopic  manner  :  by 
means  of  a  stethoscope. 

STETHOSCOPIST,  steth'o-skop-ist,  n.  one 
versed  in  the  use  of  the  stethoscope. 

STETHOSCOPY,  ste-thos'ko-pi,  n.  the  art 
of  stethoscopic  examination. 

STEVEDORE,  stev'e-dor,  n.  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  load  and  unload  vessels. 
[A  corr.  of  Sp.  estii-ador,  a  wool-packer 
— estivar,  to  stow,  to  pack  wool — L.  sti- 
pare,  to  press  together.! 

STEW,  stu,  v.t.  to  boil  slowly  with  little 
moisture. — v.i.  to  be  boiled  slowly  and 
gently. — n.  meat  stewed.  [Lit.  "to  put 
into  a  stove,"  O.  Fr.  estuver,  Fr.  ituve, 
stove— Low  L.  stuha.    See  Stove.] 

STEWARD,  stu'ard,  n.  one  who  manages 
the  domestic  concerns  of  a  family  or 
institution :  one  who  superintends  an- 
other's affairs,  esp.  an  estate  or  farm : 
the  manager  of  the  provision  department, 
etc.,  at  sea.  [M.  E.  stiward — A.  S.  sti- 
iveard — stiga,  E.  Sty,  and  Ward.] 

STEWARDESS,  stu'ard-es,  n.  a  female 
steward  :  a  female  who  waits  on  ladies 
on  shipboard. 

STEWARDSHIP,  stu'ard-ship,  n.  office  of 
a  steward :  management. 

STICCADO,  stik-ka'do,  n.  a  musical  in- 
strument, the  sounds  of  which  are  pro- 
duced by  striking  on  little  bars  of  wood, 
which  are  tuned  to  the  notes  of  the  dia- 
tonic scale,  and  struck  with  a  little  ball 
at  the  end  of  a  stick.     [It.] 

STICH,  stik,  w.  a  verse,  of  whatever  meas- 
ure or  number  of  feet :  a  line  in  the 
Scriptures:  a  row  or  rank  of  trees.  [Gr. 
stichos,  a  line,  a  verse.] 

STICHIC,  stiVik,  adj.  relating  to,  or  con- 
sisting of  lines  or  verses. 

STICHIDIUM,  sti-kid'i-um,  n.  a  pecuUar 
kind  of  lance-shaped,  pod-like  receptacle 
in  the  alga?,  containing  tetraspores.  [Gr. 
stichos,  a  rank,  a  line,  and  eidos,  appear- 
ance, resemblance.] 

STICHOMANCY,  stik'6-man-si,  n.  divina^ 
tion  by  lines  or  passages  in  books  taken 
at  hazard:  bibliomancy.  [Gr.  stichos,  a 
line  or  verse,  and  manteia,  divination.] 

STICHOMETRICAli,  stik-o-met'rik-al,  adj. 
of  or  pertaining  to  stichometry :  charac- 
terized by  stichs  or  lines. 

STICHOMETRY,  sti-kom'et-ri,  n.  measure- 
ment or  length  of  books  as  ascertained 
by  the  number  of  verses  which  each  book 
contains  :  a  di\'ision  of  the  text  of  books 
into  lines  accommodated  to  the  sense  :  a 
practice  followed  before  punctuation  was 
adopted.— JVo/. TF.  R.  Smith.  [Gr.  stichos, 
a  verse,  and  metron,  measure/] 

STICK,  stik,  n.  a  piece  of  wood  of  indefinite 
size  and  shape,  generally  long  and  rather 
slender  ;  a  branch  of  a  tree  or  shrub  cut 
or  broken  off ;  a  piece  of  wood  chopped 
for  burning  or  cut  for  any  purpose  ;  as, 
to  gather  sticks  in  a  wood  ;  "He  that 
breaks  asftcfcof  Gloster's  gTove."-Shak.; 
"And  while  the  children  of  Israel  were 


in  the  wilderness  they  found  a  man  that 
gathered  sticks  upon  the  Sabbath  day." — 
Num.  XV.  32  :  a  rod  or  wand  ;  a  staff ;  a 
walking-stick;  as,  he  never  goes  out 
^vithout  his  stick  :  anj^thing  shaped  like 
a  stick;  as,  a  stick  of  sealing-wax:  a  con- 
temptuous term  applied  to  an  awkward 
or  incompetent  person  ;  "He  is  a  stick 
at  letters." — Comhilll  Mag.:  in  printing, 
an  instrument  in  which  types  are  com- 
posed in  words,  and  the  words  arranged 
to  the  required  length  of  the  lines. 
Called  also  CoMPOsrso-STlCK :  a  thrust 
with  a  pointed  instrument  that  pene- 
trates a  body  ;  a  stab.  [A.S.  sticca,  a 
stick,  a  staff,  a  stake,  a  spike  ;  Ice.  stika, 
a  stick,  as  for  fuel,  a  yard  measure;  from 
the  root  seen  in  verb  to  stick  (which  see), 
and  akin  to  stake,  stock.} 

STICK,  stik,  v.t.  to  stab  :  to  thrust  in:  to 
fasten  by  piercing  :  to  fix  in  :  to  set  with 
something  pointed  :  to  cause  to  adhere. 
-—v.i.  to  hold  to  :  to  remain :  to  stop  :  to 
be  hindered  :  to  hesitate,  to  be  embar- 
rassed or  puzzled  :  to  adhere  closely  in 
affection  :— pa.?,  and  jM.p.  stuck.  [A.S. 
stician  ;  cog.  with  Dut.  steken,  G«r. 
stechen  ;  from  the  same  root  as  Gr.  stizo. 
See  Sting.] 

STICKLE,  stik'l,  v.i.  to  interpose  between 
combatants:  to  contend  obstinately.  [See 
Stickler.] 

STICKLEBACK,  stik'1-bak,  n.  a  small  river- 
fish,  so  called  from  the  spines  on  its  back. 
[Prov.  E.  stickle  —  A.S.  sticel  (dim.  of 
Stick),  a  spine,  cog.  with  Ger.  stachel, 
and  Back.] 

STICKLER,  stikler,  Ji.  a  second  or  umpire 
in  a  duel  :  an  obstinate  contender,  esp. 
for  something  trifling.  [Orig.  one  of  the 
seconds  in  a  duel,  who  were  placed  with 
sticks  or  staves  to  interpo.se  occasionally.] 

STICKY,  stik'i,  adj.  that  sticks  or  adheres  : 
adhesive  :  glutinous. — n.  Stick'iness. 

STIFF,  stif,  adj.  not  easily  bent :  rigid  ; 
not  liquid  :  rather  hard  than  soft :  not 
easily  overcome  :  obstinate :  not  nat- 
ural and  easy  :  constrained  :  formal. — 
adv.  Stiff'ly.  —  n.  Stiff'ness.  [A.S. 
stif ;  cog.  with  Ger.  steif ;  prob.  conn, 
with  L.  stipo,  to  cram.] 

STIFF,  stif,  n.  in  commercial  slang,  nego- 
tiable paper,  as  a  bill,  promissory  note, 
or  the  like. — ^To  do  a  bit  of  stiff,  to  ac- 
cept or  discount  a  bill.  "I wish  you'd 
dU)  me  a  bit  of  stiff,  and  just  teU  your 
father  if  I  may  overdraw  my  account  I'll 
vote  with  him." — Tliackeray. 

STIFFEN,  stif'n,  v.t.  to  make  stiff.— v.i.  to 
become  stiff :  to  become  less  impressible 
or  more  obstinate. 

STIFF-NECKED,  stif'-nekt,  adj.  (lit.)  stiff 
in  the  neck :  obstinate  :  contumacious. 

STIFLE,  sti'fl,  v.t.  to  stop  the  breath  of  by 
foul  air  or  other  means  :  to  suffocate:  to 
extinguish  :  to  suppress  the  sound  of : 
to  destroy.  [Prob.  from  Sttff,  and  so  "to 
make  stiff;  hut  influenced  by  stive,  M.E. 
form  of  E.  Stetv.] 

STIFLE,  stT'fl,  v.i.  to  suffocate:  to  perish  by 
suffocation  or  stf-angulation.    Slutk: 

STIFLE,  sti'fl,  n.  the  joint  of  a  horse  next 
to  the  buttock,  and  corresponding  to  the 
knee  in  man.  Called  also  the  Stifle- 
joint  :  a  disease  in  the  knee-pan  of  a 
horse  or  other  animal.  [Perhaps  from 
Stiff.] 

STIFLE-BONE,  sti'fl-bon,  n.  a  bone  in  the 
leg  of  ahorse,  corresponding  to  the  knee- 
pan  in  man. 

STIGMA,  stig'ma,  n.  a  brand  :  a  mark  of 
infamy  :  (bat.)  the  top  of  a  pistil  -.—pi. 
Stig'mas  or  Stig'mata.  [Lit.  "the  mark 
of  a  pointed  instrument,"  L. — Gr. — root 
stig,  to  be  sharp  (Sans,  tig),  seen  also  in 
L.  -stingxio,  -stigo,  and  in  E.  Stick, 
Sting.] 


STIGMATA 


415 


STOCKING 


STIGMATA,  stig'ma-ta,  n.  the  marks  of 
the  wounds  on  Christ's  hody,  or  marks 
resembling  them,  said  to  have  been  mi- 
raculously impressed   on   the   bodies   of 

STIGMATIC,  stig-mat'ik,  STIGMATICAL, 
stig-mat'ik-al,  adj.  marked  or  branded 
with  a  stigma  :  giving  infamy  or  re- 
proach.—arfv.  Stigmat'ically. 

STIGMATIZE,  stig'ma-tiz,  v.t.  tc  brand 
with  a  stigma.  [Gr.  stigmatizo.  See 
Stigma.] 

STILE,  stn,  n.  a  step  or  set  of  steps  for 
climbing  over  a  wall  or  fence.  [A.S. 
stigel,  a  step — stig-an,  akin  to  Ger.  stei- 
gen,  to  mount.] 

STILE,  stn,  n.  the  pin  of  a  dial.  Same  as 
Style 

STILETTO,  sti-let'o,  n.  a  little  style  or  dag- 
ger with  a  round  pointed  blade  :  a  pointed 
instrument  for  making  eyelet  holes  : — jj/. 
Stilett'os. — v.t.  to  stab  with  a  stiletto  : 
—pr.p.  stilett'oing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  sti- 
lett'oed.  [It.,  dim.  of  stilo,  a  dagger — 
L.  stilus.    See  Style.] 

STILL,  stil,  adj.  silent :  motionless  :  calm. 
— v.t.  to  quiet :  to  silence  :  to  appease  : 
to  restrain. — adv.  always  :  nevertheless : 
after  that. — n.  Still'ness.  [A.S.  stille, 
fixed,  firm  ;  Dut.  stille,  Gfer.  still ;  from 
the  root  of  STALL.] 

STILL,  stil,  v.t.  to  cause  to  faU  bv  drops  : 
to  distil. — n.  an  apparatus  for  (5istilling 
liquids.  [L.  stillo,  to  cause  to  drop — 
stilla,  a  drop,  or  simply  a  contr.  for  Dis- 
till, like  Sport  from  Disport.] 

STILL-BORN,  stil'-bawrn,  adj.  dead  when 
born. 

STILLINGIA,  stil-lin'ji-a,  n.  a  genus  of 
plants,  one  of  the  species  being  the  fa- 
mous tallow-tree  of  China.  The  species 
consist  for  the  most  part  of  shrubs  with 
stipulate  alternate  leaves  and  flowers  in 
spikes,  the  upper  being  male  and  the 
lower  female,  found  in  the  warmer  parts 
of  both  hemispheres.  The  tallow-tree  of 
China  grows  to  the  height  of  a  pear-tree, 
having  a  trunk  and  branches  like  the 
cherry,  and  foliage  like  the  black  poplar. 
Its  fruits,  which  are  about  half  an  inch 
in  diameter,  contain  three  seeds  thickly 
coated  with  a  fatty  substance  which  fur- 
nishes the  Chinese  with  candles  and  oil 
for,  their  lamps.  The  tallow  obtained 
from  the  fruit  is  also  employed  in  medi- 
cine instead  of  lard.  [In  honor  of  Dr. 
Benjamin  Stillingfleet,  an  eminent  En- 
glish botanist.] 

STILL-LIFE,  stit'-lif,  n.  the  class  of  pict- 
ures representing  inanimate  objects. 

STILL-ROOM,  stil  -room,  n.  an  apartment 
where  liquors,  preserves,  and  the  like,  are 
kept  :  a  housekeeper's  pantry. 

STILLY,  stil'i,  adj.,  still :  quiet :  calm. 

STILLY,  stil'li,  adv.  silently  :  gently. 

STILT,  stilt,  7(.  a  s^tpport  of  wood  with  a 
rest  for  the  foot,  used  in  walldng. — v.t. 
to  raise  on  stilts  :  to  elevate  by  unnat- 
ural means.  [Low  Ger.  and  Dut.  stelte,  a 
stilt  ;  Sw.  stylta,  a  support.] 

STILT-BIRD,  stilt'-berd,  STILT-PLOVER, 
stilt'-pluv-er,  n.  a  wading  bird  having  re- 
markably long  slender  legs,  a  feature 
from  which  it  derives  its  common  name. 
It  has  a  long  straight  bUl,  also  very  long 
wings  for  its  size.  It  exhibits  a  general 
white  color,  the  back  and  ^vings  in  the 
male  being  deep  black,  whilst  those  of 
the  females  are  of  a  brownish-black  hue. 
The  average  length  of  the  stilt-bird  is 
about  12  or  13  inches.  The  legs,  which 
are  of  a  red  color,  measure  from  18  to  20 
inches.  They  are  destitute  of  a  hind  toe, 
and  the  three  front* ones  are  unitec"  by  a 
membrane  at  their  bases.  Different  spe- 
cies are  found  in  America,  Australia,  and 
England. 


STIMULANT,  stim'ii-lant,  adj.,  stimulat- 
ing :  increasing  or  exciting  vital  action. 
— n.  anything  that  stimulates  or  excites: 
a  stimulating  medicine.    [See  Stimulus.] 

STIMULATE,  stim'u-lat,  v.t.  toprtcJfcwith 
anything  sharp  :  to  incite  :  to  instigate. 
— n.  Stimula'tion. 

STIMULATIVE,  stim'Q-lat-iv,  ac^".  tending 
to  stimulate. — n.  that  which  stimulates 
or  excites. 

STIMULUS,  stim'u-lus,  n.  a  goad :  any- 
thing that  rouses  the  mind,  or  that  ex- 
cites to  action  :  a  stimulant  -.^pl.  Stim'- 
ULI.  [L.  stimulus  (for  stig-muhis) — Gr. 
stizo,  to  prick.    See  Stigma.] 

STING,  sting,  I'.f.  to  stick  anything  sharp 
into,  to  pain  acutely  : — pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
stung. — n.  the  sharp-pointed  weapon  of 
some  animals  :  the  thrust  of  a  sting  into 
the  flesh  :  anything  *Jiat  causes  acute 
pain  :  the  point  in  the  last  ver.se  of  an 
epigram.  [A.S.  sting-an  ;  cog.  with  Ice. 
stinga,  Gr.  stizo,  to  prick  (whence  Stig- 
ma)J 

STINGY,  stin'ji,  adj.  niggardlj':  avaricious. 
-—adv.  Stin'gily. — n.  Stin'giness.  [Ety. 
unknown.] 

STINK,  stingk,  v.i.  to  smell :  to  give  out  a 
strong,  oilensive  smell: — pa.t.  stank; 
pa.p.  stunk. —  n.  a  disagreeable  smell. 
[A.S.  stincan  ;  Ger.  stinken,  to  smell.] 

STINKPOT,  stingk'pot,  ??.  an  earthen  jar 
or  pot  charged  with  a  stinlcing,  combust- 
ible mixture,  and  used  in  boarding  an 
enemy's  vessel. 

STINT,  stint,  v.t.  to  shorten:  to  limit  :  to 
restrain. — n.  limit:  restraint:  proportion 
allotted.    [A.S.  astyntan,  from  Stunt.] 

STIPEND,  stl'pend,  n.  a  salary  paid  for 
services  :  settled  pay.  [L.  stipendium — 
slips  (akin  to  L.  stipo.  to  crowd  or  press 
together,  and  therefore  orig.  "  small  coin 
in  heaps "),  a  donation,  and  pendo,  to 
weigh  out.] 

STIPENDIARY,  sti-pend'i-ar-i,  adj.  receiv- 
ing stipend. — n.  one  who  performs  ser- 
vices for  a  salary,  applied  to  certain 
magistrates  in  England  and  the  Domin- 
ion of  Canada. 

STIPULATE,  stip'u-lat,  v.i.  to  contract  :  to 
settle  terms. — n.  Stip'ulatoe.  [L.  stip- 
ulor,  -atus,  prob.  from  O.  L.  sti^iulus, 
firm,  conn,  with  stipo,  to  press  fii-ra.] 

STIPULATION,  stip-u-la'shun,  n.  act  of 
stipidating :  a  contract. 

STIR,  ster,  v.t.  to  move :  to  rouse :  to  in- 
stigate.— v.i.  to  move  one's  self :  to  be 
active  :  to  draw  notice  :^/>;-. p.  stirr'ing  ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  stirred. — n.  tumult :  bus- 
tle.— n.  Stirr'er.  [A.S.  styrian;  Dut. 
store/!,  Ger.  storen,  to  drive  ;  conn,  with 
Steer,  v.] 

STIRRUP,  stir'up,  n.  a  ring  or  hoop  sus- 
pended by  a  rope  or  strap  from  the  sad- 
dle, for  a  horseman's  foot  while  mounting 
or  riding.  [A.S.  stigerap  —  stigan,  to 
mount,  and  rap,  a  rope.] 

STITCH,  stich,  n.  a  pass  of  a  needle  and 
thread  :  an  acute  pain. — v.t.  to  sew  so 
as  to  show  a  regular  line  of  stitches  :  to 
sew  or  unite. — v.i.  to  practice  stitching. 
[A.S.  stice,  a  prick,  stitch  ;  Ger.  sticken, 
to  embroider  :  conn,  with  STICK.] 

STITCHWORT,  stich'wurt.  n.  a  genus  of 
slender  plants,  including  the  chickweed, 
.so  called  because  once  beUeved  to  cure 
"  stitch  "  in  the  side. 

STITHY,  stif/i'i,  n.  an  anvil.  "'Let  me 
sleep  on  that  hard  point,'  said  Varney  ; 
'  I  cannot  else  perfect  the  device  I  have 
on  the  stithy.' " — Sir  W.  Scott.  [Also 
stiddy,  Scand.  studdy,  Ice.  stethi,  an 
anvil  ;  from  the  same  root  as  E.  steady, 
stead.] 

STITHY,  stiWi'i,  v.t.  to  forge  on  an  anvil. 
"  The  forge  that  stithiedli&TS  bis  helm." 
—Shak. 


STIVE,  stiv,  v.t.  to  stuff  ;  to  cram  :  to 
crowd  ;  hence,  to  make  hot,  sultry,  and 
close;  "His  chamber  being  commonly 
stived  with  friends  or  suitors  of  one  kinci 
or  other." — .Sir  H.  Wotton  :  to  stew,  as 
meat  -.—pr.p.  stiv'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
stived.  [Prob.  from  an  O.  Fr.  estiver, 
corr.  to  It.  stivare,  Sp.  estivar,  to  stuff, 
tostow,  from  L.  stipare,  to  cram.] 

STIVE,  stiv,  v.  to  be  stifled  :  to  stew,  as 
in  a  close  atmosphere.  "I  shall  go  out 
in  a  boat.  One  can  get  rid  of  a  few  hours 
in  that  way  instead  of  sfiving  in  a 
wretched  hotel.'" — Oeorge  Eliot. 

STIVE,  stiv,  n.  the  floating  dust  in  flour- 
mills  during  the  operation  of  grinding. 
Simmonds.  [Cf.  Ger.  staub,  Dan.  stcev, 
dust.] 

STIVER,  sti'ver,  n.  a  Dutch  coin,  worth 
two  cents :  anything  of  little  value. 
[Dut.  stuiver.] 

STOAT,  stot,  n.  a  kind  of  weasel,  called  the 
ermine  when  in  its  winter  dress.  [Ety. 
unknown.] 

STOCCADO,  stok-ad'o,  n.  a  thrust  in  fenc- 
ing. [It.  stoccata,  a  thrust — stocco.  a  ra- 
pier, sta-ke — Ger.  stock,  a  stick.  See  Stick, 
Stock.] 

STOCK,  stok,  n.  something  stuck  or  thrust 
in:  the  stem  of  a  tree  or  plant:  a  post:  a 
stupid  person:  the  part  to  which  others 
are  attached  :  the  original  progenitor  : 
family:  a  fund:  capital:  shares  of  a  public 
debt :  shares  of  capital  in  railroad  and 
other  corporations  :  store  :  cattle  : — -Jji. 
Stocks,  an  instrument  in  which  the  legs 
of  criminals  are  confined  :  the  frame  for 
a  ship  while  building  :  the  public  funds 
of  Great  Britain,  the  Consols. — v.t.  to 
store  :  to  supply  :  to  fiU.  [A.S.  stocc,  a 
stick  ;  cog.  with  Dut.  stoc,  Ger.  stock. 
For  the  root  see  Stick.] 

STOCK,  stok,  n.  a  favorite  garden-flower. 
[Orig.  called  stock-gillyflower,  to  distin- 
guish it  from  the  stemless  clove-pink, 
called  the  gillyflower,  which  see.] 

STOCKADE,  stok-ad',  n.  a  breastwork 
formed  of  stakes  fixed  in  the  ground. — 
v.t.  to  surround  or  fortify  with  a  stock- 
ade.    [Ft.  estoeade — estoc — Ger.  stock,  a 

STOCKBROKER,  stok'brok-er,  n.  a  broker 
who  deals  in  stock  or  shares. 

STOCKBROKING,  stokT)rok-ing,  n.  the 
business  of  a  stockbroker,  or  one  who, 
acting  for  a  client,  buys  or  sells  stocks 
or  shares,  and  is  paid  by  commission. 

STOCKDOVE,  stok'duv,  u.  a  species  of 
pigeon,  believed  at  one  time  to  be  the 
stock  of  the  tame  dove :  or  the  dove  that 
lives  on  trees  or  in  the  woods. 

STOCK-EXCHANGE,  stok'-eks-chanj',  ?i. 
the  place  where  stocks  are  exchanged,  or 
bought  and  sold. 

STOCKFISH,  stok'flsh,  n.  a  general  term 
for  cod,  Mng,  tusk,  and  other  fishes  used 
in  a  dried  state. 

STOCKHOLDER,  &tok'hold-er,  n.  in  En- 
gland, one  who  holds  stock  in  the  public 
funds,  or  in  a  company  :  in  U.  S.,  one 
who  holds  public  funds  is  a  bondholder  ; 
the  term  stockholder  is  applied  only  to 
those  who  hold  shares  of  stock  in  rail- 
road and  other  corporations. 

STOCKINET,  stok'in-et,  n.  an  elastic,  knit, 
textile  fabric,  of  which  stockings,  under- 
garments, etc..  are  made.     Goodrich. 

STOCKING,  stok'ing,  n.  a  close  fitting 
covering  for  the  foot  and  leg.  Stockings 
were  anciently  uuide  of  cloth  or  milled 
stuff,  sewed  togetlier,  but  they  are  now 
usuallj-  knitted  by  the  hand  or  woven  iu 
a  frame,  the  material  being  wool,  cotton, 
or  silk.  [From  stock,  in  sense  of  stocking 
or  leg  covering.  "The  clothing  of  the 
legs  and  lower  part  of  the  body  formerly 
consisted  of  a  single  garment  called  hose, 


STOCK-JOBBING 


416 


STORM 


in  French  chansses.     It  was  afterwards 
cut  in  two  at  the  knees,  leaving  two 

?iieces  of  dress,  viz.  knee-breeches,  or,  as 
hey  were  then  called,  upperstocks,  or  in 
French  haut  de  chausses,  and  the  nether- 
stocks  or  stockings,  in  French  bas  de 
chausses,  and  then  simply  bas.  In  these 
terms  the  element  stock  is  to  be  under- 
stood in  the  sense  of  stump  or  trunk,  the 
part  of  a  body  left  when  the  limbs  are 
cut  off." — Wedgicood.] 

STOCKJOBBING,  stok'-job'ing,  n.,  job- 
bing or  speculating  in  stocks. — n.  Stock'- 
jobb'ek. 

STOCK-STILL,  stok'-stil,  adj.,  still  as  a 
stock  or  post. 

STOIC,  sto'ik,  71.  a  disciple  of  the  ancient 
philosopher  Zeno,  who  taught  under  a 
porch  at  Athens :  one  indifferent  to 
pleasure  or  pain.  [L.  Stoicus — Gr.  Sto- 
tkos — stoa,  a  porch.] 

STOIC,  sto'ik,  STOICAL,  sto'ik-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  Stoics,  or  to  their 
opinions:  indifferent  to  pleasure  or  pain. 
— adv.  Sto'icallt. — n.  Sto'icalness. 

STOICISM,  sto'i-sizm,  n.  the  doctrines  of 
the  Stoics :  indifference  to  pleasure  or 
pain. 

STOKE,  stok,  v.i.  to  stick,  stir,  or  tend  a 
fire. — n.  Stok'er.     [From  Stick.] 

STOLE,  stol.pa.t.  of  Steal. 

STOLE,  stol,  n.  a  long  robe  or  garment 
reaching  to  the  feet:  a  long,  narrow  scarf 
with  fringed  ends  worn  by  a  priest.  [A.S. 
stol — L.  stola — Gr.  stole,  a  robe,  a  garment 
— stello,  to  array.] 

STOLEN,  stol'en,  pa.p.  of  Steal. 

STOLIB,  stol'id,  adj.  dull  :  heavy  :  stupid  : 
foolish.  [L.  stolidus ;  from  a  root  star, 
seen  also  in  Gr.  stereos,  firm.] 

STOLIDITY.  sto-Hd'i-ti,  n.  state  of  being 
stolid:  dullness  of  intellect.  [L.  stoliditas 
— stolidus.'] 

STOMACH, stum'ak,?i.  the  strong  muscular 
bag  into  which  the  food  passes  when 
swallowed,  and  where  it  is  principally 
digested  :  the  cavity  in  any  animal  for 
the  digestion  of  its  food  :  appetite. — v.t. 
to  resent,  (orig.)  to  bear  on  the  stomach: 
to  brook  or  put  up  with.  [L.  stomachus 
— Gr.  stomachos,  orig.  the  throat,  gullet; 
then  the  orifice  of  the  stomach;  and  later, 
the  stomach  itself — stoma,  a  mouth.] 

STOMACHER,  stum'a-cher,  n.  an  ornament 
or  support  for  the  stomach  or  breast  worn 
by  women. 

STOMACHIC,  sto-mak'ik,  STOMACHIC- 
AL,  sto-mak'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
stomach:  strengthening  or  promoting  the 
action  of  the  stomach. — Stomach'ic,  n.  a 
medicine  for  the  stomach. 

STOMACH-PUMP,  stum'ak  -  pump,  n.  a 
small  pump  or  syringe  used  in  medical 
practice,  for  the  purpose  of  emptying  the 
stomach  and  introducing  cleansing  or 
other  liquids.  It  resembles  the  common 
syringe,  except  that  it  has  two  apertures 
near  the  end,  instead  of  one,  in  which  the 
valves  open  different  ways,  so  as  to  con- 
stitute a  sucking  and  a  forcing  passage. 
When  the  object  is  to  extract  from  the 
stomach,  the  pump  is  worked  while  its 
sucking  orifice  is  in  connection  with  a 
flexible  tube  passed  into  the  stomach  ; 
and  the  extracted  matter  escapes  by  the 
forcing  orifice.  When  it  is  desired,  on  the 
contrary,  to  throw  cleansing  water  or 
other  liquid  into  the  stomach,  the  tube  is 
connected  with  the  forcing  orifice,  by 
which  the  action  of  the  pump  is  reversed. 

STOMA.CH-STAGGEflS,  stum'ak-stag-erz, 
n.  a  disease  in  horses,  depending  on  a  par- 
alytic affection  of  the  stomach.  In  this 
disease  the  animal  dozes  in  the  stable  and 
rests  his  head  in  the  manger  ;  he  then 
wakes  up,  and  falls  to  eating,  which  he 
wntinues  to  do  till  the  stomach  swells  to 


an  enormous  extent,  and  the  animal  at 
last  dies  of  apoplexy  or  his  stomach 
bursts. 

STONE,  ston,  n.  a  hard  mass  of  earthy  or 
mineral  matter:  a  pi-ecious  stone  or  gem: 
a  tombstone:  a  concretion  formed  in  the 
bladder:  a  hard  shell  containing  the  seed 
of  some  fruits:  a  standard  weight  of  14  lbs. 
avoirdupois  :  torpor  and  insensibility. — 
v.t.  to  pelt  with  stones  :  to  free  from 
stones:  to  wall  with  stones. —  Stone'- 
BLIND,  adj.  as  blind  as  a  stone,  perfectly 
blind.  [A.S.  stan,  cog.  with  Ger.  stei7i, 
Gr.  stiaT] 

STONECHAT,  ston'chat,  STONECHAT- 
TER,  ston-chat'er,  n.  a  little  bird,  allied 
to  the  robin,  so  called  from  its  chattering 
and  perching  on  large  stones. 

STONECUTTER,  stonTvut-er,  n.  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  cut  or  hew  stone. 

STONE-FRUIT,  ston'-froot,  n.  a  fruit 
with  its  seeds  inclosed  in  a  stone  or  hard 
kernel . 

STONE'S  -  CAST,  stonz'-kast,  STONE'S- 
THROW,  stonz'-thro,  n.  the  distance 
which  a  stone  may  be  east  or  thrown  by 
the  hand. 

STONE- WARE,  ston'-war,  n.  a  species  of 
potter's  ware  made  from  a  composition 
of  clay  and  flint.  The  clay  is  beaten  in 
water  and  purified,  and  the  flint  Is  cal- 
cined, ground,  and  suspended  in  water, 
and  then  mixed  (in  various  proportions 
for  various  wares)  with  the  former  liquor. 
The  mixture  is  then  dried  in  a  kUn,  and 
being  afterwards  beaten  to  a  proper  tem- 
per, it  becomes  fit  for  being  formed  at 
the  wheel  into  dishes,  plates,  bowls,  etc. 
These  are  baked  in  a  furnace  and  glazed 
by  common  salt.  The  salt  being  thrown 
into  the  furnace  is  volatihzed  by  heat 
becomes  attached  to  the  surface  of  the 
ware,  and  is  decomposed,  the  muriatic 
acid  flying  off  and  leaving  the  soda  be- 
hind it  to  form  a  fine  thin  glaze  on  the 
ware,  which  resists  ordinary  acids. 

STONY,  ston'i,  adj.  made  of  or  resembling 
stone  :  abounding  with  stones  :  hard : 
pitiless  :  obdurate  :  (B.)  rocky. 

STOOD,  stood,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Stand. 
[A.S.  stod.] 

STOOL,  stool,  n.  a  seat  without  a  back  : 
the  seat  used  in  evax:uating  the  bowels : 
the  act  of  evacuating  the  bowels.  [A.S/ 
stol,  Ger.  stiihl ;  akin  to  Ger.  stellen,  to 
set,  to  place  ;  also  to  Still,  adj.,  Stall, 
Stajjd.] 

STOOP,  stoop,  v.i.  to  bend  the  body:  to 
lean  forward:  to  submit:  to  descend  from 
rank  or  dignity:  to  condescend:  to  swoop 
down  on  the  wing,  as  a  bird  of  prey. — 
v.t.  to  cause  to  incline  downward. — n. 
the  act  of  stooping  :  inclination  forward: 
descent :  condescension  :  a  swoop.  [A.S. 
stupian  ;  O.  Dut.  stoepen.  Ice.  stupa ; 
akin  to  Steep  and  Stop.] 

STOOP,  stoop,  n.  a  pillar.  Quarles. — Stoop 
AND  Room,  a  system  of  mining  coal, 
where  the  coal  is  taken  out  in  parallel 
spaces,  intersected  by  a  similar  series  of 
passages  at  right  angles.  Between  these 
"rooms"  "stoops"  of  coal  are  left  for 
the  support  of  the  loof  of  the  seam. 
Called  also  Pillar  akd  Stall  or  Post 
AND  Stall. 

STOOP,  stoop,  n.  a  vessel  of  liquor  ;  as,  a 
stoop  of  wine  or  ale.  "  A  stoop  of  wine." 
— Shak.  [A.S.  stoma.  Ice.  staup,  a  cup, 
a  drinking  vessel ;  Dut.  stoop,  a  measure 
of  about  two  quarts ;  Sw.  stop,  a  meas-» 
ure  of  about  three  pints.] 

STOOP,  stoop,  n.  the  steps  at  the  entrance 
of  a  house:  door-steps:  also  a  porch  with 
a  balustrade  and  seats  on  the  sides. 
"  Nearly  all  the  houses  were  built  with 
their  gables  to  the  street,  and  each  had 
heavy  wooden  Dutch  stoops,  with  seats 


at  the  door." — J.  F.  Cooper.  [Dut.  stoep 
(pron.  stoop) ;  the  word  was  brought  to 
America  by  the  Dutch  colonists.] 

STOP,  stop,  v.t.  to  stuff  or  close  up  :  to  ob- 
struct :  to  render  impassable:  to  hinder: 
to  intercept  :  to  restrain:  to  apply  musi- 
cal stops  to  :  to  regulate  the  sounds  of  a 
stringed  instrument  by  shortening  the 
strings  with  the  fingers. — v.i.  to  cease^ 
going  forwards  :  to  cease  from  any  mo- 
tion or  action  :  to  leave  off :  to  be  at  an 
end  i^pr.p.  stopp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
stopped. — n.  act  of  stopping:  state  of 
being  stopped  :  hinderance  :  obstacle : 
interruption  :  (music)  one  of  the  vent- 
holes  in  a  wind  instrument,  or  the  place 
on  the  wire  of  a  stringed  instrument,  by 
the  stopping  or  pressing  of  which  certain 
notes  are  produced:  a  mark  used  in  punc- 
tuation. [Lit.  "to  stuff  with  tow,"  M.E. 
stoppen  —  O.  Fr.  estouper  (Ice.  stoppa, 
Ger.  stopfen,  to  stuff);  all  from  L.  stupa, 
the  coarse  part  of  flax,  tow.] 

STOPCOCK,  stop'kok,  n.  a  short  pipe  in  a 
cask,  etc.,  opened  and  stopped  by  a  cock 
or  key. 

STOP-MOTION,  stop'-mo-shun,  n.  an  ar- 
rangement in  a  machine  bj'  which  the 
breakage  of  material  in  transitu,  or  the 
failure  of  supply  of  the  material  under 
treatment,  causes  an  arrest  of  the  mo- 
tion. 

STOPPAGE,  stop'aj,  n.  the  act  of  stopping 
or  arresting  progress  or  motion  :  or  the 
state  of  being  stopped  ;  as,  the  stoppage 
of  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  the  stop- 
page of  commerce.  "  We  were  tripping 
away  .  .  .  when  we  came  upon  my  lady 
in  a  street  stoppage  in  her  chair."  — 
Thackeray  :  a  deduction  made  from  pay 
or  allowances  to  repay  advances,  etc. — 
STGPPA3E  IN  transitu,  in  law,  the  right 
which  an  unpaid  vendor  of  goods  has, 
on  hearing  that  the  vendee  is  insolvent, 
to  stop  and  reclaim  the  goods  while  in 
their  transit  and  not  yet  delivered  to  the 
vendee. 

STOPPER,  stop'er,  n.  one  who  stops:  that 
which  closes  a  vent  or  hole,  as  the  cork 
or  glass  mouthpiece  for  a  bottle  :  (naut.) 
a  short  rope  for  making  something  fast. 
— v.t.  to  close  or  secure  with  a  stopper. 

STOPPLE,  stop'l,  ?!.  that  which  stops  or 
closes  the  mouth  of  a  vessel :  a  cork  or 
plug. — v.f.  to  close  with  a  stopple. 

STORAGE,  stor-aj,  n.  the  placing  in  a 
store:  the  safe  keeping  of  goods  in 
a  store  :  the  price  paid  or  charged  for 
keeping  goods  in  a  store. 

STORAX,  sto'raks,  n.  a  fragrant  gum-resin 
produced  on  severfJ  species  of  trees  grow- 
ing round  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  [L. 
and  Gr.  styrax.] 

STORE,  stor,  n.  a  hoard  or  quantity  gath- 
ered :  abundance  :  a  storehouse  :  any 
place  where  goods  are  sold  i-^l.  supplies 
of  provisions,  ammunition,  etc.,  for  an 
army  or  a  ship. — v.t.  to  gather  in  quan- 
tities :  to  supply  :  to  lay  up  in  store  :  to 
hoard  :  to  place  in  a  warehouse.  [O.  Fr. 
estoire,  provisions — L.  instauro,  to  pro- 
vide.] 

STOREHOUSE,  stor'hows,  n.  a  hou^e  for 
storing  goods  of  any  kind  :  a  repository  : 
a  treasury. 

STORIED,  sto'rid,  adj.  told  or  celebrated  in 
a  story :  having  a  history :  interesting 
from  the  stories  belonging  to  it. 

STORK,  stork,  n.  a  wading  bird  nearly 
allied  to  the  heron.  [A.S.  store;  G«r. 
storch.] 

STORK'S-BILL,  storks'-bil,  Ji.  a  kind  of 
geranium,  with  the  fruit  like  the  bill  of 
a  stork.    [See  PeibJIQONIUM.] 

STORM,  storm,  n.  a  stir  or  violent  commo- 
tion of  the  air  producing  wind,  rain,  etc.: 
a  tempest :  violent  agitation  of  society : 


STORMY 


411 


STRENGTH 


oommotion  :  tumult  :  calamity :  {mil.) 
an  assault. — v.i.  to  raise  a  tempest :  to 
blow  with  ^'iolence  :  to  be  in  a  violent 
passion. — v.t.  to  attack  by  open  force  : 
to  assault.  [A.S.;  Ice.  stormr ;  from 
root  of  Stir.  J 
STORMY,  storm'i,  adj.  having  many 
storms:  ajjitated  with  furious  winds:  bois- 
terous :  violent :  passionate. — n.  Storm'- 

INESS. 

STORTHING,  stor'ting-,  n.  the  parliament 
or  supreme  legislative  assembly  of  Nor- 
way :  the  great  court  or  representative 
of  the  sovereign  people.  It  is  elected 
triennially,  and  holds  annual  sessions. 
When  assembled  the  storthing  divides 
itself  into  two  houses,  one  fourth  of  the 
members  constituting  the  lagthing,  and 
the  remaining  three-fourths  the  odels- 
thing.  [Dan.  stor,  gi-eat,  and  thing, 
court.] 

STORY,  sto'ri,  n.  a  history  or  narrative  of 
incidents  (so  in  B.):  a  little  tale  :  a  fic- 
titious narrative.  [O.  Fr.  cstoire.  It  is 
simply  a  short  form  of  History.] 

STORY,  also  STOREY,  sto'ri,  n.  a  division 
of  a  house  reached  by  one  flight  of  stairs: 
a  set  of  rooms  on  the  same  floor  or  level. 
[Ety.  dub.;  perh.  from  Store,  and  orig. 
sig.  "storehouse."] 

STOUT,  stowt,  adj.  strong  :  robust :  cor- 
pulent :  resolute  :  proud  :  (B.)  stubborn. 
— n.  a  name  for  porter. — adiK  Stout'ly. 
^n.  Stout'ness  :  (B.)  stubbornness. 
[Allied  to  O.  Fr.  estout,  bold,  Dut.  stout, 
and  Ger.  stolz,  bold,  stout  ;  perh.  from 
the  root  of  Stilt.] 

STOVE,  stov,  ?i.  an  apparatus  with  a  fire 
for  warming  a  room,  cooking,  etc. — v.t. 
to  heat  or  keep  warm.  [Orig.  "a  hot- 
house," allied  to  Low  Ger.  stove,  O.  Ger. 
stupa  (Ger.  stube,  room) ;  cf.  also  It.  stufa, 
Fr.  etuve — Low  L.  stuba ;  but  whether 
the  Low  L.  word  is  from  the  O.  Ger.,  or 
vice  vers&,  is  doubtful.     Cf.  Stew.] 

STOW,  sto,,  v.t.  to  place  :  to  arrange  :  to 
fill  by  pacldng  things  in.  [Partly  from 
M.E.  stoutven,  to  bring  to  a  stand,  partly 
from  M.E.  stowen,  to  place — stow,  a  place 
— A.S.  stov;  cf.  Dut.  stuiven,  to  stow,  to 
push,  Ger.  stauen.'\ 

STOWAGE,  sto'aj,  n.  act  of  stowing  or 
placing  in  order  :  state  of  being  laid  up  : 
room  for  articles  to  be  laid  away. 

STRADDLE,  strad'l,  v.i.  to  stride  or  part 
the  legs  wide  :  to  stand  or  walk  with 
the  legs  far  apart. — v.t.  to  stand  or  sit 
astride  of. — n.  act  of  striding.  [Freq. 
formed  from  A.S.  strad,  pa.t.  of  stridan, 
E.  Stride.] 

8TRAGOLE,  strag'l,  v.i.  to  wander  from 
the  course  :  to  ramble  :  to  stretch  be- 
yond proper  limits  :  to  be  dispersed. 
[Freq.  formed  partly  from  stray,  partly 
from  A.S.  strak,  pa.t.  of  strican,  to  go, 
to  proceed,  E.  Strike.] 

STRAGGLER,  strag'ler,  n.  one  who  strag- 
gles or  goes  from  the  course  :  a  wander- 
ing fellow  :  a  vagabond. 

STRAIGHT,  strat,  adj.  direct :  being  in 
a  right  line  :  not  crooked  :  nearest  : 
upright.  —  adv.  immediately  :  in  the 
shortest  time. —adu.  Straight'ly.  —  w. 
Straight'ness.  [Lit.  "  stretched,"  A.S. 
streht,  pa.p.  of  streccan,  E.  Stretch,  in- 
fluenced also  by  Strait.] 

STRAIGHTEN,  strat'n,  v.t.  to  make 
straight. 

STRAIGHTFORWAED,strat-for'ward,oc^'. 
going  forward  in  a  straight  course  :  hon- 
est :  open  :  downright. — adv.  Straight- 
por'wardly. 

STRAIGHTWAY,  strat'wa,  adv.  directlv  : 
immediately :  without  loss  of  time.  [See 
Straight  and  Way.] 

STRAIN,  stran,  v.t.  to  stretch  tight :  to 
draw  with  force:  to  exert  to  the  utmost: 

AA 


to  injure  by  overtasking:  to  make  tight: 
to  constrain,  make  uneasy  or  unnatural: 
to  filter. — r.i.  to  make  violent  efforts:  to 
pass  through  afilter. — n.  the  act  of  strain- 
ing :  a  violent  effort  :  an  injury  inflicted 
by  straining:  a  note,  sound,  or  song.  [O. 
Fr.  straindre — L.  stringo,  to  stretch  tignt. 
See  String  and  Strong.] 

STRAIN,  stran,  n.  race:  stock:  generation: 
descent.  [M.E.  strend — A.S.  strynd,  stock 
— strynan,  to  beget.] 

STRAINER,  stran'er,  n.  one  who  or  that 
which  strains  :  an  instrument  for  filtra- 
tion :  a  sieve,  colander,  etc. 

STRAIT,  strat,  adj.  difiicult :  distressful  : 
{obs.  strict,  rigorous :  narrow,  so  in  B.). 
— n.  a  narrow  pass  in  a  mountain,  or  in 
the  ocean  between  two  portions  of  land  : 
flifficulty:  distress.  [O.  Fr.  estreit,  estroit 
(Fr.  etroit) — L.  strictus,  pa.p.  of  stringo, 
to  draw  tight.     Doublet  STRICT.] 

STRAITEN,  strat'n,  v.t.  to  make  strait  or 
narrow  :  to  confine  :  to  draw  tight  :  to 
distress  :  to  put  into  difficulties. 

STRAITLACED,  strat'last,  adj.  rigid  or 
narrow  in  opinion.  [Lit.  "  laced  strait 
or  tight  with  stays."] 

STRAITLY,  strat'li,  adv.  narrowly  :  (B.) 
strictly. 

STRAITNESS,  strat'nes,  n.  state  of  being 
strait  or  narrow  :  strictness  :  (5.)  distress 
or  difficulty. 

STRAND,  strand,  n.  the  margin  or  beach 
of  the  sea  or  of  a  lake. — v.t.  to  run 
aground. — v.i.to  drift  or  be  driven  ashore. 
[A.S.  ;  Ger.  strand.  Ice.  strond,  border, 
shore.] 

STRAND,  strand,  n.  one  of  the  strings  or 
parts  that  compose  a  rope. — v.t.  to  break 
a  strand.  [Allied  to  O.  Ger.  streno  (Ger. 
strdhn),  string,  rope,  with  excrescent  -d.] 

STRANGE,  stran j,  adj.  foreign  :  belonging 
to  another  country:  not  formerly  known, 
heard,  or  seen  :  not  domestic  :  new  : 
causing  surprise  or  curiosity  :  marvel- 
lous :  unusual  :  odd. — adv.  Strange'lt. 
— n.  Strauoe'ness.  [O.  Fr.  estrange  (Fr. 
etrange) — L.  extraneus  —  extra,  beyond.] 

STRANGER,  stranj'er,  n.  a  foreigner  :  one 
from  home  :  one  unknown  or  unac- 
quainted :  a  guest  or  visitor :  one  not 
admitted  to  communion  or  fellowship. 
[O.  Fr.  estrangier.    See  Strange.] 

STRANGLE,  strang'gl,  v.t.  to  draw  tight 
the  throat  so  as  to  prevent  breathing 
and  destroy  life  :  to  choke :  to  hinder 
from  birth  or  appearance  :  to  suppress. 
— n.  Strang'ler.  [O.  Fi-.  estrangier 
(Fr.  etrangler)  —  L.  strangulo,  -atum  — 
Gr.  stranggp,  to  draw  tight.    Cf .  Strano- 

DRY.l 

STRANGULATED,  strang'gu-lat-ed,  adj. 
having  the  circulation  stopped  by  com- 
pression. 

STRANGULATION,  strang-gu-la'shun,  n. 
act  of  strangling:  (??ied.)  compression  of 
the  throat  and  partial  suffocation  in 
hysterics. 

STRANGURY,  strang'gu-ri,  n.  painful  re- 
tention of,  or  difficulty  in  discharging 
tirine.  [L.  stranguria — Gr.  strangx,  a 
drop,  from  stranggo,  to  squeeze,  conn, 
with  L.  stringo  (see  Strain)  ;  and  ouron, 
urine.] 

STRAP,  strap,  n.  a  narrow  strip  of  cloth  or 
leather :  a  razor-strop  :  (arch.)  an  iron 
plate  secured  by  screw-bolts,  for  connect- 
ing two  or  more  timbers. — v.t.  to  beat 
or  bind  with  a  strap  :  to  strop  i—pr.p. 
strapp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  strapped. — 
adj.  STRAPP'rNG  tall,  handsome.  [Orig. 
stroji,  from  A.S.  stropp,  cog.  with  Dut. 
strop ;  allied  to  L.  struppus ;  cf.  Gr. 
strepho,  to  twist.] 

STRATA,  stra  ia,  pi.  of  Stratum. 

STRATAGEM,  strat'a-jem,  n.  a  piece  of 
generalship  :  an  artifice,  esp.  in  war  :   a 


plan  for  deceiving  an  enemy  or  gaining 
an  advantage.  [L. — Gr.  strategemor- 
strategos,  a  general — stratos,  an  army, 
and  ago,  to  lead.] 

STRATEGIC,  stra-tej'ilc,  STRATEGICAL. 
stra-tej'i-kal,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  done 
by  strategy. — adv.  Strateg^icaixy. 

STRATEGIST,  strat'e-jist,  n.  one  skilled  ia 
strategy. 

STRATEGY,  strat'e-ji,  n. ,  generalship,  or 
the  art  of  conducting  a  campaign  and 
manoeuvring  an  army. 

STRATH,  strath,  n.  {in  Scotland)  an  ex 
tensive  valley  through  which  a  river 
runs.     [Gael.] 

STRATIFICATION,  strat-i-fi-ka'shun,  n. 
act  of  stratifying  :  state  of  being  strati- 
fled  :  process  of  being  arranged  in  layers. 

STRATIFORM,  strat'i-form,  adj.;  formed 
like  strata. 

STRATIFY,  strat'i-fT,  v.t.  to  form  or  lay  in 
strata  or  layers: — pr.2).  strat'ifying  ;  pa.t. 
and  2M.p.  strat'ifled.  [Fr.  stratifier — L. 
stratum,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

STRATUM,  stra'tum,  n.  a  bed  of  earth  or 
rock  formed  by  natural  causes,  and  con- 
sisting usually  of  a  series  of  layers  :  any 
bed  or  layer  x—pl.  Strata,  stra'ta.  [L. 
— sterno,  stratum,  to  spread  out.] 

STRATUS,  stra'tus,  n.  a  form  of  cloud  oc 
curring  in  a  horizontal  layer.  [L.  See 
Stratum.] 

STRAW,  straw,  n.  the  stalk  on  which  grain 
grows,  and  from  which  it  is  thrashed : 
a  quantity  of  them  when  thrashed  :  any 
thing  worthless.  [A.S.  streaw,  Ger.  siroh, 
from  the  root  of  Strew.] 

STRAWBERRY,  straw'ber-i,  n.  a  plant  and 
its  berry  or  fruit,  which  is  highly  es- 
teemed— prob.  so  called  from  its  streiring 
or  spreading  along  the  ground.  [A.S. 
streazi-berie.J 

STRAWED  (B.)  for. strewed,  jsa.f.  and  pa.p. 
of  Strew. 

STRAWY,  straw'i,  adj.  made   of   or    like', 
straiv. 

STRAY,  stra,  v.i.  to  wander  :  to  go  from 
the  inclosure,  company,  or  proper  limits: 
to  err  :  to  rove  :  to  de\-iate  from  duty  or 
rectitude. — n.  a  domestic  animal  that  has 
strayed  or  is  lost.  [O.  Fr.  estraier,  perh. 
from  estrai — L.  strata,  E.  Street  ;  perh. 
influenced  by  Strew.] 

STREAK,  strek,  n.  a  line  or  long  mark  dif- 
ferent in  color  from  the  ground  :  {min.) 
the  appearance  presented  by  the  siu-face 
of  a  n.ineral  when  scratched. — v.t.  to 
form  streaks  in  :  to  mark  with  streaks. 
[A.S.  trie,  strica,  a  stroke,  line  ;  cog. 
with  Ger.  strich;  from  root  of  Strike.] 

STREAKY,  strek'i,  adj.  marked  with 
streaks  :  striped. 

STREAM,  strem,  n.  a  current  of  water,  air, 
or  light,  etc. :  anything  flowing  out  from 
a  source:  anything  forcible,  flowing,  and 
continuous:  drift:  tendency. — r.!.  to  flow 
in  a  stream  :  to  pour  out  abundantly : 
to  be  overflown  with  :  to  issue  in  rays  i 
to  stretch  in  a  long  line.  [A.S.  stream; 
Ger.  strom.  Ice.  straum-r.'] 

STREAMER,  strem'er,  n.  an  ensign  or  flag 
streaming  or  flowing  in  the  wind  :  a  lu- 
minous beam  shooting  upward  from  the 
horizon. 

STREAMLET,  strem'let,  n.  a  little  stream. 

STREAMY,  strem'i,  adj.  abounding  with 
streams  :  flowing  in  a  stream. 

STREET,  stret,  n.  a  road  in  a  town  lined 
with  houses,  broader  than  a  lane.  [A.S. 
street  (Dut.  straat,  Ger.  strasze.  It.  strada) 
— L.  strata  (via),  a  paved  (way),  from 
sterno,  E.  Strew.] 

STRENGTH,  strength,  n.  quality  of  being 
strong :  power  of  any  kind,  active  or 
passive  :  force  :  vigor  :  soUdity  or  tough- 
ness: power  to  resist  attack:  excellenoe; 
inteneity  :   brightness  :    validity  -,    vigct 


STRENGTHEN 


418 


STRYCHNIA 


of  style  or  expression:  security:  amount 
of  force  :  potencj'  of  liquors  :  a  fortifica- 
tion.   [A.S. — Strang,  E.  Strong.] 

STRENGTHEN,  strengtli'n,  r.i.  to  make 
strong  or  stronger:  to  confirm  :  to  en- 
courage :  to  increase  in  power  or  secur- 
ity.— v.i.  to  become  stronger. 

STRENUOUS,  stren'u-us,  aclj.  active  :  vig- 
orous :  urgent  :  zealous  :  bold.  —  adv. 
Stren'uously.— ?!.  Stren'uocsness.  [L. 
stremms,  akin  to  Gr.  strSnes,  strong, 
hard.] 

STRESS,  stres,  n.  force  :  pressure  ;  urgen- 
cy ;  strain  :  violence,  as  of  tlie  weather  : 
(mech.)  force  exerted  in  any  direction  or 
manner  between  two  bodies.  [Short  for 
Distress.] 

STRETCH,  strech,  v.t.  to  extend  :  to  draw 
out :  to  expand  :  to  reach  out :  to  exag- 
.g'erate,  strain,  or  carrj'  further  than  is 
right. — v.i.  to  be  drawn  out:  to  be  ex- 
tended :  to  extend  without  breaking. — n. 
act  of  stretching  :  effort :  struggle  : 
reach  :  extension  :  state  of  being  stretch- 
ed :  utmost  extent  of  meaning  :  course. 
[A.S.  strecean — strae,  strong,  violent, 
cog.  with  Ger.  strack,  straight,  right 
out.] 

STRETCHER,  strech'er,  n.  anything  used 
for  stretching :  a  frame  for  carrj-ing-  the 
sick  or  dead  :  a  footboard  for  a  rower. 

STREW,  stroo,  v.t.  to  spread  by  scattering: 
to  scatter  loosely  :  — pa.p.  strewed  or 
strewn.  [A.S.  stfeoivian  ;  allied  to  Ger. 
■streuen,  L.  sterno  (perf.  strain),  Gr.  stor- 
ennymi.  Sans,  stri.] 

STRIATED,  strl'at-ed,  adj.  marked  with 
strice  or  small  channels  running  parallel 
to  each  other.—?!.  Stria'tion.  [L.  stria- 
tus,  pa.p.  strio,  to  furrow — stria,  a  fur- 
row.] 

STRICKEN,  strik'n,  {B.)  pa.p.  of  Strike.— 
Stricken  in  tears,  advanced  in  years. 

STRICT,  strikt,  ad/,  exact:  extremely  nice: 
observing  exact  rules:  severe:  restricted: 
thorouglily  accurate.  —  adv.  Strict'lt. 
-7!.  Strict'ness.  [Orig.  "  drawn  tight," 
L.  strietiis,  pa.p.  of  stringo,  to  draw  tight. 
Of.  Strain  and  Strangle.] 

STRICTURE,  strik'tur,  «.  {med.)  a  morbid 
contraction  of  any  passage  of  the  body  : 
an  unfavorable  criticism  :  censure  :  crit- 
ical remark. 

STRIDE,  strld,  v.i.  to  walk  with  long  steps. 
— v.t.  to  pass  over  at  a  step: — pa.t.  strode 
{ois.  strid)  ;  pa.p.  stridd'eu. — n.  a  long 
step.  [A.S.  -stridan  (in  be-stridan,  be- 
stride), prob.  conn,  with  A.S.  stridh, 
strife,  Ger.  streit,  from  the  idea  of 
"  stretching,"  "  straining."] 

STRIDENT,  strl'dent,  adj.,  creaking,  grat- 
mg,  harsh.  [L.  stridens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of 
strideo,  to  creak.] 

STRIFE,  strif,  n.  contention  for  superiority: 
struggle  for  victory  :  contest  :  discord. 
[JI.  E.  strif— O.  Fr.  e-strif.    See  Strive.] 

STRIKE,  strik,  v.t.  to  give  a  blow  to  :  to 
hit  with  force  :  to  dash  :  to  stamp  :  to 
coin  :  to  thrust  in :  to  cause  to  sound : 
to  let  down,  as  a  sail :  to  ground  upon, 
as  a  ship  :  to  punish  :  to  affect  strongly  : 
to  affect  suddenly  with  alarm  or  surprise: 
to  make  a  compact  or  agreement  :  (B.) 
to  stroke. — v.i.  to  give  a  quick  blow  :  to 
hit  :  to  dash  :  to  sound  by  being  struck  : 
to  touch  :  to  run  aground  :  to  pass  with 
a  quick  effect  :  to  dart  :  to  lower  the  flag 
in  token  of  respect  or  surrender  :  to  give 
up  work  in  order  to  secure  higher  wages 
or  the  redress  of  some  grievance  -.—pa.t. 
struck  ;  pa.p.  struck  (obs.  strick'en). — n. 
act  of  striking  for  higher  wages  :  (geol.) 
vertical  or  oblique  direction  of  strata, 
being  at  right  angles  to  the  dip. — n. 
Strik'er. — To  strike  off,  to  erase  from 
an  account :  to  print. — To  strike  OUT,  to 
«fface  :  to  bring  into  light :  to  form  by 


sudden  effort.- To  strike  hands  (B.)  to 
become  surety  for  any  one.  [Prob.  orig. 
sig.  "  to  draw,"  A.S.  strican  ;  Grer.  strei- 
chen,  to  move,  to  strike.] 

STRIKING,  striking,  adj.  affecting:  sur- 
jjrising  :  forcible  :  impressive  :  exact. — 
adv.  STRIK'iNaLY. 

STRING,  string,  n.  a  small  cord  or  a  slip  of 
anything  for  tying:  a  ribbon:  nerve,  ten- 
don: the  chord  of  a  musical  instrument  : 
a  cord  on  wliich  tilings  are  filed  :  a  series 
of  things. — v.t.  to  supply  with  strings  : 
to  put  in  tune  :  to  put  on  a  string :  to 
make  tense  or  firm  :  to  take  tlie  strings 
off:— ;2^''-'-  and  pa.j).  strung.  [A.S.  streng; 
cog.  with  Dut.  streng.  Ice.  streng-r,  Ger. 
Strang :  conn,  with  L.  stringo,  to  draw 
tight,  Gr.  stranggo.    Cf.  Strangle.] 

STRINGED,  stringd,  adj.  having  strings. 

STRINGENCY,  strin'jen-si,  n.  state  or 
quality  of  being  stringent :  severe  press- 
ure. 

STRINGENT,  strin'jent,  adj.,  binding 
strong-ly  :  urgent. — adv.  Strin'OENTLY. 
[L.  stringens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  stringo.  See 
Strict.] 

S  T  R  I N  G  Y ,  string"!,  adj.  consisting  of 
strings  or  small  threads  :  fibrous  :  capa- 
ble of  being  drawn  into  strings.  —  n. 
String'iness. 

STRIP,  strip,  vj.  to  pull  off  in  strips  or 
stripes:  to  tear  off:  to  deprive  of  a  cover- 
ing :  to  skin  :  to  make  bare  :  to  expose: 
to  deprive  :  to  make  destitute  :  to  plun- 
der.— v.i.  to  undress  : — 2^^'-P-  stripp'ing  ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  stripped.  —  ?;,  same  as 
Stripe,  a  long  narrow  pieca  o(  anything. 
[A.S.  strypan,  allied  to  G«r.  streifen.'] 

STRIPE,  strip,  n.  a  blow,  esp.  one  made 
with  a  lash,  rod,  etc.:  a  wale  or  discol- 
ored mark  made  by  a  lash  or  rod  :  a  line, 
or  long  narrow  division  of  a  different 
color  from  the  ground. —  v.t.  to  make 
stripes  upon  :  to  form  with  lines  of  dif- 
ferent colors.  [Allied  to  Low  Ger.  stripe, 
Ger.  streif ;  belonging  to  the  stem  of 
Strip.] 

STRIPLING,  strip'Ung,  ?i.  a  youth  :  one 
yet  growing.  [Dim.  of  Strip,  as  being  a 
strip  from  the  main  stem.] 

STRIVE,  striv,  v.i.  to  make  efforts  :  to  en- 
deavor earnestly :  to  labor  hard :  to 
struggle:  to  contend:  to  aim  •.—pia.t. 
strove  ;  pa.p.  striv'en.  —  n.  Striv'er. 
[O.  Fr.  e-sinve-r,  from  the  root  of  Ger. 
streben,  Dut.  streven.    Cf.  Strife.] 

STROKE,  strok,  n.  a  blow :  a  sudden  at- 
tack :  calamity  :  the  sound  of  a  clock  :  a 
dash  in  writing :  the  sweep  of  an  oar  in 
rowing  :  the  movement  of  the  piston  of 
a  steam-engine  :  the  touch  of  a  pen  or 
pencil :  a  masterly  effort.  [From  A.S. 
strac,  pa.t.  of  strican,  E.  Strike  ;  cf.  Ger. 
streieh,  a  stroke.] 

STROKE,  strok,  v.t.  to  rub  gently  in  one 
direction  :  to  rub  gently  in  kindness. 
— n.  Strok'er.  [A.S.  stracian,  from  the 
root  of  Stroke,  n.;  cf.  Ger.  streiehen, 
streicheln.] 

STROKESMAN,  stroks'man,  n.  the  after- 
most rower,  whose  stroke  leads  the  rest. 

STROLL,  strol,  v.i.  to  ramble  idly  or  leis- 
urely :  to  wander  on  foot. — ?!.  a  leisurely 
walk  :  a  wandering  on  foot.—?!.  Stroll- 
er.    [Ety.  unknown.] 

STRONG,  strong,  adj.  firm  :  having  physi- 
cal power  :  hale,  healthy:  able  to  endure: 
solid  :  well  fortified  :  having  wealth  or 
resources  :  mo\'ing  with  rapidity  :  im- 
petuous :  earnest :  having  great  vigor, 
as  the  mind  :  forcible  :  energetic  :  affect- 
ing the  senses,  as  smell  and  taste,  forci- 
bly :  having  a  quality  in  a  great  degree  : 
iuloxicating  .  bright  :  intense  :  well  es- 
tablislied.— ad?-.  Steong'LY.  [A.S.  Strang, 
strong;  Ice.  strang-r,  Grer.  streng,  tight, 
strong  ;  from  root  of  String.] 


STRONGHOLD,  strong'hold,  n.  a  place 
strong  to  hold  out  against  attack  :  a  fast- 
ness or  fortified  place  :  a  fortress. 

STROP,  strop,  ??.  a  strip  of  leather,  or  of 
wood  covered  witli  leather,  etc.,  fc>r 
sharpening  razors. — v.t.  to  sharpen  on  a 
strop: — -pr.p.  stropp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p^ 
stropped.     [Older  form  of  Strap.] 

STROPHE,  strof'e,  ?(.  in  the  ancient  drama^ 
the  song  sung  by  the  cliorus  whUe  dane- 
ing  towards  one  side  of  the  orchestra,  to 
which  its  reverse,  the  antistrophe,  an- 
swers.— adj.  Stroph'ic.  [Lit.  '•  a  turn- 
ing,"  Gr.  strophe — strepho,  to  turn, 
twist.] 

STROPHULUS,  strof'u-lus,  n.  a  papular 
eruption  upon  the  skin  peculiar  to  in- 
fants, and  exhibiting  a  variety  of  forms 
known  popularly  as  red-gum,  white-gum, 
tooth-rash,  etc.  [L.,  dim.  of  strophiis, 
from  Gr.  strojihos,  a  bandlet,  from 
strepho,   to  turn.] 

STROSSERS,  stros'erz,  n.pl.  a  kind  of  cov- 
ering for  the  leg,  supposed  by  some  com 
mentators  to  be  tlie  same  as  Trousers. 
Shak. 

STROUD,  strowd,  n.  a  kind  of  coarse  blan 
ket  or  garment  made  of  strouding,  worn 
by  North  American  Indians. 

STROUDING,  strowd'ing,  n.  a  coarse  kind 
of  cloth  employed  in  the  trade  with  the 
North  American  Indians :  material  for 
strouds. 

STROVE,  strov,  pa.t.  of  Strive. 

STROW,  stro.  Same  as  Strew  :  -^pa.p. 
strowed  or  strown. 

STRUCK,  struk,  pn.f.  and  pa.p.  of  Strikk 

STRUCTURE,  strukt'ur,  n.  manner  ol 
building:  construction:  a  building,  esp. 
one  of  large  size  :  arrangement  of  parts 
or  of  particles  in  a  substance  :  manner 
of  organization. — adj.  Struct'CRAL.  [L. 
struetura — struo,  structum,  to  buUd.] 

STRUGGLE,  strug-'l,  v.i.  to  make  great 
efforts  with  contortions  of  the  body  :  to 
make  great  exertions :  to  contend  :  to 
labor  in  pain  :  to  be  in  agony  or  distress, 
— ?i.  a  violent  effort  with  contortions  of 
the  body:  great  labor:  agon5-.  [Ety.  dub.] 

STRUM,  strum,  v.t.  to  play  on  (as  a  musi- 
cal instrument)  in  a  coarse,  noisy  man- 
ner -.—pr.p.  strumm'ing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
strummed.     [From  the  sound.] 

STRUMPET,  strum'pet,  n.  a  prostitute.— 
adj.  like  a  strumpet :  inconstant  :  false. 
[Prob.  from  L.  stuprata,  pa.p.  of  stupro, 
to  debauch.] 

STRUNG,  strung,  pa.  ^  andpa.p.  of  String. 

STRUNT,  strunt,  v.i.  to  walk  sturdily :  to 
walk  with  state  :  to  strut.     [Scotch.] 

STRUNT,  strunt,  n.  spirituous  liquor  of 
any  kind.  Burns :  a  pet  ;  a  sullen  fit, 
Ramsay.     [Scotch.] 

STRUSE,  stroo'se,  ?i.  a  long,  burdensome 
craft  used  for  transport  on  the  inland 
waters  of  Russia. 

STRUT,  strut,  v.i.  to  walk  in  a  pompous 
manner:  to  walk  with  affected  dignity:— > 
pr.v.  strutt'ing;  pa.t.  andpa.p.  strutt'ed. 
— n.  a  proud  step  or  walk:  affectation  of 
dignity  in  walking.  [Allied  to  Gier.  strot- 
zen,  to  be  swollen  or  puffed  up,  Low  Ger 
strutt,  sticking  out.] 

STRYCHNIA,  strik'ni-a,  STRYCHNINE, 
strik'nin,  ?j.  a  vegetable  alkaloid,  the 
sole  active  principle  of  Stryehnos  Tieute 
the  most  active  of  the  Java  poisons,  and 
one  of  the  active  principles  of  S.  Ignatii 
S.  nux-vomica,  S.  colubrina,  etc.  It  is 
usually  obtained  from  tlie  seeds  of  S.  niuo- 
vomica.  It  is  colorless,  inodorous,  crys- 
talline, unalterable  by  exposure  to  the  ail', 
and  extremely  bitter.  It  is  very  insoluble, 
requiring  7000  parts  of  water  for  solution. 
It  dissolves  in  hot  alcohol,  although 
sparingly,  if  the  alcohol  be  pure  and  not 
diluted.      It    forms  crystallizable  salts. 


STRYCHNIC 


419 


STY 


wLich  are  intensely  bitter.  Strychnine 
and  its  salts,  especially  the  latter  frona 
their  solubility,  are  most  energetic  pois- 
ons. They  produce  lock-jaw  and  other 
tetanic  affections,  and  are  used  in  very 
small  doses  as  remedies  in  paralysis.  [Gr. 
strychnos,  a  name  of  several  plants  of 
the  nig-litshade  order.] 

STRYCHNIC,  strik'nik,  adj.  of,  pertaining 
to,obtainedfrom,or  including- strychnine; 

'    as,  strychnia  acid. 

•  STUB,  stub,  n.  the  stump  left  after  a  tree 
is  cut  down. — v.t.  to  take  the  stubs  or 
roots  of  from  the  ground  :  to  strike  the 
toes  against  a  stump,  stone,  or  other  fixed 
object:— pr.p.  stubb'ing;  i^a.t.  and  j^a.p. 
stubbed.  [A.S.  styh,  cog.  with  Ice.  stubbr; 
akin  to  L.  stipes,  Gr.  stypos,  a  stem,  a 
stake.] 

•STUBBED,  stubd,  adj.  short  and  thick  like 
a  stub  or  stump:  blunt:  obtuse.  —  n. 
Stubb'edness. 

STUBBLE,  stub'l,  n.  the  stubs  or  stumps 
of  corn  and  other  grain,  and  of  grasses, 
left  when  the  stalk  is  cut.  [Dim.  of 
Stub.] 

STUBBORN,  stub'orn,ac;;.  immovably  fixed 
in  opinion:obstinate:  persevering:  steady: 
stiff:  inflexible:  hardy:  not  easily  melted 
or  worked.— adi'.STUBB'ORNLY.—n.STUBB'- 
ORNNESS.     [Lit.  "  fixed  like  a  stub."] 

STUBBY,  stub'i,  adj.  abounding  with  stubs: 
short,  thick,  and  strong. 

STUCCO,  stuk'o,  n.  a  plaster  of  lime  and 
fine  sand,  etc.,  used  for  decorations,  etc.: 
■work  done  in  stucco. — i\t.  to  face  or 
overlay  with  stucco  :  to  form  in  stucco. 
[It.  stucco  ;  from  O.  Ger.  stiicchi,  a  crust, 
a  shell.] 

STUCK,  stuk,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Stick. 

STUD,  stud,  n.  a  collection  of  breeding 
horses  and  mares  :  the  place  where  they 
are  kept.    [A.S.  stod,  stodhors,  a  stallion; 

'  cog.  with  Ger.  stute,  a  mare  ;  prob.conn. 
with  Stand.    See  Stallion,  Steed.] 

STUD,  stud,  n.  a  nail  with  a  large  head : 
an  ornamental  double-headed  button. — 
v.t.  to  adorn  with  studs  or  knobs  :  to  set 
thickly,  as  with  studs  : — pr.p.  studd'ing ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  studd'ed.  [A.S.  studu,  a 
post,  nail  "  something  fixed,"  from  root 
of  Stand.] 

STUD-BOOK,  stud'-book,  n.  a  book  con- 
taining a  genealogy  or  register  of  horses 
or  cattle  of  particular  breeds,  especially 
of  the  offspring  of  famous  thoroughbred 
sires  or  dams. 

STUDDERY,stud'er-i,)?.  a  place  for  keeping 
a  stud  of  horses.  "  For  whose  breede  and 
maintenance  .  .  .  King  Henry  the  Eight 
erected  a  noble  studdery.'' — HoHnsJied. 

STUDDING,  stud'ing,  n.  in  carp,  studs  or 
joists  collectively,  or  material  for  studs 
or  joists. 

STUDENT,  stu'dent.  n.  one  who  studies,  a 
scholar  :  one  devoted  to  learning :  a  man 
devoted  to  books. 

STUDENTRY,  stu'dent-ri,  n.  students  col- 
lectively :  a  body  of  students.     Kingsley. 

STUDHORSE,  stud'hors,  n.  a  breeding- 
horse  :  a  stallion. 

STUDIED,  stud'id,  adj.  qualified  by  or 
versed  in  study  :  learned  :  planned  with 
study  or  deliberation  :  premeditated. 

STUDIO,  stu'di-o,  n.  the  study  or  workshop 
of  an  artist  -.—pi.  Stu'dios.     [It.] 

STUDIOUS,  stu'di-us,  adj.  given  to  study : 
thoughtful :  diligent :  careful  (with  of) : 
studied:  deliberately  planned. — adv.  Stu*- 
DiousLY.— n.  Sttt'diousness. 

STUDY,  stud'i,  I'.t.  to  bestow  pains  upon: 
to  apply  the  mind  to  :  to  examine  closely, 
in  order  to  learn  thoroughly  :  to  form  and 
arrange  by  thought :  to  con  over. — i\i. 
to  apply  the  mind  closely  to  a  subject : 
to  try  hard  :  to  muse :  to  apply  the  mind 
to  books:— pa. f.  and  pa.j).  stud'ied. — n. 


a  setting  of  the  mind  upon  a  subject : 
application  to  books,  etc.:  absorbed  at- 
tention :  contrivance  :  any  object  of 
attentive  consideration :  any  particular 
branch  of  learning :  a  place  devoted  to 
study.  [O.  Fr.  estudier,  Fr.  etiidier — L. 
studeo,  to  be  eager  or  zealous  ;  perh.  akin 
to  Gr.  spoude,  haste.] 

STUFF,  stuf,  n.  materials  of  which  any- 
thing is  made :  textile  fabrics,  cloth, 
esp.  when  woollen  :  worthless  matter  : 
(B.)  household  furniture,  etc. — v.t.  to  fill 
by  crowding  :  to  fill  very  full  :  to  press 
in  •  to  crowd  :  to  cause'  to  bulge  out  by 
filling  :  to  fill  with  seasoning,  as  a  fowl: 
to  fill  the  skin  of  a  dead  animal,  so  as  to 
reproduce  its  living  form. — v.i.  to  feed 
gluttonously.  [O.  Fr.  estoffe,  Fr.  etoffe — 
L.  stuppa,  the  coarse  part  of  flax,  tow, 
oakum.] 

STULTIFICATION,  stuUi-fi-ka'shun,  n. 
act  of  stxdtifyiug  or  making  foolish. 

STULTIFY",  stul'ti-fi,  v.t.  to  make  a  fool 
of:  to  cause  to  appear  foolish:  to  destroy 
the  force  of  one's  argument  bj'  self-con- 
tradiction : — pa.t.  and  pa.p.  stul'tified. 
[L.  stultus,  foolish,  facio,  to  make.] 

STUM,  stum,  n.  unfermented  grape-juice  ; 
must  or  new  wine,  often  mixed  with 
dead  or  vapid  wine  to  raise  a  new  fer- 
mentation; 

Let  our  wines,  without  mixture  or  stum,  be  all  Sue, 

Or  call  up  tile  master,  and  break  his  dull  noddle. 

— B.  Jonsmi; 
wine  revived  by  being  made  by  must  to 
ferment  anew.  Hudibras.  [Dut.  stom, 
unfermented  wine,  must,  wine  that  has 
not  worked,  from  stom,  Ger.  stumm, 
Dan.  and  Sw.  stum,  dumb,  mute.] 

STUM,  stum,  v.t.  to  renew  by  mixing  witli 
must  and  fermenting  anew.  "We  stum 
our  wines  to  renew  their  spirits." — Sir 
J.  Floyer :  to  fume  a  cask  with  brim- 
stone. 

STUIIBLE,  stum'bl,  v.i.  to  strike  the  feet 
against  somethirg :  to  trip  in  walking : 
(fol.  bj^  tipon)  to  light  on  by  chance  :  to 
slide  into  crime  or  error. — v.t.  to  cause 
to  trip  or  stop :  to  puzzle. — n.  a  trip  in 
walking  or  running  :  a  blunder  :  a  fail- 
ure. [Akin  to  vulgar  E.  stump,  to  walk 
with  heavy  steps,  and  to  O.  Dut.  stom- 
elen.  also  to  E.  Stamp.] 

STUMBLING-BLOCK,  stum'bling  -  blok, 
STUM'BLING-STONE,  -ston,  n.  a  block 
or  stone  over  which  one  would  be  likely 
to  .^tumble  :  a  cause  of  error. 

STUMP,  stump,  n.  the  part  of  a  tree  left  in 
the  ground  after  the  trunk  is  cut  down  : 
the  part  of  a  body  remaining  after  apart 
is  cut  off  or  destroyed  :  one  of  the  three 
sticks  forming  a  wicket  in  cricket. — v.t. 
to  reduce  to  a  stump  :  to  cut  off  a  part 
of:  to  knock  down  the  wickets  in  cricket 
when  the  batsman  is  out  of  his  ground. 
[Allied  to  Low  Ger.  stump,  Dut.  stomj}.] 

STUMP-ORATOR,  stump-or'a-tor,  n.  one 
who  harangues  the  multitude  from  a 
temporarj'  platform,  as  the  stump  of  a 
tree  :  a  speaker  who  travels  about  the 
coimtry,  and  whose  appeals  are  mainly 
to  the  passions  of  his  audience  :  a  polit- 
ical speaker  who  travels  from  place  to 
place  during  the  campaign. 

STUMPY,  stump'i,  n.  money.  "Forked 
out  the  stumpy." — Dickens.  "Down  with 
the  .stumpy." — Kingsley. 

STUN,  stun,  v.t.  to  stupefj'  or  astonish 
with  a  loud  noise,  or  with  a  blow  :  to 
surprise  completely  :  to  amaze  : — pr.p. 
stunn'ing;  pa.t.  a,n(i  pa.p.  stunned.  [A.S. 
stunian,  to  strike  against,  to  stun  (cog. 
with  Ger.  staunen),  but  prob.  modified  by 
confusion  with  O.  Fr.  estonner,  Fr.  eton- 
ner.    See  Astonish.] 

STUNG,  stung,  ^j«.<.  and  pa.p.  of  SlXNO. 

STUNK,  stungk,  pa.p.  of  Stink. 


STUNT,  stunt,  v.t.  to  hinder  from  growth. 
[A.S.  stunt,  blunt,  stupid  ;  Ice.  stuttr, 
short,  stunted.] 

STUPA,  stoo'pa,  n.  the  name  given  by 
Buddhists  to  certain  sacred  monumental 
structures.  As  distinguished  from  the 
dagoba,  the  true  stupa  commemorates 
.some  event,  or  marks  some  spot,  held 
dear  by  the  followers  of  Buddha  ;  while 
the  dagoba  contains  relics  of  that  deity. 
The  names,  however,  are  sometimes  con- 
founded. [Sans.  stUpa,  an  accumulation, 
a  mount,  a  stupa  or  tope.] 

STUPA,  stu'pa,  STUPE,  stup,  n.  flannel, 
flax,  or  other  such  articles  wrung  out 
of  hot  water,  plain  or  medicated,  applied 
to  a  wound  or  sore.     [L.  stupa,  tow.] 

STUPE,  stup,  v.t.  to  applj'  a  stupa  or  stupe: 
to  foment.     Wiseman. 

STUPEFACTION,  stu-pi-fak'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  making  stupid  or  senseless :  in- 
sensibility :  stupiditj'. 

STUPEFACTIVE,  stu-pi-fak'tiv,  adj.  caus- 
int^  stupefaction  or  insensibility. 

STUPEFY^  stu'pi-fl,  v.t.  to  make  stupid  or 
senseless  :  to  deaden  the  perception  :  to 
deprive  of  sensibility  -.—pa-t.  and  jM.p, 
stu'pefled.  [L.  stupeo,  to  be  struck  sense- 
less, facio,  to  make.] 

STUPENDOUS,  stu-pen'dus,  adj,  to  be 
u-ondcred  at  for  its  magnitude  :  wonder- 
ful, amazing,  astonishing. — adv.  Stupen'- 
DOUSLY. — J).  Stdpen'dousness.  [L.  stUr 
pendus.] 

STUPID,  stu'pid.  adj.  struck  senseless :  in- 
sensible :  deficient  or  dull  in  understand- 
ing :  formed  or  done  without  reason  or 
judgment  :  foohsh  :  unskillful.. —  adv. 
Stu'pidly. — ns.  Stupid'ity,  Stu'pidness. 
[Fr. — L.  stupidii^.] 

STUPOR,  stu'por,  n.  the  state  of  being 
struck  senseless  :  suspension  of  sense 
either  complete  or  partial  :  insensibility, 
intellectual  or  moral  :  excessive  amaze 
ment  or  astonishment. 

STUPRATE,  stu'prat,  v.t.  to  ravish  :  to 
debauch.  Heyivood.  [L.  stupro,  stupra- 
tum,  to  defile,  from  stuprimi,  defilement.] 

STUPRATION,  stu-pra'shun,  n.  rape  :  vio- 
lation  of  chastity  by  force.  Sir  T. 
Broicne. 

STUPRUM,  stu'prum,  n.  forcible  violation 
of  the  person  :  rape  :  in  civil  lata,  every 
union  of  the  sexes  forbidden  by  moraUty. 

STURDY,  stiu''di,  adj.  (com}).  Stuu'dieb, 
stiperl.  Stue'diest),  stubborn  or  obsti- 
nate :  resolute  :  firm  :  forcible  :  strong  : 
robust  :  stout.  —  adv.  Stue'dily.  —  n. 
Stue'diness.  [Lit.  "stunned."  O.  Fr. 
estourdi.  pa.p.  oi"  estourdir  (Fr.  etourdir), 
It.  stordire,  to  stun  ;  prob.  from  L.  tor- 
2ndus.  stupefied.] 

STURGEON,  stur'jun,  n.  a  large  cartilag- 
inous sea-fish  yielding  caviare  and  isin- 
glass, and  used  for  food.  [Fr.  esturgeon, 
from  O.  Ger.  sturio,  Ger.  stor."] 

STUTTER,  stut'er,  v.i.  to  hesitate  in  speak- 
ing :  to  stammer. — H.  the  act  of  stutter- 
ing :  a  hesitation  in  speaking.  [M.E. 
stutten — Ice.  stauta  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  slot- 
tern.  Low  Ger.  stolen ;  an  imitative 
word.] 

STUTTERER,  stut'er-er,  n.  one  who  stut- 
ters. 

STUTTERING,  stut'er-ing,  adj.  hesitating' 
in  speaking  :  stammering. — adv.  Stutt'- 
ERINQLY. 

STY,  sti,  11.  a  small  inflamed  tumor  on  the 
eyelid.  [Lit.  anything  risen,  A.S.  stigend, 
from  stigan,  Goth,  steigan,  Sans,  stigh, 
to  step  up.] 

STY,  str,  n.  an  inclosure  for  swine  :  any 
place  extremely  filthy.  [A.S.  stige  (Ger. 
steige),  from  same  root  as  Sty  above,  and 
lit.  sig.  the  place  where  beasts  go  up,  and 
lie.] 


STYGIAN 


420 


SUBMISS 


OTYGIAN,  stij'i-an,  adj.  {myth.)  relating  to 
Styx,  the  river  of  Hades,  over  whicti  de- 

Sarted  souls  were  ferried:  hellish.     [L. — 
rr.  stygeo,  to  hate.] 

8TYLAR,  stll'ar,  adj.  pertaining  to  the  pin 
of  a  dial.     [See  Style.! 

STYLE,  stil,  n.  anything  long  and  pointed, 
esp.  a  pointed  tool  for  engraving  or  writ- 
ing :  ijig.)  manner  of  writing,  mode  of 
expressing  thought  in  language  :  the  dis- 
tinctive manner  peculiar  to  an  author: 
characteristic  or  peculiar  mode  of  ex- 
pression and  execution  (in  the  fine  arts) : 
title  :  mode  of  address  :  practice,  esp.  in 
a  law-court :  manner  :  form  :  fashion : 
the  pin  of  a  dial :  (bot.)  the  middle  por- 
tion of  the  pistil,  between  the  ovary  and 
the  stigma  :  in  chronology,  a  mode  of 
reckoning  time  with  regard  to  the  Julian 
and  Gregorian  calendar.  Style  is  Old  or 
New.  The  Old  Style  follows  the  Julian 
manner  of  computing  the  months  and 
days,  in  which  the  year  consists  of  365 
days  and  6  hours.  This  is  something 
more  than  11  minutes  too  much,  and  in 
the  course  of  time,  between  Csesar  and 
Pope  Gregory  XIII.,  this  accumulated 
error  amounted  to  10  days.  Gregory  re- 
formed the  calendar  by  retrenching  10 
days,  and  fixing  the  ordinary  length  of 
the  civil  year  at  365  days  ;  and  to  make 
up  for  the  odd  hours  it  was  ordained  that 
every  fourth  year  (which  we  call  leap- 
year)  should  consist  of  366  days.  But  the 
true  length  of  the  solar  year  is  only  365 
days  5  hours  48  minutes  51  -6  seconds  ; 
aence,  four,  solar  years  would  fall  short 
of  four  years  of  365  days  6  hours  each,  or 
of  four  Julian  years,  tin-ee  of  365  days 
and  one  of  366  days,  by  44  minutes  33'6 
seconds,  and  400  solar  years  would  fall 
short  of  400  Julian  years  by  74  hours  16 
minutes,  or  by  a  little  more  than  three 
days.  This  error  it  was  ordained  should 
be  rectified  by  omitting  three  days  in 
three  of  the  four  j-ears  which  com- 
pleted centuries ;  or,  in  other  words, 
that  the  centuries  divisible  without  re- 
mainder by  400,  should  alone  of  the 
centuries  be  accounted  leap-j'ears.  Thus 
1600,  3000,  3400  would  be  leap-years,  but 
not  1700,  1800,  1900,  2100,  2200,  2300. 
■rhis  mode  of  correcting  the  calendar  has 
been  adopted  at  different  times  in  almost 
all  civilized  nations  with  the  exception 
of  Russia  and  those  countries  where  the 
Greek  Church  is  predominant,  which  still 
adhere  to  the  Old  Style.  In  England  the 
Gregorian  or  New  Style  was  adopted  by 
act  of  parliament  in  1752,  and  as  one  of 
the  years  concluding  a  century  in  which 
the  additional  or  intercalary  day  was  to 
be  omitted  (the  year  1700)  had  elapsed 
since  the  correction  by  Pope  Gregory,  it 
was  necessary  to  omit  11  instead  of  10 
days  in  the  current  year.  Accordingly 
11  days  in  September,  1753,  were  re- 
trenched, and  the  3d  day  was  reckoned 
the  14th.  The  difference  between  the 
Old  and  New  Styles  is  now  13  days.  All 
dates  in  U.  S.  history  previous  to  1753, 
ma3%  therefore,  be  given  in  either  Old  or 
New  Style. — t'.i.  to  entitle  in  addressing 
or  speaking  of :  to  name  or  designate. 
[Fr.— L.  stilus,  for  stighis,  from  root 
found  in  Gr.  stizo,  to  puncture.  See 
Stigma.] 

STYLISH,  stil'ish,  adj.  displaying  style: 
fashionable:  showy:  pretending  to  style. 
— adv.  Sttl'ishly. — n.  Sttl'khness. 
STYLISTIC,  sti-hs'tik,  adj.  of  or  relating 
to  style.  "  Still,  the  extreme  uncertainty 
of  the  evidence  which  identifies  any  ex- 
isting manuscript  as  an  actual  produc- 
tion of  the  translator  Wycliffe,  and  the 
great  stylistic  differences  between  the 
works  usually  ascribed  to  bim    require 


us  to  use  great  caution  in  speaking  of  the 
charaicteristics  of  his  diction."  —  O.  P. 
Mamh . 

STYLITE,  str'lit,  ?;.  in  eccles.  hist,  a  pillar- 
saint  :  one  of  those  ascetics  who,  by  way 
of  penance,  passed  the  greater  part  of 
their  lives  on  the  top  of  high  columns 
or  pillars.  This  mode  of  self-torture  was 
practiced  among  the  monks  of  the  East 
from  the  fifth  to  the  twelfth  centurj". 
Perhaps  the  most  celebrated  was  St. 
Simeon  the  Stylite,  who  lived  in  the  fifth 
century,  and  is  the  subject  of  one  of 
Tennyson's  shorter  poems.  [Fr.  stylites, 
from  stylos,  a  pillai'.] 

STYPTIC,  stip'tik,  adj.,  contracting  or 
drawing  together  :  astringent :  that 
stops  bleeding. — )i.  an  astringent  medi- 
cine. [Fr. — L.  styj>ticv.s — Gr.  styptikos 
— stypho,  to  contract.] 

SUASION,  swa'zhun,  n.  the  act  of  per- 
suading or  advising:  advice.  [Fr. — L. 
suasio — suadeo,  to  ad\ise.] 

SUASIVE,  swa'siv,  adj.  tending  to  per- 
miadc  :  persuasive. — adv.  Sua'sively. — 
n.  Sua'siveness. 

SUAVE,  swav,  adj.  pleasant :  agreeable. 
— adv.  Suave'ly. — ?!.  Suavity  (swav'it-i). 
[Fr. — L.  siiavis,  sweet.    See  Sweet.] 

SUBACID,  sub-as'id,  adj.  somewhat  acid 
or  sour.     [L.  siib.  under,  and  Acid.] 

SUBALTERN,  sub'al-tern.  adj.  inferior: 
subordinate. — n.  a  subordinate  :  an  officer 
in  the  army  under  the  rank  of  captain. 
[Lit.  "  under  another,"  L.  sub,  under, 
and  aliernus,  one  after  the  other — alter, 
the  other.] 

SUBALTERNATE,  sub-al-tern'at,  adj.  sue 
ceeding  by  tmiis :  subordinate. — m.  Sub- 
alterna'tion. 

SUBAQUEOUS,  sub-a'kwe-us,  adj.  lying 
under  water.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Aque- 
ous.] 

SUBDIVIDE,  sub-di-vid',  v.t.  to  divide  into 
smaller  divisions  :  to  divide  again. — v.i. 
to  be  subdivided  :  to  separate.  [L.  sub, 
under,  and  Divide.] 

SUBDIVISION,  sub-di-vizh'un,  n.  the  act 
of  subdividing:  the  part  made  by  sub- 
dividing. 

SUBDUAL,  sub-du'al,  n.  the  act  of  sub- 
duing. 

SUBDUE,  sub-du',  v.t.  to  conquer:  to  bring 
under  dominion  :  to  render  submissive  : 
to  tame:  to  soften. — adj.  Subdu'able. — n. 
SUDBU'ER.  [O.  Fr.  subduser  —  L.  sub, 
under,  and  dticere,  to  lead.] 

SUBEDITOR,  sub-ed'i-tur,  n.  an  under  or 
assistant  editor.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Editor.] 

SUBFAMILY,  sub'fam-i-li,  n.  a  subordinate 
family  :  a  division  of  a  family.  [L.  sid), 
under,  and  Family.] 

SUBGENUS,  sub-je'nus,  n.  a  subordinate 
gemis :  a  division  of  a  genus.  [L.  sub, 
under,  and  GENUS.] 

SUBJACENT,  sub-ja'sent,  adj.,  lying  under 
or  below:  being  in  a  lower  situation.  [L. 
s^ibjacens — sub,  under,  and  jaceo,  to  lie.] 

SUBJECT,  sub'jekt,  adj.  under  the  power 
of  another:  liable,  exposed:  subordinate: 
subservient.^?!,  one  under  the  power  of 
another  :  one  under  allegiance  to  a  sov- 
ereign :  that  on  which  anj'  operation  is 
performed  :  that  which  is  treated  or 
handled :  {anat.)  a  dead  body  for  dis- 
section :  (art)  that  which  it  is  the  object 
of  the  artist  to  express  :  that  of  which 
anything  is  said  :  topic  :  matter,  ma- 
terials. [Fr.  stijet  —  L.  sid)jectus  —  sub, 
under,  and  jaeio,  to  throw.] 

SUBJECT,  sub-jekt',  v.t.  to  throw  or  bring 
under  :  to  bring  under  the  power  of  :  to 
make  subordinate  or  subservient:  to  sub- 
due: to  enslave:  to  expose  or  make  liable 
to  :  to  cause  to  undergo. 


SUBJECTION,  sub-jek'shun,  n.  the  act  oJ 
subjecting  or  subduing:  the  state  of  being 
subject  to  another. 

SUBJECTIVE,  sub-jekt'iv,  adj.  relating 
to  the  subject  ;  derived  from  one's  own 
consciousness  :  denoting  those  states  ol 
thought  or  feeling  of  which  the  mind  is 
the  conscious  subject,  opposed  to  objee 
live. — adv.  Subject'ively.— ?!.  Subject' 

IVENESS. 

SUBJECTIVITY,  sub-jek-tiv'i-ti,  n.  state 
of  being  subjective  :  that  which  is  treated 
subjectively. 

SUBJOIN,  sub-join',  i:t.  to  join  under :  to 
add  at  the  end  or  afterwards  :  to  affix  or 
annex.     [L.  sub,  under,  and  Join.] 

SUBJUGATE,  sub'joo-gat.  v.t.  to  bring 
%mder  the  yoke :  to  bring  under  power  or 
dominion:  to  conquer. — ns.  Sub'juGatob, 
Subjugation.  [Fr.  subjugiier — L.  sub, 
under,  and  jugum,  a  yoke.] 

SUBJUNCTIVE,  sub-jungk'tiv,  adj.  sub- 
joined: added  to  something :  denoting 
that  mood  of  a  verb  which  expresses  con- 
dition, hypothesis,  or  contingency.  —  n. 
the  subjunctive  mood.  [L.  sitb,  under, 
and  jungo,  to  join.    See  Join.] 

SUBKINGDOM,  sub-king'dum,  n.  a  sub- 
ordinate kingdom  :  a  division  of  a  king- 
dom :  a  sub-division.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Kingdom.] 

SUBLEASE,  sub-les',  »i.  an  under-lease  or 
lease  by  a  tenant  to  another.  [L.  sub, 
under,  and  Lease.] 

SUBLET,  sub-let',  v.t.  to  let  or  ]ea.se,  as  a 
tenant,  to  another.     [L.  sub,  under,  and 

SUBLIEUTENANT,  sub-lu-ten'ant,  ?^.  the 
lowest  commissioned  officer  in  the  En- 
glish army  and  navy  :  in  the  army,  it 
has  taken  the  place  of  Ensign. 

SUBLIMATE,  sub'lim-at,  v.t.  to  lift  up  an 
high  :  to  elevate  :  to  refine  and  exalt  :  to 
purify  by  raising  by  heat  into  vapor 
which  again  becomes  solid. — n.  the  pro- 
duct of  sublimation.  [L.  sublimo,  sub- 
li^natuni.] 

SUBLIMATION,  sub-lim-a'shun.  n.  the  act 
of  sublimating  or  purifying  \>y  raising 
into  vapor  by  heat  and  condensing  by 
cold  :  elevation  :  exaltation. 

SUBLIME,  sub-Um',  adj.  high  :  lofty  ; 
majestic  :  awakening  feelings  of  awe  or 
venerntion. — n.  that  which  is  sublime  : 
the  lolly  or  grand  in  thought  or  style  : 
the  emotion  produced  by  subhme  objects. 
— v.t.  to  exalt :  to  dignify,  to  ennoble  :  to 
improve  :  to  purify,  to  bring  to  a  state 
of  vapor  by  heat  and  condense  again  by 
cold. — v.i.  to  be  sublimed  or  sublimated. 
[L.  sublimis,  of  which  ety.  dub.  ;  perh. 
sub-li7>ien,  up  to  the  lintel.] 

SUBLIMELY,  sub-Um'li,  adv.  in  a  sublime 
manner  :  loftily  :  with  elevated  concep- 
tions. 

SUBLIMITY,  sub-lim'i-ti,  n.  loftiness  :  ele- 
vation :  grandeur  :  loftiness  of  thought 
or  style  :  nobleness  of  nature  or  charac- 
ter :  excellence. 

SUBLUNAR,  sub-loon'ar,  SUBLUNARY, 
sub'lo6n-ar-i,  adj.,  under  the  moon: 
earthly  :  belonging  to  this  world.  [L. 
sub,  under,  and  Lunar.] 

SUBMARINE,  sub-ma-reri',  adj.,  under  or 
in  the  sea.     [L.  sub,  under,  and  Marinh.] 

SUBMERGE,  sub-merj',  SUBMERSE,  sub- 
mers',  v.t.  to  plunge  binder  water  :  tOj 
overflow  with  water  :  to  drown. — v.i.  to 
])lunge  under  water.— «s.  Submerg'ence, 
Submer'sion.  [L.  submergo,  -mersum— 
.^ub.  under,  mergo,  to  plunge.] 

SUBMERSED,  sub-merst',  adj.  being  or 
growing  under  icater  :  submerged. 

SUBMISS,  sub-mis',  adj.  (obs.)  cast  down, 
prostrate.— adt>.  Submiss'ly  (obt.),  hum- 
bly, now  SUBMISSrVBLY.      0 


SUBMISSION 


421 


SUCCULENT 


SUBMISSION,  sub-mish'un,  n.  act  of  sub- 
mitting or  yielding  :  acknowledgment  of 
inferiority  or  of  a  fault  :  humble  be- 
havior :  resignation. 

SUBMISSIVE,  sub-mis'iv,  adj.  willing  or 
ready  to  submit :  yielding  :  humble  :  obe- 
dient.— adv.  SuBMiss'iVELY. — n.  Submiss'- 

IVENESS. 

SUBMIT,  sub-mit',  v.t.  to  refer  to  the 
judgment  of  another  :  to  surrender  to 
another. — v.i.  to  yield  one's  self  to  an- 
other :  to  surrender  :  to  yield  one's  opin- 
ion :  to  be  subject : — pr.p.  submitt'ing ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  submitt'ed.  [L.  submitto 
— sub,  under,  mitto,  missum,  to  send.] 

SUBORDINATE,  sub-or'di-nat,  adj.,  loicer 
in  order,  rank,  nature,  power,  etc.:  de- 
scending in  a  regular  series. — adv.  Sub- 
or'dinately.  [L.  sub,  under — ordo,  or- 
dinis.  order.] 

SUBORDINATE,  sub-or'di-nat,  n.  one  in  a 
lower  order  or  rank  :  an  inferior. — v.t.  to 
place  in  a  lower  order  :  to  consider  of 
less  value  :  to  make  subject. 

SUBORDINATION,  sub-or-di-na'shun,  n. 
act  of  subordinating  or  placing  in  a  lower 
order  :  state  of  being  subordinate  :  in- 
feriority of  rank  or  position. 

SUBORNS  sub-orn',  v.t.  to  procure  private- 
Ij'  or  indirectl}':  to  cause  to  commit  a 
perjury. — n.  Sdborn'er.  [L.  suborno — 
sub.  under,  orno,  to  adorn,  to  supplj'.] 

SUBORNATION,  sub-or-na'shun,  n.  act  of 
suborning  or  causing  a  person  to  take  a 
false  oath  :  crime  of  procuring  any  one 
to  do  a  bad  action. 

SUBPCENA,  sub-pe'na,  n.  a  writ  command- 
ing the  attendance  of  a  person  in  court 
under  a. penalty. — v.t.  to  serve  witli  a  writ 
of  subpcEna.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  pcena, 
punishment.] 

SUBSCRIBE,  sub-skrib',u.f.  to  writeunder- 
neath:  to  give  consent  to  something 
written,  or  to  attest  by  writing  one's 
name  underneath  :  to  sign  one's  name  : 
to  promise  to  give  by  writing  one's  sig- 
nature.— v.i.  to  promise  a  certain  sum  by 
setting  one's  name  to  a  paper  :  to  enter 
one's  name  for  anything. — n.  Sxjbscrib'- 
ER.  [L.  subscribo — sub,  under,  and  scribo, 
scvij'tum,  to  write.] 

SUBSCRIPTION,  sub-skrip'shun,  n.  act  of 
subscribing :  a  name  subscribed  :  a  paper 
with  signatures  :  consent  by  signature  : 
sum  subscribed. 

SUBSECTION,  sub-sek'shun,  n.  an  under 
section  or  division  :  a  subdivision.  [L. 
sub,  under.  SECTION.] 

SUBSEQUENT,  sub'se-kwent,  adj.,  follow- 
ing or  coming  after. — adv.  Sxjb'sequent- 
LY.  [L.  subsequens,  -entis,  pr.p.  of  subse- 
quor — snb, under, after, segMor,  to  follow.] 

StlBSERVE,  sub-serv',  v.t.  to  serve  subor- 
dinately  or  instrumentally  :  to  help  for- 
ward. [L.  subservio — sub,  under,  servio, 
to  serve.] 

SUBSERVIENCE,  sub-serv'i-ens,  SUB- 
SERVIENCY, sub-serv'i-en-si,  n.  state 
of  being  subservient :  anything  that  pro- 
motes some  purpose. 

SUBSERVIENT,  sub-serv'i-ent,  adj.,  sub- 
serving:  serving  to  promote:  subject: 
submissive. — adv.  Subserv'iently. 

SUBSIDE,  sub-sId',  v.i.  to  settle  doum  :  to 
settle  at  the  bottom  :  to  fall  into  a  state 
of  quiet  :  to  sink.  [L.  subsido — sub, 
down,  and  sido,  to  sit.] 

SUBSIDENCE,  sub-sld'ens,  SUBSIDENCY, 
sub-sid'en-si,  ».  act  or  process  of  subsid- 
ing, settling,  or  sinking. 

SUBSIDIARY,  sub-sid'i-ar-i,  adj.  furnish- 
ing a  subsidy,  help,  or  additional  sup- 
plies :  aiding. — n.  one  who  or  that  which 
aids  or  supplies  :  an  assistant. 

SUBSIDIZE,  sub'si-diz,  v.t.  to  furnish  with 
a  subsidy  :  to  purchase  the  aid  of. 

SUBSIDY,  sub'si-di,  n.  assistance :  aid  in 


money  :  a  sum  of  money  paid  by  one 
state  to  another  for  assistance  in  war : 
pubUc  money  given  in  aid  of  enterprises 
of  great  a«d  semi-public  importance, 
such  as  railroads,  steamship  lines,  etc. 
[L.  subsidium,  orig.  troops  stationed  be- 
hind in  reserve,  aid  —  sub,  under,  and 
sido,  to  sit.] 

SUBSIST,  sub-sist',  v.i.  to  have  existence  : 
to  have  the  means  of  living.  [L.  sub- 
sisto,  to  stand  still — sub,  under,  sisto,  to 
stand,  be  fixed.] 

SUBSISTENCE,  sub-sist'ens,  n.  state  of 
being  subsistent :  real  being :  means  of 
supporting  life  :  livelihood. 

SUBSISTENT,  sub-sist'ent,  adj.,  subsisting: 
having  real  being  :  inherent. 

SUBSOIL,  sub'soil,  n.  the  under  soil :  the 
bed  or  stratum  of  earth  which  lies  imme- 
diately beneath  the  surface  soil.  [L.  sub, 
under,  and  Soil.] 

SUBSTANCE,  sub'stans,  n.  that  in  which 
qualities  or  a,ttributes  exist  :  that  which 
constitutes  anything  what  it  is :  the  es- 
sential part  :  body  :  matter  :  property. 
[L.  substantia — substo,  to  stand  under — 
sub,  under,  and  sto,  to  stand.] 

SUBSTANTIAL,  sub-stan'shal,  adj.  belong- 
ing to  or  having  substance  :  actually  ex- 
isting :  real  :  solid  :  material  :  having 
property  or  estate. — adv.  Substan'ttal- 
LY.— ?i.  Substantial'ity.  [Fr.  substantiel 
— L.  substantialis.] 

SUBSTANTLALS,  sub-stan'shalz,  n.pl.  es- 
sential parts. 

SUBSTANTIATE,  sub-stan'shi-at,  v.t.  to 
make  substantial :  to  prove  or  confirm. 

SUBSTANTIVE,  sub'stan-tiv,  adj.  express- 
ing existence  :  real :  of  real,  independent 
importance. — adv.  Sub'stantively. 

SUBSTANTIVE,  sub'stan-tiv,?i.  (gram.)  the 
part  of  speech  denoting  something  that 
e.vists :  a  noun. 

SUBSTITUTE,  sub'sti-tiit,  v.t.  to  put  in 
place  of  another. — n.  one  who  or  that 
which  is  put  in  place  of  another.  [L. 
substituo,  substitutum  —  sub,  under,  and 
statue,  to  set,  place.] 

SUBSTITUTION,  sub-sti-tu'shun,  n.  act  of 
substituting  or  putting  in  place  of  an- 
other.—ad/.  StJBSTITU'TIONAL.  [L.  sub- 
stitutio.] 

SUBSTRATUM,  sub-stra'tum,  n.  an  under 
stratum  or  layer:  the  substance  in  which 
qualities  exist.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Stra- 
tum.] 

SUBSTRUCTURE,  sub-strukt'ur,  n.  an  tin- 
der structure  or  building :  foundation. 
[L.  sub,  and  Structure.] 

SUBTEND,  sub-tend',  v.t.  to  eoctend  under 
or  be  opposite  to.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Tend.] 

SUBTERFUGE,  sub'ter-fiij,  n.  that  to 
which  one  resorts  for  escape  or  conceal- 
ment :  an  artifice  to  escape  censure  or  an 
argument:  evasion.  [Fr. — L.  subterfugio, 
to  escape  secretly — subter,  under,  secret- 
ly, and  fugio,  to  flee.] 

SUBTERRANEAN,  sub-ter-ran'e-an,  SUB- 
TERRANEOUS, sub-ter-ran'e-us,  adj., 
under  the  earth  or  ground.  [L.  sit&.under, 
and  terra,  the  earth.] 

SUBTIL,  SUBTILLY.    See  under  Subtle. 

SUBTILE,  sub'til,  adj.  delicately  con- 
structed :  fine  :  thin  or  rare  :  piercing : 
shrewd. — adv.  Sub'tilely. — n.  Sub'tile- 
NESS.  [Lit.  "  woven  fine,"  L.  subtilis — 
sub.  under,  fine,  and  tela,  a  web.] 

SUBTILIZE,  sub'til-Iz,  v.t.  to  make  subtile, 
thin,  or  rare :  to  spin  into  niceties. — v.i. 
to  make  nice  distinctions  :  to  refine  in 
■argument.     [Fr.  subtiliser.] 

SUBTILTY,  sub'til-ti,  n.  state  or  quality 
of  being  subtile:  fineness:  extreme  acute- 
ness  :  cunning. 

SUBTLE,  sut'l  {B.,  Sub'til),  adj.,  subtile  in 
a  fig.  sense  :  insinuating  :  sly  :    artful  : 


cunningly    devised. — adv.    Subt'ly    (S., 
Sub'tilly).— n.  Subt'leness.    [Contr.  ot 
Subtile.] 
SUBTLETY,   sut'l-ti,   n.   quality  of  being 
subtle  :  artfulness  :  shrewdness:  extreme 

SUBTRACT,  sub-trakt',  v.t.  to  take  away 
a  part  from  the  rest:  to  take  one  number 
or  quantity  from  another  to  find  their 
difference.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  traho, 
tractum,  to  draw  away.] 

SUBTRACTION,  sub-trak'shun,  n.  the  act 
or  operation  of  subtracting:  the  taking 
of  a  less  number  or  quantity  from  a 
greater.     [L.  subtraction] 

SUBTRACTIVE,  sub-trak'tiv,  adj.,  sub- 
tracting: tending  to  subtract  or  lessen. 

SUBTRAHEND,  sub'tra-hend,  n.  the  sum 
or  number  to  be  subtracted  from  another, 
[L.  subtrahendus.l 

SUBURB,  sub'\irb,  SUBURBS,  sub'urbz, 
n.  the  district  which  is  near,  but  beyond 
the  walls  of  a  city  :  the  confines.  [L, 
suburbium — sub,  under,  near,  and  urbs, 
a  city.] 

SUBURBAN,  sub-urb'an,  adj.  situated  or 
living  in  the  suburbs.     [L.  suburbanus.] 

SUBVENTION,  sub-ven'shun,  n.  act  ot 
coming  to  relief,  support :  a  government 
aid  or  subsidy.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  venio, 
ventum,  to  come.] 

SUBVERSION,  sub-ver'shun,  n.  act  of  sub- 
verting or  overthrowing  from  the  foun- 
dation :  entire  overthrow :  ruin.  [L. 
subversio.  ] 

SUBVERSIVE,  sub-ver'siv,  adj.  tending  to 
subvert,  overthrow,  or  destroy. 

SUBVERT,  sub-vert',  v.t.  to  turn  as  from 
beneath  or  upside  down  :  to  overthrow 
from  the  foundation  :  to  ruin  utterly  :  to 
corrupt. — n.  Subvert'er.  [L.  sub,  under, 
and  verto.  versum,  to  turn.] 

SUCCEDANEUM,  suk-se-da'ne-um,  n.  one 
who  or  that  which  comes  in  the  place  of 
another  :  a  substitute.  [L.  succedaneus 
— succedo.l 

SUCCEED,  suk-sed',  v.t.  to  come  or  follow 
up  or  in  order  :  to  follow  :  to  take  the 
place  of. — v.i.  to  follow  in  order  :  to  take 
the  place  of  :  to  obtain  one's  wish  or  ac- 
complish what  is  attempted  :  to  end  with 
advantage.  [L.  succcdo — sub,  up,  from 
under,  and  cedo,  to  go.] 

SUCCESS,  suk-ses',  n.  act  of  succeeding  or 
state  of  having  succeeded  :  the  prosper- 
ous termination  of  anything  attempted. 
[L.  successus — succedo.] 

SUCCESSFUL,  suk-ses'fool,  adj.  resulting 
in  success :  having  the  desired  effect  or 
termination:  prosperous. — adv.  SucCESs'- 
fully. 

SUCCESSION,  suk-sesh'un,  n.  act  of  suc- 
ceeding or  following  after  :  series  of 
persons  or  things  following  each  other 
in  time  or  place  :  series  of  descendants  : 
race  :  (agri.)  rotation,  as  of  crops  :  right 
to  take  possession.     [L.  successio.] 

SUCCESSIONAL,  suk-sesh'un-al,  adj.  ex- 
isting in  a  regular  succession  or  order. 

SUCCESSIVE,  suk-ses'iv,  adj.  following  in 
succession   or   in   order. — adv.   SuCCESS'- 

IVELY. 

SUCCESSOR,suk-ses'or,7i.  one  who  succeeds 
or  conies  after  :  one  who  takes  the  place 
of  another.     [L.] 

SUCCINCT,  suk-singkt',  adj.  short  :  con 
cise. — adi'.  Succinct'ly.  —  n.  Succinct' 
NESS.  [Lit.  "girded  up,"  L.  succiJictus— 
sub,  up,  and  cingo,  to  gird.] 

SUCCOR,  suk'ur.  v.t.  to  assist  :  to  relieve. 
—71.  aid  :  relief. — n.  SUCC'OREK.  L.  stio- 
curro,  to  run  up  to — sub,  up,  and  curro, 
to  run.] 

SUCCORY,  suk'or-i,  n.  a  form  of  Chicory. 

SUCCULENT,  suk'u-lent,  adj.  full  of  juice 
or  moisture.  —  n.  Succ'ulence.  —  adt', 
Succ'ulently.     [L.  succulentas — smcciW; 


SUCCUMB 


422 


SUIS 


juioe,  the  thing  sucked  up  —  sugo,  to 
suck.] 

SUCCUMB,  suk-kumb',  x\i.  to  lie  down  un- 
der :  to  sink  under  :  to  j'ield.  [L.  sub, 
under,  curnbo.  to  he  down.] 

SUCH,  such,  adj.  of  the  hke  kind  :  of  that 
quahty  or  character  mentioned  :  denot- 
ing a  particular  person  or  tiling,  as  in 
such  and  such:  (B.)  Such  uke  =  Scch. 
[Lit.  "so  hke,"  A.S.  strelc,  swilc,  from 
Siva,  so,  and  lie,  hke,  cog.  witli  Goth. 
svaleiks.    See  So  and  Like.] 

SUCK,  suit,  v.t.  to  draw  in  with  the  moutli: 
to  draw  raihi  from  witli  the  moutli  :  to 
imbibe  :  to  drain. — v.i.  to  draw  with  the 
mouth  :  to  draw  the  breast :  to  draw  in. 
— n.  act  of  suclving:  milk  drawn  from  the 
breast. — re.  Suck'bk.  [A.S.  sucan,  sugan; 
Ger.  saugen  ;  allied  to  L.  sMgro,  suctum. 
Sans,  chiish,  to  sucl<  ;  from  the  sound.] 

SUCKLE,  suk'I,  v.t.  to  give  suck  to  :  to 
nurse  at  the  breast.     [Dim.  of  Suck.] 

SUCKLING,  suk'ling,  n.  a  j'oung  child  or 
animal  being  suckled  or  nursed  at  the 
breast. 

SUCTION,  suk'shun,  n.  act  or  power  of 
sucking:  act  of  drawing,  as  iluids,  by 
exliausting  the  air. 

SUDATORY,  sii'da-tor-i,  adj.,  siveating. — 
n.  a  sweating-bath.  [L.  siidatorius — 
sudo,  sudatuM,  akin  to  Sans,  svid,  to 
sweat,  and  to  Sweat.] 

SUDDEN,  sud'en,  adj.  unexpected  :  hasty : 
abrupt. — adv.  Sudd'enly. — n.  Sudd'en- 
NESS.  [A.S.  soden — Fr.  soudain — L.  stibi- 
taneits,  su.dden—subitus,  coming  stealth- 
ily— sub,  up,  and  co,  itum,  akin  to  Sans,  i, 
to  go.  J 

SUDORIFIC,  su-dor-if'ik,  adj.,  causing 
sweat. — n.  a  medicine  producing  sweat. 
[L.  sudor,  sweat,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

SUDS,  sudz,  n.pl.,  seething  or  boiling  water 
mixed  with  soap.  [From  pa. p.  of  scothan, 
to  seetlie  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  sod — sieden. 
See  Seethe,] 

SUE,  su,  v.t.  to  prosecute  at  law. — v.i.  to 
make  legal  claim  :  to  make  application  : 
to  entreat :  Co  demand.  [M.E.  suen — O. 
Fr.  suir  (Fr.  suivre) — L.  sequor,  secutus, 
akin  to  San?,  sach,  to  follow.] 

SUET,  su'et,  n.  the  hard  fat  of  an  animal, 
particularly  that  about  the  kidneys. — 
adj.  Su'ety.  [O.  Fr.  seu  (Fr.  suif)—L. 
sebum,  fat.] 

SUFFER,  suf  e  -,  v.t.  to  undergo:  to  endure: 
to  be  affected  by:  to  permit. — v.i.  to  feel 
pain  or  punishment :  to  sustain  loss  :  to 
be  injured. — n.  Suff'eree.  [L.  suffero — 
sub,  under,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

SUFFERABLE,  suf'er-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  suffered  :  allowable. 

SUFFERANCE,  sufer-ans,  n.  state  of  suf- 
fei-ing :  endurance  :  permission  :  tolera- 
tion. 

SUFFERING,  suf'er-ing,  n.  distress,  loss, 
or  injury. 

SUFFICE,  suf-fis',  v.i.  to  be  enough  :  to  be 
equal  to  the  end  in  view. — v.t.  to  satisfy. 
[L.  sufficio,  to  take  the  place  of,  to  meet 
the  need  of — sub,  under,  and  facio,  to 

SUFFICIENCY,  suf-fish'en-si,  n.  state  of 
being  sufficient :  competence  :  ability  : 
capacity  :  conceit. 

SUFFICIENT,  suf-fish'ent,  adj.,  sufficing: 
enough  :  equal  to  any  end  or  purpose  : 
competent. — adv.  Sutfi'ciently. 

SUFFIX,  suf'iks,  n.  a  particle  added  to  the 
root  of  a  woi-d.— Sumx',  to  add  a  letter 
or  syllable  to  a  word  to  mark  different 
notions  and  relations.  [L.  sub,  under, 
after,  and  jigo,  to  fix.] 

SUFFOCATE,  suf'o-kat,  v.t.  to  choke  by 
stopping  the  breath:  to  stifle.  [L.  suffoco 
—sub,  under,  and  fauces,  the  throat.] 

SUFFOCATION,  sul-fo-ka'shun,  n.  act  of 
suffocating :  state  of  being  suffocated. 


SUFFRAGAN,  suf'ra-gan,  adj.  assisting.— 
n.  an  assistant  bishop.  [Lit.  "voting 
for."] 

SUFFRAGE,  suf'raj,  n.  a  vote:  united  voice, 
as  of  a  nation,  or  a  congregation  in  prayer: 
the  right  to  vote.  [L.  suffragium — suf- 
fragor,  to  vote  for.] 

St}FFVSK,sut-{\Xz',  v.t.  to  pour  underneatli: 
to  overspread  or  cover,  as  with  a  fluid. 
[L.  sub,  underneath,  and  fundo,  fusum, 
to  pour.] 

SUFFUSION,  suf-fu'zhun,  n.  act  or  opera- 
tion of  suffusing:  state  of  being  suffused: 
that  which  is  suffused. 

SUGAR,  shoog'ar,  7).  a  sweet  substance 
obtained  chiefly  from  a  kind  of  cane. — 
v.t.  to  sprinkle,  or  mix  with  sugar  :  to 
compliment.  [Fr.  Sucre — Low  L.  zueara 
— Arab,  sokkar — Pers.  schakar.  Sans. 
carkara,  sugar,  orig.  grains  of  sand, 
applied  to  sugar  because  occurring  in 
grains.] 

SUGAR-CANE,  shoog'ar-kan,  n.  the  cane 
or  plant  from  which  sugar  is  chiefly  ob- 
tained. 

SUGARY,  shoog'ar-i,  adj.  sweetened  with, 
tasting  of  or  like  sugar :  fond  of  sweets. 

SUGGEST,  sug-jest',  v.t.  to  introduce  in- 
directly to  the  thoughts  :  to  hint.  [L. 
sub,  under,  from  under,  and  gero,  gestum, 
to  carry.] 

SUGGESTION,  sug-jest'jnm,  n.  act  of  SMgr- 
gestinq  :  hint  :  proposal. 

SUGGESTIVE,  sug-jest'iv,  adj.  containing 
a  suggestion  or  hint.— adr.  Suggest'ive- 

LY. 

SUICIDAL,  su-i-si'dal,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  partaking  of  tlie  crime  of  suicide. — 
adv.  Suici'dally. 

SUICIDE,  su'i-sid,  n.  one  who  falls  or  dies 
by  his  oim  hand  :  self-murder.  [Coined 
from  L.  sui,  of  himself,  and  ccedo,  to  kill.] 

SUIT,  sut,  n.  act  of  suing :  an  action  at 
law  :  a  petition  :  a  series  :  a  set :  a  num- 
ber of  things  of  the  same  kind  or  made  to 
be  used  together,  as  clothes  or  armor : 
courtship. — v.t.  to  fit:  to  become:  to 
please. — v.i.  to  agree  :  to  correspond. 

SUITABLE,  sut'a-bl,  adj.  tliat  suits:  fit- 
ting: agreeable  to:  adequate. — adv.SviT'- 

ABLY. — nS.  SmTABIL'lTY,  SUIT'aBLENESS.] 

SUITE,  swet,  71.  a  train  of  folloivers  or  at- 
tendants :  a  regular  set,  particularly  of 
rooms.    [Fr.,  from  Sue.] 

SUITOR,  sut'or,  n.  one  who  sues  in  love  or 
law:  a  petitioner  :   a  wooer. 

SULCATE,  sul'kat,  SULCATED,  sul'kat- 
ed,  adj.,furroiced  :  grooved.  [L.  sulcus, 
a  furrow.] 

SULK,  sulk,  v.i.  to  be  sullen.— Sulks,  n. 
a  fit  of  sullenness. 

SULKY,  sulk'i,  adj.  silently  sullen. — n. 
Sulk'iness.  [A-S.  solcen,  slow :  or  perh. 
for  sultij — O.  Fr.  soltif,  sullen,  solitary. 
Compare  Sullen.] 

SULLEN,  sul'en,  adj.  gloomily  angry  and 
silent :  malignant :  dark  :  dull.  —  adv. 
Sull'enly. — n.  Sull'enness.  [Lit.  "soli- 
tary, dull,"  O.  Fr.  solain — L.  solus,  alone. 
See  Sole,  adj.] 

SULLY,  sul'i,  v.t.  to  soil :  to  spot :  to  tar- 
nish.— v.i.  to  be  soiled  -.—pa.t.  au&pa.p. 
sull'ied. — n.  spot :  tarnish.  [Fr.  souiller. 
See  Soil,  v.] 

SULPHATE,  sul'fat,  n.  a  salt  formed  by 
sidpliuric  acid  with  a  base. 

SULPHITE,  sul'fit,  n.  a  salt  formed  by 
sulphtiroits  acid. 

SULPHUR,  sul'fur,  n.  a  yellow  mineral 
substance,  very  brittle,  fusible,  and  in- 
flammable :  brimstone.  [L. ;  said  to  be 
conn,  with  Sans,  cidvari.] 

SULPHURATE,  sul'fur-at,  v.t.  to  combine 
with  or  subject  to  the  action  of  sidphur. 

SULPHUREOUS,  sul-fu're-us,  adj.  consist- 
ing of,  containing,  or  having  the  quali- 
ties of  sulphur. 


SULPHURET.,  sul'fu-ret,  n.  a  combination, 
of  suljihur  with  an  alkali,  earth,  or 
metal. 

SULPHURETTED,  sul'fu-ret-ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing sulphur  in  combination. 

SULPHURIC,  sul-fu'rik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  obtained  from  sulphur :  denoting  a 
certain  well-known  strong  acid,  formerly 
called  oil  of  vitriol. 

SULPHUROUS,  sul'fur-us,  adj.  pertaining 
to,  resembling,  or  containing  sulphur : 
denoting  the  pungent  acid  given  out 
when  sulphur  is  burned  in  air. 

SULTAN,  sul'tan,  jj.  the  supreme  head  of 
the  Ottoman  empire. — n.  Sul'takship. 
[Ar.  stdian,  power,  prince — salita,  to  be 
strong ;  allied  to  Heb.  shalat,  to  rule.] 

SULTANA,  sul-ta'na  or  sul-ta'na.  v.  the 
wife  or  queen  of  a  sultan  :  a  small  kind 
of  raisin. 

SULTRY,  sul'tri,  adj.,  sweltering:  very 
hot  and  oppressive  :  close. — n.  Sul'tri- 
NESS.  [Another  form  is  swcltry,  from 
root  of  Stvelter.] 

SUM,  sum,  n.  the  amount  of  two  or  more 
things  taken  together:  the  whole  of  any- 
thing :  a  quantity  of  money  :  a  problem 
in  arithmetic:  chief  points:  substance  or 
result  of  reasoning  :  summary  :  height : 
completion.  —  v.t.  to  collect  into  one 
amount  or  whole:  to  count:  to  bring  into 
a  few  words :^J?\J3.  summ'ing;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  summed.  [L.  summa — sumrnus, 
supremus,  highest,  superl.  of  sjiperns,  on 
high — super,  above.] 

SUJIMARIZE,  sum'ar-iz,  v.t.  to  present  in 
a  summary  or  briefly. 

SUMMARY,  sum'ar-i,  adj.,  summed  vp  or 
condensed  :  short  :  brief  :  compendious: 
done  by  a  short  method. — ?;.  an  ab- 
stract, abridgment,  or  compendium.— 
adv.  Summ'arily. 

SUMMATION,  sum-a'shun,  n.  act  of  siirn^ 
ming  or  forming  a  total  amount  :  an  ag 
gregate. 

SUMMER,  sum'er,  n.  the  second  and  warm= 
est  season  of  the  year— June,  July,  August, 
— v.i.  (B.)  to  pass  the  summer.  [A.S. 
sumor,  with  cog.  words  in  most  Teut. 
tongues.  The  root  is  perh.  found  in  Jr. 
samh,  sun.] 

SUMMER-HOUSE,  sum'er-hows,  n.  ahouse 
in  a  garden  used  in  summer  :  a  house  for 
summer  residence. 

SUMMERSET.    Same  as  Somersault. 

SUMMIT,  sum'it,  n.  the  highest  point  or 
degTee  :  the  top.  [L.  summitas — sum- 
rnus, supiremus.] 

SUTOION,  sum'un,  v.t.  to  call  with  author- 
ity: to  command  to  appear,  esp.  in  court: 
to  rouse  to  exertion. — n.  Summ'oner.  [L. 
summoneo — stib,  secretly,  and  moneo,  to 
warn.] 

SUMMONS,  sum'unz,  n.  a  summoning  or 
an  authoritative  call :  a  call  to  appear, 
esp.  in  court. 

SUMPTER,  sump'ter,  n.  a  horse  for  carry- 
ing p«c^s  or  burdens.  [With  inserted  J3 
from  Fr.  sommier — L.  sagmarius — L.  and 
Gr.  sagina,  a  pack-saddle — Gr.  satto,  to 
pack.] 

SUMPTUARY,  sumpt'u-ar-i,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  regulating  expense,  as  in  Sumpt- 
uary LAWS,  which  sought  to  curtail  the 
expensive  habits  of  the  citizens.  [L. 
sumptuarius — sumo,  sumptum,  to  take, 
contr.  of  sub,  up,  emo,  to  buy.] 

SUMPTUOUS,  sumpt'u-us,  adj.  costly; 
magnificent.  —  adv.  Sumpt'uously.  —  n, 
Sumpt'uousness. 

SUN,  sun,  n.  the  body  which  is  the  source 
of  light  and  heat  to  our  planetary  sys- 
tem :  a  body  which  forms  the  centre  of 
a  system  of  orbs  :  that  which  resembles 
the  sun  in  brightness  or  value. — v.t.  to 
expose  to  the  sun's  rays  -.—pr.p.  sunn'- 
ing ;    pa.t.  and    pa.p.    sunned.       [A.S. 


SUNBEAM 


423 


SUPERINDUCE 


sunne ;  Ice.  siiniia,  Goth,  sunno ;  an  old 

word,  of  unknown  ety.] 
SUNBEAM,  sun'bem,  71.  a  beam  or  ray  of 

the  sioi. 
SUNBUENED,     sun'burnd,    SUr,'BURNT, 

sun'burnt,  adj.,  burned  or  discolored  by 

the  sun. 
SUNDAY,  sun'da,  n.  the  first  day  of  the 

week,  so  called  because  anc.  dedicated  to 

the  sun  or  its  worship. 
SUNDER,  sun'der,  r.f.  to  separate:  to  di- 
vide :    (B.)    In  sunder,  asunder.      [A.S. 

s^mdrian,  to  separate;  sunder,  separate; 

Ice.  sundr,  asunder.] 
SUNDRY,   sun'dri,  adj.,    separate:   more 

than    one    or    two  :    several :    divers. — 

n.pl.   SUN'DRIES. 

SUNFISH,  sun'flsh,  n.  a  jish  whose  body 
reseniblfs  the  forepart  of  a  larger  fish 
cut  short  off,  supposed  to  be  so  called 
from  its  nearly  circular  form. 

SUNFLOWER,  sun'flow-er,  n.  a  plant  so 
called  fi-om  its  jiower,  which  is  a  large 
di.sc  with  yellow  ra3'S. 

SUNG.  s\.\ng,pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  SlNQ. 

SUNK,  sung-k,  SUNKEN,  sungk'n,  pa.p. 
of  Sink. 

SUNLESS,  sun'les,  adj.  without  the  sun  : 
deprived  of  the  sun  or  its  rays  :  shaded  : 
dark. 

SUNN,  sun,  SUNN-HEMP,  sun' -hemp,  n. 
a  material  similar  to  hemp,  imported 
from  the  East  Indies,  aad  extensively 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  cordage,  can- 
vas, etc.  It  is  obtained  from  the  stem 
of  the  Crotalaria  juncea,  a  shrubby  le- 
gnminous  plant,  8  to  13  feet  high,  with 
a  branching  stem,  lance-shaped  silvery 
leaves,  and  long  racemes  of  bright  yel- 
low flowers.  Called  also  Bombay  Hemp, 
Madras  Hemp,  Sun,  Sun-hemp,  Sun- 
plant. 

SUNNA,  SUNNAH,  soon'a,  n.  the  name 
given  by  Mohammedans  to  tlie  tradition- 
ary portion  of  their  law,  which  was  not, 
like  the  Koran,  committed  to  writing  by 
Mohammed,  but  pi'eserved  from  his  lips 
by  his  immediate  disciples,  or  founded 
on  the  authority  of  his  actions.  The 
orthodox  Mohammedans  who  receive  the 
Sunnah  call  themselves  Siiunites,  in  dis- 
tinction to  the  various  sects  compre- 
hended under  the  name  of  Shiites. 

SUNNY,  sun'i,  adj.  iiertaining-  to,  coming 
from,  or  like  the  sun  :  exposed  to, 
warmed,  or  colored  by  the  sun's  rays. — 
n   Sunn'iness 

SUNRISE,  sun'riz,  SUNRISING,  sun'rlz- 
ing,  n.  the  rising  or  first  appearance  of 
the  sun  above  the  horizon  :  the  time  of 
this  rising :  the  east. 

SUNSET,  sun'set,  SUNSETTING,  sun'set- 
ing,  w.  the  setting  or  going  down  of  the 
sun  :  the  west. 

SUNSHINE,  sun'shin,  n.  the  .shining  light 
of  the  sun :  the  place  on  which  he  shines: 
warmth. 

SUNSHINE,  sun'shin,  SUNSHINY,  sun'- 
shln-i,  adj.  bright  with  sunshine  :  pleas- 
ant :  bright  like  the  sun. 

SUNSTROKE,  sun'strok,  n.  a  sudden  afifec- 
tion  of  the  human  body  caused  by  the 
sun  or  his  heat ;  specifically,  a  very  fatal 
affection  of  the  nervous  system  of  fre- 
quent occurrence  in  tropical  climates, 
especially  among  the  white  races,  and 
in  temperate  regions  during  very  warm 
summers.  It  has  been  described  as  acute 
poisoning  of  the  nerve-centres  with  super- 
heated blood,  the  resulting  phenomena 
being  acute  pai'alysis  of  the  nerve-cen- 
tres, principally  the  centres  of  respira- 
tion and  heart  movements.  It  is  gener- 
ally caused  by  exposure  of  the  head  and 
neck  to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun,  but  is 
not  infrequently  brought  on  by  intense 
tropical  heat,  the  contamination  of  the 


air,  as  fi-om  overcrowding  ia  barracks 
and  on  shipboard,  prolonged  marches  or 
other  overexertion,  intemperate  habits, 
and  tlie  like.  Called  also  IcTCS  Sous, 
Coup  DE  Soled.,  and  Insolation. 

SUNWARD,  sun' ward,  adv.,  toward  the 
sun. 

SUP,  sup,  v.t.  to  take  into  the  mouth,  as  a 
liquid. — v.i.  to  eat  the  evening  meal:  (B.) 
to  sip:— jjr.jj.  Eupp'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.}}. 
supped. — n.  a  small  mouthful,  as  of  a 
liquid.  [A.S.  supan ;  Ice.  supa,  Ger. 
saufen,  to  drink.] 

SUPERABOUND,  su-per-ab-ownd',  v.i.  to 
abound  e.vceedin(fly :  to  be  more  than 
enou^-h.     [L.  super,  above,  and  Abound.] 

SUPERABXJNDANT,  su  -  per  -  ab  -  und'ant, 
adj..  abundant  to  excess:  more  than 
enough  :    copious.  —  adv.    Superabund'- 

ANTLY. — re.    SUPERABUND'aNCE. 

SUPERADD,  su-perad',  v.t.  to  add  over 
and  above. — n.  Superaddi'tion.  [L.  su- 
per, above,  and  Add.] 

SUPERADVENIENT,  su-per-ad-ve'ni-ent, 
adj.  coming  upon  :  coming  to  the  in- 
crease or  assistance  of  something.  "The 
soul  of  man  may  have  matter  of  triiimpb 
when  he  has  done  bravely  by  a  superad- 
venient  assistance  of  his  God." — Dr.  H. 
More.     [Prefix  super,  and  Advenient.] 

SUPERALTAR,  su'per-awl-ter,  n.  a  ledge 
or  shelf  over  or  at  the  back  of  an  altar 
for  supporting  the  altar-cross,  vase  and 
flowers,  etc.     Called  also  Retable. 

SUPERANGELIC,  su-per-an-jel'ik,  adj. 
more  than  angelic :  superior  in  nature  or 
rank  to  the  angels  :  relating  to  or  con- 
nected with  a  world  or  state  of  existence 
higher  than  that  of  the  angels.  Mil- 
man. 

SUPERANNUATE,  su-per-an'u-at,  v.t.  to 
impair  or  disqualify  by  old  age  and  in- 
firmity; as,  a  superannuated  magistrate: 
to  allow  to  retire  from  service  on  a  pen- 
sion, on  account  of  old  age  or  infirmity  ; 
to  give  a  retiring  pension  to  ;  to  pension  ; 
as,  to  superannuate  a  seaman. 

SUPERANNUATE,  su-per-an'u-at,  v.i.  to 
last  beyond  the  year  ;  "  The  dying  in  the 
winter  of  the  roots  of  plants  that  are  an- 
nual seeraeth  to  be  partly  caused  bj'  the 
overexpense  of  the  sap  into  stalk  and 
leaves,  which  being  prevented,  thej'  will 
superannuate." — Bacon  :  to  become  im- 
paired or  disabled  by  length  of  years  ;  to 
live  until  weakened  or  useless;  "Some 
superannuated  virgin  that  hath  lost  her 
lover." — Hou-ell.  [Prefix  super,  above, 
beyond,  and  L.  annus,  a  year.] 

SUPERANNUATION,  su-per-an-u-fi'shun, 
n.  the  state  of  being  too  old  for  office  or 
business,  or  of  being  disqualified  by  old 
age  ;  senility  ;  decrepitude  ;  "  The  mere 
doting  of  superannuation."  —  Pownall ; 
"  Slyness  blinking  through  the  watery 
eye  of  superannuation." — Coleridge :  the 
state  of  being  superannuated  or  removed 
from  office,  employment,  or  the  like,  and 
receivingan  annual  allowance  on  account 
of  old  age,  long  service,  or  infirmity:  the 
pension  or  annual  allowance  granted  on 
account  of  long  service,  old  age,  and  the 
like. 

SUPERB,  su-perb',  adj.  proud:  magnificent: 
stately:  elegant. — adv.  Superb'ly.  [L. 
superbus,  haughty,  proud — super,  above.] 

SUPERCARGO,  su-per-kar'go,  n.  an  ofiicer 
or  person  in  a  merchant-ship  placed  over 
the  cargo  and  superintending  all  the 
commercial  transactions  of  the  voyage. 
[L.  super,  over,  and  C.^RGO.] 

SUPERCILIARY,  su-per-siVi-ar-i,  adj., 
above  the  eyebrou:  [From  L.  super, 
above,  and  ci'ium,  t!ic  eyeliil.] 

SUPERCILIOUS,  su-per-s'il'i-us,  adj.  lofty 
with  pride:  disdainful:  dictatorial:  over- 
bearing. —  adv.     Supehcil'iouslt.  —  n. 


Supercil'iousness.  [L.  superciliosus^' 
supercilium,  an  eyebrow — super,  abovBj 
and  cilium,  eyelid,  akin  to  Gr.  kyla,  the 
parts  under  the  eyes.] 

SUPERCILIUM,  su-per-sil'i-um,  w.  (pi. 
SuPERcnjA,  su-per-sil'i-a),  in  anat.  the 
ej'ebrow  ;  the  projecting  arch,  covered 
with  short  hairs,  above  the  eyelids  :  iu;. 
anc.  arch,  the  upper  member  of  "a  cornice. 
It  is  also  applied  to  the  small  fillets  01 
each  side  of  the  scotia  of  the  Ionic  base. 
[L.,  an  eyebrow.] 

SUPERCOLUMNIATION,  su-per-ko-lum- 
ni-a'shun,  n.  in  arch,  the  placing  of  one 
order  above  another. 

SUPERCONCEPTION,  su  -  per  -  kon  -  sep'- 
shun,  n.  a  conception  after  a  former  con- 
ception :  superfetation. 

SUPEREMINENT,  su-per-em'i-nent,  adj., 
eminent  in  a  superior  degree:  excellent 
beyond  others. — adv.  Superem'inenti.t. 
— n.  Superem'inence.  [L.  super,  above, 
and  Eminent.] 

SUPEREROGATION,  su-per-er-o-ga'shun, 
n.  doing  more  than  duty  i-equires  or  is 
necessary  for  salvation.  —  adj.  SUFEB- 
erog'atory.  [Lit.  "  paying  over  and 
above,"  L.  super,  above,  and  erogo,-atvm, 
to  pay  out — cr.  out  of,  and  rogo,  toask.l 

SUPEREXCELLENT,  su  -  per  -  ek'sel  -  lent, 
adj.,  excellent  aboi^e  others,  or  in  an  un- 
common degree. — n.  Superex'cellence. 
[L.  super,  above.  Excellent.] 

SUPERFETATION,  SUPERFCETATION, 
su-per-fe-ta'shun,  n.  a  second  conception 
after  a  prior  one,  and  before  the  birth  of 
the  first,  by  which  two  fetuses  are  grow- 
ing at  once  in  the  same  womb :  super- 
conception.  The  possibility  of  super- 
fetation  in  the  human  female  has  been 
vigorously  opposed  by  some  eminent 
physicians  and  as  vigorously  defended 
by  others.  Some  believe  that  up  to  the 
third  month  of  gestation  a  second  con-^ 
ception  may  follow  the  first,  and  that 
this  will  satisfactorily  account  for  all  the 
cases  of  superfetation  on  record. 

SUPERFICIiVL,  su-per-fish'al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  being  on  the  surface  :  shallow  : 
slight  :  containing  only  what  is  apparent 
and  simple  :  not  learned. — adv.  Superfi'- 

CIALLY. — ns.  SLTERFI'CIALNESS,  SUPERFI- 

cial'ity.    [From  Superficies.] 

SUPERFICIES,  su-iier-fisli'ez,  n.  the  upper 
face  or  surface  :  the  outer  face  or  part  of 
a  thing.  [L. — super,  above,  and  fades, 
face.] 

SUPERFINE,  su'per-fin,  adj.,  fine  above 
others  :  finer  than  ordinary.  [L.  super, 
above,  and  Fine.] 

SUPERFLUITY,  su-per-floo'i-ti,  n.  a  super- 
fluous quantity  or  more  than  enough  ; 
state  of  being  superfluous  :  superabund- 
ance. 

SUPERFLUOUS,  su-per'floo-us,  adj.  more 
than  enough  :  unnecessary  or  useless. — 
adv.  Super'fluously.  [L.  superjlutts — 
super,  above,  andfluo.  to  flow.] 

SUPERHUMAN,  su-per-hu'man,  nrfy. ,  above 
what  is  human:  divine.  [L.  sujjer,  above, 
and  Human.] 

SUPERHUMERAL,  su-per-hu'raer-al,  n. 
(eccles.)  a  term  of  no  veiy  definite  appli- 
cation, being  sometimes  applied  to  an 
archbishop's  pallium,  and  .sometimes  to 
an  amice.  [L.  super,  above,  anihumerus, 
the  shoulder.] 

SUPERIMPOSE,  su-per  im-p6z',  v.t.  to  tra- 
posc  or  ia.v  above.  [L.  s^'.^xr,  above,  and 
Impose.] 

SUPERINCUMBENT,  su-per-in-kum'bent, 
adj..  lying  above.  [L.  su2:)er,  above,  and 
Incumbent.] 

SUPERINDUCE,  su-per-in-dus',  v.t.  to 
bring  in  over  and  above  something  else. 
[L.  super,  above,  and  induco — in,  it;,  nad 
auco,  to  bring.] 


SUPERIJS^TEND 


424 


SUPINE 


SUPERINTEND,  su-per-in-tend',  v.t.  to 
have  the  oversight  or  charge  of :  to 
control.  [Lit.  "to  be  intent  over  any- 
thing," L.  super,  above,  and  intendo — in, 
on,  and  tendo,  to  stretch.] 

SUPERINTENDENCE,  su-per-in-tend'ens, 
n.  oversight  :  direction  :  management. 

SUPERINTENDENT,  su-per-in-tend'ent, 
adj.,  superintending. — n.  one  who  super- 
intends :  overseer. 

SUPERIOR,  su-pe'ri-or,  adj.,  vpper:  higher 
in  place,  rank,  or  excellence  :  surpassing 
others  :  beyond  the  influence  of.^n.  one 
superior  to' others  :  the  chief  of  a  monas- 
tery, etc.,  and  of  certain  churches  and 
colleges.  [L.,  comp.  of  superus,  high — 
super,  above.] 

SUPERIORITY,  su-pe-ri-or'i-ti,  n.  quality 
or  state  of  being  superior:  pre-eminence: 
advantage^ 

SUPERLATIVE,  su-per'la-tiv,  adj.,  carried 
above  others  or  to  the  highest  degree  : 
superior  to  all  others  :  most  eminent  : 
(gram.)  expressing  the  highest  degree 
of  a  qualit}'. — n.  (gram.)  the  superlative 
or  highest  degree  of  adjectives  and  ad- 
verbs.— adv.  Super' LATivELY.  [L.  siiper- 
lativus — superlatus,  pa.p.  of  svperfero — 
super,  above,  fero,  to  carry.] 

SUPERMOLECULE,  su-per-mol'e-kul,  n.  a 
compounded  molecule  or  combination  of 
two  molecules  of  difl'erent  substances. 

SUPERMUNDANE,  su-per-mun'dan,  adj. 
being  above  the  world. 

SUPERNACULAR,  su-per-nak'u-ler,  adj. 
having  the  quality  of  supernaculum  :  of 
first-rate  quality  :  very  good — said  of 
hquor.  "  Some  white  hermitage  at  the 
Haws  (by  the  way,  the  butler  only  gave 
me  half  a  glass  each  time)  was  supemac- 
ukir.'' — Thackeray. 

SUPERNACULUM,  su-per-nak'u-lum,  n.  a 
kind  of  mock  Latin  term  intended  to 
mean  upon  the  nail,  used  formerly  by 
topers.  Nares.  '"  To  driak  supernaculum 
■was  an  ancient  custom  not  only  in  En- 
gland, but  also  in  several  other  parts  of 
Europe,  of  emptying  the  cup  or  glass,  and 
then  pouring  the  drop  or  two  that  re- 
mained at  the  bottom  upon  the  person's 
nail  that  drank  it,  to  show  that  he  was 
no  flincher."— Srared  ;  good  liquor,  such 
as  one  will  drink  tUl  not  enough  is  left  to 
wet  one's  nail. 

For  the  cup's  sake  I'll  bear  the  cupbearer. — 
'Tis  here,  the  supernaculum  !  tweuty  years 
Of  age,  if  'tis  a  daV. — Byron. 

[Low  L.  supernaculum  —  super,  above, 
over,  and  Ger.  nagel,  a  nail.  The  term 
was  borrowed  from  the  Continent.] 

SUPERNAL,  su-per'nal,  adj.  that  is  above 
or  in  a  higher  place  or  region:  relating  to 
things  above  :  celestial.  [L.  supernus — 
super,  above.] 

SUPERNATANT,  su  -  per  -  na'tant,  adj. 
swimming  above  :  floating  on  the  sur- 
face :  as,  oil  supernatant  on  water ;  su- 
pernatant leaves.  Boyle.  [L.  superna- 
tans,  supernatantis,  pr.p.  of  supernato — 
super,  above,  over,  and  nato,  to  swim.] 

SUPBRNATATION,  su-per-na-ta'shun,  n. 
the  act  of  floating  on  the  surface  of  a 
fluid.     Bacon  ;  Sir  T.  Brou-ne. 

SUPERNATURAL,  su-per-nat'u-ral,  adj. 
being  beyond  or  exceeding  the  powers  or 
laws  of  nature  ;  not  occurring  through 
the  operation  of  merely  physical  laws, 
but  bj'  an  agency  above  and  separate 
from  these.  It  is  stronger  than  preter- 
natural, and  is  often  equivalent  to  mi- 
raculous.  "  No  man  can  give  any  rational 
account  how  it  is  possible  that  such  a 
general  flood  should  come  by  any  nat- 
ural means.  Aiid  if  it  be  supernatural, 
that  grants  the  thing  I  am  proving, 
namely,  such  a  Supreme  Being  as  can 
alter  the  course  of  nature."— Bp.  Wilkins. 


f 


'  Cures  wrought  by  medicines  are  nat- 
ural operations;  but  the  miraculous  ones 
wrought  by  Christ  and  his  apostles  were 
sujMrn atural. "—Boyle.  — The  Supernat- 
ural, that  which  is  above  or  beyond  the 
established  course  or  laws  of  nature  : 
that  which  transcends  nature  :  super- 
natural agencies,  influence,  phenomena, 
and  so  forth  ;  as,  to  laugh  at  a  belief  in 
the  supernatural. 

SUPERNATURALISM,  su  -  per  -  nat'u  -  ral- 
izm.  71.  the  state  of  being  supernatural  : 
a  term  used  chiefly  in  theology,  in  contra- 
distinction to  rationalism.  In  its  widest 
extent  supernaturalism  is  the  doctrine 
that  religion  and  the  knowledge  of  God 
require  a  revelation  from  God.  It  con- 
siders the  Christian  religion  as  an  ex- 
traordinary phenomenon,  out  of  the  circle 
of  natural  events,  and  as  communicating 
truths  above  the  comprehension  of  hu- 
man reason. 

SUPERNUMERARY,  su-per-niim'er-ar-i, 
adj.,  over  and  above  the  number  stated, 
or  which  is  usual  or  necessary. — n.  a 
person  or  thing  beyond  the  usual,  nec- 
essary, or  stated  number.  [L.  super- 
numerarius — super,  over,  and  numenLS, 
a  number.] 

SUPERPOSE,  su-per-p6z',  v.t.  to  place  over 
or  upon.  [L.  super,  over,  and  Fr.  poser 
(see  Pose,  ?i.).] 

SUPERPOSITION,  sQ-per-po-zish'un,  n. 
act  of  superposing :  state  of  being  su- 
perposed :  that  which  is  above  any- 
thing. 

SUPERSCRIBE,  su-per-skrib',  v.t.  to  urite 
or  engrave  over,  on  the  outside  or  top  : 
to  write  the  name  on  the  outside  or  cover 
of.  [L.  super,  over,  above,  and  scribo, 
scriptum.  to  write.] 

SUPERSCRIPTION,  su-per-skrip'shun,  n. 
act  of  superscribing :  that  which  is  writ- 
ten or  engraved  above  or  on  the  outside. 

SUPERSEDE,  su-per-sed',  v.t.  to  sit  or  be 
above  or  superior  to  :  to  make  useless  by 
superior  power  :  to  come  in  the  room  of  : 
to  displace.  [L.  super,  above,  and  sedeo, 
sessuni,  to  sit.] 

SUPERSEDEAS,  su-per-.se'de-as,  n.  in  law, 
a  writ  having  in  general  the  effect  of  a 
command  to  staj^,  on  good  cause  shown, 
some  ordinary  proceedings  which  ought 
otherwise  to  have  proceeded.  [L.,  2d 
pers.  sing.  pres.  subj.  of  supersedeo.    See 

SUPERSEDERE,  su  -  per  -  se  -  de're,  n.  in 
Scots  laiv,  (a)  a  private  agreement 
amongst  creditors,  under  a  trust-deed 
and  accession,  that  they  will  supersede 
or  sist  diligence  for  a  certain  period  ;  (b) 
a  judicial  act  by  which  the  court,  where 
it  sees  cause,  grants  a  debtor  protection 
against  dihgence,  without  consent  of  the 
creditors. 

SUPERSEDURE,  su-per-se'dur,  n.  the  act 
of  superseding  :  supersession  :  as,  the 
supersedure  of  trial  by  jury. 

SUPERSEMINATE,  su-per-sem'i-nat,  v.t. 
to  scatter  seed  over  or  above  :  to  dis- 
seminate. '■  That  cannot  be  done  with 
joy,  when  it  shall  be  indifferent  to  any 
man  to  superseminate  what  he  pleases." 
— Jer.  Taylor. 

SUPERSENSIBLE,  su-per-sen'si-bl,  adj. 
beyond  the  reach  of  the  senses  :  above 
the  natural  powers  of  perception  :  super- 
sensual.— The  supersensible,  that  which 
is  above  the  senses  :  that  which  is  super- 
sensual.  "  The  felt  presence  of  the  super- 
sensible."— Brit.  Quart.  Rev. 

SUPERSENSITIVENESS,su-per-sen'si-tiv- 
nes,  71.  morbid  sensibility:  excessive  sen- 
sitiveness. 

SUPERSENSUAL,  su-per-sen'sual,  adj. 
above  or  beyond  the  reach  of  the  senses. 

SUPERSENSUOUS,  su-per-sen'su-us,  adj. 


supersensible  :  supersensual  :   extremely 
sensuous  :  more  than  sensuous. 

SUPERSERVICEABLE.      su-per-ser'vis-a- 
bl,   adj.   over  serviceable    or    officious 
doing  more  than  is  required  or  desired 
"A  .  .  .  super  serviceable,  finical    rogue.' 
—Shak: 

SUPERSTITION,  su-per-stish'un,  n.  exces- 
sive reverence  or  fear  :  excessive  exact- 
ness in  religious  opinions  or  practice  : 
false  worship  or  religion  :  an  ignorant 
and  irrational  belief  in  supernatural 
agency  :  belief  in  what  is  absurd,  with- 
out ex'idence.  [L.  superstitio.  excessive 
religious  belief — super,  over,  above,  and 
sto,  to  stand  ;  it  orig.  meant  a  "  stand- 
ing still  over  or  by  a  thing,"  in  fear, 
wonder,  dread.] 

SUPERSTITIOUS,  su-per-stish'us,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  proceeding  from  supersti- 
tion :  showing  or  given  to  superstition  : 
over-exact. — adv.  Supersti'tiously. 

SUPERSTRUCTURE,  sii-per-strukt'ur,  n, 
a  structure  above  or  on  something  else  • 
anj^hing  erected  on  a  foundation.  [L, 
super,  above,  and  Structure.] 

SUPERSUBSTANTIAL.  sQ-per-sub-stan'- 
shal,  adj.  more  than  substantial :  beyond 
the  domain  of  matter  :  being  more  than 
substance.  "  Heavenly  supersubstantial 
bread." — Jer.  Taylor. 

SUPERSUBTLE,  su-per-sut'l,  adj.  over- 
subtle  :  cunning  :  crafty  in  an  excessive 
degree.  "  An  erring  barbarian  and  a  sit- 
X>ersubtle  Venetian." — Shak. 

SUPERTEMPORAL.  su-per-tem'po-ral.arf;', 
and  n.  transcending  time,  or  independent 
of  time  :  what  is  independent  of  time. 
"  Plotinus  and  Numenius,  explaining 
Plato's  sense,  declare  him  to  have  as- 
serted three  supertemporals  or  eternals, 
good,  mind  or  intellect,  and  the  soul  of 
the  universe." — Cudworth. 

SUPERTERRENE,  su-per-te-ren',  adj.  be 
ing  above  ground  or  above  the  earth  : 
superterrestrial. 

SUPERTERRESTEIAL,su-per-te-res'tri-al, 
adj.  beinjif  above  the  earth,  or  above 
what  belongs  to  the  earth. 

SUPERTONIC,  su-per-ton'ik,  n.  in  music, 
the  note  next  above  the  kej--note :  the 
second  note  of  the  diatonic  scale :  thus 
D  is  the  supertonic  of  the  scale  of  t ;  A 
the  supertonic  of  the  scale  of  G  ;  and  so 
on. 

SUPERTUBERATION,  su  -  per  -  tu  -  ber-a'- 
shun,  71.  the  production  of  young  tubers, 
as  potatoes,  from  the  old  ones  while  still 
grov.'ing, 

SUPERVENE,  su-per-ven',  v.i.  to  come 
above  or  upon :  to  occur,  or  take  place, 
[L.  super,  above,  and  venio,  ventu7n,  to 
come.] 

SUPERVENTION,  su-per-ven'shun ,  n.  act 
■  of  si.iperve7ii7ig  or  taking  place. 

SUPERVISAX,  su-per-vlz'al,  SUPER^ 
VISION,  su-per-vizh'un,  n.  act  of  super- 
I'ising  :  inspection  :  control. 

SUPERVISE,  su-per-viz',  v.t.  to  oversee  :  to 
superintend.  [L.  super,  over,  and  video, 
visum,  to  see.] 

SUPERVISOR,  su-per-vlz'or,  n.  one  who 
supervises  :  an  overseer  :  an  inspector  : 
a  member  of  a  countj'  Board  in  some  of 
the  States  which  has  general  executive 
control  of  totrnship  and  county  local 
affairs. 

SUPINE,  sQ-pIn',  adj.,  lying  on  the  back: 
leaning  backward  :  negligent  :  indolent, 
— 71.  su'pin  (Latin  gram.)  name  given  to 
the  verbal  form  in  um  and  «  (so  called 
peril,  because  though  furnished  with  case- 
endings,  it  rests  or  falls  back  on  the  verb). 
— adv.  Supine'lt. —  n.  Supine'ness.  [L. 
supinus — sub,  under,  below  ;  cf.  Gr.  hyp^ 
tios,  from  hypo.] 


SUPPER 


425 


SURFACE-GAUGE 


SUPPER,  sup'er,  n.  a  raeal  taken  at  the 
close  of  the  day.  [Lit.  "  taking  of  soup," 
Ft.  souper  —  soupe  ;  from  Ger.  suppe. 
See  Soup  and  Sup.] 

SUPPERLESS,  sup'er-les,  adj.  without 
Slipper. 

SUPPLANT,  sup-plant',  v.t.  to  displace  by 

V    .stratagem  :  to  take  the  place  of :  to  un- 

j    (lermine.— «.  Supplant'er.  [L.sup23lanto, 

'  to  trip  up  one's  heels — sub,  under,  planta, 
the  sole  of  the  foot.] 

SUPPLE,  sup'l,  adj.  pliant :  lithe  :  yielding 
to  the  humor  of  others  :  fawning. — ^'.^  to 
make  supple  :  to  make  soft  or  compliant. 
— v.i.  to  become  supple. — n.  Supp'leness. 
[Fr.  souple  —  L.  supplex,  bending  the 
knees — sub,  under,  and  pHeo,  to  fold. 
See  Pliant.] 

SUPPLEMENT,  sup'le-ment,  n.  that  whi  h 
supplies  or  fills  up:  any  addition  by  which 
defects  are  supplied. — v.t.  to  supply  or 
fill  up  ;  to  add  to.  [L.  supplementum — 
siippleo.  to  fill  up.] 

SUPPLEMENTAL,  sup-ple-ment'al,  SUP- 
PLEMENTARY, sup-ple-ment'ar-i,  adj. 
added  to  supply  what  is  wanting  :  ad- 
ditional. 

SUPPLIANT,  sup'li-ant,  adj.,  supplicating: 
asking  earnestly:  entreating. — n.  a  hum- 
ble petitioner. — adv.  Supp'uantly.  [Fr. 
supiMant,  pr.p.  of  supplier — L.  swp^iZico.] 

SUPPLICANT,  sup'li-kant,  adj.,  supplicat- 
ing :  asking  submissively. — n.  one  who 
supplicates  or  entreats  earnestly.  [L. 
supplicans,  pr.p.  of  swpph'co.] 

SUPPLICATE,  sup'li-kat,  v.t.  to  entreat 
earnestly  :  to  address  in  prayer.  [L. 
gupplico,  -atum — supplex,  kneeling  down 
— suh,  under,  and  pZico,  to  fold.] 

SUPPLICATION,  sup-li-ka'shua,  n.  act  of 
supplicating:  earnest  prayer  or  entreaty. 
[L.  supplicatio.'\ 

SUPPLICATORY,  sup'li-ka-tor-i,  adj.  con- 
taining supplication  or  entreaty  :  hum- 
ble. 

bUPPLY,  sup-pli',  v.t.  to  fill  up,  esp.  a  de- 
ficiency :  to  add  what  is  wanted  :  to  fur- 
nisli  :  to  fill  a  vacant  place :  to  serve 
instead  of  -.-^a.t.  and  pa.p.  supplied'. 
[Fr. — L.  suppleo — sub,  up,  and  pleo,  to 
fill.] 

SUPPLY,  sup-plT',  n.  act  of  supplying : 
that  which  is  supplied  or  which  supplies 
a  wan  .  amount  of  food  or  money  pro- 
vided (used  generally  in  pZ.). 

SUPPORT,  sup-port',  i\t.  to  bear  up:  to 
endure  or  sustain  :  to  keep  up  as  a  part 
or  character  :  to  make  good  :  to  defend  : 
to  represent :  to  supply  with  means  of 
living :  to  uphold  by  countenance,  pat- 
ronize :  to  follow  on  same  side  as  a 
speaker.— ra.  act  of  supporting  or  uphold- 
ing :  that  which  supports,  sustains,  or 
maintains  :  maintenance.  [L.  sub,  up, 
and  porto,  to  bear.] 

SUPPORTABLE,  sup-p5rt'a-bl,ad;".  capable 
of  being  supported  :  endurable  :  capable 
ofbeing  maintained. —odi'.SuPPORT' ABLY. 

SUPPORTER,  sup-port'er,  n.  one  who  sup- 
ports or  maintains  ;  as,  one  who  gives 
aid  or  helps  to  carry  on  ;  a  defender  ;  an 
advocate  ;  a  vindicator  ;  as,  the  support- 
ers of  the  war,  the  supporters  of  religion, 
morality,  justice,  etc.:  "Worthy  sup- 
porters of  such  a  reigning  impiety." — 
South .  an  adherent;  one  who  takes  part; 
as,  the  supporter  of  a  party  or  faction  : 
one  who  accompanies  another  on  some 
public  occasion  as  an  aid  or  attendant ; 
one  who  seconds  or  strengthens  by  aid 
or  countenance:  a  sustainer;  acomforter; 
"  The  saints  have  a  companion  and  sup- 
parter  in  all  their  miseries."— Sow^fc  .• 
that  which  sujiports  or  upholds  ;  that 
upon  which  anything  is  placed  ;  a  sup- 
port, a  prop,  a  pillar,  etc.;  "A  building 
set  upon  .wjpporfers."     Tt^^-*^^"^-  i"  «>iV«. 


-Mortimer:  in  ship- 


building,  a  knee  placed  under  the  cat- 
head :  in  surg.  a  broad,  elastic,  or  cush- 
ioned band  or  truss  for  the  support  of 
any  part  or  organ,  as  the  abdomen. 

SUPPOSABLE,  sup-poz'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  supposed. 

SUPPOSE,  sup-poz',  v.t.  to  lay  down,  as- 
sume, or  state  as  true  :  to  imagine. — n. 
Suppos'er.  [Lit.  "to  place  under,"  Fr. 
supposer — L.  sub,  under,  and  Fr.  poser,  to 
place  (see  PoSE,  n.).] 

SUPPOSITION,  sup-po-zish'un,  n.  act  of 
supjmKing :  that  which  is  supposed  :  as- 
suiiii)tion.     [Fr. — L.] 

SUPPOSITITIOUS,  sup-poz-i-tish'us,  adj. 
put  by  trick  in  the  place  of  another :  spu- 
rious :  imaginary.  [L.  supposititius — 
suppono,  to  put  in  the  place  of  another 
— sub,  under,  and  pono,  to  place.] 

SUPPOSITIVE,  sup  -  poz'i  -  tiv,  adj.  sup- 
posed: including  or  implying  supposition. 
"  Asuppositive  intimation  and  an  express 
prediction." — Bp.  Pearson. 

SUPPOSITIVE,  sup-poz'i-tiv,  n.  a  word  de- 
noting or  implying  supposition,  as  if, 
granted, provided,  a,aA  suchlike.  "The 
suppositives  denote  connection,  but  as- 
sert not  actual  existence." — Harris. 

SUPPOSITIVELY,  sup-poz'i-tiv-li,  adv. 
with,  by,  or  upon  supposition.  "  "The  un- 
reformed  sinner  may  have  some  hope  sup- 
positively  \i  he  do  change  and  repent;  the 
honest  penitent  may  hope  positively." — 
Hammond. 

SUPPOSITORY,  sup-poz'i-tor-i,  n.  in  med. 
a  body  introduced  into  the  rectum,  there 
to  remain  and  dissolve  gradually  in  order 
to  procure  stools  when  clj'sters  cannot  be 
administered  :  a  plug  to  hold  back  haem- 
orrhoidal  protrusions. 

SUPPOSURE,  sup-poz'flr,  n.  supposition  : 
hypothesis.     Hudibras. 

SUPPRESS,  sup-pres',  v.t.  to  press  or  put 
down  :  to  crush  :  to  keep  in  :  to  retain  or 
conceal  :  to  stop. — n.  SUPPKKSS'OR.  [L. 
suppressum,  pa.p.  of  supprimo  —  .fub, 
down,  under.  a,nA premo  (see  Press).] 

SUPPRESSION,  sup-presh'un,  n.  act  of 
suppressing:  stoppage:  concealment. 

SUPPRESSIVE,  sup-pres'iv,  adj.  tending 
to  suppress :  subduing. 

SUPPURATE,  sup'u-rat,  v.i.  to  gather  pus 
or  matter.  [L.  sub,  under,  andpM.s,  pur- 
is  (see  Pus).] 

SUPPURATION,  sup-u-ra'shun,  n.  act  or 
process  of  suppurating  or  producing  pus: 
matter.      

SUPPURATIVE,  sup'u-rat-iv,  adj.  tending 
to  suppurate:  promoting  suppuration. — 
n.  a  medicine  that  promotes  suppura- 
tion. 

SUPRALAPSARIAN,  su-pra-lap-sa'ri-an, 
n.  in  theol.  one  who  maintains  that  God, 
antecedent  to  the  fall  of  man  or  any 
knowledge  of  it,  decreed  the  apostasy 
and  all  its  consequences,  determining  to 
save  some  and  condemn  others,  and  that 
in  all  he  does  he  considers  his  own  glory 
only.  [L.  supra,  above,  over,  and  lap- 
sus, a  fall.] 

SUPRALAPSARIAN,  su-pra^lap-sa'ri-an, 
adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Supralapsari- 
ans  or  to  their  doctrines. 

SUPRALAPSARIANISM,  su-pra-lap-sa'ri- 
an-izm,  n.  the  doctrine  or  system  of  the 
Supralapsarians. 

SUPRALAPSARY.  su-pra-lap'sa-ri,  n.  and 
adj.  supralapsarian. 

SUPRALUNAR,  su-pra-lu'ner,  adj.  (lit.) 
beyond  the  moon  :  hence,  very  lofty  :  of 
very  great  height.  [L.  supra,  above, 
and  luna,  the  moon.] 

SUPRAMUNDANE.  su-pra-mun'dan.  adj. 
being  or  situated  above  the  world  or 
above  our  sy.stem  •  cele.stial.  "  In  the 
form  of  God.  clothed  with  all  the  majesty 
and  glory  of  the  supramundane  life." — 


Hallyirell.  [L.  supra,  above,  and  mundtu, 
the  world.] 

SUPRA-ORBITAL,  su-pra-or'bit-al,  adj.  in 
anat.  being  above  the  orbit  of  the  eye.— 
Supra-orbital  artery,  an  artery  sent 
off  by  the  ophthalmic,  along  the  superior 
wall  of  the  orbit. 

SUPRA  -  ORBITARY,  su-pra-or'bit-arri, 
SUPRA-ORBITAR,  su-pra-or'bit-er,  adj 
same  as  Supra-orbital. 

SUPRAPROTEST,  su-pra-pro'test,  n.  in 
law,  an  acceptance  of  a  bill  by  a  third 
person,  after  protest  for  non-acceptance 
by  the  drawer. 

SUPRARENAL,  sQ-pra-re'nal,  adj.  in  anat, 
situated  above  the  kidneys.— Suprarenai, 
CAPSULES,  two  minute,  yellowish,  tri- 
angular, glandular  bodies  which  exist, 
one  at  the  front  portion  of  the  upper  end 
of  each  kidney.  Their  exact  functions 
are  as  yet  uncertain.  [L.  supra,  above, 
over,  and  ren,  renes,  the  kidneys.] 

SUPREMACY,  su-prem'a-si,  n.  state  of 
being  supreme :  highest  authority  or 
power.  [Coined  from  Supreme,  on  the 
model  of  Primacy.] 

SUPREME,  su-prem',  adj.,  highest  :  great 
est :  most  excellent. — adv.  Supresie'ly, 
[L.  supremus,  superl.  of  superus,  high— 
super,  above.] 

SURCEASE,  sur-ses',  V.I  to  cease. — v.t.  to 
cause  to  cease. — n.  cessation.  [Fi\  sursis, 
pa.p.  of  sur-seoir,  to  leave  off — L.  super- 
sedere, to  sit  over,  to  refrain  from.  Cf= 
Assize,  Assess.    Doublet  Supersede.] 

SURCHARGE,  sur-charj',  v.t.  to  over 
charge  or  overload. — n.  an  excessive 
load.  [Fr.  sur  —  L.  super,  over,  and 
CHARGEr] 

SURD,  surd,  adj.  (alg.)  involving  surds  : 
produced  by  the  action  of  the  speech 
organs  on  the  breath  (not  the  voice),  as 
the  "hard"  sounds  k,  t,  p,  f,  etc. — n. 
(alg.)  a  quantity  inexpressible  by  rational 
numbers,  or  which  has  no  root.  [Lit, 
"deaf,"  L.  surdus ;  allied  to  Sans,  svar, 
heavy.] 

SURE,  shoor,  adj., secure :  fit  to  be  depended 
on  :  certain  :  strong :  confident  beyond 
doubt. — advs.  Sure,"Sure'ly.  [Fr.  sflr — 
L.  securus.     Doublet  Secure.] 

SURETISHIP,  shoor'ti-ship,  n.  state  of  be- 
ing surety :  obhgation  of  one  person  to 
answer  for  another. 

SURETY,  shoor'ti,  n.  state  of  being  surer 
certainty  :  he  who  or  that  which  makes 
sure :  security  against  loss :  one  who 
becomes  bound  for  another.  [Doublet 
Security.] 

SURF,  surf,  71.  the  foam  made  by  the 
dashing  of  waves. — adj.  Surf'y.  [Ety. 
very  dub.  ;  perh.  from  Surge  ;  under  in- 
fluence of  L.  sorbeo,  to  suck  in.] 

SURFACE,  sur'fas,  n.  the  exterior  part  of 
anything.  [Fr.  (lit.)  the  "upper  face," 
from  sur — L.  super,  and  face—L.  fades. 
See  Face.    Doublet  Superficies.] 

SURFACE-CHUCK,  sur'fas-chuk,  n.  a 
face-]ilate  chuck  in  a  lathe  to  which  an 
object  is  fixed  for  turning. 

SURFACE-CONDENSER,  sur'fas-kon-den- 
ser,  n.  in  steam-engines,  an  apparatus  by 
which  steam  from  the  cylinder  is  con- 
den.sed.  It  usualh'  consists  of  a  large 
number  of  brass  tubes  united  at  their 
ends  by  means  of  a  pair  of  flat  steam- 
tight  vessels,  or  of  two  sets  of  radiating 
tubes.  This  set  of  tubes  is  inclosed  in  a, 
casing,  through  which  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity of  cold  water  is  driven.  The  .steam 
from  the  exhaust  pipe  is  condensed  as  it 
passes  through  these  tubes,  and  is 
pumped  away  by  the  air-pump. 

SURFACE-GA'Ud^E.  sur'fas-gaj,  n.  an  in- 
strument for  testing  the  accuracy  of 
plane  surfaces. 


SUKFACE-GRUB 


426 


SUSPICIOUS 


StfRFACE-GRUB,  sur'fas-grub,  n.  the 
caterpillar  of  the  great  yellow  under- 
wing-  moth  {Tripha-na  proniiba).  When 
full  grown  it  is  nearly  1+  inch  long,  pale 
g^ecu  with  a  brownish  tinge,  black  dots, 
three  pale  lines  down  the  back.  It  is 
fi-equently  destructive  to  the  roots  of 
grass,  cabbages,  and  turnips. 

SmiFACE-JOlNT,  sur'fas-joint,  n.  a  joint 
uniting  the  ends  or  edges  of  metallic 
sheets  or  plates.  They  are  generally 
formed  bv  laps  or  flanges,  soldered  or 
riveted.     "E.  H.  Knight. 

SURFACEMAN,  sur'fas-man,  n.  in  rail,  a 
person  whose  duty  it  is  to  keep  the  per- 
manent wav  inonU>r. 

JKTKFACE  -  PRINTING,  sur'fas-print-ing, 
n.  printing  from  an  inked  surface,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  2)/a#f-/ir!7?Y!'nf7,  in  which 
the  lines  are  tilled  with  ink,  the  surface 
cleaned,  and  the  ink  absorbed  from  the 
Une.s  by  pi'essure  on  the  plate.  Books, 
newspapers,  woodcuts,  and  lithographs 
are  examples  of  surface-printing.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

STJRFACER,  sur'fas-er,  n.  a  machine  for 
planing  and  giving  a  surface  to  wood  : 
one  who  digs  for  gold  in  the  surface  soil. 

SURFACE-ROLLER,  sur'fas-rol-er,  n.  the 
engraved  cylinder  used  in  calico-printing. 
E.  H.  Kniqht. 

SURFACE-WATER,  sur'fas-waw-ter,  n. 
water  which  collects  on  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  and  usually  runs  off  into 
drains,  sewers,  and  the  hke. 

SURFACE  -  WORKING,  sur'f  as-wurk-ing, 
n.  the  operation  of  digging  for  gold  or 
other  minerals  on  the  top  soil. 

SURF- BOAT,  surf'-bot,  n.  a  peculiarly 
strong  and  buoyant  boat  capable  of  pass- 
ing with  safety  through  surf. 

SURF-DUCK,  surf'-duk,  n.  a  species  of 
scoter  (Oidemia  perspiciUata)  about  the 
size  of  a  mallard,  frequent  on  the  coasts 
of  Labrador,  Hudson's  Bay,  and  other 
parts  of  North  America.  It  dives  so 
swiftly  that  it  is  extremely  difficult  to 
shoot  except  when  on  the  wing. 

SURFEIT,  sur'fit,  v.t.  to  fill  to  satiety  and 
disgust. — n.  excess  in  eating  and  drink- 
ing :  sickness  or  satiety  caused  by  over- 
fullness.  [Fr.  surf  ait,  overdone  —  L.  su- 
per, and  factum.] 

SURFEITING,  sur'fit-lng,  n.  eating  over- 
much :  gluttony. 

SURGE,  surj,  n.  the  rising  or  swelling  of  a 
large  wave. — i\i.  to  rise  high  :  to  swell. 
[Through  O.  Fr.  forms  from  L.  surgo,  to 
rise.    See  Souece.] 

SURGEON,  sur'jun,  n.  one  who  treats  in- 
juries or  diseases  by  operating  upon  them 
with  the  hand.  [From  serurgien,  an  O. 
Fr.  form  of  Fr.  chirurgien  (whence  E. 
Chiruegeon),  which  see.] 

SURGEONCY,  sur'jun-si,  n.  the  office  or 
employment  of  a  surgeon  in  the  army  or 
nnvy. 

SURGERY,  sur'jer-i,  n.  act  and  art  of 
treating  diseases  by  manual  operations  : 
a  place  for  surgical  operations. 

SURGICAL,  sur'jik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
surgeons,  or  to  surgery :  done  by  surgery. 

aff  r.  — SUR'OICALLY. 

8URGY,  surj'i,  adj.  full  of  surges  or 
waves  :  billowy. 

8URLOIN,  the  preferable  form  of  Sirloin. 

SURLY,  sur'li,  adj.  morose  :  unci^'il :  tem- 
pestuous. —  adv.  SuR'LiLY. — n.  Sur'li- 
NESS.  [From  A.S.  sur,  sour,  and  lie, 
lice,  hke  ;  Wedgwood  thinks  it  a  modi- 
fication of  sir-ly.  for  sirlike,  arrogant.] 

SURMISE,  sur-mlz',  n.  suspicion  :  conject- 
ure.— r.t.  to  imagine  :  to  suspect.  [O. 
Ft.  surmise,  accusation — surmettre,  to 
accuse— L.  super,  upon,  mitto,  to  send. 


to  put.] 
SURMOUNT, 


sur-mownt',    v.t.  to    mount 


above:  to  surpass. — adj.  StUMOUNT'ABLE, 
that  may  be  surmoimted.  [Fr. — sur  (L. 
super),  and  monter  (?ee  Mount).] 

SURMULLET,  sur'mul-ct,  n.  the  common 
name  for  fishes  of  the  familj'  Mullid:e, 
formerly  included  in  the  perch  family, 
but  distinguished  by  having  two  dorsal 
fins  pl.acecl  at  a  very  wide  interval,  the 
first  being  spinous.  Two  long  barbels 
hang  from  the  under  jaw,  or,  when  not 
in  use,  are  folded  up  against  it.  The 
typical  genus  is  Mullus.  The  red  or  jilain 
surmullet  (J1/.  barbatus or  ruber)  inh.abits 
the  Mediterranean,  and  attains  a  length 
of  about  13  inches.  Its  flesh  is  esteemed 
very  delicious,  and  was  extravagantly 
prized  by  the  Romans.  It  is  remarkable 
for  the  brilliancy  of  its  colors.  The 
striped  or  common  surmullet  (il/.  sur- 
mideftis)  is  somewhat  larger,  but  equal 
to  the  red  surmullet  in  delicacy.  It  is 
prett}"-  common  on  the  southern  and 
south-western  shores  of  England.  [Fr. 
surnuilet,  the  red  mullet,  for  sormulet, 
from  O.  Fr.  sor.  Mod.  Fr.  saur,  reddish- 
brown,  sorrel,  and  mvlet,  a  mullet.  See 
Sore,  a  hawk,  a  deer.] 

SURMULOT,  sur'mu-lot,  n.  a  name  given 
by  Buffon  to  the  brown  rat  (Mus  decuma- 
nus).  [Fr.,  from  saur,  O.  Fr.  sor,  reddish- 
brown,  .sorrel,  and  mulot,  a  field-mouse.] 

SURNAME,  sur' nam, ?i.  an  additional  name: 
a  name  or  appellation  added  to  the  hap- 

•  tismal  or  Christian  name,  and  which  be- 
comes a  family  name.  Surnames  with 
us  originally  designated  occupation, 
estate,  place  of  residence,  or  some  par- 
ticular thing  or  event  that  related  to  the 
person.  Thus  William  Utifus.  or  red  ; 
Edmund  Ironsides;  Robert  Smith,  or  the 
smith  ;  William  Turner.  Surnames  seem 
to  have  been  formed  at  first  by  adding  the 
name  of  the  father  to  that  of  the  son, 
and  in  this  manner  several  of  our  sur- 
names were  produced.  Thus  from  Thomas 
William's  son  we  have  Thomas  William- 
son ;  from  John's  son  we  have  Johnson, 
etc.  "There  still,  however,  wanted 
something  to  ascertain  gentility  of  blood, 
where  it  was  not  marked  by  the  actual 
tenure  of  land.  This  was  supplied  by 
two  innovations,  devised  in  the  eleventh 
and  twelfth  centuries,  the  adoption  of 
surnames  and  of  armorial  bearings." — 
Hallam.  [Prefix  sur,  over  and  above, 
and  Name.] 

SURNAME,  sur'nam,  v.t.  to  name  or  call 
by  an  appellation  added  to  the  original 
name  :  to  give  a  surname  to.  "  Another 
shall  subscribe  with  his  hand  to  the  Lord, 
and  surname  himself  by  the  name  of 
Israel." — Is.  xliv.  5.  "And  Simon  he  ««r- 
named  Peter." — Mark.  iii.  16. 

SURNOMINAL,  sur-nom'in-al,  adj.  relat- 
ing to  surnames.  [Prefix  sur,  over, 
above,  and  L.  nomen,  nominis,  a  name.] 

SURPASS,  sur-pas',  v.t.  to  pass  beyond :  to 
exceed :  to  excel.  [Fr.  surpasser,  from 
sur — L.  super,  beyond,  and  passer  (see 
P>ss).] 

SURPASSABLE,  sur-pas'a-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  surpassed  or  excelled. 

SURPLICE,  sur'plis,  n.  a  white  outer  gar- 
ment worn  bj'  the  clergy.  [Fr.  surplis — 
Low  L.  superpellicium,,  an  over-garment. 
See  Pelisse.] 

SURPLUS,  sur'plus,  n.  the  overplus:  excess 
above  what  is  required.  [Fr.,  from  sur 
— L.  super,  over,  and  phis,  more.] 

SURPLUSAGE,  sur'plus-aj,  n.,  overplus. 

SURPRISE,  sur-priz',  n.  act  of  taking  un- 
awares: the  emotion  caused  bj' anything 
sudden  :  amazement. — v.t.  to  come  upon 
suddenly  or  unawares:  to  strike  with  won- 
der or  astonishment  :  to  confuse.  [Fr. — 
svrpris,  pa.p.  of  sur-prendre — L.  super, 
and  prehendo,  to  take,  catch.    See  Get.] 


SURPRISING,  sur-prTz'ing,  adj.,  exciting 
surprise  :  wonderful  :  unexpected. — adv. 
SURPRIS'INGLY. 

SURRENDER,  sur-ren'der,  v.t.  to  reuder 
or  deliver  over :  to  resign. — v.i.  to  yield 
up  one's  self  to  another. — n.  act  of  yield- 
ing, or  giving'  up  to  another.  [().  Fr. 
surrendre,  from  .ftir,  over — L.  su2)er,  and 
rendre  (see  Render).] 

SURREPTITIOUS,      sur-rep-tish'us,     adj.: 
done  by  stealth  or  fraud. — adv.  Svrrep 
TI'TIOUSLT.      [Lit.  "seized  in  an   dinner- 
hand  manner,"  L.,  from  surripio,  sur- 
reptum — sub,  under,  and  rapio,  to  seize.] 

SURROGATE,  sur'ro-gat,  n.  a  substitute  : 
the  deputy  of  an  ecclesiastical  judge  :  a 
probate  judge  who  presides  over  the  set- 
tlement of  estates,  wills,  etc.  [Lit.  "one 
asked  to  act  in  the  place  of  another," 
L.  surrogo,  surrogatw.n. — sub,  in  the  place 
of,  and  rogo,  to  ask.] 

SURROUND,  sur-rownd',  r\t.  to  go  round 
about:  to  encompass.  [Fr.  sur  —  L.  sit- 
per,  about,  and  ROUND.] 

SURTOUT,  sur -too',  Ji.  a  close-bodied 
frock-coat.  [Fr.— Low  L.  super-totus,  a 
garment  worn  over  all  others.] 

SURVEILLANCE,  sur-vel'yans,  n.  a  being 
vigilant  or  watchful :  inspection.  [Fr. — 
surveiller — sur,  over — L.  super,  and  veil- 
ler,  to  watch — L.  vigilare.    See  Vigil.] 

SURVEY,  sur-va',  v.t.  to  see  or  look  over: 
to  inspect :  to  superintend :  to  examine  ; 
to  measure  and  estimate,  as  land.  [O. 
Fr.  surveoir — L.  super,  over,  and  videre, 
to  see.] 

SURVEY,  sur'va,  n.,  oversight :  view  :  ex- 
amination :  the  measuring  of  land,  or  of 
a  country. 

SURVEYOR,  sur-va'or,  n.  an  overseer  :  a 
measurer  of  land :  a  public  oflScer  who 
keeps  records  of  and  does  surveying  in 
counties,  states,  etc. — n.  SURV  et'oeshtp. 

SURVIVAL,  sur-vTVal,  n.  a  surviving  or 
living  after. 

SURVIVE,  sur- VI V,  v.t.  to  live  beyond:  to 
outlive. — v.i.  to  remain  alive.  [Fr. — L. 
super,  beyond,  and  vivere,  to  live.] 

SURVIVOR,  sur-viv'or,  n.  one  who  survives 
or  lives  after  another. — n.  Sueviv'ori5HIP. 

SUSCEPTIBILITY,  sus-sep-ti-bil'i-ti,  n. 
quality  of  being  susceptible  :  capability  : 
sensibility. 

SUSCEPTIBLE,  sus-sep'ti-bl,  adj.  capable 
of  recei^'ing  anything  :  impressible  :  dis- 
posed to  admit. — adv.  Suscep'tiblt.  [Ft. 
— L.  snscipio,  susceptum,  to  take  up,  to 
undergo — sub,  from  beneath,  up,  and 
eapio.  to  take.] 

SUSCEPTIVE,  sus-sep'tiv,  adj.  capable  of 
receiving  or  admitting:  readily  admitting. 

SUSPECT,  sus-pekt',  v.t.  to  mistrust :  to 
imagine  to  be  guilty  :  to  doubt :  to  con- 
jecture. [L.  suspicio,  suspectitni,  to  look 
at  secretly — sub,  from  beneath,  up,  and 
specio.  to  look  at.] 

SUSPEND,  sus-pend',  v.t.  to /iang one  thing 
beneath  another  :  to  make  to  depend  on  : 
to  make  to  stop  for  a  time  :  to  delay  :  to 
debar. — }i.  Suspend'er.  [L.  suspeyido — 
sub.  beneath,  pendo,  pensum,  to  hang.] 

SUSPENSE,  sus-pens',  ??.  state  of  being «?/«- 
pended:  act  of  withholding  the  judgment: 
uncertainty:  indecision:  stop  betwixt  two 
opposites. 

SUSPENSION,  sus-pen'shun,  n.  act  of  sus- 
pending: interruption:  delay:  temporal'^ 
privation  of  office  or  privilege  :  a  condi- 
tional withholding. 

SUSPENSORY,  sus-pens'or-i,  adj.  that  sus- 
intends:  doubtful. — n.  that  which  suspends: 
a  bandage. 

SUSPICION,  sus-pish'un,  n.  act  of  suspect- 
ing: the  imagining  of  something  without 
evidence  or  on  slender  evidence:  mistrust. 

SUSPICIOUS,  sus-pish'us.  adj.  full  of  sus- 
picion :  showing  suspicion  :    inclined  to 


SUSTAm 


427 


SWEETEN 


suspect :  liable  to  suspicion  :  doubtful. — 
adv.  Suspi'cioxJSLY. — n.  Suspi'ciousness. 

SUSTAIN,  sus-tan',  ui.  io  hold  up:  to  bear: 
to  maintain  :  to  relieve  :  to  prove  :  to 
sanction:  to  prolong-. — n.  Sustain'er.  [L. 
sustineo  —  sub,  from  beneath,  up,  and 
teneo,  to  hold.] 

SUSTAINABLE,  sus-tan'a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  sustained. 

SUSTENANCE,  sus'ten-ans,  n.  that  which 
sustains  :  maintenance  :  provisions. 

SUSTENTATION,  sus-ten-ta'shun,  n.  that 
wliich  sustains :  support :  maintenance. 

SUTLER,  sut'ler,  n.  a  person  who  follows 
an  army  and  sells  liquor  or  provisions : 
a  camp  hawker.  [O.  Dut.  soeteler,  a 
small  trader — soetelen,  to  do  mean  work  ; 
Ger.  svdler,  a  dabbler — sudeln,  to  do  dirty 
work.] 

SUTLINGr,  sutling,  adj.  pertaining-  to  sut- 
lers: engaged  in  tlie  occupation  of  a  sutler, 

SUTTEE,  sut-te',  n.  formerly  in  India,  the 
sacrifice  of  a  widow  on  the  funeral  pile 
of  her  husband  :  the  widow  so  sacrificed. 
[Sans,  cuddhi,  voluntaiy  sacrifice.] 

SUTURAL,  sut'iir-al,  adj.  relating  to  a 
suture. 

SUTURE,  sut'ur,  n.  (med.)  the  sewing  to- 
gether of  a  wound  :  the  seam  uniting  the 
bones  of  the  skull :  (bot.)  the  seam  at 
the  union  of  two  margins  in  a  plant.  [L. 
sutura — suo,  to  sew.] 

SUTURED,  siit'urd,  adj.  having  or  united 
by  sutures. 

SUZERAIN,  soo'ze-ran,  n.  a  feudal  lord  : 
supreme  or  paramount  ruler.  [Lit.  "  one 
who  is  above,"  Fr.  sus — Late  L.  susum, 
for  sursuni=^sub-versum,  above  ;  the  ter- 
mination in  imitation  of  Fr.  souverain, 
E.  Sovereign.] 

SUZERAINTY,  soo'ze-ran-ti,  n.  the  do- 
minion of  a  suzerain:  paramount  author- 
ity. 

SWAB,  swob,  n.  a  mop  for  cleaning  or  dry- 
ing floors  or  decks. — v.t.  to  clean  or  dry 
with  a  swab  : — pr.p.  swabb'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  swabbed.  [Pi-ob.  orig.  from 
the  splashing  movement  of  water,  and 
so  conn,  with  Sweep.] 

SWABBER,  swob'er,  n.  one  who  uses  a 
swab  :  an  officer  who  sees  that  the  ship 
is  kept  clean. 

SWADDLE,  swod'l,  v.t.  to  swathe  or  bind 
tight  with  clothes,  as  an  infant.  [A.S. 
swelhel,  a  swaddling-band  ;  an  extension 
of  Swathe,  to  bind"^] 

SWADDLING  -  BAND,  swod'ling  -  band, 
SWADDLING-CLOTH,  swodling-kloth, 
n.  a  band  or  cloth  formei-ly  used  for 
swaddling    an    infant  •.—pi.  (B.)  Swad- 

DLINO-CLOTHES.] 

SWAGGER,  svvag'er,  v.i.  to  .rway  or  swing 
the  body  in  bluster  :  to  brag  noisily  :  to 
bully.  —  n.  boastfulness :  insolence  of 
manner. — n.  Swago'erer.  [From  the 
root  of  Swat,  Swing.] 

SWAIN,  swan,  n.  a  young  man:  a  peasant: 
a  country  lover.  [A.S.  swan,  a  servant ; 
Ice.  sveinn,  young  man,  servant,  Dan. 
svend,  servant ;  perh.  conn,  with  root  of 
Son.] 

SWALLOW,  swol'o,  n.  a  migratory  bird 
with  long  wings,  which  seizes  its  insect 
food  on  the  wing.  [A.S.  swalewe ;  cog. 
with  Ger.  sehwatbe.'] 

SWALLOW,  swol'o,  v.t.  to  receive  through 
the  gullet  into  the  stomach  :  to  ingulf  : 
to  absorb:  to  occupy:  to  exhaust.  [A.S. 
suxlgan,  to  swallow ;  cog.  with  Ger. 
schwelgen ;  conn,  with  Swill.] 

SWAM,  swam,  pa.t.  of  Swim. 

SWAMP,  sworn p,  Ji.  wet,  spongy  \a,nd  :  low 
ground  filled  with  water. — v.t.  to  sink  in, 
or  8,8  in  a  swamp:  to  overset,  or  cause  to 
fill  with  water,  as  a  boat.  [Closely  conn, 
with  Low  Ger.  and  Scand.  svamp,  which, 
with  A.S.  swamm   and   Ger.  schwamm. 


signify  -'sponge,"  and  "mushroom;" 
all  from  the  root  of  Swtm.J 

SWAMPY,  swomp'i,  adj.  consisting  of 
swamp  :   wet  and  spongy. 

SWAN,  swon,  n.  a  web-footed  bird  like  the 
duck  and  goose.  [A.S. ;  cog.  with  Ger. 
scliwan,  Dut.  zwaan ;  from  L.  sono,  to 
sound.  Sans.  svan.'\ 

SWARD,  swawrd,  n.  the  grassy  surface  of 
land:  green  turf.  —  v.t.  to  cover  with 
sward.  [Orig.  the  "  skin  of  bacon,"  A.S. 
sweard  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  schwarte,  thick, 
hard  hide.  Ice.  sviirdr,  the  skin  (esp.  of 
the  head),  the  sward  or  surface  of  the 
earth.] 

SWARTDED,  swawrd'ed,  SWARDY, 
swawrd'i,  adj.  covered  with  sward. 

SWARE,  svvar,  (B.)  pa.t.  of  Swear. 

SWARM,  swawrm,  n.  a  body  of  humming 
or  buzzing  insects:  a  cluster  of  insects, 
esp.  of  bees  :  a  great  number :  throng. — 
v.i.  to  gather  as  bees :  to  appear  in  a 
crowd  :  to  throng :  to  abound  :  to 
breed  multitudes.  [A.S.  sicearm;  Ger. 
Schwann  ;  from  the  same  root  as  Ger. 
schwirren.  Sans,  svr,  to  sound.] 

SWARTHY,  swawrth'i,  adj.  of  a  blackish 
complexion:  dark-skinned:  tawny. — adi\ 
Swarth'ilt. — n.  Swaeth'iness.  [A.S. 
SK-eart ;  cog.  with  Ice.  svart-r,  Ger. 
schwarz,  black  ;  conn,  also  with  L.  sor- 
didus,  dirty.] 

SWATH,  swawth,  n.  a  line  of  grass  or 
corn  cut  by  the  scythe  :  the  sweep  of  a 
scythe.  [A.S.  swathe ;  Dut.  zwade,  also 
a  scythe,  which  may  have  been  the 
original  meaning.] 

SWATHE,  swai/i,  v.t.  to  bind  with  a  band 
or  bandage. — n.  a  bandage.  [A.S.  be- 
sivethian.    Cf.  Swaddle.] 

SWAY,  swa,  v.t.  to  suring  or  wield  with  the 
hand :  to  incline  to  one  side :  to  influ- 
ence by  power  or  moral  force:  to  govern. 
— v.i.  to  incline  to  one  side  :  to  govern : 
to  have  weiglit  or  influence. — n.the  sweep 
of  a  weapon :  that  which  moves  with 
power:  preponderance:  power  in  govern- 
ing :  influence  or  authority  inclining  to 
one  side.  [Prob.  Scand.,  as  Ice.  sveigja, 
Dan.  svaie,  to  sway,  sveie,  to  bend ;  akin 
to  Swing  and  Wag.] 

SWEAR,  swar,  v.i.  to  affirm,  calling  God 
to  witness :  to  give  evidence  on  oath :  to 
utter  the  name  of  God  or  of  sacred  things 
profanely. — v.t.  to  utter,  calling  God  to 
witness  :  to  administer  an  oath  to :  to 
declare  on  oath  : — pa.t.  swore  ;  pa.p>. 
sworn. — n.  Swear'er.  [^-S.  swerian ; 
cog.  with  Dut.  zweren,  Ger.  schworen. 
Cf.  Answer.] 

SWEAT,  swet,  n.  the  moisture  from  the 
skin  :  labor :  drudgery. — v.i.  to  give  out 
sweat  or  moisture  :  to  toil. — v.t.  to  give 
out,  as  sweat :  to  cause  to  sweat.  [A.S. 
swat ;  cog.  with  Low  Ger.  sweet,  Ger. 
schweisz ;  further  conn,  with  L.  sudor, 
Gr.  Uidros,  Sans,  si'edas.] 

SWEATING-ROOM,  swet'ing-room,  n.  a 
room  for  sweating  persons :  in  dairy 
business,  a  room  for  sweating  cheese  and 
carrying  off  the  superfluous  juices. 

SWEATING-SICKNESS,  swet'ing-sik-nes, 
n.  sudor  anglicanus,  ephemera  sudatoria, 
or  ephemera  maligna :  an  extremely 
fatal,  febrile  epidemic  disease  which 
made  its  appearance  in  England  in  Au- 
gust, 1485,  and  at  different  periods  up 
till  1551,  and  which  spread  very  extens- 
ively on  the  Continent.  It  was  char- 
acterized by  profuse  sweating,  and  was 
frequently  fatal  in  a  few  hours. — Mal- 
WAH  sweating-sickness,  a  disease  oc- 
curring in  India,  which  appears  to  be 
allied  to  the  worst  form  of  cholera,  and 
to  bear  a  close  relation  to  malignant 
congestive  fever.     Dunglison. 

SWEATING  -  SYSTEM,    swet'ing-sis-tem, 


n.  a  term  appHed,  particularly  in  the 
tailoring  trade,  to  the  practice  of  em- 
ploying men,  women,  and  children  to 
make  up  clothes  in  their  own  houses  at 
very  low  wages. 
SWEATY,  swet'i,  acT/. wet  with  sweat :  con- 
sisting of  sweat :  laborious. — n.  SwEAr'-^ 

INESS. 

SWEDE,  swed,  w.  a  native  of  Sweden. 

SWEDENBORGIAN,  swe-den-bor'ji-an,  n. 
one  who  holds  the  doctrines  of  the  New 
Jerusalem  Church  as  taught  by  Emanuel 
Swedenborg,  a  Swedish  nobleman,  born 
at  Stockholm  in  1689.  He  professed 
himself  to  be  the  founder  of  the  New 
Jerusalem  Church,  alluding  to  the  New 
Jerusalem  spoken  of  in  the  book  of  the 
Revelation,  and  conceived  that  the 
members  of  this  church  were  gifted  with 
peculiar  insight  into  spiritual  tilings. 
The  Swedenborgians  believe  that  the 
regenerate  man  is  in  direct  communica- 
tion with  angels  and  with  heaven.  They 
maintain  that  the  sacred  Scriptures  con- 
tain three  distinct  senses,  called  celestial, 
spiritual,  and  natural,  which  are  united 
by  correspondences,  and  are  accommo- 
dated respectively  to  particular  classes, 
both  of  men  and  angels.  They  hold  that 
there  have  been  various  general  judg- 
ments ending  particular  dispensations  of 
divine  revelation.  The  last  was  in  1757, 
when  Swedenborg-  received  the  oSice  of 
teaching  the  doctrines  of  the  new  church 
promised  in  the  Apocalypse.  As  this 
church  is  to  be  eternal  there  will  be  no 
other  general  judgment,  but  each  indi- 
vidual is  judged  soon  after  death.  There 
are  numerous  societies  of  them  both  in 
Great  Britain  and  America. 

SWEDENBORGIANISM,  swe  -  den  -  boi-'ji. 
an-izm,  n.  the  doctrines  and  practice  of 
the  Swedenborgians. 

SWEDISH,  swed'ish,  adj.  pertaining  to 
Sweden. 

SWEEP,  swep,  v.t.  to  wipe  or  rub  over 
with  a  brush  or  broom  :  to  carry  along 
or  off  by  a  long  brushing  stroke  or  force: 
to  destroy  or  carry  ofl'  at  a  stroke:  to 
strike  with  a  long  stroke  :  to  carry  with 
pomp :  to  drag  over :  to  pass  rapidly 
over. — v.i.  to  pass  swiftly  and  forcibly  : 
to  pass  with  pomp :  to  move  with  a  long 
reach  :—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  swept. — n.  act 
of  sweeping  :  extent  of  a  stroke,  or  of 
anything  turning  or  in  motion :  direction 
of  a  cm've :  a  chimney-sweeper.  — n. 
Sweep'er.  [A.S.  swapan  ;  cog.  with 
Low  Ger.  swepen,  Ger.  schweifen.  Cf.  E. 
Swab,  Swoop,  and  Swift.] 

SWEEPINGS,  swep'ingz,  n.pl.  things  col- 
lected by  sweeping :  rubbish. 

SWEEPSTAKES,  swep'stakz,  n.  all  the 
money  or  other  things  staked  or  won  at 
a  horserace,  or  in  gaming.  [So  called 
because  the  winner  sweeps  up  all  the 
stakes  or  deposits.] 

SWEET,  swet,  adj.  pleasing  to  the  taste 
or  senses  :  tasting  like  sugar  :  fragrant : 
melodious  :  beautiful :  fresh,  as  opp.  to 
salt  or  to  sour:  not  stale,  sour,  or  putrid: 
mUd  :  obliging. — n.  a  sweet  substance  : 
a  term  of  endearment  i—pl.  sweetmeats. 
— adv.  SwEET'hY. — n.  SvraET'NESS.  [A, 
S.  swet,  cog.  with  Ger.  sUsz,  Gr.  hedys 
L.  suavis.  sweet.  Sans,  svad,  to  taste.  J 

SWEETBREAD,  swet'bred,  n.  the  pan- 
creas of  an  animal  used  for  food,  sc 
called  from  its  sweetness  and  resem- 
blance to  bread. 

SWEET-BRIER,  swet'-brl'er,  n.  a  thorny 
shrub  of  the  rose  kind  resembling  the 
brier,  having  a  sweet  smell. 

SWEETEN,    swet'n,  v.t.  to  make  sweet: 
to  make  pleasing,  mild,  or  kind  :  to  in 
crease    the    agreeable    qualities  of :    to 
make  pure  and  healthy.— ?i.  Sweet'ener. 


SWEETENING 


428 


SWING 


SWEETENING,  swet'n-ing,  n.  act  of 
sweotoning  :    that  which  sweetens. 

SWEET-FERN,  swet'-fern,  n.  a  small 
North  American  shrub,  having  sweet- 
scented  or  aromatic  leaves  resembling 
fern-leaves  (Comptonia  asplenifolia). 
Goodrich . 

gWEETHEAKT,  swet'hart,  n.  a  lover  or 
mistress.  [Simply  from  Sw:eet  and 
Heart  ;   an   expression  found  in  Chau- 


<er.] 
3  WEE! 


SWEETISH,  swet'ish,  adj.  somewhat 
sweet  to  the  taste.— Ji.  Sweet'ISHNEss. 

SWEETMEAT,  swet'raet,  n.  confections 
made  wholly  or  chiefly  of  sugar.  [Sweet 
and  Meat.] 

SWEET-PEA,  swet'-pe,  n.  a  pea  cultivated 
for  its  sweet  fragrance  and  beauty. 

SWEET-POTATO,  swet'-po-ta'to,?^.  a  plant 
common  in  tropical  countries,  having 
tubers  like  the  potato,  which  are  sweet 
and  hig-hlv  esteemed  as  food. 

SWEET-RUSH,  swet'-rush,  n.  a  plant  of 
the  genus  Acorus  {A.  Calainus),  found 
growing  in  ponds,  by  the  banks  of  rivers, 
and  other  wet  places  in  England,  and  in 
the  cooler  parts  of  the  Continent,  of 
India,  and  of  North  America.  From  the 
lower  part  of  the  thick  jointed  rhizome 
or  root-stock  numerous  roots  are  tlirown 
down,  while  from  the  upper  surface  arise 
a  number  of  sword-shaped  leaves,  from 
2  to  3  feet  in  length,  sheathing  at  the 
base,  also  a  long  leaf-like  stalk  from 
which  issues  a  spike  of  densely-packed 
greenish  flowers.  All  parts  of  the  plant, 
but  especially  the  perennial  rhizome 
(known  as  calamus-root),  have  a  strong 
aromatic  and  slightlj'  acrid  taste  ;  and 
hence  the  rhizome  is  used  in  medicine  as 
a  stimulant  and  tonic  in  some  kinds  of 
indigestion,  and  it  is  said  to  be  useful  in 
'  ague.  It  is  also  used  by  confectioners  as 
<%  candy ;  by  perfumers  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  aromatic  vinegar  and  other  per- 
fumed articles,  as  hair-powders  ;  and  by 
manufacturers  of  beer  and  gin  as  a  flav- 
oring ingredient. 

SWEET-WILLIAM,  swet-wil'yam,  n.  a 
species  of  pink  of  many  colors  and 
varieties. 

SWELL,  swel,  v.i.  to  grow  larger  :  to  ex- 
pand: to  rise  into  waves:  to  heave:  to  be 
inflated:  to  bulge  out:  to  grow  louder:  to 
be  bombastic,  to  strut:  to  become  elated, 
arrogant,  or  angry  :  to  grow  upon  the 
view:  to  grow  louder,  as  a  note. — i:t.  to 
increase  the  size  of:  to  aggravate:  to  in- 
crea.se  the  sound  of:  to  raise  to  arrogance: 
— pa.p.  swelled  or  swollen  (swoln). — re. 
act  of  swelling:  increase  in  size  or  sound: 
a  gradual  rise  of  ground  :  a  wave :  the 
waves  or  tides  of  the  sea,  esp.  after  a 
storm:  a  strutting  foppish  fellow,a  dandy. 
[A.S.  swellan ;  cog.  with  Ger.  schivellen, 
Ice.  avella-l 

SWELLING,  swel'ing,  adj.  (B.)  inflated, 
proud,  haughty. — 7!.  protuberance:  a 
tumor :  a  rising,  as  of  passion  :  {B.)  in- 
flation  by  pride. 

SWELTER,  swelt'er,  v.i.  to  be  faint,  or  op- 
pressed with  heat.  [A.S.  siceltan,  to  die ; 
Ice.  stelta,  to  hunger.] 

SWEPT,  swept,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Sweep. 

iSWERVE,  swerv,  i\i.  to  turn,  depart  from 

j    any  line,  duty,  or  custom  :    to  incline. 

.■  [A.S.  hweorfan ;  Dut.  swerven ;  conn, 
with  Warp.] 

SWIFT,  swift,  n.  the  current  of  a  stream. 
"He  can  live  in  the  strongest  strifts  of 
the  water."— 72.  Walton.  (Rare):  a  reel 
or  turning  instrument  for  winding  yarn  : 
the  common  name  of  birds  of  the  genus 
Cypselus,  family  Cypselidw.  They  have 
an  outward  resemblance  to  the  swallows, 
but  differ  much  from  them  in  various 
structural   points.     The  common  swift 


(C  apus)  has  the  greatest  powers  of 
flight  of  any  bird  that  visits  Britain. 
Its  color  is  in  general  a  sombre  or  sooty 
black,  with  a  grayish-white  patch  under 
the  chin.  The  beak  is  black,  siiorter 
than  that  of  the  swallow,  and  without 
the  lateral  bristles.  The  wings  are  even 
longer  than  those  of  the  swallow,  and 
are  sickle-shaped.  The  tarsi  are  short, 
and  feathered  to  the  toes,  which  are  all 
directed  forwards.  The  s\\Tfts  pass  most 
of  their  time  in  the  air,  where  they  pur- 
sue their  insect  prej'.  Their  flight  is 
swift  and  shooting,  and  their  scream 
very  different  from  the  twittering  of  the 
swallow.  They  build  their  nests  in  holes 
in  the  walls  of  houses,  in  rocks,  and 
sometimes  in  hollow  trees.  The  swift 
reaches  its  summer  quarters  later,  and 
leaves  earUer  than  the  swallows.  An- 
other species,  the  white-bellied  or  Alpine 
swift  (C.  alpimis),  is  known  in  Gt.  Brit- 
ain, but  it  is  onlj'  a  rare  straggler.  The 
weight  of  the  swift  is  most  dispropor- 
tionately small  to  its  extent  of  w-ing, 
the  former  being  scarcely  an  ounce,  the 
latter  18  inches,  the  length  of  the  body 
being  near  8  inches.  The  swift  is  widely 
spread  through  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa, 
The  American  swift  {Chcetura  pelasgia) 
is  smaller,  has  the  hind  -  toe  directed 
backwards,  and  the  tail-feathers  stiff  as 
in  woodpeckers.  It  is  commonly  called 
the  chimney  stralloiv :  the  common  newt 
or  eft,  a  species  of  lizard. 

SWIFT,  swift,  adj.  moving  with  great 
speed,  celerity,  velocity,  or  rapidity; 
fleet;  rapid;  quick;  speedy;  "The 
race  is  not  to  the  sunft,  nor  "the  battle 
to  the  strong." — Eccles.  is.  11.; 

True  hope  is  swift,  and  flies  vrith  swallow's  wingrs ; 

King^s  it  makes  gods,  and  meaner  creatures  kings. 

— Shak.; 

ready  ;  prompt ;  quick  ;  "  Having  so 
sinft  and  excellent  a  wit."  —  Shal:; 
"Let  every  man  be  sirift  to  hear,  slow 
to  speak,  slow  to  wrath."— Jam.  i.  19  : 
coming  suddenly,  without  delay;  "There 
shall  be  false  teachers  among  j'ou,  who 
privily  shall  bring  in  damnable  heresies, 
even  denying  the  Lord  that  bought 
them,  and  bring  upon  themselves  sirift 
destruction." — 3  Pet.  ii.  2 :  of  short 
continuance;  rapidly  passing;  "Make 
siLrift  the  pangs  of  my  queen's  travails." 
—Shak.  [A.S.  sioift,  from  the  stem  of 
sicifan,  to  move  quickly,  to  turn  round, 
to  revolve  ;  Ice.  svifa,  to  be  carried,  to 
glide,  svif,  sudden  movement  ;  Dut. 
zu-eren,  Ger.  sehweben,  Dan.  si'cei^e,  to 
wave,  to  float,  to  hover ;  same  root  as  E. 
Sweep  and  Swoop.] 

SWIFT,  swift,  ad?',  in  a  swift  or  rapid 
manner:  swiftly.  "Light  boats  sail 
sirift." — Shak. 

SWIFTER,  swift'er,  n.  {naut.)  a  rope  used 
to  confine  the  bars  of  the  capstan  in 
their  sockets  while  men  are  turning  it : 
also,  a  rope  used  to  encircle  a  boat  longi- 
tudinally to  strengthen  and  defend  her 
.sides  in  collision.  Swifters  also  are  two 
shrouds  fixed  on  the  starboard  and  lar- 
board sides  of  the  lower  masts,  above  all 
the  other  shrouds,  to  give  the  masts  ad- 
ditional security.     [Ice.  si^'ptingr.] 

SWIFTLY,  swift'li,  adv.  with  swiftness: 
rapidlv. 

SWIFTffESS,  swift'nes,  n.  quaUty  of  being 
swift :  quickness  :  fleetness  :  rapidity : 
speed. 

SWiLL,  swil,  ir.t.  or  v.i.  to  drink  greedily 
or  largely. — n.  a  large  draught  of  liquor  : 
the  liquid  mixture  given  to  swine. — n. 
Swill'er.  [A.S.  striHan,  conn,  with 
Swallow.] 

SWIM,  smm,  v.i.  to  float,  as  opp.  to  sink  : 
to  move  on  or    in  water :   to  be  borne 


along  by  a  current :  to  glide  along  with 
a  waving  motion  :  to  be  dizzy  :  to  be 
drenched  :  to  overflow  :  to  abound. — v.t. 
to  pass  by  swimming  :  to  make  to  swini 
or  float : — 2>r.jj.  swimm'ing  ;  pa.t.  swam; 
pa.p.  swam  or  swum. — n.  act  of  swim- 
ming :  any  motion  like  swimming  :  aiiv 
bladder  of  a  fish.  [A.S.  swimman,  cog. 
with  Ger.  sehwimmen.] 

SWIMMER,  swim'er,  n.  one  who  swims  :  a 
web-footed  aquatic  bird. 

SWIMMING,  swim'ing,  v.  the  act  or  art  of 
sustaining  and  propelling  the  body  in 
water.  A  great  proportion  of  the  ani- 
mal tribes  are  furnished  with  a  greater 
or  less  capacity  for  swimming  either  in 
water  or  on  its  surface,  but  man  is  un- 
qualified for  swimming  without  learning 
to  do  so  as  an  art,  owing  to  the  structure 
of  his  body.  The  head  by  its  gravity 
naturally  sinks  in  water,  and  thus  causes 
drowning,  unless  it.  or  at  least  the  mouth, 
can  be  kept  above  the  surface  by  art. 
The  art  of  swimming  chiefly  consists  ic 
keeping  the  head  above  water,  and  using 
the  hands  and  feet  as  oars  and  helm. 

SWIMMINGLY,  swim'ing-li,  adv.  in  a  glid- 
ing manner,  as  if  sirimming  :  smoothly  , 
successfully. 

SWINDLE,  swin'dl,  v.t.  to  cheat  under  the 
pretence  of  fair  dealing. — n.  the  act  of 
swindling  or  defrauding.  [Lit.  "  to  make 
dizzy,"  Dut.  zwendelen,  from  the  root  oJ 
A.S.  sirindan,  to  become  weak,  Gter. 
schuinden,  to  disappear;  conn,  with 
Swoon.] 

SWINDLER,  swin'dler,  n.  one  who  de- 
frauds by  imposition  :  a  cheat  or  rogue. 

SWINE,  swlu,  n.sing.  and  pJ.  an  ungulate : 
a  mammal  of  the  genus  Sus,  which  for 
nislies  man  with  a  large  portion  of  his 
most  nourishing  food  :  a  bog.  The  fat 
or  lard  of  this  animal  enters  into  various 
dishes  in  cookery.  The  numerous  varie 
ties  of  the  hog  or  swine  bred  in  U.  S.  are 
partly  the  result  of  climate  and  keep. 
Tliey  are  all,  however,  of  English  impor- 
tation originally.  [A.S.  sinn,  a  widely 
spread  word  ;  Dut.  zirijn,  Ger.  schwein, 
Dan.  sviin.  Ice,  svhi,  Goth,  svein,  Pol, 
su-iiu'a,  Bohem.  sirine ;  same  root  as  sow, 

L.  S!(S.]^ 

SWINE-BREAD,  swin'-bred,  n.  a  kind  of 
plant,  truffle. 

SWINE-CASE,  swTn'-kas,  SWINE-CRTJE, 
swin'-kroo,  n.  a  hog-sty:  a  pen  for  swine. 
Called  also  a  SwiNE-cOT.     (Local.) 

SWINE-DRUNK,  swin'-drimgk,  adj.  in  a 
state  of  beastly  intoxication :  beastly 
drunk.     Sliak. 

SWINE -GRASS,  swin'-gras,  n.  a  plant, 
knot-grass.  Polygonum  amculare. 

SWINE'HERD,  swin'herd,  n.  a  herd  ot 
keeper  of  swine. 

SWINE-OAT,  swin'  jt,  n.  a  kind  of  oats 
cultivated  for  the  use  of  pigs  ;  the  Avena 
nuda  of  botanists. 

SWINE-PEPE.  swTn'-pIp,  n.  a  local  name 
of  the  redwing  thrush  (Turdiis  iliaeus). 

SWINE-POX,  swln'-poks,  n.  a  variety  of 
the  chicken-pox,  witli  aciuninated  ves- 
icles containing  a  watery  fluid :  the  wa- 
ter-pox. 

SWINE'S-CRESS,  swinz'-kres,  n.  a  plant  of 
the  genus  Senebiera,  the  S.  Coronopus, 
called  also  Waet-CEESS. 

SWINES-FEATHER,  swinz'-fert-er,  n.  a 
small  spear  about  6  inches  long,  called 
also  a  Hog's  Bristle,  anciently  used  as  a 
bayonet.  The  name  was  afterwards,  it 
the  seventeenth  century,  applied  to  a 
similar  spear  fitted  into  the  musket  rest 
in  order  to  render  it  a  defence  against 
cavalry. 

SWING,  swing,  v.i.  to  sway  or  wave  to  anc 
fro,  as  a  body  hanging  in  air:  to  vibrate: 
to  practice  swinging :  to  turn  round  at 


SWINGLE-TREE 


429 


SYNCOPE 


anchor  :  to  be  hanged. — v.t.  to  move  to 
and  fro  :  to  cause  to  wave  or  vibrate:  to 
whirl.to  hra,ndish:—pa.t.a.ndpa.p.s\vung. 
— n.  the  act  of  swinging- :  motion  to  and 
fro  :  a  waving  motion :  anything  sus- 
pended for  swinging  in :  the  sweep  or 
compass  of  a  swinging  body  :  power  of 
anything  swinging  :  free  course.  [A.S. 
swingan,  Ger.  schwingen,  to  swing ; 
allied  to  Wag,  Sway.] 

SWINGLE-TREE,  swing'gl-tre,  SINGLE- 
TREE, sing'gl-tre,  n.  the  cross-piece  of 
a  carriage,  plough,  etc.,  to  which  the 
traces  of  a  harnessed  horse  are  fixed. 
[From  Swing.] 

SWINISH,  swTn'ish,  adj.  like  or  befitting 
swine  :  gross  :  brutal. — adv.  Swin'ishlt. 
— n.  Swtn'ishness. 

SWIRL,  swerl,  v.i.  to  sweep  along  with  a 
whirling  motion. — n.  whirling  motion, 
as  of  wind  or  water.  [Imitative  like 
Wheel.] 

SWISS,  swis,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to  Switz- 
erland.— n.  a  native  of  Switzerland  :  the 
language  of  Switzerland. 

SWITCH,  swich,  n.  a  small  flexible  twig :  a 
movable  rail  and  its  appendages  used  for 
transferring  a  car  or  an  entire  railway 
train  from  one  track  to  another. — v.t.  to 
strike  with  a  switch  :  to  transfer  a  car- 
riage from  one  line  of  rails  to  another  by 
a  switch.  [Low  Ger.  zwiikse,  swutsche.l 

SWIVEL,  swiv'l,  n.  something  fixed  in  an- 
other body  so  as  to  turn  rmind  in  it :  a 
ring  or  link  that  turns  round  on  a  pin  or 
neck:  a  small  cannon  turning  on  a  swivel. 
[A.S.  sivifan,  to  move  quickly,  to  turn 
round.     See  Swift.] 

SWOLLEN,  swoln,  pa.p.  of  Swell. 

SWOON,  swoon,  v.i.  to  faint  :  to  fall  into 
a  fainting-fit. — n.  the  act  of  swooning :  a 
fainting-fit.  [A.S.  and  O.  Ger.  swindan, 
to  become  weak,  to  fail.] 

SWOOP,  swoop,  v.t.  to  sweep  down  upon  : 
to  take  with  a  sweep  :  to  catch  while  on 
the  wing  :  to  catch  up. — v.i.  to  descend 
with  a  sweep. — n.  the  act  of  swooping : 
a  seizing  as  a  bird  on  its  prey.  [A  form 
of  Sweep.] 

SWOP,  swop,  v.t.  to  exchange,  to  barter:— 
pr.p.  swopp'ing;  pa.t.  a.ndpa.p.  swopped. 
— n.  an  exchange. 

SWORD,  sord,  n.  an  offensive  weapon  with 
a  long  blade,  sharp  upon  one  or  both 
edges,  for  cutting  or  thrusting  :  destruc- 
tion by  the  sword  or  by  war  :  war  :  the 
emblem  of  vengeance  or  justice,  or  of 
authority  and  power.  [A.S.  sweord,  cog. 
with  Ice.  sverd,  Ger.  sehivert.l 

SWORD-BAYONET,  s6rd'-ba'on-et,  n.  a 
bayonet  shaped  somewhat  like  a  sicord, 
and  used  as  one. 

SWORDCANE,  sSrd'kan,  SWORDSTICK, 
sord'stik,  n.  a  cane  or  stick  containing  a 
stvoi-d. 

SWORDFISH,  s5rd'fish,  n.  a  large  sea.-fish 
having-  the  upper  jaw  elongated  so  as  to 
resemble  a  sword. 

SWORDSMAN,  sordz'man,  n.  a  man  skilled 
in  the  use  of  the  sword. — n.  Swoeds'- 

MANSHIP. 

SWORE,  SWORN.    See  Swear. 

SYBARITE,  sib'a-rit,  n.  an  inhabitant  of 
Sybaris,  a  Greek  town  in  ancient  Italy, 
noted  for  the  effeminacy  and  luxury  of 
its  inhabitants  :  one  devoted  to  luxury. 
—adjs.  Sybarit'ic,  Sybaeit'ical. 

SYCAMINE,  sik'a-min,  n.  (B.)  supposed  to 
be  the  black  mulberry  tree. 

SYCAMORE,  sik'a-mor,  n.  the  fig-mul- 
berry, growing  in  Egypt  and  other  East- 
ern countries  :  in  Britain,  applied  to  a 
large  maple,  and  in  America,  to  the 
plane-tree.  [Gr.  sykomoros — sykon,  a  fig, 
and  moron,  the  black  mulberry.] 

SYCOPHANCY,  sik'o-fan-si,  SYCO- 
PHANTISM,  sik'o-fant-izm,  n.  the  be- 


havior of  a  sycophant :  mean  tale-bear- 
ing :  obsequious  flattery :  servility. 

SYCOPHANT,  sik'o-fant,  n.  a  common  in- 
former :  a  servile  flatterer.  [Gr.  syko- 
phantes,  usually  said  to  mean  one  who 
informed  against  persons  exporting  figs 
from  Attica,  or  plundering  the  sacred 
fig-trees  ;  but  more  prob.,  one  who 
brings  figs  to  light  by  shaking  the  tree, 
hence  one  who  makes  rich  men  yield  up 
their  fruit  by  informations  and  other 
vile  arts — sykon,  a  fig,  and  phaino,  to 
bring  to  light,  to  show.] 

SYCOPHANTIC,  sik-o-fant'ik,  SYCO-. 
PHANT'ICAL,-ik-al,  SYCOPHANT'ISH, 
-ish,  adj.  like  a,  sycophant:  obsequiously 
fiattering  :  parasitic. 

SYLLABIC,  sil-lab'ik,  SYLLAB'ICAL,  -ik- 
al, adj.  consisting  of  a  syllable  or  syllables. 
— adv.  Syllab'ically. 

SYLLABICATE,  sil-lab'i-kat,  v.t.  to  form 
into  syllables. — n.  Syllabica'tion. 

SYLLABIFY,  sil-lab'i-fl,  v.i.  to  form  into 
syllables  :—^pa.t.  and  pct.p.  syllab'ifled. — 
n.  Syllabifica'tion.  [Syllable,  and  L. 
facio,  to  make.] 

SYLLABLE,  sil'a-ol,  n.  several  letters  taken 
together  so  as  to  form  one  sound :  a  word 
or  part  of  a  word  uttered  by  a  single 
effort  of  the  voice  :  a  small  part  of  a 
sentence.  [L.  syllaba — Gr.  syllabe — syn, 
with,  together,  and  lab,  root  of  lambano, 
to  take/f 

SYLLABUB.    Same  as  Sillabub. 

SYLLABUS,  sil'a-bus,  n.  an  abstract  or 
compendium  :  a  table  of  contents.     [L.] 

SYLLOGISM,  sil'o-jizm,  n.  logical  form  of 
every  argument,  consisting  of  three  prop- 
ositions, of  which  the  first  two  are  called 
the  premises,  and  the  last,  which  follows 
from  them,  the  conclusion.  [Gr.  syllogis- 
mos — syllogizomai — syn,  together,  logi- 
zomai,  to  rtckon — logos,  speech,  reckon- 

SYLLOGISTIC,  sil-o-iis'tik,  SYLLOGIS- 
TICAL,  sil-o-jis'tik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
a,  syllogism :  in  the  form  of  a  syllogism. 
—adv.  S yllogis'tic a t.t.y. 

SYLLOGIZE,  sil'o-jlz,  v.i.  to  reason  by 
syllogisms. 

SYLPH,  silf ,  n.  an  imaginary  being  inhabit- 
ing the  air :  a  fairy.  [Fr.  sylphe,  of  Cel- 
tic origin ;  but  cf.'  Gr.  silphe,  a  kind  of 
beetle.! 

SYLPHID,  silf  id,  n.  a  little  sylph.  [Dim. 
of  Sylph.] 

SYLVAN.     A  wrong  form  of  Silvan. 

SYMBOL,  sim'bol,  n.  a  sign  by  which  one 
knows  a  thing :  an  emblem ;  that  which 
represents  something  else:  a  figure  or 
letter  representing  something  :  (theol.)  a 
creed,  compendium  of  doctrine,  or  a  typi- 
cal  religious  rite,  as  the  Eucharist.  [Gr. 
symbolon,  from  symballo,  to  put  together, 
to  compare,  infer,  conclude  —  syn,  to- 
gether, and  balls,  to  throw.] 

SYMBOLIC,  sim-bol'ik,  SYMBOLICAL, 
sim-bol'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  a,  symbol:  representing  by  signs: 
emblematic  :  figurative  :  typical. — adv. 
Symbol'icaIly. 

SYMBOLISM,  simTjol-izm,  n.  representa- 
tion by  symbols  or  signs  :  a  system  of 
symbols:  use  of  symbols  :  (theol.)  the  sci- 
ence of  symbols  or  creeds. 

SYMBOLIZE,  sim'bol-iz,  v.i.  to  be  symbol- 
ical: to  resemble  in  qualities. — v.t.  to 
represent  by  symbols. 

SYMBOLIZER,  sim'bol-Iz-er,  SYMBOLIST, 
sim'bol-ist,  n.  one  who  uses  symbols. 

SYMMETRICAL,  sim-met'rik-al,  adj.  hav- 
ing symmetry  or  due  proportion  in  its 
parts:  harmonious. — adv.  Symmet'eicaI/- 
LY,  with  symmetry. 

SYMMETRIZE,  sim'^e-trlz,  v.t.  to  make 
symmetrical. 

SYMMETRY,  sim'e-tri,  n.  the  state  of  one 


part  being  of  the  same  measure  ivith,  or 
proportionate  to  another  :  due  propor- 
tion: harmony  or  adaptation  of  parts  to 
each  other.  [L.  and  Gr.  symmetria — syn, 
together,  and  metron,  a  measure.] 

SYMPATHETIC,  sim-pa-thet'ik,  SYMPA- 
THETICAL,  sim-pa-thet'ik-al,  adj.  show- 
ing or  inclined  to  sympathy:  feeling  with 
another  :  able  to  sympathize  :  compas- 
sionate :  produced  by  sympathy. —((dtj. 
Sympathet'ically. 

SYMPATHIZE,  sim'pa-thiz,  v.i.  to  have 
sympathy :  to  feel  with  or  for  another ; 
to  be  compassionate. 

SYMPATHY,  sim'pa-thi,  n.,  feeling  with 
another  :  like  feeling  :  an  agreement  of 
inclination,  feeling,  or  sensation  :  com- 
passion :  pity :  tenderness.  [Gr.  sym,- 
patheia — syn,  with,  and  root  of  Pathos, 
Patient.] 

SYMPHONIOUS,  sim-fo'ni-us,  adj.,  agree- 
ing or  harmonizing  in  sound:  accordant: 
harmonious. 

SYMPHONIST,  sim'fo-nist,  n.  a  composer 
of  synijihonies. 

SYMPHONY,  sim'fo-ni,  n.  an  agreeing  to- 
gether in  sound  :  unison,  consonance,  or 
harmony  of  sound  :  a  musical  composi- 
tion for  a  full  band  of  instruments  :  an 
instrumental  introduction  or  termination 
to  a  vocal  composition.  [Gr.  symphonia 
— sy7i,  together,  phone,  a  sound.] 

SYMPOSIUM,  sim-po'zi-um,  n.  a  drinking 
together:  a  banquet  with  philosophic  con- 
versation :  a  merry  feast  :  a  magazine 
discussion  in  which  several  authors  write 
on  the  same  subject  in  the  same  number, 
and  usually  in  reply,  one  to  another.  [L. 
— Gr.  symposion — syn,  together,  posts,  a 
drinking — pino,  to  drink.] 

SYMPTOM,  simp'tum,  n.  that  which  at- 
tends and  indicates  the  existence  ol 
something  else,  not  as  a  cause,  but  as  a 
constant  effect :  (med.)  that  which  indi 
cates  disease.  [Gr.  symptbvna — syn,  with, 
pipto,  to  fall.] 

SYMPTOMATIC,  simp-tom-at'ik,  SYMP- 
TOMATICAL,  -al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
symptoms :  indicating  the  existence  of 
something  else  :  (med.)  proceeding  from 
some  prior  disorder. — adv.  Symptomat'- 
ically. 

SYN.<S1RESIS,  sin-er'e-sis,  n.  the  taking  or 
pronouncing  of  two  vowels  together,  or 
making  one  of  them  silent.  [Gr.  syn- 
airesis — syn,  together,  haireo,  to  take. 
See  Diuresis.] 

SYNA(}OGUE,  sin'a-gog,  n.  an  assembly  of 
Jews  for  worship:  a  Jewish  place  of  wor- 
ship. [Fr. — Gr.  synagoge — syn,  together, 
030,  to  lead.] 

SYNCHRONAL,  sing'kro-nal,  SYNCHRO- 
NOUS, sing'kro-nus,  adj.  happening  or 
being  at  the  same  time  :  simultaneous  : 
lasting  for  the  same  time.  [Gr.  syn, 
together,  chronos,  time.] 

SYNCHRONISM,  sing'kro-nizm,  n.,  con- 
currence of  events  in  time :  the  tabular 
arrangement  of  contemporary  events, 
etc.,  in  history.  [Gr.  synchronismoa — 
synchronizo,  to  agree  in  time.] 

SYNCOPATE,  sing'ko-pat,  v.t.  to  cut  away 
so  as  to  bring  other  parts  together :  to 
contract,  as  a  word,  by  taking  away  let- 
ters from  the  middle  :  (miLsic)  to  unite 
by  a  slur  the  last  note  of  a  bar  to  the 
first  note  of  the  next,  [Low  L.  syncopo, 
-atnm — L.  syncope  —  Gr.  syn,  together, 
kopto,  to  cut  off.] 

SYNCOPATION,  sing-ko-pa'shun,  n.  act  ol 
syncopating. 

SYNCOPE,  sing'ko-pe,  n.  the  omission  of 
letters  from  the  middle  of  a  word,  as 
ne'er  for  never  :  (med.)  a  fainting-fit,  an 
attack  in  which  the  breathing  and  cir- 
culation become  faint :  (musi^  syncopa- 
tion.   [L. — Gr.  syngkope.} 


SYNDIC 


430 


TABLE 


SYNDIC,  sin'dik,  n.  one  who  helps  in  a 
court  otjiistiee:  an  advocate  :  a  govern- 
ment official  :  a  magistrate  :  one  chosen 
to  transact  business  for  others.  [L.  syu- 
dicus  —  Gr.' syndikoa  —  syn,  with,  dike, 
justice.] 

SYNDICATE,  sin'dilj-at,  n.  a  body  of  syn- 
dics :  a  council :  tlie  office  of  a  syndic :  a 
body  of  men  chosen  to  watch  the  in- 
terests of  a  company,  or  to  manage  a 
bankrupt's  property. 

SYNECDOCHE,  sin-ek-do-ke,  n.  a  figure  of 
speech  by  which  a  part  is  made  to  com- 

frrehend  the  whole,  or  the  whole  is  put 
or  a  part.    [Gr.  synekdoche  —  syn,  to- 
gether, ekdechoinai,  to  receive.] 

3YNECD0CHICAL,  sin-ek-dok'ik-al,  adj. 
expressed  by  or  implying  synecdoche. 

SYNOD,  sin'od,  n.  a  meeting :  an  ecclesias- 
tical councQ :  among  Presbyterians,  a 
church  court  consisting  of  several  pres- 
byteries. [A.S.  sinod — L.  synodus—Gr. 
synodos — syn,  together,  hodos,  a  way.] 

SYNODIC,  sin-odlk,  SYNOD'ICAL,  -al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  a  synod:  done  in  a 
svQod. — adv.  Synod'icaixy. 

SY'NONYM,  SYNONYJIE,  sin'o-nim,  n.  a 
name  or  word  having  the  same  meaning 
inth  another:  one  of  two  or  more  words 
which  have  the  same  meaning.  [Gr. 
synonymon — syn,  with,  onoma,  a  name.] 

SYNONYMOUS,  sin-on'i-mus,  adj.  per- 
taining to  synonyms :  expressing  the 
same  thing :  having  the  same  mean- 
ing.—odf.  Synon'ymously. 

SYNONYMY,  sin-on'i-mi,  n.  the  qualHy  of 
being  synonymous:  a  rhetorical  figure  by 
which  synonymous  words  are  used.  [Gr. 
synonymia.] 

SYNOPSIS,  sin-op'sis,  ?z.  a  view  of  the 
whole  together :  a  collective  or  general 
view  of  any  subject: — pi.  Stnop'ses. 
[Gr.  synopsis — syn,  with,  together,  opsis, 
a  view — root  op,  to  see.] 

SYNOPTIC,  sin-op'tik,  SYNOPTICAL,  -al, 
adj.  affording  a  general  view  of  the  whole. 
— adv.  Synop'tically. 
■SYNTACTIC,  sin-tak'tik,  SYNTACTICAL, 
-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  syntax :  accordino; 
to  the  rules  of  syntax. — adv.  Stntact- 

TICALLY. 

SYNTAX,  sin'taks,  n.  {gram.)  the  correct 
arrangement  of  words  in  sentences.  [Gr. 
syntaxis — syn,  together,  tasso,  taxo,  to 
put  in  order  ] 

SYNTHESIS,  sin'the-sis,  n.  a  imtting  to- 
gether, a  making  a  whole  out  of  parts  : 
the  combination  of  separate  elements  of 
thought  into  a  whole,  or  reasoning  from 
principles  previously  established  to  a 
conclusion,  as  opp.  to  analysis  :  {gram.) 
the  uniting  of  ideas  into  a  sentence : 
{med.)  the  reunion  of  parts  that  have 
been  di\'ided  :  {chem.)  the  uniting  of  ele- 
ments to  form  a  compound  -.^^l.  Syn*- 
THESES  (-sez).  [Gr.  synthesis — syn,  with, 
together,  thesis,  a  placing — tithemi,  to 
place.] 

SYNTHETIC,  sin-thet'ik,  SYNTHET'- 
ICAL,  -al,  adj.  pertaining  to  synthesis  : 
consisting  in  synthesis  or  composition. — 
adv.  Synthet'ically. 

SYPHILIS,  sif'i-lis,  n.  an  infectious  vene- 
real disease. — adj.  Syphilit'ic.  [Ety.  un- 
known.! 

SYPHON;  SYREN.  Same  as  81PHON, 
SraEN. 

SYRINGE,  sir'ini,  n.  a  tube  with  a  piston, 
by  which  liquids  are  sucked  up  and  eject- 
ed :  a  tube  used  by  surgeons  for  inject- 
iiiLT,  etc. — v.t.  to  inject  or  clean  with  a 
syringe.     [Gr.  syringx,  a  reed,  a  pipe.] 

•SYRUP.    Same  as  Sraup. 

SYSTEM,  sis'tem,  n.  anji;hing  formed  of 
pints  placed  together :  an  assemblage  of 
bodies  as  a  connected  whole  :  an  orderly 
arrangement  of  objects  according  to  some 


common  law  or  end  :  reg^alar  method  or 
order  :  a  full  and  connected  view  of  some 
department  of  knowledge  :  the  universe. 
[Gr.  systema—syn,  togetlier,  histemi,  to 
place.] 

SYSTEMATIC,  sis-te-mat'ik,  SYSTEMAT- 
ICAL, -al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  consist- 
ing of  system :  formed  or  done  accordin"- 
to  system:  methodical. — adv.  Systemat- 
ically. 

SYSTEMATIZE,  sis'tem-a-tiz,  v.t.  to  re- 
duce to  a  system. — n.  Sys'tematizee. 

SYSTOLE,  sis'to-le,  n.  a  bringing  together 
or  contraction  of  the  heart  for  expelling 
the  blood  :  (gram.)  the  shortening  of  a 
long  syllable.  [Gr.  systole— eyn,  together, 
stello,  to  set,  place.] 


T 

TABANIDiE,  ta-ban'i-ds,  n.pl.  a  family  ot 
dipterous  insects,  of  which  Tabanus  is 
the  typical  genus.  They  are  popularly 
known  by  the  names  breeze,  cleg,  or 
gadfly,  and  are  particularly  annoying  to 
cattle,  the  skins  of  which  are  often 
streaked  with  blood  from  their  bites. 

TABANUS,  ta/-ba'nus,  n.  a  genus  of  dip- 
terous insects,  family  Tabanids,  of 
which  T.  bovinus,  or  gadfly,  is  tlie  larg- 
est American  species.  It  is  extremely 
troublesome  to  cattle.     [L.,  a  horse-fly.'] 

TABARD,  ta'bard,  n.  an  ancient  close-fit- 
ting garment,  open  at  the  sides,  with 
wide  sleeves,  or  flaps,  reaching  to  the 
elbows.  It  was  worn  over  the  body  ar- 
mor, and  was  generally  emblazoned 
with  the  arms  of  the  wearer  or  of  his 
lord.  At  first  the  tabard  was  very  long, 
reaching  to  the  mid-leg,  but  it  was  after- 
wards made  shorter.  It  was  at  first 
chiefly  worn  by  the  military,  but  after- 
wards became  an  ordinary  article  of 
dress  among  other  classes  in  France  and 
England  in  the  middle  ages.  In  En- 
gland the  tabard  is  now  only  worn  by 
heralds  and  pursuivants  of  arms,  and  is 
embroidered  \nt\\  the  arms  of  the  sov- 
ereign. This  garment  gave  name  to  the 
ancient  hostelry  from  which  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  pilgrims  started.  [Fr.  ta- 
bard, Sp.  and  Port,  tabardo.  It.  tabarro. 
Low  L.  tabarrus,  tabardus,  a  cloak, 
origin  doubtful.] 

TABARDER,  ta-bard'er,  n.  one  who  wears 
a  tabard  :  specifically,  a  scholar  belong- 

.  ing  to  the  foundation  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  Eng.,  whose  original  dress  was  a 
tabard. 

TABARET,  tab'a-ret',  n.  a  stout  satin- 
striped  silk,  used  for  furniture.  [Prob. 
conn,  with  Tabby.] 

TABASHEER,  tab-a-sher',  n.  a  concretion 
found  in  the  joints  of  the  bamboo  and 
other  large  grasses.  It  consists  of  silica 
mixed  with  a  little  lime  and  vegetable 
matter,  and  is  formed  probably  by  ex- 
travasation of  the  juices  in  consequence 
of  a  morbid  state  of  the  plant.  It  is 
highly  valued  in  the  East  Indies  as  a 
tonic,  and  as  such  is  often  chewed  along 
with  betel.  It  is  used  also  in  cases  of 
bilious  vomitings,  bloody  flux,  piles,  etc. 
Its  optical  properties  are  peculiar,  inas- 
mucli  as  it  exhibits  the  lowest  refracting 
power  of  all  known  substances.  The 
sweet  juice  of  the  bamboo-stalks  has  also 
been  called  tabasheer.     [Ar.  tabash'ir.] 

TABBINET,  tab'i-net,  n.  a  more  delicate 
kind  of  tabby,  resembling  damask,  used 
for  window-curtains. 

TABBY,  tab'i,  n.  a  coarser  kind  of  waved 
or  watered  silk :  an  artificial  stone,  a 
mixture  of  shells,  gravel,  stones,  and 
water.  —  adj.    brindled  :    diversified    in 


color. — v.t.  to  water  or  cause  to  losoV 
wavy  -.—pa.t.  and  jia.p.  tabb'ied.  [Fr. 
tabis — Ar.  atabi,  a  kind  of  rich,  waved 
silk.l 

TABER,  v.i.  {B.)  same  as  Taboue. 

TABERNACLE,  tab'er-na-kl,  n.  a  sUghtly 
constructed  temporary  habitation ;  es 
pecially,  a  tent  or  pavilion  ;  "  How  goodly 
are  thy  tents,  O  Jacob,  and  thy  taber- 
nacles,  O  Israel  I " — Num.  xxiv.  5 ; 
Pavilious  numberless  and  sudden  rear'd. 
Celestial  tabemacUs,  where  they  slept. 

— Milton  : 
in  Jewish  antiq.  a  movable  building,  so 
contrived  as  to  be  taken  to  pieces  with 
ease  and  reconstructed,  for  the  conven- 
ience of  being  carried  during  the  vifander- 
ings  of  the  Israelities  in  tlie  wilderness. 
It  was  of  a  rectangular  figure,  45  feet  by 
15,  and  15  feet  in  height.  The  interior 
was  divided  into  two  rooms  or  compart- 
ments by  a  vail  or  curtain,  and  it  was 
covered  with  four  different  spreads  or 
carpets.  The  outer  or  larger  compart- 
ment was  called  the  holy  place,  being 
that  in  wliich  incense  was  burned  and 
the  show-bread  exhibited  ;  and  the  inner 
the  most  holy  place,  or  holy  of  holies,  in 
which  was  deposited  the  ark  of  the  cov- 
enant. It  was  situated  in  a  court  150 
feet  by  75,  surrounded  by  screens  7*  feet 
high :  a  temple  ;  a  place  of  worship ;  a 
sacred  place  ;  specifically,  the  temple  ol 
Solomon.  Ps.  xv.  1:  any  small  cell  or 
repository  in  which  holy  or  precious 
thine:?  i'-^;  deposited,  as  an  ornamented 
ches'.,  oii.ced  on  Roman  Catholic  altars 
as  a  receptacle  of  the  ciboriiim  and  pyx  ; 
or,  a  reliquary  or  small  box  for  the  pre- 
sentation of  relics  and  the  like  :  the  hu- 
man frame  ;  "  Yea  I  think  it  meet,  as 
long  as  I  am  in  this  tabernacle,  to  stir 
you  up  by  putting  you  in  remembrance  ; 
knowing  that  shortly  I  must  put  oB  this 
my  tabernacle,  even  as  our  Lord  Jesus 
Christ  hath  showed  me."— 1  Pet.  i.  13, 14 : 
in  Goth.  arch,  a  canopied  stall  or  niche  ; 
a  cabinet  or  shrine  ornamented  with 
open-worked  tracery,  etc.;  an  arched 
canopy  over  a  tomb  ;  also,  a  tomb  or 
monument :  {naut.)  an  elevated  socket 
for  a  boat's  mast,  or  a  projecting  post 
to  which  a  mast  may  be  hinged  when 
it  is  fitted  for  lowering  to  pass  beneath 
bridges. — Feast  of  tabernacles,  the  last 
of  the  three  great  annual  festivals  of  tlie 
Israelites,  which  required  the  presence 
of  all  the  people  i  Jerusalem.  Its  ob- 
ject was  to  commemorate  the  dwelling 
of  the  people  in  tents  during  their  jour- 
neys in  the  wilderness ;  and  it  was  also  a 
feast  of  thanksgiving  for  the  harvest  and 
vintage.  It  veas  celebrated  in  autumn, 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  vintage,  and 
lasted  eight  days,  during  which  the 
people  dwelt  in  booths  made  in  the 
streets,  in  courts,  or  on  the  tops  of  their 
houses,  of  the  leafy  branches  of  certain 
trees.  These  booths  were  intended  to 
represent  the  tents  in  which  the  Israel- 
ites dwelt  in  the  vialderness.  [L.  taber- 
naculum,  a  tent,  a  dim.  from  tabema,  a 
hut,  a  shed,  a  tavern,  from  root  of  tabula, 
a  board,  a  tablet,  a  table.] 

TABID,  tab'id,  adj.,  wastedhy  disease. — n 
Tajb'idness.  [L.  tabidus — tabeo,  to  waste 
away.] 

TABLATURE,  tabla-tur,  n.  something  tab- 
ular  :  a  painting  on  a  wall  or  ceiling :  a 
picture  in  general :  (anat.)  a  division  of 
the  skull  into  two  tables.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
tabula,  a  board,  plank.] 

TABLE,  ta'bl,  n.  a  smooth,  flat  slab  or 
board,  with  legs,  used  as  an  article  of 
furniture:  supply  of  food,  entertainment: 
the  company  at  a  table :  the  board  for 
backgammon  or  draughts :  a  surface  on 


TABLE-D'HOTE 


431 


TAILOK 


which  something-  is  written  or  engraved: 
tfjat  which  is  cut  or  written  on  a  flat 
surface :  an  inscription :  a  condensed 
statement:  syllabus  or  index :  (B.)  a  writ- 
ing tablet. — v.t.  to  make  into  a  table  or 
catalogTje  :  to  lay  on  the  table,  i.e.  to 
postpone  consideration  of.  [Fr.  table — L. 
tabula,  a  board,  plank.] 

TABLE-D'HOTE,  ta'bl-dot,  n.  a  meal  for 
several  persons  at  the  same  hour  and  at 
fixed  prices.  [Fr.,  "table  of  the  host," 
from  the  landlord  presiding  at  the  head 
of  his  own  table.] 

TABLEloAND,  ta'bl-land,  n.  an  extensive 
flat  of  elevated  land,  like  a  table:  a 
plateau. 

TABLET,  tablet,  n.  a  small  table  or  flat 
surface :  something  flat  on  which  to 
write,  paint,  etc.:  a  confection  in  a  flat 
square  form.    [Dim.  of  Table.] 

TABLE-TALK,  ta'bl-tawk.n.,  talk  at  table 
or  at  meals. 

TABLE-TURNING,  ta'bl-turn'ing,».  move- 
ments of  tables  or  other  objects,  attrib- 
uted by  spiritualists  to  the  agency  of 
spirits. 

TABOO,  TABU,  ta-bo5',  n.  an  institution 
among  the  Polynesians  by  which  certain 
things  are  consecrated  :  prohibition  or 
interdict. — v.t.  to  forbid  approach  to :  to 
forbid  the  use  of  z—pr.p.  taboo'ing;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  tabooed'.  [Polynesian  tabu  or 
tapu.} 

TABOR,  TAJBOUR,  taTbor,  n.  a  small  drum, 
played  with  one  stick. — v.i.  to  play  on  a 
tabor:  to  beat  lightly  and  often.  [O.  Fr. 
(Fr.  tambour)  —  Pers.  'tambiir,  a  kind  of 
cithern.     Of.  TAMBOURINE.] 

TABOURET,  tab'o-ret,  TABKET,  tab'ret, 
n.  a  small  tabour  or  drum.  [Dim.  <rf 
Tabouk.] 

TABULAR,  tab'u-lar,  adj.  of  the  form  of 
or  pertaining  to  a  table :  having  a  flat 
surface:  arranged  in  a  table  or  schedule: 
having  the  form  of  laminae  or  plates. 

TABULATE,  tab'u-lat,  v.t.  to  reduce  to 
tables  or  synopses  :  to  shape  with  a  flat 
surface. 

TACAHOUT,  tak'a-hoot.n.  the  native  name 
of  the  small  gall  formed  on  tlie  tamarisk- 
tree  (Tamarix  indica).     [Ar.] 

TACAMAHAC.  tak'a-ma-hak  TACAMA- 
HACA,  tak-a-ma-ha'ka,  n.  the  popular 
name  of  Idea  Tacamahaca,  a  tree  of 
South  America;  also  of  the  form  of  Calo- 
phyllum  Iiiophyllum  occurring  in  Mada- 
gascar and  the  Isle  of  Bourbon,  and  of 
Popidiis  balsamifera,  a  tree  of  North 
America  :  a  resin,  the  produce  of  Calo- 
phyllum  Inophyllum,  and  of  Elaphrium 
tomentosum,  a  tree  of  Mexico  and  the 
West  Indies.  It  occurs  in  yellowish  pieces, 
of  a  strong  smell,  and  a  bitterish  aromatic 
taste. 

TACCA,  tak'ka,  n.  a  genus  of  plants,  the 
type  of  the  nat.  order  Taccacese,  contain- 
ing six  or  seven  species,  natives  of  trop- 
ical Africa  and  America,  the  hotter  parts 
of  India,  and  the  South  Sea  Islands.  It 
consists  of  perennial,  often  large  herbs 
with  tuberous  roots,  simple  or  pinnate 
radical  leaves,  and  greenish  cr  brown 
flowers  arranged  in  an  umbel  a"i  the  top 
of  a  leafless  scape,  and  surrounded  by  an 
involucre  of  simple  bracts.  I'rom  the 
tubers  of  some  species,  especially  T.  pin- 

,  natifida,  a  white,  highly  nutritious  sub- 
stance, like  arrow-root,  is  separated, 
which  is  employed  as  an  article  of  diet 
by  the  inhabitants  of  the  Ma'  lyan  Pen- 
insula and  the  Moluccas.  Tl  ^  petioles 
and  stalks  of  T.  pinnatifida,  boiled  for 
some  time,  are  also  employed  as  articles 
of  diet  in  China  and  Cochin-China. 

TACE,  ta'cha,  in  music,  a  direction  that  a 
particular  voice,  instrument  or  part  is  to 
be  silent  for  a  certain  specified  time. 


TACES,  tas'ez,  n.pl.  armor  for  the  thigh. 

TACET,  ta'set,  v.  in  music,  same  as  Tace. 
[L.,  it  is  silent ;  third  pers.  sing.  pres. 
ind.  of  taceo,  to  be  silent.] 

TAG-FREE,  tak'-fre,  adj.  in  old  law,  ex- 
empt from  rents,  payments,  etc. 

TACH,  TACHE,  tach.  n.  something  used 
for  taking  hold  or  holding:  a  small  hook: 
a  catch  :  a  loop  :  a  button.  "Make  fifty 
taclies  of  gold,  and  couple  the  curtains 
together  with  the  taclies." — 'Es..  xxvi.  6. 
[A  softened  form  of  tack.] 

TACELE,  tash,  n.  a  spot  or  blemish.  Chr.iir 
cer.    [Fr.] 

First  Jupiter  that  did 

Usurp  his  fatlier's  throne. 
Of  whom  e'en  his  adorers  write 
Evil  taches  many  a  one. —  Warner. 

TACHOMETER,  ta-kom'et-er,  n.  an  in- 
strument for  measuring  velocity  ;  espe- 
cially, (a)  a  contrivance  for  the  purpose 
of  indicating  small  variations  in  the  ve- 
locity of  machines,  one  form  of  which 
consists  of  a  cup  and  a  tube  opening 
into  its  centre,  both  being  partly  filled 
with  mercury  or  a  colored  fluid,  and  at- 
tached to  a  spindle.  This  apparatus  is 
whirled  round  by  the  machine,  and  the 
centrifugal  force  produced  by  this  whirl- 
ing causes  the  mercury  to  recede  from 
the  centre  and  rise  upon  the  sides  of  the 
cup.  The  mercury  in  the  tube  descends 
at  the  same  time,  and  the  degree  of  this 
descent  is  measured  by  a  scale  attached 
to  the  tube.  On  the  velocity  of  the  ma- 
chine being  lessened  the  mercury  rises  in 
the  centre,  causing  a  proportionate  rise 
in  the  tube  ;  (b)  an  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  velocity  of  running  water  in 
rivers,  etc.,  as  by  means  of  its  action  on 
a  flat  surface  connected  with  a  lever 
above  the  surface  carrying  a  movable 
counterpoise,  or  by  its  action  on  the 
vanes  of  a  wheel,  whose  revolutions  are 
registered  by  a  train  of  wheelwork.  [Gr. 
tachos,  speed,  and  metron,  measure.] 

TACIT,  tas'it,  adj.  implied,  but  not  ex- 
pressed by  words. — adv  Tac'itly.  [L. 
tacitus,  pa.p.  of  taceo,  to  be  silent,  to 
pass  over  in  silence.] 

TACITURN,  tas'i-turn,  adj.  habitually 
tacit  or  silent :  not  fond  of  talking :  re- 
served in  speech.  —  adv.  Tac'ITUENLY. 
[L.  tacitumus — tacitus.} 

TACITURNITY,  tas-i-turn'i-ti,  n.  habitual 
silence  :  reserve  in  speaking.  [L.  taci- 
tui-nitas.} 

TACK,  tak,  n.  a  short,  sharp  nail,  with  a 
broad  head:  the  course  of  a  ship  in  refer- 
ence to  the  position  of  her  sails  :  a  lease. 
— v.t.  to  attach  or  fasten,  esp.  in  a  slight 
manner,  as  by  tacks. — v.i.  to  change  the 
course  or  tack  of  a  ship  by  shifting  the 
position  of  the  sails.  [Lit.  that  which 
attaches,  from  a  root  widely  spread  in 
the  Teut.  (as  Ger.  zacke),  Celt,  (as  Gael. 
tac),  and  Romance  tongues ;  conn,  with 
Attach,  Attack,  and  Take.    Cf.  Tag.] 

TACKLE,  tak'l,  n.  the  ropes,  rigging,  etc., 
of  a  ship:  tools,  weapons:  ropes,  etc.,  for 
raising  heavy  weights:  a  pulley. — v.t. 
to  harness  :  (prov.)  to  seize  or  take  hold 
of.  [Dut.  and  Low  Ger.  takel ;  conn, 
with  Tack  and  Take.] 

TACKLING,  tak'ling,  n.  furniture  or  appar- 
atus belonging  to  the  masts,  yards,  etc., 
of  a  ship:  harness  for  drawing  a  carriage, 
tackle  or  instruments.     [From  Tackus.] 

TACKSMAN,   taks'man,    n.    a  tenant  or 

TACONIC  SYSTEM,  ta-kon'ik  sis'tem,  n. 
in  geol.  a  system  of  upper  Cambrian  or 
lower  Silurian  rocks  lying  in  the  United 
States  to  the  east  of  the  Hudson,  and  so 
named  from  the  Taconic  range  in  the 
western  slope  of  the  Green  mountains. 
The  system  consists  of  slates,quartz-rock, 
and  limestone. 


TACT,  takt,  n.  touch;  feeling;  "Did  you 
suppose  that  I  could  not  make  myself 
sensible  to  tact  as  well  as  sight,  and 
assume  corporeality  as  well  as  form." — 
Southey :  peculiar  skill  or  faculty  ;  nice 
perception  or  discernment ;  skill  or 
adroitness  in  doing  or  saying  exactly 
what  is  required  by  circumstances;  as,  to 
be  gifted  with  feminine  tact. 
And  ioved  them  more,  that  they  were  thine. 
The  graceful  tact,  the  Christian  art. — Tennyson; 

"  He  had  formed  plans  not  inferior  in 
grandeur  and  boldness  to  those  of  Riche- 
Ueu,  and  had  carried  them  into  effect  with 
a  tact  and  wariness  worthy  of  Mazarin." 
— Macaulay :  the  stroke  in  beating  time 
in  music.  [Fr.  tact,  touch,  feeling,  tact, 
from  L.  tactus,  from  tango,  tactum,  to 
touch,  from  which  stem  also  tactile, 
tangible,  contact,  contagion,  etc.  See 
also  Taste,  Tax.] 

TACT  ABLE,  tak'ta-bl,  adj.  capable  of  being 
touched  or  felt  by  the  sense  of  touch. 
"  They  (women)  being  created  to  be 
both  tractable  and  taetable." — Massinger. 
[See  Tact.] 

TACTIC,  tak'tik,  n.  system  of  tactics.  "  It 
seems  more  important  to  keep  in  view 
the  general  tactic  on  which  its  leader 
was  prepared  with  confidence  to  meet  so 
unequal  a  force.  It  was  the  same  that 
Wallace  had  practically  taught,  and  it 
had  just  recently  helped  the  Flemings  to 
theu-  victory  of  Oourtrai." — J.  H.  Burton. 

TACTICIAN,  tak-tish'an,  n.  one  skilled  in 
tactics. 

TACTICS,  tak-tiks,  n.sing.  the  science  or 
art  of  manoeuvring  military  and  naval 
forces  in  the  presence  of  the  enemy  :  way 
or  method  of  proceeding.  [Gr.  taktikS 
{techne,  art,  understood),  art  of  arranging 
men  in  a  field  of  battle— fosso,  taxo,  to 
arrange.] 

TACTILE,  taVtil,  adj.  that  may  be  touched 
or  felt.     [L.  tango,  to  touch.    See  Tact.] 

TACTION,  tak'shun,  n.  act  of  touching: 
touch. 

TACTUAL,tak'tu-al,  adj.  relating  to  or  de- 
rived from  the  sense  of  touch. 

TADPOLE,  tad'pol,  n.  a  young  toad  or 
frog  in  its  finst  state,  naving  a  taU. 
[M.  E.  tadde,  E.  Toad,  and  Poll,  head.] 

TAFFEREL,  taf'er-el,  TAFFRAIL,  taf'ral, 
n.  the  upper  part  of  a  ship's  stern  tim- 
bers, which  is  flat  like  a  table.  [Dut. 
tafereel,  a  panel — tafel,  a  table.] 

TAFFETA,  taf'e-ta,  TAFFETY,  taf'e-ti,  n. 
(prig.)  silk  stuff  plainly  woven :  a  thin, 
glossy  silk  stuff,  having  a  wavy  lustre. 
[It.  taffeta — Pers.  tdftah,  woven.] 

TAG,  tag,  n.  a  tack  or  point  of  metal  at 
the  end  of  a  string :  any  small  thing 
tacked  or  attached  to  another:  anything 
mean. — v.t.  to  fit  a  tag  or  point  to  :  to 
tack,  fasten,  or  hang  to  -.—pr-jy.  tagg*- 
ing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  tagged. — n.  and  adj. 
Taq'rag,  the  rabble,  or  denoting  it.  [A 
weaker  form  of  Tack.] 

TAIL,  tal,  n.  the  end  of  the  backbone  of 
an  animal,  generally  hanging  loose,  and 
hairy  :  anything  resembling  a  taU  in  ap- 
pearance, position,  etc.:  the  back,  lower, 
or  hinder  part  of  anything :  anything 
long  and  hanging,  as  a  catkin,  train  of 
a  comet,  etc.  [A.S.  toegel ;  Ger.  zagel ; 
Goth,  tagl,  hair.] 

TAIL,  tal,  n.  (law)  the  term  applied  to  an 
estate  which  is  cut  off  or  limited  to  cer- 
tain heirs.  [Fr.  taille,  cutting.  See  En- 
tail and  Retail.] 

TAILOR,  tal'ur,  n.  one  whose  business  is 
to  cut  out  and  make  men's  clothes:— 
.  fern.  Tail'ohess. — v.i.  to  work  as  a  tailor. 
— n.  Tail'oring,  the  business  or  work  of 
a  tailor.  [Fr.  tailleur — tailler,  to  cut. 
Cf.  above  word.] 


TAILOR-BIRD 


432 


TANGENTIAi. 


TAILOR-BIRD,  tal'ur-berd,  n.  a  bird  of  the 

Senus  Orthotomus  (O.  longicaudus),  fam- 
y  Syhiadse,  having  a  long,  graduated 
tail,  the  feathers  of  which  are  narrow. 
These  birds  construct  their  nests  at  the 
extremity  of  a  twig,  taking  one  large  or 
two  small  leaves  and  sewing  their  edges 
together,  using  the  bill  as  a  needle  and 
vegetable  fibre  as  thread.  Within  the 
hoUow  thus  made  a  downy  substance, 
sometimes  mixed  with  feathers,  is  placed 
to  receive  the  eggs.  They  are  natives  of 
India  and  the  Indian  Archipelago.  The 
syh^ia  cisticola,  common  in  various  parts 
of  Ita'y,  constructs  its  nest  in  a  similar 
manner,  and  is  also  called  the  tailor-bird. 

fAIL-PIECE,  tal'-pes,  n.  a  piece  forming  a 
tail  :  a  piece  at  the  end  :  an  appendage  : 
specifically,  (a)  a  small  cut  or  ornamen- 
tal design  placed  at  the  end  of  a  chapter 
or  section  in  a  book  as  an  ornamental 
ending  of  a  page  ;  (b)  a  somewhat  trian- 
gular-shaped piece  of  wood  (generally 
ebony)  attached  to  the  lower  end  of  the 
body  of  an  instrument  of  tlie  violin  kind. 
The  broad  end  is  pierced  with  holes,  in 
which  the  strings  are  fastened. 

TAIL-RACE,  tal'-ras,  n.  the  stream  of 
water  which  runs  from  the  mUl  after  it 
has  been  appUed  to  produce  the  motion 
of  the  wheel. 

rAELS  -  COMMON,  taJz'-kom-mon,  n.  in 
mining,  washed  lead  ore. 

TAIL-STOCK,  tal'-stok,  n.  the  support,  in 
a  lathe,  bearing  up  the  tail-screw  and 
adjustable  centre,  in  contradistinction  to 
the  headrstock,  which  supports  the  man- 
drel. 

l''AIL-TRIMMER,  tal'-trim-er,  n.  in  huild- 
ing,  a  trimmer  next  to  the  wall  into 
wnich  the  ends  of  joists  are  fastened  to 
avoid  flues. 

?fAINT,  tant,  v.t.  to  tinge,  moisten,  or  im- 
pregnate with  anything  noxious  :  to  in- 
fect :  to  stain. — v.i.  to  be  affected  with 
something  corrupting.  —  n.  a,  stain  or 
tincture:  infection  or  corruption:  aspot: 
a  moral  blemish.  [O.  Fr.  taint,  Fr.  teitit, 
pa.  p.  of  teindre,  to  dye — L.  tingo,  tino- 
tum,  to  wet  or  moisten.     See  Tinge.] 

TAKE,  tak,  v.t.  to  lay  hold  of  :  to  get  into 
one's  possession  :  to  catch  ;  to  capture  : 
to  captivate  :  to  receive  :  to  choose  :  to 
use  :  to  allow  :  to  understand :  to  agree 
to:  to  become  affected  with. — v.i.  to 
catch  :  to  have  the  intended  effect  :  to 
gain  reception,  to  please :  to  move  or 
direct  the  course  of :  to  have  recourse  to : 
— pa.t.  took  ;  pa.p.  tak'en. — n.  Tak'ee. 
[A.S.  tacan ;  perh.  first  from  Ice.  talca ; 
conn.'  with  L.  ta(n)g-o,  te-tig-i,  to  touch, 
and  with  E.  Tack.] 

TAKING,  tak'ing,  adj.  captivating :  allur- 
ing.— adv.  Tak'ingly. 

TALC,  talk,  n.  a  mineral  occurring  in  thin 
flakes,  of  a  white  or  green  color,  and  a 
soapy  feel.  [Fr.  talc  (Ger.  talk)  —  Ar. 
'talaq.] 

TALCKY,  talk-i,  TALCOUS,  talk'us,  adj. 
containing,  consisting  of,  or  hke  talc 

TALE,  tal,  n.  a  narrative  or  story:  a  fable: 
what  is  told  or  counted  off  :  number  : 
reckoning.  TA.S.  tal,  a  reckoning,  a 
tale  ;  Ger.  zahl,  a  niunber.] 

TALE-BEARER,  tal'-bar'er,  n.  one  who 
maliciously  bears  or  tells  tales  or  gives 
information. 

TALE-BEARING,  tal'-bar'ing,  adj.  given 
to  bear  or  teU  tales,  or  officiously  to  give 
information. — n.  act  of  teUing  secrets. 

TALENT,  tal'ent,  n.  (B.)  a  weight  or  sum 
of  money  —  94  pounds  avoir,  and  $1,650 
to  11,925  :  {now  Jig.)  faculty  :  natural  or 
special  gift :  special  aptitude  :  eminent 
abihty.  [L.  tatentum-— Gr.  talanton,  a 
weight,    a  talent,  from  tlad,  talaO,  to 


bear,  weigh  ;  akin  to  L.  tollo,  Ger.  dut- 
den,  Scot,  thole.] 

TALENTED,  tal'ent-ed,  adj.  possessing 
talents  or  mental  gifts. 

TALISMAN,  tal'is-man,  n.  a  species  of 
charm  engraved  on  metal  or  stone,  to 
which  wonderful  effects  are  ascribed  : 
(fig.)  something  that  produces  extraor- 
dinary effects  :— pZ.  Tal'ismans.  [Fr.— 
At.  telsam — Late  Gr.  telesma,  consecra- 
tion, incantation — Gr.  teleo,  to  conse- 
crate.] 

TALISMANIC,  tal-is-man'ik,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  properties  of  a  tal- 
isman: magical. 

TALK,  tawk,  v.i.  to  speak  familiarly :  to 
prattle  :  to  reason. — n.  familiar  conver- 
sation :  that  which  is  uttered  in  familiar 
intercourse:  subject  of  discourse:  rumor. 
— n.  Tajlk'er.  [Prob.  freq.  of  Ice.  tala, 
to  talk,  which  is  cog.  with  E.  Tell.1 

TALKATIVE,  tawk'a-tiv,  adj.  given  to 
much  talking:  prating. — adv.  Tat.k'a- 
TiVELY. — n.  Talk' ATI v eness. 

TALL,  tawl,  adj.  high,  esp.  in  stature : 
lofty  :  long  :  sturdy  :  bold  :  com-ageous. 
— n.  Taix'ness.  [Ety.  very  dub.  ;  perh. 
conn,  with  W.  tal,  talau,  to  make  or 
grow  large.] 

TALLOW,  tal'o,  n.  thb  fat  of  animals 
melted :  any  coarse,  hard  fat. — v.t.  to 
grease  with  tallow.  [A.S.  telg,  toelg ; 
Ger.  talg,  Ice.  tolg.y 

TALLY,  tal'i,  n.  a  stick  tut  or  notched  to 
match  another  stick,  used  to  mark  num- 
bers or  keep  accounts  by :  anything 
made  to  suit  another. — v.t.  to  score  with 
corresponding  notches :  to  make  to  fit. 
— v.i.  to  correspond :  to  suit : — pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  tall'ied.  [Fr.  taille  (It.  taglia)—lj. 
talea,  a  cutting.    See  Tail  (law).] 

TALLY-HO,  tal'i-ho,  int.  the  huntsman's 
cry  betokening  that  a  fox  has  gone  away. 

TALMUD,  tal'mud,  n.  the  body  of  Hebrew 
laws,  comprising  the  written  law  and  the 
traditions  and  comments  of  the  Jewish 
doctors. — adjs.  Talmtid'ic,  Talmud'ical. 
[Heb.  talniud,  oral  teaching,  instruction 
— lamad,  to  learn.] 

TALON,  tal'on,  7i.  the  claw  of  a  bird  of 

Erey.  [Fr.  talon,  through  Low  L.,  from 
I.  tains,  the  heel.] 

TAMABLE,  tam'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
tamed. — n.  Tam'ableness. 

TAJMARIND,  tam'a-rind,  n.  an  E.  India 
tree,  with  a  sweet,  pulpy  fruit,  in  pods. 
[Tamarindiis,  Latanized  from  Ar.  tamr 
hindi.  "Hindu  date."] 

TAMARISK,  tam'ar-isk,  n.  a  genus  of 
shrubs  with  small  white  or  pink  flowers. 
[L.  tamariscus.] 

TAMBOUR,  tam'boor,  n.  a  small,  shallow 
drum:  a  small,  drum-like,  circular  frame, 
for  embroidering:  a  rich  kind  of  gold  and 
silver  embroidery. — v.t.  to  embroider  on 
a  tambour.  [Fr.  tambour,  from  root  of 
TaboueJ 

TAMBOURINE,  tam-boo-ren',  n.  a  shallow 
drum  with  one  skin  and  bells,  and  played 
on  with  the  hand.  [Fr.  tambourin,  &a. 
of  tambour.] 

TAME,  tam,  adj.  having  lost  native  wild- 
ness  and  shyness  :  domesticated  :  gentle: 
spiritless  :  without  vigor  :  dull. — v.t.  to 
reduce  to  a  domestic  state:  to  make  gen- 
tle :  to  reclaim  :  to  civilize. — adv.  Tame'- 
LY. — n.  Tame'ness.  [A.S.  tam,  cog.  with 
Grer.  zahm  ;  further  conn,  with  L.  domo, 
Gr.  damao,  Sans,  dam.]  » 

TAMER,  tam'er,  n.  one  who  tames. 

TAMIAS,  ta'mi-as,  n.  a  genus  of  rodent 
mammals,  allied  to  the  true  squirrels, 
but  distinguished  from  them  by  the  pos- 
session of  cheek-pouches,  and  their  habit 
of  retreating  into  underground  holes. 
They  are  of  small  size,  and  all  of  them 


markdd  with  stripes  on  the  back  and 
sides.  Lister's  ground-squirrel  (IT.  Listeri) 
is  very  common  in  the  United  States, 
where  it  is  popularly  known  as  hackee, 
chipmunk,  or  chipmuck.  The  striped 
ground-squirrel  (T.  striatus)  is  a  very 
small  species,  inhabiting  the  vicinity  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  an  allied  spe- 
cies is  said  to  be  very  common  in  Siberia, 
[Gr.,  a  steward,  a  store-keeper,  from  the 
cheek-pouches  in  which  these  animals 
can  carry  a  quantity  of  food  or  from  their 
laying  up  large  stores  in  their  holes.] 
TAMIL,  tam'il,  n.  one  of  a  race  of  men  in- 
habiting South  India  and  Ceylon,  and 
belonging  to  the  Dravidian  stock  ,  the 
Tamils  form  by  far  the  most  civilized  and 
energetic  of  the  Dravidian  peoples  :  the 
language  spoken  in  the  south-east  of  the 
Madras  Presidency,  and  in  the  northern 

Earts  of  Ceylon  ;  it  is  a  member  of  the 
Ira  vidian  or  Tamilian  family. 

TAMILIAN,  ta^mU'i-an,  adj.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Tamils  or  their  language. 

TAMINE,  tam'm,  TAMINY,  tam'i-ni,  n.  a 
strainer  or  bolter  of  hair  or  cloth:  a  thin 
woollen  or  worsted  stuff,  highly  glazed. 
Written  also  Tammin.  [Fr.  etamine.  See 
Stamtn.] 

TAMIS,  tam'i,  n.  a  sieve  :  a  searce.  Writ- 
ten also  Tammy.  [Fr.,  from  Dut.  tetns. 
E.  temse,  a  sieve.] 

TAMIS-BIRD,  ta'mis-berd,  n.  a  guinea- 
fowl.  "They  are  by  some  called  the 
Barbary-hen  ;  by  others  the  Tamis-bird, 
and  by  others  the  bird  of  Numidia." — 
Goldsmith. 

TAMPER,  tam'per,  v.i.  to  try  the  temper 
of :  to  try  httle  experiments  without 
necessity  :  to  meddle  :  to  practice  secret- 
ly and  unfairly.    [A  by-form  of  Temper.] 

TAM-TAM,  tam'-tam,  n.  a  kind  of  native 
drum  used  in  the  E.  Indies  and  in  West- 
ern Africa.  The  tam-tam  is  of  various 
shapes,  but  generally  it  is  made  of  a  hol- 
low cylinder  formed  of  fibrous  wood,  svich 
as  palm-tree,  or  of  earthenware,  each  end 
covered  with  skin.  It  is  beat  upon  with 
the  fingers,  and  also  with  the  open  hand, 
and  produces  a  hollow  monotonous  sound. 
Public  notices,  when  proclaimed  in  the 
bazaar  or  public  parts  of  Eastern  towns, 
are  generally  accompanied  by  the  tam- 
tam. Written  also  Tom-tom.  [Hind.,  from 
sound  of  drum.] 

TAN,  tan,  n.  bark  bruised  and  broken  for 
tanning:  a  yellowish-brown  color. — v.t. 
to  convert  skins  and  hides  into  leather 
by  steeping  in  vegetable  solutions  con- 
taining tannin:  to  make  brown  or  tawny. 
— v.i.  to  become  tanned  :  pr.p.  tann'ing ; 
pa.^  and  pa.p.  tanned.  [Fr.;  prob.  from 
Ger.  tanne,  fir  ;  ace.  tootners,  from  Bret. 
tann,  oak.     Cf.  Tavtny.] 

TANDEM,  tan'dem,  adv.  applied  to  the 
position  of  horses  harnessed  singlj^  one 
before  the  other  instead  of  abreast. — n. 
a  team  of  horses  (usually  two)  so  har- 
nessed. [Originated  in  university  slang, 
in  a  play  on  the  L.  adv.  tandem,  at 
length.  1 

TANG,  t  ng,  n.  a  strong  or  offensive  taste, 
esp.  o  something  extraneous  :  relish  : 
taste.     [From  root  of  Taste.] 

TANG,  tang,  n.  the  tapering  part  of  a 
knife  or  tool  which  goes  into  the  haft. 
[A  by-form  of  ToNO  in  Tongs. 

TANGENCY,  tan'jen-si,  n.  state  of  being 
tangent    a  contact  or  touching. 

TANGEN  ;  tan'jent,  n.  a  line  which 
touches  a  curve,  and  which  when  pro- 
duced does  not  cut  it.  [L.  tangens,  -en- 
tis,  pr.p.  of  tango,  to  touch.] 

TANGENTIAL,  tan-jen'shal,  adj.  of  or  per- 
taining to  a  tangent :  in  the  <urection  of 
a  tangent. 


TANGHIN 


433 


TAPER 


TANGHIN,  tan'gin,  n.  a  deadly  poison 
obtained  from  the  seeds  of  Tanghinia 
venenifera.  [See  Tanghinia.]  —  Trial, 
BT  TANGHIN,  a  kind  of  ordeal  formerly 
practiced  in  Madagascar  to  determine 
the  guilt  or  innocence  of  an  accused  per- 
son, by  taking  the  tanghin  poison     The 

.  seed  was  pounded  and  a  small  piece 
swallowed  by  each  person  to  be  tried. 
If  the  accused  retained  the  poison  in  the 
system  death  quickly  resulted — a  proof 
of  guilt  ;  if  the  stomach  rejected  the 
dose  little  harm  supervened — and  inno- 
cence was  established.  By  the  influence 
of  Christianity  its  use  has  been  discon- 
tinued. Spelled  also  Tanguin.  [The 
native  name  in  Madagascar.] 

TANGHINIA,  tan-gin'i-a,  n.  a  genus  of 
plants  belonging  to  the  nat.  order  Apocj-- 
naceae.  T.  venenifera  is  a  tree  which 
produces  the  celebrated  tanghin  poison 
of  Madagascar.  The  poisonous  quality 
resides  in  the  kernel,  and  one  seed  is  said 
to  be  sufficient  to  kill  twenty  persons. 
It  has  sm  oth  alternate  thickish  leaves, 
and  large  terminal  cymes  of  pink  flow- 
ers, which  are  succeeded  by  large  pur- 
plish fruits  containing  a  hard  stone  sur- 
rounded by  a  thick  fibrous  flesh. 

tANGIBILITY,  tan-ji-bil'i-ti,  n.  quality  of 
being  tangible  or  perceptible  to  the  touch. 

TANGIBLE,  tan'ji-bl,  adj.  perceptible  by 
the  touch :  capable  of  being  possessed  or 
realized. — adv.  Tan'gibly.  [L.  tangibilis 
— tango.] 

TANGLE,  ta.ng'gl,n.  a  knot  of  things  united 
confusedly:  an  edible  seaweed.  — v.t.  to 
unite  together  confusedly:  to  interweave: 
to  insnare.  [Goth,  tagl,  hair,  Ger.  tang, 
sea-weed.] 

STANGUM,  tan'gum,  n.  a  variety  of  piebald 
horse  found  in  Thibet,  of  which  it  is  a 
native.  It  appears  to  be  related  to  the 
Tartar  horse. 

ITAN-HOUSE,  tan'-hows,  n.  a  building  in 
which  tanner's  bark  is  stored. 

ifANIST,  tan'ist,  n.  one  of  a  family  from 
which  the  chiefs  of  certain  Celtic  races 
were  chosen  by  election — usually  applied 
to  the  actual  holder  of  the  lands  and 
honors,  and  frequently  to  his  chosen  suc- 
cessor. "It  was  not  unusual  to  elect  a 
tanist,  or  reversionary  successor,  in  the 
lifetime  of  the  reigning  chief." — Sallam. 
"This  family  (the  O'Hanlons)  were  tanists 
»f  a  large  territory  within  the  present 
count  J'  of  Armagh."  —  Lower.  [Gael. 
tanaiste,  a  lord,  the  governor  of  a  coun- 
try ;  in  Ireland,  the  heir-apparent  of  a 
grince  ;  from  tan,  a  region  or  territory, 
ee  Tanistry.] 

TANISTRY,  tan'^ist-ri,  n.  a  mode  of  tenure 
that  prevailed  among  various  Celtic 
tribes,  according  to  which  the  tanist  or 
holder  of  honors  or  lands  held  them  only 
for  life,  and  his  successor  was  fixed  by 
election.  According  to  this  custom  the 
right  of  succession  was  not  in  the  in- 
dividual, but  in  the  family  to  which  he 
belonged  ;  that  is,  succession  was  heredi- 
tary in  the  family,  but  elective  in  the 
individual.  The  primitive  intention  seems 
to  have  been  that  the  inheritance  should 
descend  to  the  oldest  or  most  worthy  of 
the  blood  and  name  of  the  deceased.  This 
■was  in  reality  giving  it  to  the  strongest, 
and  the  practice  often  occasioned  bloody 
wars  in  families.  "  They  were  subject  to 
the  law  of  tanistry,  of  which  the  princi- 
ple is  defined  to  be,  that  the  demesne 
lands  and  dignity  of  chieftainship  de- 
scended to  the  eldest  son  most  worthy  of 
the  same  blood." — Hallam. 

TANK,  tangk,  n.  a  large  basin  or  cistern  : 
a  reservoir  of  water.  [O.  Fr.  estanc  (Fr. 
itang) — L.  stagnum,  a  pool  of  standing 
water.    See  Stagnate.] 

BB 


TANKARD,  tangVard,  n.  a  large  vessel 
for  holding  liquors  :  a  drinking-vessel 
with  a  lid.     [Tank,  with  suffix  -ard.] 

TANNER,  tan'er,  n.  one  who  tans. 

TANNERY,  tan'er-i,  n.  a  place  for  tanning. 

TANNIC,  tan'ik,  adj.  of  or  from  tan. 

TANNIN,  tan'in,  n.  an  astringent  vege- 
table substance  found  largely  in  oak- 
bark  or  gall-nuts,  of  great  use  in  tanning. 
[Fr.  tannin.] 

TANNING,  tan'ing,  n.  the  practice,  opera- 
tion, and  art  of  converting  the  raw  hides 
and  skins  of  animals  into  leather  by 
effecting  a  chemical  combination  between 
the  gelatine  of  which  they  principally 
consist  and  the  astringent  vegetable 
principle  called  tannic  acid  or  tannin. 
The  object  of  the  tanning  process  is  to 
produce  such  a  chemical  change  in  skins 
as  may  render  them  unalterable  by  those 
agents  which  tend  to  decompose  them  in 
their  natural  state,  and  in  connection 
with  the  subsequent  operations  of  curry- 
ing or  dressing  to  bring  them  into  a  state 
of  pliability  and  impermeability  to  water 
which  may  adapt  them  for  the  many 
useful  purposes  to  which  leather  is  ap- 
plied. The  larger  and  lieavier  skins  sub- 
jected to  the  tanning  process,  as  those 
of  buffaloes,  bulls,  oxen,  and  cows,  are 
technically  called  hides ;  while  those  of 
smaller  animals,  as  calves,  sheep,  and 
goats,  are  called  skins.  After  being 
cleared  of  the  hair,  wool,  and  fleshy 
parts,  by  the  aid  of  lime,  scraping,  and 
other  means,  the  skins  are  usually  steeped 
in  an  infusion  of  ground  oak  bark,  which 
supplies  the  astringent  or  tanning  prin- 
ciple,and  thus  converts  them  into  leather. 
Dtffereut  tanners,  however,  vary  much 
in  the  mode  of  conducting  the  process  of 
tanning,  and  also  the  skins  intended  for 
different  kinds  of  leather  require  to  be 
treated  differently.  Various  improve- 
ments have  been  made  in  the  process  of 
tanning,  by  which  time  and  labor  are 
much  reduced  ;  but  it  is  found  that  the 
slow  process  followed  by  the  old  tanners 
produces  leather  far  superior  to  that  pro- 
duced by  quick  processes. 

TANSY,  tan  zi,  n.  a  bitter,  aromatic  plant, 
with  small  yellow  flowers,  common  on 
old  pasture,  also  a  pudding  or  cake  flav- 
ored with  it.  [Lit."  the  immortal  plant," 
Fr.  tanaisie,  through  late  L.,  from  Gr. 
athanasia,  immortality.] 

TANTALIZE,  tan'ta-Uz,  v.t.  to  tease  or 
torment,  by  presenting  something  to  ex- 
cite desire,  but  keeping  it  out  of  reach. 
[From  Tantalus,  a  Greek  mythical  per- 
sonage, who  was  made  to  stand  up  to 
his  chin  in  water,  with  branches  of  fruit 
hung  over  his  head,  the  water  receding 
when  we  wished  to  drink,  and  the  fruit 
when  he  desired  to  eat.] 

TANTALUS,  tan'ta-lus,  n.  a  genus  of  wad- 
ing birds,  family  Ardeidae  or  heron  family. 
T.  loculator  is  the  wood-ibis  of  America, 
which  frequents  extensive  swamps, where 
it  feeds  on  serpents,  young  alligators, 
frogs,  and  other  reptiles.  The  African 
tantalus,  {T.  ibis)  was  long  regarded  as 
the  ancient  Egyptian  ibis,  but  it  is  rare 
in  Egypt,  belonging  chiefly  to  Senegal, 
and  is  much  larger  than  the  true  ibis. — 
Tantalus  cup,  a  philosophical  toy,  con- 
sisting of  a  siphon  so  adapted  to  a  cup 
that  the  short  leg  being  in  the  cup,  the 
long  leg  may  go  down  through  the  bot- 
tom of  it.  The  siphon  is  concealed 
within  the  figure  of  a  man,  whose  chin 
is  on  a  level  with  the  bend  of  the  siphon. 
Hence,  as  soon  as  the  water  rises  up  to 
the  chin  of  the  image  it  begins  to  sub- 
side, so  that  the  figure,  like  Tantalus  in 
the  fable,  is  unable  to  quench  his  thirst. 
[The  name  was  given  because  from  their 


v  ">racity  these  birds  seem  never  to  have 
enough.] 

TANTAMOUNT,tan'ta-mownt,a<^".  equiva- 
lent,  as  in  value,  force,  effect,  or  signifi- 
cation :  as,  silence  is  sometimes  tantti- 
mount  to  consent.  "  Put  the  questions 
into  Latin,  we  are  still  never  the  nearer, 
they  are  plainly  tantamount ;  at  least 
the  difference  to  me  is  undiscernible." — , 
Waterland.  "  Actions  were  brought- 
against  persons  who  had  defamed  the 
Duke  of  York  ;  and  damages  tantamount 
to  a  sentence  of  perpetual  imprisonment 
were  demanded  by  the  plaintiff  and 
without  difficulty  obtained." — MacmUcn^, 
[Fr.  tant,  L.  tantus,  so  much,  and  E 
Amount.] 

TANTAMOUNT,  tan'ta-mownt,  v.i.  to  bt 
tantamount  or  equivalent.  "  That  which 
in  God's  estimate  may  tantamount  to  s. 
direct  undervaluing." — Jer.  Taylor. 

TANTIVY,  tan-tiv'i,  adv.  swiftly:  speea- 
ily:  rapidly. — To  ride  tantivy,  to  ride 
with  great  speed.  [Said  to  be  from  the 
note  of  a  hunting  horn.] 

TANTIVY,  tan-tiv'i,  n.  a  rapid,  violent 
gallop  :  a  devoted  adherent  of  the  court 
m  the  time  of  Charles  II.  ;  a  royalist  : 
"  Those  who  took  the  king's  side  were 
anti-Birminghams,  abhorrers,  and  tan- 
times.  These  appellations  soon  became 
obsolete." —  Macaulay  ;  "Collier  .  .  . 
was  a  Tory  of  the  highest  sort,  such  ae 
in  the  court  of  his  age  was  called  a  tan- 
tivy."—  Macaulay:  a  mixture  of  baste 
and  violence  ;  a  rush  ;  a  torrent ;  "  Sir, 
I  expected  to  hear  from  you  in  the  lan- 
guage of  the  lost  groat,  and  the  prodigaT, 
sou,  and  not  in  such  a  tantivy  of  lan^ 
guage ;  but  I  perceive  your  communicar 
tion  is  not  always  yea,  yea." — Cleaveland, 
[The  nickname  may  be  traceable  to  the 
fox-hunting  habits  of  the  country  squires 
of  the  period.] 

TANTIVY,  tan-tiv'i,  v.i.  to  hurry  off :  to 
go  off  in  a  hurry.    Miss  Bumey. 

TANTRA,  tan'tra.  n.  a  division,  section,  or 
chapter  of  certain  Sanskrit  sacred  works 
of  the  worshippers  of  the  female  energy 
of  Siva.  Each  tantra  has  the  form  of  a 
dialogue  between  Siva  and  his  wife.  The 
tantras  are  much  more  recent  produc- 
tions than  the  Vedas,  possibly  posterior 
even  to  the  Christian  era,  although  their 
believers  regard  them  as  a  fifth  Veda,  of 
equal  antiquity  and  higher  authority^ 
[Sans.,  from  tan,  to  believe.] 

TANZIMAT,tan'zi-mat,  n.  {lit.)  regulations. 
The  name  given  to  the  organic  laws,  con- 
stituting the  first  contriDution  towards 
constitutional  government  in  Turkey, 
published  in  1844  by  Sultan  Abdul-Medjid. 
[Arab.,  pi.  of  tansim,  a  regulation.] 

TAP,  tap,  n.  a  gentle  blow  or  touch,  esp. 
with  something  small. — v.t.  to  strike 
with  something  small :  to  touch  gently, 
— v.i.  to  give  a  gentle  knock: — -pr.p. 
tapp'ing  ;  pa.  <.  andpa.p.  tapped.  [From 
Fr.  tape — O.  Ger.  (Ger.  tappe,  a  pat  with, 
the  hand).] 

TAP,  tap,  n.  a  hole  or  short  pipe  through 
which  liquor  is  drawn :  a  place  where 
liquor  is  drawn. — v.t.  to  pierce,  so  as  to 
let  out  fluid  :  to  open  a  cask  and  draw  off 
liquor  :  to  broach  a  vessel  i—pr.p.  tapp'- 
ing;pa.f.  andpa.p.  tapped.  [A.S.  tdppa; 
cog.  with  Dut.,  Ger.  zapfen;  conn,  with 
Tip  and  Top.] 

TAPE,  tap,  n.  a  narrow  jillet  or  band  of 
woven-work,  used  for  strings,  etc.  [A.S, 
tappe,  a  fillet :  conn,  with  Tapestry.] 

TAPER,  ta'per,  n.  a  small  wax-candle  or 
light.     [A.S.  tapur,  taper.] 

TAPER,  ta'per,  adj.  narrowed  towards  the 
point,  like  a  taper :  long  and  slender.— 
v.i.  to  become  gradually  smaller  towards 
one  end. — v.t,  to  make  to  taper. 


TAPERING 


434 


TARSIA 


TAPERING,  ta'per-ing,  adj.  growing  grad- 
ually thinner. 

TAPESTRY,  tap'es-tri,  n.  a  kind  of  woven 
hang-ings  of  wool  and  sUk,  often  enriched 
with  gold  and  silver,  representing  figures 
of  men,  animals,  landscapes,  etc.,  and 
formerly  much  used  for  lining  or  cover- 
ing the  walls  and  furniture  of  apart- 
ments, churches,  etc.  Tapestry  is  made 
by  a  process  intermediate  between  weav- 
ing and  embroidery,  being  worked  in  a 
web  with  needles  instead  of  a  shuttle. 
Short  lengths  of  thread  of  the  special 
colors  required  for  the  design  are  worked 
in  at  the  necessary  places  and  fastened 
at  the  back  of  the  texture.  The  term 
tapestry  is  also  applied  to  a  variety  of 
woven  fabrics  ha\'ing  a  multiplicity  of 
colors  in  their  design,  which,  however, 
have  no  other  characteristic  of  true  tap- 
estry.— Tapestry  CAKPET,the  name  given 
to  a  very  elegant  and  cheap  two-ply  or 
ingrain  carpet,  the  warp  or  weft  being 
printed  before  weaving  so  as  to  produce 
the  figure  in  the  cloth.  [O.  E.  tapecen/, 
tapecerye,  from  Fr.  tapisserie,  tapestry, 
carpeting,  from  tapis,  formerly  tapestry, 
now  a  carpet,  from  L.  tapes,  tapete,  from 
Gr.  tapes,  tapetos,  a  carpet,  a  rug.] 

TAPESTRY,  tap'es-tri,  v.t.  to  adorn  with 
tapestry,  or  as  if  virith  tapestry.  "The 
Trosachs  wound,  as  now,  between  gigan- 
tic walls  of  rock  tapestried  with  broom 
and  wild  roses." — Macaulay. 

TAPEWORM,  tap'wurm,  n.  a  <ape-like 
worm,  often  of  great  length,  found  in  the 
intestines. 

TAPIOCA,  tap-i-o'ka,  n.  the  glutinous  and 
granular  substance  obtained  from  the 
roots  of  the  Cassava  plant  of  Brazil. 
[The  Brazilian  name.] 

TAPER,  ta'pir,  n.  a  thick-skinned,  short- 
necked  animal,  having  a  short,  flexible 
proboscis,  found  in  Sumatra  and  South 
America.     [The  Brazilian  name.] 

TAP-PICKLE,  tap'-pik-l,  n.  the  uppermost 
and  most  valuable  grain  in  a  stalk  of  oats: 
hence,  (fig.)  one's  most  valuable  posses- 
sion: in  the  case  of  a  woman,  chastity. 
Bums.     [Scotch.] 

TAPPING,  tap'ing,  n.  in  siirg.  paracentesis, 
or  the  operation  of  removing  fluid  from 
any  of  the  serous  cavities  of  the  body  in 
which  it  has  collected  in  large  quantity. 

TAPPIT-HEN,  tap'it-hen,  n.  a  hen  with  a 
crest :  a  colloquial  term  denoting  a  kind 
of  tankard  containing  3  quarts,  or  accord- 
ing to  some  1  quart,  so  named  from  the 
knob  on  the  Ud  as  being  supposed  to  re- 
semble a  crested  hen.  "  Their  hostess 
appeared  with  a  huge  pewter  measuring- 
pot,  containing  at  least  three  English 
quarts,  familiarly  denominated  a  tappit- 
hen."—Sir  W.  Scott. 

TAPROOM,  tap'room,  n.  a  room  where 
beer  is  served  from  the  tap  or  cask. 

TAPROOT,  tap'root,  n.  a  root  of  a  plant  or 
tree  striking  directly  downward  without 
dividing,  and  tapering  towards  the  end, 
as  that  of  the  carrot. 

TAPSTER,  tap'ster,  n.  one  who  taps  or 
draws  off  liquor  :   a  publican. 

TAPUL,  ta'puf,  n.  in  muit.  antiq.  the  sharp 
projecting  ridge  down  the  centre  of  some 
breastplates. 

TAQUA-NUT,  ta'kwS-nut,  n.  the  seed  or 

1     nut  of  the  South  American  tree  Phytele- 

i    phas  macrocarpa,  introduced  into  this 

'     country  under  the   name  of  vegetable 

ivory,  and  used  as  ivory. 
TAR,  tar,  n.  a  thick,  dark-colored,  viscid 
product  obtained  by  the  destructive  dis- 
tillation of  organic  substances  and  bi- 
tuminous minerals,  as  wood,  coal,  peat, 
shale,  etc.  Wood-tar,  such  as  the  Arch- 
angel, Stockholm,  and  American  tars 
ot  oommerce,  is  generally  prepared  by  a 


very  rude  process.  A  conical  cavity  is 
dug  in  the  ground,  with  a  cast-iron  pan 
at  the  bottom,  from  which  leads  a  funnel. 
Billets  of  wood  (such  as  pine  or  fir)  are 
thrown  into  this  cavity,  and  being  cov- 
ered with  turf  are  slowly  burned  without 
flame.  The  tar  which  exudes  during 
combustion  is  conducted  off  through  the 
funnel.  In  England  wood-tar  is  chiefly 
obtained  as  a  bj'-product  in  the  destruc- 
tive distillation  of  wood  for  the  manu- 
facture of  wood-vinegar  (pyroligneous 
B/cid)  and  wood-spirit  (methyl  alcohol). 
It  has  an  acid  reaction,  and  contains  vari- 
ous liquid  matters  of  which  the  principal 
are  methyl-acetate,  acetone,  hydrocar- 
bons of  the  benzene  series,  and  a  num- 
ber of  oxidized  compounds,  as  carbolic 
acid.  Parafiin,  anthracene,  naphthalene, 
chrysene,  etc.,  are  found  among  its  solid 
products.  It  possesses  valuable  anti- 
septic properties,  owing  to  the  creasote 
it  contains,  and  is  used  extensively  for 
coating  and  preserving  timber  and  iron 
in  exposed  situations,  and  for  impreg- 
nating ships'  ropes  and  cordage.  Coal- 
tar  is  also  extensively  obtained  in  the 
process  of  gas  manufacture.  It  is  a  very 
valuable  substance,  in  as  much  as  the 
compounds  obtained  from  it  form  the 
starting-points  in  so  many  chemical 
manufactures  :  a  sailor  is  called  a  tar 
from  his  tarred  clothes,  hands,  etc. 
"  Hearts  of  oak  are  our  ships,  joUy  tars 
are  our  men." — Sea  song. 

In  Senates  bold,  and  fierce  in  war 

A  land  commander,  and  a  tar.—Smft. 

iA.S.  teru,  tero.  Low  Ger.  tdr,  Dut.  ieer, 
ce.  tjara,  Ger.  theer,  tar.     Origia  un- 
known.] 

TAR,  tar,  v.t.  to  smear  with  tar ;  as,  to 
tar  ropes: — pr.p.  tarr'ing;  pa.t.  andpa.p. 
tarred. — To  tab  and  feather  a  person, 
to  pour  heated  tar  over  him  and  then 
cover  with  feathers.  This  mode  of  pun- 
ishment, according  to  Rymer's  Foedera, 
is  as  old  at  least  as  the  crusades  ;  it  is  a 
kind  of  mob  vengeance  still  taken  on  ex- 
tremely obnoxious  personages  in  some 
parts  of  America. 

TARANTULA,  tar-an'tu-la,  n.  a  kind  of 
poisonous  spider  found  in  S.  Italy  :  the 
name  is  also  applied  to  a  very  large  vari- 
ety found  in  the  western  States,  whose 
bite  is  usually  fatal.  [It.  tarantola — L. 
Tarentum,  a  town  in  S.  Italy  where  the 
spider  abounds.] 

TARAXACUM,  tar-aks'a-kum,  n.  the  root 
of  the  dandelion,  used  in  medicine.  [A 
botanical  Latin  word,  coined  from  Gr. 
taraans,  trouble,  and  akeomai,  to  cure.] 

TARDY,  tar'di,  ad;.,  s!oic,  late,  sluggish: 
out  of  season.— adv.  Tar'dily.— n.  Tae'- 
DiNESS.  [Ft.  tardif  —  tard  —  L.  tardus, 
slow.] 

TARE,  tar,  n.  a  plant,  like  the  vetch, 
sometimes  cultivated  for  fodder.  [O.  E. 
tarefltch,  the  wild  vetch.] 

TARE,  tar,  n.  the  weight  of  the  vessel  or 
package  in  which  goods  are  contained : 
an  allowance  made  for  it.  [Fr. — It.  tara 
— Ar.  tarah,  thrown  away.] 

TARGET,  tar'get,  n.  a  small  buckler  or 
shield  :  a.  mark  to  fire  at.  [O.  Fr.  tar- 
gette  (Fr.  targe) — O.  Ger.  zarga,  cog.  with 
A.S.  targe.'] 

TARGETEER,  tar'get-er,  n.  one  armed  with 
a  target. 

TARGUM,  tar'gum,n.  a  translation  or  parar 
phrase  of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  in  the 
Aramaic  or  Chaldee  language  or  dialect, 
which  became  necessary  after  the  Baby- 
lonish captivity,  when  Hebrew  beg^an  to 
die  out  as  the  popular  language.  The 
Targum,  long  preserved  by  oral  trans- 
mission, does  not  seem  to  have  been  com- 
mitted to  writing  until  the  flrst  centuries 


of  the  Christian  era.  The  most  ancient 
and  valuable  of  the  extant  Targums  are 
those  ascribed  to  or  called  after  Onkelos 
and  Jonathan  Ben  Uzziel.  All  the  Tar 
gums  taken  together  form  a  paraphrase 
of  the  whole  of  the  Old  Testament,  ex- 
cept Nehemiah,  Ezra,  and  Daniel.  [ChaL 
targum,  interpretation,  from  targem,  to 
interprets 
TARGUMIST,  tar'gum-ist,  n.  the  writer  ef 
a  Targum  :  one  versed  in  the  language 
and  literature  of  the  Targums.  Milton. 
TARIFF,  tar'if,  w.  a  list  or  table  of  goods 
with  the  duties  or  customs  to  be  paid  for 
the  same,  either  on  importation  or  ex- 
portation; a  list  or  table  of  duties  or  cus- 
toms to  be  paid  on  goods  imported  or 
exported  whether  such  duties  are  imposed 
by  the  government  of  a  country  or  agreed 
on  by  the  governments  of  two  countries 
holding  commerce  with  each  other  ;  the 
principal  of  a  tariff  depends  upon  the 
commercial  policy  of  the  state  by  which 
it  is  framed,  and  the  details  are  constant- 
ly fluctuating  with  the  change  of  inter- 
ests and  the  wants  of  the  community,  or 
in  pursuance  of  commercial  treaties  with 
other  states  :  a  table  or  scale  of  charges 
generally:  in  the  United  States,  the  term 
applied  to  a  law  of  Congress  fixing  the 
import  duties.  [Fr.  tarif,  Sp.  tarifa,  from 
the  Ar.  tarif,  explanation,  information, 
a  list  of  things,  particularly  of  fees  to  be 
paid,  from  'arafa,  to  inform.] 
TARIFF,  tar'if,  v.t.  to  make  a  list  of  duties 

on,  as  on  imported  goods. 
TARLATAN,  t&r'la-tan,  n.  a  thin  cotton 
stuff,  resembling  gauze,  used  in  ladies' 
dresses.     [Perhaps  Milanese  tarlantarttia, 
linsey-woolsey.] 
TARN,  tarn,  n.  a  small  mountain  lake  or 
pool,  especially  one  which  has  no  visible 
feeders.     "  Fled  like  a  glittering  rivulet 
to  the  tarn." — Tennyson. 
And  soon  a  score  of  fires  I  ween. 
From  height,  and  hill,  and  cliff  were  seen,  .  .  . 
They  fcleamed  on  many  a  dusky  tarn, 
Haunted  by  the  lonely  earn.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

[Ice.  tjorn,  a  tarn.] 

TARNISH,  t&r'nish,  v.t.  to  spoil  by  ex- 
posure to  the  air,  etc.:  to  diminish  the 
lustre  or  purity  of. — v.i.  to  become  dull : 
to  lose  lustre.  [Lit.  "  to  cover,"  "  to 
darken,"  Fr.  temir,  pr.p.  temissant ; 
terne,  dull,  wan — O.  Grer.  tami,  covered, 
A.S.  dernian,  to  cover,  darken.] 

TARPAULIN,  tar-paw'lin,  TARPAULTNG^ 
tar-paw'ling,  n.  a  tarred  pall  or  cover 
of  coarse  canvas.  [From  Tar,  and  Prov. 
E.  pauling,  a  covering  for  a  cart,  M.E. 
pall,  a  sort  of  cloth,  connected  with 
PaixJ 

TARRY,  tar'i,  adj.  consisting  of,  covered 
with,  or  like  tar. 

TARRY,  tar'i,  v.i.  to  be  tardy  or  slow  :  to 
loiter  or  stay  behind  :  to  delay  •.—pa.t, 
aiud  pa.p.  tan-'ied.  [M.E.  tarien — O.  Fr. 
targier,  larger  (Fr.  tarder)—L.  tardus, 
slow,  modified  by  confusion  with  A.S. 
tirian,  to  irritate,  vex.    See  Tardy.] 

TARSAL,  tar'sal,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
tarsus  or  instep  ;  as,  the  tarsal  bones  : 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  tarsi  of  the  eye- 
lids ;  as,  the  tarsal  cartilages. 

TARSE,  tars,  n.  the  same  as  TARSUS  (which 

TARSEL,  tar'sel,  n.  a  kind  of  hawk:  a 
tiercel. 

TARSLA,  tar'si-a,  TARSIATURA,  tar-si-a- 
too'ra,  n.  a  kind  of  mosaic  wood-work  or 
marquetry  much  in  favor  in  Italy  in  the 
fifteenth  century.  It  was  executed  bv 
inlaying  pieces  of  wood  of  different  col- 
ors and  shades  into  panels  of  walnut- 
wood,  so  as  to  represent  landscapes, 
architectural  scenes,  figures,  fruit,  flow- 
ers, etc. 


TARSIER 


435 


TATTOOING 


7ABSIBR,  t&r'si-«r,  n.  an  animal  of  tb« 

'  genus  Tarsius  (which  see). 
TAESIU8,  t&r'si-us,  n.  a  genus  of  quadru- 
manous  uiainiiials  of  the  lemura  family 
inhabiting'  the  Eastern  Archipelago.  In 
this  genus  the  bones  of  the  tarsus  are 
very  much  elongated,  which  gives  the 
feet  and  hands  a  disproportionate  length. 
— Tarsius  spectrum,  the  tarsier,  seems  to 
be  the  only  species  known.  It  is  about 
the  size  of  a  squirrel,  fawn-brown  in 
color,  with  large  ears,  large  e3'es,  and  a 
long  tufted  tail.  It  is  nocturnal  in  its 
habits,  and  lives  among  trees.  Its  favor 
ite  food  is  lizards.     [From  tarsus.] 

fARSO-METATARSUS.  tar'so-me-ta-tar'- 
BUS,  n.  the  single  bone  in  the  leg  of  birds 
produced  by  the  union  and  ankylosis  of 
the  lower  or  distal  portion  of  the  tarsus 
with  the  whole  of  the  metatarsus. 

TARSORBAPHY,  tar-sor'ra-fi,  n.  in  surg. 
an  operation  for  diminishing  the  size  of 
the  opening  between  the  eyelids  when 
It  is  enlarged  by  surrounding  cicatrices. 
Dunglison.  [larsus,  a  cartilage  of  the 
eyelids,  and  Gr.  raphe,  seam,  suture, 
from  rapto.  to  sew.] 

ITARSOTOMY,  tar-sot'6-rai,  n.  in  surg.  the 
section  or  removal  of  the  tarsal  carti- 
lages. Dunglison.  [Tarsiis.  a  cartilage 
of  the  eyelids,  and  Gr.  tome,  a  cutting, 
from  temno,  to  cut.] 

TARSUS,  tar'sus,  n.  (pi.  Tahsi,  tar'si),  in 
anat.  (a)  that  part  of  the  foot  which  in 
man  is  popularly  known  as  the  ankle, 
the  front  of  which  is  called  the  instep; 
it  corresponds  with  the  wrist  of  the  up- 
per limb  or  arm,  and  is  composed  of 
seven  bones,  viz.  the  astragalus,  os  calcis 
(heel),  OS  naviculare,  os  cuboides,  and 
three  others,  called  ossa  cuneiformia; 
(b)  the  thin  cartilage  situated  at  the 
edges  of  the  eyelids  to  preserve  their 
firmness  and  shape:  in  entom.  the  last 
segment  of  the  leg.  It  is  divided  into 
several  joints,  the  last  being  generally 
terminated  by  a  claw,  which  is  some- 
times single  and  sometimes  double:  in 
omith.  that  part  of  the  leg  (or  properly 
the  foot)  of  birds  which  extends  from  the 
toes  to  the  flrst  joint  above;  the  shank; 
the  single  bone  of  this  portion  corre- 
sponds with  the  tarsus  and  metatarsus 
conjoined.  [Or.  targos,  any  broad,  flat 
surface,  tarsos  podos,  the  flat  part  of  the 
foot.] 

TART,  tart,  ady.  sharp  or  sour  to  the  taste: 
{fig.)  sharp:  severe. — adv.  Tabt'LT. — n. 
Takt'ness.  [Lit.  "tearing,"  A.S.  teart 
— tearan,  to  tear.] 

TART,  tart,  n.  a  small  pie,  containing  fruit 
or  jelly.  [Fr.  tarte,  tourte — L.  tortus, 
twisted,  pa.  p.  of  torqiteo,  to  twist.] 

TARTAN,    tar'tan,    n.    a    woollen    stuff, 
checked  with  various  colors,  worn  in  the 
Scottish  Highlands.     fFr.  tiretaine,  lin- 
sey-woolsey;  8p.   tiritana,   tiritaira,  a 
.  sort  of  thin  silk.] 

TARTAR,  tSr'tar,  n.  a  salt  which  forms  on 
the  sides  of  casks  containing  wine  (when 
pure,  called  cream  of  tartar):  a  concre- 
tion which  sometimes  forms  on  the  teeth: 
an  irritable  person,  one  unexpectedly  too 
strong  for  his  opponent.  [Fr.  tartre — 
Low  L.  tartarum — Ar.  dourdA 

TARTAR,  t&r'tar.  n.  hell.  "Follow  me.— 
To  the  gates  of  Tartar,  thou  most  excel- 
lent devil  of  wit." — Shak. 

TARTAR,  tftr'tar,  n.  a  native  of  Tartary: 
a  name  rather  loosely  applied  to  mem- 
bers of  various  Mongolian  or  Turanian 
peoples  in  Asia  and  Europe:  a  name 
given  to  couriers  employed  by  the  Otto- 
man Porte,  and  by  the  EJuropean  ambas- 
sadors in  Constantinople.  [A  corruption 
of  Tatar.  When,  in  the  reign  of  St. 
Louis  of  France,  the  hordes  of  the  Tatar 


race  was  devastating  Eastern  Europe, 
news  of  their  ravages  were  brought  to 
the  pious  king,  who  exclaimed  there- 
upon with  horror,  "Well  may  they  be 
called  Tartars,  for  their  deeds  are  those 
of  fiends  from  Tartarus."  The  appo- 
siteness  of  the  appellation  thus  metamor- 
phosed made  it  be  received,  and  from 
that  time  French  authors  —  and  after 
them  the  rest  of  Europe — have  called  the 
Tatars,  Tartars.] 

TARTAREOUS,  tar-ta're-us,  TARTAR- 
OUS,  tar'tar-u8,  a<HJ.  consisting  of  or  re- 
sembling tartar. 

TARTARIC,  tar-lar'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  obtained  from  tartar. 

TARTARUS,  tar'ta-rus,  n.  (ancient  myth.) 
the  lower  world  generally,  but  esp.  the 
place  of  punishment  for  the  wicked.  [L. 
— Or.  tartaros,  prob.  from  the  sound,  to 
express  something  terrible.] 

TARTISH,  tar'tish,  adj.  somewhat  tart. 

TARTUFFE,  TARTUFE,  tar-to6f',n.  a  hyp- 
ocritical pretender  to  devotion:  a  hypo- 
crite. [Fr.  tartufe,  a  hypocrite,  from 
Tartufe,  the  name  of  the  principal  char- 
acter in  Molidre's  celebrated  comedy.] 

TARTUFFISH,  TARTUFISH,  tar-toof'ish, 
adj.  hypocritical:  rigid  or  precise  in 
behavior.  "  God  help  her,  said  I ;  she 
has  some  mother-in-law,  or  tartufish 
aunt,  or  nonsensical  old  woman,  to  con- 
sult upon  the  occasion  as  well  as  my- 
self/'  Sterne. 

TAKTUFFISM,  tar-t56f'izm,  n.  the  practice 
of  a  tartuffe  or  hypocritical  devotee. 

TAR-WATER,  tar<-waw-ter,  n.  a  cold  in- 
fusion of  tar,  which  was  formerly  a  cele- 
brated remedy  for  many  chronic  affec- 
tions, esp.  of  the  lungs ;  as,  Bp.  Berke- 
ley's celebrated  treatise  on  tar-water: 
the  ammoniacal  water  obtained  by  con- 
densation in  the  process  of  gas  manufact- 
ure. 

TAB-WELL,  tftr'-wel,  n.  in  gas  manuf.  a 
receptacle  in  which  is  collected  the  tarry 
liquid  which  separates  from  the  gas  when 
it  leaves  the  condensers. 

TASCO,  tas'ko,  n.  a  sort  of  clay  for  making 
melting-pots. 

TASIMGTEB,  ta-zim'e-ter,  ».  an  instru- 
ment invented  by  Mr.  Edison  for  meas- 
uring extremely  slight  variations  of  press- 
ure, and  by  means  of  these  other  vari- 
ations, such  as  those  of  temperature, 
moisture,  etc.  It  depends  on  the  fact 
that  a  piece  of  carbon  introduced  into 
the  course  of  an  electric  current  offers  a 
resistance  to  the  passage  of  the  current, 
which  diminishes  in  a  very  marked  de- 
gree in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  press- 
ure exerted  on  the  carbon.  A  small  disc 
of  carbon  and  another  of  vulcanite  are 
held  together  between  two  platinum  but- 
tons, which  may  be  brought  into  connec- 
tion with  a  galvanic  battery,  and  a  strip 
of  some  substance  like  gelatine,  which 
contracts  and  expands  with  great  readi- 
ness, is  so  placed  that  by  its  variations 
in  magnitude  it  varies  the  pressure  on 
one  of  the  platinum  buttons,  and  hence 
on  the  carbon  disc.  The  variations  thus 
produced  in  the  force  of  the  electric  cur- 
rent are  measured  by  a  very  delicate 
galvanometer,  which  is  also  placed  in  the 
circuit.  So  delicate  is  the  instrument 
that  the  heat  of  the  hand  held  a  few 
inches  off  causes  a  deflection  of  the 
needle ;  while  by  a  slight  alteration  in 
form  the  weight  and  vital  heat  of  the 
minutest  insect  may  be  determined.  [Gr. 
tasis,  a  stretching,  tension,  from  temd, 
to  stretch,  and  metron,  a  measure.] 

TASIMETRIC,  taz-i-met'rik,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  tasimeter :  made  by  the  tasim- 
eter :  as,  tasimetric  experiments. 

TASK,  task,  n,  a  set  amount  of  work,  esp. 


of  study,  given  by  another:  workl 
drudgery. — v.t.  to  impose  a  task  on:  to 
burden  with  severe  work. — 71.  Task'ee.— 
To  TAKE  TO  task,  to  reprove.  [Lit.  "a 
tax,"  O.  Fr.  tasque — Low  L.  tasca,  taxa 
— L.  taxo.  to  rate,  tax.     See  Tax.] 

TASKMASTER,  task'mas-ter,  n.  a  master 
who  imposes  a  task:  one  whose  office  is 
to  assign  tasks. 

TASSEL,  tas'el,  n.  a  hanging  ornament 
consisting  of  a  bunch  of  silk  or  other 
material.  [O.  Fr.  tassel,  an  ornament  of 
a  square  shape,  attached  to  the  dress — Li 
taxillus,  dim.  of  talus,  a  die.] 

TASSELLED,  tas'eld,   adj.  adorned  with 

TASTABLE,  tast'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
tasted. 

TASTE,  tast,  v.t.  to  try  or  perceive  by  the 
touch  of  the  tongue  or  palate:  to  try  by 
eatinga  little:  to  eat  a  little  of:  to  partake 
of:  to  experience. — v.i.  to  try  or  perceive 
by  the  mouth:  to  have  a  flavor  of. — », 
Tast'ee.  [O.  Fr.  taster,  Fr.  tdter,  as  i( 
from  taocitarc — L.  taxo,  to  touch  repeat 
edly,  to  estimate — root  of  tango,  to 
touch.] 

TASTE,  tast,  n.  the  act  or  sense  of  tasting, 
the  sensation  caused  by  a  substance  on 
the  tongue:  the  sense  by  which  we  per- 
ceive the  flavor  of  a  thing:  the  quality 
or  flavor  of  anything:  a  small  portions 
intellectual  relish  or  discernment:  the 
faculty  by  which  the  mind  perceives  the 
beautiful:  nice  perception:  choice,  pre- 
dilection. 

TASTEFUL,  tast'fool,  adj.,  full  of  taste. 
having  a  high  relish:  showing  good  taste. 
— adv.  Taste'fullt. — n.  Taste'fulness, 

TASTELESS,  tast'les,  adj.,  without  taste. 
insipid. — adv.  Taste'lesslt. — n.  Taste'' 

LESSNESS. 

TASTY,  tast'i,  adj.  having  a  good  tfistei 
possessing  nice  perception  of  excellence, 
m  conformity  with  good  taste.— -adv. 
Tast'ily. 

TATTER,  tat'er,  n.  a  torn  piece :  a  loose 
hanging  rag.  [Ice.  tetr,  tetxir,  a  torn 
garment.] 

TATTLE,  tat'l,  n.  trifling  talk  or  chat.— 
v.i.  to  talk  idly  or  triflingly :  to  tell  tales 
or  secrets. — n.  Tatt'ler.  [M.E.  tater, 
like  Low  Ger.  tateln,  an  imitative  word.] 

TATTOO,  tat-too',  n.  a  beat  of  drum  and 
a  bugle-call  to  warn  soldiers  to  repair  to 
their  quarters,  orig.  to  shut  the  taps  or 
drinking -houses  against  the  soldiers. 
[Dut.  taptoe — tap,  a  tap,  and  toe,  which 
IS  the  prep.,  E.  to,  Ger.  zu,  in  the  sense 
of  shut.] 

TATTOO,  tat-too',  v.t.  to  mark  perma^ 
nently  (as  the  skin)  with  figures,  by  prick- 
ing in  coloring  matter.  —  n.  marks  or 
figures  made  by  pricking  coloring  matter 
into  the  skin.  [Prob.  a  reduplication  of 
the  Polynesian  word,  ta,  to  strike.] 

TATTOOING,  tat-too'ing,  n.  the  act  of  one 
who  tattoos :  the  design  produced  by  a 
tattooer:  the  art  of  a  tattooer:  a  practice 
common  to  several  uncivilized  nations, 
ancient  and  modern,  and  to  some  extent 
emplo^'ed  among  civilized  nations.  It 
consists  in  marking  the  skin  with  punc- 
tures or  incisions,  and  introducing  into 
the  wounds  colored  liquids,  gunpowderj 
or  the  like,  so  as  to  produce  an  indelible 
stain,  so  that  in  this  way  a  variety  of 
figures  may  be  produced  on  the  face  and 
other  parts  of  the  body.  This  practice 
is  very  prevalent  among  the  South  Sea 
Islanders,  among  whom  are  used  inst-u- 
ments  edged  with  small  teeth,  somewh 
resembling  those  of  a  fine  comb.  These 
are  applied  to  the  skin,  and  being  repeat- 
edly struck  with  a  small  mallet  the  teeth 
make  the  incisions  required,  while  the 
coloring  tincture  is  introduced  at  the 


TAUGHT 


436 


TEAK 


same  time.  Degrees  of  rank  are  indi- 
cated by  the  greater  or  less  surface  of 
tattooed  skin.  Sometimes  the  whole 
body,  the  face  not  excepted,  is  tattooed, 
as  among  the  New  Zealanders. 

TAUGHT,  ta,wi,pa.t.  nvd  pa.p.  of  Teach. 

TAUNT,  tawnt,  v.t.  to  reproach  or  upbraid 
with  severe  or  insulting  words  :  to  cen- 
sure sarcastically.— «.  Taunt'er. — adv. 
TAUNT'lNaLT.  [Fr.  tancer,  to  scold ;  O. 
Sw.  tanta,  to  reproach,  tant,  mockery.] 

TAUNT,  tawnt,  n.  upbraiding,  sarcastic,  or 
insulting  word's  ;  a  bitter  reproach. 

TAURUS,  taw  rii.s,  n.  the  Bidl,  one  of  the 
signs  of  the  zodiac— uc^".  TAXfRlNE.  [L. 
taurus,  Gr.  tauros.  a  bull.] 

TAU-STAFF,  taw'-staf,  n.  in  archceol.  a 
staff  witli  a  cross-head  or  head  in  the 
shape  of  the  letter  T.  "A  cross-headed 
or  tau-.itaff."—Jos.  Anderson.  [Gr.  tau, 
the  name  of  the  letter  T.] 

TAUT,  tawt,  adj.  tight :  stretched  out : 
not  slack  :  applied  to  a  rope  or  sail :  also, 
properly  ordered :  prepared  against  emer- 
gency. "Nelson's  health  had  suffered 
greatly  while  he  was  in  the  Agamemnon, 
•  My  complaint,'  he  said,  '  is  as  if  a  girth 
was  buckled  ta^it  over  my  breast ;  and 
my  endeavor  in  the  night  is  to  get  loose.' " 
—Southey.  [A  form  of  tight  or  closely 
allied  to  it.] 

TAUTED,  tawt'ed,  TAUTEE,  taw'tl,  adj. 
matted  together  :  spoken  of  hair  or  wool. 
Spelled  also  Tawted,  Tawtie,  Tatty,  etc. 
(Scotch.)  [Akin  to  Scand.  tait,  a  tuft  of 
hair  ;  Icel.  tceta,  to  tease  wool,  tot,  a 
flock  of  wool.] 

TAUTEGORICAL,  taw  -  te  -  gor'ik  -  al,  oc^. 
expressing  the  same  thing  in  different 
words  :  opposedto allegorical.  Coleridge. 
[Gr.  tauton,  for  to  auton,  the  same,  and 
agoreuo.  to  speak.    See  Allegory.] 

TAUTOCHRONE,  taw'to-kron,  n.  in  math. 
a  curve  line  such  that  a  heavy  body  de- 
scending along  it  by  gravity  will,  from 
whatever  point  in  the  curve  it  begins  to 
descend,  always  arrive  at  the  lowest 
point  in  the  same  time.  The  cycloid 
possesses  this  property.  Also,  when  any 
number  of  curves  are  drawn  from  a  given 
point,  and  another  curve  is  so  dravrn  as 
to  cut  off  from  every  one  of  them  an  arc, 
which  is  described  by  a  falling  particle 
in  one  given  time,  that  arc  is  called  a 
tautoclirone.  [Gr.  tautos,  the  same,  and 
chroHos,  time.] 

TAUTOCHRONOUS,  taw-tok'ron-us,  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  tautochrone:  isochronous. 

TAUTOG,  taw-tog',  n.  a  flsh  (Tautoga 
nigra  or  americana),  family  Ladrid», 
found  on  the  coast  of  New  England, 
and  valued  for  food.  It  attains  a  size 
of  13  to  14  pounds,  and  is  caught  by 
hook  and  line  on  rocky  bottoms.  Called 
also  Black-fish.  [The  plural  of  taut,  the 
Indian  name.] 

TAUTOLITE,  taw'tol-It,  n.  a  velvet-black 
mineral  occurring  in  volcanic  felspathio 
rocks.  It  is  supposed  to  be  a  silicate  of 
protoxide   of  iron  and  silicate  of  mag- 

TAUTOLOGIC,  taw-to-loj'ik,  TAUTOLOG- 
ICAL, taw-to-loj'ik-al,  adj.  containing 
tautology. — adv.  Tautolog  ICALLY. 

TAUTOLOGIZE,  taw-tol'o-jlz,  v.i.  to  use 
,  tautology :  to  repeat  the  same  thing  in 
different  words. — n.  Tautol'ogist. 

TAUTOLOGY,  taw-tol'o-ji,  n.  needless 
repetition  of  the  same  thing  in  different 
vx>rds.  [Gr.  tautologia — tauto,  the  same, 
logos,  word. 

TAVERN,  taVern,  n.  a  licensed  house  for 
the  sale  of  liquors  with  accommodation 
for  travellers  :  an  inn.  [Fr.  taveme—Li. 
taberna,  orig.  "  a  hut  of  boards,"  from 
root  of  tabula,  a  board.] 

TAW,   taw,  v.t.  to  dress  with  alum  and 


make  into  white  leather ;  to  drees  and 
prepare  in  white,  as  the  skins  of  sheep, 
Iambs,  goats  and  kids,  for  gloves  and  the 
like,  by  treating  them  with  alum,  salt, 
and  other  matters  :  to  beat  :  to  torture  : 
to  torment.  Chaloner.  [A.S.  tawian, 
to  prepare,  to  taw ;  Dut.  touwen,  to 
taw  ;  Ger.  zauen,  to  prepare,  to  soften, 
to  tan,  to  taw ;  Goth,  taujan,  to  do,  to 
work.  The  original  meaning  would 
seem  to  liave  been  to  work  or  prepare  in 
general.] 

TAW,  taw,  n.  a  marble  to  be  played  with  : 
a  game  at  marbles. 

Trembling  I'  ve  seen  thee  dare  the  kitten's  paw; 
Nay,  mix  with  children  as  they  play'd  at  taw; 
Nor  fear  the  marbles  as  they  oounoing  flew. 
Marbles  to  them,  but  rollhig  rocks  to  you.— Gay. 
[Origin  unknown.] 

TAWDRILY,  taw'drl-li,  adv.  in  a  tawdry 
manner. 

TAWDRINESS,  taw'dri-nes,  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  tawdry :  excessive 
finery  :  ostentatious  finery  without  ele- 
gance. "  A  clumsy  person  makes  his 
ungracefulness  more  ungraceful  by  taw- 
driness  of  dress." — Richardson. 

TAWDRY,  taw'dri,  adj.  formerly  fine, 
showy,  elegant ;  now  only  fine  and 
showy,  without  taste  or  elegance ;  hav- 
ing an  excess  of  showy  ornaments  with- 
out grace  ;  as,  a  tawdry  dress ;  taivdry 
feathers;  tawdry  colors.  "  He  rails  from 
morning  to  night  at  essenced  fops  and 
faifd?n/ courtiers." — Spectator.  [From  St. 
Audrey,  otherwise  called  St.  Etneldreda, 
at  whose  fair,  held  in  the  isle  of  Ely,  laces 
and  cheap  gay  ornaments  are  said  to 
have  been  sold.  In  this  way  taivdry 
would  have  meant  originally  showy,  like 
things  bought  at  St.  Audrey's  fair.  But 
more  probably  the  original  notion  was 
showy,  like  the  necklaces  that  St.  Audrey 
used  to  wear,  the  application  coming 
from  the  legend  whieli  says  she  died  of 
a  swelling  in  the  throat,  an  ailment  that 
she  recognized  as  a  judgment  for  having 
been  fond  of  wearing  fine  necklaces  in  her 
youth.  According  to  the  latter  supposi- 
tion the  adjective  would  come  from  the 
noun  tawdry  as  the  name  of  a  kind  of 
necklace. — Tawdey-Iace,  a  kind  of  neck- 
lace or  girdle.] 

TAWDRY,  taw'dri,  n.  a  species  of  necklace 
of  a  rural  fashion:  a  necklace  in  generaL 
Of  which  the  Naiads  and  blue  Nereids  make 
Them  tawdries  for  their  neck. — Drayton. 

TAWDRY-LACE,  taw'dri-las,  n.  a  kind  of 
necklace:  also,  a  kind  of  girdle.  [Spenser 
uses  it  in  the  latter  sense.]  "  Come,  you 
promised  me  a  taicdry-lace  and  a  pair  of 
sweet  gloves." — Shak. 

TAWNY,  taw'ni,  adj.  of  the  color  of  things 
tanned,  a  yellowish  brown. — n.  Taw'ni- 
NESS.  [Dut.  tanig;  Fr.  tanne,  pa.p.  of 
tanner,  to  tan.    See  Tan.] 

TAX,  taks,  n.  a  rate  imposed  on  property 
or  persons  for  the  benefit  of  the  state  : 
anything  imposed  :  a  burdensome  duty. 
— v.t.  to  lay  a  tax  on  :  to  burden  :  to  ac- 
cuse. [Fr.  taxe,  a  tax — L.  taxo,  to 
handle,  value,  charge  —  root  of  tango, 
to  touch.    See  Task.] 

TAXABLE,  taks'a-bl,  adj.  capable  of  being 
or  liable  to  be  taxed.  , 

TAXACE.iE,  taks-a'se-e,  n.pl.  a  sub-order  of 
ConiferfE,  sometimes  regarded  as  a  dis- 
tinct order,  comprising  trees  or  shrubs 
which  inhabit  chiefly  the  temperate  parts 
of  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  America. 
They  have  a  woody  tissue  marked  with 
circular  discs,  with  evergreen,  and  mostly 
narrow,  rigid,  entire,  and  veinless  leaves, 
and  are  distinguished  from  the  Cupres- 
sinecB  by  the  succulent  cup  which  sur- 
rounds their  seeds.  The  order  yields 
trees  which  are  valued  for  their  timber, 


and,  like  the  Coniferae,  possess  resinous 
properties. 
TAXATION,  taks-a'shua,  n.  the  act  of  lay- 
ing a  tax,  or  of  imposing  taxes  on  the 
subjects  of  a  state  or  government,  or  on 
the  members  of  a  corporation  or  com- 
pany, by  the  proper  authority  ;  the  rais- 
ing of  revenue  required  for  public  service 
by  means  of  taxes  ;  the  system  by  which 
such  a  revenue  is  raised  ;  "The  subjects 
of  every  state  ought  to  contribute  to  the 
support  of  the  government,  as  nearly  as 
possible  in  proportion  to  their  abilities  ; 
that  is,  in  proportion  to  the  revenue 
which  they  respectively  enjoy  under  the 
protection  of  the  state.  In  the  observ- 
ance or  neglect  of  this  maxim  consists 
what  is  called  the  equality  or  inequality 
of  taxation." — Adam  Smith:  tax  or  as- 
sessment imposed  ;  the  aggregate  of  par 
ticular  taxes  ;  "He  daily  such  taxations 
did  exact." — Daniel :  charge;  accusation; 
censure  ;  scandal ; 
My  father's  love  is  enough  to  honor;  speak  no 

more  of  him, 
fou'U  be  whipt  for  taxation  one  of  these  days. 

—Shak: 
the  act  of  taxing  or  assessing  a  bill  of 
costs  in  law.     [L.  taxatio,  taxationis,  a 
taxing,  a  valuing.    See  Tax,  n.] 

TAX-CART,  taks-kart,  TAXED -CART; 
takst'-kart,  n.  a  light  spring-cart  upon 
which  only  a  low  rate  of  tax  is  charged 
in  England.  "They  (carts)  are  of  all 
kinds,  from  the  greengrocer's  taxed  cart 
to  the  coster's  barrow." — Mayhew.  "She 
begged  that  farmer  Subsoil  would  take 
her  thither  in  his  tax-cart." — Trollope. 

TAXEL,  tak'sel,  n.  the  American  badger 
(Meles  Ldbradorica),  at  first  regarded  as 
a  variety  of  the  European  badger,  but 
now  found  to  differ  so  considerably  that 
it  has  been  thought  by  some  naturalists 
worthy  of  being  raised  into  a  distinct  ge- 
nus, Taxidea.  its  teeth  are  of  a  more  car- 
nivorous character  than  those  of  the  true 
badger,  and  it  preys  on  such  small  animals 
as  marmots,  which  it  pursues  into  their 
holes,  frequently  enlarging  them  so  as  to 
make  the  gi-ound  dangerous  for  horses. 
Its  burrowing  powers  are  remarkable,  its 
hole  being  6  or  7  feet  deep,  and  running 
underground  to  a  length  of  30  feet. 
Though  termed  Labradorica  it  is  not 
found  in  Labrador,  but  abounds  in  the 
sandy  plains  near  the  Missouri  and  Rocky 
Mountains.  Its  hair  changes  from  yel- 
lowish-brown in  summer  to  hoary-gray 
in  winter,  becoming  longer  and  more 
woolly. 

TAXIDERMY,  taks'i-der-mi,  n.  the  art  of 
preparing  and  stuflBng  the  skins  of  ani- 
mals.—?i.  Tax'idermist.  [Fr.— Gr.  taxis, 
arrangement,  and  derma,  a  skin.] 

TEA,  te,  n.  the  dried  leaves  of  a  shrub  in 
China  and  Japan  :  an  infusion  of  the 
leaves  in  boiling  water :  any  vegetable 
infusion.  [From  South  Chinese  the,  the 
common  form  being  tscha.] 

TEACH,  tech,  v.t.  to  shmv:  to  impart 
knowledge  to  :  to  guide  the  studies  of  •- 
to  exhibit  so  as  to  impress  upon  the 
mind  :  to  impart  the  knowledge  of  :  to 
accustom :  to  counsel. — v.i.  to  practice 
giving  instruction: — pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
taught  (tawt).  [A.S.  toecan,  to  show, 
teach  ;  G^r.  zeigen,  to  show  ;  aUied  to 
L.  doceo,  to  teach,  Gr.  deiknumi,  to 
show.] 

TEACHABLE,  tech'a-bl,  adj.  capable  of 
being  taught:  apt  or  willing  to  learn. — 
n.  Teach' ABIJINESS. 

TEACHER,  tech'er,  n.  one  who  teaches  or 
in  structs 

TEAK,  tek,  n.  a  tree  in  the  E.  Indies  and 
Africa,  also  its  wood,  remarkable  for  its 
hardness  and  durability.  [Malabar  theka, 
tekka.] 


TEAL 


43; 


TEG 


TEAli,  tel,  n.  a  web-footed  waterfowl  allied 
to  the  duck,  but  smaller.  [Dut.  teling, 
taling.] 

TEAM,  tem,  n.  a  number  of  animals  mov- 
ing together  or  in  order :  two  or  more 
oxen  or  other  animals  harnessed  to  the 
same  vehicle:  a  number  of  persons  asso- 
ciated, as  for  the  performance  of  a  defi- 
nite piece  of  work,  or  forming  one  of  the 
Earties  or  sides  in  a  game,  match,  or  the 
ke ;  as,  a  team  of  football  players, 
cricketers,  oarsmen,  etc.  :  in  old  Eng. 
law,  a  royalty  or  privilege  granted  by 
royal  charter  to  a  lord  of  a  manor,  for 
the  having,  restraining,  and  judging  of 
bondmen  and  villeins,  with  their  chil- 
dren, goods,  chattels,  etc.  [A.S.  team, 
offspring,  anything  following  in  a  row, 
from  root  of  Teem.] 

TEAMSTER,  tem'ster,  n.  one  who  drives 
a  team. 

TEAPOY,  te'poi,  n.  a  three-legged  table, 
with  a  lifting  top,  inclosing  tea-caddies, 
or  a  small  stand  for  holding  tea-cup, 
sugar-bowl,  cream-jug,  etc.  "  Teapoy  is 
in  England  often  supposed  to  have  con- 
nection with  tea  ;  but  it  has  no  more 
than  Cream  o'  Tartar  has  with  Crim  Tar- 
tary.  It  is  a  word  of  Anglo-Indian  im- 
portation, viz.  tip&i,  an  tjrdu  or  Anglo- 
Indian  corruption  of  the  Pers.  sipai, 
tripos  (perhaps  to  avoid  confusion  with 
seapoy),  and  meaning  a  three  -  legged 
table,  or  tripod  generally." — H.  Yule. 

TEAR,  ter,  n.  a  drop  or  small  quantity  of 
the  limpid  fluid  secreted  by  the  lachry- 
mal gland,  and  appearing  in  the  eyes 
or  flowing  from  them.  The  lachrymal 
fluid  serves  to  moisten  the  cornea  and 
preserve  its  transparency,  and  to  remove 
any  dust  or  fine  substance  that  enters 
the  eye  and  gives  pain.  The  normally 
secreted  fluid,  after  performing  its  ordin- 
ary functions,  passes  through  the  lach- 
rymal ducts  and  sac  into  the  nasal  chan- 
nels. Moral  and  physical  causes,  how- 
ever, as  strong  passion  (grief,  sorrow, 
joy),  incontroUable  laughter,  pain,  esp. 
in  the  eye  itself,  increase  the  secretion 
considerably,  and  when  the  lachrymal 
duct  does  not  suflBce  to  carry  it  off  it 
runs  over  the  eyelids.  Tears  are  a  little 
heavie  rthan  water  ;  they  have  a  saline 
taste,  and  an  alkaline  reagency,  owing 
to  the  presence  of  free  soda. 

The  big  round  tears 
Coursed  one  another  down  bis  innocent  nose 
In  piteous  chase.  — Shak. 

[A.S.  toeher,  tedr,  tar,  Ice.  tar,  Dan. 
laare,  O.  H.  Ger.  zahar,  Ger.  zahre, 
Goth,  tager;  a  widely  spread  word,  being 
cognate  with  Gr.  dakry,  O.  L.  dacryvia, 
L.  lacryma  (whence  Fr.  larme.  It.  and 
Sp.  lagrima),  Ir.  dear,  "W.  daiger,  Gael. 
dewr ;  from  an  Indo-European  root  dak, 
meaning  to  bite.  The  guttural,  it  will 
be  seen,  is  quite  lost  in  English  and  in 
several  of  the  other  forms.] 

TEIAR,  tar,  v.t.  to  draw  asunder  or  separate 
with  violence:  to  make  a  violent  rent  in: 
to  lacerate. — v.i.  to  move  or  act  with 
violence :  to  ra,ge:^pa.t.  tore,  (B.)  tare  ; 
pa.p.  torn. — n.  something  torn,  a  rent. 
— n.  Tkak'kr.  [A.S.  ter  an ;  cog.  with 
Ger.  zehren,  also  with  Gr.  dero,  to  flay, 

i     Sans,  dri,  to  split.] 

TEARFUL,  ter'fool,  adj.  abounding  with 
or  shedding  tears:  weeping. — adv.  Teak'- 

FULLY. — n.  TEAR'FULNESS. 

TEARLESS,  ter'les,  adj.,  without  tears: 
unfeeling. 

TEASE,  t6z,  v.t.  to  comb  or  card,  as  wool : 
to  scratch,  £is  cloth :  to  raise  a  nap  :  to 
vex  with  importunity,  jests,  etc.:  to  tor- 
ment, irritate.  [A.S.  tcesan,  to  pluck, 
tease  ;  Dut.  teezen,  to  pick  ;  Qer.  zeisen, 
to  pluck,  pull.] 


TEACT;L,  TEAZEL,  tezl,  n.  the  English 
name  of  several  plants  of  the  genus  Dip- 
sacus,  nat.  order  Dipsacese.  The  fuller's 
thistle  (D.  Fullonum)  is  allied  to  the 
teasel  (£).  sylvestris)  which  grows  wild  in 
hedges.  It  is  cultivated,  in  those  dis- 
tricts of  England  where  cloth  is  manu- 
factured, for  the  sake  of  the  awns  of  the 
head,  which  are  employed  to  raise  the 
nap  of  woollen  cloths.  For  this  purpose 
the  heads  are  fixed  round  the  circumfer- 
ence of  a  large  broad  wheel  or  drum  so 
as  to  form  a  kind  of  brush.  The  wheel  is 
made  to  turn  round  while  the  cloth  is 
held  against  the  brush  thus  formed,  and 
the  fine  hooked  awn  of  the  teasel  readily 
insinuates  itself  into  the  web,  and  draws 
out  with  it  some  of  the  fine  fibres  of 
the  wool.  These  are  afterwards  shorn 
smooth,  and  leave  the  cloth  with  the 
fine  velvet-like  nap  which  is  its  peculiar 
appearance  :  the  burr  of  the  plant :  any 
contrivance  used  as  a  substitute  for 
teasels  in  the  dressing  of  woollen  cloth. 
Written  also  Teazle.  [A.S.  tcesl,  teasel, 
from  tcesan,  to  pluck,  to  tease.  See 
Tfask  1 

TEASEL,  TEAZEL,  tez'l,  v.t.  to  subject  to 
the  action  of  teasels  in  the  dressing  of 
woollen  cloth  :  to  raise  a  nap  on  by  the 
action  of  the  teasel.  Written  also  Teazle. 

TEASELER,  TEAZLER,  tez'l-er,  n.  one  who 
uses  the  teasel  for  raising  a  nap  on  cloth. 

TEASEL-FRAME,  tez'1-fram,  n.  a  frame 
or  set  of  iron  bars  in  which  teasel  heads 
are  fixed  for  raising  a  nap  or  pile  on 
wooUen  cloth. 

TEAT,  tet,  n.  thenipple  of  the  female  breast 
through  which  the  young  suck  the  milk. 
[A.S.  tit ;  cog.  with  Ger.  zitze,  W.  teth, 
Gr.  titthe,  the  nipple,  a  nurse — thao,  to 
suckle  ;  Sans,  dhe,  to  suck.] 

TEAZLE,  tez'l.    Same  as  Teasel. 

TECHNIC,  tek'nik,  TECHNICAL,  tek'nik- 
al,  adj.  pertaining  to  art,  esp.  the  useful 
arts  :  belonging  to  a  particular  art  or 
profession.  —  adv.  Tech'nically.  [Gr. 
teehnikos — techne,  art,  akin  to  teko,  to 
produce,  bring  forth.] 

TECHNICALITY,  tek-ni-kal'i-ti,  n.  state 
or  quality  of  being  technical :  that  which 
is  technical. 

TECHNICS,  tek'niks,  n.pl.  the  doctrine  of 
arts  in  general :  the  branches  that  relate 
to  the  arts. 

TECHNOLOGICAL,  tek-no-loj'ik-al,  adj. 
relating  to  technology. 

TECHNOLOGY,  tek-nol'o-ji,  n.  a  discourse 
or  treatise  on  the  arts :  an  explanation  of 
terms  employed  in  the  arts. — ji.Technol'- 
OGIST,  one  skilled  in  technology.  [Gr. 
techne,  and  logos,  a  discourse.] 

TECTONIC,  tek-ton'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
building  or  construction.  [L.  teetonicus, 
Q.  tektonikos,  from  tekton,  tektonos,  a 
carpenter,  a  builder.] 

TECTONICS,  tek-ton'iks,  n.sing.  or  pi.  the 
science  or  the  art  by  which  vessels,  im- 
plements, dwellings,  and  other  edifices 
are  formed  on  the  one  hand  agreeably  to 
the  end  for  which  they  are  designed,  and 
on  the  other  in  conformity  with  senti- 
ments and  artistic  ideas.    Fairholt. 

TECTRICES,  tek'tri-sez,  n.pl.  in  ornith.  the 
feathers  which  cover  the  quill-feathers 
and  other  parts  of  the  vnng  :  the  coverts 
[A  modern  Latin  word  from  L.  tego, 
tectum,  to  cover.] 

TECUM,  te'kum,  TECXIM-FIBRE,  te'kum- 
fTber,  n.  the  fibrous  produce  of  a  palm- 
leaf  resembling  green  wool,  imported 
from  Brazil. 

TED,  ted,  v.t.  in  agri.  to  spread  to  the  air 
after  being  reaped  or  mo wn :  to  turn  (new- 
mowed  grass  or  hay)  from  the  swath  and 
scatter  it  for  di-ying.  "  Teddedgrass." — 
Milton,    "The  tedded  hay." — Coleridge, 


"  The  scythe  lies  glittering  in  the  dewy 
wreathe  of  tedded  grass." — Oray.     [W. 
teddu,  to  spread  out,  tedu,  to  stretch  out; 
tedd,  a  spread,  a  display  ;  teddus,  spread 
ing.j 

TEDDER,  ted'er,  n.  one  who  teds  :  an  in- 
plenient  that  spreads  and  turns  newly 
mown  grass  or  hay  from  the  swath  for 
the  purpose  of  drying. 

TEDDER,  ted'er,  n.  same  as  Tethke.  "We 
live  joyfully,  going  abroad  within  our 
tedder.  — Bacon. 

TEDDER,  ted'er,  v.t.  to  tether.  See  Tether 

TE  DEUM,  te  de'um,  n.  the  title  of  a  cele= 
brated  Latin  hj'mn  of  praise,  usually 
ascribed  to  St.  Ambrose  and  St.  Augus- 
tine, and  well  known  through  the  trans 
lation  in  the  J5oofc  of  Common  Prayer , 
commencing,  "  We  praise  thee,  O  God," 
It  is  sung  on  particular  occasions,  as 
on  the  news  of  victories,  and  on  high 
festival  days  in  Roman  Catholic  and 
also  in  some  Protestant  churches.  In  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  Te  Deum  is 
sung  in  the  morning  service  between  the 
two  lessons.  "  Te  Deum,  was  sung  at  St 
Paul's  after  the  victory." — Bacon.  [From 
the  first  words,  Te  Deum  la^idamus.'] 

TEDIOUS,  te'di-us,  adj.,  wearisome  :  tire' 
some  from  length  or  slowness :  irksome  ; 
slow.  —  adv.  'Te'diously.  —  n.  Te'dious- 
NESS.     [L.  tcBdiosus.'] 

TEDIUM,  te'di-um,  n.,  wearisomeness :  irk- 
someness.  [L.  tcedium — tcedet,  it  wearies.] 

TEE,  te,  n.  a  mark  set  up  in  playing  at 
quoits  :  the  mark  made  in  the  ice,  in  the 
game  of  curling,  towards  which  the 
stones  are  pushed  :  the  nodule  of  earth 
from  which  a  ball  is  struck  off  at  the 
hole  in  the  play  of  golf.  [Scotch.  Ice, 
tjd,  to  point  out,  to  mark,  to  note.] 

TEE,  te,  v.t.  in  golf -playing,  to  place  (a 
ball)  on  the  tee  preparatory  to  striking 
off.  "  All  that  is  managed  for  you  like 
a  teed  ball  (my  father  sometimes  draws 
his  similes  from  his  o*n  favorite  game 
of  golf)."— Sir  W.  Scott. 

TEEM,  tem,  v.i.  to  bring  forth  or  produce  : 
to  bear  or  be  fruitful :  to  be  pregnant  • 
to  be  full  or  prolific.  [A.S.  tyman,  to 
produce.] 

TEENS,  tenz,  n.pl,  the  years  of  one's  age 
from  thirteen  to  nineteen. 

TEETH.    See  Tooth. 

TEETHING,  te</i'ing,  n.  the  first  growth 
of  teeth,  or  the  process  by  whicn  they 
make  their  way  through  the  gums. 

TEETOTALER,  te-to'tal-er,  n.  one  pledged 
to  entire  abstinence  from  intoxicating 
drinks. — adj.  Teeto'tal. — n.  Teeto'tal- 
ISM.  [Prob.  from  a  stammering  pronun- 
ciation of  the  word  Total  by  a  lecturer 
advocating  the  temperance  cause.] 

TEE-TOTUM,  te'to-tum,  n.  a  small  four- 
sided  toy  of  the  top  kind,  used  by  chil- 
dren in  a  game  of  chance.  The  four 
sides  exhibit  respectively  the  letters  A, 
T,  N,  D.  The  toy  is  set  spinning,  and 
wins  and  losses  are  determined  accord- 
ing to  the  letter  that  turns  up  when  the 
tee-totum  has  ceased  whirling:  thus  A 
(Latin  aufer,  take  away)  indicates  that 
the  player  who  has  last  spun  is  entitled 
to  take  one  from  the  stakes ;  D  {depone, 
put  down),  a  forfeiture  or  laying  down  of 
a  stake  :  N  (nihil,  nothing),  neither  loss 
nor  gain  ;  T  (totum,  the  whole),  a  title 
to  the  whole  of  the  stakes.  "  He  rolled 
him  about,  with  a  hand  on  each  of  his 
shoulders,  until  the  staggerings  of  the 
gentleman  .  .  .  were  like  those  of  a  tee- 
totum nearly  spent." — Dickens.  [That  is 
T-totum,  totum  represented  by  T,  from 
the  T  marked  upon  it.] 

TEG,  TEGG,  teg,  n.  a  female  fallow-deer » 
a  doe  in  the  second  year  :  a  young  sheepj 
older  than  a  lamb. 


TEGMEN 

TEGMEN,  teg'men.TEGUTNIEN,  teg'u-men, 
n.  (pi.  Teomdta,  teg'mi-na,  TEGUinNA, 
te-gti'mi-na),  a  covering-  in  hot.  the  inner 
skin  which  covers  the  seed.  [L.] 
TEGMENTUM,  teg-men'tum,  TEGUMEN- 
TUM,  teg-u-men'tum,  n.  (pi.  Tegmenta, 
teg-men'ta,  Tegotienta,  teg-u-nien'ta), 
in  hot.  the  scaly  coat  which  covers  the 
leaf-buds  of  deciduous  trees  :  one  of  these 
scales.  [L.,  from  tego,  to  cover.] 
TEGUEXIN,  te-gek'sin,  n.  a  large  lizard 
(rents  Tegite.vi7i) ,  family  Teidse,  of  Braml 
and  Guiana,  upwards  of  5  feet  in  length, 
having  a  very  long  tail,  and  said  to  give 
notice  of  the  approach  of  an  alligator  by 
hissing.  It  swims  well,  and  lives  on 
fruits,  insects,  eggs,  honey,  etc.,  as  well 
as  on  aquatic  animals.  It  fights  fiercely 
when  attacked.  The  scaly  rings  of  its 
tail  are  held  to  be  a  protection  against 
paralysis,  while  its  fat  is  supposed  to 
draw  out  thorns  and  prickles.  The  name 
is  often  applied  to  other  species  of  the 
same  family. 
TEGUMENT,  teg'Q-ment,  n.  an  Integu- 
ment. [L.  tegumentum — tego,  to  cover.] 
TEGUSIENTARY,    teg-Q-ment'ar-i,  adj. 

See  Integumentary. 
TEINDS,  tendz,  7i.pl.  the  Scotch  form  of 

Tithes. 
TELEGRAM,  tel'e-gram,  n.  a  message  sent 
by   telegraph.    [Gr.   tele,  at  a  distance, 
and  gramma,  tnat  which  is  written — 
grapho,  to  write.] 
TELEGRAPH,  tel'e-graf,  n.  an  apparatus 
for  giving  signals  from  a  distance,  esp. 
by  means  of  electricity  or  magnetism.^ 
v.t.  to  convey  or  announce  by  telegraph. 
[Lit.  "  the  distant  writer,"  Fr.  teUgraphe 
— Gr.  tele,  at  a  distance,  and  grapho,  to 
write.] 
TELEGRAPHIC,  tel-e-graf'ik,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  communicated  by  a  telegraph. 
TELEGRAPHIST,  te-leg'ra-fist,  n.  one  who 

works  a  telegraph. 
TELEGR,APHY,  tel-eg'ra-fl,  n.  the  science 
or  art  of  constructino;'  or  using  tele^aphs. 
TELEMETER,  te-lem^et-er,  n.    an  instru- 
ment used  among  artillery  for  determin- 
ing the  distance  from  the  gun  of  the  ob- 
ject fired  at.     [Gr.  tele,  far,  and  metron, 
a  measure.] 
TELENGISCOPE,  te-len'ji-skop,  n.  an  in- 
strument which  combines  the  powers  of 
the  telescope  and  of  the  microscope.  [Gr. 
tele,  at  a  distance,  engys,  near,  and  s7i;ope3, 
to  view.] 
TELEOLOGICAL,  tel-e-o-loj'ik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  teleology. 
TELEOLOGICALLY,tel-€-o-Toi'ik-al-li,ad». 
in  a  teleological  manner.  "No  clew  could 
exist  for  the  observation  of  a  kind  of 
natural  objects  which  can  be  considered 
teleologically  uader    the    conception    of 
natural  ends."' — Wliewell. 
TELEOLOGIST,  tel-e-ol'o-jist,n.  one  versed 
in  teleo'.ogv :  one  who  investigates  the 
finai  causeor  purpose  of  phenomena,  or 
the  end  for  which  each  has  been  pro- 
duced.    "  It  is  a  relief  to  us  ...  to  fall 
back  on  the  more  sober  arguments  of  the 
teleologists,  who,  no  doubt,  cannot  prove 
from  the  works  of  creation  infinite  wis- 
dom, goodness,  and  power,  but  do  prove 
an  amount  of   wisdom,    goodness,   and 
power  which  satisfies  the  mind.     Take 
for  instance  the  .  .  .  volume  of  Sir  Charles 
Bell  on  '  the  Hand,'  and  say  whether  it 
is  possible  to  follow  him  through  the  nice- 
ties and  beauty  of  adaptation  which  he 
demonstrates  without  acknowledging  an 
inconceivable  amount  of  ingenious  con- 
trivance and  benevolent  design."  —  Ed. 
Rev.     • '  WhUe  the  explanation  of   the 
teleologist  is  untrue,  it  is  often  an  ob- 
rers«  to  the  truth ;   for  though,  on  the 
bypothe.sis  of  evolution,  it  is  clear  that 


438 

things  are  mot  ^raagod  thos'  or  tacss  sct 
the  securing  of  special  ends,  it  is  aJso 
clear  that  arrangements  which  do  secure 
these  special  ends  tend  eontiiiually  to  es- 
tablish tbemsslves— are  established  by  the 
fulfilment  of  these  ends."— H.  Spencer. 

TELEOLOGY,  UH-eoYo-ii,  n.  the  science 
or  doctrine  of  final  causes ;  (a)  the  doc- 
trine which  aaserts  that  all  things  which 
exist  were  {woduoed  by  an  intelligent  be- 
ing for  the  end  which  they  fulfiU  ;  the 
science  o(  tbe  ends  or  design  for  which 
things  exist  or  were  created  :  (b)  a  name 
pronoeed  by  JohQ  Stuart  Mill  for  a  science 
which  should  give  a  reasoned  exhibition 
to  the  ends  of  human  action.  [Or.  teloa, 
teleos,  an  end,  and  logos,  discourse.] 

TELEPHONE,  tsl'e-fOn,  n.  in  a  general 
sense,  any  instrument  or  apparatus 
which  transmits  sound  beyond  its  nat- 
ural limits  of  audibility ;  thus  the  speak- 
ing-tube so  much  used  in  conveying  the 
sound  of  the  voice  from  one  room  to  an- 
other in  large  buildings,  or  a  stretched 
cord  or  wire  attached  to  vibrating  mem- 
branes or  discs,  constitutes  virtually  a 
telephone.  But  the  name  is  generally 
restricted  to  an  instrument  transmitting 
sound  by  means  of  electricity  and  tele- 
graph wires.  About  the  year  1860  the 
idea  that  sound-producing  vibrations 
could  be  transmitted  through  a  wire 
by  means  of  electricity  began  to  be 
recognized  by  several  men  of  science. 
Beis  of  Frankfort  invented  an  apparatus 
which  could  reproduce  at  a  distant  sta- 
tion the  pitch  of  a  musical  sound  by 
means  of  a  discontinuous  current  along 
a  telegraph  wire.  A  great  step  in  ad- 
vance was  made  in  1876  when  Prof.  Gra- 
ham Bell,  a  Scotchman  resident  in  this 
country,  discovered  an  articulating  tele- 
phone which  depends  upon  the  principle 
of  the  imdulating  current,  and  by  means 
of  which  the  very  quality  of  a  note,  and 
therefore  conversation  itself,  could  be  re- 
produced at  a  distant  station.  Several 
varieties  of  telephonic  apparatus  are 
now  in  eveiyday  use  for  intercommuni- 
cation between  distant  places.  [Gr.  tele, 
at  a  distance,  and  phone,  sound.] 

TELESCOPE,  tel'e-skop,  n.  an  optical  in- 
strument for  viewing  objects  at  a  dis- 
tance. [Fr. — Gr.  tele,  at  a  distance,  and 
skqped,  to  see.] 

TELESCOPIC,  tel-e-skop'ik,  adj.  pertaining 
to,  performed  by,  or  like  a  telescojie :  seen 
only  by   a  telescope. — adv.  Telescop'- 

ICAT.T.Y. 

TELL,  tel,  v.t.  to  number  or  give  an  ac- 
count of  :  to  utter :  to  narrate  :  to  (Us- 
close  :  to  inform  :  to  discern  ;  to  explain. 
— v.i.  to  give  an  account :  to  produce  or 
take  effect  -.—pa.t.  and  jja.j).  t6ld.    [A-S. 
tellan  ;  Ice.  telia,  Dan.  tale,  Ger.  zahlen, 
to  number.  The  fundamental  idea  is  prob. 
to  "arrange  in  order."] 
TELLER,  tel'er,  n.  one  who  tells  or  counts: 
a  clerk  whose  duty  it  is  to  receive  and 
pay  money. 
TELL-TALE,   tel'-tal,   adj.   teUing   tales: 
officiously  or  heedlessly  reveaUng  :  blab- 
bing :  babbling. 
Let  not  the  heavens  hear  these  teU-tdte  women 
Rail  on  the  Lord's  anointed, — Shak. 
TELL-TALE,  tel'-tal,  n.  one  who  officiously 
communicates  information  of  the  private 
concerns  of  individuals  ;   one  who  tells 
that  which  prudence  should  suppress ; 
You  speak  to  Casca,  and  to  such  a  man 
That  fa  no  fleering  tell-tale.— Shak.; 

A  tell-tale  out  of  school 
Is  of  all  wits  the  greatest  tooX.Smift ! 

a  name  given  to  a  variety  of  instruments 
or  devices,  usually  automatic,  used  for 
counting,indicating, registering,  or  other- 
wise giving  some  desired  information ; 


TEMPERANCE 

oa,  a  piece  of  ivory,  metal,  or  the  like 
connected  with  the  wind-chest  of  an  or- 
gan, and  which  shows  by  its  rising  or 
Falling  in  what  degree  the  wind  is  ex- 
hausted ;  a  hanging  compass  ;  an  index 
in  front  of  the  wheel  of  a  ship,  or  in  the 
cabin,  to  show  the  direction  of  the  tUler; 
a  turnstile  placed  at  the  entrance  of  a 
hall  or  other  place  of  resort,  and  having 
a  mechanism  which  records  the  number 
of  persons  passing  in  or  out ;  a  gauge  or 
in(^x  such  as  shows  the  pressure  of  steam 
on  an  engine  boiler,  of  gas  on  a  gas- 
bolder,  and  the  like  ;  a  clock  attachment 
for  the  purpose  of  causing  a  record  to  be 
made  of  the  presence  of  a  watchman  at 
certain  intervals;  some  forms  of  this  de- 
vice are  provided  with  a  rotating  paper 
dial,  showing  the  hour  and   minute  at 
which  a  watchman  touched  a  projecting 
button  having  a  point  which  punctuates 
the  paper  dial :  the  name  of  two  species 
of  grallatorial  birds  common  in  America, 
and  so  called  from  their  shrUl  whistle 
alarming  ducks  about  to  be  fired  at  by 
the  sportsman  ;  the  one  is  the  Totanus 
flavipcs,  the  other  T.  vociferus. 
TELL-TEOTH,   tel'-troth,  n.   one  who 
speaks  or  tells  the  truth  :  one  who  gives 
a  true  report.     "Caleb  and  Joshua,  the 
only  two  tell-troths,  endeavored  to  unde- 
ceive and  encourage  the  people." — Fuller. 
TELLURAL,  tel-lu'ral,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  earth.     [L.  telhis,  telluris,  the  earth.] 
TELLURIC,  tel-lu'rik,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
proceeding  from  the  earth:  of  or  from 
tellurium.    [L.  tellus,  telluris,  the  earth.] 
TELLURIUM,  tel-lu'ri-um,  n.  an  element 
by  some  classed  as  a  metal,  brittle  and 
crystalline,  chiefly  found  in  a  gold  ore 
associated  with  selenium. 
TEMERITY,  te-mer'i-ti,  n.,  raxhness :  un- 
reasonable contempt  for  danger.      [Fr. 
timii-ite  —  L.      temeritas  —  temere,     by 
chance,  rashly.] 
TEMPER,  tem'per,  v.t.  to  mix  in  due  pro- 
portion :  to  modify  by  mixture  :  to  mod- 
erate :  to  soften  :  to  bring  to  a  proper 
degree  of  hardness,  as  a  metal. — n.  due 
mixture  or  balance  of  dififerent  or  con- 
trary qualities:  state  of  a  metal  as  to 
hardfcess,  etc.:  constitution  of  the  body: 
state  of  mind,  esp.  with  regard  to  feel- 
ings :  passion :  calmness  or  moderation. 
[A.S.  temprian — L.  tempera,  to  combine 
properly — tempus,  perh.  from  roct  tern, 
to  cut,  and  so  sig.  a  bit  cut  off,  portion 
of  time.] 
TEMPERAMENT,  tem'per-a-ment,  n.  state 
with  respect  to  the  predominance  of  any 
quality  :  internal  constitution  or  state  : 
disposition.     [L.  temperamentum  —  tem- 
pera.] 
TEMPERANCE,  tem'per-ans,   n.    modera- 
tion ;    the   observance    of   moderation ; 
temperateness;  particularly,  (a)  habitual 
moderation  in  regard  to  the  indulgence 
of  the  natural  appetites  and  passions ; 
restrained  or  moderate  indulgence  ;  ab- 
stinence   from    all    violence    or  excess, 
from  improper  indulgence,  or  from  the 
use  of  anything  injurious  to  moral  or 
physical  well-being  ;   sobriety  ;  as,  tem- 
perance in  eating  and  drinking  ;  temper' 
anee  in  the  indulgence  of  joy  or  mirth  ; 
"When  it  (virtue)  ruleth  and  ordereth 
our  lust  or  concupiscence,  limiting  out  a 
certain  measure,  and  lawful  proportion 
of  time  unto  pleasures,  it  is  called  tem- 
perance. "  — Holland ; 

It  thou  well  observe 
The  rule  of  Not  too  much  ;  by  temperance  taught 
In  what  thou  eat'at  and  drink'st;  seeking  therefrom 
Due  nourishment,  not  gluttonous  delight. 
So  mayst  thou  live,  till,  like  ripe  fruit  thou  drop 
Into  thy  mother's  lap.  —UilUm  ; 

"  Temperance  permits  us  to  take  meat 
and  drink  not  only  as  physic  for  hunger 


TEMPERATE 


439 


TENANTLESS 


and  thirst,  but  also  as  an  innocent  cor- 
dial and  fortifier  against  the  evils  of 
life,  01  even  sometimes,  reason  not  re- 
fusing that  liberty,  merely  as  a  matter 
of  pleasure.  It  only  confines  us  to  such 
kinds,  quantities,  aQd  seasons  as  may 
best  consist  with  our  health,  the  use  of 
our   faculties,  our  fortune,  etc." — Wol- 

>     laston:  patience  ;  calmness  ;  sedateness; 
moderation  of  passion  ; 
He  calm'd  his  wrath  with  goodly  temperance. 

— Spenser ; 
Being  once  chafed  he  cannot 
Bs.  rein'd  again  to  temperance.  —Shak.: 

the  word  is  frequently  used  adjectivally; 
as,  the  temperance  movement ;  a  tem- 
perance society  ;  a  temperance  hotel ;  a 
temperance  lecture,  etc.  —  Tempeeance 
HOTEL,  a  hotel  in  which  no  intoxicant 
liquors  are  supplied  to  the  guests. — 
Temperance  society,  an  association 
formed  for  the  purpose  of  repressing 
drunkenness,  and  banishing  it  from  so- 
ciety. The  basis  on  which  these  asso- 
ciations have  generally  been  formed  has 
been  that  of  an  engagement  on  the  part 
of  each  member  to  abstain  from  the  ha- 
bitual and  improper  use  or  indulgence  in 
intoxicating  liquors.  As  the  most  strict- 
ly limited  use  of  intoxicants  as  bever- 
ages is  condemned  by  many  social  re- 
formers and  scientists  as  physically  and 
mentally  injurious,  this  name  has  been 
applied  to,  or  assumed  by,  associations 
which  are  more  correctly  designated 
tctal  abstinenc*  or  teetotal  societies. 
[Fr.  temperance,  from  L.  temperantia, 
moderation,  sobriety,  temperance,  from 
tempero,  to  temper,  to  restrain.] 

TEMPERATE,  tem'per-at,  adj.  moderate 
in  degree  of  any  quality,  esp.  in  the  ap- 
petites and  passions  :  calm  :  cool :  ab- 
stemious :  neither  very  cold  nor  very 
hot,  applied  to  climate. — adv.  Tem'feb- 

ATELT.— m.  Tem'PERATENESS. 

TEMPERATURE,  tem'per-a-tur,  n.  consti- 
tution :  proportion  :  degree  of  any  qual- 
ity, esp.  of  heat  or  cold  :  state  of  a  body 
with  respect  to  sensible  heat.  [L.  tem- 
peratura — tempero.  ] 

TEMPEST,  tem'pest,  n.  wind  rushing  with 
great  velocity,  usually  with  rain  or  snow: 
a  violent  storm  :  any  violent  commotion. 
[Lit.  "a  portion  of  time,"  "a  season," 
then  weather,  bad  weather,  O.  Fr.  tem- 
pests— L.  tempestas,  a  season,  tempest — 
tempus,  time.] 

TEMPESTUOUS,  tem-pest'u-us,  adj.  re- 
sembling or  pertaining  to  a  tempest : 
very  stormy:  turbulent. — adv.  Tempest'- 
uousLT. — n.  Tempest' uousNESs. 

TEMPLAR,  tem'plar,  n.  a  student  or  lawyer 
living  in  the  Temple,  London  :  one  of  a 
religious  military  order  first  established 
at  Jerusalem  in  favor  of  pilgrims  trav- 
elling to  the  Holy  Land.  The  order 
originated  with  some  persons  who,  in 
1118,  devoted  themselves  to  the  service 
of  God,  promising  to  live  in  perpetual 
chastity,  obedience,  and  poverty,  after 
the  manner  of  canons.  Baldwin  II.,  king 
of  Jerusalem,  bestowed  on  them  their 
first  place  of  residence  in  the  city,  close 
to  the  Temple,  and  an  additional  building 
was  acquired  from  the  abbot  and  canons 
of  the  church  and  convent  of  the  Temple, 
whence  the  order  received  tlie  name  of 
the  "  poor  soldiers  of  the  Temple,"  after- 
wards converted  into  Templars,  or 
Knights  Templars.  The  knights  wore  a 
white  cloak  adorned  with  a  red  cross  of 
eight  points  (the  Maltese  cross)  on  the  left 
shoulder.  In  1328  this  order  was  con- 
firmed in  the  Council  of  Troj'es,  and  sub- 
jected to  a  rule  of  discipline.  It  flourished, 
became  immensely  rich  and  powerful, 
and  its  members  became  so  arrogant  and 
luxurious  that  the  order  was  suppressed 


bjr  the  Council  of  Vienne  in  1313.  [Orig. 
called  "  Poor  Soldiers  of  the  Temple  of 
Solomon,"  from  their'  having  acquired 
the  church  and  convent  of  the  Teiyiple.] 

TEMPLE,  tem'pl,  n.  (lit.)  "  a  small  space 
cut  off  "  or  "  marked  out,"  esp.  for  relig- 
ious purposes :  an  edifice  erected  to  a 
deitj  or  for  religiou.s  purposes  :  a  place 
of  worship:  in  London,  two  inns  of  court, 
once  occupied  by  the  Knights  Templars. 
[L.  templum,  prob.  for  temulum,  a  space 
marked  out,  dim.  of  tempus,  a  piece  cut 
off.    See  Temper.] 

TEMPLE,  tem'pl,  n.  the  flat  portion  of 
either  side  of  the  head  above  the  cheek- 
bone. [O.  Fr.  temple — L.  tempus,  a  por- 
tion of  time,  the  fit  time,  pi.  tempora, 
properly  the  right  place,  the  fatal  spot, 
the  place  where  a  blow  is  fatal.] 

TEMPLET,  tem'pl'et,  n.  a  pattern  or  mould 
used  by  masons,  machinists,  smiths,  ship- 
wrights, etc. ;  it  usually  consists  of  a  fiat 
thin  board,  a  piece  of  sheet-iron,  or  the 
like,  whose  edge  is  dressed  and  shaped  to 
the  required  conformation,  and  is  laid 
against  the  object  being  moulded,  built, 
or  turned  so  as  to  test  the  conformity  of 
the  object  thereto  ;  perforated  templets 
are  used  by  boilermakers  and  others  to 
lay  out  the  holes  for  punching  :  in  build- 
ing, (a)  a  short  piece  of  timber  or  large 
stone  placed  in  a  wall  to  receive  the  im- 
post of  £.  girder,  beam,  etc.,  and  distrib- 
ute its  weight ;  (b)  a  beam  or  plate  span- 
ning a  door  or  window  space  to  sustain 
joists  and  throw  their  weight  on  the  piers. 
[In  the  first  meaning  probably  from  Low 
L.  templatus,  vaulted,  so  that  the  mean- 
ing -was  originally  perhaps  a  mould 
showing  the  proper  curve  of  a  vault  or 
arch.  Its  meaning  in  building  from  Fr. 
templet,  a  stretcher  ;  L.  templum,  a  small 
timber.] 

TEMPLIN-OIL,  tem'plin-oil,  n.  oil  of  pine- 
cones  :  an  oil  isomeric  with  and  very 
similar  to  oil  of  turpentine,  obtained  by 
distillation  of  the  cones  of  PirMS  Pumilio. 

TEMPO,  tem'p5,  n.  in  music,  a  word  used 
to  express  the  rate  of  movement  or  de- 
gree of  quickness  with  which  a  piece  of 
music  is  to  be  executed.  The  degrees  of 
time  are  indicated  by  certain  words  such 
as  grave  (very  slow),  lento  (slow),  adagio 
or  largo  (leisurely),  andante  (walking 
pace),  allegro  (gay  or  quick),  presto 
(rapid),  prestissimo  (very  rapid),  etc. 
These  terms  are  modified  by  such  words 
as  molto  (very),  non  troppo  (not  much). 
A  tempo  denotes  that  the  former  time  is 
to  be  resumed,  or  a  more  distinct  time 
observed.     [It.] 

TEMPORAL,  tem'por-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  temples.     [L.  temporalis.] 

TEMPORAL,  tem'por-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
time,  esp.  to  this  life  or  world,  opposed 
to  eternal :  worldly,  secular,  or  civil, 
opposed  to  sacred  or  ecclesiastical. — adv. 
Tem'porallt.    [Fr. — L.  tempus,  time.] 

TEMPORALITY,  tem-por-al'i-ti,  n.  what 
pertains  to  temporal  v/elt&re:— pi.  secular 
possessions,  revenues  of  an  ecclesiastic 
proceeding  from   lands,  tithes,  and  the 

TEMPORARY,  tem'por-ar-i,  adj.  for  a  tivie 

only  :   transient. — adv.  Tem'poraeilt. — 

n.  Tem'porariness. 
TEMPORIZE,   tem'por-iz,   v.i.   to    comply 

with  the   time  or  occasion :  to  yield  to 

cn'cunistiHicps 
TEMPT,  temt,  v.t.  to  put  to  trial :  to  test : 

to  try  to  persuade,  esp.  to  evil:  to  entice. 

[Lit.  to  stretch  or  try  the  strength  of, 

O.Fr.   tempter,   Fr.  tenter — L.  tento,  an 

inten.  of  tendo,  to  stretch.] 
TEMPTATION,     tem-ta'shun,    n.    act    of 

tempting :  state  of  being  tempted  :  that 

which  tempts  :  enticement  to  evil:  trial. 


TEMPTER,  temt'er,  n.  one  who  tempts, 
esp.  the  devil  :— /em.  Tempt'ress. 

TEMPTING,  temt'ing,  adj.  adapted  to 
tempt  or  entice. — adv.  Tempt'ingly. 

TEMPTRESS,  temt'res,  n.  a  female  who 
tempts  or  entices. 

She  was  my  temptress,  the  foul  provoker. 

—Sir  W.  Scott. 

TEMSE,  TEMS,  terns,  n.  a  sieve  :  a  scarce : 
a  bolter.  According  to  Brewer  the  pro-, 
verbial  saying — "  He'll  never  set  the', 
Thames  on  fire,"  that  is,  he'll  never  make 
any  figure  in  the  world,  contains  this 
word  in  a  corrupt  form.  ' '  The  terase  was 
a  corn  sieve  which  was  worked  in  former 
times  over  the  receiver  of  the  sifted  flour. 
A  hard-working,  active  man  would  not 
unfrequently  ply  the  temse  so  quickly  as 
to  set  fire  to  the  wooden  hoop  at  the 
bottom."  The  explanation  is  plausible. 
[A.S.  temes,  a  sieve,  temsian,  to  sift ;  Dut. 
rewis,  a  colander,  a  strainer,  temsen,  to 
strain.] 

TEMSE -BREAD,  tems'-bred,  TEMSED- 
BREAD,  temst'-bred,  n.  bread  made  of 
flour  better  sifted  than  common  flour. 

TEMULENCE,  tem'u-lens,  TEMULENCY, 
tem'u-len-si,  n.  intoxication  :  inebriation; 
drunkenness.  [O.  Fr.  temulence,  from  L. 
temulentia,  drunkenness,  from  a  root  tern 
seen  in  temetum,  intoxicating  drink,  ab- 

TEMULENT,  tem'u-lent,  adj.  intoxicated  : 
given  to  drink.  "  He  was  recognized,  in 
then  temident  Germany,  as  the  very 
prince  of  topers." — Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

TEN,  ten,  adj.  twice  five. — n.  a  figure  de- 
noting ten  units,  as  10  or  x.  [A.S.  ten, 
tyn  ;  Ger.  zehn,  W.  deg,  L.  decern,  Gr. 
delca,  Russ.  desjaV,  Sans,  dacan.] 

TENABLE,  ten'a-bl,  adj.  capable  of  being 
retained,  kept,  or  defended. — n.  Teit- 
ableness.  [Fr.  tenable,  from  tenir — L. 
teneo,  to  hold.]  , 

TENACIOUS,  te-na'shus,  adj.,  retaining 
or  holding  fast :  apt  to  stick  :  stubborn. 
— adv.  Tena'ciously.  —  n.  Tena'ciotjs- 
NESS.    [L.  tenax — teneo.} 

TENACITY,  te-nas'i-ti,  n.  quality  of  being 
tenacious :  the  quality  of  bodies  which 
makes  them  stick  to  others.  [L.  tenaei- 
tas— tenax/] 

TENACULUM,  te-nak'u-lum,  n.  a  surgical 
instrument  for  seizing  and  drawing  out 
the  mouths  of  bleeding  arteries  in  opera- 
tions, so  that  they  may  be  secured  by 
ligaments.  For  this  purpose  it  has  a 
hooked  extremity  with  a  fine  sharp  point. 
[L. ,  a  holder,  from  teneo,  to  hold.] 

TENAIL,  TENAILLE,  te-nal',  n.  in  fort,  an 
outwork  or  rampart  raised  in  the  main 
ditch  immediately  in  front  of  the  curtain, 
between  two  bastions.  In  its  simplest 
form  it  consists  of  two  faces  forming  with 
each  other  a  re-entering  angle  ;  but  gen- 
erally it  consists  of  three  faces  forming 
two  re-entering  angles,  in  which  case  it 
is  called  a  double  tenaille.  Any  work  be- 
longing either  to  permanent  or  field  forti- 
fication, which,  on  the  plan,  consists  of  a 
succession  of  lines  forming  salient  and 
re-entering  angles  alternately,  is  said  to 
be  d  tenaille.  [Fr.  tenaille,'  from  tenir, 
L.  teneo,  to  hold.] 

TENANCY,  ten'an-si,  n.  a  temporary  hold' 
ing  of  land  or  property. 

TENANT,  ten'ant,  n.  one  who  holds  or  pos- 
sesses land  or  property  under  another : 
one  who  has,  on  certain  conditions,  tem- 
porary possession  of  any  place. — v.t.  to 
hold  as  a  tenant.    [Fr.  tenant — L.  tenens, 


pr.p.  of  teneo,  to  hold.] 
TENi ■     ■     ■ 


TaNTABLE,  ten'ant-a-bl,  ac^.  fit  to  be 
tenanted :  in  a  state  of  repair  suitable 
for  a  tenant. 
TENANTLESS,  ten'ant-les,  adj.  without  a 
tenant. 


TENANT-RIGHT 

TENANT-RIGHT,  ten'ant-rlt,  n.  a  kind  of 
customary  estate  in  the  North  of  En- 
gland falung  under  the  general  class  of 
copyhold,  but  distinguished  from  copy- 
hold by  many  of  its  incidents  :  a  term 
applied  to  denote  various  rights  or  clairns 
which  tenants  maintain  against  their 
landlords,  as  the  right  of  the  tenant, 
conceded  in  some  parts  of  Great  Britain, 
to  compensation  for  the  unexhausted  im- 

Erovements  of  the  land  which  he  has 
eld,  if  he  should  be  forced  to  leave  it. 
The  term  is  specifically  applied  to  a  cus- 
tom, long  prevalent  in  Ulster,  either  en- 
suring a  permanence  of  tenure  in  the 
same  occupant  without  liability  to  any 
other  increase  of  rent  than  may  be  sanc- 
tioned by  the  general  sentiments  of  the 
community,  or  entitling  a  tenant  of  a 
farm  to  receive  purchase-money,  amount- 
ing to  so  many  years'  rent,  on  its  being 
transferred  to  another  tenant. 
TENANTRY,   ten'ant-ri,    n.   the  body   of 

tenants  on  an  estate. 
TENCH,  tensh,  n.  a  fresh-water  fish,  of  the 
carp  family,  very  tenacious  of  life.     [O. 
Ft,  tenche,  Fr.  tanehe — L.  tinea.] 
TEND,  tend,  v.t.  to  accompany  as  assistant 
or  protector :  to    take  care    of.     [Con- 
tracted from  Attend.] 
TEND,  tend,  v.i.  to  stretch,  aim  at,  or  move 
in  a  certain  direction  :  to  be  directed  to 
any  end  or  purpose  :  to  contribute.     [Fr. 
tendre—h.  tendo,  Gr.  teino,  to  stretch, 
aim.] 
TENDENCY,  tend'en-si,  n.  direction,  ob- 
ject, or  result  to  which  anything  tends : 
inclination:  drift.     [Fr.  tendance — L.  ten- 
dens,  pr.p.  of  tendo.] 
TENDER,  tend'er,  7i.  a  small  vessel  that 
attends  a  larger  with  stores,  etc. :  a  car- 
riage attached  to  locomotives,  to  supply 
fuel  and  water. 
TENDER,   tend'er,  v.t.   to  stretch  out  or 
offer  for  acceptance. — n.  an  offer  or  pro- 
posal, esp.  of  some  service  :   the  thing 
offered. 
TENDER,  ten'der,  adj.  soft,  delicate:  easUy 
impressed  or  injured:  not  hardy:  fragile: 
I   -weak  and  feeble  :  easily  moved  to  pity, 
love,  etc.:  careful  not  to  injure  (followed 
by  of) :  unwilling  to  cause  pain  :  apt  to 
cause    pain :    expressive    of    the    softer 
passions:  compassionate. — adv.  Ten'dee- 
LY.  —  n.  Ten'derness.     [Fr.  tendre  —  L. 
tener ;  conn,  with  L.  tendo,  Gr.  teino,  to 
stretch,  and  therefore  lit.  sig.  "  that  may 
be  st>retcl36d  "1 
TENDER-HEARTED,  ten'der-hart'ed,  adj. 
having  great  tenderness  at  heart :  full  of 
feeling. 
TENDON,  ten'don,  n.  a  hard,  strong  cord 
or  bundle  of  fibres  by  which  a  muscle  is 
attached  to  a  bone.     [Fr.   tendon  —  L. 
tendo,  to  stretch  ;  Gr.  tenon  —  teino,  to 
stretch.] 
TENDRHj,  ten'dril,  n.    a   slender,    spiral 
shoot  of  a  plant  by  which  it  attaches 
itself  for  support. — adj.  clasping  or  climb- 
ing. [From  Fr.  tendre — L.  tener,  tender.] 
TENEBR.^,  ten'e-bre,  n.  in  the  R.  Cath. 
Church   the  office  of  matins  and  lauds 
in  the  last  three  days  of  Holy  Week,  at 
■which  is  used  a  triangular  candlestick  on 
■which  are  fifteen  candles,  one  of  which 
is  extinguished  after  each  psalm.     [L., 
darkness.] 
ffiNEBRIFIC,  ten-e-brif'ik,  adj.  producing 
darkness;  as,  a  philosopher  once  asserted 
■that  night  succeeded  to  day  through  the 
influence  of  tenehrific  stars.     "  The  chief 
1     mystics  in  Germany,  it  would  appear,  are 
the  transcendental  philosophers,   Kant, 
Fiohte,  and  SchelUng  !    With  these  is  the 
chosen  seat  of  mvsticism,  these  are  its 
*  tenebrific  constellations,'  from  which  it 
d«th  '  ray  out  darkness '  over  the  earth." 


440 

— Carlyle.     [L.   tenehrce,  darkness,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 
TENEBRIFICOUS,  ten-e-brit'ik-us,  adj. 
causing  darkness.      "Authors   who  are 
tenebrificous  stars  of  the  first  magnitude." 
— Addison. 
TENEBROUS,   ten'e-brus,   adj.,   dark : 
gloomy.     [L.  tenebrosus — tenebrce,  dark- 
ness.] 
TENEMENT,  ten'e-ment,  n.  anything  held 
or  that  may  be  lield  by  a  tenant:  a  dwell- 
ing or  habitation,  or  part  of  it,  used  by 
one  family. — adj.  Tenement' AL. 
TENEMENT-HOUSE,  ten'e-ment-hows,  n. 
a  house  or  block  of  building  divided  into 
dwellings  occupied  by  separate  families. 
TENENDUM,  te-nen'dum,  n.  in  lau;  that 
clause  in  a  deed  wherein  the  tenure  of 
the  land  is  created  and  limited.    Its  office 
is  to  limit  and  appoint  the   tenure  cf 
the  land  which  is  held,  and  how  and  of 
whom  it  is  to  be  held.    [L.,  something  to 
be  held.] 
TENERIFFE,  ten-er-if.  7!.  a  vrine  brought 
from  Teneriffe,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands, 
often  sold  as  Madeira,  which  it  resembles 
in  appearance,  being,  however,  a  little 
more  acid  in  taste. 
TENESMIC,  te-nes'mik,  adj.  in  vied,  per- 
taining to  or  characterized  by  tenesmus. 
TENESMUS,  te-nes'mus,  n.  in  med.  a  con- 
tinual inclination  to  void  the  contents  of 
the  bowels,  accompanied  by  straining, 
but  without  any  discharge.     It  is  caused 
by  an  irritation  of  the  bowels  or  adjacent 
parts,  and  is  a  common  symptom  in  dys- 
entery, stricture  of  the  urethra,  etc.  [L., 
from  Gr.  teinesmos,  from  teino,  to  stretch, 
to  strain.] 
TENET,  ten'et,  n.  any  opinion,  principle, 
or  doctrine  which  a  person  holds  or  main- 
tains as  true.     [L.  tenet,  he  holds — teneo, 
to  holdj 
TENFOLD,  ten'fold,  adj.,  ten  times  folded  : 

ten  times  more.  [Ten  and  Fold.] 
TENNIS,  ten'is,  n.  a  game  in  which  a  ball 
is  driven  continually  against  a  wall  in  a 
specially  constructed  court,  and  caused 
to  rebound  beyond  a  line  at  a  certain 
distance  by  several  persons  striking  it 
alternately  with  a  small  bat,  called  a 
racket,  the  object  being  to  keep  the  ball 
in  motion  as  long  as  possible  without 
allowing  it  to  fall  to  the  ground.  This 
game  was  introduced  into  England  in 
the  thirteenth  century;  it  was  verv 
popular  with  the  nobihty  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  and  continued  to  be  so  down  to 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.  It  is  stQl  played 
to  some  extent  in  this  country  and 
England,  but  modifications  of  the  game, 
such  as  rackets  and  lawn-tennis,  seem 
now  to  be  in  more  favor.  [Said  to  be  from 
Fr.  tenez,  take  it  (from  tenir,  L.  tenere, 
to  hold),  a  word  which  the  French  use 
when  the  ball  is  struck.] 
TENON,  ten'un,  n.  a  projection  at  the  end 
of  a  piece  of  wood  inserted  into  the  socket 
or  mortise  of  another,  to  hold  the  two 
together. — v.t.  to  fit  with  tenons.  [Fr. 
tenon — ten-ir,  to  hold — L.  ten-ere.] 
TENOR,  ten'ur,  n.  continuity  of  state : 
general  run  of  currencv  :  purport :  the 
higher  of  the  two  kin^  of  voices  usu- 
ally belonging  to  adult  males  :  the  part 
next  above  the  bass  in  a  vocal  quartette: 
one  who  sings  tenor.  [L.  tenor,  a  hold- 
ing on — teneo,  to  hold.] 
TENSE,  tens,  n.  the  form  of  a  verb  to  in- 
dicate the  time  of  the  action.  [Lit. 
"  time,"  O.  Fr.  tens  (Fr.  temps)— Tu.  tem- 
pus.  time.] 
TENSE,  tens,  adj..  strained  to  stiffness: 
rigid,  —adz!.  Tense'ly.  —  n.  Tense'ness. 
[L.  tensus,  pa.p.  of  tendo,  to  stretch. 
See  Tend,  v.i.] 


TERMAGANT 

TENSILE,  ten'sil,  TENSIBLE,  ten'si-bl,a«y. 

capable  of  being  stretched. 
TENSION,  ten'shun,  n.  act  of  stretching: 
state   of  being    stretched    or    strained  ; 
strain :   effort.     [L.] 
TENSITY,  ten'si-ti,  n.,   tenseness:  state  of 

being  tense. 
TENSOR,ten'sor,w.  a  muscle  that  stretches 

[L.  the  "extender  "or  "stretcher."] 
TENT,  tent,  n.  a  portable  lodge  or  shelter, 
gen.  of  canvas  stretched  on  poles  :  a  plug 
or  roll  of  lint  used  to  dilate  a  wound  or 
opening  in  the  flesh. — v.t.  to  probe :  to 
keep  open  with  a  tent.  [Fr.  tente — Low 
L.  te7ita — L.  tendo,  to  stretch.  See  Tend, 
v.i.  and  Tense,  adj.] 
TENTACLE,  ten'ta-kl,  n.  a  threadlike  or- 
gan of  certain  insects  for  feeling  or  mo- 
tion.—adj.  Tentac'ular.  [Fr.  tenfaeule 
— L.  tento,  to  feel — tendo,  to  stretch.  Ct= 
Tent.]^  [Temptation. 

TENTATION,  ten-ta'shun.  n.  old  form  of 
TENTATIVE,  ten'ta-tiv,  adj.,  trying:  ex- 
perimental.    [Fr. — Late  L. — L.  tento,  to 
handle,  trv.     See  TENTACLE.] 
TENTED,  tent'ed,  adj.  covered  with  tents, 
TENTER,  tent'er,  n.  a  machine  for  extentl^ 
ing  or  stretching  cloth  on  by  hooks. — v.t. 
to  stretch  on  hooks. — To  BE  ON  tentee- 
HOOKS,  to  be  on  the  stretch  :   to  be  in 
suspense  or  anxiety.     [See  Tent.] 
TENTH,  tenth,  adj.  the  last  of  ten :  next 
in  order  after  the  ninth. — n.  one  of  ten 
equal  parts. 
TEISTTHLY,  tenth'li,  adv.  in  the  tenth  place. 
TENUITY,  ten-Q'i-ti,  n.,  thinness:  small- 
ness  of  diameter  :   slenderness  :   rarity. 
[L.  tenuitas— tenuis,  thin,  slender— root 
of  Gr.  teino,  L-  ten-do,  to  stretch.     [Cf. 
Thin.] 
TENURE,  ten'ur,  n.  a  holding  or  manner 
of  holding  by  a  tenant,  esp.  lands  or  tene 
ments.     fFr.  tenure — Low  L.  tenura — L 
teneo,  to  nold.] 
TEPEF ACTION,  tep-e-fak'shun,  n.  act  ol 

making  tepid  or  lukewarm. 
TEPEFY,  tep'e-fi,  v.t.  to  make  tepid:  or 
moderately  warm  ; — pa.t.  and  pa.p.  tep'- 
efled.     [L.  tepefacio — tepeo,  to  be  warm, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 
TEPID,    tep'id,    adj.    moderately    warm  ; 
lukewarm.  —  ns.  Tepid'ity,  Te^idness. 
[L.  tepidus—tepeo,  to  be  warm,Sans.  tap.] 
TERAPHTM,    ter'a-fim,    n.pl.    (B.)    idols, 
images,  or  household  gods,  consulted  as 
oracles.     [Heb.] 
TERCE,  ters,  n.  same  as  Tiekce. 
TEREBINTH,  ter'e-binth,  n.  the  turpen- 
tine-tree. —  adj.   TEREBINTH'rNE.      [L.  — 
Gr.] 
TEREDO,    te-re'do,  n.  the   ship-worm,   a 
worm  very  destructive  in    boring  into 
wood.     [L. — Gr.   teredon,  from  teiro,  to 
wear  away.] 
TERGIVERSATION,  ter-ji-ver-sa'shun,  n. 
a    shuffling    or    shifting :    subterfuge  : 
fickleness  of  conduct.     [Lit.  "a  turning 
of  the  back,"  L.,  from  tergum,  the  back, 
and  versor,  to  turn.] 
TERM,  term,  n.  any  limited  period :   the 
time    for    which    anything    lasts :    ttie 
time  during  which  tlie  courts  of  law  are 
open :    certain   days    on  which  rent    is 
paid  :  that  by  wliich  a  thought  is   ex- 
pressed, a  word  or  expression  :  a  con- 
dition or  arrangement  (gen.  iapl):  (alg.] 
a  member  of  a  compound  quantity. — v.t. 
to  apply  a   term   to  :  to  name  or  caU. 
[Ft.  terme—L.  terminus,  a  boundary,  Gr, 
terma :  further  conn,   with  L.  trans,  E. 
Through.    Doublet  Terminus.] 
TERMAGANT,  ter'ma-gant,  n.  a  boister- 
ous,bold  woman. — adj.  boisterous:  brawl- 
ing: tumultuous.    [Termagant  or  Terva- 
gant,   a    supposed    Mohammedan    false 
god,    represented  in  the  old  plays   and 
moralities  as  of  a  most  violent  cnaracter.1 


TERMINABLE 


441 


THANE 


fERMINABLE,  ter'min-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  limited  :  that  may  terminate  or  cease. 

TERMINAL,  ter'min-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  growing  at  the  end  or  extremity.  [L. 
terminalis.'\ 

TERMINATE,  ter'min-at,  v.t.  to  set  a  limit 
to  :  to  set  the  boundary  :  to  put  an  end 
to  :  to  finish. — v.i.  to  be  limited  :  to  end 
either  in  space  or  time  :  to  close.  [L. 
terminus^ 

TERMINATION,  ter-min-a'shun,  n.  act  of 
terminating  or  ending  :  limit :  end  :  re- 
sult :  the  ending  of  words  as  varied  by 
their  signification. 

rERMINATIONAL,  ter-min-a'shun-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  forming  a  termination. 

TERMINATIVE,  ter'min-at-iv,  adj.  tend- 
ing to  terminate  or  determine  :  absolute. 

TERMINOLOGY,  ter-min-ol'o-ji,  n.  doc- 
trine of  terms:  the  terms  used  in  any 
art,  science,  etc.  [L.  terminus,  and  Gr. 
logos,  discourse.     See  Term.] 

TERMINUS,  ter'min-us,  n.  the  end  or  ex- 
treme point  :  one  of  the  extreme  points 
of  a  railway  :— pZ.  Ter'shnT.  [L.  "  a 
boundary."    Doublet  Term.] 

TERN,  tern,  n.  a  long-winged  aquatic  fowl 
allied  to  the  gull.  [Allied  to  Dan.  tenie, 
sea-swallow.  Ice.  therna.] 

TERNARY,  ter'nar-i,  adj.  proceeding  by  or 
consisting  of  threes.  —  n.  the  number 
three.  [L.  temarius — temi,  three  each — 
t7'€S    thrsG  I 

'TER^fATE,  ter'nat,  adj.,  threefold  or  ar- 
ranged in  threes.     [See  Ternaht.] 

TERRACE,  ter'as,  n.  a  raised  level  bank  of 
earth :  any  raised  flat  place:  the  flat  roof 
of  a  house. — v.t.  to  form  into  a  terrace. 
[Fr.  terrasse — It.  terrazzo — L.  terra,  the 

TERRA-COTTA,  ter'a-kot'a,  n.  a  compo- 
sition of  clay  and  sand  used  for  statues, 
hardened  like  bricks  by  fire.  [Lit.  "baked 
clay,"  It. — L.  terra,  earth,  and  eocta, 
pa. p.  of  cocnio,  E.  Cook.] 

TERRAQUEOUS,  ter-a'kwe-us,  adj.  con- 
sisting of  larid  and  water.  [Coined  from 
L.  terra,  earth,  aqua,  water.] 

TERREEN,  ter-en',  n.  less  common  form 
of  Tureen. 

TERRENE,  ter-en',  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
earth :  earthy  :  earthly,  [L.  terrenus — 
terra,  the  earth.l 

TERRESTRIAL,  ter-es'tri-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  existing  on  the  earth  :  earthly : 
representing  the  earth.      [L.   terrestris 

TERRIBLE,  "ter'i-bl,  adj.  fitted  to  excite 
terror  or  awe  :  awful :  dreadful.  —  adv. 
Terr'iblt.  [L.  terribilis  —  terreo,  to 
frightenj 

TERRIBLENESS,  ter'i-bl-nes,  n.  state  of 
being  terrible  :  terror,  dread. 

TERRIER,  ter'i-er,  n.  a  dog  that  pursues 
animals  to  their  earth  or  burrow  :  a  hole 
or  burrow  where  foxes,  rabbits,  etc.,  se- 
cure themselves.  [Fr.  terrier — terre,  the 
earth — L.  terra.} 

TERRIFIC,  ter-rif  ik,  adj.  creating  or  caus- 
ing terror:  fitted  to  terrify:  dreadful.  [L. 
terrificus.'} 

TERRIFY,  ter'i-fi,  v.t.  to  cause  terror  in  ; 
to  frighten  greatly:  to  alarm: — pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  terr'ified.  [L.  terreo,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

TERRITORIAL,  ter-i-t5'ri-al,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  territoi~y :  limited  to  a  district. — 
adv.  Territo'riaixy. 

TERRITORY,  ter'i-tor-i,  n.  the  extent  of 
land  around  or  belonging  to  a  city  or 
state  :  domain  :  in  the  XJnited  States,  a 
portion  of  the  country  not  yet  admitted 
as  a  State  into  the  Union,  and  still  under 
a  provisional  government.  [L.  territo- 
rium — terra,  the  earth,  land.] 

TERROR,  ter'ur,  n.  extreme  fear:  an  object 


of  fear  or  dread.  [L.  terror — terreo,  to 
frighten.] 

TERRORISM,  ter'ur-izm,  n.  a  state  of  ter- 
ror :  a  state  which  impresses  terror  :  an 
organized  system  of  intimidation. 

TERSE,  ters,  adj.  compact  or  concise,  with 
smoothness  or  elegance  :  neat.  —  adv. 
Terse'ly.  —  ?i.  Terse'ness.  [L.  tersus, 
lit.  "  rubbed  "  or  "  wiped  clean  " — tergeo, 
tersum,  to  rub  clean,  akin  to  stringo,  to 
draw  ti^ht.] 

TERTIAN,  ter'shi-an,  adj.  occurring  every 
third  day. — n.  an  ague  or  fever  with 
paroxysms  every  third  day.  [L.  ter- 
tianus — teriius,  third — tres,  three.] 

TERTIARY,  ter'shi-ar-i,  adj.  of  tlie  third 
degree,  order,  or  formation  :  pertaining 
to  the  series  of  sedimentary  rocks  or 
strata  lying  above  the  chalk  and  other 
secondary  strata,  and  abounding  in  or- 
ganic remains.     [L.  tertiarius — tertius.] 

TESSELATE,  tes'el-at,  v.t.  to  form  into 
squares  or  lay  with  checkered  work.  [L. 
— tessella,  dim.  of  tessera,  a  square  piece 
^~"Gr   "t&ssctvcL    four  1 

TESSELATION,  tes-el-a'shun,  n.  tesselated 
or  mosaic  work :  the  operation  of  mak- 
ing it. 

TEST,  test,  n.  a  pot  in  which  metals  are 
tried  and  refined :  any  critical  trial : 
means  of  trial :  (cJiem.)  anything  used  to 
distinguish  substances  or  detect  their 
presence,  a  reagent :  standard  :  proof : 
distinction. — v.t.  to  put  to  proof :  to  ex- 
amine critically.  [O.  Fr.  test — L.  testa, 
a  piece  of  baked  clay,  an  earthen  pot.] 

TESTABLE,  test'a-bl,  adj.  capable  of  being 
given  by  urill.     [L.  testabilis.\ 

TESTACEOUS,  tes-ta'shus,  acQ.  consisting 
of  or  having  a  hard  shell.  [L.  tcstaceus 
— testa,  baked  clay,  a  shell.  See  Test.] 

TESTAMENT,  tes'ta-ment,  n.  that  which 
testifies,  or  in  which  an  attestation  is 
made  :  the  solemn  declaration  in  writing 
of  one's  will:  a  will:  one  of  the  two  great 
divisions  of  the  Bible.  [L. — testor,  to  be 
a  witness — testis,  a  witness.] 

TESTAMENTARY,  tes-ta^menfar-i,  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  testament  or  vnll:  be- 
queathed or  done  by  will. 

TESTATE,  tes'tat,  adj.  having  made  and 
left  a  ivill.     [L.  testatus,  pa.p.  of  testor.l 

TESTATOR,  tes-ta'tor,  n.  one  who  leaves 
a  ivill  .-—/em.  Testa'TRIX.     [L.] 

TESTER,  tes'ter,  n.  a  flat  canopy,  esp.  over 
the  head  of  a  bed.  [O.  Fr.  teste  (Fr.  tite), 
the  head — L.  testa,  an  earthen  pot,  hence 
a  hard  shell,  the  skull.] 

TESTER,  tes'ter,  n.  an  English  sixpence. 
[O.  Fr.  teston — teste  (Fr.  tite),  the  head, 
from  the  sovereign's  head  on  the  coin.] 

TESTICLE,  tes'ti-kl,  n.  a  gland  which 
secrets  the  seminal  fluid  in  males :  one 
of  the  stones.  [L.  testiculus,  dim.  of 
testis,  a  testicle.] 

TESTICULATE,  tes-tik'u-lat,  TESTICU- 
LATED,  tes-tik'u-lat-ed,  adj.  shaped  like 
a  testicle. 

TESTIFY,  tes'ti-fi,  v.i.  to  bear  loitness :  to 
make  a  solemn  declaration  :  to  protest  or 
declare  a  charge  (with  against). — v.t.  to 
bear  witness  to :  to  affirm  or  declare 
solemnly  or  on  oath  : — pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
tes'tifled. — n.  Tes'tifier.  [L.  testijicor 
— testis,  a  witness,  and/acjo,  to  make.] 

TESTIMONIAL,  tes-ti-mo'ni-al,  adj.  con- 
taining testimony. — n.  a  writing  or  cer- 
tificate bearing  testimony  to  one's  char- 
acter or  abilities  :  a  sum  of  money  raised 
by  subscription  and  presented  in  any  form 
to  a  person  as  a  token  of  respect. 

TESTIMONY,  tes'ti-mo-ni,  n.  evidence: 
declaration  to  prove  some  fact  :  proof : 
(B.)  the  two  tables  of  the  law  :  the  whole 
divine  revelation.  [L.  testimonium — tes- 
tor, to  witness.] 


TESTY,  tes'ti,  adj.,  heady  :  easily  irritated  . 
fretful:  peevish. — adv.  Tes'tilt. — n.  Tes'' 
TiNESS.  [From  O.  Fr.  teste  (Fr.  t!te),  the 
head.     See  Tester.] 

TETANUS,  tet'a-nus,  n.  spasm  of  the  volun- 
tary muscles  :  lockjaw.  —  adj.  TETAli'lC. 
[L.— Gr.  —  tetanos,  stretched — teino,  tc 
stretch.] 

TETHER,  teth'er,  n.  a  rope  or  chain  fo. 
tying  a  beast,  while  feeding,  within  cei- 
tain  limits. — v.t.  to  confine  with  a  tether  , 
to  restrain  within  certain  limits.  [M.E. 
tedir,  found  in  Low  Ger.  tider,  Ice, 
tiodhr  ;  conn,  with  Tie.] 

TETRAGON,  tet'ra-gon,  n.  a  figure  of  four 
angles. — adj.  Tetrag'ONAl.  [Gr.  tetra- 
gonon — tetra,  four,  gonia,  an  angle.] 

TETRAHEDRAL,  tet-ra-he'dral,  adj.  hav- 
ing  four  sides:  bounded  by  four  tri- 
angles. 

TETRAHEDRON,  tet-ra-he'dron,  n.  a  soUd 
figure  inclosed  by/our  bases  or  triangles, 
[Gr.  tefra,  four,  and  hedra,  a  seat,  a  base.] 

TETRARCH,  tet'rark,  n.  (under  the  Ro- 
mans) the  rider  of  the  fourth  part  of  a 
province  :  a  subordinate  prince.  —  ns. 
Tet'rarchate,  Tet'rakchy.  [Gt.— tetra, 
four,  and  arches,  a  ruler.] 

TETRARCHATE,  te-trark'at,  n.  ofiice  or 
jurisdiction  of  a  tetrarch:  the  fourth 
part  of  a  province. 

TETRASYLLABIC,  tet-ra-sil-lab'ik,  adj. 
consisting  of  four  syllables. 

TETRASYLLABLE,  tet'ra-sil-a-bl,  n.  a 
word  of  four  syllables.  [Gr.  tetra,  four, 
and  Syllable.] 

TETTER,  tet'er,  n.  a  popular  name  for  sev 
eral  eruptive  diseases  of  the  skin.  [A.S 
teter."] 

TEUTONIC,  tu-ton'ik,  adj.  belonging  tc 
the  race  so  called,  including  Germans 
Scandinavians,  English,  etc.  ;  also  thei> 
language.  [L.  —  Teut-o,  -onis  (O.  Ger 
Diot-o),  Mt.  "  one  of  itxe people  " — O.  Get. 
diot,  the  people  (A.S.  theod),  whence  also 
Ger.  Deut-seh,  German,  E.  Dut-ch  See 
Dutch.] 

TEXT,  tekst,  n.  the  original  words  of  ac 
author  :  that  on  which  a  comment  is 
written  :  a  passage  of  Scripture.  [Lit. 
"something  woven,"  L.  textus  —  texo, 
textus,  to  weave.] 

TEXT-BOOK,  tekst'-book,  n.  a  book  con- 
taining the  leading  principles  of  a  sci- 
ence. [Orig.  a  book  with  wide  spaces  for 
comments  on  the  text.'] 

TEXT-HAND,  tekst'-hand,  n.  a  large  iMnd 
in  writing ;  so  called  because  it  was  the 

f)ractice  to  write  the  text  of  a  book  it 
arge  hand. 

TEXTILE,  tekst'il,  adj.,  woven:  capable  oi 
being  woven.  [L.  textilis — texo,  textum, 
to  weave.] 

TEXTUAL,  tekst'u-al,  adj.  pertaining  tc 
or  contained  in  the  text:  serving  for  a 
text.— adr.  Text'ually. 

TEXTUALIST,  tekst'u-al-ist,  n.  one  readv 
in  citing  Scripture  texts  :  one  who  ad- 
heres to  the  text. 

TEXTURE,  tekst'ur,  n.  anything  ux>ven,  % 
web  :  manner  of  weaving  or  connecting  : 
disposition  of  the  parts  of  a  body.  [L, 
textura — texo.] 

THALER,  ta'ler,  n.  a  dollar,  in  Germany  a 
silver  coin  worth  about  75c.  [Ger.  See 
Dollar.] 

THAN,  than,  eonj.  a  word  placed  after  the 
comparative  of  an  adjective  or  adverb 
between  the  things  compared.  [A.S. 
thonne ;  cog.  with  Ger.  dann,  derm ; 
from  stem  of  The.    See  Then.] 

THANE,  than,  n.  a  dignitary  under  the 
Anglo-Saxons  and  Danes,  who  prob.  held 
the  same  rank  as  a  baron  does  now. — n. 
Thane'dom.  [A.S.  thegn,  a  servant,  no- 
bleman ;  cog.  with  Ice.  thegn,  a  maa, 
warrior,  O.  Ger.  degen,  a  soldier,  servant, 


THANK 


443 


THEEMOMETER 


Qt.  teknon,  child  ;  from  the  root  of  A.S. 
thihan,  Ger.  {ge-)deihen,  to  thrive.] 

THANK,  thangk,  v.t.  to  express  gratitude 
for  a  favor. — >i.  (usually  in  pi.)  expression 
of  gratitude  for  favor  received.  [A.S. 
<fia»c.  will,  thanks  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  dank; 
from  the  root  of  Think,  the  root  idea  be- 
ing "  a  movement  of  mind  or  feeling."] 

THANKFUL,  thangk'fool,  adj-,  ftdl  of 
thanks  :  grateful.— adi'.  Thank'FULLY.— 
n.  Thank'fulness. 

I'HANKLESS,  thangk'les,  ac(7.unthankful : 
not  exprt'ssing  thanks  for  favors :  not 
gaining  thanks. 

rfiAJSTK-OFFERING,  thangk'-of'er-ing,  «. 
an  offering  made  to  express  thanks  for 
mercies  received. 

THANKSGIVER,  thangks'rfv-er,  n.  one 
who  gives  thanks,  or  acKnowledges  a 
favor. 

THANKSGIVING,  thangks'giv-ing,  n.  act 
of  giving  thanks :  a  public  acknowledg- 
ment of  divine  goodness  and  mercy  :  a 
day  set  apart  for  this. 

THANKWORTHY,  thangk'wur-f/^i,  adj., 
worthy  of  or  deser\ing  thanks. 

THAT,  tha,t,  pron.  demons,  and  rel. — as  a 
demons,  (pi.  Those)  it  points  out  a  person 
or  thing  :  the  former  or  more  distant 
thing  :  not  this  but  the  other  :  as  a  rel., 
who  or  which. — conj.  used  to  introduce  a 
clause  :  because  :  for  :  in  order  that. 
[A.S.  thcet,  neut.  of  the  article  se  or  the ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  das,  dasz ;  furtuor  conn, 
with  Gr.  to,  Sans.  tat.    See  The.] 

THATCH,  thach,  v.t.  to  cover,  as  a  roof, 
\vith  straw,  reeds,  etc. — n.  straw,  etc., 
used  to  cover  the  roofs  of  buildings  and 
stacks. — n.  Thatch'er.  [A.S.  theccan, 
to  cover  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  decken,  L.  tego, 
Gr.  stego,  to  cover.    See  Deck  and  Tile.] 

THATCHING,  tliach'ing,  n.  the  act  or  art 
of  covering  with  thatch  :  the  materials 
used  for  thatching. 

fHAUMATURGY,  thaw'ma-tur-ji,  n.  the 
art  of  tcorking  wonders  or  miracles. — 
adjs.  Thaciiatur'gic,-ai,.  [Gr. — thauma, 
a  wonder,  and  ergon,  work.] 

THAW,  thaw,  v.i.  to  melt  or  grow  liquid, 
as  ice:  to  become  so  warm  as  to  melt 
ice. — v.t.  to  cause  to  melt. — M.  the  melt- 
ing of  ice  or  snow  by  heat :  the  change  of 
weather  which  causes  it.  [A.S.  thaican; 
cog.  with  Ger.  thaiien,  to  thaw,  to  fall  in 
dew.] 

THE,  the  or  (when  emphatic)  the,  demons, 
pron.  usually  called  the  definite  article, 
used  to  denote  a  particular  person  or 
thing  :  also  to  denote  a  species.  rA.S. 
se,  the,  nom.  masc.  sing.     See  That.] 

THE.  the,  adv.  used  before  comparatives, 
as,  "  the  more  the  better."  [A.S.  tht, 
by  that,  by  that  much,  the  instrumental 
case  of  The,  demons,  pron.] 

fHEATRE,  the'a-ter,  n.  a  place  where  pub- 
lic representations,  chiefly  dramatic  or 
musical,  are  seen:  any  place  rising  by 
steps  like  the  seats  of  a  theatre :  a  build- 
ing adapted  for  scholastic  exercises, 
anatomical  demonstrations,  etc.  :  scene 
of  action.  [Gr.  theatron — theaomai,  to 
see.] 

THEATRIC,  the-at'rik,THEATRICAL,  the- 
at'rik-al,  adj.  relating  or  suitable  to  a 
theatre,  or  to  actors:  pompous. 

IHEATRICALS,  the-at'rik-alz,  n.pl.  dra- 
matic performances. 

THEE,  the.  pron.  objective  of  Thou.  [A.S. 
the,  dative  and  accus.  of  thu  (See  Thou).] 

THEFT,  theft,  n.  act  of  thieving.  [A.S. 
theofth,  thyfth.] 

IHEINE,  the'in,  71.  the  active  principle  of 
tea.     [Yr.—the,  tea.] 

THEIR,  f/iar.  po.M.  adj.  pron.  of  or  belong- 
ing to  them.  [A.S.  thara,  gen.  pi.  of  the 
definite  article  (replaced  the  older  hira).] 


THEIRS,  tha.Tz,  poss.  of  They.  [Their, 
with  the  sing.  poss.  suffix  -s.l 

THEISM,  the'izm,  n.  belief  in  the  existence 
of  Ood  with  or  without  a  belief  in  a 
special  revelation.  [Coined  from  Gr. 
theos,  God.] 

THEIST,  the  ist,  n.  one  who  believes  in 
God. 

THEISTIC,  the-ist'ik,  THEISTICAL,  the- 
ist'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  theism,  or  to 
a  theist :  according  to  the  doctrines  of 
theists. 

THEM,  them,  pron.  objective  of  They. 
[A.S.  tham,  tiative  pi.  of  the  definite 
article  (this  replaced  the  older  7ii»i  or 
heoni).] 

THEME,  them,  n.  a  subject  set  or  pro- 
posed for  discussion,  or  on  which  a  per- 
son speaks  or  writes.  [Fr.  theme  —  L. 
thema  —  Gr.  tithemi,  to  place,  set.  See 
Thesis.] 

THEMSELVES,  f7(em-selvz',  pron.,  pi  of 
Himself,  Herself,  and  Itself.  [See 
Them  and  Self.] 

THEN,  then,  adv.  at  that  time  :  afterward: 
immediately :  at  another  time  :  in  that 
case  :  therefore.  [A.S.  thanne,  thonne, 
fhenne,  accus.  sing,  from  the  stem  of 
The.    Doublet  Than.] 

THENCE,  thens,  adv.  from  that  time  or 
place  :  for  that  reason.  [M.E.  thenne-s 
— thenne  (see  Then),  with  the  gen.  end- 
ing -s.    Cf.  Hence  and  Whence.] 

THENCEFORTH,  f/iens'forth,  adv.  from 
that  time  forth  or  forward.  [THENCE 
and  Forth.] 

THENCEFORWARD,  f7iens-for'ward,  adv. 
from  that  time  forward  or  onward. 

THEOCRACY,the-ok'ra-si,  li.  ^government 
in  which  the  chiefs  of  the  state  are  con- 
sidered as  the  immediate  ministers  of 
God  or  of  the  gods,  or  belong  to  a  sacer- 
dotal race  :  the  state  thus  governed. — 
adjs.  Theocrat'ic,  Theocrat  ical.  [Gr. 
theokratia  —  theos,  God,  and  krateo,  to 
rule.] 

THEODICY,  the-od'i-si,  n.  a  justification  of 
God"s  dealings  with  man.  [Gr.  theos, 
God,  and  dike,  justice.] 

THEODOLITE,  the-od'o-Ut,  n.  an  instru- 
ment used  in  land-surveying  for  measur- 
ing angles.     [Ety.  unknown.] 

THEOGONIST,  the-og'o-nist,  71.  a  writer  on 
thcogony. 

THEOGONY,  the-og'o-ni,  j;.  the  part  of 
heathen  mythology  which  taught  the 
birth  and  genealogy  of  the  gods.  [Gr. 
theugonia — theos,  God,  and  gone,  genos, 
race — geno,  to  beget.  See  Genesis  and 
Genus.] 

THEOLOGIAN,  the-o-lo'ji-an,  n.  one  well 
versed  in  theology :  a  professor  of  divin- 
ity :  a  dix^ine. 

THEOLOGIC,  the-o-loj'ik,  THEOLOGIC- 
AL, the-o-loj'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the- 
ology or  divinity. — adv.  Theolog'ICALLY. 
[Gr.  theologikos.] 

THEOLOGIST,  the-ol'o-jist,  7!.  a  student  in 
the  science  of  theology :  a  theologian. 

IHEOLOGIZE,  the-ol'o-jiz,  v.t.  to  render 
theological. — v.i.  to  make  a  system  of 
theology. 

THEOLOGY,  the-ol'o-ji,  n.  tiie  science 
which  treats  of  God,  and  of  man's  duty 
to  him.  [Gr.  theologia — theos,  God,  and 
logos,  a  treatise.] 

THEOREM,  the'o-rem,  71.  a  proposition  to 
be  proved.  [Gr.  theorema,  lit.  "  a  thing 
viewed  " — theoreo,  to  \iew.  See  Theory.] 

THEORETIC,the-o-ret'ik,THEORETICAL, 
the-o-ret'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  theory: 
not  practicil :  speculative.— adi-.  Theo- 
ret'ically. 

THEORIST,  the'o-rist,  n.  a  theorizer :  one 
given  to  theory  and  speculation. 

THEORIZE,  theVriz,  v.i.  to  form  a  theory: 


*o  r.;rm  opinions  solely  by  theories:  to 
spec  .  ate. — )i.  The'orizer. 

THEORY,  the'o-ri,  n.  an  explanation,  or 
system  of  anything  :  an  exposition  of 
the  abstract  principles  of  a  science  or 
art :  speculation  as  opposed  to  practice. 
[L.— Gr.  theoria.     See  Theorem.] 

THEOSOPHY,  the-os'o-fi,  77.,  divine  iris- 
dom,  or  knowledge  obtained  by  direct 
intercourse  with  God  and  superior  spirits: 
immediate  divine  illumination  or  inspira- 
tion. [Gr.  theosophia — theos,  God,  and 
sojjhos,  wisdom.] 

THERAPEUTIC,  ther-a-pu'tik,  adj.  per- 
taining  to  the /ieaZwg'art:  curative.  [Gr. 
thera^Kuo,  to  take  care  of,  to  heal,  to 
nurse.] 

THERAPEUTICS,  ther-a-pu'tiks,  77. sing, 
that  part  of  medicine  concerned  with 
the  treatment  and  cure  of  diseases. 

THERE,  thar,  adv.  in  that  place  (opposed 
to  Here)  :  it  is  used  to  begin  sentences 
when  the  .subject  comes  after  the  verb. 
— ^Thereabout'  or  -abouts',  adv.  about 
or  near  that  place  :  near  that  number, 
quantity,  or  degree. — Thereaft'ER,  adv. 
after  or  according  to  that. — Thereat', 
adv.  at  that  place  or  occurrence  :  on 
that  account. — Thereby',  adv.  by  that 
means  :  in  consequence  of  that. — There- 
fore (ther'iur),  adv.  for  that  or  this  rea- 
son :  consequently.  —  Therefrom',  adv. 
from  that  or  this. — Therein',  adv.  in 
that  or  this  place,  time,  or  thing. — 
Thereof  (thar-oC),  adv.  of  that  or  this. 
— Thereon',  adv.  on  that  or  tliis.  — 
Thereto',  Thereunto',  adv.  to  that  or 
this. — Thereupon',  adv.  upon  or  in  con- 
sequence of  that  or  this  :  immediately. 
— There^vith',  adv.  with  that  or  this. 
[A.S.  tha-r  or  thcc-r :  conn,  with  the 
stem  of  The.  The  -re  is  prob.  short  for 
der  (cf.  Sans,  ta-tra,  there).] 

THERMAL,  ther'mal,  adj.  pertaining  to 
heat :  warm.  [Gr.  thermos,  hot — thei-me, 
heat — fhero,  to  heat.] 

THERMO  -  DYNAMICS,  ther'mo-di-nam'- 
iks,  77.  the  branch  of  physics  which  treats 
of  heat  as  a  mechanical  agent.  [Gr. 
thermos — therme,  heat,  and  dynamikos — 
dynamis,  force.] 

THERMO-ELECTRICITY,  ther'mo-e-lek- 
tris'i-ti,  n.,  electricity  developed  by  the 
unequal  heating  of  bodies. 

THERMOJIETER,  ther-mom'et-er,  ?i.  an 
instrument  by  which  the  temperatm-es 
of  bodies  are'  ascertained ;  founded  on 
the  property  whicli  heat  possesses  of 
expanding  all  bodies,  the  rate  or  quan- 
tity of  expansion  being  supposed  propor- 
tional to  the  degree  of  heat  applied,  and 
hence  indicating  that  degree.  The  ther- 
mometer consists  of  a  slender  glass  tube, 
with  a  small  bore,  containing  in  general 
mercury  or  alcohol,  which  expanding  or 
contracting  by  variations  in  the  temper- 
ature of  the  atmosphere,  or  on  the  in-, 
strument  being  brought  into  contact 
with  any  other  body,  or  immersed  in  a 
liquid  or  gas  which  is  to  be  examined, 
the  state  of  the  atmosphere,  the  body, 
liquid,  or  gas,  with  regard  to  heat,  is  in- 
dicated by  a  scale  either  applied  to  the 
tube  or  engraved  on  its  exterior  surface. 
The  ordinary  thermometer  consists  of  a 
small  tube,  terminating  in  a  ball  contain- 
ing niercury,  the  air  having  been  ex 
pelled  and  the  tube  hermetically  sealed. 
There  are  two  points  on  the  scale,  corre- 
sponding to  fixed  and  determinate  tem- 
peratures, one,  namely,  to  the  temper- 
ature of  freezing  water,  and  the  other 
to  that  of  boiling  water.  In  the  ther- 
mometer commonly  used  in  this  country, 
that  of  Fahrenheit,  the  former  point  is 
marked  33°  and  the  latter  312°  ;  hence 
the    zero    of    the    scale,  or   that    part 


THERMOMETRIC 


443 


THIMBLE-RIG 


marked  0°,  is  32°  below  the  freezing-- 
point,  and  the  inteival  or  space  between 
the  freezing  and  boiling  points  consists 
©f  180°.  The  zero  point  is  supposed  to 
have  been  fixed  by  Fahrenheit  at  the 
point  of  greatest  cold  that  he  had  ob- 
served, probably  by  means  of  a  freezing- 
mixture  such  as  snow  and  salt.     On  the 

,    Continent,  particularly  in   France,  and 

!  Qowadays  in  all  scientific  investigations, 
the  Centigrade  thermometer  is  used. 
The  space  between  the  freezing  and 
boiling  points  of  water  is  divided  into 
100  equal  parts  or  degrees,  the  zero  being 
at  freezing  and  the  boiling-point  at  100°. 
Reaumur's  thermometer,  which  is  in  use 
in  Germany,  has  the  space  between  the 
freezing  and  boiling  points  divided  into 
QO  equal  parts,  the  zero  being  at  freez- 
ing. For  extreme  degrees  of  cold,  ther- 
mometers filled  with  spirit  of  wine  must 
be  employed,  as  no  degree  of  cold  known 
is  capable  of  freezing  that  liquid,  where- 
as mercury  freezes  at  about  39°  below 
zero  on  the  Fahrenheit  scale.  On  the 
other  hand,  spirit  of  wine  is  not  adapted 
to  high  temperatures,  as  it  is  soon  con- 
verted into  vapor,  whereas  mercury  does 
not  boil  till  its  temperature  is  raised 
to  660°  F.  Mercury  is  most  commonly 
used  for  thermometers  employed  for 
indicating  all  ordinary  temperatures. 
For  recording  extremely  high  tempera- 
tures the  pyrometer  is  used  ;  and  for  in- 
dicating very  slight  variations  the  ther- 
mo-electric battery  is  employed.  [Gr. 
thermos,  warm,  froua  therme,  heat,  and 
metrcm,  measure.] 

THERMOMETRIC,ther-mo-met'rik,THER- 
MOMETRICAL,  ther-mo-met'rik-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  made  with  a  thermom- 
eter.— adv.  Thermoieet'ricaixy. 

THERMO-PILE,  ther'mo-pll,  n.  a  thermo- 
electric battery  used  as  a  thermometer. 
[Gr.  therme,  heat,  and  Pile,  a  roundish 
mass.] 

THESAURUS,  the-saw'rus,  w.  a  treasury 
or  repository,  esp.  of  knowledge  :  a  lexi- 
con or  cyclopaedia.  [L. — Gr.  thesauros — 
tithemi,  to  place.] 

THESE,  th(iZ,  demon,  pron.,  pi.  of  Tms. 
[A.S.  thas,  old  pi.  of  thes,  this.  Doublet 
Those.] 

THESIS,  the'sis,  n.  a,  position  or  that  which 
is  set  doien  or  advanced  for  argument :  a 
subject  for  a  scholastic  exercise:  an  essay 
on  a  theme  : — pi.  Theses,  the'sez.  [L. — 
Gr.  ti-the-mi,  to  set.    See  Theme.] 

THESMOPHORIA,  thes-mo-fo'ri-a,  n.  a  fa- 
mous ancient  Greek  festival  celebrated 
by  married  women  in  honor  of  Demeter 
as  the  "  mother  of  beautiful  offspring." 
Though  not  confined  to  Attica,  it  was 
especially  observed  in  that  district.  [Gr., 
from  thesmophoros,  law-giving,an  epithet 
of  Demeter — thesmos,  a  law,  and  ■phero, 
to  bear.] 

THESMOTHETE,  thez'mo-thet,  n.  a  law- 
giver :  a  legislator :  one  of  the  six  in- 
ferior archons  at  Athens.  [Gr.  thesmo- 
thetes,  a  law-giver — thesmos,  law,  and 
tithemi,  to  place.] 

THESPESIA,  thes-pe'zhi-a,  n.  a  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Malvaceas.  The  species 
are  trees  with  large  entire  leaves  and 
large  handsome  flowers.  The  rim  of  the 
calj'x  is  entire,  and  the  outer  calyx  is 
formed  of  three  leaves,  wliich  soon  fall 
off.  T.  populnea,  or  the  umbrella-tree,  is  a 
native  of  the  East  Indies,  Guinea,  and  the 
Society  Islands.  It  grows  to  the  height 
of  about  40  feet,  and  has  large  yellow 
flowers,  with  a  dark  red  centre.  In  trop- 
ical countries  it  is  planted,  for  the  sake 
of  its  shade,  about  monasteries  and  con- 
vents, and  hence  it  is  looked  upon  with 
a  sort  of  rehgious  regard.     Its  wood  is 


reckoned  as  almost  indestructible  under 
water,  and  it  is  therefore  much  used  for 
boat-building  as  well  as  for  carpentry 
purposes  and  house-building.  [From  Gr. 
tliespesios,  divine,  in  allusion  to  T.  pop- 
uhica  being  planted  in  tropical  countries 
near  churches.] 

THESPIAN,  thes'pi-an,  adj.  of  or  relating 
to  Thespis,  or  to  dramatic  acting  in  gen- 
eral: hence,  the  Tliespiau  art  is  equivalent 
to  the  drama.  "  The  highest  stretch  at- 
tained by  the  Tliespian  art." — Carlyle. 
[From  'Tliespis,  who  played  an  important 
part  in  the  early*  history  of  the  drama  in 
Greece  about  B.C.  535.] 

THETA,  the'ta,  n.  a  letter  of  the  Greek 
alphabet  corresponding  to  th  in  such 
English  words  as  thin  :  sometimes  called 
the  unlucky  letter  from  being  used  by 
the  judges  in  passing  condemnation  on 
a  prisoner,  it  being  the  first  letter  of  the 
Greek  thanatos,  death.     [Gr.  theta.] 

THEURGIC,  the-ur'jik,  THEURGICAL, 
the-er'jik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  theurgy 
or  the  power  of  performing  supernatu- 
ral things. — Theuegic  hymns,  songs  of 
incantation. 

THEURGIST,  the'ur-jist,  n.  one  who  pre- 
tends to  or  is  addicted  to  theurgy. 
"More  refined  necromancers  or  magi- 
cians call  themselves  theurgists  .  .  . 
thinking  to  have  to  do  only  with  good 
spirits." — Hallyicell. 

THEURGY,  the'ur-ji,  n.  the  working  of 
some  divine  or  supernatural  agency  in 
human  affairs  :  a  working  or  producing 
effects  by  spiritual  means:  effects  or  phe- 
nomena brought  about  among  men  by 
spiritual  agency :  specifically,  (a)  divine 
agency  or  direct  interference  of  the  gods 
in  human  affairs  or  the  government  of 
the  world  ;  (5)  a  system  of  supernatural 
knowledge  or  powers  believed  by  the 
Egyptian  Platonists  and  others  to  have 
been  communicated  to  mankind  by  the 
beneficent  deities  or  good  spirits,  and  to 
have  been  handed  down  from  generation 
to  generation  traditionally  by  the  priests; 
(c)  the  art  of  invoking  deities  or  spirits, 
or  by  their  intervention  conjuring  up 
visions,  interpreting  dreams,  prophesy- 
ing, receiving  and  explaining  oracles, 
etc.  ;  the  power  of  obtaining  from  the 
gods,  by  means  of  certain  observances, 
words,  symbols,  etc.,  a  knowledge  of  the 
secrets  which  surpass  the  powers  of  rea- 
son, to  lay  open  the  future,  etc. — a  power 
claimed  by  the  priesthood  of  most  pagan 
religions ;  (d)  that  species  of  magic, 
which  more  modern  professors  of  the 
art  allege  to  produce  its  effects  by  su- 
pernatural agency,  as  contra -distin- 
guished from  natural  magic.  [Gr.  the- 
ourgia,  from  theos,  a  god,  and  ergon, 
work.] 

THEW,  thu,  n.  (used  chiefly  inpL),  muscle 
or  strength :  sinews.  [Perhaps  a  form  of 
Thigh.1 

THEY,  ma,  pers.  pron.,  pi.  of  He,  She,  or 
It.  [From  A.S.  thd,  nom.  pi.  of  the 
definite  article,  which  replaced  the  older 
hi,  heo.    See  The.] 

THICK,  tliik,  adj.  dense :  imperfectly 
mobile :  compact  :  not  transparent  or 
clear  :  misty  :  dull :  crowded  :  closely  set: 
abundant  :  frequent,  in  quick  succession  : 
having  great  depth  or  circumference. — 
adi\  closely:  frequently  :  fast :  to  a  great 
depth. — adi\  Thick'ly.  —  ?».  Thick'ness. 
[A.S.  thicce  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  dick;  from 
root  of  A.S.  thihan,  to  thrive.  See 
Thane.] 

THICKEN,  thik'n,  v.t.  to  niake  thick  or 
close :  to  strengthen. — v.i.  to  become 
thick  or  obscure  :  to  crowd  or  press. 
[A.S.  thiceian.'] 

THICKET,  thik'et,  n.  a  collection  of  trees 


or  shrubs  thickly  or  closely  set  :   close 
wood  or  copse. 

THICK-HEADED,  thik'-hed'ed,  adj.  hav- 
ing a  tliick  head  or  skull  :  stupid. 

THICKISH,  thik'ish.  adj.  somewhat  thick. 

THIEF.thef,  n.  (pi.  Thieves,  thevz),  a  per- 
son who  steals  or  is  guilty  of  theft  ;  one 
who  takes  the  goods  or  personal  prop- 
erty of  another  without  the  owner's 
knowledge  or  consent  ;  esp.  one  who  de- 
prives another  of  property  secretly  or 
without  open  force — as  opposed  to  a  rob- 
ber, who  openl}'  uses  violence:  a  term  of 
reproach;  applied  esp.  to  a  person  guilty 
of  cunning,  deceitful,  or  secret  actions ; 
an  evil-doer  ;  '"Angelo  is  an  adulterous 
thief." — Shak.:  an  excrescence  or  waster 
in  the  snuff  of  a  candle;  "Where  you  see 
a  thief  in  the  candle,  call  presently  for 
an  extinguisher." — Bjj.  Sail. — Thieves' 
Latin,  a  jargon  used  by  thieves :  the 
cant  or  slang  language  peculiar  to 
tliieves."  — Sir  W.  Scott.  [A.S.  theof, 
thiof,  thif.  Ice.  thjOfr,  Sw.  tjuf,  Dut. 
die/,  Ger.  dieh,  O.  H.  Ger.  diup,  Goth. 
thjubs,  thief  ;  root  meaning  doubtful.] 

THIEVE,  thev,  v.i.  to  practice  theft:  to 
steal.     [A.S.  theofian.'] 

THIEVERY,  thev'er-i,  n.  the  practice  of 
thieving. 

THIEVISH,  thev'ish,  adj.,  given  to,  or  like 
theft  or  stealing :  acting  by  stealth  :  se- 
cret: sly. — adv.  Thiev'ishly.— n.  Thiet'- 
ishness. 

THIEVES'-VINEGAR,  thevz'-vin-e-ger,  n, 
a  kind  of  vinegar  made  by  digesting  rose- 
mary tops,  sage  leaves,  etc.,  in  vinegar, 
anciently  believed  to  be  an  antidote 
against  the  plague.  It  derived  its  name  ■ 
and  popularity  from  a  story  that  four 
thieves  who  plundered  the  dead  during 
the  plague  ascribed  their  impunity  to 
this  infusion.  It  has  been  long  disused 
as  worthless. 

THIG,  thig,  v.t.  to  ask  ;  to  beg  ;  to  suppli- 
cate ;  "  They  were  fain  to  thig  a.aA  cry 
for  peace  and  good-will." — Pitscottie  :  to 
go  about  receiving  supply  from  neigh- 
bors, etc.  [A.S.  thicgan,  thigan,  to  take, 
receive,  partake  of ;  Ice.  tliig,  thiggja,  to 
get,  receive,  accept,  receive  hospitality 
for  a  night;  Dan.  tigge,  to  beg  as  a  men- 
dicant, tigger,  a  beggar.  The  Scotch  has 
probably  got  the  word  from  the  Scandi- 
navian.] 

THIGGER,  thig'er,  n.  one  who  thigs  :  a 
beggar  :  esp.  one  who  solicits  a  gift  or 
assistance  in  goods  or  money,  not  on  the 
footing  of  an  absolute  mendicant  or  pau- 
per, but  as  one  in  a  temporary  strait  hav- 
ing some  claim  on  the  liberaUty  of  others. 
[Scotch.] 

THIGH,  thi,  n.  the  thick  fleshy  part  of  the 
leg  from  the  knee  to  the  trunk.  [A.S. 
theoh  ;  Ice.  thio,  O.  Ger.  diech,  seen  in 
Ger.  dickbein,  thigh.] 

THILL,  thil,  n.  the  shaft  of  a  cart,  gig, 
or  other  carriage.  The  thills  are  the 
two  pieces  of  timber  extending  from  the 
bodj'  of  the  carriage,  between  which  the 
horse  is  put,  and  by  which  the  carriage 
is  supported  in  a  horizontal  position. 
Written  also  Fill.  [A.S.  thil,  fhill,  a 
stake,  pole,  plank,  also  thel,  a  board  or 
plank  :  Ice.  thili,  thil,  a  deal,  a  plank ; 
Sw.  tilja,  a  pole,  a  stake,  a  beam  ;  allied 
to  deal,  a  plank  of  pine.  According  to 
some  from  same  root  as  Sans,  tala,  sur- 
face, L.  tellus,  the  earth,  the  earth's  sur- 
facej 

THIMBLE,  thim'bl,  n.  a  metal  cover  for 
the  finger,  used  in  sewing.  [Lit.  "a 
thumb-piece  ;  "  an  extension  of  THUMB.] 

THIMBLE-RIG,  thim'bl-rig,  w.  a  sleight- 
of-hand  trick  in  which  the  performer 
conceals,  or  pretends  to  conceal,  a  pea  or 
small  ball  under   one  of  three  thimble- 


THIN 


444 


THORP 


like  cups. — v.i.  to  cheat  by  such  means. 
— n.  Thim'ble-eig'qer.  [From  colloquial 
use  of  Rig,  in  the  sense  of  a  trick,  a 
wanton  trick.] 

JTHIN,  thin,  aclj.  having  little  thickness : 
slim  :  lean  :  freely  mobile  :  small  :  fine  : 
not  close  or  crowded  :  not  full  or  well 
grown. — adv.  not  thickly  or  closely  :  in 
a  scattered  state. — v.t.  to  make  thin  :  to 
make  less  close  or  crowded  :  to  make 
rare  or  less  thick  or  dense  -.—pr-p.  thinn'- 
ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  thinned. — adv. 
Tmu'LY.— w.  Thin'ness.  [Lit.  "  extended  " 
or  "  stretched  out,"  A.S.  thyn;  cog.  with 
Ice.  thium-r,  Ger.  diinn  ;  L.  tenuis,  Celt. 
tanas,  Sans,  tanus,  from  the  root  tan, 
stretch.    See  Tend  and  Thunder.] 

THINE,  thin,  pron.  (possessive  form  of 
Thou),  belon^ng  to  thee  :  thy.  [A.S. 
thin ;  Ger.  cfein.] 

THING,  thing,  n.  an  inanimate  object :  an 
event :  a  part.  [A.S.  ;  Ice.  thing,  Ger. 
ding;  the  root  idea  being  "a  lawsuit," 
hence  "a  cause,"  "an  affair;"  cf.  the 
connection  of  Ger.  sache  and  E.  Sake  ; 
and  of  Ft.  chose  and  L.  caxisa.'] 

THINK,  thingk,  v.i.  to  exercise  the  mind  : 
to  revolve  ideas  in  the  mind  :  to  judge  : 
to  form  or  hold  as  an  opinion  :  to  con- 
sider :  to  purpose  or  design. — v.t.  to  im- 
agine: to  judge:  to  beUeve  or  consider: 
— pa.t.  ana  pa.p.  thought. — n.  Think'er. 
[A.S.  thencan,  thyncan ;  cog.  with  Ger. 
aenken,  from  root  of  Thank)] 

THINNISH,  thin'ish,  adj.  somewhat  thin. 

THIRD,  therd,  adj.  the  last  of  three. — n. 
one  of  three  equal  parts.  [A.S.  thridda. 
See  Three.] 

THIRDLY,  therd'li,  adv.  in  the  third  place. 

THIRST,  therst,  n.  the  uneasiness  caused 
by  want  of  drink  :  vehement  desire  for 
drink  :  eager  desire  for  anything. — v.i. 
to  feel  thirst :  to  desire  vehemently. 
[A.S.  thurst,  thyrst;  cog.  with  Ger.  durst, 
from  a  Teut.  root  sig.  "  dry  ;"  conn,  also 
with  Gr.  ters-omai,  L.  torr-eo,  to  dry, 
Sans,  trish,  to  thirst.] 

THIRSTY,  thorst'i,  adj.  suffering  from 
thirst :  dry  :  parched  :  vehemently  de- 
siring.— adv.  Thirst'lly. — n.  Thirst'i- 
INESS.     [A.S.  thurstig.} 

THIRTEEN,  ther'ten,  adj.  and  n.,  three  a,nd 
ten.— The  Original  Thirteen,  the  thir- 
teen States  of  the  Union  which  adopted 
the  Constitution:  New  Hampshire,  Massa^ 
chusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Dela- 
ware, Virginia,  Maryland,  North  Caro- 
lina, South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

THIRTEENTH,  ther'tenth,  adj.  and  n.  the 
last  of  thirteen.  [A.S.  threoteotha — threo, 
three,  and  teotha,  tenth.] 

THIRTIETH,  ther'ti-eth,  adj.  the  last  of 
thirty.  —  n.  a  thirtieth  part.  [A.  S. 
thritigotha.] 

THIRTY,  ther'ti,  adj.  and  n.,  three  times 
ten.  [A.S.  thritig  —  threo,  three,  and 
tig,  ten.] 

THIS,  this,  demons,  pron.  or  adj.  denoting 
a  person  or  thing  near,  just  mentioned, 
or  about  to  be  mentioned  :  (B.)  the  last 
past :— pZ.  These.  [A.S.  this,  the  neut. 
of  the  adj.  pron.  thes  (m.),  theos  (f.),  this 
(n.) ;  Ice.  thessi,  Ger.  dieser.l 

THISTLE,  this'l,  n.  a  genus  of  prickly 
plants.     [A.S.  thistel;  Ger.  distel] 

THISTLY,  this'li,  adj.  overgrown  with 
thistles. 

THITHER,  thith'er,  adv.  to  that  place  :  to 
that  end  or  result.  [A.S.  thider ;  from 
the  stem  of  The.] 

THITHERWARD,  thith' er-wa.ri,  adv.  to- 
ward that  place.     [A.S.  thidcr-ioeard.'] 

THOLE,  thol,  n.  a  pin  inserted  into  the 
gunwale  of  a  boat  to  serve  as  a  fulcrum 
for  the  oar  in  rowing  ;  they  are  arranged 
in  pairs,  the  space  between  forming  one 


kind  of  rowlock  :  the  pin  or  handle  oi  a 
scythe  -  snath.  [A.S.  thol,  a  thole  or 
thole-pin  ;  Ice.  tholir,  a  thole-pin,  a 
wooden  peg  ;  Low  Ger.  dolle,  Dut.  dol. 
Prob.  conn,  with  thill  rather  than  with 
the  verb  thole.] 

THOLE,  thol,  n.  in  arch,  (a)  same  as  TTio- 
Ihs  ;  (b)  the  scutcheon  or  knot  at  the 
centre  of  a  timber- vault  ;  (c)  a  place  in 
temples  where  votive  offerings  were  sus- 
pended. E.  H.  Knight.  [Gr.  tholos,  a 
dome.] 

THOLE,  thol,  v.t.  to  bear  :  to  endure  :  to 
undergo.  Burns.— pr.p.  tholing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  tholed.  [Old  English  and 
Scotch.  A.S.  tholian,  to  bear,  endure, 
suffer ;  Goth,  thulan,  O.  Fris.  tholia. 
Ice.  thola,  O.  High  Ger.  doljan,  doUn, 
didtan,  Ger.  dulden,  and  dial.  Ger.  dolen, 
to  bear,  to  endure,  to  tolerate.  From  an 
Indo-European  root  tal,  Sans,  tul,  to 
bear,  seen  also  in  L.  tollo,  to  raise  (whence 
extol),  tolerare,  to  tolerate  ;  Gr.  talao,  to 
bear,  tolma,  bravery,  talanton,  a  balance, 
L.  talentum,  E.  Talent.] 

THOLE,  thol,  v.i.  to  wait.  [Old  English 
and  Scotch.] 

THOLOBATE,  thol'o-bat,  n.  in  arch,  the 
substructure  on  which  a  dome  rests.  [Gr. 
tholos,  a  coved  roof,  and  basis,  basis.] 

THOLUS,  tho'lus,  n.  in  anc.  arch,  a  name 
given  to  any  round  building  which  ter- 
minated at  the  top  in  a  point :  a  dome  or 
cupola:  specifically,  at  Athens,  the  round 
chamber,  or  Rotunda,  in  which  the  Pry- 
tanes  dined.  "  The  Thirty  Tyrants  on 
one  occasion  summoned  him,  together 
with  four  others,  to  the  Tholus,  the  place 
in  which  the  Prytanes  took  their  meals." 
— O.  H.  Lewes. 

THOM^AN,  THOMEAN,  to-me'an,  n.  one 
belonging  to  a  church  of  early  Christians, 
said  to  have  been  founded,  on  the  Mala- 
bar coast  of  India,  by  St.  Tliomas. 

THOMAISM,  tom'a-izm,  THOMISM,  tom'- 
izm,  n.  the  doctrines  of  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas  with  respect  to  predestination 
and  grace,  and  especially  the  immaculate 
conception  of  the  Virgin. 

THOMSONIAN,  tom-so'ni-an,  adj.  applied 
to  a  system  of  botanical  medicine,  one  of 
whose  doctrines  is,  that  as  all  minerals 
are  from  the  earth  their  tendency  is  to 
carry  men  into  their  graves,  whereas  the 
tendency  of  herbs,  from  their  growing 
upward,  is  to  keep  men  from  their  graves. 
[After  its  founder.  Dr.  Samuel  Thomson, 
of  Massachusetts.] 

THONG,  thong,  n.  a  piece  or  strap  of  leath- 
er to  fasten  anything.  [A.S.  thwang, 
thwong,  from  the  same  root  as  Ger. 
zwang,  constraining  power — zvnngen,  to 
constrain ;  cf.  the  connection  of  band, 
bind,  and  bond.] 

THORACIC,  tho-ras'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  thorax  or  breast. 

THORAX,  tho'raks,  n.  the  part  of  the  body 
between  the  neck  and  belly :  the  chest. 
[Lit.  "  a  breastplate,"  L. — Gr.] 

THORN,  thorn,  n.  a  sharp,  woody  spine  on 
the  stem  of  a  plant :  a  spine  :  a  plant 
having  spines  or  thorns  :  anything  prick- 
ly or  troublesome.  [A.S.;  Ice.  thorn, 
Ger.  dom  ;  Slav,  tarn!] 

THORN-BACK,  thorn'-bak,  n.  a  species  of 
ray  or  skate  {Raia  clavata)  common  on 
the  British  and  Irish  coasts,  distinguished 
by  the  short  and  strong  recurved  spines 
which  are  scattered  over  the  back  and 
tail,  whence  its  name  ;  it  grows  to  about 
2  feet  long,  is  verj'  voracious,  feeding  on 
small  flounders,  herrings,  sand  -  eels, 
crabs,  lobsters,  etc. ;  great  quantities  are 
taken  every  j'ear,  and  the  flesh  is  consid- 
ered to  be  excellent  food  ;  the  female  is 
in  Scotland  called  the  maiden-skate :  a 
large  species  of   spider-crab,  the  Maia 


squinado,  found  in  British  seas  and  in 
the  Mediterranean,  and  so  named  from 
the  spines  with  which  its  carapace  is 
roughened;  this  species  is  sometimes  fig- 
ured on  ancient  coins. 

THORNTAIL,  thorn'tal,  n.  a  beautiful  Uttle 
bird  of  Peru  and  Colombia,  belonging  to 
the  family  Trochilidse  (humming-birds). 

THORNY,  thorn'i.  adj.  full  of  thorns; 
prickly  :  troublesome :  harassing.  [A.S. 
thornihtA 

THOROUGtH,  thur'6,  adj.  passing  through 
or  to  the  end  :  complete :  entire. — (obs.) 
pre}:),  through. ^ — adv.  Thoe'oughly. — n. 
Thor'oughness.  [A.S.  thurh,  from  a  root 
tar,  "  to  go  beyond,"  seen  in  L.  tra-ns. 
The  longer  form  of  THROUGH.] 

THOROUGH-BASS,  thur'o-bas,  n.  (music) 
a  bass  part  all  through  a  piece,  with 
figures  placed  over  the  notes  to  indicate 
the  harmony  to  be  played  to  each. 

THOROUGHBRED,  thur'6-bred,  adj., thor- 
oughly or  completely  bred :  bred  from  a 
dam  and  sire  of  the  best  blood,  as  a  horse, 
and  having  the  qualities  supposed  to  de- 
pend thereon. 

THOROUGHFARE,  thur'6-far,  n.  a  fare 
or  passage  for  going  through  :  a  public 
way  or  street  :  right  of  passing  through. 
[See  Fare.] 

THOROUGH-GOING,  thur'6-go'ing,  adj., 
going  through  or  to  the  end  :  going  all 
lengths  :  complete. 

THOROUGH-PACED,  thur'6 -past,  adj., 
thoroughly  or  perfectly  paced  or  trained  : 
complete. 

THOROUGH-PIN,  thur'o-pin,  n.  a  disease 
in  horses  which  consists  of  enlarged 
mucous  capsules  growing  on  each  side  of 
the  hocks,  giving  somewhat  the  appear- 
ance as  if  a  pin  were  thrust  through. 

THOROUGH-SPED,  thur'o-sped,  adj.  fuUy 
accomplished:  thorough-paced.  "Our 
thorough  -  sped  republic  of  Whigs."  — 
Su-ift. 

THOROUGH-STITCH,  thur'o-stich,  adv. 
fully:  completelj'i  going  the  whole  length 
of  any  business.  ' '  Perseverance  alone  can 
carry  us  thorough-stitch." — Sir  R.  L'Es- 
trange.  "  Many  believe  the  bold  Chief 
Justice  Jeffreys,  .  .  .  who  went  thorough- 
stitch  in  that  tribunal,  stands  fair  for 
that  office." — Evelyn. 

THOROUGH-WORT,  thur'6-wurt,  n.  the 
popular  name  of  a  composite  plant,  the 
Eupatorittm  perfoliatum,  a  native  of 
North  America,  valued  for  its  medicinal 
uses.  It  is  also  known  by  the  name  of 
Bone-set. 

THORP,  THORPE,  thorp,  n.  an  English 
termination  denoting  a  group  of  houses 
standing    together   in    the    country :    a 
hamlet:     a    village  —  used     chiefly     in 
place-names,  and  names  of  persons  de- 
rived from  places  ;  as,  Althorp,  Copmans- 
thorpe.      Thorpe   as    a   termination    of 
place-names  is  very  common  in  Lincoln- 
shire. 
Within  a  little  thorp  I  staid  at  last. — Fairfax. 
But  he,  by  farmstead,  thorpe,  and  spire. 
Came  crowing  over  Thames. — Tennyson. 
By  thirty  hills  I  hurry  down. 
Or  slip  between  the  ridges. 
By  twenty  thorps,  a  little  town. 
And  half  a  hundred  bridges. — Tenn4/soii 

[A.  S.  thorp,  O.  S.  thorp,  tharp.  Ice. 
thorp,  Swed.  and  Dan.  torp,  Dut. 
dorp,  Ger.  dorf,  a  ■village,  a  hamlet,  a 
group  of  houses.  Vigfusson  regards 
this  word  as  having  been  originally  ap- 
plied in  England  to  the  cottages  of  the 
Eoorer  peasantry  crowded  together  in  a 
amlet,  instead  of  each  house  standing 
in  its  own  inclosure,  the  etymological 
sense  being  a  crowd  or  throng,  as  seen 
in  L.  turba,  a  crowd,  of  which  word  this 
is  the  Teutonic  equivalent,] 


THOS 


445 


THEIFTLESS 


raOS,  th5s,  THOUS,  tho'us,  n.  a  name 
^ven  to  a  genus  of  dogs  intermediate 
between  the  wolf,  the  fox,  and  the  jackal, 
of  all  of  whose  natures  it  somewhat 
partakes.  These  dogs  are  larger  than  a 
jackal ;  they  do  not  burrow,  and  are 
marked  on  the  back  by  black  and  white 
colors,  the  rest  of  the  fur  being  in  5jeneral 
ochrey  buff.  Among  the  different  species 
are  the  wild  dog  of  Egypt,  Nubian  thous, 
Cape  jackal:  Senegal  thous  or  jackal,  etc. 
[Gr   thos,  a  jackal.] 

THOSE,  thoz,  pron.,  pi.  of  That.  [From 
jV.S  thas,  the  old  pi.  of  thes,  this.  See 
Fhis.    Doublet  These.] 

THOU,  thow,  pron.  of  the  second  person 
sing.,  the  person  addressed,  now  gen. 
used  only  in  solemn  address.  "  Thou, 
as  ill  Shakespeare's  time,  was  (1)  the  pro- 
noun of  affection  towards  friends,  (3)  of 
good-humored  superiority  to  servants, 
and  (3)  of  contempt  or  anger  to  strang- 
ers. It  had,  however,  already  fallen 
somewhat  into  disuse,  and  being  regard- 
ed Hs  archaic,  was  naturally  adopted  (4) 
rn  the  higher  poetic  style  and  in  the  lan- 
guage of  solemn  prayer." — E.  A.  Abbott. 
fA.S.  thu ;  cog.  with  Goth,  thu,  Gr.  tu, 
L.  tu,  Sans,  tva-m.] 

THOUGH,  tho,  conj.  admitting  :  allowing  : 
even  if:  notwitlistanding.  [Lit.  "on 
that "  (condition),  A.S.  theah ;  cog.  with 
Goth,  thau-h.  Ice.  tho,  Ger.  dock ;  from 
the  stem  of  The.] 

THOUGHT,  thawt,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of 
Think.    [A.S.  theahte,  theaht.] 

THOUGHT,  thawt,  n.  the  act  of  thinking: 
reasoning  :  deliberation  :  that  which  one 
thinks:  idea:  fancy:  consideration:  opin- 
ion :  meditation  :  design  :  care.  [A.S. 
ge-thoht;  Ice.  thott-r,  O.  Ger.  ge-dacht. 
See  Think.] 

iTHOUGHTFtJL.  thawt'fool,  adj.,  full  of 
thought  :  employed  in  meditation  :  at- 
tentive :  considerate  :  promoting  serious 
thought  :  favorable  to  meditation. — adv. 
Thought'fullt.  —  n.  Thought'fulness. 

"THOUGHTLESS,  thawt'les,  adj.,  imthout 
thought  or  care  :  careless  :  inattentive  : 
stupid  :  dull. — adv.  Thought'lesslt. — n. 
Thought'lessness  . 

THOUSAND,  thow'zand,  adj.  denoting  ten 
hundred :    proverbially,    denoting     any 

freat  number. — n.  the  number  ten  hun- 
red  :  any  large  number.  [A.S.  tliusend  ; 
Ger.  tausend,  Goth,  thusundi;  found  also 
in  Slav,  and  Lithuanian,  and  prob.  thence 
derived.] 

THOUSANDFOLD,  thow'zand-fold,  adj, 
folded  a  thousand  times :  multiplied  by 
a  thousand. 

THOUSANDTH,  thow'zandth,  adj.  the  last 
of  a  thousand  or  of  anj'  great  number. 
— n.  one  of  a  thousand  or  of  any  great 
number. 

THOWEL,  THOWL.    See  Thole. 

THRALDOM,  TARALLDOM,  thrawl'dum, 
n.  the  condition  of  a  thrall  or  .slave  : 
slavery :  bondage. 

JTHRALL,  thrawl,  n.  a  slave,  serf:  slavery: 
servitude.  [A.S.  thrall :  Ice.  thrall,  a 
slave  ;  prob.  a  dim.  from  A.S.  threagan, 
to  chide,  to  vex  ;  ace.  to  Trench,  from 
Thrill,  from  the  practice  of  boring  the 
ear  of  a  slave  in  token  of  servitude.] 

fHRASAETUS,  thra-sa'e-tus,  n.  the  name 
of  the  genus  to  which  the  harpy-eagle 
or  crested-eagle  {T.  harpyia)  of  South 
America  belongs.  The  characteristic 
features  are  the  crest  (which  lies  flat  un- 
less when  the  bird  is  roused),  the  strength 
of  the  feet  and  length  of  the  claws,  and 
the  thickness  of  the  bones,  the  whole 
framework  of  the  bird  being  exceedingly 
powerful.  The  harpy-eagle  lives  in  thick 
forests  and  preys  on  sloths,  deer,  etc. 
[Gr.  thrasys,  bold,  and  aetos,  an  eagle.] 


THRASH,  thrash,  v.f.  to  beat  out  grain 
from  the  straw  :  to  beat  soundly. — n. 
Thrash'er.  [A.S.  therscan ;  cog.  with 
Ggf,  fij'cscftcti  I 

THRASHER,  'thrash'er,  THRESHER, 
thresh'er,  n.  one  who  thrashes  grain : 
a  species  of  shark,  the  Alopias  or  Alo- 
pecias vidpes.  or  sea -fox,  called  the 
thrasher  from  its  using  its  tail-fin,  which 
is  nearly  equal  in  length  to  the  whole 
body,  as  a  weapon  of  attack. — Brown 
thrasher,  an  American  singing  bird  of 
the  thrush  family. 

THRASHING,  thrash'ing,  THRESHING, 
thresh'ing,  n.  the  operation  by  which 
grain  is  separated  from  the  straw. 
This  operation  is  performed  in  various 
ways,  as  by  the  feet  of  animals,  by  a 
flail,  or  by  a  thrashing-machine,  'the 
first  mode  was  that  employed  in  the  ages 
of  antiquity,  and  it  is  still  practiced  in 
the  south  of  Europe,  and  in  Persia  and 
India.  Oxen  were  generally  employed 
for  this  purpose,  either  alone  or  with 
the  addition  of  a  kind  of  roller  studded 
with  iron  knots,  which  the  oxen  dragged 
over  the  gjain-sheaves,  which  latter  were 
spread  on  a  circular  floor  in  the  form  of 
a  circle,  the  ends  containing  the  grain 
being  placed  towards  the  centre.  Thrash- 
ing by  the  flail  is  still  practiced  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  Europe,  but  thrashing- 
machines,  which  effect  a  great  saving  in 
time  and  labor  to  the  farmer  in  this 
country,  have  been  very  extensively 
introduced. 

THRASHING,  thrash'ing,  n.  the  act  of 
beating  out  grain  from  the  straw :  a 
sound  beating  or  drubbing. 

THRASHING-FLOOR,  thrash'ing-flor,  n. 
a  floor  on  which  grain  is  thrashed. 

THREAD,  thred,  n.  a  very  thin  line  of  any 
substance  twisted  and  drawn  out  :  a  fila- 
ment of  any  fibrous  substance  :  a  fine 
line  of  yarn :  anj'thing  resembling  a 
thi-ead  :  the  prominent  spiral  part  of 
a  screw  :  something  continued  in  long 
course:  the  uniform  tenor  of  a  discoui-se. 
— v.t.  to  pass  a  thread  through  the  eye 
of  (as  a  needle):  to  pass  or  pierce  through, 
as  a  narrow  way.  [Lit.  "  something 
twisted,"  A.S.  threed  (cog.  with  Ice. 
thrad-r,  Ger.  draht),  from  thraican,  to 
wind  (E.  Throw,  to  twist),  Ger.  drehen.] 

THREADBARE,  thred'bar,  adj.  worn  to 
the  bare  or  naked  thread :  having  the 
nap  worn  off:  hackneyed:  used  till  its 
novelty  or  interest  is  gone. 

THREADY,  thred'i,  adj.  Uke  thread: 
slender :  containing  or  consisting  of 
thread. 

THREAP,  threp,  v.t.  to  assert  with  perti- 
nacity: to  continue  to  assert  in  reply  to 
denial:  as,  will  ye  threap  that  down  my 
throat  ?  (Scotch  and  provincial  English.) 
Spelled  also  Threep.  [A.S.  thre&pian,  to 
threap,  reprove,  afflict ;  allied  to  Ice. 
threfa,  to  wrangle  or  dispute  ;  probably 
of  same  stem  as  threat.'] 

THREAP,  threp,  v.i.  to  aver  or  assert  with 
pertinacity;  to  maintain  by  dint  of  asser- 
tion. Burns:  tocontend;  to  quarrel;  "It 
is  not  for  a  man  with  a  woman  to  threap." 
— Percy  Reliq.:  to  threaten;  "He  threapit 
to  see  the  auld  hardened  blood-shedder." 
—Sir  W.  Scott. 

THREAP,  threp,  n.  a  vehement  or  pertina- 
cious affirmation  :  an  obstinate  decision 
or  determination.  "He  has  taken  a 
threap  that  he  would  have  it  finished  be- 
fore the  year  was  done." — Cnrlyle. 

THREAT,  thret,  n.  declaration  of  an  inten- 
tion to  inflict  punishment  or  other  evil 
upon  another:  menace.  [See  Threaten.] 

THREATEN,  thret'n,  v.t.  to  declare  the  in- 
tention of  inflicting  punishment  or  other 
evil  upon  another:  to  terrify  by  menaces: 


to  present  the  appearance  of  commgevi!, 
or  of  something  unpleasant.  [A.S.  threa- 
tian,  to  threaten  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  ver- 
drieszen,  Goth,  thriutan,  to  vex.] 

THREATENING,  thret'n-ing,  adj.  indicate 
ing  a  threat  or  menace :  indicating 
something  approaching  or  impending 
— adv.  Threat'eningly. 

THREE,  thre,  adj.  and  n.  two  and  one 
[A.S.  and  lee.  thri,  Celt,  tri,  Goth,  thrds, 
Ger.  drei,  L.  tres,  Gr.  treis.  Sans,  tri.] 

THREEFOLD,  thre'fold,  adj..  folded  thrice: 
thrice  repeated  :  consisting  of  three. 

THREEPLY,  thre'pll,  adj.  having  three 
2)lies  or  folds. 

THREESCORE,  thre'skor,  adJ,  three  times 
a  score,  sixty. 

THREE-SUITED,  thre'-sut-ed,  adj.  a  word 
of  doubtful  meaning  used  by  Shake- 
speare ;  perhaps  having  only  three  suits 
of  clothes  ;  or  wearing  three  suits  of 
clothes,  probably  referring  to  a  custom 
once  prevalent  among  the  peasantry  of 
Germany  to  put  on  their  whole  ward- 
robe on  festival  occasions,  one  suit  over 
another :  hence,  low  born:  peasant-like. 
"A  knave  ;  a  rascal ;  an  eater  of  broken 
meats  ;  a  base,  proud,  shallow,  beggar- 
ly, three-suited,  iiundred-pound,  filthy, 
worsted-stocking  knave." — Shak. 

THRENE,  thren,  n.  a  complaint :  lamen-' 
tation  :  a  threnody.  "  The  threnes  and 
sad  accents  of  the  prophet  Jeremy." — ■ 
Jer.  Taylor.  [L.  threnus,  Gr.  threnoa, 
lamentation,  from  threomai,  to  cry 
aloud.] 

THRENETIC,thre-net'ik,THRENETICAL, 
thre-net'ik-al,  adj.  sorrowful  :  mournfuL 
"  Among  all  threnetical  discourses  on 
record,  this  last,  between  men  over^ 
whelmed  and  almost  annihilated  by  the 
excess  of  their  sorrow,  has  probably  an 
unexampled  character." — Carlyle. 

THRENODE,  thren'od,  n.  a  threne  oi 
threnody  :  a  dirge. 

THRENODIAL,  thren-o'di-al,  adj.oi  or  per- 
taining  to  a  threnody:  elegiac.  "A  thren- 
odial  flight." — Southey. 

THRENODIST,  thren'o-dist,  n.  a  writer  of 
threnodies  :  a  composer  of  dirges. 

THRENODY,  thren'o-di,  n.  a  song  of 
lamentation  :  a  dirge :  especially  a  kind 
of  occasional  poem  composed  for  the 
occasion  of  the  funeral  of  some  dis- 
tinguished  personage.  "  To-day  her  pet- 
ulance wore  another  aspect.  It  was  like 
the  intrusion  of  the  petty  miseries  and 
mean  annoyances  of  daily  life  into  the 
solemn  story  of  a  tragedy  or  the  tender 
strains  of  a  threnody." — Cornhill  Mag, 
[Gr.  threnodia  —  threnos,  lamentation, 
and  ode.  ode.] 

THREPE,  v.i.  same  as  Threap. 

THREPSOLOGY,  threp-sol'o-ii,  n.  the 
doctrine  of  or  a  discourse  on  the  nutrition 
of  organized  bodies.  [Gr.  threpsis,  nutri- 
tion, and  logos,  discourse.] 

THRESH,  thresh.     Same  as  Thrash. 

THRESHOLD,  thresh'old,  n.  a  piece  of 
wood  or  stone  under  the  door  of  a  house; 
door:  entrance  :  the  place  or  point  ot 
entering.  [Lit.  "  the  piece  of  ?cood  beafen 
by  the  feet,"  M.  E.  threslnvold  — A.S. 
therseu'ald  —  therscan,  to  thresh,  wold, 
wood .  ] 

THREW,  throo,  pa.t.  of  Throw. 

THRICE,  thrls,  adv.,  three  times.  [IM.  E, 
thries — Three,  with  a  genitive  termina- 
tion.] 

THRIFT,  thrift,  n.  state  of  thriving ;  fru- 
gality :  prosperity  :  increase  of  wealth  ; 
gain:  a  plant  so  called,  of  several  species, 
[See  Thrive.] 

THRIFTLESS,  thrift'les.  adj.,  not  thrifty: 
extravagant:  not  thriving.— adi'. Thrift'. 

LESSLY.— n.  THRIFT'LESSNESS. 


■fHRIFTV 


446 


THUJA 


THRIFTy,  thrift'!,  adj.  {comp.  Thrift'IER, 
miperJ.  Thrift'iest)  showing  tkrift  or 
economy  :  thriving  bj'  frugality. — adi: 
Thrift'ilt.— n.  Thrift'iness. 

THRILL,  thril,  v.t.  to  pierce  :  to  affect 
strongl}'. — v.i.  to  pierce,  as  something 
sharp:  to  cause  a  tingling,  shivering 
feeling  to  run  through  the  body  ;  to  feel 
a  sharp,  shivering  sensation. — n.  a  thrill- 
ing sensation.  [A.S.  thrjrlian,  to  bore 
a  hole  ;  Ger.  drillm,  to  drill  a  hole.  See 
Drill,  to  pierce.] 

•THRILLING,  thrfl'ing,  adj.  causing  to 
thrill. 

THRIVE,  thrlv,  v.t.  to  prosper  :  to  increase 
In  goodis  :  to  be  successful :  to  grow :  to 
flourish:— /?(!.<.  throve  and  thrived;  jja.p. 
thriv'en.  [Ice.  thrifa,  to  care,  thrif, 
oare.  good  success.] 

THEIVtNGLY,  thriv''ing-li,  adv.  in  a,  thriv- 
ing or  prosperous  manner. 

THROAT,  throt,  n.  the  forepart  of  the 
neck,  in  which  are  the  gullet  and  wind- 
pipe :  an  entrance  :  a  narrow  part  of  any- 
thing. [A.S.  throte ;  Ger.  drossel,  the 
throat,  gullet.] 

THROB,  throb,  v.i.  to  beat  or  palpitate,  as 
the  heart  or  pulse,  with  more  than  usual 
force  -.—pr.p.  throbb'ing;pa.f.  and  pa.;:), 
throbbed. — n.  a  beat  or  strong  pulsation. 
rSw.  drabba,  to  knock;  akin  to  L.  trepido, 
to  tremble.] 

THROE,  thro,  n.,  suffcritig,  pain  :  agony: 
the  pains  of  childbirth.  [A.S.  threa. 
Buffering — threoican,  to  suffer.] 

THROMBOSIS,  throm'bo-sis,  7!.  in  pathol. 
the  condition  of  being  affected  with 
thrombus  :  the  obstruction  of  a  blood- 
vessel by  the  formation  of  a  fibrinous 
clot. 

THROJIBUS,  thromTjus,  n.  in  pathol.  (a)  a 
small  tumor  which  sometimes  arises  after 
bleeding,  owing  to  the  blood  escaping 
from  the  vein  into  the  cellular  structure 
surrounding  it,  and  coagulating  there ; 
(b)  a  fibrinous  coagulum  or  clot  which 
forms  in  and  obstructs  a  blood-vessel. 
[Xi..  fromGr.  thromboo,  to  clot.] 

THRONE,  thron,  n.  an  elevated  and  orna^ 
mental  chair  of  state  used  by  a  king,  em- 
peror, or  pope  ;  the  term  is  also  applied 
to  the  seat  of  a  bishop  in  liis  cathedral 
church,  to  the  official  chair  of  the  pre- 
siding official  of  certain  societies,  or  to 
-  any  similar  seat :  as,  the  throne  of  the 
masonic  grand-master,  etc.:  sovereign 
power  and  dignity  ;  also,  the  wielder  of 
that  power — usually  with  the;  "Thy 
tlirone,  O  God,  is  for  ever." — Ps.  xlv.  6; 
"  TTie  throne  is  fixed  upon  a  pinnacle 
which  perpetual  beams  of  truth  and  jus- 
tice irradiate." — Hallam; 

O  joy  to  the  people  and  joy  to  the  throne. 

— Tennyson; 
one  of  an  order  of  angels  who  are  usually 
represented  with  double  wings,  support- 
ing the  throne  of  the  Almighty  in  ethe- 
real space  ; 
Hear,  all  ve  angels,  progeny  of  light, 
3^one«,  dominations,  princedoms,  virtues,  powers. 

— Milton ; 

"  The  thrones,  seraphim,  and  cherubim 
approximated  most  closely,  with  nothing 
intermediate,  and  were  more  immediately 
and  eternally  conformed  to  the  godhead." 
— Milman  ;  [O.  Fr.  throne,  L.  thronns, 
from  Gr.  thronus,  a  seat,  chair.] 
THRONE,  thron,  v.t.  to  place  on  a  royaj 
seat ;  to  enthrone  ; 

As  on  the  finger  of  a  throned  queen 
The  basest  jewel  will  be  well  esteemed. 

—Shak.  : 

to  place  as  on  a  throne  ;  to  set  in  an  ex- 
isted position  ;  to  exalt.  Milton. 
THRONE,  thron,  v.i.  to  sit  on  a  throne  : 
to  sit  in  state  as  a  king.  "  He  wants 
nothing  of  a  god  but  eternity,  and  a 
heaven  to  throne  in." — Shak. 


THRONELESS,  thrSnles,  adj.  without  a 

throne  :  deposed. 

Must  she  too  bend,  must  she  too  share 
Thy  late  repentance,  long  despair. 

Thou  throneless  homicide.— Sj/roji. 

THRONG,  throng,  n.  a  large  number  of 
people  pressed  or  crowded  together :  a 
crowd:  a  great  multitude. — v.t.  to  press 
or  crowd  :  to  annoy  with  numbers. — v.i. 
to  crowd  together  :  to  come  in  multi- 
tudes.   [A.S.lhrang—thringan,  to  press.] 

THROSTLE,  thros'l,  n.  the  song-thrush  or 
mavis,  a  bird  of  the  genus  Turdus,  the 
T.  mitsieus  ; 

The  throstle  with  his  note  so  true. 
The  wren  with  little  quill.— S/iafc.  ; 

a  machine  for  spinning  wool,  cotton,  etc., 
from  the  rove,  consisting  of  a  set  of  draw- 
ing rollers  with  bobbins  and  flyers,  and 
differing  from  the  mule  in  having  the 
twisting  apparatus  stationary — so  named 
from  the  noise  it  makes,  which  resem- 
bles the  singing  of  a  thrush  :  called  also 
water-frame  because  at  first  driven  by 
water.  [A  dim.  form  of  thrush.  A.  S. 
throstle,  Ger.  and  Dan.  drossel,  Ice. 
throstr,  throstle ;  cog.  Rus.  drozd,  L. 
turdus,  a  thrush ;  perhaps  also  stork, 
starling.] 
THROSTLE-COCK,  throsl-kok.w.  the  male 
thrush. 

The  ousel  and  the  throstlC'Cocke, 
Chief  musick  of  our  Maye.— Drajrfon. 

THROSTLING,  throsl-ing,  n.  a  disease  of 
cattle  of  the  ox  kind,  occasioned  by  a 
swelling  under  their  throats,  wliich,  un- 
less checked,  will  choke  them.  [Sup- 
posed to  be  from  the  whistling  sound 
emitted  in  breathing  resembling  the 
singing  of  the  throstle.'] 

THROTTLE,  throt'l,  v.i.  to  choke  :  to  suffo- 
cate :  to  have  the  throat  obstructed  bo 
as  to  endanger  suffocation :  to  breathe 
hard,  as  when  nearly  suffocated. 

THROTTLE,  throt'l,  v.t.  to  choke:  to  suffo- 
cate :  to  stop  the  breath  of  by  compress- 
ing the  throat :  to  strangle.  "  Grant 
him  this,  and  the  Parliament  hath  no 
more  freedom  than  if  it  sat  in  his  noose, 
which,  when  he  pleases  to  draw  together 
with  one  twitch  of  his  negative,  shall 
throttle  a  whole  nation,  to  the  wish  of 
Caligula,  in  one  neck." — Milton :  to  pro- 
nounce with  a  choking  voice  ;  to  utter 
vrith  breaks  and  interruptions,  like  a 
person  half  suffocated  ;  "  Throttle  their 
practiced  accents  in  their  fears." — Shak. 

THROTTLE-LEVER,  throtl-le-ver,  »?.  in 
steam-engines,  the  hand-lever  by  which 
the  throttle-valve  is  worked:  u^ed  chiefly 
in  locomotive  engines. 

THROTTIiER,  throt'ler,  n.  one  who  or  that 
which  throttles  or  chokes. 

THROTTLE -VALVE,  throtl-valv,  n.  in 
steam-engines,  a  valve  which  regulates 
the  supply  of  steam  to  the  cylinder.  In 
many  engines  it  consists  of  a  disc  turn- 
ing on  an  asds  and  occupying  in  its  trans- 
verse position  the  bore  of  the  main  steam- 
pipe.  In  land  engines  its  action  is  usually 
controlled  by  the  governor. 

THROTTLE,  throt'l,  n.  the  throat  or  wind- 
pipe.   [Dim.  of  Throat.  1 

THROUGH,  throo,  prep,  from  end  to  end, 
or  from  side  to  side  of :  between  the 
sides  of  :  over  the  whole  extent  of  : 
among :  from  beginning  to  end  :  by 
means  of  :  in  consequence  of.  —  adv. 
from  one  end  or  side  to  the  other  :  from 
beginning  to  end  :  to  the  end  or  purpose. 
[A.S.  thtirh  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  durch,  W. 
trw.  Sans,  taras — root  tar,  to  cross  (L. 
trans,  across),] 

THROUGHLY,  throoli,  adv.  (,obs.)  same 
as  Thoroughly. 

THROUGHOUT,thr65-owt',  prep.,  through 
to  the  ou/side  :  in  every  part  of :  from 


one   end   to   the   other. — adv.  in   every 

part  :  everywhere. 

THROVE,  throv,  pa.t.  of  Thrive. 

THROW,  thro,  v.t.  to  hurl  :  to  fling  :  to 
wind  or  twist  together,  as  yarn:  to  form 
on  a  wheel,  as  pottery  :  to  venture  at 
dice:  to  put  off:  to  put  on  or  spread  care- 
lessly: to  cast  down  in  wrestling. — v.i.  to 
cast  or  hurl :  to  cast  dice  : — pa.t.  threw 
(throo) ;  pa.p.  thrown. — n.  the  act  of 
throwing  :  a  cast,  esp.  of  dice  :  the  dis- 
tance to  which  anything  may  be  thrown: 
a  violent  effort. — n.  Throvc'er.  [A.S. 
thraivan,  to  turn,  to  twist ;  cog.  with 
Ger.  drehen,  to  twist,  L.  terere,  torqv.ere.] 

THRUM,  thrum,  n.  the  end  of  a  weaver's 
thread:  coarse  yarn.— v.?.  to  furnish  with 
thrums:  to  fringe  :  to  insert  short  pieces 
of  rope-yarn  in  a  mat  or  piece  of  canvas: 
to  play"  rudely  or  monotonously  on  an 
instrument  with  the  fingers: — pr.p. 
thrumm'ing ;  jia.^  and  pa.p.  thrummed. 
[Ice.  throm ;  Ger.  trumm,  a  piece,  end, 
Iragment.] 

THRUMMY,  thrum'i,  adj.  made  of  or  like 
thrmns. 

THRUSH,  thrush,  n.  a  little  bird  re- 
markable for  its  power  of  song.  (See 
Throstle.] 

THRUSH,  thrush,  n.  an  inflammatory  and 
suppurating  affection  in  the  feet  of  horses: 
a  disease  of  the  mouth  and  throat  occur- 
ring chiefly  in  early  infancy. 

THRUST,  thrust,  v.t.  to  push  or  drive  with 
force. — v.i.  to  make  a  push,  esp.  with  a 
pointed  weapon  :  to  squeeze  in  :  to  in- 
trude i—pa.t.  and  pfljs.  thrust. — n.  a 
stab :  an  assault.  [Ice.  thrysta,  to 
press.] 

THUD,  thud,  n.  the  sound  produced  by  a 
blow  upon  a  comparatively  soft  sub- 
stance :  a  noise,  as  that  of  a  heavy  stone 
striking  the  ground  :  hence,  a  stroke  or 
blow  causing  a  dull,  blunt,  or  hollow 
sound.  "  The  shot  went  whistling 
through  the  air  above  our  heads  and 
plunged  with  a  hea\-y  thttd  into  the 
ground  .  .  .  behind  us. — Tt'.  H.  Russell. 
[Imitative.  Cf.  A.S.  thoden,  a  noise,  a 
din.] 

THUG,  thug,  Ji.  a  member  of  a  peculiar 
confraternity  or  association  of  robbere 
and  assassins  formerly  prevalent  in  India, 
principally  in  the  central  and  northern 
provinces.  The  Thugs  roamed  about  in 
bands,  decoyed  travellers  and  others  into 
retired  spots  and  there  plundered  and 
murdered  them,  preferably  by  strangula- 
tion, and  only  by  the  shedding  of  blood 
when  forced  by  circumstances.  Their 
motive  was  not  so  much  lust  of  plunder 
as  certain  religious  ideas,  and  of  their 
spoil  one-third  was  devoted  to  the  god- 
dess Kali,  whom  they  worshipped.  In 
1830  the  British  government  took  vigor- 
ous measures  for  their  suppression,  and 
Thuggery,  as  an  organized  system,  may 
be  said  to  be  completely  extinct.  The 
name  thug  is  now  applied  to  habitual 
svrindlers,  pickpockets  and  worthless 
characters  generally.  [Hind,  thtigna, 
to  deceive.] 

THUGGEE,  thug-ge',  THUGGERY,  thu^- 
er-i,  n.  the  system  of  plunder  and  assae- 
sination  carried  on  by  the  Thugs  :  the 
profession  and  practices  of  the  Thugs. 

THUGGISM,  thug'izm,  THUGGEEISM, 
thug'e-izm,  n.  same  as  Thuggee.  "That 
thuggeeism  again  came  to  the  knowledge 
of  the  Calcutta  CouncU  in  1810."'— Cj/c. 
of  India.         

THUJA,  thu'ja,THUYA,  thu'ya,  n.  a  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Conifera\  The 
species  are  known  by  the  name  of  arbor- 
vitcB,  or  tree  of  life;  they  are  evergreeaia, 
trees  or  shrubs,  and  are  inhabitants  of 
Asia,  Africa,  and  North  America.    T.  do- 


THULE 


447 


TICKLE 


I  ddentalis,  the  Americati  arbor-vitfe,  and 
T.  orientalis,  the  Chinese  arbor-vitas,  are 
used  extensively  as  ornamental  plants. 
[Grr.  thyia,  an  African  tree  with  svveet- 
smelUng-  wood,  used  for  making  costly 
furniture,  perhaps  from  thyo,  to  sacri- 
fice— the  resin  from  the  tree  being  used 
instead  of  incense  in  sacrifices.] 
THULE,  thu'le,  n.  the  name  given  by  the 
ancients  to  the  most  northern  country 
with  which  they  were  acquainted.  This 
is  believed  by  some  to  have  been  Iceland, 
by  others  Norway,  and  by  many  the 
largest  of  the  Shetland  Islands.  Prob- 
ably the  word  did  not  always  denote  the 
same  country  or  island  ;  many,  in  fact, 
may  not  have  attached  to  it  the  idea  of 
any  precise  country.  The  Romans  spoke 
of  it  as  iitlima  Tkule,  the  farthest  Thule. 
"  This  ultimate  dim  T}mle."—Poe. 
Where  the  Northern  Ocean,  in  vast  whii-ls, 
Boils  romid  the  nalced  melancholy  isles 
Of  furthest  Tlitde.  —Tliomson. 

THUMB,  thum,  n.  the  short,  thick  finger 
of  the  hand  :  the  corresponding  member 
in  other  animals. — v.t.  to  handle  awk- 
wardly :  to  play  or  soil  with  the  thumb 
or  fingers. — v.i.  to  finger. — By  rule  of 
THTTMB,  in  a  rough  and  ready  practical 
manner,  found  by  experience  to  be  con- 
venient. [With  intrusive  h  from  A.S. 
Hmma ;  cog.  with  Ice.  thumall ;  conn, 
with  L.  tiuneo,  Sans,  taumi,  to  grow 
larffej 

THUMBKINS,  thum'kinz,  n.pl.  an  instru- 
ment of  torture  for  compressing  the 
thumbs,  much  used  by  the  Spanish  in- 
quisitors, and  also  in  Britain  when  the 
object  was  to  obtain  a  confession  or  re- 
cantation through  exquisite  pain  without 
endangering  the  life  of  the  victim.     The 

I  last  recorded  instance  of  their  application 
in  Great  Britain  was  in  the  case  of 
Principal  Carstairs,  who  in  1684  was  in- 
effectually tortured  at  the  orders  of  the 
Scotch  privy-council  with  the  view  of 
making  him  reveal  the  secrets  of  the 
Argyle  and  Monmouth  parties.  Called 
also  Thumb-screw.  "  Burnet  is  the  chief 
authority  about  the  torturing.  ...  He 
speaks  of  the  thumhMns  as  an  invention 
for  the  occasion,  but  it  was  an  instrument 
in  common  use  in  countries  better  ac- 
quainted than  Scotland  was  with  methods 
of  torture." — J.  H.  Burton. 

THUMMIM,  thum'im,  n.pl.,  perfections. 
[Heb.,  pi.  of  torn,  perfection.    See  Urim.] 

THUMP,  thump,  M.  a  heavy  blow. — v.t.  to 
beat  with  something  heavy.  —  v.i.  to 
strike  or  fall  with  a  dull,  heavy  blow.— ?i. 
Thusip'er.    [From  the  sound,  like  Bump.] 

THUNDER,  thun'der,  n.  the  deep  rumbUng 
sound  after  a  flash  of  lightning:  any  loud 
noise  :  an  alarming  denunciation. — v.i. 
to  make  thunder  :  to  sound  as  thunder, 
— v.t.  to  give  out  with  noise  and  ter- 
ror :  to  publish  a  denunciation.  —  n 
Thun'derer. —ad/s.  Thun'dert,    Thun'' 

'  DEROUS.  [With  intrusive  d  from  A.S, 
thnnor;  cog.  with  Ger.  donner.  Ice.  dunr. 
L.  tonitru  {—tono).  The  root  is  tan. 
found  in  L.  tendo,  Gr.  teino,  Ger.  dehnen 
to  stretch,  from  the  stretching  or  strain 
ing  of  the  god  in  hurling  the  thunder- 
bolt.] 

THUNDERBOLT,  thun'der-bolt,  n.  a  shaft 
of  lightning  :  a  brilliant  stream  of  elec- 

i  tricity  passing  from  one  part  of  the  heav- 
ens to  another,  and  particularly  from  the 
clouds  to  the  earth  ;  the  name  originated 
in  the  ancient  notion  that  the  destruct- 
ive effects  of  lightning  could  be  caused 
o«ly  by  a  shaft  or  bolt-like  hard  body 
being  hurled  at  the  object  destroyed  : 
(fig.)  a  daring  or  irresistible  hero  ; 
Who  can  omit  the  Gracchi,  who  declare 
TbeBclplo's  worth— those  thunderbolts  of  war  f 

—Dryden: 


a  dreadful  threat,  denunciation,  censure, 
or  the  like,  proceeding  from  some  high 
authority;  fulmination  ;  "He  severely 
threatens  such  with  the  thunderbolt  of 
excommunication." — Halcewill. 

THUNDERSTRUCK,  thun'der-struk,  adj., 
struck  by  lightning :  astonished  :  struck 
dumb. 

THURIBLE,  thiir'i-bl,  n.  a  censer  of  metal 
for  burning  frankincense.  [L.  thuribu- 
Imn — thus,  thuris,  frankincense  ;  akin  to 
Gr.  thuos,  a  sacrifice.] 

THURIFER,  thur'i-fer,  n.  the  server  who 
carries  the  thurible.  [L.  th%is,  thuris, 
and /ero,  to  bear.] 

THURSDAY,  thurz'da,  n.  the  fifth  day  of 
the  week,  so  called  Ijecause  orig.  sacred 
to  Thor,  the  old  Saxon  god  of  thunder. 
[A.S.  thunres  dceg — thuner,  thunder,  and 
dmg,  day ;  Ice.  thors-dag-r,  Thor's  day, 
Ger.  donnerstag.] 

THUS,  thus,  adv.  in  this  or  that  manner  : 
to  this  degree  or  extent.  [A.S.,  prob.  an 
instrumental  case  of  This.] 

THWACK,  thwak,  v.t.  to  strike  with  some- 
thing blunt  and  hea\'y,  to  thrash. — n.  a 
heavy  blow.     [Imitative.] 

THWART,  thwawrt,  adj.,  cross:  being 
crosswise. — v.t.  to  cross :  to  oppose  :  to 
defeat. — n.  the  bench  for  rowers  placed 
athieart  the  boat.  —  adv.  Thwart'ly. 
[Ice.  thvert ;  cog.  with  A.S.  thweorh,  Ger. 
Quer.    See  Queer.] 

THY,  thi,  poss.  adj.,  thine,  of  or  pertaining 
to  thee.     [Short  for  TraNE.] 

THYLACINE,  thi'la-sln,  THYLACINUS, 
thl-la-si'nus,  n.  a  genus  of  carnivorous 
Marsupialia  inhabiting  Tasmania.  T. 
cynocephalus,  the  native  hysEna  or  dog- 
faced  opossum  of  the  colonists  is  the 
only  known  species.  In  size  it  is  gener- 
ally about  4  feet  in  total  length,  though 
some  specimens  attain  a  much  greater 
size.  It  is  nocturnal  in  its  habits  :  of  a 
fierce  and  most  determined  disposition, 
and  is  very  destructive  to  sheep  and 
other  animals.  It  has  an  elongated  and 
somewhat  dog-like  muzzle,  and  a  long 
tapering  tail ;  the  fur  is  grayish-brown 
with  a  series  of  boldly-defined  stripes, 
nearly  black  in  color,  beginning  just  be- 
hind the  shoulders  and  ending  upon  the 
base  of  the  tail.  Called  also  Tasmanian 
Wolf,  Zebra  Wolf,  Tiger  Wolf.  [Gr. 
thylcur,  a  pouch,  and  kyon,  a  dog.] 

THYME,  tim,  n.  an  aromatic  herb.  [L. 
thymum — Gr.  thyo,  to  fill  with  sweet 
smells,  to  burn  in  sacrifice.] 

THYSrr,  tim'i,  adj.  abounding  with  thyme: 
fragrant. 

THY^SELF,  f/il-self,  pron.,  thou  or  thee,  in 
person — used  for  emphasis.  [THY  and 
Self.] 

TIARA,  ti-a'ra,  ?i.  the  lofty  ornamental 
head-dress  of  the  ancient  Persians :  a 
head-dress  :  the  mitre  of  the  Jewish^high- 
priest.  Also  the  pope's  triple  crown. 
The  tiara  and  keys  are  the  badges  of  the 
papal  dignity  ;  tlie  tiara  of  his  civil  rank, 
and  the  keys  of  his  jurisdiction.  In  its 
present  form  it  is  composed  of  a  high  cap 
of  cloth  of  gold,  encircled  by  three  coro- 
nets, with  a  mound  and  cross  of  gold  at 
the  top.  From  the  cap  hang  two  pend- 
ants, embroidered  and  fringed  at  the 
ends,  and  semee  of  crosses  of  gold.  The 
cap  alone  was  first  adopted  by  Damasus 
II.  in  1048.  It  afterwards  had  a  plain 
circlet  of  gold  put  round  it.  It  was  sur- 
mounted with  a  coronet  by  Boniface 
VIII.  The  second  coronet  was  added  by 
Benedict  XII.,  to  indicate  the  preroga- 
tives of  spiritual  and  temporal  power. 
It  is  not  known  who  first  adopted  the 
third  coronet,  indicative  of  the  Trinity ; 
some  say  Urban  V.,  others  John  XXII., 
John   X±III.,  or  Benedict   XII.— (jfifir.) 


the  papal  dignity. — adj.  Tia'raed,  wear 
ing  a  tiara.  [Fr.  tiare,  through  L.,  from 
Gr.  tiara.] 

TIBIA,  tib'i-a,  n.  the  large  sbinbone.  [L., 
the  shinbone,  hence,  a  flute  'firig.  made 
of  bone).] 

TIBIAL,  tib'i-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
tibia :  pertaining  to  a  pipe  or  flute. 

TIC,  tik,  71.  a  convulsive  motion  of  ceitait- 
muscles,  esp.  of  the  face.  [Fr.,  from  the 
likeness  of  the  motion  to  a  ticking  sound.' 

TIC-DOULOUREUX,  tik-doo-l66-roo',  n 
painful,  convulsive  motion  of  a  nerve, 
usually  in  the  face.  [Fr.  tic  (see  Tic^, 
and  doidoureux,  painful.] 

TICK,  tik,  n.  the  popular  name  for  several 
species  of  large  mites  which  infest  dogs, 
sheep,  etc.  [M.  E.  tike,  cog.  with  Dut. 
teek,  Ger.  zecke."] 

TICK,  tik,  n.  the  case  or  cover  in  which 
feathers,  etc.,  are  put  for  bedding. — 
TiCKEN,  tik'en,  TICKING,  tik'ing,  n.  the 
cloth  of  which  a  tick  is  made.  [Allied  to 
Dut.  tijk,  and  Ger.  zieche ;  all  from  L. 
theca — Gr.  theke,  a  case,  that  in  which 
anything  is  put — ti-the-mi,  to  put.] 

TICK,  tik,  v.i.  tomakeasmall,  quick  noise: 
to  beat,  as  a  watch.  [Imitative  ;  as  are 
Dut.  tikk-en  and  Ger.  tick-en.l 

TICK,  tik,  v.i.  to  run  upon  score:  to  get  or 
give  credit. — n.  credit :  trust.  [Prob.  a 
contr.  of  Ticket.] 

TICKET,  tik'et,  n.  a  small  piece  of  paper, 
card-board,  or  the  like,  with  something 
written  or  printed  on  it,  and  serving  as  a 
notice,  acknowledgment,  etc.  ;  as,  a  bill 
posted  up,  in  England  ;  "  He  constantly 
read  his  lectures  twice  a  week  for  above 
forty  years,  giving  notice  of  the  time  to 
his  auditors  in  a  ticket  on  the  school- 
doors." — Fuller:  a  label  stuck  on  the  out^ 
side  of  anything  to  give  notice  of  sonafr 
thing  concerning  it,  as  to  show  the 
character  or  price  of  goods  :  a  token  of  8 
right  or  debt,  contained  in  general  on  a 
card  or  slip  of  paper  ;  as,  a  certificate  «r 
token  of  a  share  in  a  lottery  or  other 
mode  of  distributing  money,  goods,  and 
the  like  :  a  marked  card  or  slip  of  paper 
given  as  an  acknowledgment  of  goods 
deposited  or  pledged,  or  as  a  certificate 
of  right  of  entry  to  a  place  of  public 
amusement,  or  to  travel  in  a  railway  or 
by  other  public  conveyance:  m politics,  a 
printed  list  of  candidates  to  be  used  at 
an  election  ;  the  names  on  a  list  of  candi- 
dates; a  set  of  nominations  for  election. 
— Straight  ticket,  a  ticket  containing 
the  regular  nominations  of  a  party,  with- 
out change. — SCRATCHED  TICKET,  a  ticket 
from  which  the  names  of  one  or  more  of 
the  candidates  are  marked  out. — Split 
TICKET,  a  ticket  representing  different  di- 
visions of  a  party,  or  containing  candi- 
dates selected  from  two  or  more  parties. 
Hence,  ticket  also  means  the  aggregate 
of  principles  adopted  by  a  party  ;  a  de- 
clared system  of  policy  ;  as,  the  RepubU- 
can  or  Democratic  ticket. — The  ticket, 
the  right  or  correct  thing.  "That's  about 
the  ticket  in  this  country." — Trollope. 
"  She's  very  handsome  and  she's  verj' fine- 
ly dressed,  only  somehow  she's  not — she's 
not  the  ticket",  you  see." — Thackeray.— 
Ticket  op  leave,  a  permit  or  license  given 
to  a  convict  or  prisoner  to  be,  under  oer 
tain  restrictions,  at  large  and  labor  foi 
himself  ;  issued  chiefly  to  prisoners  from 
British  penal  colonies  and  to  political 
offenders.  [O.  Fr.  esticquette.  Mod.  Fr, 
itiquette,  a  bill,  note,  ticket,  label,  etc.] 

TICKET,  tik'et,  v.t.  to  distinguish  by  a 
ticket ;  to  put  a  ticket  on  ;  as,  to  tickei 
goods  :  to  furnish  with  a  ticket  ;  as,  to 
ticket  a  passenger  to  CaUfornia. 

TICKLE,  tiki,  v.t.  to  touch  lightly  and 
cause  to  laugh:  to  please  by  slight  gratifl 


TICKLISH 

cation.— I'.t.  to  feel  titillation  or  tickling. 
— n.  Tick'lpr.  [Dim.  of  Tick,  v.,  in  the 
sense  '•  to  touch  lightly."] 
TICKLISH,  tik'lish.  ndj.  easilj-  tickled: 
easily  atTected  :  nice  :  critical.  —  adv. 
TiCK'LISHLY.— ri.  TiCK'usrorESS. 
TIDAL,    tid'al,   adj.   pertaining  to  tides: 

flowing  and  ebbing  periodically. 
IDE,    tid,  n.,  time:  season:  the  regular 
flux  and  reflux  or  rising  and  falling  of 
the  sea :  course  :  a  tide,  time,  or  season: 
commotion  :  turning-point.— «.<.  to  drive 
with  the  stream.— r. J.  to  pour  a  tide  or 
flood  :  to   work   in  or  out  of  a  river  or 
harbor  with  the  tide.     [A.S.,  cog.  with 
Ger.  zeit,  time.     Cf.  Tiddjgs.] 
ITDEGAUGE,  tid'gaj,  n.  an  instrument  for 
registering  the  state  of  the  tide  continu- 
ously. ,.  ,       .  ^., 
TIDELESS,  tid'les,  adj.  having  no  tides. 
TIDEMILL,   tid'mil,  7i.  a  mill  moved  by 
/irfe-water  :  a  mill  for  clearing  lands  of 
tide-water. 
TIDE-TABLE,  tid'-ta'bl,  n.  a  table  giving 

the  time  of  high  tide  at  any  place. 
TIDE-WAITERT  tid'-wat'er,  n.  an  officer 
who  waifs  the  arrival  of  vessels,  to  se- 
cure the  payment  of  the  duties.     [Eng.l 
TIDEWAY,  tid'wa,  7i.  the  tvay  or  channel 

in  which  the  tide  sets. 
TIDINGS,    tid'ingz,    n.pl.    news  :    intelli- 
gence.   [Lit.  "  things  that  betide,"  from 
Ice.   tidh-indi—tidh,  time;  cf.  Ger.  zeit- 
ung,  news,  from  zeit.    See  Tide  and  Be- 
tide.] 
TIDY,  trdi,  adj.  neat :  in  good  order.— n. 
a  cover  for  chairs,  etc.:  a  child's  pina- 
fore.— v.t.  to  make  neat :  to  put  in  good 
order  -.—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  ti'died.      [M.E. 
tidi  {lit.)   "timely,"  in  good  condition, 
beautiful,  from  A.S.  tid,  time,  E.  Tide  ; 
cf.  Ger.  zeit-ig,  "  timely,"  mature.] 
fLE,  ti,  v.t.  to  bind :  to  fasten  with  a  cord: 
to  unite  :  to  constrain  :  (muitic)  to  unite 
notes  with  a  tie  -.—pr.p.  ty'ing  ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  tied  (tid).— n.  a  knot :  a  bond  :  an 
equalitv  in  numbers,  as  of  votes,  or  of 
"  points  "  in  a  game:  {music)  a  curved  line 
drawn  over  two  or  more  notes  on  the 
same    degree    of    the    stave,   signifying 
that  the  second  note  is  not  to  be  sounded 
separately,  but  is  to  sustain  the  first. 
[A.S.  tian,  to  tie,  perh.  from  the  root  of 
A.S.  teon,  to  draw,  G«r.  Ziehen.] 
TIER,   ter,  n.   a  rotv  or  rank,  especially 
when  several  rows  are  placed  one  above 
another.     [A.S.  tier.] 
TIERCE,  ters,  n.  a  cask  containing  one- 
third  of  a  pipe,  that  is  42  gallons  :  a  se- 
quence of  three  cards  of  the  same  color : 
a  third,  in  music  :  a  thrust,  in  fencing. 
[Fr.- L.  tertia  {pars),  a  third  (part) — ter, 
three  times — tres,  three.] 
TIFFIN,  tlf'in,  n.  the  East  Indian  name  for 
lunch.     [From  Prov.  E.  tiff,  a  draught  of 
beer.] 
TIGER,  ti'ger,  n.  a  fierce  animal  of  the  cat 
kind,  nearly  as  large  as  a  lion:— /em.  Tf- 
GEESS.     [Fr.  tigre—L.  tigris—Gr.] 
TIGERISH,  ti'ger-ish,  adj.  like  a  tiger  in 

disposition. 
TIGHT,  tit,  adj.  close:  compact:  not  leaky: 
fitting  closely:  not  loose. — adv.  Tight'lt. 
— n.  Tight'n^ss.  [From  A.S.  thihan,  to 
thrive ;  cog.  with  Ger.  dicht.  See  Tie 
and  Thick.] 
TIGHTEN,  tit'n,  v.t.    to    make    tight  or 

tighter  :   to  straighten. 
ITLBURY.  tU'ber-i,  n.  a  kind  of  gig.    [Said 

to  be  so  named  from  its  first  maker.] 
TILE,  til,  n.  a  piece  of  baked  clay  use^  for 
covering  roofs,  floors,  etc.  :  a  tube  of 
baked  clay  used  in  drains. — v.t.  to  cover 
with  tiles.^.  Til'er.  [A.S.  tigol—L. 
tegitla — tego,  to  cover.] 
TILERY,  tn'er-i,  71.  a  place  where  tHes  are 
made. 


448 

TILING,  til'ing,  n.  a  roof  of  tiles :  tiles  in 

general. 
TILL,  til,  n.  a  money  box  or  drawer  in  a 
desk  or  counter.      [From  A.S.  tilian,  to 
tell,  count.] 
TILL,  til,  prep,  to  the  time  of.— adr.  to  the 
time  when  :   to  the  degree  that.      [A.S. 
til — Scand. ;   from  the  same  root  as  A.S. 
til,  suitable,  tilian,  to  gain,  to  get,  and 
Ger.  ziel,  end,  limit.] 
TILL,   ta.  v.t.    to  cultivate.— w.    Till'er. 
[A.S.  tilian,  to  till— til,  an  end,  a  limit ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  zielen,  to  aim,  to  arrange.] 
TILLAGE,   til'aj,   n.    act    or    practice    of 

tilling  :  husbandry:  a  place  tilled. 
TILLER,  til'er,  n.  the  handle  or  lever  for 
turning  a  rudder.  [Prov.  E.  tiller,  the 
handle  of  a  spade;  perh.  from  Dut. 
tillen,  to  lift.] 
TILT,  tilt,  n.  the  canvas  covering  of  a  cart 
or  wagon:  an  awning  in  a  boat. — v.t. 
to  cover  with  an  awning.  [A.S.  teld — 
teldan,  to  cover  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  zeit.] 
TILT,  tilt,  v.i.  to  ride  against  another  and 
thrust  with  a  lance  :  to  thrust  or  fight 
with  a  lance  or  rapier  :  to  fall  into  a 
sloping  posture.— v.f.  to  point  or  thrust 
with,  as  a  lance  :  to  slant :  to  raise  one 
end  of  :  to  forge  with  a  tilt-hammer.— Ji. 
a  thrust :  in  the  middle  ages,  an  exer- 
cise in  which  combatants  rode  against 
each  other  with  lances  :  inclination  for- 
ward.- n.  Tilt'er.  [A.S.  tealt.  totter- 
ing ;  Ice.  tolta,  to  trot ;  Ger.  zelter.] 
TILTH,   tilth,  n.   cultivation:    cultivated 

land.     [From  Till,  v.t.] 
TILT-HAMIIER,  tilt'-ham'er,  n.  a  heavy 
hammer   used    in    ironworks,  which    is 
tilted  or  lifted  by  means  of  projections 
on  the  axis  of  a  wheel. 
TIMBER,   tim'ber,   n.  wood  for    building 
purposes  :  the  trunk  of  a  tree  :  material 
for    any  structure :  one    of    the    larger 
pieces  of  the  framework  of  a  house,  ship, 
etc.  —  v.t.  to    furnish  with    timber    or 
beams.      [A.S.  timber,  building,  wood  ; 
Ger.  zimmer,  an    apartment,  building ; 
from  root  dam,  seen  in  L.  domus,  Gr. 
domos,  a  house,  and  demo,  to  buUd,  and 
Sans,  dama.] 
TIMBRE,  tim'ber,  n.  tone  or  character  or 
a  musical  sound.     [Fr.- L.  tympanum,  a 
drum.] 
TIMBREL,  tim'brel,?^.  amusical  instrument 
somewhat  like  a  tambourine.     [Through 
It.  timburello,  from  root  of  Tabor.] 
TDIE,  tim.  n.  a  point  at  which  or  period 
during  which  things  happen  :  a  season  or 
proper  time  :  an   opportunitj- :  absolute 
duration  :    an  interval :  past   time  :  the 
duration  of  one's  life  :  allotted   period  : 
repetition  of  anything  or  mention  with 
reference  to  repetition  :  musical    meas- 
ure :  hour  of  travail :  the  state  of  things 
at  any  period,  usually  in  pi.:  the  history 
of  the  world,  as  opposed  to  eternity  :  ad- 
dition of  a  thing  to  itself.— AT  times,  at 
distinct  intervals:  occasionally. — In  time, 
Time  enough,  in  good  season:  sufficiently 
early. — Tttf.  tuie  being,  the  present  time. 
— v.t.  to  do  at  the  proper  season:  to  regu- 
late as  to  time  :  {music)  to  measure.— I'.J. 
to  keep  or  beat  time.     [A.S.  tima  ;  cf. 
Ice.  timi:  Celt,  tim;  and  Tide.] 
TIME-HONORED,  tim'-on'urd,  adj.,  hon- 
ored for  a  long  time  :  venerable  on  ac- 
count of  antiquitv. 
TBIE-KEEPER,   tim'-kep'er,   n.  a   clock, 
watch,  or  other  instrument  for  keeping 
or  marldng  time:  one  who  keeps  the  time 
of  workmen. 
TIMELY,    tim'li,  adj.   in   good  time:  suf- 
ficiently  early. —  adr.    early,  soon.— n. 
Tdie'liness. 
TIMEOUS,  tim'us,  ad^'.  in  good  time  :  sea- 
sonable. 
TIMEOUSLY,  tim'us-li,  adv.  in  good  ttm£. 


TINTINNABULATION 

TIMEPIECE,  tlirrfpes,  n.  a  iiiece  of  maabin- 
ery  for  keeping  time,  esp.  a  clock  for 
a  mantel-piece. 
TIME-SERVER,  tim'-serv'er,  n.  one  who 
serves  or  meanly  suits  his  opinions  to  the 
times. 
TIME-TABLE,  tim'-ta'bl,  n.  a  table  or  list 
showing  the  times  of  certain  things,  as 
trains,  steamers,  etc. 
TIJIEWORN,  tim' worn,  adj.,  worn  or  de- 

caj'ed  by  time. 
TIMID,  tim'id,  adj.,  fearful:  wanting  cour- 
age :    faint-hearted. — adv.  Tim'idlt. — n. 
Tlii'iDNESS.    [L.  timidus — timeo,  to  fear.] 
TIMIDITY,  ti-mid'i-ti,  n.  quality  or  state 
of  being  timid :  want  of  courage  or  bold- 
ness. 
TIMOROUS,  tim'or-us,  adj.  full  of  fear: 
timid  :  indicating  fear. — adv.  Tra'OROUS- 
LY.— Ji.  Tem'oeousness. 
TIN,  tin,  n.  a  silvery-white,   non-elastic, 
easily  fusible,  and  malleable  metal.— -c.t. 
to  cover  or  overlaj'  with  tin  or  tinfoil  :— 
jyr.p.  tinn'ing  ;  iia.t.  and  pa.p.  tinned. 
[A.S.  ;  cog.  with  Ice.  tin,  Ger.  zinn.] 
TINCTORIAL,  tingk-tor'i-al,  adj.  giving  a 

tinge  or  containing  color  :  coloring. 
TINCTURE,  tingk'tur,  n.  a  tinge  or  shade 
of  color  :    a  slight  taste  added  to  any- 
thing:    {med.)    a   solution   of   any  sub- 
stance in  or  by  means  of  spirit  of  wine. 
— v.t.  to  tinge  :  to  imbue  :  to  mix  with 
anything   foreign.      [L.   tinctura,   from 
root  of  Tinge.] 
TINDER,    tin'der,   n.  anything   used    for 
kindling  fire  from  a  spark.    [A.S.  tender; 
Ice.  tundr,  Ger.  zunder.     The    root   is 
found  in  A.S.  tendan,  G«r.  zimden,  to 
kindle.] 
TINE,  tin,  n.  the  spike  of  a  fork  or  har- 
row, etc. — TlNED,   adj.    furnished   with 
spikes.     [M.E.  tind,  a  prickle  ;  cog.  with 
Ice.  tind-r,  a  tooth,  a  prickle  ;  and  prob. 
conn,  with  ToOTH.] 
TINFOIL,  tin'foil,  n.,  tin  in  thin  leaves. 

[From  Tin,  and  Foil,  a  leaf.] 
TINGE,  tinj,  v.t.  to  tint  or  color:  to  mix 
with  something  :  to  give  in  some  degree 
the  qualities  of  a  substance. — n.  a  small 
amount  of  color  or  taste  infused  into  an- 
other substance.  [L.  tingo,  tinctiim; 
conn,  with  Gr.  tenggb,  to  wet,  to  stain. 
Sans,  tuc-.] 
TINGLE,  ting'gl,  v.i.  to  feel  a  thrilling 


sensation,  asm  hearing  a  shrill  sound' 
to  feel  a  sharp,  thrilling  pain.  [Like 
tinkle,  an  imitative  word.] 

TINKER,  tingk'er,  n.  a  mender  of  brazen 
or  tin  kettles,  pans,  etc.  VTink,  to  make 
a  sharp,  shrill  sound ;  Scot,  tinkler- 
tinkle  ;  also  given  =  a  worker  in  tin.] 

TINKLE,  tingk'l,  v.i.  to  make  small  sharp 
sounds :  to  clink  :  to  jingle :  to  hear 
small  sharp  sounds, — v.t.  to  cause  to 
make  quick,  sharp  sounds. — n.  a  sharp 
clinking  sound.  [Dim,  of  tink.  a  sharp, 
quick  sound  ;  an  imitative  word.] 

TINSEL,  tin'sel,  n.  something  sparkling  or 
shining  :  a  stuff  for  ornamental  dresses 
consisting  of  cloth  overlaid  with  a  thin 
coating  of  gold  or  silver:  anything 
showy,  of  but  little  value  :  anything 
ha\-ing  a  false  lustre.— adj.  like  tinsel : 
gaudy  :  superficial.- v.i.  to  adorn  with 
or  as  with  tinsel:  to  make  glittering 
or  gaudy  -.^pr.p.  tin'selling  ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  tin'selled.      [Fr.  etincelle—L.  scin- 

TINT. "tint.  71.  a  slight  tinge  distinct  from 
the  principal  color.— r.f.  to  give  a  slight 
coloring-  to.     [From  root  of  TiNGE.J 

TINTINNABULATION,  tin  -  tin  -  ab  -  u-la'- 
shun,  n.  the  tinkling  sound  of  bells.  [L. 
tintinnabulum,  a  hell— tintinnare,  dim. 
of  tinnio,  to  jingle,  to  ring  ;  an  imitative 
word.] 


TINY 


449 


TOLL 


TINY,  ti'ni,  adj.  {comp.  Ti'nier,  superl. 
Ti'niest)  thin  ;  very  small.  [Prob.  from 
the  word  Thin  in  its  Scand.  forms,  as 
Dan.  tynd.] 

TIP,  tip,  n.  the  top  or  point  of  anything 
small :  the  end. — v.t.  to  form  a  point  to  : 
to  cover  the  tip  or  end  of: — pr.p.  tipp'ing; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  tipped.  [Dut.  tip;  Ger. 
zipf-el,  end,  point :  a  dim.  of  Top.] 

TIPPET,  tip'et,  n.  the  tip  or  cape  of  a  coat. 

TIPPLE,  tip'l,  v.i.  to  drink  in  small  quan- 
tities :  to  drink  strong  liquors  often  or 
habitually. — v.t.  to  drink,  as  strong 
liquors,  to  excess. — n.  Tipp'ler.  [An 
extension  of  tip,  to  tilt  up  a  vessel  in 
drinking.] 

TIPSTAFF,  tip'staf,  n.  a  staff  tipped  with 
metal,  or  an  officer  who  carries  it:  a  con- 
stable.   [Eng.l 

TIPSY,  tip'si,  adj.  intoxicated. — adv.  Tip'- 
SILY. — n.  TiP'siNESS.  [From  stem  of 
Tipple.] 

TIPTOE,  tip'to,  n.  the  tip  or  end  of  the  toe. 

TIRADE,  ti-rad',  n.  a  strain  of  censure  or 
reproof.  [Fr. — tirer,  to  draw,  from  the 
O.  Ger.  zeran,  E.  Teae.] 

TIRE,  tir,  n.,  attire,  apparel :  furniture  : 
(B.)  a  head-dress. — v.t.  (B.)  to  dress,  as 
the  head.  [A.S.  tir,  glory,  adornment ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  zier,  ornament,  honor, 
and  Lat.  (deeus)  decor ix.    See  Attihe.] 

TIRE,  tir,  n.  the  hoop  of  iron  that  ties  or 
binds  the  fellies  of  wheels.     [From  Tie.] 

TIRE,  tir,  v.t.  to  harass,  to  vex:  to  ex- 
haust the  strength  of :  to  weary. — v.i.  to 
become  weary :  to  be  fatigued  :  to  have 
the  patience  exhausted.  [A.S.  tirian,  to 
vex,  from  root  of  Teae.] 

TIRED,  tird,  ad;,  wearied  :  fatigued. — n. 
Tired'ness. 

TIRESOME,  tir'sum,  adj.  that  tires:  fa- 
tiguing: tedious. — adv.  Tire'somely. — n. 

TiRE'SOMENESS. 

TISSUE,  tish'u,  n.  cloth  interwoven  with 
gold  or  silver,  or  with  figured  colors  : 
{anat.)  the  substance  of  which  organs 
are  composed  :  a  connected  series. — v.t. 
to  form,  as  tissue  :  to  interweave :  to 
variegate.  [Fr.  tissu,  "  woven,"  pa.p. 
of  an  obs.  Fr.  verb,  from  L.  texere,  to 
weave.] 

TITAN,  tl'tan,  TITANIC,  ti-tan'ik,  adj.  re- 
lating to  the  Titans,  giants  of  mythology: 
enormous  in  size  or  strength. 

TITBIT,  tit'bit,  n.  a  choice  little  bit.  [Obs, 
E.  tit,  anything  small,  and  Bit.] 

TITHE,  tith,  n.  a  tenth  part :  the  ^  of  the 
produce  of  land  and  stock  allotted  to  the 
clergy. — v.t.  to  tax  to  a  ^.  [A.S.  teotha; 
cog.  with  Ger.  zehnte  —  zehn.  Doublet 
Tenth.] 

TITHER,  tith'er,  n.  one  who  collects  tithes. 

TITHING,  ti«7t'ing,  n.  an  old  Saxon  district 
containing  ten  householders,  each  respon- 
sible for  the  behavior  of  the  rest.  [See 
Tttttt?  ~\ 

TITILLATE,  tit'il-lat,  v.t.  to  tickle.  [L. 
titillo,  titillatum.] 

TITILLATION,  tit-il-la'shun,  n.  act  of  tit- 
illating :  state  of  being  titillated:  a  pleas- 
ant feeling. 

TITLARK,  tit'lark,  n.  a  singing  bird  with 
a  greenish  back  and  head,  found  in 
marshes  and  moors :  a  small  bird  (of. 
Titling).  [Lit.  "  a  little  lark,"  obs.  E. 
tit,  Ice.  tita,  anything  small,  and  Lark.] 

TITLE,  tJ'tl,  n.  an  inscription  set  over  or 
at  the  beginning  of  a  thing  by  which  it  is 
known:  a  name  of  distinction:  that  which 
gives  a  just  right  to  possession  :  the  writ- 
ing that  proves  a  right :  (B.)  a  sign. — v.t. 
to  name.     [O.  Fr. — L.  titulus.] 

TITLED,  tl'tld,  adj.  having  a  title. 

TITLE-DEED,  ti'tl-ded,  n.  a  deed  or  docu- 
ment that  proves  a  title  or  just  right  to 
exclusive  possession. 

TITLE-PAQE,  tl'tl-paj,  n.  the  page  of  a 

cc 


book  containing  its  title  and  usually  the 
author's  name. 

TITLING,  tit'ling,  n.  the  hedge-sparrow. 
[Dim.  from  obs.  E.  tit,  anything  small.] 

TITMOUSE,  tit'mows,  n.  a  genus  of  little 
birds,  which  feed  on  insects,  etc.  -.^pl. 
Titmice,  tit'mis.  [Tit,  anything  small 
(cf.  Titling),  and  A.S.  mase,  cog.  with 
Ger.  meise,  a  small  bird.] 

TITTER,  tit'er,  v.i.  to  laugh  with  the 
tongue  striking  the  teeth  :  to  laugh 
restrainedly  :  to  giggle. — n.  a  restrained 
laugh.  [Imitative  ;  cf.  Ger.  zittern,  to 
tremble.] 

TITTLE,  tit'l,  n.  a  small  particle  :  an  iota. 
[Dim.  of  tit] 

TITTLE-TATTLE,  tit'l-tat'l,  n.  idle,  empty 
talk.    [Of.  Tittle  (above)  and  Titter.] 

TITULAR,  tit'u-lar,  adj.  existing  in  name 
or  title  only  ;  nominal  :  having  the  title 
without  the  duties  of  an  office. — adv. 
Tit'ulaely. 

TITULARY,  tit'u-lar-i,  adj.  consisting  in  or 
pertaining  to  a  title. — n.  one  having  the 
title  of  an  office  whether  he  performs  its 
duties  or  not. 

TO,  too,  prep,  in  the  direction  of  :  in  order 
to  :  as  far  as  :  in  accordance  with  :  sign 
of  the  infinitive  mood  :  (B.)  sometimes  — 
for. — To  AND  FRO,  backwards  and  for- 
wards. [A.S.  ;  Ger.  zu,  Goth,  du  ;  Celt, 
and  Slav,  do.] 

TOAD,  tod,  n.  an  amphibious  reptile,  like 
the  frog,  wrongly  believed  to  emit  poison. 
[A.S.  tade.] 

TO ADEATER,  tod'et-er,  n.  a  fawning  syco- 
phant ;  (orig.)  a  mountebank's  assistant, 
whose  fluty  was  to  swallow  or  pretend 
to  swallow  any  kind  of  garbage.  [Said 
to  be  a  version  of  Yv.avaler  des  couleuvres, 
te  swallow  adders,  to  put  up  with  all  sorts 
of  indignities  without  resentment.] 

TOADSTOOL,  tod'stool,  n.  a  poisonous  kind 
of  mushroom. 

TOADY,  tod'i,  n.  a  mean  hanger-on  and 
flatterer. — v.t.  to  fawn  as  a  sycophant: 
—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  toad'ied.      [Short  for 

TOADYISM,  tod'i-izm,  n.  the  practice  of  a 
toady. 

TOAST,  tost,  v.t.  to  dry  and  scorch  at  the 
fire. — n.  bread  toasted :  a  slice  of  sucli 
dipped  in  liquor.  [O.  Fr.  toster  —  L. 
tosttcs,  roasted,  pa.p.  of  torreo.] 

TOAST,  tost,  v.t.  to  name  when  a  health  is 
drunk  :  to  drink  to  the  health  of. —  v.i. 
to  drink  toasts. — n.  the  person  or  thing 
named  whose  health  is  to  be  drunk. 
[From  tlie  toast  formerly  put  in  liquor.] 

TOASTER,  tost'er,  n.  one  who  or  that 
which  toasts. 

TOASTMASTER,  tost'mas-ter,  n.  the  ma.i- 
ter  and  announcer  of  toasts  at  public 
dinners. 

TOBACCO,  to-bak'6,  n.  a  narcotic  plant,  a 
native  of  America,  whose  dried  leaves 
are  used  for  smoking,  chewing,  and  in 
snuff.  [Through  Sp.  tabaco,  from  the 
Indian  name  for  tlie  pipe.] 

TOBACCONIST,  to-bak'o-nist,  n.  one  who 
sells  or  manufactures  tobacco.  [Orig. 
"a  tobacco  smoker."] 

TOBACCO-PIPE,  to-bak'o-pip,  n.  a  pipe 
used  for  smoking  tobacco. 

TOBOGGAN,  to-bog'gan,  n.  a  kind  of  sled 
turned  up  at  both  ends,  much  used  in 
Canada  and  some  parts  of  the  United 
States  for  sliding  down  snow-covered 
slopes  :  an  artificial  slope  made  of  tim- 
ber for  the  same  purpose. — v.  to  slide 
down  over  snow  on  such.  [A  native 
word.] 

TO-BRAKE,  too-brak,  v.t.  (B.)  broke  in 
pieces.  [Prefix  To-,  asunder,  and  Break.] 

TOCSIN,  tok'sin,  n.  an  alarm-bell,  or  the 
ringing  of  it.  [Lit.  "  that  which  is 
struck  to  give  a  signal  or  alarm,"  Fr. — 


O.  Ft.  toquer  (Fr.  toucher,  E.   Touch), 
and  O.  Fr.  sein — L.  signum,  E.  Sign.] 

TO-DAY,  too-da',  n.,  this  or  the  present 
day.  [To,  a  corr.  of  tlie  or  this,  and 
Day.] 

TODDLE,  tod'l,  v.i.  to  walk  with  short 
feeble  steps,  as  a  child. — adj.  Todd'ling. 
[Prob.  a  by-form  of  Tottir.] 

TODDY,  tod'i,  n.  the  fermented  juice  of* 
various  palms  of  the  East  Indies  :  a  mix-| 
ture  of  whisky,  sugar,  and  hot  water.' 
[Hindustani.] 

TOE,  to,  n.  one  of  the  five  small  members 
at  the  point  ol  the  foot  :  the  correspond- 
ing member  of  a  beast's  foot  :  the  front 
of  an  animal's  hoof. — adj.  ToED,  tod, 
having  toes.  [A.S.  ta  ;  Ice.  td,  Ger. 
zehe,  allied  to  die,  to  point,  in  L.  digitus, 
Gr.  daktylos,  a  finger,  a  toe.] 

TOFFEE,  TOFFY,  tof'i,  n.  a  hard-baked 
sweetmeat,  made  of  sugar  and  butter. 
[Ety.  unknown.] 

TOGA,  to'ga,  n.  the  mantle  of  a  Roman 
citizen.     [L. — tego,  to  cover.] 

TOGATED,  to'gat-ed,  TOGED,  togd,  adj. 
d-essed  in  a  toga  or  gown.  [L.  togatus — • 
Toga.  J 

TOG;^iTHER,  too-ge<7i'er,  adv.,  gathered  to 
one  place  .  '.a  the  same  place,  time,  or 
comr)any  .  in  or  into  union  :  in  concert. 
[A.S.  togcedere — to,  to,  and  gaderian,  E. 
uather.] 

TOIL,  toil,  n.  a  net  or  snare.  [Lit.  "a 
web,"Fr.  toile,  cloth — !»,  <eZa,  from  texo, 
to  weave.] 

TOIL,  toil,  v.i.  to  labor:  to  work  with 
fatigue. — n.  labor,  esp.  of  a  fatiguing 
kind. — n.  Toil'er.  [Another  form  of 
Till,  v.t.] 

TOILET,  TOILETTE,  toil'et,  n.  a  dressing- 
table  :  mode    or  operation   of   dressing. 
[Fr.  toilette,  dim.  of  toile,  cloth,  thus  sig. 
lit.  "  little-cloth,"  then  table-cover,  dres»-j 
ing-table.    Cf.  Tom,  n.]  '■ 

TOILSOME,  toil'sum,  adj.  full  of  fatigue  : 
wearisome. — adv.  Toil'somely. — n.ToiL'- 

SOMENESS. 

TOKAY,  to-ka',  n.  a  white  wine  with  an 
aromatic  taste,  produced  at  Tokay,  in 
Hungary. 

TOKEN,  to'kn,  n.  a  mark :  something  rep< 
resenting  another  thing  or  event :  a  sign: 
a  memorial  of  friendship  :  a  coin  issued 
by  a  private  person  or  civic  authority  re- 
deemable in  current  money.  [A.S.  tacen; 
Ger.  zeichen,  a  mark  ;  from  the  root  of 
Gr.  deiknymi,  L.  dico,  to  say,  A.S.  tihan.J 

TOLD,  told,  2M.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Tell. 

TOLERABLE,  tol'er-a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
tolerated  or  endured :  moderately  good  or 
agreeable  :  not  contemptible. — adv.  TOL'- 
erably. — n.  Tol'erableness. 

TOLERANCE,  tol'er-ans,  n.  the  tolerating 
or  enduring  of  ofllensive  persons  or  opin- 
ions. 

TOLERANT,  tol'er-ant,  adj,  tolerating: 
enduring:  indulgent:  favoring  toleration, 

TOLERATE,  tol'er-at,  v.t.  to  bear:  to  en- 
dure :  to  allow  by  not  hindering.  [L, 
tolero,  -atum,  from  tol,  root  of  tollo,  to 
lift  up,  to  bear.     Cf.  Talent.] 

TOLERATION,  tol-er-a'shun,  n.  act  of  tol- 
erating :  allowance  of  what  is  not  ap- 
E roved:  liberty  given  to  a  minority  to 
old  and  express  their  own  political  or 
religious  opinions,  and  to  be  admitted  t« 
the  same  civil  privileges  as  the  majority,!^ 

TOLL,  tol,  n.  a  tax  for  the  liberty  of  pass- 
ing  over  a  bridge  or  road,  selling  goods 
in  a  market,  etc.  :  a  portion  of  grain 
taken  by  a  miller  for  grinding.  [A..S., 
which  (with  Dut.  tol,  and  Grer.  zolT)  is 
from  L.  telonium — Gr.  telonion,  a  toll" 
booth,  from  telos,  a  tax.] 

TOLL,  tol,  v.i.  to  sound,  as  a  larg^  bell.— 
v.t.  to  cause  to  sound,  as  a  bell :  to  strike, 


TOLLBAR 


450 


TOREEFACTION 


or  signal  by  striking-. — n.  the  sound  of  a 
bell  when  tolling.     [Imitative.] 

TOLLB.iJR.  tol'bar,  n.  a  movable  bar  across 
a  roa<l,  etc.,  to  stop  passengers  liable  to 
toll. 

TOLLBRIDGE,  tol^rij,  n.  a  bridge  where 
toll  is  taken. 

TOLLGATE,  tol'gat,  n.  a  gate  where  toll  is 
taken. 

TOLLHOUSE,  tol'hows,  n.  the  house  of  a 

'    ifoH-gatherer. 

TOMAHAWK,  tom'a-hawk,  n.  a  light  war- 

'hatchet  of    the  N.    American   Indians, 

either  wielded  or  thrown. — v.t.  to  cut  or 

kill  with  a  tomahawk.    [The  Indian  name 

slightly  modified.] 

TOMAT6,  to-ma'to,  n.  a  plant,  native  to 
S.  America,  much  cultivated  for  its 
fleshy  fruit ;  called  also  the  "  love-ap- 
pte.""    [Sp.,  from  the  native  American.] 

TOMB,  •oom,  n.  a  pit  or  vault  in  the  earth, 
in  which  a  dead  body  is  placed  :  a  tomb- 
stone. [Tr.  tomhe,  through  Late  L.  tum- 
ba,  from  Gr.  tymbos.] 

TOMBOY,  tom'boi,  n.  a  wild  romping-  girl. 
fFrom  Tom,  for  Thomas,  and  Boy.] 

TOMBSTONE,  toom'ston,  n.  a  stone  erected 
over  a  tomb  to  preserve  the  memory  of 
the  dead. 

TOMCAT,  tom'kat,  n.  a  male  eat,  esp.  when 
full  grown.  [Tom,  a  common  male  name, 
-and  Cat.] 

T05IE,  torn,  n.  part  of  a  book :  a  volume 
of  a  large  work  :  a  book.  [Lit.  "a  piece 
cut  off,"  Ft. — L. — Gr.  tomos,  from  root  of 
temnb,  to  cut.] 

TOMFOOL,  tom'fool,  n.  a  great  fool  :  a 
trifling  fellow. — Tom'foolert,  n.  foolish 
trifling  or  jesting  :  buflioonery.  [Cf.  Tom- 
tit.] 

TO-MORROW,  too-mor'o,  n.  the  morrow 
after  this.  [To,  a  corr.  of  the  or  this,  and 

■    Morrow.] 

TOMTIT,  tom'tit,  n.  the  fiYmouse.  [Tom, 
a  common  name  like  Jack,  and  Tit,  as  in 
Titmouse.    Cf.  Tomcat  and  Tomfool.] 

TON,  tun,  n.  (lit.)  a  barrel,  hence  a  barrel- 
full  :  20  cwt.  or  2340  lbs.  avoir.  [A.S. 
tuiuie,  a  vat  tub ;  Qer.  tonne,  O.  Ger. 
tu7ina,  cask.] 

TONE,  ton,  ?i.  the  character  of  a  sound : 
quality  of  tlie  voice  :  harmony  of  the 
colors  of  a  painting,  also  its  character- 
istic expression  as  distinguished  by  its 
-color :  character  or  style:  state  of  mind: 
xnood :  a  healthy  state  of  the  body. — v.t. 
lo  utter  with  an  affected  tone:  to  intone. 
[L.  tonus — Gr.  tonos,  a  sound — teino,  to 
stretch.     See  THUNDER.] 

TONED,  tond,  adj.  having  a  tone  (in  com- 
pounds). 

TONGS,  tongz,  n.pl.  a  domestic  instru- 
ment, consisting  of  two  jointed  pieces  or 
shafts  of  metal,  used  for  Ufting.  [A.S. 
iange ;  Ice.  taung,  Ger.  zange,  from  a 
root  seen  in  A.S.  ge-tingan,  to  press, 
push.] 

TONGUE,  tung,  n.  the  fleshy  organ  in  the 
mouth,  used  in  tasting,  swallowing,  and 
speech :  power  of  speech :  manner  of 
speaking :  speech  :  discourse :  a  lan- 
guage :  anything  like  a  tongue  in  sliape  : 
the  catch  of  a  buckle  :  the  pointer  of  a 
fcalance  :  a  point  of  land.  [A.S.  tunge  ; 
Ice.  tunga,  Grer.  zunge,  the  tongue ;  L. 
lingua  (old  form  dingua).  Sans,  jilwa.} 

TONGUED,  tungd,  adj.  ha\'ing  a  tongue. 

TONGUELESS,  tung-les,  adj.  having  no 
tongue  :  mute. 

TONGUE-TIED,  tung'-tid,  adj.  havings  an 
impediment,  as  if  the  tongtie  were  tied : 
unable  to  speak  freely. 

TONIC,  ton'ik,  adj.   relating  to   tones  or 

sounds  :  {med.)  giving  tone  and  vigor  to 

the  system :  giving  or  increasing-strength. 

— n,  a  medicine  which  gives  tone  and 

',    vigor  to  the  system. 


TONIC  SOLFA,  ton'ik  s5l-fa',  n.  a  modem 
system  of  musical  notation,  in  which  the 
notes  are  indicated  by  letters,  and  time 
and  accent  by  dashes  and  colons. 

TO-NIGHT,  too-nlt',  n.,  this  night:  the 
night  after  the  present  day. 

TONNAGE,  tun'aj,  n.  the  weight  in  tons 
of  goods  in  a  ship  :  the  cubical  content 
of  a  ship  :  a  duty  on  ships,  estimated 
per  ton. 

TONSIL,  ton'sil,  n.  one  of  two  glanas  at 
the  root  of  the  tongue,  so  named  from 
its  shape. — Tonshjtis,  ton-sil-i'tis,  n.  in- 
flammation of  the  tonsils.  [L.  tonsilla, 
a  stake,  a  tonsil,  dim.  of  tonsa,  an  oar.] 

f  ONSILE,  ton'sil,  adj.  that  may  be  clipped. 
YL.  tonsilis — tondeo,  tonsum,  to  clip,  to 
shear.] 

TONSURE,  ton'shoor,  n.  act  of  clipping 
the  hair,  or  of  shaving  the  head :  the 
corona  worn  by  priests  as  a  mark  of 
thei-  order.  [L.  tonsura,  a  shearing — 
tondeoA 

TONTINTE,  ton-ten',  n.  a  kind  of  life-annuity 
increasing  as  the  subscribers  die  :  a  loan 
raised  with  the  benefit  of  survivorship. 
[From  Tonti,  a  Neapolitan,  its  inventor.] 

TOO,  too,  adv.  over  :  more  than  enough : 
likewise.  [A  form  of  To,  sig.  lit.  "  added 
to."J 

TOOK,  took,  pa.t.  and  obs.  pa.p.  of  Take. 

TOOL,  tool,  H.  an  instrument  used  by 
workmen :  one  who  acts  as  the  mere 
instrument  of  another.  [A.S.  tol,  perh. 
from  the  root  of  Tow.] 

TOOTH,  tooth,  w.  one  of  the  small  bones 
in  the  jaws,  used  in  biting  and  chewing  : 
the  taste  or  palate  :  anything  toothlike  : 
a  prong  :  one  of  the  projections  on  a 
saw  or  wheel  •.—pi.  Teeth. — v.t.  to  fur- 
nish with  teeth  :  to  cut  into  teeth.  {A. 
S.  toth  (for  tonth) ;  cog.  with  Goth. 
tunthtis,  L.  dens,  dent-is,  Gr.  o-dous, 
o-dontos,  Sans,  danta,  dant,  prob.  the 
part,  of  ad,  E.  Eat.] 

TOOTHACHE,  tooth'ak,  n.  an  ache  or  pain 
in  a  tooth. 

TOOTHED,  tootht,  adj.  havings  teeth: 
(bot.)  having  toothlike  projections  on  the 
edge,  as  a  leaf. 

TOOTHPICK,  tooth'pik,  n.  an  instrument 
for  picking  out  anything-  in  the  teeth. 

TOOTHSOME,  tooth'sum,  adj.  pl«asant  to 
the  taste. 

TOP,  top,  n.  the  highest  part  of  anything: 
the  upper  end  or  surface :  the  upper  part 
of  a  plant :  the  crown  of  the  head  :  the 
highest  place  or  rank  :  the  chief  or  high- 
est person  :  (naut.)  a  small  platform  at 
the  head  of  the  lower  mast. — v.t.  to 
cover  on  the  top  :  to  tip  :  to  rise  above  : 
to  surpass  :  to  rise  to  the  top  of  :  to  take 
off  the  top  of  -.—pr.p.  topp'ing  ;  pa.t. 
and  pa.p.  topped.     [A.S.  ;  Ger.  zopf.] 

TOP,  top,  n.  a  child's  toy,  shaped  like  a 
pear,  and  set  or  kept  whirling  round  by 
means  of  a  string  or  a  whip.  [Prob. 
same  as  above  word,  and  sig.  orig.  "  a 

Joointed  piece  of  wood."] 
PAZ,  to'paz,  n.  a  precious  stone  having 
brilliant  colors,  generally  yellowish.   [Gr. 
topazos.] 

TOP-DRESSING,  top'-dres'ing,  n.  a  dress- 
ing of  manure  laid  on  the  top  or  surface 
of  land. 

TOPE,  top,  n.  one  of  the  monumental 
shrines  of  the  Buddhists.  [Corr.  from 
Sans,  stupa,  a  heap.] 

TOPER,  to'per,  n.  a  drunkard.  [From  tope, 
an  obs.  v.  "to  drink  hard,'  from  the 
phrase  to  top  off,  sig.  "to  drink  off  at 
one  draught."] 

TOPGALLANT,  top'gal-ant,  adj.  applied 
to  the  mast  and  sail  next  above  the  top- 
mast and  topsail  and  below  the  royal 
mast.      

TOP-HEAVY,  top'-heVi,  adj.  having  the 


top  or  upper   part   too   heavy  for   the 
lower. 

TOPIC,  top'ik,  n.  a  subject  of  discourse  or 
argument :  a  matter.  [Gr.  ta  topika,  the 
general  principles  of  argument — topos,  a 
place.] 

TOPICAL,  top'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
place  :  local  :  relating  to  a  topic  or  sub- 
ject.—Topical  recitation,  in  education- 
al theory  and  art,  a  new  method  by  which 
pupils  and  students  are  required  to  write 
or  give  orally  the  main  points  of  a  sub- 
ject, without  the  intervention  of  question 
and  answer. 

TOPICALLY,  top'i-kal-Ji,  adv.  with  refer- 
ence to  a  particular  place  or  topic. 

TOPMAST,  top'mast,  n.  the  second  mast, 
or  that  immediately  above  the  lower 
mast.  [highest. 

TOPMOST,   top'most,  adj.  next  the  top: 

TOPOGRAPHER,  to-pog'raf-er,  n.  one  who 
describes  a  place,  etc. :  one  skilled  in  to- 
pography. 

TOPOGRAPHIC,  top-o-graf'ik,  TOPO- 
GRAPHICAL, top-o-graf'ik-al,  adj.  per- 
taining to  topography. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  to-pog'raf-i,  n.  the  de- 
scription of  a  place:  a  detaUed  account  of 
the  superficial  features  of  a  tract  of  coun- 
try :  the  art  of  describing  places.  [Gr. 
topos,  a  place,  grapho,  to  describe.] 

TOPPLE,  top'l,  v.i.  to  fall  forward:  to 
tumble  down.  [Extension  of  TOP,  sig. 
orig.  "  to  fall  top  foi-emost."] 

TOPSAIL,  top-sal,  n.  a  sail  across  the  top- 
mast.          

TOPSYTURVY,  top'si-tur-vi,  adv  bottom 
upwards.  [According  to  Wedgwood,  for 
topsi^  to'er  icay,  corr.  of  "topside  the 
other  way."] 

TORCH,  torch,  n.  a  light  formed  of  twisted 
tow  dipped  in  pitch  or  other  inflammable 
material :  a  large  candle  or  flambeau. 
[Fr.  torche — L.  tortum,  pa.p.  of  torqueo, 
to  twist.] 

TORE,  tor,  pa.t.  of  Tear. 

TORMENT,  tor'ment,  n.  torture  :  anguish: 
that  which  causes  pain.  [Lit.  "  twisting 
pain."  L.  torqueo,  to  twist.J 

TORMENT,  tor-ment',  v.t.  to  torture  :  to 
put  to  extreme  pain,  physical  or  mental: 
to  distress  :   to  afflict. 

TORMENTINGLY,  tor-ment'ing-li,  adv.  in 
a  tormenting  manner. 

TORMENTOR,  tor-ment'or,  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  torments :  (B.)  a  torturer,  an 
executioner. 

TORN,  torn,  pa.j).  of  Tear  :  (B.)  stolen. 

TORN ADO,tor-na'do,7i.a  violent  hurricane, 
frequent  in  tropical  countries.  [Lit.  "a 
turning  or  whirling,"  Sp. — tornar — Low 
L.  tornare.    See  Turn.] 

TORPEDO,  tor-pe'do,  n.  a  species  of  eel 
having  the  power  of  giving  an  electric 
shock  when  touched  so  as  to  produce 
torpor  or  numbness,  the  cramp-fish :  a 
sub-marine  apparatus  for  destrojing 
shipping  by  explosion.  [L. — torpeo,  to 
be  stiff.] 

TORPESCENT,  tor-pes'ent,  adj.,  becoming 
torpid  or  numb.^ji.  Torpes'cence.  [L., 
pr.p.  of  totpesco,  to  become  stiff — torpeo, 
to  be  stiff.  ]^ 

TORPID,  tor'pid,  adj.,  stiff,  numb:  having 
lost  the  power  of  motion  and  feeling ; 
sluggish. — adv.  Tor'pidly. — n.  TOR'Pm. 
NESS.     [L.  torpidus — torpeo.']         

TORPIDITY,  tor-pid'i-ti,  TORPITUDE, 
tor'pi-tiid,  n.  state  of  being  torpid:  numb- 
ness :  dullness  :  stupidity. 

TORPOR,  tor'por.  n.  numbness:  inacti'.ity: 
dullness  :  stupidity.     [L. — torpeo.'\ 

TORQUE,  tork,  n.  a  necklace  of  metal 
rings  interlaced.  [L.  torques — torqueo, 
to  twist.     Cf.  TORSION.] 

TORREFACTION,  tor-e-fak'shua,  n.  act  of 
torrefying ;  state  of  being  torrefied. 


TORREFY 


^1 


TRACK 


TORREFY,  tor'e-fl,  v.t  to  scorch:  to  parch: 
— 2M.t.  and  pa.p.  torr'efied.  [L.  torreo, 
to  dry,  to  burn,  facio,  to  make.  Cf .  Toe- 
rid.] 

TORRENT,  tor'ent,  n.  a  rushing  stream  :  a 
strong  or  turbulent  current.  [L.  torrens, 
-entis,  boiling,  pr.p.  of  torreo,  to  dry,  to 
burn.     See  TORRID.] 

TORRID,  tor'id,  adj.,  burning  or  parching  : 
violently  hot:  dried  with  heat. —?i.  TORR'- 
IDNESS.  [L.  torridus — torreo,  to  burn, 
parch.     See  THIRST.] 

TORSION,  tor'shun,  n.  act  of  twisting  or 
turning  a  body  :  the  force  with  which 
a  thread  or  wire  tends  to  return  when 
twisted.  [L.  torsio — torqueo,  tortum,  to 
twist.] 

TORSION-BALANCE,  tor'shun-bal'ans,  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  very  minute 
forces  by  a  delicate  horizontal  bar  or 
needle,  suspended  by  a  very  fine  thread 
or  wire. 

TORSO,  tor'so,  n.  the  trunk  of  a  statue 
without  head  or  limbs  :  — pi.  TOR'sos. 
[It. — L.  thyrsus,  a  stalk,  stem  of  a  plant 
— Gr.  thyrsos.] 

TORTILE,  tor' til,  adj.,  twisted:  wreathed  : 
coiled.     [L.] 

TORTOISE,  tor'tis,  n.  a  reptile  from  which 
the  head,  neck,  tail,  and  limbs  protrude, 
so  called  either  from  its  crooked  feet  or 
winding  motion.  [O.  Fr.  tortis,  from  L. 
tortus,  twisted.     Cf.  Turtle.] 

TORTOISESHELL,  tor'tis-shel,  n.  the  shell 
of  a  species  of  turtle  —  turtles  being 
formerly  confounded  with  tortoises. — 
adj.  of  the  color  of  the  foregoing. 

TORTUOSE,  tor'tu-os,  adj.,  tivisted : 
wreathed :   winding.      [L.] 

TORTUOSITY,  tor-tu-os'i-ti,  n.  state  of 
being  tortuous. 

•TORTUOUS,  tor'tu-us,  adj.,  tioisted,  wind- 
ing: {jig.)  deceitful. — adv.  Tor'tuously. 
— n.  Tor'tuousness.  [From  L.  torqueo, 
tortum,  to  twist.] 

TORTURE,  tor'tur,  n.  a  putting  to  the 
rack  or  severe  pain  to  extort  a  confes- 
sion, or  as  a  punishment :  extreme  pain  : 
anguish  of  body  or  mind. — v.t.  to  put  to 
torture  or  to  the  rack:  to  put  to  extreme 
pain  :  to  annoy :  to  vex. — n.  Tor' tuber. 
[Late  L.  tortura,  lit.  "a  tvvisting,"  hence 
torment — torqeuo.    Cf.  Torsion.] 

TORY,  to'ri,  n.  applied  to  a  Conservative 
in  English  and  Canadian  politics  :  dur- 
ing the  "War  of  the  Revolution,  a  roy- 
alist or  supporter  of  the  crown  against 
the  colonies.  [Ir.  toiridhe,  lit.  "pursuer;" 
first  applied  to  the  Irish  bog-trotters  and 
robbers,  next,  about  1680,  to  the  hottest 
asserters  of  the  royal  prerogative.] 

TORYISM,  to'ri-izm,  n.  the  principles  of 
the  Tories. 

TOSS,  tos,  v.t.  to  throw  up  suddenly  or 
violently :  to  cause  to  rise  and  faU :  to 
make  restless :  to  agitate.  —  v.i.  to  be 
tossed  :  to  be  in  violent  commotion :  to 
tumble  about  :  to  fling. — 7i.  act  of  throw- 
ing upward :  a  throwing  up  of  the  head. 
— 71.  Toss'er. — Toss  up,  to  throw  a  coin 
into  the  air  and  wager  on  which  side  it 
will  fall.  [Celt.,  as  W.  tosiaw,  to  jerk, 
tos.  a  quick  jerk.] 

TOST,  tost,  a  form  of  Toassn,  va.p.  of 
Toss. 

TOTAL,  to'tal,  adj.,  whole:  complete:  un- 
divided. —  n.  the  whole :  the  entire 
amount.— adf.  To'tally.  [Fr.— Low  L. 
totalis — L.  totus,  whole.] 

TOTALITY,  to-tal'i-ti,  n.  the  whole  sum, 
quantity,  or  amount. 

TOTEM,  to'tem,  n.  among  the  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  an  animal  or  vegetable  re- 
garded as  the  protector  of  a  tribe. 

TOTTER,  tot'er,  v.i.  to  shake  as  if  about 
to  fall :  to  be  unsteady :  to  stagger  :  to 
shake.— n.  Tott'ereb.  "[Prob.  imitative.] 


TOUCAN,  too'kan,  n.  a  genus  of  S.  Ameri- 
can birds,  with  a  very  large  bill.  [Fr. — 
Brazilian.] 

TOUCH,  tuch,  v.t.  to  come  in  contact 
witli  :  to  perceive  by  feeling :  to  reach  : 
to  relate  to  :  to  handle  or  treat  gently 
or  slightly  :  to  move  or  soften  :  to  influ- 
ence.— V.I.  to  be  in  contact  with  :  to 
speak  of  anything  slightly. — n.  act  of 
touching :  a  movement  on  a  musical 
instrument :  sense  of  feeling :  an  affec- 
tion or  emotion  :  a  little  :  (music)  resist- 
ance of  the  keys  of  an  instrument  to  the 
fingers.  [Fr.  toucher  (It.  toccare),  from 
Ger.  zuchen,  to  move,  to  draw.] 

TOUCHHOLE,  tuch'hol,  n.  the  small  hole 
of  a  cannon  through  which  the  fire  is 
communicated  to  the  charge. 

TOUCHING,  tuch'ing,  adj.  affecting:  mov- 
ing :  pathetic. — prep,  concerning  :  with 
regard  to. — adv.  Touch'ingly. 

TOUCH-NEEDLE,  tuch'-ne'dl,  n.  a  small 
bar  or  needle  of  gold  for  testing  articles 
of  the  same  metal  by  comparing  the 
streaks  they  make  on  a  toucAstone  with 
those  made  by  the  needle. 

TOUCHSTONE,  tuch'ston,  n.  a  kind  of 
compact  basalt  or  stone  for  testing  gold 
or  silver  by  the  streak  of  the  touch- 
needle  :   any  test. 

TOUCHWOOD,  tuch'wood,  n.  decayed 
wood  requiring  only  to  be  touched  by 
fire  to  burn. 

TOUGH,  tuf,  adj.  not  easily  broken :  firm: 
stiff :  sticky  :  tenacious :  able  to  endure 
hardship. — adi\  Tough'ly. — n.  TOUGH'- 
NESS.     [A.S.  toll;  cog.  with  Ger.  zahe.] 

TOUGHEN,  tut'n,  v.t.  or  v.i.  to  make  or 
become  totigh. 

T0UGHI8H,  tuf'ish,  adj.  rather  tough. 

TOUR,  toor,  n.  a  turn  or  circle  :  a  going 
round  :  a  journey  in  a  circuit:  a  pro- 
longed journey:  a  ramble.  [Fr. — L.  and 
Gr.  tornos,  a  turn.     Cf.  TURN.] 

TOURIST,  toor'ist,  n.  one  who  makes  a 
tour. 

TOURMALINE,  toor'ma-lin,  n.  a  beautiful 
mineral  used  for  jewellery.  [From  Tour- 
mali,  in  Ceylon,  whence  a  variety  of  the 
stone  was  first  brought.] 

TOURNAMENT,  toor'na  -  ment,  TOUR- 
NEY, toor'ni,  n.  a  mock  fight  in  which 
combatants,  generally  on  horseback, 
fought  to  show  their  skill  in  arms,  so 
called  probably  from  the  rapid  turning 
of  their  horses.  [O.Fr.  toumeement;  and 
Fr.  tournoi  —  toumoyer  —  L.  tomo,  to 
turn.] 

TOURNIQUET,  toor'ni-ket,  n.  a  bandage 
which  is  tightened  by  turning  a  screw  to 
check  a  flow  of  blood,  used  chiefly  in  am- 
putations. [Fr. — tourner — L.  tomo,  to 
turn.] 

TOUT,  towt,  v.i.  to  look  out  for  custom  in 
an  obtrusive  way. — n.  Tout'er.  [A.S. 
totian,  to  look  out.] 

TOW,  to,  II.  <;  to  tug  or  pull  avessel  through 
the  water  with  a  rope. — n.  orig.  a  rope 
for  towing  with  :  the  coarse  part  of  flax 
or  hemp.     [A.S.  teohan,  teon.    Cf.  Tug.] 

TOWAGE,  to'aj,  n.  act  of  towing :  money 
for  towing. 

TOWARD,  to'ard,  TOWARDS,  to'ardz, 
prep,  in  the  direction  of  :  with  a  tend- 
ency to.  —  adv.  nearly  :  in  a  state  of 
preparation.  [A.S.  toweard — to,  to,  and 
ward,  sig.  direction.   Cf.  FORWARD,  FOR- 

WARDSj 

TOWARD,  to' ward,  TOWARDLY,  to'ward- 
li,  adj.  ready  to  do  or  learn  :  apt. — ns. 

TO'WARDNESS,   To'WARDUNKSS. 

TOWBOAT,  to'bot,  n.  a  boat  that  is  towed, 
or  one  used  for  towing  other  vessels. 

TOWEL,  tow'el,  n.  a  cloth  for  wiping  the 
skin  after  it  is  washed,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses.     [Fr.    touaille — O.   Qer.    iwehele 


(Ger.  quehle) — O.  Ger.  duahan,  Goth, 
thwahan,  to  wash.    Cf.  Doily.] 

TOWELLING,  tow'el-ing,  n.  cloth  for 
towels. 

TOWER,  tow'er,  n.  a  lofty  building,  stand- 
ing alone  or  forming  part  of  another  :  a 
fortress. — i\i.  to  rise  into  the  air  :  to  be 
lofty.  [A.S.  tur,  tor  (Ger.  thurm,  EV, 
tour),  from  L.  turris,  a  tower.] 

TOWERED,  tow'erd,  adj.  having  towers. 

TOWERING,  tow'er-ing,  adj.  very  highs 
elevated. 

TOWERY,  tow'er-i,  adj.  having  towers  s 
lofty. 

TOWLINE,  to'lin,  n.  a  line  used  in  towing, 

TOWN,  town,  n.  a  place  larger  than  a  vil- 
lage, not  a  city:  the  inhabitants  of  a 
town.  [A.S.  tun,  an  inclosure,  town ; 
Ice.  tun,  Ger.  zaun,  a  hedge.] 

TOWNCLERK,  town'klerk,  n.  a  clerk  who 
keeps  the  records  of  a  town. 

TOWNCRIER,  town'kri-er,  n.  one  who 
cries  or  makes  public  proclamations  in  a 
toini. 

TOWNHALL,  town'hawl,  n.  a,  public  hall 
for  the  official  business  of  a  town. 

TOWNHOUSE,  town'hows,  n.  a  house  or 
building  for  transacting  the  public  busi- 
ness of  a  toum,  so  called  in  England  .• 
a  house  in  town  as  opposed  to  one  in  the 
country. 

TOWNSFOLK,  townz'fok,  n.  the  folk  ot 
people  of  a  town. 

TOWNSHIP,  town'ship,  n.  the  territory  or 
district  of  a  toicn  :  the  corporation  of  a 
town  :  a  district :  a  division  of  a  county 
— in  many  States,  and  in  American  land 
measure,  six  miles  square  or  thirty-six 
square  miles  or  sections^23,040  acres. 

TOWNSMAN,  to wnz'maii,  n.  an  inhabitant 
or  fellow-inhabitant  of  a  town.  [Town 
and  Man.] 

TOWNTALK.  town'tawk,  n.  the  genera) 
talk  of  a  toiPn :  the  subject  of  commoE 
conversation. 

TOXICOLOGY,  toks-i-kol'o-ji,  n.  the  sci- 
ence of  poisons. — Toxicol'ogist,  w.  one 
versed  in  toxicology. — adj.  ToxicoLoa'- 
ICAL.  [Gr.  toxikon,  arrow-poison — foori- 
kos,  for  the  bow — toxon,  a  bow,  logos, 
discourse.] 

TOY,  toy,  n.  a  child's  plaything :  a  trifle  : 
a  thing  only  for  amusement  or  look  :  a 
matter  of  no  importance  :  sport. — v.i.  to 
trifle  :  to  dally  amorously.  [Dut.  tooi, 
ornaments.] 

TOYISH,  toy'ish,  adj.  given  to  toying  or 
trifling  :  playful :  wanton. — adv.  TOY*- 
ISHLY. — n.  Toy'ishness. 

TRACE,  tras,  n.  a  mark  left :  footprint  :~- 
]}l.  the  straps  by  which  a  vehicle  is 
drawn. — v.t.  to  follow  by  tracks  or  foot- 
steps :  to  follow  with  exactness  :  to 
sketch. — n.  Trac'er.  [Fr.  —  L.  tractus, 
pa.p.  of  traho,  to  draw.] 

TRACEABLE,  tras'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
traced.-?!.  Trace' ABLENESS.-adt>.  Trace'- 
ably. 

TRACERY,  tras'er-i,  n.  ornamentation 
traced  in  flowing  outline  :  certain  orna- 
mental stonework. 

TRACHEA,  tra-ke'a,  n.  the  windpipe  or 
tube  which  conveys  air  to  the  Jungs,  so 
called  from  its  rotighness.  it  being  formed 
of  rings  of  gristle  :—pl.  Tracre' M.— adj. 
Trache'al.  [L  trachia — Gr.  trachys, 
tracheia,  rough.] 

TRACHEOTOMY,  trak-e-ot'o-mi,  n.  the 
operation  of  making  an  opening  in  the 
trachea.  [Trachea,  and  the  root  of  Gr. 
tetnno,  to  cut  (see  Tome).] 

TRACING,  tras'ing,  n.  act  of  one  who 
traces:  act  of  copying  by  marking  on  thin 
paper  the  lines  of  a  pattern  placed  be- 
neath :  the  copy  so  produced. 

TRACK,  trak,  v.t.  to  follow  by  marks  or 
footsteps  :  to  tow. — n.  a  mark  left :  foot- 


TRACT 


452 


TRANSFIGURATION 


print :  a  beaten  path :  course  :  the  two 
parallel  lines  of  rails  on  railways. — 
Track'less,  adj.  without  a  path  :  un- 
trodden.— Track'eoad,  n.  a  towing-path. 
[Fr.  traqiier,  to  beat  a  wood,  to  hunt, 
orig.  to  draw  a  net  round  a  wood  to  catch 
the  game  in  it,  from  Dut.  trekken,  to 
draw.] 

TRACT,  trakt,  n.  something  drawn  out  or 
extended:  continued  duration  :  a  region: 
a  short  treatise.  [L.,  from  the  pa.  p.  of 
traho,  to  draw.] 

TRACTABILITY,  trakt-a-bil'it-i,  n.  quality 
or  state  of  being  tractable :  docility. 

TRACTABLE,  trakt'a-bl,  adj.  easily  drojCTi, 
managed,  or  taught  :  docile.— n.  Tract'- 
ABLENESS.— arfu.  Tract'ably.  [L.  tracto, 
freq.  of  traho.] 

TRACTARIAN,  trakt-ar'i-an,  n.  one  of  the 
writers  of  the  Oxford  Tracts  with  which 
Puseyism  orig^inated.  —  n.  Tractak'ian- 

ISM. 

TRACTILE,    trakt'U,    adj.    that    may  be 

drawn  out. 
TRACTION,  trak'shun,  n.  act  of  draimng 
or  state  of  being  drawn  :  applied,  adject- 
ively,  to  those  steam  engines  which  pro- 
pel themselves  on  common  roads. 
TRACTIVE,  trakt'iv,  adj.   that  draivs  or 

pulls. 
TRACTOR,  trakt'or,  n.  that  which  draws. 
TRADE,  trad,  n.  buying  and  selling  :  com- 
merce :  occupation  :  men  engaged  in  the 
same  occupation. — v.i.  to  buy  and  sell  : 
to  act  merely  for  money. — v.t.  to  traffic 
with.  —  n.  Trad'er.     [Ely.  dub.  ;   prob. 
from  Ft.  traite.  transport  of  goods — L. 
tracto,  freq.  of  traho,  to  draw.] 
TRADEMARK,  trad'mark,  n.  any  name  or 
distinctive  device  warranting  goods  for 
sale  as  the  production  of  any  individual 
or  firm  :  trademarks  are   usually  regis- 
tered  in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of 
Congress. 
'iEADESMAN,    tradz'man,  n.   a  common 
name  for  a  storekeeper  :  a  mechanic  : — 
fem.  Trades'woman. 
TRADES-UNION,  tradz'-iin'yun,  n.  aimion 
among  those  of  the  same  trade  to  main- 
tain their  rights. 
TRADEWINDS,  trad'windz,   n.,  iinnds  in 
and  near  the  torrid  zone,  so  called  from 
their  great  service  to  trade. 
TRADITION,  tra-dish'un,   n.  the  handing 
down  of  opinions  or  practices  to  posterity 
unwritten.     [L.  trans,  over,  and  do,  to 
give.] 
TRADITIONAL,  tra-dish'un -al,   TRADI- 
TIONARY, tra-dish'un-ar-i,  adj.  deliver- 
ed by  tradition. — advs.  Tradi'tion  a  r.T.Y, 
Tradi'tionarily. 
TRADITIONIST,    tra-dish'un-ist,    n.    one 

who  adheres  to  tradition. 
TRADUCE,  tra-dus',  v.t.  to  calumniate:  to 
defame. — n.  Tradu'CER.     [L.  traduco,  to 
lead  along,  to  make  a  public  show  of — 
trans,  across,  duco,  to  lead.] 
TRAFFIC,    traf'ik,    n.    commerce :    large 
trade  :  the  business  done  on  a  railway, 
etc. — v.i.  to  trade :    to  trade  meanly. — 
v.t.   to    exchange:  —  pr.p.   trafficking; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  trafficked. — n.  Traff'- 
ICRER.     [Fr.   trafie  —  It.   trafflco,   prob. 
from    L.   trans,  across,   and  facere,  to 
make.] 
TRAGEDIAN,  tra-je'di-an,  n.  an  actor  of 

tragedy. 
TRAGEDY,  traj'e-di,  n.  a  species  of  drama 
in  which  the  action  and  language  are 
elevated,  and  the  catastrophe  sad :  any 
mournful  and  dreadful  event.  [Lit. 
"goat-song,"  so  called  either  from  the 
old  dramas  being  exhibited  when  a  goat 
was  sacrificed,  or  from  a  goat  being  the 
prize,  or  because  the  actors  were  dressed 
m  goat-akma,  L,  tragcedia,  from  Gr.  tror 


gddia — tragos,  a  he-goat,  aoidos,  5dos,  a 
singer — aetdo,  ado,  to  sing.] 

TRAGIC,  traj'ik,  TRAGICAL,  traj'ik-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  tragedy  :  sorrowful  : 
calamitous.  —  adv.  Traq'icaixy.  —  n. 
Trag'icalness.     [L.— Gr.] 

TRAGI-COMEDY,  traj'i-kom'e-di,  n.  a 
dramatic  piece  in  which  grave  and  comic 
scenes  are  blended.— ad/s.  Trag'i-com'ic, 
Trag'i-com'ical.  — adv.  Trag'i-com'icaI/- 

LY. 

TRAIL,  tral,  v.t.  to  draw  along  the  ground: 
to  hunt  by  tracking. — v.i.  to  be  drawn 
out  in  length  :  to  run  or  climb  as  a 
plant. — n.  anything  dravyn  out  in  length: 
track  followed  by  the  hunter.  [O.  Fr. 
trailler,  to  hunt  "by  tracking — L.  traho, 
to  draw.] 

TRAIN,  tran,  v.t.  to  dratv  along  :  to  al- 
lure :  to  educate  :  to  discipline  :  to  tame 
for  use,  as  animals  :  to  cause  to  grow 
properly  :  to  prepare  men  for  athletic 
feats  or  horses  for  the  race. — n.  that 
which  is  drawn  along  after  something 
else  :  the  part  of  a  dress  which  trails  be- 
hind the  wearer  :  a  retinue  :  a  series  : 
process  :  a  line  of  gunpowder  to  fire  a 
charge  :  a  line  of  cars  drawn  by  a  loco- 
motive on  a  railway. — n.  Train'er,  one 
who  prepares  men  for  athletic  feats, 
horses  for  a  race,  or  the  like.  [Fr.  trainer, 
through  Low  L.  forms  from  L.  traho,  to 
di-aw.] 

TRAINBAND,  tran'band,  n.  a  band  of  men 
trained  to  bear  arms,  though  not  regular 
soldiers. 

TRAIN-BEARER,  tran'-bar'er,  n.  one  who 
bears  or  holds  up  a  train,  as  of  a  robe  or 
gown. 

TRAIN-OIL,  tran'-oil,  ?!.  whale  oil  ex- 
tracted from  the  blubber  by  boiling. 
[Train-  here  is  the  Ger.  and  Scand. 
tran,  train-oil.] 

TRAIT,  trat,  n.  a  dravoing  :  a  touch  :  a 
feature.  [Fr.  —  L.  tractus,  from  the 
pa.p.  of  traho,  to  draw.] 

TRAITOR,  tra'tur,  n.  one  who,  being 
trusted,  betrays  :  one  guilty  of  treason  : 
a  deceiver:— /em.  Traitress.  [Fr.  traitre 
— L.  traditoi — trado,  to  give  up.] 

TRAITOROUS,  tra'tur-us,  adj.  like  a  trai- 
tor: perfidious:  treasonable. — adv.  Trai'- 

TOROUSLY. 

TRAJECTORY,  tra-jekt'or-i,  n.  the  curve 
described  by  a  body  (as  a  planet  or  a  pro- 
jectile) under  the  action  of  given  forces. 
[From  L.  trajicio,  -jectum — trans,  across, 
jacio,  to  throw.] 

TRAMMEL,  tram'el,  n.  a  net  used  in  fowl- 
ing and  fishing  :  shackles  for  making  a 
horse  amble  :  anything  that  confines. — 
v.t.  to  shackle:  to  confine :^^pr.p.  tramm'- 
elling;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  ti-amm'elled.  [Fr. 
tramail,  a  net — Low  L.  tremaeulum  (lit.) 
"  of  three  meshes,"  from  L.  tres,  three, 
and  macida,  a  mesh.  See  Mail,  defensive 
armor.] 

TRAMONTANE,  tra^mon'tan,  adj.  lying 
beyond  the  mountains  (orig.  the  Alps), 
from  Rome  :  foreign  :  uncivilized.  [L. 
trans,  beyond,  mons,montis,  a  mountain.] 

TRAMP,  tramp,  v.t.  to  tread. — ?;.  a  foot- 
journey  :  a  vagrant.  [An  extension  of 
Trap,  Trip  ;  cf.  Ger.  trampen.] 

TRAMPLE,  tramp'l,  v.t.  to  tread  under 
foot :  to  treat  with  pride,  to  insult. — 
v.i.  to  tread  in  contempt :  to  tread  forc- 
ibly and  rapidly. — n.  Tramp'ler.  [Ex- 
tension of  Tramp.] 

TRAMR0AD,tram'r6d,TRAM:WAY,  tram'- 
wa,  71.  in  England  a  road  or  way  for  car- 
riages or  wagons  to  run  along  easily  :  in 
this  country  called  street  railroad  ;  when 
operated  by  cable,  cable  road  ;  when  by 
electricity,  electric  railway.  [Prob.  sim- 
ply a  way  or  track  made  of  beams,  from 


Prov.  E.  tram,  a  beam,  which  is  prob. 
from  Ice.  tramn,  a  beam.] 
TRANCE,  trans,  n.  a  state  in  which  the 
soul  appears  to  be  absent  from  the  body, 
or  to  be  wrapped  in  visions  :  catalepsy. 
[Fr.   transe — transir,   to   be   chilled — L. 
trans-ire,    to  go   across,   in  Late   L.  to 
pass  away,  to  die.] 
TRANQUIL,  trang'kwil,  adj.,  quiet:  peace- 
ful.—adi'.  Trak'quilly.  [L.  tranquilhis.] 
TRANQUILLITY,   trang-kwil'it-i,  TRAN- 
QUILNESS,  trang'kwil-nes,  n.   state  of 
being  tranquil  :  quietness. 
TRANQUILLIZE,    trang'kwil  -  Iz,    v.t.    to 

make  tranquil. 
TRANSACT,    trans -akt',    v.t.    to    carry 
through  or  manage:    to  perform. — v.i. 
to  manage  anything. — n.   Tkansact'oe. 
[L.  transactum,  pa.p.  of  tratisigo — trans, 
through,  and  ago,  to  carry  on.  See  Act.] 
TRANSACTION,  trans-ak'shun,  n.  act  of 
transacting  :  management  of  any  affair : 
an  affair. 
TRANSALPINE,  trans-alp'in,  adj..  beyond 
the  Alps  (in  regard  to  Rome).     [L.  trans- 
alpinus — trans,  beyond,  and  Alpinus,  of 
the  Alps.] 
TRANSATLANTIC,  trans-at-lan'tik,   adj., 
beyond  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  as,  England, 
France,  etc. 
TRANSCEND,  tran-send',  v.t.  to  rise  above: 
to  surmount:  to  surpass:  to  exceed.    [L. 
trans,  beyond,  scando,  to  climb.] 
TRANSCENDENT,    tran  -  send'ent,     adj., 
transcending:   superior    or    supreme    in 
excellence  :   surpassing  others  :   beyond 
human  knowledge. — adi'.TRANSCEND'ENT- 
LY.— M.  TEANSCEND'ENCE. 

TRANSCENDENTAL,  tran  -  send  -  ent'al, 
adj.,  transcending  :  suTperexainexit,  sur- 
passing others  :  concerned  with  what  is 
independent  of  experience  :  vague. — adv. 
Transcendent'ally. 

TRANSCENDENTALISM,  tran  -  send-ent'-: 
al-izm,  n.  the  investigation  of  what  is 
a  priori  in  human  knowledge,  or  inde- 
pendent of  experience :  that  which  is 
vague  and  illusive  in  philosophy. — n. 
Transcendent' ALIST. 

TRANSCRIBE,  tran-skrib',w.«.  to  write  over 
from  one  book  into  another :  to  copy. — 
n.  Transcrib'er.  [L.  transcribo.  -scrip- 
turn — trans,  over,  scribo,  to  write.] 

TRANSCRIPT,  tran'skript,  n.  that  which 
is  transcribed :  a  copy. 

TRANSCRIPTION,  tran-skrip'shun,  n.  the 
act  of  copying  :  a  transcript :  a  copy. 

TRANSEPT,  tran'sept,  n.  one  of  the  wings 
or  cross-aisles  of  a  church,  at  right 
angles  to  the  nave.  [L.  trans,  across, 
and  septum,  an  inclosure  —  sepes,  a 
hedge.] 

TRANSFER,  trans-fer',  v.t.  to  carry  or 
bring  over  :  to  convey  to  another  place  : 
to  remove  :  to  transport  -.—pr.p.  trans- 
ferr'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  transferred'. — 
n.  Transfeer'er.  [L.  trans,  across,  fero, 
to  carry.] 

TRANSFER,  trans'fer,  n.  the  act  of  trans- 
f erring :  the  conveyance  of  anything 
from  one  person  or  place  to  another : 
that  which  is  transferred  :  applied,  spe- 
cifically, to  the  conveying  of  real  estate. 

TRANSFERABLE,  trans-fer'a-bl,  TRANS- 
FERRIBLE,  trans-fer'i-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  transferred  or  conveyed  from  one 
place  or  person  to  another.— ?!S.  Traks- 
perabil'ity,  Transferribil'ity. 

TRANSFEREE,  trans-fer-e',  n.  the  person 
to  whom  a  thing  is  transferred. 

TRANSFERENCE,  trans'fer-ens,  n.  the  act 
of  transferring  or  conveying  from  one 
person  or  place  to  another  :  passage  from 
one  place  to  another. 

TRANSFIGURATION,  trans-fig-ur-a'shun, 
n.  a  change  of  form.— Tbe  Transfiguea- 
nON,  the  supernatural  change  in  the  ap- 


TRANSFIGURE 


453 


TRAVAIL 


pearance  of  Christ,  described  in  Matt, 
xvii.:  a  feast  of  the  R.  C.  Church,  on  6th 
Aug^ust,  in  commemoration  of  it. 

TRANSFIGURE,  trans-fig'ur,  v.t.  to  change 
the  figure  or  form  of  :  to  change  the  ap- 
pearance of.  [L.  trans,  across,  denoting 
change,  and  Figure.] 

TRANSFIX,  trans-fiks',  v.t.  to  pierce 
through.     [L.  trans,  through,  and  Fix.] 

TRANSFORM,  trans-form',  v.t.  to  change 
the  shape  of  :  to  cliange  into  another 
substance  :  to  change  the  disposition. — 
v.i.  to  be  changed  in  form  or  substance. 
[L.  trans,  across,  and  Form.] 

TRANSFORMATION,  trans-for-ma'shun,r. 
change  of  form  or  substance. 

TRANSFUSE,  trans-fiaz',  v.t.  to  pour  out 
into  another  vessel  :  to  cause  to  pass 
from  one  to  another  :  to  cause  to  be  im- 
bibed.— n.  Transfc'sion.  [L.  trans,  over, 
and  fimdo,  fusum,  to  pour.] 

TRANSGRESS,  trans-gres',  v.t.  to  pass 
beyond  a  limit  :  to  break,  as  a  law. — v.i. 
to  offend  by  violating  a  law  :  to  sin.  ]L. 
trans,  across,  gradior,  gressus,  to  step.] 

TRANSGRESSION,  trans-gresh'un,  n.  the 
act  of  transgressing :  violation  of  a  law 
or  command:  offence:  fault:  crime:  sin. 

TRANSGRESSOR, trans-gres'or,  n.  one  who 
transgresses :  one  wlio  violates  a  law  or 
command  :  a  sinner. 

TRANSHIP  or  TRANS-SHIP,  trans-ship', 
v.t.  to  transfer  to  another  ship. — n. 
Trans-ship'ment.  [L.  trans,  across,  and 
Ship.] 

TRANSIENT,  tran'shent,  adj.  passing :  of 
short  duration:  not  lasting:  momentary. 
— adv.  Tran'siently.  —  n.  Tran'sient- 
NESS.  [L.  transiens — trans,  across,  and 
eo,  it  inn,  to  go.] 

TRANSIT,  trans'it,  7i.  a  passing  over : 
conveyance  :  passage,  as  of  freight,  on 
railways  and  steamboats  :  fapid  transit, 
the  speedy  transportation  of  passengers 
to  and  from  their  residences,  in  large  and 
crowded  cities;  elevated  and  underground 
railroads  are  the  chief  means  of  rapid 
transit  at  present  :  (astr.)  the  passage  of 
a  heavenly  body  over  the  meridian  of  a 
place  :  the  passage  of  a  planet  over  the 
sun's  disc. 

TRANSITION,  tran-sizh'un,  n.  passage 
from  one  place  or  state  to  another : 
change  :  (music)  a  change  of  key.  — 
Transi'tional,  adj.  containing  or  denot- 
ing transition. 

TRANSITIVE,  trans'i-tiv,  adj.  passing 
over :  having  the  power  of  passing : 
(gram.)  denoting  a  verb  wliich  has  an 
object.— adt;.  Teans'itively.— n.  Trans'- 
ITIVENESS.     [L.  transitivus.] 

TRANSITORY,  trans'i-tor-i,  adj.,  going 
or  passing  away  :  lasting  for  a  short 
time  :  speedily  vanishing. — adv.  Trans'i- 
TORILY. — n.  Trans'itoriness. 

TRANSLATE,  trans-lat',  v.t.  to  remove  to 
another  place  :  to  render  into  another 
language  :  to  explain. — n.  Translat'or. 
TL-  trans,  over,  fero,  latum,  to  carry.] 

TRANSLATION,  trans-la'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  translating :  removal  to  another 
place  :  the  rendering  into  another  lan- 
guage :  a  version. 

TRANSLUCENT,  trans-loo'sent.  adj.,  shin- 

'  ing  through:  allowing  light  to  pass,  but 
not  transparent :  clear. — adv.  Transld'- 
CENTLY.— ns.  Translu'cence,  Translu'- 
CENCY.  [L.  translucens — trans,  across, 
and  liiceo,  to  shine — lux,  lucis,  light.] 

TRANSMARINE,  trans-ma-ren',  adj. , 
across  or  beyond  the  sea.  [L.  trans, 
across,  and  Marine.] 

TRANSMIGRATE,  trans'mi-grat,  v.i.  to 
migrate  or  remove  across,  esp.  to  an- 
other country  :  to  pass  into  another 
body  or  state.— )i.  Trans'miqrator.  [L. 
trans,  across,  and  Migrate.] 


TRANSMIGRATION,  trans-mi-gra'shun,  n. 
the  act  of  removing  to  another  country  : 
the  passing  into  another  state:  the  pass- 
age of  the  soul  after  death  into  another 
body. 

TRANSMIGRATORY,  trans-mi'gra-tor-i, 
adj.,  passing  to  another  place,  body,  or 
state. 

TRANSMISSIBLE,  trans-mis'i-bl,  adj.  that 
may  be  transmitted  or  passed  from  one 
to  another  :  capable  of  being  transmit- 
ted through  any  body  or  substance. — n. 
Transmissibil'ity. 

TRANSMISSION,  trans-mish'un,  TRANS- 
MITTAL, trans-mit'al,  n.  act  of  transmit- 
ting :  the  sending  from  one  place  or  per- 
son to  another  :  passage  through. 

TRANSMIT,  trans-mit',  v.t.  to  send  across 
to  another  person  or  place  :  to  suffer  to 
pass  through: — pr.p.  transmitt'ing;pa.<. 
and pa.p.  transmitt'ed.— ji.Transmitt'er. 
[L.  trans,  across,  and  mitto,  missum,  to 
send.] 

TRANSMUTABLE,  trans-mut'a-bl,  adj. 
that  may  be  transmuted  or  changed 
into  a  different  form,  nature,  or  sub- 
stance. —  adv.  Transmut'ably.  —  ns. 
Transmut'ableness,   Transmiitabil'ity. 

TRANSMUTATION,  trans-mut-a'shun,  n. 
a  changing  into  a  different  form,  nature, 
or  substance. 

TRANSMUTE,  trans-mut',  v.t.  to  change 
to  another  form  or  substance.  [L.  trans, 
over,  muto,  to  change.] 

TRANSOM,  tran'sum,  n.  a  thwart  beam 
or  lintel,  esp.  the  horizontal  mullion  or 
crossbar  of  a  window  :  in  ships,  the 
beam  across  the  tternpost  to  strengthen 
the  afterpart.  [L.  trans,  across,  and 
sumo,  to  takej 

TRANSOM -WINDOW,  tran'sum-win'do, 
n.  a  ivindow  divided  into  two  parts  by  a 
transom. 

TRANSPARENCY,  trans-par'en-si,  n.  the 
quality  of  being  transparent :  clearness  : 
that  which  is  transparent  :  a  picture  on 
semi-transparent  material  seen  by  means 
of  light  shining  through. 

TRANSPARENT,  trans-par'ent,  adj.  that 
may  be  distinctly  seen  through  :  clear. — 
adv.  Transpar'ently.  —  n. '  Transpar'- 
ENTNESS.  [L.  trans,  through,  sluA  pareo, 
to  appear.] 

TRANSPIERCE,  trans-pers',  v.t.  to  pierce 
through:  to  permeate.  [L.  trans,  through, 
n  n  rl  PTP r ott  I 

TRANSPIRATION,  tran-spi-ra'shun,  n.  act 
or  process  of  transpiring:  exhalation 
through  the  skin. 

TRANSPIRE,  tran-spir',  v.t.  to  breathe  or 
pass  throvgh  the  pores  of  the  skin. — v.i. 
to  exhale  :  to  become  public  :  (erroneous- 
ly for)  to  occur.  [L.  trans,  through,  and 
spiro,  to  breathe.] 

TRANSPLANT,  trans-plant',  v.t.  to  remove 
and  plant  in  another  place  :  to  remove. — 
n.  Transplanta'tion.  [L.  trans,  across, 
and  Plant.] 

TRANSPORT,  trans-port',  v.t.  to  carry 
across  or  from  one  place  to  another  :  to 
banish :  to  carry  away  by  violence  of  pas- 
sion or  pleasure.  [L.  trans,  across,  and 
porto,  to  carry.] 

TRANSPORT,  trans'port, ra.,  carriagetrom 
one  place  to  another :  a  vessel  for  con- 
veyance :  the  conveyance  of  troops  and 
their  necessaries  by  land  or  sea  :  ecstasy. 

TRANSPORTABLE,  trans-port'a-bl,  adj. 
that  may  be  carried  across. 

TRANSPORTATION,  trans-por-ta'shun,  n. 
removal :  banishment :  the  moving  of 
grain  and  merchandise  by  railway  and 
water  routes  ;  also  applied  to  passenger 
traffic. 

TRANSPOSAL,  trans-poz'al,?2.  act  of  tratis- 
posing  :  a  change  of  place  or  order. 


TRANSPOSE,  trans-poz',  v.t.  to  put  each 
in  the  place  of  the  other  :  to  change,  as 
the  order  of  words,  or  the  key  in  music. 
[Fr. — L.  trans,  across,  and  Fr.  poser  (see 
Pose,  n.).] 

TRANSPOSITION,  trans-po-zish'un,  n.  act 
of  transposing  or  of  putting  one  thing  in 
place  of  another  :  state  of  being  trans- 
posed :  a  change  of  the  order  of  words  : 
(music)  a  change  of  key  into  a  higher  or 
lower  scale. 

TRANS-SHIP,  etc.    See  Tranship,  etc. 

TRANSUBSTANTIATE,  tran-sub-  stan'shi- 
at,  v.t.  to  change  to  another  substance. 
[L.  trans,  a.cross,substantia,  a  substance.] 

TRANSUBSTANTIATION,  tran-sub-stan- 
shi-a'shun,  n.  a  change  into  another  s^ib- 
stance:  the  Roman  Catholic  doctrine  that 
the  bread  and  wine  in  the  Eucharist  are 
changed  into  Christ's  body  and  blood. 

TRANSVERSE,  trans- vers',  adj.,  turned 
or  lying  across.  [L.  trans,  across,  verto, 
ver.^un,  to  turn.] 

TRANSVERSELY,  trans-vers'li,  adv.  in  a 
transverse  or  cross  direction. 

TRAP,  trap,  n.  an  instrument  for  snaring 
animals  :  an  ambush  :  a  stratagem  :  a 
contrivance  for  hindering  the  passage 
of  foul  air  from  a  waste-pipe,  etc. — v.t. 
to  catch  in  a  trap  : — pir.p.  trapp'ing ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  trapped. — n.  Trapf'er. 
[A.S.  triippe ;  cog.  with  O.  Ger.  trapo, 
a  snare  (whence  Fr.  trappe,  by  which  the 
E.  word  has  been  modified).] 

TRAP,  trap,  n.  a  term  loosely  applied  to 
many  rocks  of  volcanic  origin,  so  called 
because  lying  often  in  steps  or  terraces. 
— adj.  Te.'vPP  EAN.  [Sw.  trapp — trappa, 
stairs.] 

TRA±-,  trap,  v.t.  to  drape  or  adorn  with 
gay  clothes  :  to  ornament : — jw.p.  trapp'- 
ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  trapped.  [Fr.  drap 
— ^Low  L.  drappus,  cloth.  Cf.  Drab, 
Drape.] 

TRAP  AN,  tra-pan',  v.t.  to  trap:  toinsnare: 
—pr.p.  trapann'ing;  pa.t.  aaApa.p.  tra- 
panned'. — n.  a  snare  :  a  stratagem. — n. 
Trapann'er.  [From  Trap,  instrument 
for  snaring.] 

TRAP-DOOR,  trap'-dor,  n.  a  door  in  a  floor 
shutting  like  the  catch  of  a  trap. 

TRAPEZE,  tra-pez',  TRAPEZIUM,  tra-pe'- 
zi-um,  n.  a  plane  figure  having  four  un- 
equal sides,  no  two  of  which  are  parallel: 
one  of  the  wrist  bones  :  a  swing  used 
in  gymnastics.  [Gr.  trapezion,  dim.  of 
trapeza,  a  table  :  contr.  either  from  tri- 
peza,  three-legged,  or  from  tetra-peza, 
four-legged.] 

TRAPEZIFORM,  tra-pez'i-form,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  trapeze.  [Gr.  trapeza, 
an'd  Form.] 

TRAPEZOID,  trap'e-zoid,  n.  a  plane  four- 
sided  figure  like  a  trapezium,  having  two 
of  its  opposite  sides  parallel.  [Gr.  trci- 
peza,  and  eidos,  form.] 

TRAPEZOIDAL,  trap-e-zoid'al,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  trajxzoid. 

TRAPPINGS,  trap'ingz,  n.pl.  gay  clothes: 
ornaments,  esp.  those  put  on  horses. 
[See  Trap,  to  drape  or  adorn.] 

TRASH,  trash,  v.t.  to  crop  :  to  strip  oS 
leaves. — n.  refuse  :  matter  unfit  for  food. 
[Prob.  a  form  of  Thrash.] 

TRASHY,  trash'i,ac7J.  like  trash:  worthless. 

TRASS,  tras,  n.  a  volcanic  earth  used  as  a 
hydraulic  cement.  [A  form  of  Terrace, 
pi-ob.  through  the  Dutch.] 

TRAVAIL,  tniv'al,  n.  excessive  labor:  toil; 
labor  in  childbirth. — v.i.  to  labor:  to  suf- 
fer the  pains  of  childbirth.  [Fr.— Prov. 
travar,  Fr.  en-traver,  to  fetter,  to  em- 
barrass— L.  trabes,  a  beam,  which  was 
pierced  with  holes  to  confine  the  feetj 
esp.  of  horses.    See  Turmoil.] 


TKAVE 


454 


TRIANGLE 


TRAVE,  trav,  n.  a  beam :  a  wooden  frame 
to  confine  unruly  horses  while  being  shod. 
[It.  trave ;  Sp.  trabe — L.  trabs,  trabis, 
Grr.  trapex,  a  beam.] 

TRAVEL,  tra-Zel,  f.t.  to  walk:  to  journey: 
to  pass  :  to  move. — v.t.  to  pass  :  to  jour- 
ney over:—pr.p.  tra%''elling ;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  trav'elled. — n.  act  of  passing  from 
place  to  place  :  journey  :  labor: — pi.  an 
account  of  a  journey.  [A  form  of  Trav- 
ail.] 

TRAVELLER,  tra\''el-er,  n.  one  who  trav- 
els :  a  wayfarer  :  one  who  travels  for  a 
mercantile  house:  a  ring  that  slides  along 
a  rope  or  spar. 

TRAVERSABLE,  trav'ers-a-bl,  adj.  that 
mav  be  traversed  or  denied. 

TRA Verse,  trav'ers,  adj.,  turned  or  lying 
across:  denoting  a  method  of  cross-sail- 
ing.— n.  anythmg  laid  or  built  across  : 
something  that  crosses  or  obstructs  :  a 
turn  :  (law)  a  plea  containing  a  denial  of 
some  fact  alleged  by  an  opponent:  a  work 
for  protection  from  the  fire  of  an  enemy. 
— v.t.  to  cross  :  to  pass  over  :  to  survey  : 
(law)  to  deny  what  an  opponent  has  al- 
leged.— v.i.  (fencing)  to  oppose  a  move- 
ment: to  direct  a  gun  to  the  right  or  left 
of  its  position. — 7i.  Trav'erser.  [L.  trans, 
across,  and  rerto,  versum,  to  turn.] 

TRAVERSE -TABLE,  traVers-ta'bl,  _7i.  a 
table  or  platform  for  shitting  carriages 
to  other  rails. 

TRAVESTY,  trav'es-ti,  adj.  hav-ing  on  the 
vesture  or  dress  of  another :  disguised  so 
as  to  be  ridiculous. — n.  a  kind  of  burlesque 
in  which  the  original  characters  are  pre- 
served, the  situations  parodied. — v.t.  to 
turn  into  burlesque.  [Fr.  fravestir,  to 
disguise — L.  trans,  over,  vestio,to  clothe.] 

TRAWL,  trawl,  v.i.  to  fish  bj'  trailing  or 
dragging  a  bag-net  called  a  trawl  alon^ 
the  bottom  of  the  sea.  [A  form  of  Trail.] 

TRAWLER,  trawl'er,  )i.  one  who  or  that 
which  trawls:  a  small  fishing  vessel  used 
in  trawling. 

TRAY,  tra,  n.  a  shallow  trough-like  ves- 
sel :  a  salver.     [A  form  of  Trough.] 

TREACHEROUS,  trech'er-us,  adj.  full  of 
treachery :  faithless.  —  adv.  Treach'e«- 
OUSLT. — n.  Theach'eeousness. 

TREACHERY,  trech'er-i,  w.  faithlessness. 
[O.  Fr.  trecherie  (Fr.  tricherie) — trecher 
(Fr.  tricher) — Dut.  trekken,  to  draw. 
Trick  is  a  doublet.] 

TREACLE,  tre'kl,  n.  in  England,  the  sirup 
which  is  drained  from  sugar  in  the  mak- 
ing :  in  this  country,  called  sirup  or  mo- 
lasses. [Orig.  "  an  antidote  against  the 
bite  of  poisonous  animals."  O.  Fr.  triacle 
— L.  theriacuni  —  Gr.  theriaka  (phar- 
maka),  antidotes  against  the  bites  of 
wild  beasts — therion,  a  wild  beast.] 

TREAD,  tred,  v.i.  to  set  the  foot :  to  walk 
or  go  :  to  copulate,  as  fowls. — v.t.  to 
walk  on  :  to  press  with  the  foot :  to 
trample  in  contempt  :  to  subdue  : — pa.t. 
trod ;  pa.p.  trod  or  trodd'en. — n.  press- 
ure with  the  foot :  a  step.— 9i.  Tread'er. 
[A.S.  tredan ;  cog.  with  Ice.  troda,  Ger. 
treten.] 

TREADLE,  TREDDLE,  tredl,  n.  the  part 
of  any  machine  which  the  foot  treads  on 
and  moves. 

TREAD-MILL,  tred'-mil,  n.  a  viill  worked 
by  treading  or  stepping  from  one  to  an- 
other of  the  steps  of  a  cylindrical  wheel, 
used  chiefly  as  an  instrument  of  prison 
discipline. 

TREASON,  tre'zn,  n.  a  beiraying  of  the 
government  or  an  attempt  to  overthrow 
it :  treachery  :  disloyalty.  [O.  Fr.  tra'i- 
son,  Fr.  trahison—trahii — L.  trado,  to 
give  up,  betrav.] 

TREASONABLE,  tre'zn-a-bl,  adj  pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  involving  trear 
son. — adv.  Teea'sonablt. 


TREASURE,  trezh'ur,  n.  wealth  stored  up: 
riches:  a  great  quantity  collected:  great 
abundance:  anything  much  valued. — v.t. 
to  hoard  up  :  to  collect  for  future  use  : 
to  value  greatly.  [Fr.  tresor — L.  tltesau- 
nis — Gr.  thesauros.    See  Thesaurus.] 

TREASURER,  trezh'ur-er,  n.  one  who  has 
the  care  of  a  treasure  or  treasury  :  one 
who  has  charge  of  collected  funds. — n. 
Treas'urership. 

TREASURE-TROVE,  trezh'flr-trov,  n., 
trea.nire  or  money /oinid  in  the  earth,  of 
which  the  owner  is  unknown.  [Treas- 
ure, and  trove,  pa.p.  of  O.  Fr.  trover,  to 
find.     See  Troter.J 

TREASURY,  trezh'ur-i,  n.  a  place  where 
treasure  is  deposited :  the  department 
of  a  government  which  has  charge  of  the 
finances. 

TREAT,  tret,  v.t.  to  handle  in  a  particular 
manner  :  to  discourse  on  :  to  entertain, 
as  with  food  or  drink,  etc.  :  to  manage 
in  the  application  of  remedies  :  to  use. — 
v.i.  to  handle  a  subject  in  writing  or 
speaking :  to  negotiate  :  to  give  an  en- 
tertainment.— 71.  an  entertainment.  [A. 
S.  treahtigean,  Fr.  traitei — L.  traetare, 
to  handle,  manage — traho,  tractum,  to 
draw.] 

TREATISE,  tret'iz,  n.  a  written  composi- 
tion in  which  a  subject  is  treated  or 
handled  :  a  formal  essay. 

TREATMENT,  tret'ment,  n.  the  act  or 
manner  of  treating:  management:  be- 
havior to  any  one :  way  of  applying 
remedies. 

TREATY,  tret'i,  n.  the  act  of  treating  to 
form  an  agreement:  a  formal  agreement 
between  independent  states. 

TREBLE,  treb'l,  adi.,  triple:  threefold: 
(music)  denoting  the  treble,  that  plays 
or  sings  the  treble. — n.  the  highest  of 
the  four  principal  parts  in  the  musical 
scale. — v.t.  to  make  three  times  as  much. 
—v.i.  to  become  threefold:— pa.p.  treb'led 
(-Id). — adv.  Treb'lt.      [O.  Fr.  form   of 

TREDDLE.    See  Treadle. 

TREE,  tre,  n.  a  plant  having  a  single 
trunk,  woody,  branched,  and  of  a  large 
size  :  anything  like  a  tree  :  wood,  as  in 
the  compounds  axle-tree,  saddle-tree, 
etc.:  (B.)  a  cross.  [A.S.  treoiv  ;  Goth. 
triu.  Ice.  tre,  Gr.  dncs.  Sans,  dru.] 

TREENAIL,  tre'nal,  n.  a  long  irooden  pin 
or  nail  to  fasten  the  planks  of  a  sliip  to 
the  timbers. 

TREFOIL,  tre'foil,  n.  a  three-leaved  plant, 
as  the  white  and  red  clover :  (arch.)  an 
ornament  like  trefoil.  [L.  trifoUum — 
trcs,  three,  and /oZitim,  a  leaf.] 

TRELLIS,  trel'is,  n.  a  sti-ucture  of  cross- 
barred  or  lattice  work,  for  supporting 
plants,  etc.  [Fr.  treillis — Low  L.  trail- 
cium  (translicium).  crossed  threads — L. 
trans,  across,  and  licium,  a  thread.] 

TRELLISED,  trel'ist,  adj.  having  a  trellis, 
or  formed  as  a  trellis. 

TREMBLE,  trem'bl,  v.i.  to  shake,  as  from 
fear,  cold,  or  weakness  :  to  shiver  :  to 
shake,  as  sound. — n.  Trem'eler. — adv. 
Trem'blinglt.  pPr.  trembler — L.  tremu- 
lus,  trembling — tremo,  to  shake,  akin  to 
Gr.  tred.  Sans,  tras,  to  tremble.] 

TREJIENDOUS,  tre-men'dus,  'adj.  such  as 
astonishes  or  terrifies  by  its  force  or 
greatness  :  dreadful.  —  adv.  Tremen'- 
DOUSLT.  [Lit.  "that  is  to  be  trembled 
at,"  L.  tremendiis.] 

TREMOR,  trem'or,  n.  a  trembling,  shaking, 
or  quivering.     [L.] 

TREilULOUS,  trem'u-lus,  adj.,  trembling : 
affected  with  fear  :  shaking  :  quivering. 
— adv.  Trem'ulouslt. — n.  Trkm'ulous- 

NESS. 

TRENCH,  trensh.  v.t.  to  cut  or  dig  a  ditch: 
to  dig  deeply  with  the  spade  or  plough. 


— v.t.  to  encroach. — n.  a  long  narrow  cut 
in  the  earth :  (fort.)  an  excavation  to  in- 
terrupt the  approach  of  an  enemy  :  the 
excavated  approaches  made  by  besiegers. 

to.    Fr.    trencher,   Fr.  trancher,  ace.  to 
jittre  from  L.  truncare,  to  maim,  to  cut 
off — truncus,  maimed.] 

TRENCHANT,  trensh'ant,  adj.,  cutting: 
sharp :  severe. 

TRENCHER,  trensh'er,  n.  a  wooden  plate 
formerly  used  for  cidting  meat  on  at 
meals :  the  table  :  food  :  pleasures  of  the 
table.     [Fr.  tranchoir.] 

TRENCH-PLOUGH,  trensh'-plow,  n.  a 
plough  for  trenching  or  turning  up  the 
land  more  deeply  than  usual  :  a  suD-soil 
plough. — v.t.  to  plough  with  a  trench- 
plough. 

TREND,  trend,  v.i.  to  tend,  to  run.  to  go 
in  a  particular  direction. — n.  tendency. 
[Perh.  a  corr.  of  Tend.] 

TRENTAL,  trent'al,  «.  a  R.  C.  office  for  the 
dead,  of  thirty  masses  for  thirty  days 
after  the  person's  death.  [Low  L.  trent- 
ale — It.  trenta,  L.  triginta,  thirty.] 

TREPAN,  tre-pan',  v.i.  to  insnare  -.—pr.p. 
trepann'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  trepanned'. 
[Same  as  Trapan,  of  which  it  is  an  erro- 
neous spelling.] 

TREPAN,  tre-pan',  n.  (surg.)  a  small  cyl- 
indrical saw  used  in  perforating  tne 
skull. — v.t.  to  remove  a  circular  piece  of 
the  skull  with  a  trepan,  in  order  to  re- 
lieve the  brain  from  pressure  or  irrita- 
tion. [Lit.  "  a  borer,"  Fr. — It.  trapano, 
through  Low  L. — Gr.  trypanon — trypao, 
to  bore.] 

TREPHINE,  tre-fin',  n.  the  modern  trepan, 
having  a  little  sharp  borer  called  the 
centre  pin. — v.t.  to  perforate  with  the 
trephine.     [Dim.  of  Trepan.] 

TREPIDATION,  trep-i-da'shun,  n.  a  state ; 
of  confused  hurry  or  alarm  :  an  involun-} 
tary  trembling.     [L.  trepido,  -atum,  to' 
hurry    with    alarm  —  trepidus,  restless, 
alarmed,  from  the  root  of  Gr.  trepo,  to 
turn  (in  flight).] 

TRESPASS,  tres'pas,  v.i.  to  pass  over  a 
limit  or  boundary :  to  enter  unlawfully 
upon  another's  land  :  to  inconvenience 
by  importunity  :  to  intrude  :  to  injure  or 
annoy  another  :  to  sin. — n.  act  of  tres- 
passing :  any  injury  to  another's  person 
or  property:  a  sin. — n.  Tres'passer.  [O. 
Fr.  trespasser  (Fr.  trepasser) — L.  trans, 
across,  and  passer  (see  Pass).] 

TRESPASS-OFFERING,  tres'pas-of'er-ing, 
71.  an  offering  in  expiation  of  a  trespass 
or  sin. 

TRESS,  tres,  n.  a  lock  or  curl  of  hair  :  a 
ringlet  (esp.  in  pi.).  [Fr.  tresse,  through 
It.  treceia,  from  Gr.  tricha,  threefold — 
tris,  three  times.] 

TRESSED,  trest,  adj.,  hainng  tresses:  form- 
ed into  tresses  or  ringlets  :  curled. 

TRESSEL,  TRESTLE,  tres'l,  n.  a  movable 
support  fastened  to  a  top  -  piece  :  the 
frame  of  a  table.  [O.  Fr.  trestel  (Fr.  tre- 
teau):  ety.  dub.;  perh.  through  a  Low  L. 
dim.  fromL.  transtrum,  a  beam,  a  bench.] 

TRET,  tret,  n.  an  allowance  to  purchasers 
of  4  lbs.  on  every  104  lbs.  for  waste. 
[Norm,  trett,  deduction,  Fr.  trait — O.  Fi-. 
traire — L.  trahere,  to  draw.] 

TRIAD,  tri'ad,  n.  the  union  of  three.     [L, 
trias,  triadis — Gr.   trios,   triados — treis, , 
E.  Three.] 

TRIAL,  tri'al,  n.  a  trying :  the  act  of  try- 
ing :  examination  by  a  test :  the  state  of 
being  tried  :  suffering  :  temptation  :  ju- 
dicial examination  :  attempt. 

TRIANGLE,  tri'ang-gl,  n.  (math.)  a  plane 
figure  with  three  angles  and  three  sides  : 
(music)  an  instrument  of  steel  in  the- 
form  of  a  triangle.  [Fr. — L.  triangidum. 
— tres,  three,  and  angidus,  an  angle.  See 
Angle.] 


TRIANGLED 


455 


TRIPARTITE 


lEIANGLED,  trl'ang-gld,  adj.  having  three 
angles. 

TRIANGULAR,  trt-ang'gu-lar,  adj.  having 
three  angles. — adi\  Trian'gularly. 

TRIANGULATE,  tri-ang'gu-lat,  v.t.  to  sur- 
vey by  means  of  a  series  of  triangles. 

TRIANGULATION,  tri-ang-gu-la'shun,  n. 
act  of  triangulating:  the  series  of  tri- 
angles so  used. 

TRIAS,  tri'as,  n.  (geol.)  the  oldest  group  of 
the  Secondary  strata,  formerly  associ- 
ated with  the  Permian  rocks  under  the 
name  of  the  New  Red  Sandstone. — adj. 
Triass'ic.  [So  called  by  the  German 
geologists,  because  the  group  is  separ- 
ated into  three  distinct  formations,  from 
Gr.  trias,  union  of  three.    Cf.  Triad.] 

TRIBE,  trib,  n.  a  race  or  family  from  the 
same  ancestor :  a  body  of  people  under 
one  leader :  a  number  of  things  having 
certain  common  qualities. — adj.  Trib'al. 
[L.  tribus,  "  a  third  part,"  orig.  applied 
to  one  of  the  three  cantons  or  divisions 
forming  the  ancient  Roman  people,  from 
tri-,  root  of  tres,  E.  Three,  and  root 
bhu.  E.  Be.] 

TRIBRACH,  tri'brak,  7i.  (poetry)  a  foot  of 
three  short  syllables.  [L. — Gr.  tri-,  root 
of  treis,  E.  Three,  and  brachys,  short.] 

TRIBULATION,  trib-u-la'shun,  n.  severe 
aflBiction  :  distress.  [L.'  tribulatio — tri- 
bulo,  to  press  or  afflict  —  tribulum,  a 
sledge  for  rubbing  out  grain — tero,  to 
rub,  grind.] 

TRIBUNAL,  tri-bu'nal,  n.  the  bench  on 
which  a  judge  and  his  associates  sit  to 
administer  justice:  court  of  justice.  [L.] 

TRIBUNE,  trib'un,  n.  a  magistrate  elected 
by  the  Roman  plebeians  to  defend  their 
rights  :  the  raised  platform  from  which 
speeches  were  delivered.  — n.  Trib'une- 
SHIP.  [L.  tribunus,  orig.  "the  represent- 
ative of  a  tribe  " — tribus,  a  tribe.  See 
Tribe  1 

TRIBUTARY,  trib'u-tar-1,  adj.  paying  trib- 
ute :  subject  :  yielding  supplies  of  any- 
thing :  paid  in  tribute.  —  n.  one  who 
pays  tribute:  a  stream  which  contributes 
water  to  another. — adv.  Trib'utarHjT. 

TRIBUTE,  trib'ut,  n.  a  fixed  amount  paid 
at  certain  intervals  by  one  nation  to  an- 
other for  peace  or  protection  :  a  personal 
contribution  :  acknowledgment,  or  hom- 
age paid. — The  Tribute,  paid  by  Chris- 
tian nations  to  the  Barbary  States,  for 
protection  against  Berber  pirates,  was 
first  refused  by  the  United  States  ;  and 
was,  in  consequence,  soon  abolished.  [L. 
tributum — tribuo,  to  assign,  g^ive,  pay — 
tribus,  a  tribe.     See  TRIBE.] 

TRICE,  tris,  n.  a  very  short  time  :  an  in- 
stant. [Perh.  from  thrice,  while  one  can 
count  three  ;  or  from  Sp.  tris,  noise  of 
breaking  glass  (cf.  Soot.  "  in  a  crach").'\ 

TRICENNIAL,  tri-sen'yal,  adj.  pertaining 
to  thirty  years :  occurring  every  thirty 
years.  [L.  tricennium,  thirty  years — 
triginta,  thirty,  and  annus,  a  year.] 

TRICENTENARY,  trl-sen'ten-ar-i,  n.  a 
space  of  three  hundred  years.  [L.  tre- 
oenti,  three  hundred — tres,  three,  and 
centum,  a  hundred.] 

TRICHINA,  tri-lri'na,  n.  a  parasitic  worm, 
which  in  its  mature  state  infests  the  in- 
testinal canal,  and  in  its  larval  state  the 
muscular  tissue  of  man  and  certain  ani- 
mals, esp.  the  hog: — pi.  Trichi'n^. 
[Gr.  trichinos,  small  like  a  hair — thrix, 
trichos,  hair.] 

TRICHINIASIS,  tri-kin-I'a-sis,  n.  the  dis- 
ease caused  by  the  presence  of  trichinaa 
in  the  body. 

TRICK,  trik,  v.t.  to  dress,  to  decorate. 
[Celt,  tree,  ornament,  treciaw,  to  adorn.] 

TRICK,  trik,  n.  any  fraud  or  stratagem  to 
deceive  :  a  clever  contrivance  to  puzzle, 
amuse,  or  annoy  :  a  particular  habit  or 


manner :  a  parcel  of  cards  falling  to  a 
winner  at  one  turn. — v.i.  to  deceive,  to 
cheat. — ns.  Trick'er,  Trick'ster.  [O. 
Fr.  tricer,  treeher,  to  beguile,  from  Dut. 
trekken,  to  draw.    See  Treachery.] 

TRICKERY,  trik'er-i,  n.  act  or  practice  of 
playing  tricks  :  artifice :  stratagem :  im- 
position. 

TRICKISH,  trik'ish,  adj.  addicted  to 
tricks :    artful  in  making  bargains. 

TRICKLE,  trik'l,  v.i.  to  flow  gently  or  in 
a  small  stream.  [Scot,  trinkle ;  Ger, 
tropfeln — tropfen,  to  fall  in  drops.] 

TRICOLOR,  trl'kul-ur,  n.  the  national  flag 
of  France,  of  three  colors,  red,  wliite,  and 
blue,  in  vertical  stripes.  [Fr.  tricolore — 
L.  tres,  three,  and  color,  color.] 

TRICOLORED,    tri'kul-urd,    adj.    having 

t'JlV66  COlOVS 

TRICYCLE,  tri'sik-l,  n.  a  velocipede  with 
three  wheels.  [Gr.  tri-,  root  of  treis,  E. 
Three,  and  kyklos,  E.  Cycle.    Cf.  Bi- 

CYCLE  1 

TRIDENT,  tri'dent,  n.  the  three-pronged 
spear  or  sceptre  of  Neptune,  god  of  the 
ocean :  any  three-toothed  instrument. 
[Fr. — L.  tres,  three,  and  dens,  dentis,  E. 
Tooth.] 

TRIDENT,  tri'dent,  TRIDENTED,  tri'dent- 
ed,  adj.  having  three  teeth  or  prongs. 

TRIENNIAL,  tri-en'yal,  adj.  continuing 
thi-ee  years  :  happening  every  third  year. 
— adv.  Trienn'ially.  [L.  triennis — tres, 
three,  and  annus,  a  year.] 

TRIFLE,  tri'fl,  v.i.  to  act  or  talk  lightly : 
to  indulge  in  light  or  silly  amusements  : 
to  waste  or  spend  idly  or  unprofitably. — 
71.  anything  of  little  value  :  a  light  kind 
of  dish. — n.  Tri'fler.  [O.  Fr.  trufle, 
perh.  conn,  with  O.  Dut.  treyfelen,  to 
play ;  or  perh.  only  another  form  of 
Truffle.] 

TRIFLING,  tri'fling,  adj.  like  a  trifle :  of 
small  value  or  importance  :  trivial. — 
adv.  Tri'flinoly. 

TRIFOLIATE,  tii-fo'li-at,  adj,  three-leaved. 
[L.  tres,  three,  and  folium,  leaf.] 

TRIFORM,  tri'form,  adj.  having  a  triple 
form.  [L.  triformis — tres,  three,  and 
forma,  form.] 

TRIG,  trig,  adj.  full:  trim,  neat.  [Ety. 
dub.] 

TRIGGER,  trig'er,  n.  a  catch  which  when 
pidled  looses  the  hammer  of  a  gun  in 
firing:  a  catch. to  hold  a  wheel  when 
driving  on  steep  ground.  [Either  from 
Dut.  trekker— trekken,  to  pull  (cf.  Trick, 
n.);  or  from  Ger.  driicker.] 

TRIGLYPH,  tri'glif,  n.  a  three-grooved 
tablet  at  equal  distances  along  the  frieze 
in  Doric  architecture.  [L.  triglyphus — 
Gr.  triglyphos — treis,  three,  and  glypho, 
to  hollow  out,  to  carve.] 

TRIGLYPHIC,  tri-glif'ik,  TRIGLYPHIC- 
AL,  tri-glif'ik-al,  adj.  consisting  of  or 
pertaining  to  triglyphs :  containing  three 
sets  of  characters  or  sculptures. 

TRIGONOMETRICAL,trig-o-no-met'rik-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  trigonometry:  done  by 
the  rules  of  trigonometry. — adv.  Trigo- 
nomet'rically. 

TRIGONOJIETRY,  trig-o-nom'e-tri,  n.  the 
branch  of  mathematics  which  treats  of 
the  relations  between  the  sides  and  an- 
gles of  triangles.  [Lit.  "  the  measure- 
ment of  triangles  " — Gr.  trigonon,  a  tri- 
angle, and  metron,  a  measure.] 

TRIHEDRAL,  tri-he'dral,  adj.  having  three 
equ.al  sides. 

TRIHEDRON,  trt-he'dron,  n.  a  figure  hav- 
ing three  equal  bases  or  sides.  [Gr.  treis, 
three,  and  hedra,  a  seat,  base.] 

TRILATERAL,  tri-lat'er-al,  adj.  having 
three  sides.  —  adv.  Trilat'erally.  [L. 
tres.  three,  latiis,  side.] 

TRILINGUAL,  tri-ling'gwal,  adj.  consist- 


ing of  three  tongues, or  languages.  [Lb. 
tres,  three,  and  lingua,  tongue.] 

TRILITERAL,  tri-lit'er-al,  adj.  consisting 
of  three  letters.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  litera^ 
a  letter.] 

TRILL,  tril,  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  shake :  to  utter 
with  a  tremulous  vibration  :  to  trickle  or 
flow  in  a  small  stream. — n.  a  quaver  or 
tremulous  vibration.  [Fr.  triller  —  It.? 
trillare.  to  shake  ;  imitative.] 

TRILLION,  tril'yun,  n.  a  million  raised 
to  the  second  power  (1,000,000,000,000), 
or,  in  England,  multiplied  twice  by  itself 
(1,000,000,000.000,000,000),  corresponding 
to  our  quintillion.  [Fr.— L.  <res,  three,  and 
Low  L.  millio,  a  million.     See  Million.J 

TRILOBITE,  tri'lob-It,  n.  one  of  an  order 
of  fossil  cr  jatacea.  [Gr.  tri,  thrice,  and 
lobos,  a  lobe.] 

TRILOGY,  tril'o-ji,  n.  a  series  of  three 
drarnas,  each  complete  in  sense,  yet 
mutually  related  as  parts  of  one  great 
historical  piece.  [Gr.  trilogia — tri,  tris, 
thrice,  and  logos,  speech,  discourse.] 

TRIM,  trim,  adj.  in  good  order  :  nice. — v.f. 
to  make  trim  :  to  put  in  due  order  :  to 
dress  :  to  decorate  :  to  clip  :  to  reduce  ta 
proper  form:  to  arrange  for  sailing. — v.i. 
to  balance  or  fluctuate  between  parties: — 
jpr.p.  trimm'ing;pa.f.  and  pa.p.  trimmed. 
— 71.  dress:  ornaments:  state  of  a  ship  as 
to  sailing  qualities. — adv.  Trim'ly.— to. 
Trui'ness.  [A.S.  trum,  firm,  try7nian,  to 
strengthen,  set  in  order.] 

TRIMETER,  trim'e-ter,  n.  a  div-ision  of  a 
verse  consisting  of  three  measures. — adjs. 
Trim'eter,  Trimet'rical.  [Gr.  trimetros 
— treis,  three,  and  metron,  measure.] 

TRIMMER,  trim'er,  n.  one  who  trims  :  one 
who  fluctuates  between  parties,  a  time- 
server. 

TRIMMING,  trim'ing,  n.  that  which  trims: 
ornamental  parts,  esp.  of  a  garment, 
dish,  etc. 

TRIMONTHLY,  tri'munth-li,  adj.  every 
three  months. 

TRINITARIAN,  trin-i-tar'i-an,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Tri7iity,  or  to  the  doctrine  of 
the  Trinity. — )(.  one  who  holds  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity. — Trinitar'ianism,  ti. 
the  tenets  of  Trinitarians. 

TRINITY,  trin'i-ti,  n.  the  union  of  three  in 
07ie  Godhead  :  the  persons  of  the  God- 
head. [L.  trinitas,  three — trini,  three 
each — tres,  three.] 

TRINITY-SUNDAY,  trin'i-ti-sun'da,  n.  the 
Sunday  next  after  Whitsunday,  the  Fes- 
tival of  the  Holy  Trinity. 

TRINKET,  tringk'et,  n.  a  small  ornament 
for  the  person  :  anything  of  little  value. 
[Ety.  dub. ;  perh.  nasalized  from  trieket, 
a  dim.  of  Trick.] 

TRINOMIAL,  tri-no'mi-al,  adj.  (math.)  con- 
sisting of  fit  ree  names  or  terms  connected 
by  the  sign  plus  or  minus. — n.  a  trinomi- 
al quantity.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  7iomen, 
name.] 

TRIO,  tri'o,  n.  three  united  :  (music)  a  com- 
position for  three  performers.  [It. — L. 
tres,  three.] 

TRIP,  trip,  v.i.  to  move  with  short,  light 
steps  :  to  stumble  and  fall :  to  err :  to 
fail. — v.t.  to  cause  to  stumble  by  striking 
one's  feet  from  under  him  :  to  overthrow 
by  taking  away  support:  to  catch  : — pr.pi. 
tripp'ing  ;  pa.t.  aud  pa.p.  tripped. — n.  a. 
hght,  short  step  :  a  catch  by  which  am 
antagonist  is  thrown  :  a  false  step  :  a. 
mistake :  a  short  voyage  or  journey. 
[Allied  to  Low  Ger.  trippen,  and  Ger. 
trippcln  ;  cf.  also  W.  trijnaw.\ 

TRIPARTITE,  trip'ar-tit,  adj.,  divided  into 
three  parts:  having  three  corresponding 
parts  :  relating  to  three  parties. — Trip- 
arti'tion,  n.  a  division  into  three.  [L. 
ter,  thrice,  and  partitus,  pa.p.  of  jxt^Jisv 
to  divide— pars,  a  part.] 


TRIPE 


456 


TROUNCE 


•TRrPE,  trip.  n.  entrails :  the  large  stomach 
of  ruminating  animals  prepared  for  food. 
[Fr..  ety.  dub. ;  prob.  from  Celt,  tripa.] 

TRIPEDAL,  trip'e-dal,  adj.  having  three 
feet.     [L.   tres,  three,  and  pes,  pedis,  E. 

FOOT.l 

TEIPETALOUS,  tri-pet'al-us,  adj.  (bot.) 
having  three  petals  or  flower-?eares. 
[Gr.  treis,  three,  and  petalon,  a  leaf. 
Si'e  Petal.] 

TRIPHTHONG,  trif 'thong  or  trip'thong, 
n.  a  combination  of  three  vowels  to  form 
one  sound.— adj.  Triphthon'gai..  [Fr. 
triphthongue  —  Gr.  treis,  three,  and 
phthongos,  sound. J 

TRIPLE,  trip'l,  adj.  consisting  of  three 
united  :  three  times  repeated. — i\t.  to 
treble.— arfu.  Trip'ly.  [Ft. — L.  tri-plus 
(?jY.)  "thrice-full"— iW-,  loot  of  tres,  E. 
Three,  and  -plus,  akin  toplenus,  E.  Fill. 
Cf.  Double.] 

TRIPLET,  trip'let.  n.,  three  of  a  kind  or 
three  united  :  three  lines  rhyming  to- 
gether :  {music)  a  group  of  three  notes 
occupying  the  time  of  two,  indicated  by 
a  slur  and  the  figure  3. 

TRIPLICATE,  trip'li-kat,  adj.,  threefold: 
made  thrice  as  much. — n.  a  third  copy 
or  thing  corresponding  to  two  others  of 
the  same  kind.  [L.  ter,  thrice,  and  plico, 
to  fold.    Cf.  Duple,  Duplicate.] 

TRIPLICATION,  trip-li-ka'shun,  n.  act  of 
making  threefold  or  adding  three  to- 
gether. 

TRIPOD,  tri'pod,  n.  anything  on  three  feet 
or  legs,  as  a  stool,  etc.  [Gr.  tripous, 
tripoaos — tri,  treis,  three, poiis,  E.  Foot.] 

TRIPOS,  tri'pos,  n.  a  university  examina- 
tion for  honors  at  Cambridge  :  a  tripos 
paper.  [From  a  tripod  being  frequently 
given  as  a  prize  at  the  Grecian  games. 
See  Tripod.] 

TRIPPING,  trip'ing,  n.  the  act  of  tripping : 
a  light  kind  of  dance. 

TRIPPINGLY,  trip'ing-li,adi7.  in  a  tripping 
manner  :  witii  a  light,  quick  step. 

TRIPTOTE,  lirip'tot,  n.  a  noun  used  in  three 
cases  only.  [Fr. — Gr.  triptoton — tri,  treis, 
three,  thrice,  ptotos,  i^Wing—pipto,  to 
fall.] 

TRIPTYCH,  trip'tik,  n.  a  set  of  tablets 
consisting  of  three  leaves,  each  painted 
with  a  distinct  subject,  but  joined  to- 
gether by  hinges,  and  capable  of  being 
folded  so  as  to  present  a  new  face.  [Gr. 
tri,  thrice,  ptyx,  ptychos,  a  fold,  a  leaf — 
ptysso,  to  fold.] 

TRIREME,  trl'rem,  n.  a  galley  or  vessel 
with  three  banks  or  rows  of  oars.  [Fr. — 
L.  triremis — tri,  tres,  three,  remus,  an 
oar.] 

TRISECT,  tri-sekt',  v.t.  to  cut  or  divide  into 
three  equal  parts.  [L.  tri,  thrice,  seco, 
sectum,  to  cut.] 

TRISECTION,  tri-sek'shun,  n.  the  division 
of  anything,  as  an  angle,  into  three  equal 
parts. 

TRISYLLABIC,  tris  -  sil  -  lab'ik,  TRISYL- 
LAB'ICAL,  -al,  adj.  pertaining  to  a  <ris2/Z- 
lable :  consisting  of  three  syllables. — adv. 
Trisyllab'ically. 

TRISYLLABLE,  tris-sil'a-bl,  n.  a  word  of 
three  syllables.  [Gr.  tri-,  three,  and  Syl- 
lable.] 

TRITE,  trit,  adj.,  worn  out  by  use  :  used 
till  its  novelty  and  interest  are  lost : 
hackneyed.— odu.  Teite'ly. — v.  Trite'- 
NESS.  [It.  trito—L.  tritus,  rubbed,  pa.p. 
of  tero,  to  rub.     See  Try.] 

TRITON,  tri'ton,  n.  (myth.)  a  marine  demi- 
god, one  of  the  trumpeters  of  Neptune, 
his  trumpet  being  a  wreathed  univalve 
shall:  agenusof  molluscs  with  a  wreathed 
univalve  shell.     [Gr.  Triton.] 

TRITURABLE,  trit'u-ra-bl.  adj.  that  may 

be  reduced  to  a  fine  powder  by  grinding. 

TRITURATE,  trit'u-rat,  v.t.  to  rub  or  grind 


to    a    fine    powder.  —  n.  Tritura'tion, 
[Late  L.  trituro,  -atum — L.  tero,  to  rub.] 

TRIUMPH,  tri'umf,  n.  in  ancient  Rome,  a 
solemn  procession  in  honor  of  a  victori- 
ous general :  joy  for  success  :  victory. — 
v.i.  to  celebrate  a  victorj'  with  pomp:  to 
rejoice  for  victory:  to  obtain  victorj':  to 
be  prosperous :  (with  over)  to  insult  a 
person  upon  an  advantage  gained. — n. 
Trt'umpher.  [L.  triumphus ;  akin  to  Gr. 
thriambos,  a  hymn  to  Bacchus.] 

TRIUMPHAL,  tri-umf'al,  adj.  pertaining 
to  triumph  :  used  in  celebrating  victory. 

TRIUMPHANT,  tri-umf'ant,  adj.  celebrat- 
ing or  rejoicing  for  a  triumph  :  express- 
ing ioy  for  success:  victorious. — adv. 
TRRi.trPH'ANTLY.  [L.  triumphans,  -antis, 
pr.p.  of  triumpho,  to  celebrate  a  triumph 
— triumphus.] 

TRIUMVIR,  tri-um'vir,  n.  one  of  three  men 
in  the  same  office  or  government  i—pl. 
Trium'vtri,  Trium'virs.  [L.  —  trium-, 
from  fj-e.s',  three,  and  vir,  a  man.] 

TRIUMVIRATE,  tri-um'vi-rat,  n.  an  asso- 
ciation of  three  men  in  office  or  govern- 
ment, or  for  any  political  ends.     [L.] 

TRIUNE,  tri'un,  'adj.  being  three  in  one. 
[Coined  from  L.  tri-,  root  of  tres,  three, 
and  mius,  one.] 

TRIVET,  triv'et,  n.  a  stool  or  other  thing 
supported  on  three  feet :  a  movable  iron 
frame  in  a  Iritchen  fire-grate  for  support- 
ing kettles,  etc.  [For  trevet — Fr.  trepied, 
a  tripod— L.  tripes,  tripedis — tres,  three, 
pes,  a  foot.    Cf.  Tripod.] 

TRIVIAL,  triv'i-al,  adj.  that  may  be  found 
anywhere,  common:  of  little  importance: 
tri"fling.— adr.  Trivially.— ?;.  Triv'ial- 
NESS.  [L.  triirialis  (lit.)  "  to  be  found  at 
the  cross-roads  or  public  streets" — triv- 
ium,  a  place  where  three  ways  meet — 
tres,  three,  via  a  way.] 

TROCHAIC,  tro-ka'ik,  TROCHA'ICAL, 
-al,  adj.  consisting  of  trochees. — Trocha'- 
IC,  71.  a  trochaic  verse  or  measure. 

TROCHEE,  tro'ke,  n.  a  metrical  foot  of  two 
syllables,  so  called  from  its  tripping  or 
joyous  character  :  in  L.  verse,  consisting 
of  a  long  and  a  short,  as  numen :  in  E. 
verse,  of  an  accented  and  unaccented 
syllable,  as  tri'pod.  [Fr.  trochee — Gr. 
trochaios  (pons,  foot,  understood),  run- 
ning, tripping — trochos,  a  running — 
trecho,  to  run.]  [Tread. 

TROD,    TRODD'EN,   pa.t.    and  pa.p.    of 

TROGLODYTE,  trog'lo-dit,  n.  the  Greek 
name  for  certain  ancient  tribes  on  the 
Nile,  now  a  general  term  for  all  savage 
cave-dwellers.  [Fr. — Gr.  troglodytes  — 
trogle,  a  cave,  and  dyo,  to  enter.] 

TROJAN,  tro'jan,  adj.  pertaining  to  ancient 
Troy. — n.  an  inhabitant  of  ancient  Troy : 
an  old  soldier. 

TROLL,  trol,  v.t.  to  move  circularly:  to 
sing  the  parts  of  in  succession,  as  of  a 
catch  or  round. — v.i.  to  roll:  to  move  or 
run  about :  to  sing  a  catch. — n.  a  song, 
tlie  parts  of  which  are  sung  in  succes- 
sion :  a  round.  —  n.  Troll'er.  [Perh. 
from  Fr.  troler,  to  lead  about — Celt,  root 
seen  in  "W.  trolis,  to  twist,  to  roll.] 

TROLL,  trol,  v.i.  to  fish,  esp.  for  pike,  with 
a  rod  of  which  the  line  runs  on  a  reel 
near  the  handle.     [A  form  of  Trawl.] 

TROLLOP,  trol'up,  n.  a  loitering,  slattern- 
ly woman :  a  woman  negligently  dressed: 
a  draggle-tail.  [From  Troll,  in  the 
sense  of  running  about.] 

TROMBONE,  trom'bon,  n.  a  deep-toned 
brass  musical  wind  instrument  of  the 
trumpet  kind.  [It.  ;  augmentative  of 
tromba,  a  trumpet.  See  Trump,  a  trump- 
et.] 

TROOP,  troop,  n.  a  croivd  or  collection  of 
people :  a  company  :  soldiers  taken  col- 
lectively, an  army,  usually  in  pi.:  a  small 
body  of  cavalry  corresponding  to  a  com- 


Eany  of  Infantry. — v.i.  to  collect  in  num^ 
ers:  to  march  in  a  company,  or  in  hasteo 
[Fr.  troupe,  prob.  through  Low  L.  forms,- 
from  L.  turba,  a  crowd.] 

TROOPER,  troop'er,  n.  a  private  cavalry 
soldier. 

TROPE,  trop,  n.  (rhet.)  a  word  or  expression 
changed  from  its  proper  sense  for  life  or 
emphasis,  a  figure  of  speech.  [Fr. — L, 
tropus — Gr.  tropos — trepo,  to  turn.] 

TROPHIED,  tro'fld,  adj.  adorned  with  tro- 
phies. 

TROPHY,  tro'fi,  n.  a  memorial  of  a  vic- 
tory, consisting  of  a  pile  of  arms  erected 
on  the  field  of  battle :  anything  taken 
from  an  enemy  and  preserved  as  a  me- 
morial of  victory :  something  that  is 
evidence  of  victory.  [Fr.  trophie  —  L. 
tropceum — Gr.  tropaion — trope,  a  turn- 
ing— trepo,  to  turn,  to  turn  to  flight.] 

TROPIC,  trop'ik,  n,  one  of  the  two  circles 
on  the  celestial  sphere,  23°  28'  on  each 
side  of  the  equator,  where  the  sun  turns, 
as  it  were,  after  reaching  its  greatest  dec- 
lination north  or  south  :  one  of  two  cir- 
cles on  the  terrestrial  globe  correspond- 
ing to  these : — j}l.  the  regions  lying  be- 
tween the  tropics.  [Through  L.  tropicus, 
from  Gr.  tropikos,  relating  to  a  turning 
— tropos,  a  turning  (see  Trope).] 

TROPIC,  trop'ik,  TROPICAL,  trop'ik-al, 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  tropics :  being 
within  or  near  the  tropics. — adv.  Trop^ 
ically. 

TROPICAL,  trop'ik-al,  adj.  (rhet.)  pertain- 
ing to  a  trope :  changed  from  its  proper 
or  original  sense:  figurative. — adv.  Teop'- 
ically. 

TROPOLOGICAL,  tro-po-loj'ik-al,  adj.  ex- 
pressed or  varied  by  tropes  or  figures. 

TROPOLOGY,  tro-pol'o-ji,  n.  a  tropical  or 
figurative  mode  of  speech.  [Gr.  tropos^ 
and  logos,  discourse.] 

TROT,  trot,  v.i.  to  go,  lifting  the  feet 
quicker  and  higher  than  in  walking  :  to 
walk  or  move  fast :  to  run  :  to  travel, 
by  lifting  one  fore-foot  and  the  hind-foot 
of  the  opposite  side  at  the  same  time — 
said  of  horses. — v.t.  to  ride  at  a  trot : — 
pr.p.  trott'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  trott'ed. 
— n.  the  pace  of  a  horse  or  other  quad- 
ruped when  trotting. — n.  Trott'er.  [Fr, 
trotter,  through  various  forms  from  a  L. 
form  tolutare,  for  ire  tolutim,  to  go  on  a 
trot,  (Zii!.)  "by  a  lifting,"  from,  root  tol, 
to  lift.] 

TROTH,  troth,  n.,  truth,  confidence:  faith; 
fidelity.  [A.S.  treowth—treow,  faith,  trust. 
See  Truth.] 

TROUBADOUR,  troo'ba-door,  n.  one  of  a 
class  of  poets  from  the  11th  to  the  13th 
century,  chiefly  in  France.  [Fr.,  from 
Prov.  trobador — trobar  (Fr.  trouver),  to 
find — L.  turbare,  to  throw  into  disorder 
(in  searching  for  a  thing),  hence,  to  find. 
See  Trover.] 

TROUBLE,  trub'l,  v.t.  to  put  into  a  con- 
fused state  :  to  agitate  :  to  disturb  :  to 
annoy  :  t»  busy  or  engage  overmuch. — 
n.  disturbance  :  affliction  :  uneasiness  ; 
that  which  disturbs  or  afflicts.;i.— Troub'- 
LER.  [Fr.  troubler,  O.  Fr.  tourbler — Low 
L.  turbulo — L.  turbare,  to  disturb — turba, 
a  crowd,  tumult.] 

TROUBLESOME,  trubl-sum,  adj.  causing 
or  gi%'ing  trouble  or  inconvenience  : 
vexatious  :   importunate. —  adv.  Troub** 

LESOMELY. — n.  TROUB'LESOMENESS. 

TROUBLOUS,  trub'lus,  adj.  full  of  trotM« 
or  disorder  :  agitated  :  tumultuous. 

TROUGH,  trof,  n.  a  long,  hollow  vessel  for 
water  or  other  liquid  :  a  long  tray  :  a 
long  narrow  channel.  [A.S.  trog ;  Ger. 
trog.] 

TROUNCE,  trowns,  v.t.  to  punish  or  beat 
severely.  [O.  Fr.  tronfonner,  to  cut — It> 
truncus,  maimed.    See  Trench.] 


TROUSERS 


457 


TRYSAIL 


TROUSERS,  trow'zerz,  n.pl.  long  breeches; 
a  garment  worn  by  males  on  the  lower 
limbs  and  trussed  or  fastened  up  at  the 
waist.  [O.  Fr.  trousses,  breeches  worn 
by  pages — Fr.  trousse  (see  Truss).] 
TROUSSEAU,  troo-s6',  n.  the  lighter  art- 
icles of  a  bride's  outfit.  [Fr.,  lit.  "a 
little  bundle,"  from  trousse,  a  bundle 
I    (see  Truss).] 

TROUT,  trowt,  n.  a  common   name    for 
fresh-water  fish  of   the  salmon  family  : 
the    Salmo   Fario,  or   Common   Trout, 
much    sought    after   by  anglers.      [Fr. 
truite,  A.S.  truht  —  L.   tructa,  tjtwtus — 
Gr.  troktes,  a  sea-fish  with  sharp  teeth — 
trogo,  to  gnaw.] 
TROVER,  troVer,  n.  (laiv)  the  gaining  pos- 
session of  goods.     [O.  Fr.  trover,  to  find 
(Fr.  trouver) — L.  turbare,  to  throw  into 
disorder  (in  searching  for  a  thing),  hence, 
to   find  —  turba,  confusion.    Of.  Treas- 
ure-Trove and  Troubadour.] 
TROW,  tro,  v.i.  to  hold  as  true  :  (B.)  to 
trust :  to  believe :  to  think.  [A.S.  treoie- 
ian :  Ice.  trua,  Ger.  trau-en.    See  True, 
Trust.J 
TROWEL,  trow'el,  w.  a  tool  used  in  spread- 
ing   mortar,    and    in    gardening.      [Fr. 
tntelle — L.  trulla,  dim.  of  trua,  a  ladle.] 
TROWSERS.    Same  as  Trousers. 
TROY.  TROY- WEIGHT,  troi'-wat,  n.  the 
system  of  weights  used  for  gold,  silver, 
precious    stones,    and    in    philosophical 
experiments,  containing  5760  grains,  di- 
vided into  13  ounces  of  480  grains  each. 
The  Troy  pound  is  less  than  the  Avoir- 
dupois, or  pound  of  commerce,  which  has 
7000  grains,   divided  into    16  ounces   of 
437'5  grains  each.     [A  corr.  of  Fr.  (livre, 
pound)    d'octroi,   of    authority  —  octroi, 
from  L.  auotori  tas,  authority,  and  sig. 
orig.    "anything   authorized,"   then  "a 
tax."    Said  by  some  to  be  derived  from 
Troyes  in  Fi-ance,  where  it  is  said  to  have 
originated.] 
TRUANT,   troS'ant,  n.    an  idler :    a    boy 
who,  idly    or    without    excuse,   absents 
himself  from    school.  —  adj.   wandering 
from    duty  :   loitering  :    idle. — 7is.   Tru'- 
AKCY,  Tru'antship.     [Fr.   truand — Low 
L.  trutanus — Celt,  root  tru,  wretched.] 
TRUCE,  troos,    n.  a  temporary   peace   or 
suspension  of  hostilities  between  two  ar- 
mies or  between  states:  cessation.     [Lit. 
"  a  true  agreement,"  M.E.  treoivs,  trewes, 
an  extension  of  True.     See  also  Truth.] 
TRUCK,  truk,  v.t.  to  exchange  ov  barter. — 
l\i.  to  traffic  by  exchange. — n.  exchange 
of  goods  :  barter.     [Fr.  troquer — Sp.  tro- 
car, perh.  a  corr.  of  L.  trans,  across  or 
over,  and  vicis,  change.] 
TRUCK,  truk,  n.  a  wheel :  a  railway  hand 
vehicle   for   heavy  articles  :  a  platform 
running  on  wheels  :  a  small  wooden  cap 
at  the  top  of  a  mast  or  flagstaff:  a  strong 
heavy  wagon    for  heavy  loads,    usually 
with  two  wide  wheels  :  two  pairs  of  car- 
wheels  joined  on  the  same  frame  :  gar- 
den vegetables.     [Perh.   a  corr.   of   Gr. 
trochos,  a  wheel — treeho,  to  run.] 
TRUCKAGE,  truk'aj,   n.   the  practice  of 
exchanging   or    bartering    goods.      [See 
Truck,  v.] 
TRUCKAGE,  truk'aj,  n.  charge  for  carry- 
ing articles  on  a  truck.     [See  TRUCK,  n.] 
TRUCKLE,  truk'l,  v.i.  to  yield  meanly  to 
the  demands  of  another.— ns.  Truck'ler, 
Truck'lino.    [Extension  of  Truck,  v.] 
TRUCKLE,  truk'l,    n.  a  small    wheel    or 

caster.     [Dim.  of  Truck,  m.] 
TRUCKLE-BED,  truk'1-bed,  n.  a  low  bed 
on  wheels  that  may  be  pushed  under  an- 
other.   [See  Truck,  n.] 
TRUCK  -  SYSTEM,    truk'-sis'tem,    n.  the 
practice    of   paying  workmen    in  goods 
instead  of  money.     [See  Truck,  v.] 
TRUCULENT,  triik'u-lent,  adj.  very  fierce: 


barbarous:  cruel:  inspiring  terror. — adV. 
TRUC'ULENTLY. — 71.  Truc'ulence.  [li. 
trucHlentus — trux,  wild,  fierce.] 

TRUDGE,  truj,  i\i.  to  travel  on  foot :  to 
travel  with  labor  or  efl'ort  :  to  march 
heavily  on.  [Allied  to  Tread  and  Trot, 
and  influenced  by  Drudge.] 

TRUE,  troo,  adj.  agreeing  with  fact: 
worthy  of  belief  or  confidence:  certain: 
trusty:  genuine:  exact:  straight:  right: 
rightful.— ?i.  True'ness.  [A.S.  ireowe ; 
cog.  with  Ice.  trur,  Ger.  treu ;  from  the 
root  of  Trow.    See  Trust.] 

TRUFFLE,  truf'l,  n.  a  round  underground 
fungus  used  in  cookery. — Truffled,  adj. 
cooked  with  truffles.  [O.  Fr.  truffle  (Fr. 
truffle),  a  corr.  of  L.  tuber  (see  Tuber).] 

TRUISM,  troo'izm,  n.  a  plain  or  self-evident 
truth. 

TRULL,  trul,  n.  a  drab:  a  vagrant  woman 
of  loose  habits.  [Allied  to  Ger.  trulle; 
conn,  with  Scand.  troll,  demon,  goblin, 
monster.] 

TRULY,  troo'li,  adv.  according  to  truth  : 
in  fact  or  reality:  exactly:  justly:  faith- 
fully: sincerely:   honestly. 

TRUMP,  trump,  n.  a  trumpet.  [Prob. 
through  Fr.  trompe,  from  It.  tromba, 
which,  ace.  to  Diez,  is  the  L.  tuba,  with 
inserted  r  and  m.] 

TRUMP,  trump,  n.  a  card  of  the  leading 
suit  that  triumphs  or  wins  :  one  of  the 
suit  of  cards  which  takes  any  other. — v.i. 
to  play  a  trump  card. — v.t.  to  play  a 
trump  card  upon. — To  TRUJtP  up,  to  de- 
vise, forge.     [From  Triumph.] 

TRUMPERY,  trump'er-i,  v.  falsehood: 
boastful  or  empty  talk  :  things  of  no 
value :  trifles.  —  adj.  worthless.  [Fr. 
tromperie — tromper,  to  deceive,  lit.  "to 
blow  a  trumpet  (in  order  to  attract  the 
public),"  a  custom  of  quacks,  etc.  See 
Trump,  a  trumpet.] 

TRUMPET,  trump'et,  n.  a  wind  instrument 
of  music  with  a  ringing  and  clear  tone, 
used  chiefly  in  war  and  in  military  mu- 
sic :  (fig.)  one  who  praises. — v.t.  to  pub- 
lish by  trumpet  :  to  proclaim  :  to  sound 
the  praises  of.  [Fr.  trowpette,  dim.  of 
trompe.     See    TRUMP,  a  trumpet.] 

TRUMPETER,  trump'et -er,  7i.  one  who 
sounds  on  the  trumpet  the  regimental 
calls  and  signals  :  one  who  proclaims, 
praises,  or  denounces  :  a  kind  of  pigeon, 
also  a  S.  American  wading-bird. 

TRUMPET-FISH,  trump'et-fish,  n.  a  sea- 
fish  so  named  from  its  trumpet-like  or 
tubular  muzzle. 

TRUMPET-TONGUED,  trump'et  -  tungd, 
adj.  -having  a  voice  or  tongue  loud  as  a 
tnt7nT)et . 

TRUNCATE,  trungk'at,  v.t.  to  cut  off  :  to 
lop:  to  maim. — n.  Trunca'tion.  [L. 
trunco,  -atu.m — truncus.     See  Trunk.] 

TRUNCHEON,  trun'shun,  n.  a  short  staff  : 
a  cudgel  :  a  baton  or  staff'  of  authority. — 
v.  t.  to  beat  with  a  truncheon  :  to  cudgel. 
[Fr.  troncon — trotic  (see  Trunk).] 

TRUNDLE,  trun'dl,  n.  anything-  round  :  a 
wheel:  atruck. — v.t.  to  roll,  as  on  wheels: 
— v.i.  to  roll:  bowl  along.  [A.S.  trendel, 
a  circle,  wheel,  Ger.  triindeln,  to  dawdle.] 

TRUNDLE-BED,  trun'dl-bed,  n.  a.  bed 
moving  on  trundles  or  low  wheels  :  a 
truckle-bed. 

TRUNK,  trungk,  n.  the  stem  of  a  tree  :  the 
body  of  an  animal  apart  from  the  limbs  : 
the  main  body  of  anything  :  anything 
long  and  hollow  :  the  proboscis  of  an 
elephant :  the  shaft  of  a  column:  a  chest 
for  clothes.  —  Trunked,  trungkt,  adj. 
having  a  trunk.  \Yt.  tronc — L.  tmncus, 
the  stem  or  bole  or  a  tree.] 
TRUNK-HOSE,  trungk'-hoz,  n.  large  hose 
or  breeches  formerly  worn  over  the  lower 
part  of  the  body  and  the  upper  part  of 
the  legs. 


TRUNK-LINE,  trungk'-lin,  n.  the  maiK> 
line  of  a  railway  :  one  of  the  unleased 
railway  systems  of  the  United  States, 
which  has  an  outlet  at  the  seaboard,  a 
continuous  route  from  the  interior,  a  dis- 
tinct organization  of  its  own,  numerous 
branches,  and  tributary  and  leased  lines 
under  its  control.  The  New  York  Cen^ 
tral  and  Pennsylvania  systems  are 
among  the  leading  trunk-lines  of  the 
United  States,  though  there  are  a  great 
many  others. 

TRUNNION,  trun'yun,  n.  one  of  the  knobs 
on  each  side  of  a  gun,  on  which  it  rests 
on  the  carriage.  [Fr.  trognon,  a  stalk— 
tronc,  a  stump — L.  truncus.] 

TRUSS,  trus,  n.  a  bundle :  timbers  fast- 
ened together  for  supporting  a  roof  :  in 
ships,  the  rope  or  iron  for  keeping  the 
lower  yard  to  the  mast  :  (med.)  a  band- 
age used  in  ruptures. — v.t.  to  bind  up  3 
to  pack  close  :  to  fm-nish  with  a  truss, 
[Fr.  trousse — trousser,  O.  Fr.  trosser, 
orig.  torser,  to  bind  together — L.  tortus, 
pa.p.  of  torqueo,  to  twist.] 

TRUST,  trust,  m.  confidence  in  the  truth  of 
anything :  a  resting  on  the  integrity, 
friendship,  etc.,  of  another :  faith:  hope: 
credit  (esp.  sale  on  credit  or  on  promise 
to  pay)  :  he  or  that  which  is  the  ground 
of  confidence  :  that  which  is  given  or 
received  in  confidence  :  charge  :  (law)  an 
estate  managed  for  another. — adj.  held 
in  trust. — v.t.  to  place  trust  in  :  to  be- 
lieve :  to  give  credit  to :  to  sell  upon 
credit  :  to  commit  to  the  care  of. — v.i. 
to  be  confident  or  confiding. — n.  Trust'- 
ER.  [Closely  conn,  with  Ice.  traust, 
trust,  Goth,  trausti,  security,  Ger.  trost, 
consolation ;  from  root  of  Trow  and 
True.] 

TRUSTEE,  trus-te',  n.  one  to  whom  any- 
thing is  intrusted :  one  to  whom  tfre 
management  of  a  property  is  committed 
in  trust  for  the  benefit  of  others. — n. 
Trustee'ship. 

TRUSTFUL,  trust'fool,  adj.  fuU  of  trust : 
trusting :  worthy  of  trust :  faithful. 

TRUSTWORTHY,trust'wur-<;ii,ady.tfor<;iIf 
of  trust  or  confidence:  trusty. — n.  Trust*- 

WORTHINESS. 

TRUSTY,  trust'i,  adj.  (comp.  Trust'ieb, 
superl.  Trust'iest),  that  may  be  trusted : 
deserving  confidence  :  honest :  strong  : 
firm.— ?t.  Trust'iness.— adr.  Trust'ily. 

TRUTH,  trooth,  7i.  that  which  is  true  or 
according  to  the  facts  of  the  case  :  agree- 
ment with  reality  :  true  state  of  things, 
or  facts  :  practice  of  speaking  or  disposi- 
tion to  speak  the  truth  :  fidelity  :  a  trua 
statement :  an  established  principle  :  in 
the  fine  arts,  a  faithful  adherence  to 
nature.— Of  a  truth  (i?.),^truly.  [A.S. 
treoivth,  tryioth,  a  derivative  of  True. 
Doublet  Troth.] 

TRUTHFUL,  trooth'fool,  adj.,  full  of  truth; 
according  to  or  adhering  to  truth :  reli- 
able.—adr.  Truth'fully. — n.  Truth'fuI/- 

NESS. 

TRY,  tri,  v.t.  to  test :  to  sift :  to  prove  by 
experiment :  to  purify :  to  examine  ju- 
dicially: to  examine  carefully :  to  expe- 
rience: to  attempt:  to  use  as  means  :  to 
put  to  severe  trial,  cause  suffering  to. 
— v.i.  to  endeavor  :  to  make  an  effort : — 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  tried  (trid). — n.  Tri'eB. 
[Fr.  trier,  to  pick  out,  to  cull  (the  grain 
from  the  straw),  from  an  assumed  L. 
tritare — tero,  tritum,  to  rub.    See  Trite.] 

TRYING,  tri'ing,  adj.  making  trial  or 
proof  of :  adapted  to  try  :  searching  r 
severe. 

TRYSAIL,  tri'sal,  n.  a  reduced  sail  used  by 
small  craft,  instead  of  their  mainsail,  in 
a  storm  :  a  small  fore-and-aft  sail  set 
with  a  boom  and  gaff. 


TRYST 


TRYST,  trist,  n.  an  appointment  to  meet : 
appointed  place  of  meeting.  [Conn,  with 
■rausT.] 

TSAR,  tsar,  n.  better  form  of  Czak. 

TSETSE,  tset'se,  n.  a  dipterous  insect  of 
South  Africa,  whose  bite  is  fatal  to  the 
ox,  horse,  and  dog. 

TUB.  tub,  n.  a  two-handed  open  wooden 
vessel :  a  vessel  made  of  staves  and 
hoops :  a  small  cask :  anything  like  a 
tub  :  the  quantity  a  tub  holds.  [Low 
Ger.  fubbe,  Dut.  tobbe.] 

TUBE,  tub,  n.  a  pipe  :  a  long,  hollow  cyl- 
inder for  the  conveyance  of  fluids,  etc. :  a 
canal.— I'.f.  to  furnish  with  a  tube.  [Fr. 
— L.  tubus.] 

TUBER,  tG'ber,  n.  a  knob  m  roots  :  a 
rounded,  fleshy,  underground  stem,  as  m 
the  potato.  [L.,  "a  swelling,"  from  root 
of  L.  tumeo,  to  swell.     Cf.  TuiuD.] 

TUBERCLE,  tu'ber-kl,  n.  a  small  tuber  or 
swelling:  a  pimple:  a  small  knob  on 
leaves  :  a  small  mass  of  diseased  matter 
frequently  found  in  the  lungs,  and  which 
is  the  cause  of  the  well-known  fatal  dis- 
ease called  pulmonary  consumption. — 
Tu'BERCLED,  adj.  having  tubercles.  [L. 
tuht'n'ulKm,  dim.  of  TuBER.] 

TUBERCULAR,  tu-ber'lvu-lar,  TUBERCU- 
LOUS, tu-ber'ku-lus,  adj.  pertaining  to 
tubercles  :  pimpled  :  afl'ected  with  or 
caused  by  tubercles. 

TUBEROUS,  tu'ber-us,  TUBEROSE,  tu'- 
ber-os,  adj.  having  or  consisting  of  tu- 
bers :  knobbed.— «.  Tuberos'ity. 

TUBING,  tub'ing,  11.  a  length  of  tube: 
tubes  collectively  :  materials  for  tubes. 

TUBULAR,  tiib'u-lar,  adj.  having  the  form 
of  a  tube  or  pipe  :  consisting  of  a  tube  or 

T1?BULATED.  tub'u-lat-ed,  TUBULOUS, 
tub'u-lus,  adj.  having  the  form  of  a  tube 
or  pipe  :  having  a  small  tube  :  contain- 
ing or  composed  of  small  tubes. 

TUBULE,  tub'ul,  n.  a  small  tube  or  pipe. 
[L.  tubulus,  dim.  of  tubus.] 

TUCK,  tuk,  v.t.  to  draw  or  press  in  or  to- 
gether :  to  fold  under :  to  gather  up  : 
to  inclose  by  pressing  clothes  closely 
around.— n.  a  horizontal  fold  in  a  gar- 
ment. [Low  Ger.  tucken,  Ger.  zucken,  to 
draw  in,  to  shrug ;  conn,  with  Tow  and 

Tug.]  ,    , 

TUCKER,  tuk'er,  n.  a  piece  of  cloth  tucked 

or  drawn  over  the  bosom, worn  by  women 

and  children. 
TUESDAY,  tuz'da,  n.  tlie  third  day  of  the 

week.    [A.S.  Tiwes  dceg  {lit.)  "  the  day  of 

Tiw"  (the  god  of  war)=Ger.  die(n)s-tag  ; 

cf.  L.  dies  Martis.     Tito  (Ice.  Tijr,  O.  Ger. 

Zio)  is  conn,  with  Gr.  Zeus,  Dios,  and  L. 

deus,  dimts.] 
TUFA,  tu'fa.  TUFF,  tuf,  n.  a  rock  formed 

from  the  ash  or  powder  from  a  volcano  : 

also  applied  to  any   light,  porous  rock. 

[It.  tufo,  Fr.  tuf—L.  tofus.] 
rUFT,  tuft,  n.  a  number  of  small  things  in 

a  knot:  a  cluster  :  a  dense  head  of  flowers. 

—v.t.  to  separate  into  tufts:    to  adorn 

with  tufts.— ad/s.  Tuft'ed,  Tuft'y.    [Fr. 

touffe,  from  the  Teut.,  as  Low  Ger.  topjh 

Ger.  zopf.  See  ToP.] 
TUFT-HUNTER,  tuft'-hunt'er,  n.  one  over- 
eager  to  form  acquaintance  with  per- 
sons of  rank  or  consequence  :  a  mean 
hanger-on  of  the  great.  [From  the 
tuft  or  tassel  in  the  cap  worn  by  noble- 
men at  the  English  universities.] 
TUG,  tug,  v.t.  to  pull  with  effort :  to  drag 
along. — v.i.  to  pull  with  great  effort : — 
pr.p.  tugg'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  tugged. 
— n.  a  strong  pull :  a  small,  strong,  low- 
built  steam  -  vessel  for  towing  ships. 
[A.S.  teon,  teohan,  pi.  of  pa.t.  tugon; 
closely  conn,  with  Tuck  and  Tow,  v.] 
TUITION,  tu-ish'un,  n.  care  over  a  young 
person:  teaching.     [Lit.  "  a  looking  to, ' 


458 

"  taking  care  of,"  L.  tuitio — tueor,  tuitus, 
to  see,  to  look  to.] 
TULIP,  tii'lip,  n.   a  bulbous  garden-plant 
with    beautiful    flowers.       [Fr.    tulipe— 
Port,  tulipa,  from  Pers.  and  Turk,  tul- 
bend,  dulbend  (whence  E.  Turban),  from 
the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flower  to 
a  turban  folded  round  the  head.] 
TULLE,   tool,  n.    a  delicate  kind  of  silk 
net  or  lace.     [Fr.  ;  so  named  from  the 
town    of    Tulle,    in  ,the    south-west    of 
France.] 
TUMBLE,  tum'bl,  v.i.  to   fall :   to   come 
down  suddenly  and  violently:  to  roll :  to 
twist  the  boJv,  as  a  mountebank. — v.t. 
to   throw  headlong :    to  turn  over :    to 
throw  about  while  examining.— n.  act  of 
tumbling:  a  fall :  a  rolling  over.     [From 
a  Teut.    root  seen   in   Dan.  /«m7e— Ice. 
tumla  (A.S.  tumbian) ;  and  from  which 
also  are  the   Fr.    toniber   and   It.   tovi- 
bolare.] 
TUjVIBLER,  tum'bler,  n.  one  who  tumbles  : 
a  large  drinldng-glass,  so  called  because 
formerly,  having  a  pointed  base,  it  could 
not  be  set  down  without  tumbling :  a  do- 
mestic pigeon,  so  called  from  its  fitmWmg 
on  the  wing. 
TUMBREL,  tum'brel,  TUMBRIL,  tum'bnl, 
n.  a  cart  with  two  wheels  for  conveying 
the  tools  of    pioneers,   artillery   stores, 
etc.     [O.  Fr.  tomberel  (Fr.  tombereau)— 
Fr.  tomber,  to  fall,  because  the  body  of 
the  cart  could  be   tumbled  without  un- 
yoking.   Cf.  Tumble.] 
TUMEFACTION,  tu-me-fak'shun,  n.  act  of 

tumefying  :  tumor  :  swelling. 
TUMEFY,  tu'me-fi,  v.t.  to  cause  to  swell. 
—v.i.   to  swell  :  to  rise   in  a  tumor  : — 
pa.t.  ana  pa.p.  tu'mefied.    [L.  tumefacio 
—tumeo,  to  swell,  and  facio,  to  make.] 
TUMID,  tu'mid,  adj.,  sivollen  or  enlarged  : 
inflated  :  falsely  sublime  :  bombastic— 
adv.  Tu'midly.— n.  Td'midness.     [L.  tu- 
midus — tumeo,  to  swell.] 
TIBIOR,  tu'mor,  n.  a  diseased  su-elhng  of 
any  part  of  the  body.     [L.  —  tumeo,  to 
swell.] 
TUMULAR,  tu'mu-lar,   adj.  formed  m    a 
heap:  consisting    in    a    heap.     [Formed 
fromL.fM?(Wt?MS,  aheap.  From TuMULUS.] 
TUMULOUS,  tu'mu-lus,  adj.  full  of  mounds 

or  hillocks.     [From  TUMULUS.] 
TUMULT,  tu'mult,  n.  uproar  of  a  multi- 
tude :  violent   agitation    with    confused 
sounds.      [L.  tumultus,  from  root  of  tu- 

meO,    to   swell.]  -.-^  ,.r.r^  rr, 

TUMULTUARY,  tu-mult'u-ar-i.  TUISIULT- 
UOUS,  tu-mult'u-us,  adj.  i\A\  oi  tunmlt : 
disorderly  :    agitated  :    noisy.— ado.  Tu- 

MULT'UOUSLT.— n.  TXIMULT'UOUSNESS. 

TUMULUS,  tu'mu-lus,  n.  a  mound  of  earth 
over  a  grave:  a  barrow:— pZ.  Tc'inJIi, 
[L.,  "  a  heap  "—tumeo,  to  swell.] 

TUN,  tun,  11.  (orig.)  a  large  cask:  then  a 
measure  of  capacity  for  liquids  =  3  pipes, 
4  hogsheads,  or  352  gallons.  [A.S.  tu7me, 
with  similar  forms  in  all  the  Teut.,  Ro- 
mance, and  Celt,  tongues,  the  common 
source  prob.  being  the  L.  tina,  a  wine- 
vessel.     Doublet  Ton.] 

TUNE,  tun,n.  (mus.)  a  melodious  succession 
of  notes  or  chords  in  a  particular  key  : 
the  relation  of  notes  and  intervals  to 
each  other  causing  melody:  state  of 
o-iving  the  proper  sound  :  harmony  :  a 
melody  or  air.— v.t.  to  cause  to  produce 
the  proper  sounds.— ac{;'.  Tun' able.  [A 
variation  of  Tone,  prob.  partly  due  to  the 
influence  of  A.S.  dyne,  E.  DiN.] 

TUNEFUL,   tun' fool,  adj.  full  of  tune  or 
harmony  :    melodious  :    musical.  —  adv. 
Tune' FULLY. 
TUNELESS,  tun'les,  adj.  without  tune  or 

melody.  ,.     . 

TUNER,  tun'er,  n.  one  who  tunes  or  adjusts 
the  sounds  of  musical  instruments. 


TURF 

TUNGSTEN,  tung'sten,  n.  a  very  heavy 
metal.  [Sw.  tungsten— tung,  heavy; 
sten,  stone.] 
TUNIC,  tu'nik,  n.  a  loose  frock  worn  by 
females  and  boys  :  in  R.  Cath.  Church,  a 
long  under-garment  worn  by  the  officiat- 
ing clergy :  (anat.)  a  membrane  that 
covers  some  organ  :  (bat.)  a  covering,  as 
of  a  seed  :  (niil.)  the  coat  at  present  w  orn 
by  English  soldiers  on  full-dress  occa- 
sions. [Fr.  tunique—lj.  tunica,  an  under- 
garment worn  in  ancient  Rome  by  both 

sexes.]  

TUNICATE,  tu'nik-at,  TUNICATED,  tu'- 
nik-at-ed,  adj.  (bat.)  covered  with  a  tunic 
or  with  layers.     [L.] 
TUNICLE,  tu'ni-kl,  n.  a  little  tunic  :  a  kind 
of  long  robe.  [L.  tunicula,  dim.  of  tunica, 
a  tunic] 
TUNING-FORK,  tun'ing-fork,  n.    a  steel 
two-pronged  instrument,  designed  when 
set  in  vibration  to  give  a  musical  sound 
of  a  certain  pitch. 
TUNNEL,  tun'el,  n.  a  passage  cut  through 
a  hill  or  under  a  river,  etc. — v.t.  to  make 
a  passage  through:  to  hollow  ont:— pr.p. 
tunn'elling ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  tunn'elled. 
[An  extension  of  TUN  ;  on  the  model  of 
Fr.  tonnelle,  an  arbor,  {lit.)  "a  tun-shaped 
vault,"  dim.   of  tonne,  a  tun.     See  also 
Ton.] 
TUNNY,  tun'i,  n.  a  very  large  fish  of  the 
mackerel   family,   fished    chiefly  on  the 
Mediterranean  coasts.      [Lit.  "the  dart- 
ing fish,"  L.  thunnus,  Gr.  thynnos—thy- 
no,  to  dart  or  rush  along.] 
TUP,  tup,   n.   a  ram.     [Conn,  with  Low 

Ger.  topj^en,  Ger.  tupfen,  to  touch.] 
TURANIAN,  tur-an'yan,  adj.  a  name  some- 
times  used  to  include  all  the  languages 
of  Europe  and  Asia  not  Aryan  or  Sem- 
itic, with  the  exception  of  Chinese  and 
its  cognate  dialects.  [From  Turan.  a 
name  given  (in  contrast  to  Iran  or  Per- 
sia) to  the  region  lying  north  of  that 
country.] 
TURBAN,  tur'ban,  n.  a  head-covering  worn 
by  eastern  nations,  consisting  of  a  cap 
with  a  sash  wound  round  it  :  a  circular 
head-dress  worn  by  ladies :  the  whole 
whorls  of  a  shell.  [Earlier  forms  tur- 
bant,  tulipant  (Fr.  turban),  through  Port. 
turbante,  from  Pers.  chilbend,  a  piece 
of  muslin  wound  round  the  head.  Cf. 
Tulip.] 
TURBANED,    tur'band,    adj.    wearing    a 

turban. 
TURBARY,  turb'ar-i,  n.  the  right  of  dig- 
ging peat :  a  place  where  peat  is  dug. 
[From  turba,  the  Low  L.  form  of  Tuep.] 
TURBID,  tur'bid,  adj.  disordered  :  having 
the  sediment  disturbed  :  muddy  :  thick. 
—adv.   TUR'BIDLY.— »J.  TUK'BIDNESS.      [L. 

turbidus— turba,  confusion,  tumult.] 

TURBOT,  tur'bot,n.  a  large,  flat,  round  fish, 
esteemed  a  delicacy.  [Fr. ,  a  dim.  formed 
from  L.  turbo,  a  spinning-top,  from  the 
likeness  of  the  fish  to  a  top  ;  cf.  the  Gr. 
rhombus,  sig.  a  top,  also  a  turbot.] 

TURBULENT,  tur'bu-lent,  adj.,  tumultu- 
ous, disturbed  :  in  violent  commotion  : 
disposed  to  disorder  :  restless  :  produc- 
ing commotion.— ns.  Tuh'bulence,  Tur- 
BULENCY.— adv.  Tur'bulently.  [L.  tur- 
Indentvs— turba,  tumult,  a  crowd.] 

TUREEN,  tu-ren',  n.  a  large  dish  for  hold- 
ing soup  at  table.  [Lit.  "  an  earthen- 
ware dish,"  Fr.  terrine-h.  terra,  earth.] 

TURF,  turf,  n.  the  surface  of  land  matted 
with  the  roots  of  grass,  etc.:  a  cake  of 
turf  cut  off  :  sod  :  peat :  race-ground  : 
horseracing :  — jsZ.  TURFS.—v.t.  to  cover 
with  turf  or  sod.  [A.S.  turf;  Ice.  torfj 
perh.  conn,  with  Sans.  dUrvd,  millet- 
1      grass.] 


TURFY 


459 


TWILL 


TURFY,  turf  i,  adj.  abounding  with,  made 
of,  or  covered  with  turf:  having  tlie 
nature  or  appearance  of  turf. — n.  Tuef'- 
msss. 

TURGENT,  tur'jent,  ac^".,  swelling:  rising 
into  a  tumor  :  inflated  :  bombastic— 
adv.  TtJR'GENTLY.  [L.  iurg-ens,  -entis, 
pr.p.  of  tiirgeo,  to  swell.] 

TURGESCENT,  tur-jes'ent,  adj.,  m-elling : 
growing  big.  —  ns.  TuEGESC'ENCE,  TuK- 
gesc'ency.  [L.  turgesco  —  tiirgeo,  to 
swell.] 

TURGID,  tur'jid,  adj.,  sivoUen :  extended 
beyond  the  natural  size  :  pompous  :  bom- 
bastic.— adv.  Tue'gidly. — ns.  Tur'gid- 
NESS,  TuBaiD'lTY.  [L.  turgidus — turgeo, 
to  swell.] 

TURK,  turk,  n.  a  native  of  Turkey. — adj. 
Turk'ish. 

TURKEY,  turk'l,  n.  a  large  gallinaceous 
bird,  a  native  of  America,  so  called  be- 
cause erroneously  supposed  to  have  come 
from  Turkey. 

TURKEY-RED,  turk'i-red,  n.  a  fine  dura- 
ble red  dye,  obtained  from  madder,  but 
now  mostly  prepared  chemically,  first 
produced  in  Turkey. 

TURKEY-STONE,  turk'i-ston,  n.  a  kind  of 
oilstone  brought  from  Turkey,  and  used 
for  hones. 

TURKIS,  turk'is,  n.  an  older  spelling  of 

TORQDOISE. 

TURKISH-BATH,  turk'ish-bath,  n.  a  kind 
of  hot-air  bath  in  which  the  patient, 
after  being  sweated,  is  rubbed  down,  and 
conducted  through  a  series  of  cooling 
chambers  until  he  regains  his  normal 
temperature. 

TURMERIC,  tur'mer-ik,  n.  the  root  of  an 
E.  Indian  plant,  used  as  a  yellow  dye,  in 
Burry-powder,  and  as  a  chemical  test  for 
the  presence  of  alkalies.  [Ety.  unknown.] 

TURMOIL,  tur'moil,  n.  harassing  labor  : 
disturbance.  [Perh.  from  tiie  L.  tremo, 
to  shake,  modified  by  the  influence  of 
Turn  and  Moil.] 

'lUTtMOIL,  tur-moil',  v.t.  to  harass  with 
commotion  :  to  weary. — v.i.  to  be  dis- 
quieted or  in  commotion. 

TURN,  turn,  v.i.  to  whirl  round  :  to  hinge: 
to  depend :  to  issue :  to  take  a  different 
direction  or  tendency:  to  become  by  a 
change :  to  be  turned  in  a  lathe  :  to  sour: 
to  become  giddy :  to  be  nauseated :  to 
change  from  ebb  to  flow  or  from  flow  to 
ebb  :  to  become  inclined  in  the  other  di- 
rection.— v.t.  to  cause  to  revolve :  to  re- 
verse :  to  change  the  position  or  the 
direction  of :  to  make  to  nauseate,  to 
make  giddy  :  direct  the  mind  to  :  infat- 
uate or  make  mad :  to  cause  to  return 
with  profit :  to  transfer  :  to  convert :  to 
form  in  a  lathe:  to  shape. — n.  act  of  turn- 
ing :  new  direction,  or  tendency  :  a  walk 
to  and  fro  :  change  :  a  winding  :  a  bend: 
form :  manner :  opportunity,  conven- 
ience :  act  of  kindness  or  malice.— Ji. 
Tcen'er. — By  turns,  one  after  another, 
alternately.  [A.S.  tyrnan  ;  Ger.  tnmen; 
Fr.  tourner ;  all  from  L.  tornare,  to  turn 
in  a  lathe — tornus,  a  turner's  wheel — Gr. 
tornos.] 

TURNCOAT,  turn'kot,  n.  one  who  tttrns 
his  coat,  that  is,  abandons  his  principles 
or  party. 

TURNERY,  turn'er-i,  n.  art  of  turning  or 
of  shaping  by  a  lathe  :  things  made  by  a 
turner. 

TURNING,  turn'ing,  n.  a  winding  :  devia- 
tion from  the  proper  course  :  turnery  : — 
pi.  chips. 

TURNI^lG-POINT,  turn'ing-point,  n.  the 
point  on  which  a  question  turns,  and 
which  decides  the  case:  a  grave  and  crit- 
ical period. 

TURNIP,  tur'nip,  n.  a  plant  having  a  solid 
bulbous  root  used  as  food.     [From  A.S. 


ncepe — L.  napus,  with  the  prefix  tur-,  a 
corr.  of  terrce,  "  of  the  earth."] 

TURNKEY,  turn'ke,  n.  one  who  turns  the 
keys  in  a  prison  :  a  warder. 

TURNPIKE,  turn'pik,  ?i.  a  turnpike-road. 
[Orig.  a  frame  consisting  of  two  cross- 
oars  armed  with  pikes,  and  turning  on  a 
post.] 

TURNPIKE-ROAD,  turn'plk-rod,  ?i.  a  road 
on  which  turnpikes  or  toll-gates  are  estab- 
lished. 

TURNSOLE,  turn'sol,  n.  a  plant  so  called 
because  its  flowers  turn  towards  the  sun. 
[Fr.— tourner  (see  Tuen)  and  sol,  for  soleil 
■ — L.  sol,  the  sun.] 

TURNSPIT,  turu'spit,  n.  one  who  turns  a 
spit :  a  person  engaged  in  some  menial 
occupation  :  (formerly)  a  dog  employed 
to  turn  a  spit. 

TURNSTILE,  turn'stil,  n.  a  revolving 
frame  in  a  footpath  which  prevents  the 
passage  of  cattle. 

TURN-TABLE,  turn'-ta'bl,  n.  same  as 
Teavbrse-table. 

TURPENTINE,  tur'pen-tin,  n.  the  resinous 
juice  of  the  terebinth  and  other  trees. 
[Fr.  teribcnthine—L.terebinthina  (resina), 
(the  resin)  of  the  terebinth.] 

TURPITUDE,  tur'pi-tud,  n.  baseness  :  ex- 
treme depravity  or  wickedness  :  vileness 
of  principles  and  actions.  [L.  turjntttdo 
— turjiis,  foul,  base ;  conn,  with  Sans, 
root  tarp,  to  be  ashamed.] 

TURQUOISE,  tur'koiz,  n.  a  bluish-green 
mineral  from  Persia,  valued  as  a  gem. 
[Fr.  (lit.  "Turkisli"),  so  called  because 
first  brought  from  Turkey.  Doublet 
Turkish.] 

TURRET,  tur'et,  n.  a  small  tower  on  a 
building  and  rising  above  it.  [O.  Fr. 
touret  (Fr.  tourelle),  dim.  of  Fr.  tour,  a 
tower.    See  Tower.] 

TURRETED,  tur'et-ed,  adj.  furnished  with 
turrets  :  formed  like  a  tower. 

TURRET-SHIP,  tur'et-ship,  n.  an  ironclad 
s/iip  of  war,  whose  guns  are  placed  in 
one  or  more  revolving  turrets  placed  on 
deck.  

TURTLE,  tur'tl,  TURTLE-DOVE,  tur'tl- 
duv,  n.  a  species  of  pigeon  of  a  very  ten- 
der and  affectionate  disposition.  [A.S. 
turtle;  Ger.  txirtel,  Fr.  tourtereau,  tour- 
terelle;  all  from  the  L.  name  turtur,  an 
imitation  of  the  bird's  note ;  cf.  Heb. 
tor.] 

TURTLE,  tur'tl,  n.  the  sen-tortoise,  a  fam- 
ily of  reptiles  having-  their  back  covered 
by  a  horny  case,  the  flesh  of  some  of  the 
'  species  being  considered  a  great  delicacy. 
[A  corr.  of  TORTOISE,  under  influence  of 
Turtle  (above).] 

TUSCAN,  tus'kan,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to 
Tuscany  in  Italy :  denoting  one  of  the 
five  orders  of  architecture,  the  oldest 
and  simplest.     [L.] 

TUSH,  tush,  int.  pshaw !  be  silent !  an  ex- 
clamation of  scorn  or  impatience.  [Cf. 
Ger.  tuschen,  vertuschen,  to  hush  up.] 

TUSK,  tusk,  n.  a  long,  pointed  tooth  on 
either  side  of  the  mouth  of  certain  rapa- 
cious animals.— adjs.  Tusk'ed,  Tusk'Y. 
[A.S.  tusc,  tux.] 

TUSSLE,  tus'el,  n.  a  struggle.  [A.S. 
taesan,  to  pluck,  hence  related  to  Tease, 
and  perh.  Tassel,  a  teased-out  knot  of 
wool.] 

TUSSOCK,  tus'ok,  n.  a  tuft  of  grass  or 
twigs.  [From  obs.  tur,  a  lock  of  hair, 
which  is  of  Celt,  origin.] 

TUT,  tut,  int.  an  exclamation  of  checking 
or  rebuke.     [Cf.  Ir.  and  Gael,  tut.] 

TUTELAGE,  ti\'tel-aj,  n.,  guardianship: 
state  of  being  under  a  guardian.  [Formed 
from  the  L.  tutela — tutor,  to  guard — 
tueor,  to  see,  to  look  to.  Cf.  Tuition  and 
Tutor.] 

TUTELAR,   tu'te-lar,  TUTELARY,  tu'te- 


lar-i,  adj.  protecting  :  having  the  charga- 
of  a  person  or  place.  [L.  tutelaris — tutela. 
See  Tutelage.] 

TUTOR,  tu'tor,  n.  one  who  looks  to  or 
takes  care  of  :  one  who  has  charge  of  the 
education  of  another  :  one  who  hears  the 
lessons  of  and  examines  students :  a 
teacher: — fern.  Tu'toeess. — v.t.  to  in- 
struct :  to  treat  with  authority  or  stern 
ness. — n.  Tu'torship.  [L.  "a  guardian" 
— tueor,  tuitus,  to  look  to.  Cf.  Tuition 
and  Tutelage.] 

TUTORAGE,  tu'tor-aj,  n.  the  office  or 
authority  of  a  tutor  :  education,  as  by  a 
tutor. 

TUTORIAL,  tu-to'ri-al.  adj.  belonging  to 
or  exercised  by  a  tutor. 

TWADDLE,  twod'l,  v.i.  to  talk  in  a  silly 
manner. — n.  silly  talk. — n.  Tavadd'ler. 
[Earlier  form  twattle,  an  imitative  word; 
cf.  Tattle,  Twitter.] 

TWAIN,  twan,  ?!.,  tiro.  [A.S.  ticegcn,  two. 
Ice.  tveir.    See  Two  and  Between.] 

TWANG,  twang,  n.  a  sharp,  quick  sound, 
as  of  a  tight  string  when  pulled  and  let 
go  :  a  nasal  tone  of  voice. — i\i.  to  sound 
as  a  tight  string  pulled  and  let  go :  to 
sound  with  a  quick,  sharp  noise. — v.t. 
to  make  to  sound  with  a  twang.  [Imi- 
tative.] 

'TWx\8,  twoz,  contr.  of  it  was. 

TWEAK,  twek,  v.i.  to  twitch,  to  pull  :  to 
pull  with  sudden  jerks. — n.  a  sharp  pinch 
or  twitch.  [A.S.  tuyiccian ;  Ger.  zwicken. 
By-form  Twitch.] 

TWEED,  twed,  n.  a  kind  of  woollen  tmlled 
cloth  of  various  patterns,  much  used  for 
men's  suits.  [From  a  mistaken  reading 
of  "tweels"  upon  an  ill  voice,  not,  aa 
supposed,  from  the  Tweed  valley,  where 
the  manufacture  commenced.] 

TWEEZERS,  twez'erz,  n.sing.  nippers: 
small  pincers  for  pulling  out  hairs,  etc. 
[Obs.  tweeze,  a  surgeon's  case  of  instru-. 
ments — Fr.  etuis,  pi.  of  etui,  a  case,  a 
box  ;  prob.  influenced  also  by  Tweak.] 

TWELFTH,  twelfth,  adj.  the  last  of 
ttvelve.^n.  one  of  twelve  equal  parts. 
[A.S.  twelfia—ticelf.] 

TWELFTH-DAY,twelfth'-da,TWELFTH'- 
TIDE,  -trd,  n.  the  ticelfth  day  after  Christ- 
mas, the  Epiphany. 

TWELVE,  twelv,  adj.  ten  and  two.— )!.  the 
number  next  after  eleven  :  the  figures 
representing  twelve.  [A.S.  twelf  (Ger. 
zwiilf,  and  Goth,  ttra-lif),  that  is,  "  two 
and  ten  "  (for  tica-  see  Two,  and  for  -lif 
see  Eleven.] 

TWELVEMONTH,  twelv'munth,  n.,  ticelve 
months :  a  year. 

TWENTIETH,  twen'ti-eth,  adj.  the  last  of 
twenty. — n.  one  of  twenty  equal  parts. 
[A.S.  twentigtha.] 

TWENTY,  twen'ti,  adj.,  twice  ten:  nine- 
teen and  one  :  an  indefinite  number. — n. 
the  number  next  after  nineteen  :  the 
figures  representing  twenty.  [A.S.  twen- 
tig,  for  twantig,  from  ttra,  two,  tig  {Goth, 
tigus),  ten  ;  L.  (d)viginti.  Sans,  vinshati.] 

TWICE,  twis,  adv.,  two  times:  once  and 
again  :  doubly.  [O.  E.  twies,  A.S.  timwa 
— tu'a,  two.] 

TWIG,  twig,  n.  a  small  shoot  or  branch  of 
a  tree.  [A.S.  tung  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  ziceig; 
from  the  root  of  Two.] 

TWIGGY,  twig'i,  adj.  abounding  in  twigs 
or  shoots. 

TWILIGHT,  twi'lit,  n.  the  faint  light  after 
sunset  and  before  sunrise  :  an  uncertain 
view. — adj.  of  twilight  :  faintly  illumin- 
ated :  obscure.  [Lit.'"tireen  light,"  A.S. 
twi-',  from  twa,  E.  Two,  and  LIGHT.] 

TWILL,  twil,  or  TWEEL,  twel,  n.  an  ap- 
pearance of  diagonal  lines  in  cloth,  caused 
by  making  tlie  weft  pass  over  one  and 
under  tivo  or  more  threads  of  the  warp  : 
a  fabric  with  a  twill. — v.t.  to  weave  with 


Twm 


460 


ULTRAMONTANIST 


a  twill.  fUevsloped  from  the  root  of  Two 
(A. 8.  twa);  cf.  Grer.  zwillich,  ticking — 
mrei.  two.] 

rWIN,  twin,  n.  one  of  two  born  at  a  birth  : 
one  very  like  another. — adj.  being  one  of 
two  born  at  a  birth:  very  hke  anotlier. — 
t'.i  to  be  born  at  the  same  birth:  to  bring 
forth  two  at  once:  to  be  paired  or  suited: 
— pr  p.  twinn'ing  :  pa.p.  twinned. — THE 
Twins,  the  constellation  Gemini.  [A.S. 
ttcinn,  double— Two  ;  Ice.  tvennr.] 

•"WINE,  twin,  n.  a  cord  composed  of  two 
or  more  threads  twisted  togetlier:  a  twist. 
— v.t.  to  wind,  as  two  threads  together  : 
to  twist  together:  to  wind  about. — v.i.  to 
unite  closely  :  to  bend  :  to  make  turns  : 
to  ascend  spirally  round  a  support.  [A.S. 
ttein,  double-thread  (cog.  with  Dut.  twijn) 
—tirn.  E.  Two.] 

TWINGE,  twinj,  v.t.  to  twitch  or  pinch:  to 
affect  with  a  sharp,  sudden  pain. — v.i.  to 
have  or  suffer  a  sudden,  sharp  pain,  like 
a  twitch. — n.  a  twitch:  a  pinch  :  a  sud- 
den, sharp  pain.  [M.  E.  ticengen,  cog. 
with  Grer.  zwingen,  to  constrain.  Cf. 
Thono.] 

TWINKLE,  twing'kl,  v.i.  to  shine  with  a 
trembling,  sparkling  light :  to  sparkle  : 
to  open  and  shut  the  eyes  rapidly  :  to 
quiver. — n.  Twink'ler.  [A.S.  twinclian, 
a  nasalized  form  of  twiccicui,  with  the 
freq.  termination  -le.    See  Twitch.] 

TWINKLE.  twing'kl.TAVINKLING.twing'- 
kling,  n.  a  quick  motion  of  the  eye  :  tlie 
time  occupied  by  a  wink  :  an  instant. 

TWIRL,  twerl,  v.t.  to  turn  round  rapidly, 
esp.  with  the  fingers. — v.i.  to  turn  round 
rapidly:  to  be  whirled  round. — n.  a  whirl: 
a  rapid  circular  motion.  [A.S.  thwiril ; 
cog.  with  Grer.  qxiirl,  qiterl,  a  stirring- 
spoon — O.  Ger.  tuirl :  from  the  root  of 
Queer  and  Thwaet.] 

TWIST,  twist,  v.t.  to  twine:  to  unite  or 
form  by  winding  together  :  to  form  from 
several  threads  :  to  encircle  with  some- 
thing :  to  wreathe  :  to  wind  spirally:  to 
turn  from  the  true  form  or  meaning :  to 
insinuate. — v.i.  to  be  united  by  winding. 
— n.  that  which  is  twisted:  a  cord  :  a  sin- 
gle thread  :  manner  of  twisting :  a  con- 
tortion :  a  small  roll  of  tobacco.  —  n. 
Twist'er.  [A.S.  twi.it,  cloth  of  double 
thread  —  tiva,  E.  Two;  contrast  Dut. 
twist,  Ger.  zwist,  discord — zwei.  Two.] 

TWIT, 'twit,  v.t.  to  remind  of  some  fault, 
etc.:— pr.p.  twitt'ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
twitt'ed. — (1.  TwiTT'ER.  [A.S.  cet-uufan, 
to  reproach — cet,  against,  witan  (Scot. 
tiryte,  Ger.  ver-treUen),  to  blame  ;  closely 
conn,  with  root  of  WiT.] 

TWITCH,  twich,  v.t.  to  pull  with  a  sudden 
jerk  :  to  pluck  :  to  snatch. — n.  a  sudden, 
quick  pull  :  a  spasmodic  contraction  of 
the  muscles.  —  n.  Twttch'er.  [A.S. 
twicciaii.  to  pluck  ;  cog.  %vith  Ger. 
ztricken,  and  prob.  influenced  by  Touch. 
Bv-form  Tweak.] 

TWITTER,  twit'er,  n,  a  tremulous  broken 
sound  :  a  slight  trembling  of  the  nerves. 
— f.i.  to  make  a  succession  of  small  trem- 
ulous noises :  to  feel  a  slight  trembling 
of  the  nerves.  [Allied  to  G«r.  ziritschern, 
Sw.  qvittra,  prob.  imitative  ;  cf.  Titter.] 

TWITTERING,  twit'er-ing,  n.  act  of  Iwit- 

,    tering :  the  sound  of  twittering:  nervous 

/    e.xciteraent. 

'rwiTTINGLY,  twit'ing-li,  adv.  in  a  tunt- 
ting  manner. 

TWO,  too,  adj.  one  and  one. — n.  the  sum 
of  one  and  one  :  a  figure  representing 
two.  [A.S.  twa  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  zivei, 
Goth,  fvai;  also  with  Gr.  dyo,  L.  duo, 
Sans,  dva,  Celt,  da,  do.] 
T\VO-EDGED,   too'-ejd,  adj.   having  tu-o 

eilqe-f. 
TWOFOLD,   too'fold,  adj.,  folded   tmce: 
multiplied  by  two:  double. — adv.  doubly. 


TYCOON,  ti-k56n',  n.  formerly  the  political 
sovereign  of  Japan. 

TYMPANAL,  tim'pan-al,  TYMPANIC,  tim- 
pan'ik,  adj.  like  a  drum:  pertaining  to 
the  tympanum. 

TYMPANITIS,  tim-pan-I'tis,  n.  inflamma- 
tion of  the  membrane  of  the  ear. 

TYMPANUM,  tim'pan-um,  n.  (anat.)  the 
membrane  which  separates  the  external 
from  the  internal  ear,  often  called  the 
drum  of  the  ear  :  (arch.)  the  triangular 
space  between  sloping  and  hoi-izontal 
cornices,  or  in  the  corners  or  sides  of  an 
arch  :  the  panel  of  a  door.  [L.  —  Gr. 
tympanon,  t^panow,  a  kettledrum — typto, 
to  strike.] 

TYPE,  tip,  n.  a  mark  or  figure  struck  or 
stamped  upon  something  :  an  emblem  or 
figure  of  something  to  come  :  a  raised 
letter,  etc.,  in  metal  or  wood  used  in 
printing  :  the  whole  types  used  in  print- 
ing :  a  model  in  natui-e  made  the  subject 
of  a  copy  :  {nat.  hist.)  that  which  com- 
bines best  the  characteristics  of  a  group  : 
(med.)  the  order  in  whicli  the  symptoms 
of  a  disease  exhibit  themselves.  —  adj. 
Ttp'al.  [Fr.  —  L.  typus,  Gr.  typos — 
typto,  to  strike.] 

TYPEFOUNDER,  tip'fownd-er,  n.  one  who 
founds  or  casts  printers'  type. 

TYPE-METAL,  tip'-met'al,  n.,  metal  used 
for  making  types,  a  compound  of  lead 
and  antimony. 

TYPHOID,  ti'foid,  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
form  of  enteric  fever,  which  is  very  simi- 
lar in  some  of  its  symptoms  to  typhus. 
[Gr.  typhodes — typhos,  and  eidos,  like- 
ness.    See  Typhus.] 

TYPHOON,  tl-foon',  n.  a  violent  hurricane 
which  occurs  in  the  Chinese  seas.  [Chin. 
tei-fun,  "  hot  wind."] 

TYPHOUS.  tJ'fus,  adj.  relating  to  typhus. 

TYPHUS,  tl'fus.  n.  a  very  fatal  kind  of  con- 
tinued fever,  often  occurring  as  an  epi- 
demic. [Through  Late  L.  from  Gr.  ty- 
j)hos,  smoke,  hence  stupor  arising  from 
fever — typho,  to  smoke,  from  tlie  root  of 
L.  fumus  (see  Fume),  and  E.  Damp.] 

TYPIC,  tip'ik,  TYPICAL,  tip'ik-al,  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  constituting  a  dype  : 
emblematic  :  figurative  :  (nat.hist.)  com- 
bining the  characteristics  of  a  gToup. — 
adv.  Ttp'ically.  [Late  L. — Gr.  typikos 
— typos,  a  type.] 

TYPIFY,  tip'i-fi,  v.t.  to  make  a  type  of : 
to  represent  by  an  image  or  resemblance: 
to  prefigure  : — pa.i.  and  pa.p.  typ'ified. 
[L.  typus,  type,  facio,  to  make.] 

TYPOGRAPHER,  tl-pog'raf-er,  n.  -  a 
printer. 

TYPOGRAPHIC,  tip-o-grafik,  TYP- 
OGRAPHICAL, -al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
typography  or  printing.  —  adv.  Typo- 
graph'ically. 

TYPOGRAPHY,  tJ-pog'raf-i,  n.  the  art  of 
printing :  (orig.)  the  art  of  representing 
by  types  or  sj-mbols.  [Gr.  typos,  type, 
graplio,  to  write.] 

TYPOLOGY,  tl-pol'o-ji,  n.  the  doctrine  of 
Scripture  types  or  figures.  [Gr.  typos,  a 
type,  and  logos,  a  discourse.] 

TYRANNIC,  ti-ran'ik.  TYRANN'ICAL,  -al, 
TYRANNOUS,  lir'an-us,  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  suiting  a  tyrant :  unjustly  severe  : 
imperious:  despotic. — advs.  Ttkann'ic- 
ally,  Tyr'ajtnously.     [L. — Gr.] 

TYRANNIZE,  tir'an-Iz,  v.i.  to  act  as  a  ty- 
rant: to  rule  with  oppressive  severity. 

TYRANNY,  tir'an-i,  n.  the  government 
or  authority  of  a  tyrant :  absolute  mon- 
archy cruoU/  administered  :  oppression  : 
cruelty.     [L. — Gr.  tyrannis.] 

TYRANT,  tl'rant,  n.  one  who  uses  his 
power  oppressively  :  (orig.)  an  absolute 
monarch.  JTO.  Fr.  tirant  (Fr.  tyran)--L. 
tyr annus — Gr.  tyrannos,  Doric  for  koira- 
nos — kyros,  kyrios,  a  lord,  master.] 


TYRIAN,  tir'i-an,  adj.  being  of  a  deep  puiN 
pie  color,  like  the  dye  formerly  prepared 
at  Tyre. 

TYRO,  tl'ro,  n.  one  learning  any  art :  one 
not  well  acquainted  with  a  subject  :"jpj, 
Ty'eos.     [L.  tiro,  a  young  recruit.] 


u 


UBIQUITOUS,  u-bik'm-tus,  adj.  being 
everyirhere. 

UBIQUITY,  u-bik'wi-ti,  n.  existence  everp- 
where  at  the  same  time  :  omnipresence. 
[Fr.  ubiquite,  formed  from  L.  ubiqtce. 
everywhere.] 

UDAL,  il'dal,  adj.  applied  to  land  held  sole- 
ly bj-  uninterrupted  succession,  under  no 
feudal  superior. — ns.  U'dal.  a  freehold 
estate,  U'daller,  a  holder  of  such.  [Ice. 
odhal.  a  homestead.     See  Axlodial.] 

UDDER,  ud'er,  n.  the  milk-vessel  of  a  fe- 
male (esp.  of  a  lower  animal).  [A.S.  (ider; 
cog.  with  Ger.  euter ;  also  conn,  with  L. 
nber,  Gr.  outhar.  Sans,  fidhar.] 

UGLY,  ug'li,  adj.  offensive  to  the  eye  :  de- 
formed :  hateful :  ill-natured. — n.  Ug'li- 
NESS.  [Ice.  uggligr,  frightful,  wgyr.  fear, 
akin  to  Goth,  ogan,  and  A.S.  oge,  fear.] 

UHLAN,  u'lan,  n.  one  of  a  kind  of  light 
cavalry,  famous  esp.  in  the  Prussian 
army.  [Polish  %dan.  orig.  a  light  Tartar 
horseman — Turk,  oghlan,  a  young  man.] 

UKASE,  ii-kas',  n.  a  Russian  imperial  de- 
cree having  the  force  of  law.  [Russian, 
from  a  Slav,  root  sig.  "to  point  out."] 

ULCER,  ul'ser,  n.  a  dangerous  sore,  dis- 
charging matter.  [Fr.  ulcere — L.  tdcus, 
ulceris.  Gr.  helkos,  a  wound.] 

ULCERATE,  ul'ser-at,  v.i.  to  be  formed 
into  an  ulcer. — v.t.  to  affect  with  an  ulcer 
or  ulcers. 

ULCERATION,  ul-ser-a'shun,  n.  process  of 
forming  into  an  ulcer  :  an  ulcer.  [L.  id- 
ceratio.] 

ULCEROUS,  ul'ser-us,  adj.  of  the  nature 
of  an  ulcer. 

ULNA,  ul'na,  n.  the  larger  of  the  two 
bones  of  the  forearm. — adj.  Ul'nar.  [L. 
nlna.  cog.  with  E.  ELL,  which  see.] 

ULTERIOR,  ul-te'ri-or,  adj.  on  the  further 
side  :  beyond  :  further  :  remoter.  [L. 
xdterior,  comp.  of  idter,  that  is  beyond 
or  on  the  other  side.] 

ULTIMATE,  ul'ti-mat,  adj.,  furthest :  last  : 
incapable  of  further  division. — ndv.  Ul'- 
thiately.  [L.  ultimus,  the  last,  suj>erl. 
of  idter.] 

ULTIMATUM,  ul-ti-ma'tum ,  n.  the  last  or 
final  proposition  or  terms  for  a  treaty  : — 
pi.  Ultuia'ta.  [Low  L.,  from  L.  tdti- 
mus,  last.] 

ULTIMO,  ul'ti-mo,  adj.,  in  the  Zasf  (month). 
[L.] 

ULTRAIVIARINE,  ul-tra-ma-ren',  adj.  situ- 
ated beyond  the  sea. — »i.  the  most  beauti- 
ful and  durable  sky-blue  color,  so  called 
either  from  its  intense  blue,  or  from  the 
lapis  lazuli,  from  which  it  is  made,  being 
brought  from  Asia,  beyond  the  sea.  [L. 
ultra,  bevond.  and  Marine.] 

ULTRAMONTANE,  ul-tra-mon'tan,  adj. 
being  beyond  the  mountains  (i.e.  the 
Alps):  orig.  used  in  Italy  of  the  Frenchj 
Germans,  etc.;  afterwards  applied  by  the 
northern  nations  to  the  Italians,  hence 
its  present  meaning — viz.,  holding  or  de- 
noting extreme  views  as  to  the  Pope's 
rights  and  supremacy.  [L.  ultra,  beyond, 
montanus,  belonging  to  a  mountain  — 
mons,  montis,  a  mountain.] 

ULTRAMONTANISM,  ul-t  ra-mon'tan-izm, 
n.  ultramontane  or  extreme  views  as  to 
the  Pope's  rights. 

ULTRAMONTANIST,  ul-tra-mon'tan-ist,n. 
one  who  holds  to  ultramontanism. 


ULTRAMUNDANE 


461 


UNDERRATE 


ULTRAMUNDANE,  ul-tra-mun'dan,  adj. 
being-  beyond  the  world,  or  beyond  the 
limits  of  our  system.  [L.  ultra,  beyond, 
and  Mundane.] 

UMBEL,  um'bel,  n.  a  form  of  flower  in 
which  a  number  of  stalks,  each  bearing  a 
flower,  radiate  from  one  centre.  [L.  um- 
bella,  dim.  of  umbra,  a  shade.  Doublet 
Umbrella.] 

UMBELLIFEROUS,  um-bel-lif'er-us,  adj., 
bearing  or  producing-  umbels.  [L.  um- 
bella.  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

UMBER,  um'ber,  n.  a  brown  pigment. — 
Um'bered,  adj.  tinged  with  umber.  [So 
called  because  orig.  obtained  from  Um- 
bria.  in  Italy.] 

UMBILIC,  ura-bil'ik,  UMBILICAL,  um-bil'- 
ik-al.  adj.  pertaining  to  the  navel.  [L. 
umbilicus,  the  navel,  akin  to  Gr.  ompha- 
los, the  navel,  the  centre.] 

UMBRAGE,  um'braj,  n.  suspicion  of  injury: 
offence.  [O.  Fr.  umbraige  (Fr.  ombrage) 
— L.  umbra,  a  shadow.] 

UMBRAGEOUS,  um-braj'us,  adj.,  shady  or 
forming  a  shade. — adv.  Umbra'geously. 
— n.  UnBRA'aEOUSNESS.  [Fr.  ombrageux 
— L.  umbraticiis — umbra.] 

UMBRELLA,  um-brel'a,  n.  a  familiar  cov- 
ered sliding  frame  carried  in  tlie  hand, 
as  a  screen  from  rain  or  sunshine.  [Lit. 
"  a  little  shade,"  It.  ombrella,  L.  umbella 
— umbra.     Doublet  Umbel.] 

UMPIRE,  um'pir,  n.  a  third  person  called 
in  to  decide  a  dispute  :  an  arbitrator  : 
the  judge  in  the  game  of  base-ball.     [M. 

,  E.  impier,  nompere  —  impair,  and  non- 
pair,  unlike,  hence  a  third  party,  who 
gives  his  casting  vote — L.  impar,  un- 
even.] 

UNACCOUNTABLE,  un-ak-ko-wnt'a-bl, 
adj.  not  accountable  or  to  be  accounted 
for  :  not  responsible. — Unaccount'ably, 
adv.  inexplicably. 

UNADVISED,  un-ad-vizd',  adj.  not  advised: 
not  prudent  or  discreet :  rash. — adv.  Un- 
adyis'edly. 

UNANIMITY,  u-na-nim'i-ti,  n.  state  of 
being  unanimous.     [L.  imanimitas.~\ 

UNANIMOUS,  u-nan  i-mus,  adj.  of  one 
mind  :  agreeing  in  opinion  or  will  :  done 
with  the  agreement  of  all. — adv.  Unan'- 
IMOUSLT.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  animus, 
mind.] 

UNASSUMING,  un-as-sum'ing,  adj.  not 
assuming :  not  forward  or  arrogant  : 
modest. 

UNA V AILING, un-a-val'ing,  adj.  not  avail- 
ing, or  of  no  avail  or  effect  :  useless. 

UNAWARE,  un-a-war',  UNAWARES,  un- 
a-warz',  adv.  without  being  or  making 
aware  :  suddenly  :  unexpectedly. 

UNBAR,  un-bar',  v.t.  to  remove  a  bar  or 
hinderance  :  to  unfasten-,  to  open. 

UNBELIEF,  un-be-lef,  n.  want  of  belief  : 
disbelief,  esp.  in  divine  revelation. 

UNBELIEVER,  un-be-lev'er,  n.  one  who 
does  not  believe,  esp.  in  divine  revela- 
tion :  an  incredulous  person. 

UNBELIEVING,  un-be-lev'ing,  adj.  not 
believing,  esp.  divine  revelation. 

UNBEND,  un-bend',  v.t.  to  free  from  being 
in  a  bent  state  :  to  make  straight :  to 
free  from  strain  or  exertion  :  to  set  at 
ease. 

UNBENDING,  un-bend'ing,  adj.  not  bend- 
ing :  unyielding :  resolute. — adu.  Un- 
bend'ingly. 

UNBIAS,  un-bl'as,  v.t.  to  free  from  bias  or 
prejudice. 

UNBIASED,  un-bi'ast,  adj.  free  from  bias 
or  prejudice :    impartial. 

UNBIND,  un-bind',  v.t.  to  remove  a  band 
from  :  to  loose  :  to  set  free. 

UNBLUSHING,  un-blush'ing,  adj.  not 
blushing :    without  shame  :  impudent. 

UNBOLT,  un-bolt',  v.t.  to  remove  a  bolt 
from :  to  open. 


UNBOSOM,  un-booz'um,  v.t.  to  disclose 
what  is  in  the  bosom  or  mind :  to  tell 
freely. 

UNBOUND,  un-bownd',  adj.  not  bound  : 
loose  :  wanting  a  cover. 

UNBOUNDED,  un-bownd'ed,  adj.  not 
bounded  or  limited  :  boundless  :  ha-ving 
no  check  or  control. 

UNBRACE,  un-bras',  tJ.(.  to  undo  the  braces 
or  bands  of  :  to  loose  or  relax. 

UNBRIDLED,  un-brl'dld,  adj.  unre- 
strained: licentious.  [Lit.  "  loosed  from 
the  bridle."] 

UNBUCKLE,  un-buk'l,  v.t.  to  loose  from 
buckles  :  to  unfasten. 

UNBURDEN,  un-bur'dn,  UNBURTHEN, 
un-bur77tn,  v  t.  to  take  a  burden  off  :  to 
free  the  mind  from  any  weight  or  anxiety. 

UNBUTTON,  un-but'on,  v.t.  to  loose  the 
buttons  of. 

UNCAGE,  un-kaj',  v.t.  to  set  free  from  a 
cage. 

UNCASE,  un-kas',  v.t.  to  take  out  of  a 
case  :  to  free  from  a  covering. 

UNCHAIN,  un-chan',  v.t.  to  free  from 
chains  or  slaverv. 

UNCHURCH,  un-church',  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  the  rights  of  a  church. 

UNCIAL,  un'shal,  adj.  applied  to  large 
round  characters  used  in  ancient  MSS. 
[Lit.  "an  inch  long,"  L.,  from  uncia,  a 
twelfth  part,  an  inch.     See  INCH.] 

UNCIFORM,  un'si-form,  adj.,  /ioofc-shaped. 
— Un'cinate,  adj.,  hooked  at  the  end. 
[L.  uncus,  a  hook — root  angle,  bent.  See 
Anchor  and  Angle.] 

UNCIRCUMCISION,un-ser-kum-sizh'un,ra. 
want  of  circumcision:  (5.)  those  who  are 
not  circumcised. 

UNCLASP,  un-klasp',  v.t.  to  loose  the 
clasp  of. 

UNCLE,  ung'kl,  n.  the  brother  of  one's 
father  or  mother.  [O.  Fr.  (Fr.  oncle) — 
L.  avunciihis,  extension  of  avus,  a  grand- 
father ;   cf.  Lith.  avynas,  uncle.] 

UNCLEAN,  un-klen',  adj.  not  clean:  foul: 
(B.)  ceremonially  impure  :  sinful  :  lewd. 

UNCLOAK,  un-kl6k',  v.t.  to  take  the  cloak 
off. 

UNCLOSE,  un-kloz',  v.t.  to  make  not  close, 
to  open. 

UNCLOSED,  un-klozd',  adj.  open. 

UNCLOTHE,  un-kloi/i',  v.t.  to  take  the 
clothes  off :   to  make  naked. 

UNCOIL,  un-koil',  v.t.  to  open  out  from 
being  coiled  :    to  unwind. 

UNCONSCIONABLE,  un-kon'shun-a-bl, 
adj.  not  conformable  to  conscience :  un- 
reasonable :  inordinate. 

UNCONSTITUTIONAL,  un-kon-sti-tu'- 
shun-al,  adj.  not  constitutional :  con- 
trary to  the  constitution. — adv.  Uncon- 
stitu'tionally. 

UNCOUPLE,  un-kup'l,  v.t.  to  loose  from 
being  coupled  :  to  disjoin  :  to  set  loose. 

UNCOUTH,  un-k66th',  adj.  awkward  or 
ungraceful,  esp.  in  manners  or  language. 
—adv.  Uncouth'ly.— ra.  Uncodth'ness. 
[Lit.  and  orig.  "  unknown,"  A.S.  uncudh 
— un-,  not,  and  cudh,  for  gecudh,  known 
— cunnan,  to  know.  Cf.  the  history  of 
Barbarian,  also  of  Outlandish.] 

UNCOVER,  un-kuVer,  v.t.  to  remove  the 
cover  :  to  lay  open. — v.i.  to  take  off  tlie 
hat. 

UNCTION,  ung'shun,  n.  an  anointing : 
that  which  is  used  for  anointing  :  oint- 
ment :  that  quality  in  language  whicli 
raises  emotion  or  devotion  :  warmth  of 
address :  divine  or  sanctifying  grace. — 
Extreme  Unction  (in  the  R.  C.  Church), 
the  sacrament  of  anointing  persons  with 
consecrated  oil  in  their  last  hours.  [L. 
unctio  —  ungo,  unctum,  to  anoint.  See 
Anoint.] 

UNCTUOSITY,  ungt-u-oi'i-ti,  n.  state  or 


quality  of  being  unctuous :  oiliness : 
greasiness. 

UNCTUOUS,  ung'tu-us,  adj.  oily:  greasy. 
[Formed  from  L.  unctus,  greased  (see 
Unction).] 

UNCURL,  un-kurl',  v.t.  to  loose  from  curls 
or  ringlets. — v.i.  to  relax  from  a  curled 
state. 

UNDATED,  un'dat-ed,  adj.,  waved  or  wavy: 
rising  and  falling  in  waves.  [L.  undatus, 
pa. p.  of  undo,  to  rise  in  waves — unda.  a 
wave.] 

UNDAUNTED,  un-dant'ed,  adj.  not  daunt- 
ed :  bold  :  intrepid. 

UNDECEIVE,  un-de-sev',  v.t.  to  free  from 
deception  or  mistake. 

UNDER,  un'der,  prep,  in  a  lower  position 
than  :  beneath  :  below  :  less  than  :  in 
subjection,  subordination,  oppression, 
liability,  etc.  :  during  the  time  of  :  un- 
dergoing.— adv.  in  a  lower  degree  or  con- 
dition :  in  subjection:  below:  less. — adj. 
lower  in  position,  rank,  or  degree  :  sub- 
ject :  subordinate. — Under  way,  mov- 
ing :  having  commenced  a  voyage.  [A, 
S.  under;  cog.  with  Goth,  undar,  Ice. 
undir,  Ger.  unter ;  and  with  L.  inter. 
Sans,  antar,  among,  within.  It  is  made 
up  of  In,  and  the  comparative  suffix 
seen  also  in  After,  Further.] 

UNDERBRED,  un'der-bred,  adj.  of  infe- 
rior breeding  or  manners.  [Under  and 
Breed.] 

UNDERCLAY,  un'der-kla,  n.  the  bed  of 
clay  almost  alway*  found  under  coal- 
seams,  considered  as  the  soil  in  which 
grew  the  plants  that  formed  the  coal. 

UNDERCURRENT,  un'der-kur-ent,  n.  a 
current  under  the  surface  of  the  water. 

UNDERDONE,  un-der-dun',  adj.  done  less 
than  is  requisite  :  insufficiently  cooked. 

UNDERDRAIN,  un'der-dran,  n.  a  drain 
under  tlie  surface  of  the  ground. 

UNDERGIRD,  un-der-gird',  v.t.  to  gird  or 
bind  under  or  below  :  to  gird  round  the 
bottom. 

UNDERGO,  un-der-go',  v.t.  to  go  under  or 
be  subjected  to  :  to  endure  or  suffer  :  to 
pass  througli:  to  sustain  without  sinking. 

UNDERGRADUATE,  un-der-grad'u-at,  n. 
a  student  who  has  not  taken  his  first 

dBQV&C 

UNDERGROUND,  un'der-grownd,  adj.  and 
adv.  under  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

UNDERGROWTH,  un'der-groth,  n.  shrubs 
or  low  woody  plants  growing  under  or 
among  trees  :  coppice  wood. 

UNDERHAND,  un'der-hand,  adj.  and  adv. 
secretly :  by  secret  means :  by  fraud. 
[Lit.  "  done  with  the  hand  underneath."] 

UNDERLAY,  un-der-la',  v.t.  to  lay  under 
or  support  by  something  laid  under. 

UNDERLIE,  un-der-ir,  v.t.  to  lie  vmder  or 
beneath. 

UNDERLINE,  un-der-lln',  v.t.  to  draw  a 
line  under  or  below,  as  a  word. 

UNDERLING,  un'der-ling,  n.  an  under  or 
inferior  person  or  agent  :  a  sorry,  mean 
fellow.  [Under,  and  the  dim.  affix  -ling.} 

UNDERMINE,  un-der-min',  v.t.  to  form 
mines  under,  in  order  to  destroy  :  to  de- 
stroy secretly  the  foundation  or  support 
of  anything. 

UNDERMOST,  un'der-most,  adj.  lowest  in 
place  or  condition. 

UNDERNEATH,  un-der-neth',  adv.  be- 
neath :  below  :  in  a  lower  place. — prep. 
under  :  beneath.  [Under,  and  A.S.  neo- 
than,  beneath.     See  Netheb,] 

UNDERPLOT,  un'der-plot,  n.  a  plot  under 
or  subordinate  to  the  main  plot  in  a  play 
or  tale  :  a  secret  scheme. 

UNDERPROP,  un-der-prop',  v.t.  to  prop 
from  under  or  beneath  :  to  support. 

UNDERRATE,  un-der-rat',  v.t.  to  rate  un- 
der the  value. — Un'dkebate,  n.  a  price 
less  than  the  worth. 


UNDERSELL 

UNDERSELL,  un-der-sel',  v.t.  to  sell  under 
or  cheaper  than  another  :  to  defeat  fair 
trade,  bv  selling-  for  too  small  a  price. 
'UNDEESfiT,  un-der-set',  v.t.  to  set  under  : 
to  prop. — Undeksett'er,  n.  (B.)  prop, 
support. 
UNDERSHOT,  un'der-shot,  adj.  moved  by 

water  passing  under  the  wheel. 
UNDERSIGN,  un-der-sin',  v.t.  to  sign  or 
write  one's  name  under  or  at  the  foot  of. 
UNDERSTAND,  un-der-stand',  v.t.  to  com- 
prehend :  to  have  just  ideas  of  :  to  know 
thoroughly  :  to  be  informed  of  :  to  learn : 
to  suppose  to  mean  :  to  mean  without 
expressing  :  to  imply. — v.i.  to  have  the 
use  of  the  intellectual  faculties  :  to  be 
informed  :  to  learn.  [A.S.  understandan 
(lit.)  •'  to  stand  under  or  in  the  midst  of 
a  thing."  Under  has  here  its  primary 
sense  of  among,  between,  as  in  L.  inter  ; 
its  force  is  the  same  asdi'sin  distinguish, 
discern.  Cf.  L.  intelligo  (=  inter-lego),  to 
choose  between.] 
UNDERSTAND'ED,  (Pr.  Bk.)  used  for  Un- 
derstood. 
UNDERSTANDING,  un-der-stand'ing,  n. 
the  act  of  comprehending  :  the  faculty 
or  the  act  of  the  mind  by  which  it  under- 
stands or  thinks  :  the  power  to  under- 
stand: knowledge:  exact  comprehension: 
agreement  of  minds:  harmony. — adj.  (B.) 
knowing,  skillful. 
UNDERSTATE,  un-der-stat',  v.t.  to  state  or 

represent  under  or  below  the  truth. 
UNDERTAKE,  un-der-tak',  v.t.  to  take  un- 
der one's   management :   to  take  upon 
one's  self :  to  attempt. — v.i.  to  take  upon 
one's  self  :  to  be  bound. 
UNDERTAKER,  un-der-tak'er,  n.  one  who 
nnderfakes :  one  who  manages  funerals. 
UNDERTAKING,  un-der-tak'ing,    n.  that 
whicli  is   undertaken:    any  business  or 
project  engaged  in. 
UNDERTONE,  un'der-ton,  n.  an  under  or 

low  tone. 
UNDERVALUATION,un-der-val-u-a'shun, 
V.    an    undervaluing :    rate    below    the 
worth. 
UNDERVALUE,  un-der-val'ii,  v.t.  to  value 
under  the  worth  :  to  esteem  lightly. — n. 
a  value  or  price  under  the  real  worth  : 
low  rate  or  price. 
UNDERWENT,  un-der-went',  pa.t.  of  Un- 
dergo. 
UNDERWOOD,  un'der-wood,  n.  low  wood 
or   trees    growing    under    large    ones : 
coppice. 
UNDERWRITE,  un-der-rlt',   v.t.   to  write 
under  something  else  :  to  subscribe  :  to 
subscribe  one's  name  to  for  insurance. — 
v.i.  to  practice  insuring. 
UNDER  A/^RITER,  un'der-rlt-er,  n.  one  who 
insures,  as  shipping,  so  called  because 
he  underivrites  his  name  for  a  certain 
amount  to  the  conditions  of  the  policy. 
UNDO,  un-d66',  v.t.    to  reverse  what  has 
been  done:  to  bring  to  naught:  to  loose: 
to  open  :  to  unravel  :  to  impoverish  :  to 
ruin,  as  in  reputation. 
UNDOING,  un-doo'ing,  n.  the  reversal  of 

what  has  been  done  :  ruin. 
UNDRESS,  un-dres',  v.t.   to  take  oflF  the 
dress    or  clothes  :    to    strip. — UNDRESS, 
un'dres,  n.  a  loose  dress  :  the  plain  dress 
worn  bv  soldiers  when  off  duty. 
UNDULATE,  un'du-lat,  v.t.  to  wave,  or  to 
move  like  waves :  to  cause  to  vibrate. — 
r.i.  towave:  to  vibrate.    [Lovr  L,.  undulo, 
-aturn — L.  unda.  a  ware.] 
UNDULATION,  un-du-la'shun,  n.    an  un- 
dulating :  a  waving  motion  or  vibration. 
'  UNDULATORY,  un'du-la-tor-i,  adj.  having 
an  undulating  character  :  moving  in  the 
manner  of  waves  :  resembling  the  motion 
of  waves,  which  successively  rise  or  swell 
and  fall  :  pertaining  to  such  a  motion  : 
as,  the  undulatory  raotioa  of  water,  of 


air,  or  other  fluid.— Undxjl>atort  THEOfi¥, 
in  optics,  the  theory  which  regards  light 
as  a  mode  of  motion  generated  bj'  molec- 
ular vibrations  in  the  luminous  source, 
and  propagated  by  undulations  in  a 
subtle  medium  (ether),  sensibly  imponder- 
able, presumed  to  pervade  all  space,  in- 
cluding the  intervals  which  separate  the 
molecules  or  atoms  of  ponderable  bodies. 
When  these  undulations  reach  and  act 
on  the  nerves  of  our  retina,  they  produce 
in  us  the  sensation  of  light.  The  only 
other  theorv  of  light  which  can  be  op- 
posed to  tfiis,  and  which  is  variously 
called  the  corpuscular,  emission,  or  via- 
terial  theory,  supposes  light  to  consist 
of  material  particles,  emitted  from  the 
source,  and  projected  in  straight  lines  in 
all  directions  with  a  velocity  which  con- 
tinues uniform  at  all  distances,  and  is  the 
same  for  all  intensities.  It  would  seem 
that  every  phenomenon  which  can  be 
brought  under  the  corpuscular  theory  can 
witli  equal  facility  be  explained  by  the 
undulatory  theory  ;  while  there  are  some 
known  effects,  as  the  phenomena  of  re- 
flection and  refraction,  in  strict  accord- 
ance with  the  principles  of  the  latter, 
which  cannot,  without  great  difficulty 
and  the  introduction  of  gratuitous  sup- 
positions, be  accounted  for  by  the  cor- 
puscular theory.  The  undulatory  theory 
is  therefore  now  generally  adopted  by 
physicists. 
UNDULY,  un-du'li,  adv.  not  according  to 

duty  or  propriety  :  improperly. 
UNEARTH,  un-erth',  v.t.  to  take  out  of, 
drive,  or  draw  from  the  earth  or  a  bur- 
row, as  a  fox  or  badger  :  to  uncover. 
UNEASINESS,    un-ez'i-nes,    n.     state    of 
being  uneasy  or  not  at    ease :   want  of 
ease  :  disquiet. 
UNEASY,  un-ez'i,  adj.   not  at  ease  :  rest- 
less :  feeling  pain  :  constrained. 
UNE\'T;NNESS,  un-ev'n-nes,  n.  quality  of 
being  not   even  :  want  of  an  even  sur- 
face :  want  of  smoothness  or  uniformity. 
UNFASTEN,  un-fas'n.  v.t.  to  loose,  as  from 

a  fastening  :  to  unfix. 
UNFETTER,  un-fet'er,    v.t.    to    take   the 

fetters  from  :  to  set  at  liberty. 
UNFIT,  un-fit',  adj.  unsuitable.— w.f.  to  dis- 
qualify. 
UNFIX,"  un-fiks',  v.t.  to  make  not  fixed : 

to  loose  the  fixing  of  :  to  unsettle. 
UNFLAGGING,  un-flag'ing,  adj.  not  flag- 
ging or  drooping  :  maintaining  strength 
or  spirit. 
UNFOLD,  un-fold',  v.t.  to  open  the  folds 
of  :   to  release  from   a  fold  :   to  spread 
out :  to  tell. 
UNFURL,  un-furi',  v.t.  to  loose  from  being 

furled  :  to  unfold  :  to  spread. 
UNGAINLY,  un-gan'li,  adj.  awkward : 
clumsy  :  uncouth.  —  n.  UnGAIN'LIMESS. 
[i,l.E,.un-geinliche — Ice.  gegn  (A.S.  gegn, 
Scot,  gane),  which  sig.  orig.  "  direct  to- 
wards "  or  "  ready  "  (as  a  road),  came  to 
mean  "serviceable."  and  then  "kind," 
"  good."  Cf.  Again  and  Gainsay.] 
UNGIRD,   un-gerd',   v.t.    to    free    from    a 

girdle  or  band  :  to  unbind. 
UNGUENT,  ung'gwent,  n.  ointment.     [L. 
unguentrtm — unguo,  ungo,  to  anoint.  Cf. 
Unction.] 
UNGULA,  ung'gu-la,  n.  a  hoof,  as  of  a 
horse  :   in  geovi.  a  part  cut  off  from  a 
cylinder    cone,  etc.,   by  a  plane  passing 
obliquely  through  the  base  and  part  of 
the  curved  surface — so  named  from  its 
resemblance  to  the  hoof  of  a  horse :  in 
»urg.  an  instrument  for  extracting  a  dead 
foetus  from  the  womb.     [L.,  dim.  of  un- 
g^iis.  a  nail  or  claw.] 
UNGULATA,  ung-gu-la'ta,  n.pl.the  hoofed 
quadrupeds,  formerly  a  division  of  the 


UNION 

Mammalia,  including  the  old  orders 
Pachydermata,  Solidungula,  and  Rumi- 
nantia  ;  but  in  modern  zoology  the  term 
is  applied  to  an  order  under  which  are 
classified  all  the  animals  belonging  to 
the  above  three  old  orders,  %\-ith  the 
exception  of  the  elephant,  which  now 
forms  a  separate  order,  Proboscidea. 
The  order,  which  is  the  largest  and  most 
important  of  the  Mammalia,  is  subdi- 
vided into  (a)  the  section  Perissodactyla, 
which  includes  the  rhinoceros,  the  tapirs, 
the  horse  and  all  its  allies  ;  and  (b)  the 
Artiodactyla,  which  comprises  the  hip- 
popotamus, the  pigs,  and  the  whole 
group  of  ruminants,  including  oxen, 
sheep,  goats,  antelopes,  camels,  deer, 
etc.     [From  iingida,  a  hoof.] 

UNHALLOWED,  un-hal'6d,  adj.,  unholy : 
profane  :  very  wicked. 

UNHAND,  un-hand',  v.t.  to  take  the  bands 
off  :  to  let  go. 

UNHARNESS,  un-har'nes,  v.t.  to  take  the 
harness  off:  to  disarm. 

UNHINGE,  un-hinj',  v.t.  to  take  from  the 
hinges  :  to  render  unstable. 

UNHOOK,  un-hook',  v.t.  to  loose  from  a 
hook. 

UNHORSE,  un-hors',  v.t.  to  cause  to  come 
off,  or  to  throw  from  a  horse. 

UNHOUSE,  un-howz',  v.t.  to  deprive  of  or 
drive  from  a  house  or  shelter. 

UNICORN,  u'ni-korn,  n.  a  fabulous  ani- 
mal with  o«e  horn  :  (B.)  prob.  the  bison. 
[L.  MHfia-  E.  One,  and  cornu,  E.  Horn.] 

UNIFORM,  a'ni-form,  adj.  having  one  or 
the  same  form  :  having  always  the  same 
manner  or  character  :  consistent  with 
itself  :  agreeing  with  another. — n.  a  dress 
or  livery  of  the  same  kind  for  persons 
who  belong  to  the  same  body,  as  of  a 
soldier. — adv.  U'STFORMLT.  [L.  unns, 
one,  and  FORSI.] 

UNIFORMITAUIAN,  u-ni-form-i-ta'ri-an, 
n.  one  who  upholds  a  system  or  doctrine 
of  uniformity  ;  specifically,  one  who 
maintains  that  all  geologic  changes  and 
phenomena  are  due  to  agencies  working 
uniformly  and  uninterruptedly,  as  op- 
posed to  a  catastrophist,  who  refers  such 
changes  to  great  occasional  convulsions. 
The  uniformitarian  maintains  that  the 
influence  of  the  agencies  that  we  see 
working  now,  contmued  during  all  the 
ajons  of  geologic  time,  is  sufficient  to 
account  for  all  the  phenomena  pi-esented 
to  us  in  the  structure  of  the  earth, 

UNIFORMITARIAN,  u-ni-form-i-ta'ri-an, 
adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  uniformity  or 
the  doctrine  of  uniformity.  "  The  catas- 
trophist and  the  imiformitarian  opin- 
ions."— Whetvell.     [See  the  noun.] 

UNIFORMITY,  u-ni-form'i-ti,  n.  state  of 
being  uniform  :  agreement  with  a  pat- 
tern or  rule :  sameness :  likeness  be- 
tween the  parts  of  a  whole. 

UNIFY,  li'ni-fT,  v.t.  to  make  into  one. — n. 
Unifica'tion.  [L.  wms,  one,  and  faoio, 
to   make.] 

UNILITERAL,  u-ni-lit'er-al,  adj.  consist- 
ing of  one  letter  only.  [L.  unus,  one, 
and  litera,  a  letter.] 

UNION,  un'yun,  ?i.  a  uniting  :  that  which 
is  united  or  made  one  :  a  body  formed  by 
the  combination  of  parts  :  concord  :  har- 
mony in  color:  agreement  between  parts: 
a  combination,  as  among  workmen  for 
class  protection:  several  English  parishes 
united  for  joint  support  and  management 
of  their  poor.also  the  workhouse  for  such: 
(pi.)  textile  fabrics  made  up  of  more  than 
one  kind  of  fibre.- The  Union,  the  United 
States  :  also  the  legislative  incorporation 
of  England  and  Scotland  in  1707,  or  of 
Ireland  with  both  in  1801.  [Fr.  union — 
L.  unio,  -onis — unus,  E.  Onb.J 


1 


UNIQUE 


463 


UNWIND 


UNIQUE,  u-nek',  a(^'.,  single  or  alone  in 
any  quality  :  without  a  like  or  equal. 
[Fr. — L.  unicus — uims.'\ 

UNISON,  u'ni-son,  n.,  oneness  or  agrreement 
of  sound  :  concord  :  harmony.  [L.  unus, 
one,  and  sonus,  a  sound.     See  Sound.] 

UNISONANCE,  u-nis'o-nans,  n.  state  of 
being  unisoiiant  :  accordance  of  sounds. 

UNISONANT,  u-nis'o-nant,  UNISONOUS, 
fi-nis'o-nus,  adj.  being-  in  unison.  [L. 
unus,  one,  and  sonans,  pr.p.  of  sojio,  to 
sound.] 

UNIT,  u'nit,  n.,  one :  a  single  thing  or  per- 
son :  the  least  whole  number  :  anythmg 
taken  as  one  :  any  known  determinate 
quantity  by  constant  application  of  which 
any  other  quantity  is  measured.  [L. 
unitum,  pa.p.  of  unio,  to  unite  —  unvs, 
E.  One.] 

UNITARIAN,  u-ni-ta'i'i-an,  n.  one  who 
asserts  the  unity  of  the  Godhead  as  op- 
posed to  the  Trinity,  and  ascribes  divin- 
ity to  God  the  Father  only.  —  adj.  per- 
taining to  Unitarians  or  their  doctrine. 
[From  L.  unitas,  unity — unus,  one.] 

UNITARIANISM,  u-ni-ta'ri-an-izm,  n.  the 
doctrines  or  principles  of  a  Unitarian. 

UNITE,  u-nit',  v.t.  to  make  one  :  to  join 
two  or  more  into  one  :  to  join  :  to  make 
to  agree  or  adhere. — v.i.  to  become  one  : 
to  grow  or  act  together.  —  Unit'edly, 
adi\  in  union  :  together. 

UNITY,  u'ni-ti,  n.,  oneness :  state  of  being 
one  or  at  one  :  agreement :  the  arrange- 
ment of  all  the  parts  to  one  purpose  or 
effect  :  harmony  :  {math.)  any  quantity 
taken  as  one. — The  Unities  (of  place, 
time,  and  action),  the  three  canons  of  the 
classical  drama  ;  that  the  scenes  should 
be  at  the  same  place,  that  all  the  events 
should  be  such  as  might  happen  within  a 
single  day,  and  that  nothing  should  be 
admitted  not  directly  relevant  to  the  de- 
velopment of  the  plot.  [Fr.  unite — L. 
unitas — units.] 

UNIVALVE,  u'ni-valv,  adj.  having  one 
valve  or  shell  only. — n.  a  shell  of  one 
valve  only  :  a  mollusc  whose  shell  is 
composed  of  a  single  piece. 

UNIVERSAL,  u-ni-ver'sal,  adj.  compre- 
hending, affecting,  or  extending  to  the 
whole  :  comprising  all  the  particulars. — 
adv.  Untver'sally.  [L.  universalis — uni- 
versus.    See  Universe.] 

UNIVERSALISM,  u-ni-ver'sal-izm,  n.  the 
doctrine  or  belief  of  universal  salvation, 
or  the  ultimate  salvation  of  all  mankind. 
— Untver'salist,  n.  a  believer  in  uni- 
versalism. 

UNIVERSALITY,  u-ni-ver-sal'i-ti,  n.  state 
or  quality  of  being  universal.     [L.] 

UNIVERSE,  u'ni-vers,  n.  the  ichole  system 
of  created  things :  all  created  things 
viewed  as  one  whole :  the  world.  [L. 
universum(lit.)  "  turned  into  one,"  "  com- 
bined into  one  whole  " — unus,  one,  verto, 
versum,  to  turn.] 

UNIVERSITY,  u-ni-ver'si-ti,  n.  a  corpo- 
ration of  teachers  or  assemblage  of  col- 
leges for  teaching  the  "higher  branches 
of  learning,  and  having  power  to  confer 
degrees.  [Orig.  "any  community  or 
association,"  L.  universitas,  a  corporation 
— universus.] 

UNIVOCAL,  u-niVo-kal,  adj.  having  one 
voice  or  meaning  only  :  having  unison  of 
sounds.  [L.  univoous — unu^,  one,  vox, 
vocis,  a  voice.] 

UNKEMPT,  un  kemt,  adj.,  uncombed :  un- 
polished. [Prefix  un-,  and  A.S.  cemban, 
to  comb — canib,  E.  Comb.] 

UNKENNEL,  un-ken'el,  v.t.  to  drive  from 
a  kennel  or  hole  :  to  rouse  from  secrecy 
or  retreat. 

UNKNIT,  un-nit',  v.t.  to  separate  or  loose 
what  is  knit  or  knotted  :  to  open. 


UNKNOT,  un-not',  v.t.  to  free  from  knots: 
to  untie. 

UNLACE,  un-las',  v.t.  to  loose  from  being 
laced  :  to  loose  the  dress  of. 

UNLADE,  un-lad',  v.t.  to  unload ;  to  take 
out  the  cargo  of. 

UNLEARN,  un-Iern',  v.t.  to  forget  or  lose 
what  has  been  learned. 

UNLESS,  un-les',  eonj.  at  or  for  less :  if 
not :  supposing  that  not. — Except  and 
MnZess  were  common  formerly  as  conjunc- 
tions, nearly  or  quite  interchangeable 
("Except  thou  make  thyself  a  prince 
over  us." — Num.  xvi.  13),  but  the  former 
is  now  comparatively  seldom  used  in  that 
way  (at  least  with  the  verb  directly  ex- 
pressed), having  usually  a  prepositional 
force.  In  the  Bible  arcepf  (conj.)  occurs 
eight  or  ten  times  as  often  as  unless.  The 
special  function  of  except  is  to  introduce 
an  exception  to  a  general  statement ;  of 
unless  to  introduce  a  restriction,  limita- 
tion, or  alternative.  "  So  that  he  could 
not  be  impleaded  in  any  ci^^l  court  ex- 
cept  on  criminal  charges."  —  Hallam. 
"  And  made  it  hard  for  any  nation  to 
be  thenceforth  safe  except  by  its  sheer 
strength." — Kinglalce.  "A  relief  was  a 
suni  of  money  {unless  where  charter  or 
custom  introduced  a  different  tribute) 
due  from  every  one  of  full  age,  etc." — 
Hallam.  "  Except  when  it  happens  that 
the  people  are  turned  aside  for  a  mo- 
ment .  .  .  the  foi-eigner  has  good  grounds 
for  inferring  that,  whatever  the  policy  of 
England  maybe,  it  will  not  be  altogether 
unstable." — Kinglake.  "In  Europe,  all 
States  except  the  five  great  Powers  are 
exempt  from  the  duty  of  watching  over 
the  general  safety ;  and  even  a  State 
which  is  one  of  the  five  great  Powers  is 
not  practicallj'  under  an  obligation  to 
sustain  the  cause  of  justice  iinlessits  per- 
ception of  the  vn-ong  is  reinforced  by  a 
sense  of  its  own  interests." — Kinglake. 
[Lit.  "  on  less  ;  "  of.  the  Fr.  d  moins.] 

UNLIMBER,  un-lim'ber,  v.t.  to  remove  the 
limbers  from  a  gun. 

UNLOAD,  un-l6d',  v.t.  to  take  the  load 
from  :  to  discharge:  to  disburden. 

UNLOCK,  un-lok',  v.t.  to  unfasten  what  is 
locked:  to  open. 

UNLOOSE,  un-loos',  v.t.  to  make  loose: 
to  set  free.  [A.S.  onlesan  ;  intensive  of 
Loose.] 

UNMAKE,  un-mak',  v.t.  to  destroy  the 
make  or  form  and  qualities  of.  —  Un- 
made', adj.  not  made. 

UN^MAN,  un-man',  v.t.  to  deprive  of  the 
powers  of  a  man,  as  courage,  etc. :  to 
deprive  of  men. 

UNMASK,  un-mask',  v.t.  to  take  a  mask 
or  any  disguise  off :  to  expose. — v.i.  to 
put  off  a  mask. 

UNMEANING,  un-men'ing,  adj.  having 
no  meaning  :  without  intelhgence. — n. 
Unmean'ingness. 

UNMOOR.  un-m66r',  v.t.  to  loose  from 
being  moored  or  anchored. 

UNMUFFLE,  un-mufl,  v.t.  to  take  a 
muffle   or   covering  from. 

UNMUZZLE,  un-muz'l,  v.t.  to  take  a 
muzzle   off. 

UNNERVE,  un-nerv*,  v.t.  to  deprive  of 
^    nerve,  strength,  or  vigor  :  to  weaken. 

UNPACK,  un-pak*,  v.t.  to  take  out  of  a 
pack :  to  open. 

UNPARALLELED,  un  -  par'al  -  leld,  adj. 
without   parallel  or   equal. 

UNPEOPLE,  un-pe'pl,  v.t.  to  deprive  of 
people. 

UNPIN,  un-pin',  v.t.  to  loose  what  is 
pinned. 

UNPRETENDING,  un-pre-tend'ing,  adj. 
not  pretending  or  making  pretence : 
modest 

UNRAVEL,  un-ravl,  v.t.  to  take  out  of  a 


ravelled  state  :  to  unfold  or  explain  :  ta 
separate. — v.i.  to  be  disentangled. 

UNREST,  un-rest',  n.  want  of  rest:  dis- 
quiet of  mind  or  body. 

UNRIG,  un-rig',  v.t.  to  strip  of  rigging. 

UNROBE,  un-rob',  v.t.  to  take  a  robe  off  : 
to  undress. 

UNROLL,  un-rol',  v.t.  to  roll  down  :  to 
open  out. 

UNROOF,  un-roof,  v.t.  to  strip  the  roof 
off. 

UNROOT,  un-roof,  v.t.  to  tear  up  by  the 
roots. 

UNRULY,  un-ro6'li,  adj.  regardless  of  re- 
straint or  law. — n.  Uneu'liness.  [From 
A.S.  rou\  peace  ;  Scand.  ro,  Ger.  ruhe; 
modified  by  Rule.] 

UNSADDLE,  un-sad^,  v.t.  to  take  the  sad- 
die  off :  to  throw  from  the  saddle. 

UNSAY,  un-sa',  v.t.  to  recall  what  has 
been  said  :  to  retract. 

UNSCATHED,  un-skatht',  adj.  not  harmed 
or  injured.  [From  un,  not,  and  Scathe, 
harm.] 

UNSCREW,  un-skro5',  v.t.  to  loose  from 
screws :  to  unfasten. 

UNSEAL,  un-sel',  v.t.  to  remove  the  seal 
of :  to  open  what  is  sealed. 

UNSEARCHABLE,  un-serch'a-bl,  adj.  not 
capable  of  being  found  out  by  searching  : 
mysterious.  • — n.  Unsearch'ableness.  — 
adv.  Unsearch'ably. 

UNSEAT,  un-set',  v.t.  to  throw  from  or  de- 
prive of  a  seat. 

UNSETTLE,  un-set'l,  v.t.  to  move  from  be- 
ing settled  :  to  make  uncertain. — v.i.  to 
become  unfixed. 

UNSEX,  un-seks',  v.t.  to  deprive  of  sex  :  to 
make  unmanly  or  unwomanly. 

UNSHACKLE,  un-shak'l,  v.t.  to  loose  from 
shackles  :  to  set  free. 

UNSHIP,  un-ship',  v.t.  to  take  out  of  a 
ship  or  other  vessel :  to  remove  from  the 
place  where  it  is  fixed  or  fitted. 

UNSIGHTLY,  un-sit'li,  adj.  not  sightly  or 
pleasing  to  tlie  eye  :  ugly. 

UNSTOP,  un-stop',  v.t.  to  free  from  a  stop- 
per :  to  free  from  hinderance. 

UNSTRING,  un-string',  v.t.  to  take  the 
strings  off  :  to  relax  or  loosen. 

UNTHREAD,  un-thred',  v.t.  to  draw  out  a 
thread  from  :  to  loose  the  threads. 

UNTHRIFTY,  un-thrift'i,  adj.  not  thrifty  : 
without  thriftiness. — adv.  Unthrht'ily. 
— n.  Unthrift'iness. 

UNTIE,  un-tr,  v.t.  to  loose  from  being  tied: 
to  unbind  :  to  loosen. 

UNTIL,  im-til',  prep,  till :  to  :  as  far  as 
(used  mostly  with  respect  to  time). — adv. 
till :  up  to  the  time  that.  [A.S.  on,  in, 
and  Till,  prep.] 

UNTIRING,  un-tir'ing,  adj.  not  tiring  or 
becoming  tired. 

UNTO,  un' too,  prep.,  to.  [A.S.  on,  in,  and 
To.] 

UNTOWARD,  un-to'ard,  UNTOWARDLY, 
un-to'ard-li,  adj.  not  easily  guided :  fro- 
ward:  awkward:  inconvenient. — adv.  Un- 
TO'WARDLY.— n.  UnTO'WARDNESS. 

UNTRUTH,   un-trooth',  n.  falsehood:  a  lie. 

UNTUNE,  un-tun',  v.t.  to  put  out  of  tune  : 
to  disorder  or  confuse. 

UNTWINE,  un-twin',  v.t.  to  untwist :  to 
open. 

UNTWIST,  un-twist',  v.t.  to  open  what  is 
twisted. 

UNWARP,  un-wawrp',  v.t.  to  change  from 
being  warped. 

UNWEARIED,  un-we'rid,  adj.  not  tiring : 
indefatigable. — adv.  Unvtea'riedly. 

UNWEAVE,  un-wev',  v.t.  to  undo  what  is 
voven. 

UNWEPT,  un-wept',  adj.  not  mourned. 

UNWIELDY,  un-wel'di,  adj.  not  easily 
moved  or  handled.    [See  Wield.] 

UNWIND,  un-wTnd',  v.t.  to  wind  down  oi 
off. 


UNWITTINGLY 


464 


UTILIZE 


UNWimNGLY,  un-wit'ing-li,  adv.  with- 
out knowledge  :  ignorantly.     [See  WiT.] 

UNWORTHY,  un-wur//i'i,  a^j.  not  worthy: 
worthless :  unbecoming. 

UNWRAP,  un-rap',  v.t.  to  open  what  is 
wrapped  or  folded. 

UNYOKE,  un-yok',  v.t.  to  loose  from  a 
yoke  :  to  disjoin. 

UP,  up,  adv.  toward  a  higher  place  :  aloft: 
on  high  :  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  posi- 
tion, as  out  of  bed,  above  the  horizon, 
etc.:  in  a  higher  position  :  in  a  condition 
of  elevation,  advance,  excitement,  etc.: 
as  far  as:  completely.— prep,  from  a  lower 
to  a  higiier  place  on  or  along. — Used  sub- 
stantively, as  in  the  tyjsand  doivns  of  life. 
[A.S.  up,  uppe ;  Ger.  auf :  L.  sub,  Gr. 
hypo  :  allied  to  Over,  Above.] 

UPANISHAD,  oo-pan'i-shad,  ?i.  in  Sans- 
krit literature,  a  name  given  to  a  series 
of  treatises  or  commentaries  on  the  Ve- 
dic  hymns,  the  contents  of  which  are 
partly  ritualistic,  partly  speculative. 
They  are  of  different  dates,  some  of  them 
being  as  old  as  several  centuries  B.C. 
They  exhibit  the  earliest  attempts  of  the 
Hindu  mind  to  penetrate  into  the  mys- 
teries of  creation  and  existence.     [Sans.] 

UPAS,  u'pas,  UPAS-TREE,  u'pas-tre,  n. 
a  tree  common  in  the  forests  of  Java, 
and  of  some  of  the  neighboring  islands, 
and  found  also  in  tropical  Africa.  It  is  a 
species  of  the  genus  Antiaris  (..4.  toxi- 
caria),  nat.  order  Artocarpaceaj.  Many 
exaggerated  stories  were  formerly  cur- 
rent concerning  the  deadly  properties  of 
this  plant,  its  exhalations  being  said  to 
be  fatal  to  both  animal  and  vegetable 
hfe  at  several  miles  distance  from  the 
tree  itself.  The  truth  is,  that  the  upas 
is  a  tree  which  yields  a  poisonous  secre- 
tion and  nothing  more.  The  active  prin- 
ciple in  this  secretion  has  been  termed 
antiardn.     [Malay  iqias,  poison.] 

UPBEAR,  up-bar',  v.t.  to  bear  up  :  to  raise 
aloft  :  to  sustain. 

UPBIND,  up-bind',  v.t.  to  bind  up. 

UPBRAID,  up-brad',  v.t.  to  charge  with 
something  wrong  or  disgraceful  :  to  re- 
proach :  to  reprove  severely.  [A.S.  up- 
gebredan,  to  cry  out  against — up,  and 
gebredan.  Ice.  bregda,  to  charge,  re- 
proach.] 

UPBRAIDING,  up-brad'ing,  n.  a  charging 
with  something  wrong  :  act  of  reproach- 
ing. 

UPHEAVE,  up-hev',  v.t.  to  heave  or  lift 
up. — Upheav'al,  n.  the  raising  of  sur- 
face formations  by  the  action  of  internal 
forces. 

UPHILL,  up'hU,  adj.  ascending :  difficult. 

UPHOLD,  up-hold',  v.t.  to  hold  up  :  to  sus- 
tain :  to  countenance :  to  defend  :  to 
continue  without  failing. — n.  Uphold'er. 

UPHOLSTERER,  up-hol'ster-er,  n.  one 
who  supplies  furniture,  beds,  etc.  [Form- 
erly upholdster,  and  upholster,  a  corr.  of 
Upholder.] 

UPHOLSTERY,  up-hOl'ster-i,  n.  furniture, 
etc.,  supplied  by  upholsterers. 

UPLAND,  up'land,  «.,  tipper  or  high  land, 
as  opposed  to  meadows,  river-sides,  etc. 
— adj.  high  in  situation  :  pertaining  to 
uplands. 

UPLIFT,  up-lift',  v.t.  to  lift  up  or  raise 
aloft. 

UPMOST.    See  Upper. 

UPON,  up-on',  prep,  same  as  On.  fUp  and 
OnJ 

UPPER,  up'er,  adj.  {camp,  of  Up),  further 
up:  higher  in  position,  dignity,  etc.:  su- 
perior.—Upper  TEN  THOUSAND,  a  phrase 
onginaUy  employed  by  N.  P.  Willis  to  des- 
ignate the  wealthier  or  more  aristocratic 
persons  (supposed  to  be  of  about  that 
number)  in  New  York,  and  since  extended 
to  the  higher  ciroks,  the  leading  classes 


in  society,  the  aristocracy  generally — 
often  contracted  to  the  tipper  ten.  "  Petty 
jealousy  and  caste  reigned  in  the  resi- 
dency "(Calcutta)  ;  the  '  upper  ten  '  with 
stoical  grandeur  would  die  the  '  tipper 
•  ten,'  and  as  they  fell,  composed  their 
robes  after  the  latest  fashion.'" — W.  H. 
RusseU.—superl.  Upp'ermost,  Up'most. 
[For  affix  -most,  see  Attermost,  Fore- 
most.] 

UPPERHAND,  up'er-hand,  n.  superiority  : 
advantage. 

UPPERMOST.      See  Upper. 

UPRIGHT,  up'rit,  adj.  right  or  straight 
up  :  in  an  erect  position  :  adhering  to 
rectitude:  honest  :  just. — adv.  Up'right- 
LY. — n.  Up'kightness. 

UPROAE,  up'ror,  n.  noise  and  tumult : 
bustle  and  clamor.  [Dut.  oproer,  from 
op,  up,  and  roeren  (Gfer.  riihren,  A.S. 
hreran),  to  stir  ;  corr.  from  a  supposed 
connection  with  ROAK.] 

UPROARIOUS,  up-ror'i-us,  adj.  making  or 
accompanied  by  great  uproar.  —  adv. 
Uproae'iously. 

UPROOT,  up-root',  v.t.  to  tear  up  by  the 
roots. 

UPSEE-DUTCH,  up'se-duch,  adv.  an  old 
phrase  signifying-  in  the  Dutch  style  or 
manner  :  Dutch-like :  as,  to  drink  upsee- 
Dutch,  to  drink  in  the  Dutch  manner  ; 
that  is,  to  drink  deeply.  "Drink  me 
upsey-Dutch." — Beau.  &  Fl.  Similarly 
UPSEE-FREEJa;,  in  the  Frisian  manner. 

I  do  not  like  the  dullness  of  your  eye. 
It  hath  a  heavy  cast,  'tis  Upsee-Dutch. 

—B.  Joiiscm. 
This  valiant  pot-leech  that,  upon  his  knees. 
Has  drunk  a  thousand  pottles  upsee-Freeze. 

— John  Taylor. 

Beiiti&Fl.  use  the  phrase  Upsey-English 
=English-like.  The  liquor  seems  some- 
times to  be  meant  by  these  terms.  [Dut. 
op-zyn-Deutsch,  in  the  Dutch  fashion;  so 
op-zyn-Engelsch,  in  the  English  fashion.] 

UPSET,  up-set',  v.t.  to  turn  upside  down  : 
to  overthrow. ^ — Up'set,  n.  an  overturn. 
— adj.  relating  to  what  is  set  tip  for  sale, 
in  phrase  Up'set  PRICE,  the  sum  at  which 
anything  is  started  at  a  pubUc  sale.  [Lit. 
"  to  set  up."] 

UPSHOT,  up'shot,  n.  final  issue :  end. 
[Lit.  "what  is  shot  up  or  turns  out.''] 

UPSIDE,  up'sid,  11.  the  upper  side.— Up- 
siDE-DOwn,  adv.  with  the  upper  part  un- 
dermost:  incomplete  confusion. 

UPSTART,  up'start,  n.  one  who  has  sud- 
denly started  up  or  risen  from  low  life  to 
wealth,  etc. — adj.  suddenly  raised. 

UPWARD,  up' ward,  adj.  directed  tq}  or  to 
a  higher  place. —  Up'waed,  Up'vtaeds, 
advs.  toward  a  higher  direction.  [Up, 
and  irard,  sig.  direction.] 

URBAN,  ur'ban,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to  a 
city.     VL.  urbantts — tirbs,  a  city.] 

URBANE,  ur-ban',  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
influenced  by  a  city :  civilized  :  refined  : 
courteous. 

URBANITY,  ur-ban'i-ti,  n.  the  quality  of 
being  tirbane  :  refinement :  politeness. 
[L.  tirbanitas.] 

URCHIN,  ur'chin,  n.  a  hedgehog :  a  child, 
used  jocosely.  [M.  E.  urchon,  O.  Fr. 
erigon ,  Fr.  herisson ;  from  L.  ericius,  a 
hedgehog.] 

URE'TER,  u-re'ter,  n.  the  duct  which  con- 
veys the  urine  from  the  kidneys  to  the 
bladder.     [Gr. — ouron,  urine.] 

URETHRA,  u-re'thra,  n.  the  canal  leading 
from  the  bladder  to  the  external  orifice. 
[Gr. — ouron,  urine.] 

URGE,  urj,  v.t.  to  press  in  any  way  :  to 
drive  :  to  press  earnestly  :  to  provoke. 
[L.  urgeo,  to  press,  to  drive.] 

URGENCY,  ur  jen-si,  n.  quality  of  being 
urgent :  earnest  asking :  pressing  neces- 
sity. 

UBGIENT,  ur'jent,  adj.,  urging:  pressing 


with  importunity:  calling  for  immediate 
attention:  earnest. — adv.  Ur' GENTLY.  [L. 
urgens,  pr.p.  of  tirgeo.] 

URIM,  u'rim,  and  THUMMIM,  thum'im, 
ns.pl.  a  part  of  the  high-priest's  breast- 
plate among  the  ancient  Jews,  the  nature 
of  which  is  not  distinctly  understood. 
[Lit.  "lights  and  perfections,"  Heb.  tirinif 
prob.  pi.  of  ur,  or,  light,  and  thummim, 
pi.  of  totti,  perfection.] 

URINAL,  u'rin-al,  Ji.  a  vessel  for  urine :  a. 
convenience  for  discharging  urine.  [L. 
urinal — iirina.'] 

URINARY,  u'rin-ar-i,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
like  urine. 

URINE,  u'rin,  n.  the  fluid  which  is  sep- 
arated by  the  kidneys  from  the  blood, 
and  conveyed  to  the  bladder.  [Fr. — L. 
tirina  ;  cog.  with  Gr.  ouron,  Ger.  ham. 
Sans,  vari,  water.] 

URN,  urn,  n.  a  kind  of  vase  used  for  vari- 
ous purposes  :  a  vessel  in  which  the  ashes 
of  the  dead  were  anciently  deposited.  [L. 
urna,  a  water-pot,  an  urn,  prop,  a  "  ves- 
sel of  burnt  clay,"  from  tiro,  to  burn.] 

URSINE,  ur'sin.  adj.oi  or  resembling  a  bear, 
[L. — tirstis,  a  bear.] 

US,  us,  pron.  the   objective  case  of  Wb. 

rA.s.] 

USABLE,  uz'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be  used. 

USAGE,  uz'aj,  n.  act  or  mode  of  using: 
treatment:  practice:  custom.  [Fr. — Low 
L. — L.  wsws.] 

USE,  iiz,  v.t.  to  put  to  some  purpose:  to 
avail  one's  self  of  :  to  habituate  :  to  treat 
or  behave  toward. — v.i.  to  be  accustomed. 
[Fr.  user — L.  utor,  tisus,  to  use.] 

USE,  us,  n.  act  of  using  or  putting  to 
a  purpose  :  convenience  :  employment : 
need:  advantage:  practice:  custom.  [L. 
tisiis — utor.] 

USEFUL,  us'fool,  adj.  full  of  use  or  ad- 
vantage: able  to  do  good:  ser\iceable. — 
adv.  UsE'FULLY. — n.  Use'fulness. 

USELESS,  us'les,  adj.  having  no  use : 
answering  no  good  purpose  or  the  end 
proposed. —  adv.   Use'lessly. —  n.   Use'- 

LESSNESS. 

USHER,  ush'er,  n.  one  whose  business  it  is 
to  introduce  strangers  or  to  walk  before 
a  person  of  rank  :  an  under-teacher  or 
assistant.^i'.?.  to  introduce  :  to  forerun. 
— ?!.    Ush'eeship.      [O.    Ft.    ussier.  Fr. 
huissiet — L.    ostiarius,  a   door-keeper — 
ostium,  a  door.] 
USUAL,  u'zhu-al,  adj.  in  use  :  occurring  in 
ordinary  use  :  common. — adv.  TT'st-at.t.y, 
[L.  vsualis.] 
USUFRUCT,   u'zu-frukt,    n.   the  tise  and 
projit,  but  not  the  property,  of  a  thing  : 
liferent.     [L.] 
USURER,  u  zhoo-rer,  n.  (orig.  and  in  B.) 
a   money-lender  for  interest :  one  who 
practices  usury. 
USURP,  Q-zurp',  v.t.  to  take  possession  of 
by   force   without   right. — n.   USURP'ER. 
[Fr. — L.  tisurpo,  perh.  contr.  from  usti- 
rapio,  to  seize  to  one's  own  use — usas, 
use,  and  rapio,  to  seize.] 
USURPATION,    u-zur-pa'shun,   n.   act  of 
usurping :   unlawful  seizure  and  posses- 
sion.    [L.  usiirpatio.'] 
USURY,  u'zho6-ri,  ti.  the  taking  of  more 
than  legal  interest  on  a  loan  :  (orig.)  in- 
terest generally. — adj.  Usu'rious.     [Lit. 
"  a  using,"  L.  tisnira — utor,  ttsus,  to  use.] 
UTENSIL,   u-ten'sU,  n.  an  instrument  or 
vessel  tised  in  common  life.     [Fr.  tist^n- 
sile—'L.    utensilis,  fit    for  use— utor,  to 
use.] 
UTERINE,  u'ter-in,  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
womb  :  born  of  the  same  mother  by  a  dif- 
ferent father.     [Fr.  utirin—h.  titerinus— 
uterus,  the  womb.] 
UTILIZE,  u'til-iz,  v.t.  to  make  tiseful :  to 
put  to  profitable  use. — n.  UraJZA'TKai.    ' 
[Ft.  tctiliser—L.  utor.] 


UTILITARIAN^ 


465 


VANDAL 


UTILITARIAN,  u-til-i-ta'ri-an,  adj.  con- 
sisting in  or  pertaining  to  utility,  or  to 
utilitarianism. — n.  one  who  holds  utili- 
tarianism. 

UTILITARIANISM,  u-til-i-ta'ri-an-izm,  n. 
the  doctrine  which  holds  that  the  stand- 
ard of  morality  is  utility  or  the  happi- 
ness of  mankind. 

UTILITY,  u-til'i-ti,  ft.,  ■usefulness.  [Fr.— 
L. — utilis,  useful — utor,  to  use.] 

UTMOST,  ut'most,  adj.,  outmost :  furthest 
out  :  most  distint :  last :  in  the  greatest 
degree  :  highest. — n.  the  greatest  that 
can  be :  the  greatest  effort.  [A.S.  ute- 
mest — uteina,  superl.  of  tit,  out,  and 
Buperl.  suffix,  -st.  For  mistaken  form 
-most,  see  Aftermost,  Foremost.] 

UTOPIAN,  u-to'pi-an,  adj.  imaginary  :  fan- 
ciful :  chimerical.  [From  Utopia,  lit. 
"nowhere"  —  6r.  om,  not,  and  topos, 
place,  an  imaginary  island  represented 
by  Sir  T.  More  as  enjoying  perfection  in 
politics,  laws,  etc.] 

UTTER,  ut'er,  adj.  furthest  out  :  extreme: 
total :  perfect.  —  adv.  Utt'erly.  [A.S. 
utor,  outer,  extreme — ut,  out.] 

UTTER,  ut'er,  v.t.  to  circulate  :  to  publish 
abroad  :  to  speak. — n.  UttIerer.  [Lit. 
"  to  send  out  or  forth,"  from  Utter,  adj.] 

UTTERABLE,  ut'er-a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
uttered  or  expressed. 

UTTERANCE,  ut'er-ans,  n.  act  of  uttering: 
manner  of  speaking  :  pronunciation  :  ex- 
pression. 

UTTERMOST,  ut'er-most,  adj.  furthest  out: 
utmost. — n.  the  greatest  degree.  [Same 
as  Utmost,  the  r  being  intrusive,  and  t 
being  doubled  on  the  analogy  of  Utter.] 

UVULA,  u'vu-la,  n.  the  fleshy  conical  body 
suspended  from  the  palate  over  the  back 
part  of  the  tongue.  —  adj.  U'vuLAR. 
[Coined  from  L.  uva,  a  bunch  of  grapes.] 

UXORIOUS,  ugz-o'ri-us,  adj.  excessively  or 
submissively  fond  of  a  leife. — adv.  Uxo'- 
BIOUSLT. — n.  Uxo'RIOUSNESS.  [L.  uxorius 
— »Mor,  a  wife.] 


VACANCY,  vatan-si,  n.,  emptiness:  lei- 
sure :  that  which  is  vacant  or  unoccu- 
pied: emptiness  of  thought:  empty  space: 
void  or  gap  between  bodies  :  a  situation 
unoccupied. 

VACANT,  va'kant,  adj.,  empty  :  exhausted 
of  air:  free:  not  occupied  by  an  incumbent 
or  possessor  :  not  occupied  with  study, 
etc. :  thoughtless. — adv.  Va'Cantly.  [Fr. 
— L.  vaeans,  -antis,  pr.p.  of  vaoo,  to  be 
empty.]     . 

VACATE,  va-«kat',  v.t.  to  leave  empty:  to 
quit  possession  of.  [L.  vaco,  -atum,  to  be 
empty.] 

VACATION,  va-ka'shun,  n.  a  vacating  or 
making  void,  or  invalid  :  freedom  from 
duty,  etc.:  recess:  break  in  the  sittings 
of  law-courts  :  school  and  college  holi- 
days.    [L.] 

VACCINATE,  vak'sin-at,  v.t.  to  inoculate 
with  the  cojypox  as  a  preventive  against 
smallpox. — n.  Vaccina'tion.  [Formed 
from  L.  vaccinus,  of  a  cow.  See  Vac- 
cine.] 

VACCINE,  vak'sin,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
derived  from  couis.     [L.  vaccinus — vucca, 

•  a  cow,  akin  to  Sans,  vasha,  cow — vash, 
to  bellow.] 

VACILLATE,  vas'il-at,  v.i.  to  sway  t6  and 
fro  :  to  waver:  to  be  unsteady. — n.  Vac- 
illa'tion.     [L.  vacillo,  -atum.] 

VACUITY,  va-ku'it-i,  n.,  emptiness  :  space 
unoccupied,  or  not  visibly' occupied:  void. 
[L.  vacuitas — vacuu.s,  empty — vaco,  to  be 
empty.] 

DD 


VACUUM,  vak'tl-um,  n.  a  vacant  or  empty 
space  :  a  space  empty  or  devoid  of  all 
matter  : — pi.  Vac'UA.  [L.,  neut.  of  vac- 
utts,  empty.] 

VAGABOND, vag'a-bond,  adj.  wandering: 
having  no  settled  home  :  driven  to  and 
fro:  unsettled. — n.  one  who  wandems 
without  any  settled  habitation  :  a  wan- 
dering, idle  fellow. — n.  Vao'abondaqe. 
[Fr.  —  L.  —  vagor,  vagari,  to  wander — 
vagus,  wandering.     See  Vague.] 

VAGARY,  va-gar'i,  n.  a  wandering  of  the 
thoughts  :  a  wild  freak  :  a  whim. 

VAGRANCY,  va'gran-si,  n.  the  state  of 
being  a  vagrant :  life  and  habits  of  a  va^ 
grant. 

VAGRANT,  va'grant,  adj.,  wandering 
without  any  settled  dwelling :  unsettled. 
— n.  one  who  has  no  settled  home  :  an 
idle  or  disorderly  person  :  a  beggar.  [L. 
vag-ans,  -antis,  pr.p.  of  vagor,  to  wander; 
with  r  intruded.] 

VAGUE,  vag,  adj.  unsettled  :  indefinite  : 
uncertain. — adv.  Vague'ly. — n.  Vague'- 
ness.     [Fr. — L.  vagus,  wandering.] 

VAIL,  val.    Same  as  Veil. 

VAIL,  val,  v.t.  to  let  fall.-^.i.  to  yield. 
[Contr.  of  M.E.  availen—O.  Fr.  avaler, 
to  descend  —  Fr.  a  val — L.  ad  vallern, 
down  a  valley.] 

VAILS,  valz,  71.2)1.  money  given  to  ser- 
vants.    [A  coutr.  of  Avail,  to  profit.] 

VAIN,  van,  adj.  unsatisfying  :  fruitless  : 
unreal  :  conceited  :  showy  :  vacant, 
worthless,  so  in  B. — adv.  Vain'ly. — In 
VAIN,  ineffectually :  to  no  purpose  or 
end  :  with  levity  or  profanity.  [_Fr.  vain 
— L.  i^anus.  empty.     Cf.  Vaunt.] 

VAINGLORIOUS,  van-g-lo'ri-us,  adj.  given 
to  'Vainglory  :  proceeding  from  vanity. — 
adv.  Vainglo'riously. 

VAINGLORY,  van-glo'ri,  n.,  vain  or  empty 
glory  in  one's  own  performances  :  pride 
above  desert. 

VALANCE,  val'ans,  n.  hanging  drapery 
for  a  bed,  etc. — v.t.  to  decorate  with  such. 
[Prob.  through  Norm.  Fr.  valaunt,  from 
Fr.  avalant,  slipping  down  (see  Ava- 
lanche) ;  or  from  Valencia  (Fr.  Valence) 
in  Spain.] 

VALE,  val,  n.  a  tract  of  low  ground,  esp. 
between  hills  :  a  valley.  [Fr.  val  —  L. 
vallis  ji  viilc.! 

VALEDICTION,  val-e-dik'shun,  n.  a  fare- 
well. [L.  valedieo,  .-dictum — vale,  fare- 
well, dico,  to  say.] 

VALEDICTORY,  val-e-dik'tor-i,  adj.,  say- 
ing fareicell :  farewell:  taking  leave. 

VALENCY,  val'ea-si,  n.  {chem.)  the  com- 
bining power  of  an  element,  or  the  pro- 
portion in  which  it  forms  a  combination 
with  another.     [From  L.  valeo.] 

VALENTINE,  val'en-tin,  n.  a  lover  or 
sweetheart  chosen  on  St.  Valentine's 
day,  14th  Feb. :  a  love-letter  sent  on  that 
day.  [Perhaps  from  the  notion  that  on 
this  day  birds  began  to  pair.] 

VALERIAN,  val-e'ri-an,  n.  the  plant  all- 
heal, the  root  of  which  is  used  in  medi- 
cine. [Coined  from  L.  valere,  to  be 
strong.] 

Valet,  val'et,  n.  a  servant:  a  man-ser- 
vant, esp.  one  who  attends  on  a  gentle- 
man's person.  [Fr. — O.  Fr.  varlet.  See 
Varlet.  Vassal.] 

VALETUDINARIAN,  val-e-tud-in-ar'i-an, 
VALETUDINARY,  val-e-tu'din-ar-i,  adj. 
belonging  to  ill  health  :  sicklj'  :  weak. — 
71.  a  person  of  ill  or  weak  health.  [L. 
valet7idi7iarius — valetudo,  state  of  health, 
bad  health — valeo,  to  be  strong.] 

VALETUDINARIANISM,  val-e-tud-in-ar'i- 
an-izm.  n.  the  condition  of  a  valetudin- 
arian :  weak  healtli. 

VALHALLA,  val-hal'la,  n.  (in  Scandina- 
vian Tnyth.)  the  palace  of  immortality  for 
the  souls  of  heroes  slain  in  battle.     [Ice. 


valholl,  "  the  hall  of  the  slain  " — valr,  the 
slain,  conn,  with  A.S.  weel,  slaughter, 
and  Ice.  Iioll,  E.  Hall.] 
VALIANT,  val'yant,  adj.,  strong:  brave: 
intrepid  in  danger:  heroic. —Do  val'- 
Iantly  {B.)  to  behave  gallantly. — adv. 
Val'iantly  {Apocrypha)  by  force. — n. 
Val'iantness  (JS.)  courage,  bravery.  [Fr. 
vaillant  —  L.  valens,  valentis,  pr.p.  of 
valeo,  to  be  strong.     See  Valetubinab- , 

IAN.] 

VALID,  val'id,  adj.,  sfrojigf;  having  suffi- 
cient strength  or  force:  founded  in  truth: 
sound  :  conclusive  :  (lauf)  executed  with 
the  proper  formalities  :  legal  :  rightful. 
—  adv.  Val'idly.  —  n.  Valid'ity.  [L. 
validtis — valeo,  to  be  strong.] 

VALISE,  va-les',  7i.  a  travelling-hag,  gen- 
erally of  leather,  opening  at  the  side:  a 
Eortmanteau.  [Fr. — It.  valigia,  through 
ow  L.  forms  from  L.  vidulus,  a  travel- 
ling-bag.] 

VALLEY,  val'i,  n.  a  vale  or  low  land 
between  hills  or  mountains  :  a  low,  ex- 
tended plain,  usually  watered  by  a  river: 
—pi.  Vall'eys.  [Fr.  vallee,  an  extension 
of  val  (see  Vale).] 

VALOR,  val'ur,  n.  the  quality  of  being 
valiant:  that  which  enables  one  to  en- 
counter danger  fearlessly  :  intrepidity  l 
courage:  bravery.  [O.Fr. — how  L.  valor 
— L.  valeo,  to  be  strong.] 

VALOROUS,  val'ur-us,  adj.  possessing  or 
showing  valor  :  intrepid  :  courageous. — 
adv.  Val'oeously. 

VALUABLE,  val'ii-a-bl,  adj.  having  valu^ 
or  worth  :  costly  :  deserving  esteem. — n. 
Val'uableness. 

VALUATION,  val-u-a'shun,  n.  the  act  of 
valui7ig :  value  set  upon  a  thing:  esti- 
mated worth. 

VALUATOR,  val'u-at-ur,  n.  one  who  sets 
a  i-aliie  upon  :  an  appraiser. 

VALUE,  val'ii,  ?;.,  Ti-orth :  that  which 
renders  anything  useful  or  estimable : 
the  degree  of  this  quality  :  efiicacy  :  im- 
portance :  excellence  :  price  :  precise 
meaning. — v.  t.  to  estimate  the  worth  of : 
to  rate  at  a  price  :  to  esteem  :  to  prize. 
[O.  Ft.,  prop,  the  fem.  of  Fr.  valu,  pa.p, 
of  valoir,  to  be  worth — L.  valeo.] 

VALUELESS,  val'u-les,  adj.  of  no  value  or 
worth. 

VALVE,  valv,  n.  one  of  the  leaves  of  a 
folding-door :  a  cover  to  an  aperture 
which  opens  in  one  direction  and  not  in 
the  other  :  one  of  the  pieces  or  divisions 
which  form  a  shell. — adj.  Valv'ular. 
[Fr. — L.  vah-ce,  a  folding-door.] 

VALVED,  valvd,  adj.  having  or  composed 
of  valves. 

VAMP,  vamp,  n.  the  upper  leather  of  a 
boot  or  shoe. — v.t.  to  repair  with  a  new 
vamp  :  to  patch  old  with  new  :  give  a 
new  face  to  (with  up).  [Corr.  of  Fr. 
avant-pied,  the  fore-part  of  the  foot — 
avant,  before  (see  Van,  the  front),  and 
pied,  L.  pes,  pedis,  E.  Foot.] 

VAMPIRE,  vam'plr,  «.  in  the  superstition 
of  Eastern  Europe,  a  ghost  which  sucks 
the  blood  of  its  sleeping  victim  :  one  who 
lives  upon  others:  a  blood-sucker:  a  large 
species  of  blood-sucking  bat  in  S.  Amer 
ica.     [Fr. — Servian  ivampir.] 

VAN,  van,  n.  the  f7'ont :  the  front  of  an 
army  or  a  fleet.  [Fr.  ava7it — L.  ab,  from 
by,  and  ante,  before.] 

VAN,  van,  »t.  a  fan  for  grain,  etc.  [Fr.— 
L.  van7i7is.     See  Fan.] 

VAN,  van,  n.  a  large  covered  wagon  for 
goods,  etc. :  the  rear  car  of  a  freight  train, 
reserved  for  the  use  of  trainmen.  [Short 
for  Caravan.] 

VANDAL,  van'dal,  n.  one  of  a  fierce  race  in 
N.  Germany  who  sacked  Rome  in  455 : 
any  one  hostile  to  arts  or  literature  :  a 
barbarian.— Van'dal,  Vandal'ic,  adj.  bar- 


VANE 


466 


VEIL 


barons  :  rude. — Van'daijsm,  n.  hostility 
to  arts  or  literature. 

'^ANE,  van,  n.  a  flag  or  banner:  a  thin 
slip  of  wood  or  metal  at  the  top  of  a 
spire,  etc.,  to  show  which  wav  the  wind 
blows  :  a  weather-cock  :  ttie  tnin  web  of 
a  feather.  [Older  form  fane— A.S.  fana; 
Gotli.  fana,  cloth,  Oer.  fahne  :  akin  to 
h.  j)annus,  and  Gr.penos,  a  cloth.] 

VANGUARD,  van'gard,  n.  the  gtiard  in 
the  fan  of  an  army  :  the  part  of  an  army 
preceding-  the  main  body:  the  first  line. 

Vanilla,  van-il'a,  n.  the  dried  aromatic 
sTien^/i-like  pod  or  fruit  of  a  tropical  or- 
chid, a  favorite  confection.  [Latinized 
from  Fr.  i-anille — Sp.  vainilla — vaina — L. 
vagina,  a  sheath.] 

Vanish,  van'ish,  v.i.  to  pass  away  from  a 
place,  leaving  it  vacant  or  empty  :  to  dis- 
appear :  to  be  anniliilated  or  lost.  [L. 
vanexeo,  to  pass  away — vaniis,  empty. 
Sco  Vais.] 

VANITY,  van'it-i,  n.  the  quality  of  being 
vain:  worlhlessness :  empty  pride:  con- 
ceit :  idle  show ;  uncertainty  :  vain  pur« 
Buit :  empty  pleasure :  fruitless  desire. — 
Vanity-faie,  the  world.  [Fr. — ^L.  vanitas 
— I'ajiMS.] 

VANQUISH,  vangk'wish,  v.t.  to  conquer  : 
to  defe-it  in  any  contest :  to  confute. — n. 
Van'quisheb.  [Ft.  vaincre  (pa.t.  vain- 
quis) — L.  vincere,  to  conquer.  See  Vic- 
tor.] 

Vantage,  van'tftj,  n.  same  as  Advan- 
tage. 

VAPID,  vap'id,  adj.  having  the  spirit  evap- 
orated :  spiritless :  insipid. — adv.  Vap'id- 
LY.— ji.s.  Vap'idnkss,  Vapid'itt.  [L.  vap- 
idiis.    See  Vapor.] 

Vapor,  va'pur,  n.  the  gas,  generally  in- 
visible, into  which  most  liquids  and  solids 

'.  are  convertible  by  heat:  (physics)  the  con- 
clition  of  a  body  when  it  becomes  gas  by 
heat:  water  in  the  atmosphere:  anything 
vain  or  transitory  : — pi.  a  disease  of  nerv- 
ous weakness  in  which  a  variety  of 
strange  images  float  before  the  mind. — 
v.i.  to  pass  off  in  vapor :  to  evaporate  : 
to  boast :  to  brag.  [L.  vapor,  allied  to 
Gr.  kapnoa,  smoke,  and  L.  vappa,  flat  or 
vapid  wine.] 

VAPORER,  va'pur-er,  n.  one  who  vapors, 
a  boaster. 

Vaporize,  vap'or-t*  or  va'por-Iz,  v.t.  to 
convert  into  vapor. — v.i.  to  pass  off  in 
vapor. — n.  Vaporiza'tion. 

vaporous,  va'pur-us,  adj.  full  of  or  like 
vapor :  vain  :  unreal :  affected  with  the 
vapors. 

VAPORY,  va'pur-i,  a(^'.  full  of  vapor: 
affected  with  the  vapors :  peevish. 

VARIABLE,  va'ri-a-bl,  adj.  thai,  may  be 
varied ;  cljangeable  :  liable  to  change  : 
unsteady. — n.  {math.)  a  quantity  subject 
to  continual  increase  or  decrease:  a  quan- 
tity which  may  have  an  infinite  number 
of  values  in  the  same  expression. — adv. 
Va 'riably. —ns.  Va'riableness,  Vahia- 
bil'ity.     [Fr.— L.  variabiHs.    See  Vary.] 

VARIANCE,  va'ri-ans,  n.  state  of  being 
varied :  an  alteration :  a  change  of  con- 
dition :  difference  that  arises  from  or 
produces  dispute. — At  variance,  in  dis- 
agreement. [L.  varius,  speckled,  mot- 
tled, varied.] 

Variant,  va'ri-ant,  n.  a  variety. 

VARIATION,  va-ri-a'shun,  n-  a  varying:  a 
change:  change  from  one  to  anothet: 
Buccessive  changa  :  the  extent  to  which 
a  thing  varies:  {gram.)  change  of  termi- 
nation :  (mns.)  a  manner  of  singing  or 
playing  the  same  air  with  various  changes 
in  time,  rh%-thm,  or  key.  fFr.— L.  vaiH- 
atio.    See  t'ARY.] 

VARICOSE,  var-i-koz,  VARIC0U8,  vaf'i- 
kus,  adj.  permanently  dilated  or  en- 
larged, as  a  vein.     [L.  varieosua,  full  of 


dilated    veins — varix,   a   dilated  vein — 

vams,  bent,  crooked.] 

VARIEGATE,  va'ri-e-gat,  v.t.  to  mark 
witli  different  colors. — n.  VARrEGA'TlON. 
[L.  vo.riegatus — variits,  various,  ago,  to 
makej 

VARIETY,  va-rl'e-ti,  n.  the  quality  of  be- 
ing various :  diffei'ence :  a  collection  of 
different  things :  one  of  a  number  of 
things  nearly  allied  to  each  other :  orle  or 
more  individuals  of  a  species,  which,  ow- 
ing to  accidental  causes,  differ  from  the 
normal  form  in  minor  points.  [L.  varietas 
— varius,  various.] 

VARIORUM,  va-ri-o'rum,  adj.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  an  edition  of  some  work  in  which 
the  notes  of  various  commentators  are 
inserted.  [From  the  full  Latin  "  editio 
cum  notig  variorum."] 

VARIOUS,  va'ri-us,  adj.,  varied,  different : 
several :  unlike  each  othei* :  changeable: 
uncertain  :  variegated. — adv.  Va'EIOUS- 
LY.     [L.  variiis.] 

VARLET,  var'lct,  n.  a  footinati  :  a  low  fel- 
low :  a  scoundrel.  [Orig.  "a  vassal  or 
squire,  attendant  on  a  lord,"  Fr.  varlef, 
formerly  vaslet,  from  a  dim.  of  Low  L. 
vassalis  (see  Vassal).    Doublet  Valet.] 

VARNISH,  var'nish,  v.t.  to  cover  with  a 
liquid  to  give  a  glossy  surface  to :  to  give 
a  fair  appearance  to. — n.  a  sticky  liquid 
which  dries  and  forms  a  hard,  lus- 
trous coating  :  palliation.  [Fr.  vernisser, 
through  Low  L.  from  Li  vitnnn,  gla.ss.] 

VARY,  va'ri,  v.t.  to  make  different :  to  al- 
ter :  to  change  to  something  else :  to 
make  of  different  kinds. — v.i.  to  alter  or 
be  altered  :  to  be  or  become  different :  to 
change  in  succession  :  to  deviate  (with 
from):  to  disagree  '.—pa.t.  and  pa.p.  va'- 
ried.     [Fr.  varier — L.  variare'-~varius.'\ 

VASCULAR,  vas'ku-lar,  adj.  of  or  relating 
to  the  vessels  of  animal  and  vegetable 
bodies. — ?i.  Vascular'ity.  [Fr.  vasctdaire 
— L.  vaseuhim,  dim.  of  fas,  a  vessel.] 

VASE,  vaz  or  vaz,  ti.  a  vessel  anciently 
used  for  domestic  purposes  and  in  offer- 
ing sacrifices  :  an  ornamental  vessel  gen- 
erally of  an  antique  pattern :  a  sculp- 
tured, vase-like  ornament.  [Fr.  —  L. 
vasum  or  vas.] 

VASSAL,  vas'al,  w.  one  who  holds  land 
from  and  renders  homage  to  a  superior. 
[Fr. — Low  L.  vassalis — ^W.  pit-as,  a  youth, 
servant.] 

VASSALAGE,  vas'al-aj,  n.  state  of  being 
a  vassal :  dependence  ;  subjection. 

VAST,  vast,  adj.  of  great  extent :  very 
great  in  amount. — n.  VAsyiTESS.  [Pr. 
vaste-^li.  vastus,  waste,  vast ;  perh.  akin 
to  vacuus,  empty.] 

VASTLY)  vastii,  adv.  to  a  vast  extent  or 
degree. 

VAT,  vat,  n.  a  large  vessel  or  tank,  esp. 
one  for  holding  liquors.  [Older  form  fat 
—A.S.  feet— Dat.  vat  (Ice.  fat,  Ger.  faSs), 
from  the  root  of  Ger.  f assert,  to  hold,  to 
contain  :  nowise  conn,  with  L.  I'as.'] 

VATICAN,  vat'i-kan,  n.  an  assemblage  of 
buildings  in  Rome,  including  one  of  the 
pope's  palaces  :  used  to  mean  the  papal 
authority.  [Fr.  (It.  Vaticano) — from  L. 
Mans  Vdticanus,  a  hill  In  Rome.] 

VATICINATE,  vat-is'i^n5t,  v.t.  to  proph- 
esy. [L.  vaticin-or,  -attis,  to  prophesy — 
vafes,  a  seer.] 

VATICINATION,  vat-is-1-na'shuri,  w. 
prophecy  :  prediction. 

VAUDEVILLE,  vod'vgl,  «.  a  lively  or 
satirical  song :  a  short  dramatic  piece 
interspersed  with  such.  [From  van  {val) 
de  Vlre.  in  Normandy,  where  they  Wel-e 
first  composed  about  1400  A.D.] 

VAULT,  vawlt,  n.  an  arched  roof  i  a  cham- 
ber with  an  arched  roof.  esp.  one  under- 
ground :  a  cellar  :  anything  vault-like  : 
the  bound  of  a  horse":  m  jvUnpi-'M;.*.  to 


shape  as  'a  vault :  to  arch  :  to  roof  with 
an  arch  :  to  form  vaults  in. — v.i.  to  cur- 
vet or  leap,  as  a  horse  :  to  leap  :  to  ex- 
hibit feats  of  leaping  or  tumbling.  [Lit. 
"  a  turn,"  O.  Fr.  volte  (Fr.  voMe),  from 
L.  volutum,  pa.p.  of  volvo,  to  roll,  to  turn. 
Doublet  Volute.] 
VAULTED,  vawlt'ed,  adj.  arched:  concave 
overhead:  covered  with  an  arch  or  vault. 
VAULTER,  vawlt'er,  n.  one  who  vaxdts  or 

leaps. 
VAUNT,  vawnt  or  vant,  v.i.  to  make  a 
vain  display  :  to  boast. — v.t.  to  make  a 
vain  display  of  :  to  boast  of. — n.  vain  dis- 
play :  boast. — j).  Vaukt'ek.     [Fr.  ranter 
— Ix)w  L.  vanitare — L.  vanitas,  vanity — ■ 
vamts,  vain.     See  Vain.] 
VEAL,  vel,  n.  the  flesh  of  a  calf.     [O.  Fr. 
v^el  (Prov.   vedel)  —  L.   vitelivs.  dim.   of 
vittdus.  Gr.  italos.  a  calf.     Cf.  Vfttttm,] 
VECTOR,  vek'tor,  n.  (rnath.)  any  directed 
quantity,   as  a  straight   line   in    space, 
involving  both  its  direction  and  magni- 
tude. 
VEDA,  ve'da,  n.  name  given  to  the  four 
oldest  sacred  books  of  the  Hindus  :—pl. 
Vedas,  ve'daz.     [Sans,  redo,  knowledge 
— "<Vto  know.    E.  Wit.] 
VEDETTE,  ve-det',  n.  a  mounted  sentry  at 
the  outposts  of  an  army  to  natch  an  ene» 
my.    [Fr. — It.vedetta.  for  veletia — veglia, 
L.  vigilia,  a  watch.    Cf.  Vigil.] 
VEEB,  ver,  v.i.  to  change  direction,  as  the 
wind. — v.t.  to  turn  :  to  direct  to  a  differ- 
ent cfturse.     [Lit.  "  to  describe  a  circle," 
Fr.  rirer,  prob.  from  L.  viria,  armlets, 
bracelets.] 
VEGETABLE,  vej'e-ta-bl,  n.  an  organized 
body  without  sensation  and  voluntary 
motion,  Eourisbed  by  roots  fixed  in  the 
ground  :  a  plant  for  the  table. — adj.  be- 
longiBg  to  plants  :  consisting  of  or  hav- 
ing the  nature  of  plants  :  derived  from 
vegetables. — VEGETABLE  JIAEEOW     tlie 
fruit  of  a  species  of  gourd,  so  called  from 
its  miarj'OM-like  appearance.     [L.  vegetw- 
bilis,  prop,    "animating"  —  vegeto  (see 
Vegetate).] 
VEGETAL,  vcj'o-tal,  adj.  of  the  nature  of 
a  vegetable  :  pertaining  to  the  ^^tal  func- 
tions of  jilants  and  animals,  as  growth, 
reproduction,  etc.  [Fr. — L.  i-egctiis,  prop, 
"animated"    See  vegetate.] 
VEGETARIAN,  vej-c-ta'ri-an,  n.  one  who 
holds  that  vegetables  are  the  only  proper 
food  for  man, — adj.  pertainiug  to  vege- 
tarianism.— Vegeta'EIANISM,  n.  the  the- 
ory and  practice  of  a  vegetarian. 
VEGETATE,  vej'e-tat,  v.i.  to  grow  by  roots 
and  leaves  :  t<    sprout :  to  lead  an  idle, 
unthinking  life.    [From  L.  vegeto,  -atxim, 
to  quicken— ■J'cgeo,  to  be  lively,  akin  to 
vigeo,  to  be  vigorous  (cf.  Vigor).] 
VEGETATION,  vej-e-ta'shun.  n.  process  of 
growing  as  a  plant :  vegetable  growth : 
plants  in  general. 
VEGETATIVE,  vej'e-tat-iv,  adj.  growing, 

as  plants:  producing  growth  in  plants. 
VEHEMENCE,  ve'e-mens,  n.  the  quality  of 
being    vehement :  violence  :  great   ardor 
or  fervor. 
VEHEMENT,    ve'e-ment,  adj.  passionate  : 
furious:  very  eager  or  urgent. — adv.  Ve'. 
HEarENTLY.      [Fr. — L.  vehemens,  usually 
deri\-ed  from  ve,  out  of,  and  mens,  mind  . 
but  ace.   to    Vanicek,   from  L.  veho,  tc 
carry,  bear  away.] 
VEHICLE,  ve'i-kl,  ti.  any  kind  of  carriage 
or  conveyance:  that  which  is  used  to  con. 
vey  :  (med.)  a  substance  in  which  a  medi' 
cine  is  taken.     [L.   vehic^dum — veho,  to 
carrv,  from  root  of  E.  Wagon.] 
VEHICULAR,  ve-hik'u-lar,  adj.  pertaining 

to  or  serving  as  a  vehicle. 
VEIL,  val,  n.  a  curtain  :   anything  that 
hides  an  object :   a  piece   of  muslin  or 
thin  cloth  worn  by  ladies  to  shads  or  hide 


VEIN 


467 


VERGE 


\  the  face:  a  cover;  a  disguise. — v.t.  to 
cover  with  a  veil  :  to  cover  :  to  conceal. 
—To  TAKE  THE  VEIL,  to  become  a  nun 
(the  veil  symbolizing  the  union  with 
Christ).  [O.Fr.  veile  (Fr.  voile) — L.  velum, 
a  curtain,  a  sail,  from  the  root  of  WOOL.] 

VEIN,  van,  n.  (anat.)  one  of  the  vessels  or 
tubes  which  convey  the  blood  back  to  the 
heart :  (bot.)  one  of  the  small  branching 
ribs  in  a  leaf :  (geol.  and  mining)  a  seam 
of  a  dilTerent  mineral  through  a  rock :  a 
fissure  or  cavity  :  a  streak  in  wood  or 
stone  :  a  train  of  thought :  a  course  : 
tendency  or  turn  of  mind  :  humor. — v.t. 
to  form  veins  or  the  appearance  of  veins 
in.  [Fr.  veine — L.  vetia,  perh.  from  root 
of  veho,  to  carry  .J 

VELIFEROUS,  vel-if'er-us,  adj.  carrying 
sails.  [L.  velifer — velum,  a  sail,  and  fero, 
to  bearj 

VELLUM,  vel'um,  n.  a  finer  kind  of  parch- 
ment prepared  from  the  skin  of  calves, 
kids,  or  lambs.  [Fr.  velin  —  Low  L. 
{charta,  paper,  understood)  vitulina,  of 
a  calf — L.  tntulus.    See  Veal.] 

VELOCIPEDE,  ve-los'i-ped  or  -ped,  n.  a 
light  carriage  for  one  person,  orig.  moved 
by  striking  the  toes  on  the  road,  now 
with  a  treddle.  [Lit.  "  swift-foot,"  Fr. 
. — L.  velox,  velocis,  swift,  and  pes,  pedis, 
E.  Foot.] 

VELOCITY,  ve-los'i-ti,  n.,  swiftness:  speed: 
rate  of  change  of  position  of  a  point 
per  unit  of  time.  TL.  veloeitas — velox, 
f'Aift.] 

VELVET,  vel'vet,  n.  a  cloth  made  from 
silk,  with  a  close  shaggy  pile :  a  similar 
cloth  made  of  cotton. — adj.  made  of  vel- 
vet :  soft  like  velvet. — n.  Velveteen'. 
[From  Low  L.  velluetum,  Fr.  velu,  shaggy 
— Low  L.  vilhUtis — L.  villus,  shaggy  hair. 
:f.  Wool.] 

STELVETING,  vel'vet-ing,  n.  the  soft  pile 
of  velvet :   velvet  goods. 

IFELVETY,  vel'vet-i,  adj.  made  of  or  like 
velvet :  soft. 

VENAL,  ve'n«J,  adj.  that  may  be  sold  or 
got  for  a  price:  held  for  sale:  mercenary. 
— adv.  Vk'nally.  [Fr. — L.  venalis — ve- 
mis,  sale.] 

VENALITY,  ve-nal'i-ti,  n.  quality  of  being 
venal :  prostitution  of  talents  or  services 
for  a  reward. 

VENATION,  ve-na'shun,  n.  the  way  in 
which  the  leaves  of  plants  are  arranged. 
[L.  vena,  a  leaf.] 

VEND,  vend,  v.t.  to  give  for  sale,  to  sell: 
to  give  for  money :  to  make  an  object 
of  trade. —  ns.  Vknd'ee,,  Vend'or.  [Fr. 
vendre — L.  vendere — venus,  sale  (see  Ve- 
nal), and  do,  to  give.] 

VENDIBLE,  vend'i-bl,  adj  that '  may  be 
sold :  that  may  be  disposed  of  as  an  ob- 
ject of  trade. — adv.  Vend'ibly.— w.  Vend'- 

IBLENESS. 

rENEER,  ve-ner',  v.t.  to  overlay  or  face 
with  another  wood. — ».  a  thin  leaf  of  a 
valuable  wood  for  overlaying  an  inferior. 
[A  corr.  of  Fr.  foumir,  to  furnish.  See 
Ftonish.] 

VENEERING,  ve-ner'hig,  n.  the  act  or  art 
of  overlaying  an  inferior  wood  with  thin 
leaves  of  a  more  valuable  kind  :  the  thin 
leaf  thus  laid  on. 

VENERABLE,  ven'er-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  venerated  :  worthy  of  veneration,  rev- 
erence, or  honor  :  rendered  sacred  by  re- 
hgious  or  other  associations  :  aged. — adv. 
Ven'erablt. — n.  Ven'erableness. 

TENERATE,  ven'er-at,  v.t.  to  honor  or 
reverence  with  religious  awe :  to  rever- 
ence: to  regard  with  the  greatest  respect. 
JTj.  veneror,  -atvs — venus,  love ;  allied  to 
Sans,  van,  to  love.] 

VENERATION,  ven-er-a'shun,  n.  the  act 
of  venerating :  the  state  of  being  vener- 
ated ;  the  highest  degree  of  respect  and 


reverence :  respect  mingled  with  rever- 
ence and  awe  :  awe. 

VENEREAL,  ve-ner'i-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  arising  from  sexual  intercourse  :  ex- 
citing desire  for  sexual  intercourse  :  cur- 
ing venereal  diseases.  [L.  venereiis — 
Vemis,  Veneris,  the  goddess  of  love ; 
conn,  with  L.  veneror.    See  Venerate.] 

VENERY,  ven'er-i,  n.  sexual  intercourse. 

VENERY,  ven'er-i,  n.  the  act  or  exercise 
of  hunting :  the  sports  of  the  chase.  [Fr. 
vinerie,  from  O.  Fr.  vener — L.  venor,  to 
hunt.    Cf.  Venison.] 

VENESECTION,  ve-ne-sek'shun,  n.  the 
section  or  cutting  open  of  a  vein  for  let- 
ting blood  :  blood-letting.  [L.  vena,  a 
vein,  and  Section.] 

VENETIAN,  ve-ne'shan,  adj.  of  or  belong- 
ing to  Venice. — n.  a  native  or  inhabit- 
ant of  Venice. — ^Venetian-blind,  a  blind 
for  windows  formed  of  thin  slips  of  wood, 
so  hung  as  to  admit  of  being  set  either 
edgewise  or  overlapping.  [Ancient  name 
Venetia.'] 

VENGEANCE,  venj'ans,  n.  the  infliction 
of  punishment  upon  another,  in  return 
for  an  isijuiy  or  offence :  retribution. 
[Fr.  venger — L.  vindico,  to  avenge.  See 
Revenge  and  Vindicate.] 

VENGEFUL,  venj'fool,  adj.  vindictive: 
retributive  :  revengeful.  —  adv.  Venge'- 
fully. 

VENIAL,  ve'ni-al,  adj.  pardonable ;  ex- 
cusable :  allowed. — adv.  vE'NiAtLY.— 7is. 
Ve'nialness,  Venial'ity.  [L.  venialis, 
pardonable  (in  Late  L.) — venia,  favor, 
pardon  ;  akin  to  Venerate.] 

VENISON,  ven'i-zn  or  ven'zn,  n.  the  flesh 
of  animals  taken  in  hunting,  esp.  the 
deer.  [Fr.  venaison — L.  venatio,  a  hunt- 
ing, game — venor,  to  hunt.] 

VENOM,  ven'um,  n.  any  drink,  juice,  or 
liquid  injurious  or  fatal  to  life:  poisons 
spite:  malice.  [Fr.  venin  (It.  veneno) — 
L.  venenum.] 

VENOMOUS,  ven'um-us,  adj.  poisonous  : 
spiteful :     mischievous.  —  adv.  Ven'om- 

O0SLY. 

VENOUS,  ve'nus,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
contained  in  veins:  veined.  [L.  venosus 
— I'ena,  a  vein.] 

VENT,  vent,  Ji.  a  small  opening  to  let  air, 
etc.,  escape:  the  flue  of  a  chimney: 
discharge:  escape:  passage  to  notice: 
publication :  the  anus  of  birds  and 
fishes  :  (mil.)  the  opening  at  the  breech 
of  a  firearm  through  which  fire  is  con- 
veyed to  the  charge,  the  touch-hole. — 
v.t.  to  give  a  vent  or  opening  to  :  to  let 
out,  as  at  a  vent :  to  allow  to  escape  t  to 
publish:  to  pour  forth.    [Fr. — L.  ventus, 

E.  WiNDj 

VENTILATE,  ven'ti-lat,  v.t.  to  fan  with 
uiind :  to  open  to  the  free  passage  of  air: 
to  cause  fresh  air  to  pass  through:  to  ex- 
pose to  examination  and  discussion  :  to 
make  public.  [L.  ventilo,  -atum — venttdus, 
dim.  of  ventus,  E.  Wind.] 

VENTILATION,  ven-ti-la'shun,  n.  act  or 
art  of  I'entilating :  state  of  being  venti- 
lated :  free  exposure  to  air :  supply  of 
air:  act  of  examining  and  making  public: 
public  exposure.     [L.  i-entilatio.] 

VENTILA'TOR,  ven'ti-lat-ur,  n.  that  which 
ventilates  :  a  contrivance  for  introducing 
fresh  air. 

VENTRAL,  ven'tral,  adj.  belonging  to  the 
belly.     [L.  ventralis — venter,  the  belly.] 

VENTRICLE,  ven'tri-kl,  »i.  a  small  cavity 

^  within  an  animal  body,  as  in  the  heart  or 
brain. — adj.  Ventric'ULAk.  [L.  ventri- 
euliis.  dim.  of  venter.]  

VENTRILOQUISM,  ven-tril'o-twizm,VEN- 
TRILOQUY,  ven-tril'o-kwi,  n.  the  act  or 
art  of  speaking  so  that  the  voice  seems 
to  coma  from  a  distance  or  from  some 
other  person.— CK^'.  VENTRiLOQ'tnAL.   [L. 


ventriloquus,  speaking  from  the  belly-^ 
venter,  the  belly,  and  loquor,  to  speak.] 

VENTRILOQUISE,  ven-tril'o-kwiz,  v.u 
to  practice  ventriloquism. — n.  Ventml'- 
OQUIST,  one  who  practices  ventriloquism. 

VENTURE,  vent'ur,  n.  that  which  may 
come:  chance:  luck:  hazard:  that  which 
is  put  to  hazard  (esp.  goods  sent  by  sea  at 
the  sender's  risk):  an  undertaking  whose 
issue  is  uncertain  or  dangerous. — v.t.  to 
send  on  a  venture  :  to  expose  to  hazard  : 
to  risk. — v.i.  to  make  a  venture  :  tc  run 
a  risk  :  to  dare.— AT  A  tentxire  (B.)  at 
random. — adjs.  Vent'ueoiis,  Vent'dee~ 
SOME.  —  adv.  Vent'ueously.  —  w.  Vent*^ 

UROUSNESS.      [Short  for  ADVENTURE.] 

VENUE,  ven'ii,  n.  in  law,  the  place  where 
an  action  is  laid,  lit.  the  place  to  which 
the  jury  are  summoned  to  come.  [Fr.— 
L.  ven-ire,  to  come.] 

VENUS,  ve'nus,  n.  (Latin  myth.)  the  god- 
dess of  love:  beauty  and  love  deified:  the 
most  brilliant  of  the  planets,  second  in 
order  from  the  sun.  [From  the  root  of 
Venerate.] 

VERACIOUS,  ve-ra'shus,  adj.,  truthful: 
true. — adv.  Vera'ciously.  [L.  verax, 
veracis — venis,  true.     See  Very.] 

VERACITY,  ve-ras'it-i,  n.  the  quality  of 
being  veracious:  habitual  truthfulness: 
truth. 

VERANDA,  VERANDAH,  ve-ran'da,  n.  a 
kind  of  covered  balcony  or  open  portico, 
with  a  roof  sloping  beyond  the  main 
building,  supported  by  light  pillars. 
ITort.— Sans,  varanda — vri,  to  cover.] 

VERB,  verb,  n.  (gram.)  the  part  of  speech 
which  afiirms  what  a  thing  does  or  is 
done  to,  or  in  what  state  it  exists.  [Lit. 
"the  word,"  Fr.  verbe — L.  verbum. ;  from 
root  of  Gr.  ero,  to  say,  to  speak.] 

VERBAL,  verb'al,  adj.  relating  to  or  con- 
sisting in  ico7'ds :  spoken  (as  opposed  to 
written) :  exact  in  words  :  attending  to 
words  only  :  word  for  word  :  derived 
directly  from  a  verb, — n.  a  part  of  speech, 
a  noun  derived  from  a  verb. — adv.  verb'- 
ALLY. — n.  Verr'alist.     [L.  verbalis.] 

VERBALISM,   verb'al-izm,    n.  something 

^expressed  in  words  or  orally. 

VERBALIZE,  verb'al-Tz,  v.t.  to  turn  into 
a  verb. 

VERBENA,  ver-be'na,  n.  a  genus  of  plants 
cultivated  for  their  fragrance  or  beauty : 
vervain.  [L.  ferbence,  leaves,  twigs,  and 
branches  of  laurel,  myrtle,  etc.] 

VERBIAGE,  verb'i-aj,  n.  abundance  of 
trords :  wordiness :  verbosity.  [See 
Verb.] 

VERBOSE,  ver-bos',  adj.  containing  more 
u'ords  than  are  necessary :  wordy :  dif- 
fuse.— adv.  Verbose'ly. — ns.  Verbose'- 
NESS,  Verbos'itt. 

VERDANT,  ver'dant,  adj.,  green  :  fresh  (as 
grass  or  foliage) :  flourisliing  :  inexpe- 
rienced :  ignorant. — adv.  Vkr'dantly. — 
n.  Ver'dancy.  [Fr.  verdoyant — L.  viri- 
dans,  -antis,  pr.p.  of  virido,  to  grow 
green — viridis,  green — vireo,  to  be 
green.] 

VERDICT,  ver'dikt,  n.  the  finding  of  a  jury 
on  atrial:  decision:  opinion  pronounced. 
[Lit.  "  a  true  saying-,  Low  L. — L.  vere, 
truly,  and  dictum,  a  saying.] 

VERCIGRIS,  ver'di-gris,  n.  the  rust  of 
copper,  brass,  or  bronze  :  a  bluish-green 

fiaint  got  artificially  from  copper-platee. 
A  corr.  of  O.  Fr.  verderis — Low  L.  vir- 
tde  ccrfs,  "the  green  of  brass"  (which 
was  the  name  the  alchemists  gave  it). 
The  -g-  has  slipped  in  through  the  influ- 
ence of  Grease.  See  Verdaut  and  Ore.] 

VERDURE,  verd'ur,  n.,  greenness:  fresh- 
ness  of  growth.    [See  Verdant.] 

VERGE,  verj,  n.  a  slender  green  branch,  a 
twig :  a  rod,  staff,  or  mace,  or  anything 
like  them,  used  as  an  emblem  of  author* 


VERGE 


468 


VESTURE 


ity :  extent  of  jurisdiction  (esp.  of  the 
lord-steward  of  a  royal  household).  TL. 
virga,  from  the  root  of  virgo,  a  virgin. 
See  Vekge,  r.] 

VERGE,  verj.  v.L  to  hend  or  Incline ;  to 
tend  downward :  to  slope :  to  tend :  to 
border  upon. — n.  edge:  brink.  [L.  vergo, 
to  bend.  J 

^■ERQEIR,  veij'er.Ti.  one  who  carriea  a  verge 
or  emblem  of  authority  ;  the  bead'e  of  a 
cathedral  church:  a  pew-openet-  o;  at- 
tendant in  church. 

rERIFIABLE,  ver'i-fl-a-bl,  u«&'.  that  Boay 
be  verifled,  proved,  or  conflrmed. 

VERIFICATION,  ver-4-fl-ka'ehun,  n  a  veri- 
fying or  proving  to  be  true :  the  state  of 
beina:  verifled. 

VERIFY,  ver'i-fi,  v.t.  to  make  out  or  show 
to  be  true :  to  establish  the  truth  of  by 
evidence  :  to  confirm  :—pa.t.  and  pa.p, 
ver'ifled. — n.  Vee'DTEE.  fU  vervs,  true, 
and/acio,  to  make.] 

VERILY,  ver'i-li,  adv.,  truly:  certainly: 
really. 

VERISDHLAE,  ver-i-alm'Har,  adj.,  tnith- 
like :  likely  :  probable.  fL.  vensimilia 
— verus,  true,  and  similis,  uke.  See  Sm- 
nAR.j       

VEEISLMILITDDE,  ver-I-elm-il'i-tad,  n., 
similitude  or  likeness  to  truth:  likeU- 
hood.    [Lk  verus,  true,  and  Similitude.] 

VERITABLE,  ver'i-ta-bl,  adj.,  true:  ac- 
cording to  fact:  real:  actual.  —  ate. 
Ver'itably. 

VERITY,  ver'i-ti,  n.  the  quaUty  of  being 
tnit  or  real :  truth  (so  in  £.) :  a  true  as- 
sertion or  tenet.  [L.  Veritas — verus,  tme. 
Cf.  Very.] 

VERJUICE,  ver'jftOs,  n.  the  expressed 
^ice  of  green  or  unripe  fruit.    [Fr.  ver- 

r—vert,  green  (see  Vkedant),  and  Fr., 
/'IS,  juice.] 
■VERMICELLI,  ver-mi-chel'i,  n.    the  stiff 
paste  or  dough  of  fine  wheat  flour  made 
into  small  jconre-like  or  thread-like  rolls, 

St.,  pi.  of  vermicello  —  L.  vermieulus, 
m.  of  vermis,  E.  WoEM.  Cf.  Veemil. 
ION  and  VeRMHI.] 
VERMICULAE,  ver-mik'0-lar,  VERMICU- 
LATE,  ver-mik'a-lat,  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  like  a  ivorm  (esp.  In  its  motion). 
[From  L.  vermioulus,  dim.  of  vermis,  E. 

WORM.] 

VERMICULATB,  ver-mik'fl-Mlt,  v.t.  to 
form  inlaid-work  which  resembles  the 
motion  or  track  of  worms. — tu  Veemio 
PL^'tion.   [L.  vermiculor,  -atua— vermis.] 

VERMIFORM,  ver'ml-form,  ac^.  having 
the  form  of  a  worm,  [L.  vermis,  a 
worm,  and  FOEM.] 

VERMIFUGE,  ver'mi-fflj,  n.  (med.)  a  sub- 
stance  that  expels  inteetlnal  worms  from 
animal  bodies.  [Fr.,  from  L.  vermis,  EL 
WoBii,  and  fugo,  to  cause  to  flee,  to  ex- 

VERJIILION,  ver-mil'yun,  w.  a  scarlet 
coloring  substance  ootained  from  a  lit- 

,  tU  xDorm  or  insect  (the  cochineal) ;  a 
bright  red  coloring  substance  obtained 
from  sulphur  and  mercury :  any  beauti- 
ful red  color. — rut.  to  dye  vermilion  :  to 
color  a  delicate  red.  {Vr.  vermilion — ver- 
ineil — L.  vermieulus,  ti  little  worm,  henca 
(in  the  Vulgate)  the  "scarlet"  worm.dim. 
of  vermis,  E.  Worm.    Cf.  Veeotcelli.] 

VERMIN,  ver'min,  ii.sing,  anHpl.  a  ■worm : 
a  name  for  all  noxious  or  mischievouB 
animals  ar  insects  (esp,  such  as  are 
small) :  noxious  persons  (in  contempt). 
fPr.  rcrroine— L.  vermis,  E.  Wokm.] 

VERXCVOROUS,  ver-miVor-us,  adi,  de- 
vouring trorms.  [L.  vermis,  E.  WOEM, 
and  voro,  to  devour.] 

VERNACULAR,  ver-nak'tl-lar,  adj.  native: 
belonging  to  the  country  of  one's  birth. 
"-«<te.  Vebiiac^di<abi.t.    [Ifc  vemaauiua 


— vema,  a  slave  bom  in  his  maater's 

house.] 
VERNAL,  vei'nal,  adj.  belonging  to  the 
spring:  appearing  in  spring.  Belong^ing  to 
youth.  [L.  vemalis — ver,  spring,  cog. 
with  Gr.  ear,  6r  (for/-Sr).] 
VERNATION,  ver-na'shun,  n.  the  particu- 
lar manner  of  arrangement  of  leaves  in 
the  bud.     [See  Veenal.] 

VERNIER,  ver'ni-er,  w.  a  contrivance  for 
measuring  very  small  intervals,  consist- 
tag  of  a  short  scale  made  to  slide  along 
a  graduated  instrument.  [So  called  from 
Vernier,  of  Brussels,  its  inventor.] 

VERSATILE,  ver'sa-til,  adj.  liable  to  be 
turned  in  opinion:  changeable:  unsteady: 
turning  easily  from  one  thing  to  another. 
fL,  veraatilis  —  verso,  freq.  of  verto,  to 
turn.]       

VERSATILITY,  ver-sa-til'it-i,  n.  the  quali- 
ty of  being  versatile :  changeableness  : 
the  faculty  of  turning  easOy  to  new 
tasks  or  subjects. 

VERSE,  vers,  n.  a  line  of  poetry  :  metrical 
arrangement  and  language :  poetry  :  a 
stanza  :  a  short  division  of  any  composi- 
tion, esp.  of  the  chapters  of  the  Bible, 
orig.  confined  to  the  metrical  books,  ap- 
phed  first  to  whole  Bible  in  1523 :  (iratw.J 
a  portion  of  an  anthem  to  be  performeo 
by  a  single  voice  to  each  part.  [L.  ver- 
sus, a  line  in  writing — verio,  versum,  to 
turnj^ 

VERSED,  verst,  adj.  thoroughly  acquaint- 
ed, skilled  (followed  by  in) .  {math.)  re- 
versed. [Fr.  verse — L.  versatus,  pa.p.  of 
versor,  to  turn  round.] 

VERSICI^,  vers'i-kl,  n.  a  little  verse.  [See 
TTerse  1 

VERSIFICATION,  vers-i-fl-ka'shun,  n.  the 
act,  art,  or  practice  of  composing  metri- 
cal verses.    [L.] 

VERSIFY,  vers'Pfl,  r.t  to  make  verses.— 
v.t.  to  relate  in  verse:  to  turn  into  verse: 
—pa.t.  and  pa,p,  vers'ifled.— n.  Vees'i- 
FiKE.  [L.  vertifioo — txrsus,  a. verse,  fado, 
to  make.] 

VERSION,  vei'shnn,  «.  the  act  of  trans- 
lating or  turning  from  one  language  into 
another:  that  which  is  translated  from 
one  language  into  another :  account : 
statement. 

VERST,  verst,  «».  a  Russian  mile,  8500  ft. 
in  length,  or  almost  two-thirds  of  an 
English  niile.    [Ruas.] 

VERTEBRA,  vertVbra, ».  one  of  the  small 
bones  of  the  spine  :-^.  VEETKBR«:(verf- 
e-bre),  the  bones  and  joints  forming  the 
backbone.  —  adj.  Veet'ebeal.  [L.,  "a 
joint " — verto,  to  turn.] 

VERTEBRATE,  vert'e-brftt,  VERTEBEAT- 
ED,  vert'e-brat-ed,  adj.  furnished  with 
joints:  having  a  backbone. —Veet'E- 
BEATB,  n.  an  animal  having  an  internal 
skeleton  with  a  backbone.  [L,  vertd/ra- 
tna — vertebra.] 

VERTEX,  vert'eKs,  n.  the  top  or  summit : 
the  point  of  a  cone,  pyramid,  or  angle  : 
(astr.)  the  zenith  •.—pi.  Veet'ICES.  JL., 
"a  whirl"  or  "eddy,"  then  "top"  or 
"  summit " — verto,  to  turn.  Cf.  VOETEX.] 

VERTICAL,  vert'ik-al,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  vertex:  placed  in  the  zenith:  perpen- 
dicular to  the  plane  of  the  horizon. — n. 
a  vertical  line. — adv.  Veet'ically. — n. 
Vert'icalness. 

VERTIGO,  ver-tfgo  or  vert'i-go,  n.  asensa/- 
tioa  of  giddiness :  dizziness.  [L.— ^'erio, 
to  turn.] 

VERVAIN,  ver'van,  n.  a  plant  of  the  genns 
verbena.    [Fr.  verveine — L.  verbSna.] 

VERVE,  verv,  i;,  the  enthusiasm  wTiich 
animates  a  poet  or  artist ;  animation  ; 
energy.  [Fr. — Late  L.  verva  (lit.)  "a 
sculpturea  ram's  head,"  hence  "any  art- 
istic fancy" — L.  vervex,  a  wether.  Cf. 
Capbicb  and  L.  caora,  a  goat.] 


VERY,  ver*!,  adj.,  true :  real  (so  in  B.)  i 
actvkaX.—adv.  in  a  great  degree.  [Older 
form  veray — O.  Fr.  verai  (Fr.  vrai),  from 
L.  verax,  veracis,  speaking  truly — verus, 
true,  which  is  cog.  with  A.S.  veer,  G!er.. 
wahr.} 

VESICATION,  ves-i-ka'shun,  n.  the  act  or 
process  of  raising  blisters  on  the  skin^ 
[Formed  from  L.  vesica,  a  bladder,  a 
olisterj 

VESICLE,  ves'i-kl,  n.  a  small  bladder  ot 
blister :  a  small  cavity  in  an  animal 
bodj :  (bot.)  a  bladder-like  cell.  fL, 
vesieula,  dim,  of  vesica,  a  bladder,  a 
blister.] 

YESICmLAE,  ve-sik'0-lar,  VESICULOUS, 
ve-sik'0-lus,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  full  of 
vesicles :  full  of  interstices :  having  littl« 
glands  on  the  surface. 

VESPER,  ves'per,  n.  the  evening  star, 
Venus :  the  evening  :—pl.  in  R".  Cath. 
Church,  the  evening  service :  in  P.  E. 
Church,  the  sixth  canonical  hour,  even- 
song.— adj.  pertaining  to  the  evening 
or  to  vespers.  [L. ;  Or.  hesperos  See 
Hespee.] 

VESSEL,  ves'el,  n.  a  rase  or  ntensil  for 
holding  something :  a  hollow  structure 
made  to  float  on  water,  used  for  convey- 
ance, etc. :  a  tube  in  which  fluids,  as 
blood,  etc.,  are  contained  :  a  person  con- 
sidered as  an  agent  of  Qod.  [O.  Fr.  (FV. 
vaisseau) — L.  vascellum,  dim.  of  vas,  a 
vase.    Cf.  Vase.] 

VEST,  vest,  B.  that  which  is  put  on  as 
dress  :  a  garment :  a  waistcoat. — v.t.  to 
clothe :  to  invest :  (law)  to  give  fixed 
right  of  possession. — v.i.  to  descend  or  to 
take  eifect,  as  a  right.  [L.  vestis ;  conn, 
with  Or.  esthSs,  clothing,  henn-ymi,  hes-o 
to  put  on,  Goth,  ga-vasjan,  to  clothei^ 
Sans,  root  vas-,} 

VESTA,  vest'a,  n.  among  the  Romans,  the 
chaste  goddess  that  presided  over  the 
family,  m  whose  temple  the  sacred  fire 
was  continually  kept  ouming :  a  match 
or  waxUght  •.—^l.  Vest' as.  [Root  vas,  to 
burn,  aa  in  Sans,  vasaras,  day,  and  Gr. 
Uestia.] 

VESTAL,  vest'al,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  con- 
secrated to  the  service  of  Vesta :  chaste : 
pure. 

VESTIBULE,  ves'ti-bfll,  n.  an  open  court 
or  porch  before  a  house :  a  hall  next  the 
entrance  to  a  house:  (a»MJ<.)  asmall  bony 
cavity  forming  part  of  the  ear. — Vesti- 
bule TRAIN,  on  American  railways,  a 
passenger  train,  composed  of  cars  with 
vestibules  on  the  platforms  so  arranged 
that  the  entire  train  is  enclosed,  the 
passage  from  car  to  car  being  through 
the  enclosed  vestibules.  [L.  vestibvlum, 
from  the  root  vas,  to  dwelL] 

VESTIGE,  ves'tij,  n.  a  track  or  footprint  s 
traces  or  remains  of  something.  [L. 
vestigium—vestigio,  to  track — ve,  denot- 
ing separation,  and  stich  (Sans,  stigh,  to 
ascend),  root  of  Gr.  steicho,  Ger.  steigen, 
ro  go.] 

VESTMENT,  vesfment,  n.  something^* 
on,  a  garment :  a  long  outer  robe  :— ^pZ, 
ai-ticles  of  dress  worn  oy  officiating  min- 
isters. [L.  vestimentum — vestio,  to  clothe 
— vestis,  a  garment.] 

VESTRY,  ves'tri,  n.  in  the  R.  C.  and  Epis- 
copal  Churches,  a  room  adjoining  a 
church,  in  which  the  vestments  are  kept 
and  parochial  meetings  held:  in  the  Epis. 
copai  Church,  an  assembly  of  the  mana- 
gers of  parochial  affairs.  [L.  vestiarium 
— vestiarius,  belonging  to  clothes — vestis, 
a  garment.] 

VESTURE,  vest'Oi-,  n.,  clothing :  <iv«8s  t  a 
robe:  a  garment.  [Low  L.  vrnitura—li, 
vestio.] 


VESUVIAN 


469 


VILLAINY 


TESU  ViAN,  ves-oov'i-an,  w.  a  kind  of 
match  not  easily  extinguishable,  for 
lighting  cigars  and  the  like  in  the  open 
air.     [From  the  volcano  Vesuvius.] 

VETCH,  vech,  n.  a  genus  of  plants,  most- 
ly climbing,  some  of  which  are  culti- 
vated for  fodder,  esp.  the  tare.  [O.  Fr. 
veche  (Fr.  vesce) — L.  vioia.l 

VETERAN,  vet'er-an,  adj.,  old,  experi- 
enced :  long  exercised,  esp.  in  military 
Ufe. — n.  one  long  exercised  in  any  ser- 
vice, esp.  in  war.  [L.  veteranus — vetus, 
veteris,  old.] 

VETERINARIAN,  vet-er-in-ar'i-an,  n.  one 
skilled  in  the  diseases  of  domestic  ani- 
mals. 

VETERINARY,  vet'er-in-ar-i,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  art  of  treating  the  diseases  of 
domestic  animals  :  professing  or  practic- 
ing this  art.  [L.  veterinarius — veterinus, 
a  contr.  of  veheterinws — veho."] 

VETO,  ve'to,  n.  any  authoritative  prohibi- 
tion :  the  power  of  rejecting  or  forbid- 
ding :  the  power  exercised  by  the  Presi- 
dent and  by  the  Governors  of  most  of 
the  States  to  prevent  a  measure  from  be- 
coming a  law,  unless  a  two-thirds  major- 
ity is  in  favor  of  such  measure  :  — pi. 
Vetoes,  ve'toz. — v.t.  to  reject  by  a  veto  : 
to  withhold  assent  to.  [L.  veto,!  forbid.] 

VEX,  veks,  v.t.  to  harass  (so  in  B.):  to  tor- 
ment :  to  irritate  bj'  small  provocations. 
•  [L.  vexo,  to  shake  or  jolt  in  carrying,  to 
annoy— Velio,  to  carry.] 

VEXATION,  veks-a'shun,  n.  a  vexing: 
state  of  being  vexed :  trouble  :  a  teasing 
annoyance:  uneasiness.  [L.  vexatio  — 
vexo.] 

VEXATIOUS,  veks-a'shus,  adj.  causing 
vexation  or  annoyance  :  teasing  :  dis- 
tressing :  harassing :  full  of  trouble. — 
adv.  Vkxa'tiously. — n.  Vexa'tiousness. 

VIADUCT,  vl'a-dukt,  n.  a  road  or  railway 
carried  by  a  structure  over  a  valley, 
river,  etc.  fL.  via,  a  way,  diico,  ductum, 
to  lead,  bring.] 

VIAL,  vi'al,  n.  same  as  Phial. 

VIAND,  vi'and,  n.  food,  usually  in  pi.: 
articles  for  food.  [Fr.  viande—liow  L. 
vivanda  (for  vivenda),  "food  necessary 
for  life  " — L.  vivo,  to  live.] 

VIATICUM,  vi-at'ik-um,  n.  (orig.)  provis- 
ions for  the  way :  in  R.  C.  Church,  the 
communion  given  to  the  dying.  [L.^ 
via,  a  way.] 

VIBRATE,  vi'brat,  v.i.  to  shake,  to  tremble: 
to  move  backwards  and  forwards :  to 
swing :  to  pass  from  one  state  to  another. 
— v.t.  to  cause  to  shake  :  to  move  to  and 
fro  :  to  measure  by  moving  to  and  fro  : 
to  affect  with  vibratory  motion.  [L.w&ro, 
-atuni :  cf.  Sans,  vip,  to  tremble.] 

VIBRATION,  vl-bra'shun,  n.  a  vibrating  : 
state  of  being  vibrated. 

VIBRATORY,  vi'bra-tor-i,  adj.,  vibrating  : 
consisting  in  vibrations  :  causing  vibra- 
tions. 

VICAR,  vik'ar,  n.  one  who  acts  in  place  of 
another  :  the  incumbent  of  an  impro- 
priated benefice.— ra.  Vic' arship.— Vicar- 
apostolic,  in  R.  C.  Church,  a  missionary 
bishop  or  priest  having  powers  from  the 
pope. — Vicae-oeneral,  in  the  English 
Church,  an  officer  having  powers  from 
the  chancellor  of  a  diocese  ;  in  the  R.  C. 
Church,  the  clergyman  who  on  certain 
occasions  acts  for  the  bishop  of  the  dio- 
cese. [L.  vicarius,  supplying  the  place  of 
another — vicis,  change,  alternation.] 

VICARAGE,  vik'ar-aj,   n.  the  benefice  or 

residence  of  a  vicar. 
VICARIAL,  vl-ka'ri-al,  adj.  pertaining  to  a 

vicar. 
VICARIATE,  vi-ka'ri-at,  adj.  having  vvm- 
rioits  or  delegated  power. — n.  delegated 
power. 
VICARIOUS,   vi-ka'ri-us,    adj.  filling    the 


place  of  another :  performed  or  suffered 
in  place  of  or  for  the  sake  of  another. — 
adv.  Vica'riously.    [See  Vicar.] 

VICE,  vis,  n.  an  iron  or  wooden  screw- 
press,  fixed  to  the  edge  of  a  workboard, 
for  holding  anything  tightly  while  being 
filed,  etc.  [Fr.  vis  (It.  vite,  screw) — L. 
vitis,  tendril  of  a  vine,  anything  of  a  like 
spiral  form.] 

VICE,  vTs,  n.  a  blemish  or  fault :  immoral 
conduct :  depravity  of  manners :  a  bad 
trick  or  habit  in  a  horse.  [Fr. — L.  vit- 
ium,  a  blemish  or  defect.] 

VICE-ADMIRAL,  vis-ad'mir-al,  n.  one  act- 
ing in  the  place  of  or  second  in  command 
to  an  admiral :  in  England,  a  civil  oflS- 
cer  who  exercises  Admiralty  jurisdiction. 
[L.  vice,  in  the  place  of — vicis,  change, 
and  Admiral.] 

VICE-ADMIRALTY,  vis-ad'mir-al-ti,  n. 
the  office  of  a  vice-admiral. 

VICE-CHANCELLOR,  vis-chan'sel-or,  n. 
one  acting  for  a  chancellor.  [L.  vice,  and 
Chancellor.] 

VICEGERENCY,  vis-je'ren-si,  n.  the  oflHce 
or  deputed  power  of  a  vicegerent. 

VICEGERENT,  vis-fe'rent,  adj.,  acting  in 
place  of  another,  having  delegated  au- 
thority.— n.  one  acting  in  place  of  a  su- 
perior. [L.  vice,  in  the  place  of,  and 
gerens,  -eniis,  pr.p.  of  gero,  to  act.] 

VICEREGAL,  vis-re'gal,  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  viceroy  or  viceroyalty. 

VICEROY.  vTs'roy,  n.  one  representing  the 
royal  authority  in  a  dependericy,  as  in 
British  India  :  one  acting  instead  of  the 
monarch,  as  the  present  Viceroy  of 
China,  Li  Hung  Chang.  [Fi\  vice-roi-— 
L.  vice,  in  the  place  of,  and  rex,  king.] 

VICEROYALTY,  vis-roy'al-ti,  VICEROY- 
SHIP,  vis'roy-ship,  n.  the  office  or  juris- 
diction of  a  viceroy. 

VICINAGE,  vis'in-aj.  n.,  neighborhood:  the 
places  near.  [O.  Fr.  veisinage — veisin — 
L.  vicinus,  neighboring — vicus,  a  row  of 
houses,  Gr.  oikos,  a  dwelling.] 

VICINITY,  vi-sin'i-ti,  n.,  neighborhood: 
nearness:  that  which  is  near.  [L.  vicini- 
tas — vicinus.] 

VICIOUS,  vish'us,  adj.  having  a  vice  or  de- 
fect :  corrupt  in  principles  or  conduct : 
depraved:  impure,  as  language  or  air: 
given  to  bad  tricks,  as  a  horse. — adv. 
Vi'ciousLY. — re.  Vi'ciousNESs.  [See  Vice, 
a  blemish.] 

VICISSITUDE;  vi-sis'i-tud,  n.,  change  from 
one  thing  to  another  :  change  :  revolu- 
tion. [L.  vicissitudo  —  vicis,  change, 
turn.] 

VICTIM,  vik'tim,  n.  a  living  being  offered 
as  a  sacrifice  :  some  thing  or  person  de- 
stroyed in  the  pursuit  of  an  object :  a 
person  suffering  injury.  [L.  victima, 
prob.  from  root  of  vigeo,  with  a  super- 
lative ending.] 

VICTIMIZE,  vik'tim-iz,  v.t.  to  make  a  vic- 
tim of :  to  cheat. 

VICTOR,  vik'tor,  n.  one  who  conquers  on 
any  particular  occasion  :  one  who  defeats 
in  battle  :  a  winner: — fern.  Vic'tress. 
[L. — vinco,  victum,  to  conquer.] 

VICTORIOUS,  vik-to'ri-us,  adj.  relating 
to  victory :  superior  in  contest :  having 
overcome  an  enemy :  producing  or  indi- 
cating victory.— adv.  Victo'riously. 

VICTORY,  vik'tor-i,  n.  a  conquering  :  suc- 
cess in  any  contest  :  a  battle  gained. 
[L.  victoria — victor.] 

VICTUAL, vit'l,  v.t.  to  supply  with  victuals 
or  food:  to  store  with  provisions: — j^r.p. 
ViCTUALLiNO  (vit'1-ing) ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
Victualled  (vit'ld).  —  n.  Victualler 
(vit'l-er). 
VICTUALS,  vit'lz  (in  B.  Victual,  vit'l), 
n.  that  which  is  necessary  for  living: 
food  for  human  beings  :  meat.     [Low  L. 


victualia — L.  victualis,  relating  to  living 
— vivo,  victum,  to  live.l 

VIDETTE.     Same  as  Vedette. 

VIDIMUS,  vid'i-mus,  n.  an  inspection,  as 
of  accounts,  etc.  [L.  "we  have  seen" 
— video,  to  see.] 

VIE,  vT,  v.i.  to  strive  for  superiority:— 
jpr.p.  vy'ing;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  vied.  [Prob. 
corr.  of  Envy.] 

VIEW,  vu,  re.  a  seeing:  sight:  reach  of  the 
sight  :  whole  extent  seen  :  that  which  is 
seen:  direction  in  which  a  thing  is  seen: 
the  picture  of  a  scene:  a  sketch:  mental 
survey:  mode  of  looking  at  or  receiving: 
opinion:  intention. — v.t.  to  see:  to  look 
at  attentively:  to  examine  intellectually. 
— n.  View'er.  [Fr.  vue  —  vu,  pa.p.  of 
voii — L.  videre,  to  see.    See  Vision.] 

VIEWLESS,  vfi'les,  adj.  not  to  be  viewed  : 
invisible. 

VIGIL,  vij'il,  re.,  watching:  keeping  awake 
for  religious  exercises:  the  eve  before  a 
feast  or  fast  daj%  orig.  kept  by  watching 
through  the  night.  [L.  vigilia  —  vigil, 
awake,  watchful — vigeo,  to  be  lively.] 

VIGILANCE,  vij'il-ans,  n.,  wakefulness: 
watchfulness :   circumspection. 

VIGILANT,  vij'il-ant,  adj.  watchful:  oa 
the  lookout  for  dauger  :  circumspect. — 
adv.  Via'lLANTLY.  [Lit.  "keeping  awake," 
L.  vigilans,  -antis,  pr.p.  of  vigilo,  to  keep 
awake — vigil.] 

VIGNETTE,  vi-net',  n.  any  small  orna- 
mental engraving  not  inclosed  by  a  defi- 
nite border:  (orig.)  an  ornamental  flourish 
of  vine  leaves  and  tendrils  on  manu- 
scripts and  books.  [Fr.  —  vigne  —  L. 
vinea,  a  vine.    See  Vine.] 

VIGOR,  vig'ur,  n.  active  strength:  physical 
force:  vital  strength  in  animals  or  plants: 
strength  of  mind  :  energy.  [L.  vigor-"' 
vigeo,  to  be  strong.] 

VIGOROUS,  vig'ur-us,  adj.  strong  either 
in  mind  or  body. — adv.  Vig'orously. — n, 
Vig'orousness. 

VIKING,  vi'king,  re.  one  of  the  Scandi- 
navian pirates  who  in  the  9th  and  10th 
centuries  ravaged  the  coasts  of  Western 
Europe.  [Ice.  vikingr  (lit.)  "  a  creeker  " 
— vie,  a  creek  or  bay.] 

VILAYET,  vil'a-yet,  n.  the  name  given  to 
tlie  great  provinces  into  which  the  Otto- 
man empire  is  divided.     [See  Eyalet.] 

VILE,  vil,  adj.  worthless  :  mean  :  morally 
impure  :  wicked  :  (orig.)  "  cheap,"  so  in 
B.—adv.  Vile'ly. — re.  Vile'ness.  [Fr. — 
L.  vilis.] 

VILIFICATION-  vil-i-fi-ka'shun,  n.  act  of 
vilifying. 

VILIFY,  vil'i-fl,  v.t.  to  make  vile :  to  at- 
tempt to  degrade  by  slander  :  to  defame: 
— pa.t.  and  pa.p.  vil'ifled. — n.  Vilifi'eb, 
[L.  vilis,  facio,  to  make.] 

VILLA,  vil'a,  n.  a  country  residence  or 
seat:  a  suburban  mansion.  [L.  villa  (for 
vieula),  a  country-house,  a  farm,  dim.  of 
vicus,  a  street,  a  village,  Gr.  oikos,  E, 
-iviekias  in  Berwick).] 
VILLAGE,  vil'aj,  n.  any  small  assemblage 
of  houses,  less  than  a  town  :  (orig.)  a 
number  of  houses  inhabited  by  persons 
near  the  residence  of  a  proprietor  or 
farmer.  [It.  villaggio—L.  mlla.] 
VILLAGER,  vil'aj-er,  n.  an  inhabitant  of  a 

village. 
VILLAIN,  vU'an  or  vil'in,  n.  a  wicked 
wretch  :  a  man  extremely  degraded  :  a 
delibferate  scoundrel.  [Orig.  "  a  serf  at- 
tached to  a  villa  or  farm,"  O.  Fr.  villaitl 
— Low  L.  villanus — L.  villa.] 
VILLAINOUS,  vil'an-us,  adj.  like  or  suited 
to  a  villain :  depraved  :  proceeding  from 
extreme  depravity  :  sorry. — adv.    Vill'- 

ADJOUSLY. 

VILLAINY,  vil'an-i,  n.  the  act  of  a  villaim 
extreme  depravity  :  an  atrocious  crime. 


VILLEIN 

VILLEIN,  another  spelling  of  VILLAIN 
(onlv  in  its  original  meaning). 

VINAIGRETTE,  vin-a-gret',  n.  a  small  box 
of  silver  or  gold  for  holding  aromatic 
vinegar,  used  as  a  smelling-bottle.  [Fr. 
—vinaicp-e.     See  Vineoak.J 

VINCIBILITY,  vin-si-bil'i-ti,  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  vincible. 

VINCIBLE,  vin'si-bT,  mlj.  that  may  be  con- 
quered.     [L.  vincibitu  —vinco,  to  con- 

VKICULUM,  ving'ku-lum,  n.  a  band  :  a 
bond  :  (math.)  a  horizontal  Une  placed 
over  several  quantities  to  show  that  they 
are  to  be  treated  as  one.  [L.—vincio,  to 
bind.l 

VINDIC.VBLE.  vin'di-ka-bl,  adj.  that  may 
heriiidicafed  or  defended. 

VINDICATE,  vin'di-l;at,  v.t.  to  lay  claim 
to  :  to  defend  :  to  maintain  by  force.— Ji. 
ViN'DlCATOR.  [Lit.  "  to  assert  author- 
itv."  L.  inndico,  -atum—vis,  vim,  power, 
influence,  dico,  to  say,  assert.] 

VINDICATION,  vin-di-ka'shun,  n.  act  of 
vitidicating :  defence:  justification:  sup- 

VrnDiCATIVE,  vin'di-kat-iv,  adj.,  vindi- 
cating :  tending  to  vindicate. 

VINDICATORY,  vin'di-ka-tor-i,  adj.  tend- 
ing to  inndicate  :  inflicting  punishment. 

VINDICTIVE,  vin-dik'tiv,  adj.  revengeful. 
—adv.  ViNDIC'TIVELY.  —  n.  VlNDIC'TIVE- 
NESS. 

VINE,  vln,  n.  the  plant  from  which  wine 
is  made  :  the  woody  climbing  plant  tliat 
produces  grapes  :  (hurt.)  a  climbing  or 
trailing  plant,  or  its  stem.  [O.  Fr.--L. 
vinea,  a  vine — vinum,  Gr.  oinos,  wine. 
See  WineJ 
VINE-DRESSER,  vln'-dres'er,  n.  ope  who 

dresses  or  trims,  and  cultivates  I'ines. 
VINEGAR,  vin'e-gar,  n.  an  acid  liquor  got 
from  fermented  and  vinous  liquors.  [Lit. 
"sour  wine,"  Fr.   vinaigre  —  vin  ( — L. 
muum,  wine),  and  aigre — L.  aeer,  sour.] 
VINERY,  ■i'Tn'er-i,  n.  a  hothouse  for  rear- 
ing^ z^rnes. 
VINEYARD,  vin'yard,  n.  a  yard  or  inclos- 
ure  for  rearing  grape-vines:  a  plantation 
of  grape-vines. 
VTNOUS,  vn'nus,  adj.  pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  icine.     [L.  vinosus — 
vinum,.^ 
VINTAGE,  Tint'aj,   n.    the  gathering  of 
grapes :  the  yearly  produce   of  grapes  : 
the  time  of  grape-gathering.    [Fr.  vend- 
ange — L.  vindemia — vinum,  wine,  grapes, 
and  demo,  to  remove— de,  out  of  or  away, 
and  emo,  to  take.] 
VINTNER,  viut'ner,  n.  a  vine-seller.     [O. 

Fr.  vinetier — L.  vinitor,  a  vine-dresserr] 
VIOL,  \'i'ol,  n.  an  old  musical  instrument 
like  the  violin,  having  from  three  to  six 
strings.  [Fr.  viole — It.  viola — Low  L. 
t-idiila,  from  L.  vitnlari,  to  skip  like  a 
calf,  to  make  merry — lutida,  a  calf.  Fid- 
dle is  from  the  same  root.] 
VIOLABLE,   vi'o-la^bl,    adj.  that   may  be 

violated,  injured,  or  broken. 
VIOLATE,  vl'o-lat,  v.t.  to  injure  :  to  abuse: 
to  ravish :  to  profane  :  to  break  forcibly: 
to  transgress. — n.  Vl'OLATOR.     [L.  violo, 
-atum — vis,  Gr.  is.  strength,   force.] 
VIOLATION,    vT-o-la'shun,    n.  the   act  of 
violating    or     injuring  :    infringement  : 
non-observance  :  profanation  :  rape. 
VIOLENCE,  vi'o-lens,  n.  the  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  violent :  force,  physical  or 
moral  :  unjust  force  :  outrage  :  profana- 
tion :  injury  :  rape. 
VIOLENT,  vi'o-lent,  adj.  acting  with  phys- 
ical force  or  strength  :  moved  by  strong 
feeling  :     passionate  :    vehement  :    out- 
rageous :  produced  by  force  :  unnatural. 
— adv.  Vi'oLENTLY.     [Fr. — L.  violoittis — 
vis.  force.     Cf.  ViOLoiTE.] 
VIOLET,  vi'o-let,  n.  a  plant  of  many  spe- 


470 

cies,  with  a  flower  generally  of  some 

shade  of  blue  :  the  color  of  the  violet,  a 

bluish  or  light  purple.— ad;',  of  the  color 

of  the  violet,  bluish  or  light  purple.  [Fr. 

violette,  dim.  of  O.  Fr.  viole— h.  viola, 

Gr.  ion.] 

VIOLIN,  vT'o-lin,  n.  a  musical  instrument 

of   four  strings  played  with  a  bow  :   a 

fiddle.     [Fr.   violon—lt.   violone  — viola, 

(see  Viol).] 

VIOLIST,  vi'ol-ist,  VIOLINIST,  vl'o-lin-ist, 

71.  a  player  on  the  viol,  or  on  the  violin. 

VIOLONCELLIST,  vc-o-lon-sel'ist  or-chel'- 

ist,  n.  a  player  on  the  i^ioloncello. 
VIOLONCELLO,  ve-o-lon-sel'o  or  -chel'o, 
n.  a  large  stringed  musical  instrument, 
between  the  violin  and  the  double-bass, 
held  between  the  knees  in  playing  -.—pi. 
ViOLONCELL'os.     [It.,  dim.  of  violone,  a 
bass  violin  (see  Violin).] 
VIPER,  vi'per,  n.  a  poisonous  reptile  of  the 
order  of  snakes,  once  believed  to  be  the 
only  serpent  that  brotight  forth  living 
young  :  any  base,  malicious  person.     [L. 
vipera  (contr.  of  vivipera) — vivus,  living, 
and  pario,  to  bring  forth.] 
VIPEROUS,   vi'per -us,   adj.  having  the 
qualities  of  a  viper :  venomous :  malig- 
nant.    [L.  vijyereus.} 
VIRAGO,  vi-ra'go,  n.  a  man-like  woman : 
a  bold,  impudent  woman  :  a  termagant. 
[L. — virgo  (see  Virgin).] 
VIRGIN,  ver'jin,  n.  a  maiden  :  a  woman 
who  has  had  no  sexual  intercourse  with 
man  :  (B.)  a  person  of  either  sex  who  has 
not  known   sexual  intercourse  :    (astr.) 
Virgo,  one  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac. — 
adj.  becoming  a  maiden  :  maidenly  :  pure: 
chaste:   undeflled  :   fresh.      [O.  Fr. —  L. 
virgo,  virginis,  from  a  root  varg,  seen  in 
Sans,  urg,  strength,  Gr.  orgao,  to  swell.] 
VIRGINAL,  ver'jin-al,  n.  an  old  keyed  mu- 
sical instrument,   prob.   so  called   from 
being  used  to  accompany  hymns  to  the 
Virgin.  [virgin. 

VIRGINITY,  ver-jin'i-ti,  n.  the  state  of  a 
VIRGO,  ver'go,  n.  the  Virgin,  in  the  zodiac. 
VIRIDITY,  vi-rid'i-ti,  n.,  verdure:  green- 
ness. [L.  viriditas — viridis,  green — rireo, 
to  be  green.     See  Verdant.] 
VIRILE,  vir'il  or  -il,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to 
a  7nan  or  to  the  male  sex :  masculine  : 
manly.      [L.   virilis  —  vir,  a  man.     See 
Virtue.] 
VIRILITY,  vir-il'i-ti,  n.  the  state  or  quality 
of   being  a  man :   the  power  of  a  full- 
grown  male :  the  power  of  procreation  : 
manhood.     [L.  viT^itas.] 
VIRTU,  ver'too  or  -tu,  n.  a  love  of  the  fine 
arts  :  taste  for  curiosities  :  objects  of  art 
or  antiquity.     [It.     Doublet  VIRTUE.] 
VIRTUAL,  ver'tu-al,  adj.  having  virtue  or 
efficacy  :  having  the  efficacy  without  the 
material  part :  in  effect  though  not  in 
fact.— ad?j.  Vir'tuallt. 
VIRTUE,   vertu,   n.    excellence :   worth  : 
moral  excellence  :  the  practice  of  duty  : 
a    moral   excellence  :    female    chastity : 
purity:  strength  (so  in  B.):  force:  power: 
eflScacy.     [O.  Fr. — L.  virtus,  (Jit.)  "  what 
is  excellent  in  man,"  manliness,  bravery, 
moral  excellence — rnr,  a  man,  conn,  with 
Gr.    heros.    Sans,    v^ira,    a    hero.      See 
World.] 
VIRTUOSO,  ver-too-o'zo  or  -til-o'so,  n.  one 
skilled  in  the   fine  arts,   in  antiquities, 
curiosities,  and  the  like  '.—pi.  Virtuo'bi. 
[See  Virtu.] 
VIRTUOUS,  ver'tii-us,  adj.  having  rirttie 
or  moral  goodness:  blameless  :  righteous: 
practicing  duty  :  being  according  to  the 
moral  law :  chaste  (of  a  woman). — adv. 

Via'TUOUSLY. 

VIRULENT,  vir'u-lent,  adj.  full  of  poison  : 
very  active  in  injury  :  bitter  in  enmity  : 
maUgnant. — adv.  ViR'uLENTLY. — n.  Vm'- 
ULENCE.    [From  Vmus.] 


VITALITY 

VIRUS,  vlr'us,  n.  a  slimy  Uquid:  contagiotiB 
or  poisonous  matter  (as  of  ulcers,  etc.) : 
the  poison  which  causes  infection  :  any 
foul,  hurtful  matter.     [L.,  cog.  with  Gr. 
ios.  Sans,  visham,  poison.] 
VISAGE,  viz'aj,  n.  the  face  or  look. — adj. 
Vis' AGED.      [Fr.,   through    an    assumed 
form  visaticum,   from  L.  visus,  seen— = 
video,  to  see.] 
VISCERA,  vis'er-a,  n.pl.  the  inner  parts  of 
the  animal  body:  the  entrails.  [L.  inscus, 
pi.  v^iscera.] 
VISCERAL,   vis'er-al,    adj.   pertaining  to 

the  viscera. 
VISCID,  vis'id,  adj.  having  the  qualities  of 
birdlime:  sticky:   tenacious.— re.  VlsCID'- 
ITY.     [L.  viscidns — viscus,  Gr.  ixos,  the 
mistletoe,  birdlime  made    from  mistle- 
toe berries. 1 
VISCOUNT,  %-T'kownt,  ii.  an  officer  in  En- 
gland who  formerl3'  supplied  the  place  of 
the  count  or  earl:  a  title  of  nobility  next 
below  an  earl:— /em.  Vis'countess.     [O. 
Fr.  viscomte  (Fr.   vicomte) — Low  L.  vice- 
comes,   from    L.    vice,   in   place  of,    and 
comes,  a  companion.     See  Count.] 
VISCOUS,  vis'kus,  adj.   having  the  qual- 
ities of  birdlime :  sticky  :  tenacious. — n. 
Viscos'ity.    [L.  viscosus.    See  Viscid.] 
VISIBILITY,  viz-i-bil'i-ti,  n.  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  visible,  or  perceivable  by  the 
eye.  , 

VISIBLE,  viz'i-bl,  adj.  that  may  be  seen : 
obvious.  —  adv.   VlS'lBLY.  —  n.  VlS'HJLE- 
NESS.    [See  Vision.] 
VISION,  vizh'un,  n.   the  act  or  sense  of 
seeing:  sight:  anything  seen  :  anything 
imagined  to  be  .seen:  a  divine  revelation: 
an  apparition:  anything  imaginary.  [Fr. 
— L.  visio,  visionis — video,  visum,  to  see 
— root  vid,  as  in  Gr.  eido,  Sans,  vid,  to 
see.     Cf.  Wit.] 
VISIONARY,  vizh'un-ar-i,  adj.  affected  by 
visions:  existing  in  imagination  only:  not 
real. — n.   one  who   forms   impracticable 
schemes. 
VISIT,  viz'it,  v.t.  to  go  to  see  or  inspect:  to 
attend  :   to  call  on  :  (B.)  to  reward  or 
punish. — v.i.  to  be  in  the  habit  of  seeing 
or  meeting  each  other  :   to  keep  up  ac- 
quaintance.— n.  act  of  visiting  or  going 
to   see.      [Fr.  visiter — L.  visito,  freq.  of 
viso,  to  go  to  see,  visit — video,  to  see.] 
VISITANT,  viz'i-tant,  n.  one  who  visits  : 
one  who  is  a  guest  in  the  house  of  an- 
other. 
VISITATION,  viz-i-ta'shun,  n.  a<;t  of  visit- 
ing :  examination   by  authority :  retri- 
bution. 
VISITOR,  viz'it-ur,  m.  one  who  visits  :  one 

who  inspects  or  examines. 
VISITORIAL,  vis-it-6'ri-al,  ac^.  belonging 
to  a  judicial  visitor,  or  one  who  inspects 
or  examines. 
VISOR,  viz'ur,  n.  a  part  of  a  helmet  cover- 
ing the  face,  movable,  and  perforated  to 
see  through  :  a  mask.     [Fr.  visiire—h. 
video^ 
VISORED,  viz'urd,  adj.  wearing  a  vizor : 

masked. 
VISTA,    vis'ta,    n.    a    view    or    prospect 
through  or  as  through  an  avenue  :  the 
trees,  etc.,  that  form  the  avenue.     [It. 
vista,  sight,  view— L.  video,  to  see.]  jj 

VISUAL,  vizh'u-al,  adj.  belonging  to  vision 
or  siglit :  used  in  sight :  used  for  seeing. 
— adv.  ViS'UALLY'. 
VITAL,  vT'tal,  adj.  belonging  or  contribut- 
ing to  life:  containing  or  necessary  to 
life  :  important  as  life  :  essential.— adt». 
Vi'tally.  [L.  vitalis—vita,  Ufe  ;  conn. 
with  Gr.  bios,  life,  and  E.  Quick  (which 

gpp^    "I 

VITALITY,  vl-tal'i-ti,  n.  quality  of  being 
vital :  principle  or  power  of  life.  fL.  w- 
talitas7\ 


VITALIZE 


471 


VOTARY 


VITALIZE,  vt'tal-Iz,  v.t.  to  make  vital  or 
alive  :  to  give  life  to  or  furnish  with  the 
vital  principle. 

VITALS,  vi'talz,  n.pl.  parts  essential  to  life. 

VITIATE,  vish'i-at,  v.t.  to  render  faulty  or 
defective:  to  make  less  pure:  to  deprave: 
to  taint. — n.  Vitia'tion.  [L.  vitio,  -atum 
— vitium  (see  Vice,  a  blemish).] 

VITREOUS,  vit'ri-us,  adj.,  glassij  :  pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  like  gkiss.     [L. 

VITRESCENT,'  vi-tres'ent,  adj.  that  may 
be  formed  into  glass :  tending  to  become 
glass. — n.  Vitresc'ence.  [Coined  from 
L.  vitrum,  glass.] 

VITRIFACTION,  vit-ri-fak'shun,  n.  act, 
process,  or  operation  of  vitrifying,  or 
converting  into  glass. 

VITRIFIABLE,  vit'ri-fi-a-bl,  adj.  that  may 
be  vitrijied  or  turned  into  glass. 

VITRIFY,  vit'ri-fi,  v.t.  to  make  into  glass. 
— v.i.  to  become  glass  -.—pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
vit'rified.  [L.  vitrum,  glass,  and  jacio, 
to  make.] 

VITRIOL,  vit'ri-ol,  n.  the  popular  name  of 
sulphuric  acid  :  a  soluble  sulphate  of  a 
metal,  green  vitriol  =  sulphate  of  iron, 
blue  vitriol  =  sulphate  of  copper,  ichite 
vitriol  =  sulphate  of  zinc.  [Fr. — It.  vit- 
riuolo — L.  vitrum,  glass ;  prob.  so  called 
from  its  glassy  appearance.] 

VITRIOLIC,  vit-ri-ol'ik,  adj.  prtaining  to 
or  having  the  qualities  of  vitriol. 

VITUPERATE,  vi-tu'per-at,  v.t.  to  find 
fault  with  :  to  censure.  [L.  vitupero, 
-atum — vitium,  a  fault,  and  paro,  to  set 
out.] 

VITUPERATION,  vi-tu-per-a'shun,  w.  act 
of  vituperating  :  blame  :  censure:  abuse. 
[L.'  vittiperatio.'] 

VITUPERATIVE,  vi-tu'per-a-tiv,  adj.  con- 
taining vituperation  or  censure. — adv. 

VlTU'PERATITELY. 

TIVACIOUS,  vi-va'shus,  adj.,  lively  or 
long-lived:  active:  .sportive. — adv.  Yiya'- 
ciousLY. — n.  VrvA'ciousNESs.  [L.  vivax, 
mmicis — vivo,  to  live.] 

Vivacity,  vr-vas'i-ti,  n.  quality  of  being 
vivacious:  life:  animation:  liveliness  or 
sprightliness  of  temper  or  behavior.  [L. 
yivacitas.'] 

VTVID,  viv4d,  adj.,  livehj or  life-like:  hav- 
ing the  appearance  of  life :  forming  brill- 
iant images  in  the  mind:  striking. — adv. 
Vrv'iDLY. — n.  Vrv'iDNESS.  [L.  vividus — 
OTt'o,  to  live.] 

VIVIFY,  viv'i-tT,  v.t.  to  make  vivid  or 
alive:  to  indue  with  life: — pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  viv'ified.  [L.  vivus,  alive,  facia,  to 
inake.] 

VIVIPAROUS, vl-vip'a-rus,  adj., producing 
young  alive.  [L.,  from  vivus,  alive,  and 
pario,  to  produce.] 

VIVISECTION,  viv-i-sek'shun,  n.  the  prac- 
tice of  operating  by  cutting  or  otherwise 
on  living  animals,  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
search or  demonstration.  [L.  vivus,  alive, 
sectio — seco,  to  cut.] 

VIXEN,  vik'sen,  n.  a  she-fox :  an  ill-tem- 
pered woman.  [Fem.  of  vox,  the  south- 
ern E.  form  of /ox.] 

VIZARD,  viz'ard,  n.  same  as  Visor. 

VIZIER,  viz'yer,  n.  an  oriental  minister 
or  councillor  of  state.  [Lit.  "a  burden- 
bearer,"  Ar.  wezir,  wazir,  a  porter — 
wazara,  to  bear  a  burden.] 

VOCABLE,  v6'ka-bl,  n.  that  which  is 
sounded  with  the  voice :  a  word  :  a  name. 
Vh.  vocdtnduni — voco,  to  call.] 

VOCABULARY,  vo-kab'u-lar-i,  n.  a  list  of 
vocables  or  words  explained  in  alphabet- 
ical order  :  a  dictionary :  any  list  of 
words.     [Low  L.  i^ocatndarium.'\ 

VOCAL,  vo'kal,  adj.  having  a  voice :  ut- 

•  tered  or  changed  by  the  voice. — adv. 
Vo'CAiiLY.      [L.    vocalis — vox,    vocis,    a 


voice,  akin  to  voco,  to  call,  Sans,  txich, 

to  speak.] 
VOCALIST,  vo'kal-ist,  n.  a  vocal  musician, 

a  singer. 
VOCALIZATION,  v6-kal-i-za'shun,  n.  act 

of  vocalizing. 
VOCALIZE,  vo'kal-Iz,  v.t.  to  make  vocal: 

to  form  into  voice. 
VOCATICfN,  vo-ka'shun,  n.  call  or  act  of 

calling :  calling  :  occupation.    [L.  vocatio 

— voco.    See  Vocal.] 
VOCATIVE,  vok'a-tiv,  adj.  used  in  calling. 

— n.  the  case  of  a  word  when  the  person 

or  thing  is   addressed.     [L.  vocativus — 

voco.    See  Vocal.] 
VOCIFERATE,  vo-sif'er-at,  v.i.  to  cry  with 

a  loud  voice. — v.t.  to  utter  with  a  loud 

voice.     [L. — vox,  vods,  voice,  and  fero, 

to   carry.] 
VOCIFERATION,  To-sif-er-a'shun,  n.  act 

of  vociferating:  a  violent  or  loud  outcry. 

iL.  vociferatio.] 
CIFEROUS,  vo-sif'er-us,  adj.  making  a 
loud  outcry:  noisy. — adv.  Vocif'EROUSLY. 

VOGUE,  vog,  n.  mode  or  fashion  at  any 
particular  time:  practice:  popular  recep- 
tion. [Lit.  "  way,  course,"  Pr.  vogue, 
course  of  a  ship — voguer,  to  row,  from 
Ger.  mogen,  to  move,  expressing  the 
movement  of  a  vessel  on  the  water.] 

VOICE,  vols,  n.,  smind  from  the  mouth  : 
sound  given  out  by  anything  :  utterance 
or  mode  of  utterance:  language  :  expres- 
sion :  expressed  opinion  :  vote  :  (gram.) 
mode  of  inflecting  verbs,  as  being  active 
or  passive.^u.^.  to  fit  for  sounding :  to 
regulate  the  tone  of.  [O.  Fr.  (Fr.  voix) 
— L.  vox,  vocis.] 

VOICELESS,  vois'les,  adj.  having  no  voice 
or  vote. 

VOID,  void,  adj.  unoccupied:  empty  (so  in 
B.)  :  having  no  binding  force  :  wanting  : 
unsubstantial. — n.  an  empty  space. — v.t. 
to  make  vacant:  to  quit:  to  send  out:  to 
render  of  no  effect.  [O.  Fr.  void — L.  vid- 
uus,  bereft — root  vid,  to  separate  :  alUed 
to  E.  Widow.] 

VOIDABLE,  void'a-bl,  adj.  that  may  be 
voided  or  evacuated. 

VOIDANCE,  void'ans,  n.  act  of  voiding  or 
emptying :  state  of  being  void  :  ejection. 

VOLANT,  vo'lant,  adj.,  flying :  nimble.  [L. 
volans,  -antis,  pr.p.  of  volo,  to  fly.] 

VOLATILE,  vol'a-til,  adj.  apt  to  waste 
away  or  fly  off  by  evaporation  :  flighty  : 
apt  to  change.  [Fr. — L.  volatilis,  flying 
— volo,  to  fly.] 

VOLATILENESS,  vol'a-til-nes.  VOLATIL- 
ITY, vol-a-til'i-ti,  n.  quality  of  being  vol- 
atile :  disposition  to  evaporate:  sprightli- 
ness :  fickleness. 

VOLATILIZATION,  vol-a-til-i-za'shun.  n. 
act  or  process  of  making  volatile  or  evap- 
orating. 

VOLATILIZE,  vol'a-til-iz,  v.t.  to  make 
t:olatile :  to  cause  to  evaporate. 

VOLCANIC,  vol-kan'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to, 
produced,  or  affected  by  a  volcano. 

Volcano,  vol-ka'no,  n.  a  mountain  from 
which  smoke,flame,  lava,  etc.  are  thrown. 
[It.  volcano — L.  Voleanus  ovVuleanv^,  the 
god  of  fire.] 

volition,  vo-lish'un,  n.  act  of  ivilling  or 
choosing  :  the  exercise  of  the  will :  the 
power  of  determining.  [Low  L.  volitio 
— L.  volo,  to  will,  be  willing.] 

VOLLEY,  vol'i,  n.  a  flight  of  shot :  the 
discharge  of  many  small-arms  at  once  : 
an  outburst  of  many  at  once: — pi.  VOLL'- 
EYS. — v.t.  to  discharge  in  a  volley.  [Fr. 
voice,  a  flight — voter — L.  volo,  to  fly.] 

VOLT,  volt,  n.  a  turn  or  bound  :  a  sudden 
movement  or  leap  to  avoid  a  thrust :  a 
gait  of  two  treads  made  by  a  horse  going 
sideways  round  a  centre.  [Fr.  volte — 
It.  volta — L.  volvo,  volutum,  to  turn.] 


VOLTAIC,  vol-ta'ik,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
originated  by  Volta,  an  Italian  :  pertain- 
ing to  Voltaism. 

VOLTAISM,  vol'ta-izm,  n,  same  as  Gai> 
vanism. 

VOLUBILITY,  vol-u-bil'i-ti,  n.  state  or 
quality  of  being  voluble :  fluency  of 
speech. 

VOLUBLE,  vol'u-bl,  adj.  easy  to  roU  or 
move :  flawing  smoothly :  fluent  in 
speech. — adv.  Vol'ubly.  [L.  volubilis— 
volvo,  volutum,  to  roll.] 

VOLUME,  vol'um,  n.  a  book :  space  occu= 
pied  :  dimensions  :  fullness  of  voice.  [Lit. 
"  a  roll"  or  scroll  (so  in  B.),  Fr. — L.  vol- 
umen,  a  roll — volvo,  volutum,  to  roll.] 

VOLUMED,  vol'umd,  adj.  having  the  form 
of  a  volume  or  roll  :  of  volume  or  bulk. 

VOLUMINOUS,  vo-lu'mi-nus,  adj.  consist- 
ing of  many  volumes  or  books,  or  of  many 
coils:  having  written  much,  as  an  author. 
— adv.  VOLD'iUNOUSLT.— JJ.  Volu'minous- 
NESS. 

VOLUNTARY,  vol'un-tar-i,  adj.,  willing : 
acting-  by  choice  :  free  :  proceeding  frona 
the  will :  subject  to  the  will  :  dons  by  de- 
sign or  without  compulsion. — n.  one  who 
does  anything  of  his  own  free  will  :  a 
piece  of  music  played  at  will. — adv.  Vol'- 
untabily. — n.  Vol'untaeiness.  [L.  vol- 
untarius — vohmtas, choice — volo,  to  will.] 

VOLUNTARYISM,  vol'un-tar-i-izm,  n.  the 
system  of  maintaining  the  church  by  vol- 
untary offerings,  instead  of  by  the  aid  of 

trip  ststo 

VOLUNTEER,  vol-un-ter',  n.  one  who 
enters  any  service,  esp.  military,  volun- 
tarily or  of  his  own  free  choice. — adj.  en- 
tering into  service  voluntarily. — v.t.  to 
offer  voluntarily. — v.i.  to  enter  into  any 
service  of  one's  own  free  wiU  or  withoutl 
being  asked.  f 

VOLUPTUARY,  vo-lupt'u-ar-i,  n.a.volupt-\ 
uous  person  or  one  excessively  given  to 
bodily  enjoyments  or  luxury  :  a  sensual- 
ist. [L.  voluj)tua.rius-^^ohiptas,  pleasure.] 

VOLUPTUOUS,  vo-lupt'u-us,  adj.  full  of 
pleasure :  given  to  excess  of  pleasure, 
esp.   sensual. — adv.  Vouipt'uously. — n. 

VOLtJPT'UOUSNESS.      [L.  VOluptuOSUS — VOl- 

uptas,  pleasure,  conn,  with  volupe,&gree- 
ablj',  also  with  Gr.  elp~omai,  to  hope,  and 
peril.  L.  volo,  to  wish.] 

VOLUTE,  vo-lut',  n.  a  kind  of  rolled  or 
spiral  scroll  used  in  Greek  capitals.  [Fr. 
— L.  volvo,  vohdum,  to  roll.] 

VOLUTED,  vo-lut'ed,  adj.  having  a  volute, 

VOMER,  vo'mer,  n.  the  thin  flat  bone 
separating  the  nostrils.     [L.] 

VOMIT,  vom'it,  v.i.  to  throw  up  the  con* 
tents  of  the  stomach  by  the  mouth. — 
v.t.  to  throw  out  with  violence. — Ji.  mat- 
ter ejected  from  the  stomach:  something 
that  excites  vomiting.  [L.  vomo,  -itum, 
to  throw  up,  Gr.  emeo.    See  Emetic] 

VOMITORY,  vom'i-tor-i,  adj.  causing  to 
vomit. — n.  a  vomit  or  emetic  :  a  door  of 
a  large  building  by  which  the  crowd  is 
let  out.     [L.  vomitorius.'] 

VORACIOUS,  vo-ra'shus,  adj.  eager  to  de- 
vour :  greedy  :  very  hungry. — adv.  Vo- 
ea'ciotjsly.  [L.  vorax,  voracis  —  voro, 
to  devour.] 

VORACITY,  vo-ras'i-ti,  n.  quality  of  being 
voracious. 

VORTEX,  vor'teks,  n.  a  whirling  motion 
of  a  fluid  forming  a  cavity  in  the  centre: 
a    whirlpool  :    a  whirlwind  : — pi.  VoR'-, 
TiCES.    [L.  voriex,  vertex — vorto,  verto, 
to  turn.     Doublet  Vertex.] 

VORTICAL,  vor'tik-al,  adj.,  whirling. 

VOTARY,  vo'tar-i,    adj.  bound  or  conse- 
crated by  a  voiv. — n.  one  devoted  as  by 
vow  to  some  service,  worship,  or  w" 
life:— /em.  Vo'taress.   [Low  L.  "' 
■ — L.  voveo,  votum,  to  vow.] 


V 


VOTE 

VOTE,  vOt,  n.  expression  of  a  wish  or  opin- 
ion, as  to  a  matter  in  which  one  has 
interest :  that  by  which  a  choice  is  ex- 
pressed, as  a  ballot  :  decision  by  a  ma- 
jority.— v.i.  to  express  the  choice  by  a 
vote.  —  v.t.  to  choose  by  a  vote. — n. 
VoT'ER.  [L.  votum,  a  wish — voveo,  vo- 
tuin,  to  vow.] 

VOTIVE,  vot'iv,  cuy.  given  by  vow:  vowed. 
— adv.  Vot'ively.  [L.  voHvus — votum,  a 
vow.] 

VOUCH,  vowch,  v.t.  to  call  upon  to  wit- 
ness :  to  maintain  by  repeated  affirma- 
tions :  to  warrant :  to  attest. — v.i.  to 
bear  witness:  to  give  testimony.  [O. 
Fr.  voucher,  vocher,  to  call  to  defend — L. 
voco,  to  call.] 

VOUCHER,  vowch'er,  n.  one  who  vouches 
or  gives  witness  :  a  paper  which  vouches 
or  confirms  the  truth  of  anything,  as  ac- 
counts. 

VOUCHSAFE,  vowch-saf,  v.t.  to  vouch  or 
warrant  safe :  to  sanction  or  allow  with- 
out danger:  to  condescend  to  grant. — v.i. 
to  condescend. 

VOW,  vow,  n.  a  solemn  promise  to  God:  a 
solemn  or  formal  promise  of  fidelity  or 
affection. — v.t.  to  give  by  solemn  prom- 
ise :  to  devote. — v.i.  to  make  vows.  [O. 
Fr.  vou  (Fr.  voeu) — L.  votum — voveo,  to 
vow.] 

VOWEL,  vow'el,  n.  a  simple  vocal  sound  : 
the  letter  representing  such  a  sound. — 
adj.  vocal :  pertaining  to  a  vowel.  [Fr. 
voyelle — L.  vocalis — vox,  vocis,  the  voice.] 

VOYAGE,  voy'aj,  n.  passage  by  water. — 
v.i.  to  make  a  voyage,  or  to  pass  by  wa- 
ter.—  n.  Voy'ageb.  [Fr. —  L.  viaticum, 
traveUing-money — (Fr.  voie),  L.  via,  a 
way.] 

VULCANITE,  vul'kan-Tt,  n.  caoutchouc 
vulcanized,  or  combined  with  sulphur. 

VULCANIZE,  vul'kan-Iz,  v.t.  to  combine 
with  sulphur  by  heat,  as  caoutchouc. 
[From  L.  Vulcanus,  Vulcan,  the  god  of 
fire.] 

VULGAR,  vul'gar,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
used  by  the  common  people,  native  :  pub- 
lic: common:  mean  or  low:  rude. — n. 
the  common  people. — adv.  Vxil'oarly. — 
VuLQAK  Fractions,  fractions  written  in 
the  vulgar  or  ordinary  way.  [L.  vulgaris 
— vulgus,  the  people  ;  conn,  with  Sans. 
varga,  a  group.] 

VULGARISM,  vul'gar-izm,  n.  a  vulgar 
phrase.    

VULGARITY,  vul-gar'i-ti,  n.  quality  of 
being  vulgar :  mean  conditioi  of  life  : 
rudeness  of  manners. 

VULGARIZE,  vul'gar-Iz,  v.t.  to  make  vul- 
gar or  rude. 

VULGATE,  vul'gat,  n.  an  ancient  Latin 
version  of  the  Scriptures,  so  called  from 
its  common  use  in  the  R.  Cath.  Cfturch. 
[L.  vulgatus,  common — vulgo,  to  make 
common — vulgus  (see  Vulgar).] 

VULNERABLE,  vul'ner-a-bl,  adj.  capable 
of  being  wounded  :  liable  to  injury. — ns. 
Vulnerabil'ity,  Vdl'nerableness.  [L. 
vulnerabilis — vulnero,  to  wound — vuhvus, 
vidneris,  a  wound,  akin  to  vello  (cf.  Vuiy 
ture).] 

VULNERARY,  vul'ner-ar-i,   adj.   pertain- 
ing to  wound^ :  useful  in  iiealing  wounds. 
— n.  anything  useful  in  curing  wounds. 
[L.  vulnerarius — vidnus.'\ 
VXTLPINE,  vul'pin,  adj.  relating  to  or  like 
the  /o.c  :  cunning.     [L. — vulpes,  a  fox, 
Gr.  alopex.'] 
VULTURE,  vult'ur,  n.  a  large  rapacious 
bird  of    prey.     [L.   vultur ;  perh.   from 
veUn.  to  pluck,  to  tear.] 
'^TURINE,    vult'ur-in,    VULTURISH, 
Jjut^-ish,  adj.  Uke  the  vulture :  rapa- 


472 

w 

WABBLE,  wobi,  v.i.  to  incline  to  the  one 
side  and  to  the  other  alternately,  as  a 
wheel,  top,  spindle,  or  other  rotating 
body  when  not  properly  balanced:  to 
move  in  the  manner  of  a  rotating  disc 
when  its  plane  vibrates  from  side  to  side: 
to  rock :  to  vacillate  :  as,  a  millstone  in 
motion  sometimes  ivabbles.  Moxon. 
[Also  iimbble.  to  reel  or  totter ;  akin  to 
Prov.  Ger.  wabbeln,  to  shake  ;  freq.  forms 
probably  allied  to  weave ;  Ger.  iveben,  to 
shake,  to  weave.] 

WABBLE,  wob'l,  n.  a  rocking  unequal  mo- 
tion, as  of  a  wheel  unevenly  hung  or  a 
top  imperfectly  balanced. 

WABBLY,  wob'li,  adj.  inclined  to  wabble : 
shaky:  unsteady.  "  (By  stilt-walking)  the 
knees,  which  at  first  are  weak  and  wabbly, 
get  strong." — Mayh'ew. 

WABRON-LEAF,  wa'bron-lef,  WABRAN- 
LEAF,  wa'bran-lef,  n.  great  plantain 
{Plantago  viajor).  [Scotch.  A  corruption 
of  the  English  name  waybread.] 

WABSTER,  wab'ster,  n.  a  webster  or 
weaver.     [Scotch.] 

WACKE,  wak'e,  n.  German  miners'  term 
for  a  soft,  grayisli  kind  of  trap-rock. 

WAD,  wod,  n.  a  mass  of  loose  matter 
thrust  close  together,  as  hay,  tow,  etc.: 
a  little  mass  of  paper,  tow,  or  the  like  to 
keep  the  charge  in  a  gun. — v.t.  to  form 
into  a  mass :  to  stuff  a  wad  into  : — pr.p. 
wadd'iug  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  wadd'ed. 
[A.S.  icwd;  Fr.  ouate ;  allied  to  Ger. 
watte,  garment,  E.  Weed.] 

WADDING,  wod'ing,  n.  a  wad,  or  the  ma- 
terials for  wads :  a  soft  stuff,  also  sheets 
of  carded  cotton  for  stuffing  garments, 
etc.     [See  Wad.] 

WADDLE,  wod'l,  v.i.  to  take  short  steps 
and  move  from  side  to  side  in  walking. — 
n.  Wadd'ler.  [Perh.  an  extension  of 
Wade  ;  cf.  Ger.  wedeln,  to  wag.] 

WADE,  wad,  v.i.  to  walk  through  any  sub- 
stance that  yields  to  the  feet,  as  water : 
to  pass  with  difficulty  or  labor. — n.  Wad'- 
ER.     [A.S.  ivadan,  Ger.  waten.'] 

WADHOOK,  wod'hook,  n.  a  rod  with  a  sort 
of  screw,  to  draw  wads  out  of  a  gun. 

WADING-BIRD,  wad'ing-berd,  n.  a  bird  of 
the  order  Grallatores  :  a  wader. 

WADMA.L,  wad'mal,  WADMOLL,  wad'- 
mol,  n.  a  very  coarse  cloth  formerly 
manufactured.  Written  also  Wadmaal, 
"  Mantles  of  wadmaal,  a  coarse  cloth  of 
domestic  manufacture." — Sir  W.  Scott, 
[A  Scandinavian  word ;  Ice.  vad-mdl, 
Sw.  vadmal,  Dan.  vadmel.  Originally 
a  measure  of  stuff,  pieces  of  clotii  being 
used  as  a  standard  of  value  in  early  times. 
Ice.  vdd,  stuff  (A.S.  weed,  a  garment), 
and  mdl,  measure.] 

WADNA,  wad'na.     Would  not.     [Scotch.] 

WADSET,  WADSETT,  wod'set,  n.  an  old 
Scots  law  term  for  a  mortgage,  or  bond 
and  disposition  in  security.  [Scand. 
ivad,  A.S.  icced,  wed,  a  pledge  ;  and  verb 
to  set.] 

WADSETTER,  wod'set-er,  n.  in  Scots  law, 
one  who  holds  by  a  wadset. 

WADY,  wod'i,  n.  the  dry  bed  of  a  torrent : 
a  river-valley.  [Ar.  wadl,  a  ravine  (pre- 
served in  the  Sp.  guad-,  the  first  syllable 
of  many  Spanisli  river-names).] 

WAF,  WAFF,  waf,  adj.  worthless  :  low- 
born :  inferior:  paltry.  "Is  it  not  an 
odd  thing  tliat  ilka  waf  carle  in  the 
country  has  a  son  and  heir,  and  that  the 
house  of  Ellangowan  is  without  male 
succession." — Sir  W.  Scott.  [Scotch.  A 
form  of  ivaif.] 
WAFER,  wa'fer,  n.  a  thin  cake  or  leaf  of 
paste,  generally  disc-shaped :  applied 
specifically  to  (o)  an  article  of  pastry  ; 


WAGE 

a  small  thin  sweet  cake,  now  made  of 
flour,  cream,  white  wine,  and  lump 
sugar,  and  flavored  with  cinnamon. 
"The  curious  work  in  pastry,  the  fine 
cakes,  wafers  and  marchpanes."— HoJ- 
land  :  (b)  a  thin  circular  portion  of  un^ 
leavened  bread,  generally  stamped  with 
the  Christian  monogram,  the  cross,  or 
other  sacred  representation  or  symbol, 
used  in  the  Roman  Church  in  the  cele- 
bration and  administration  of  the  eu« 
charist  :  (c)  a  thin  disc  of  dried  paste 
used  for  sealing  letters,  fastening  docu- 
ments together,  and  the  like,  usually 
made  of  flour,  mixed  with  water,  gum, 
and  some  non-poisonous  coloring  matter. 
Fancy  wafers  are  made  of  gelatine  and 
isinglass  in  a  variety  of  forms.  [O.  Fr. 
waufre.  Mod.  Fr.  gaiifre,  pancake,  wafer, 
of  Teutonic  origin ;  Ger.  waffel,  Dut. 
ivafel,  Dan.  vaffel,  a  thin  cake,  a  waffle, 
a  wafer ;  allied  to  Ger.  wabe,  a  honey- 
comb, from  some  supposed  resemblance.] 
WAFER,  wa'fer,  v.t.  to  seal  or  close  with 

a  wafer. 
WAFERER,  wa'fer-er,  n.  a  person  who  sold 
wafers.     Waferers  appear  to  have  been 
employed    as   go-betweens   in    love    in- 
trigues, probably  from  the  facilities  of- 
fered by  their  going  from  house  to  house. 
SiDfjers  with  harpes,  baudes,  waferers, 
Whiche  ben  the  veray  develes  offlceres. 
To  kindle  and  blow  the  fire  of  lecherie. 

—CItaucer. 

WAFER-IRONS,  wa'fer-i-urnz,  M.p7.  a  pin- 
cer-shaped  instrument,  the  legs  of  which 
terminate  in  flat  blades  about  12  inches 
long  by  9  in  breadth,  used  for  making 
wafers.  The  blades  are  heated  in  a  coke 
fire,  the  paste  is  then  put  between  them, 
and  by  pressure  formed  into  a  thin  sheet 
of  paste,  from  which  discs  of  the  desired 
size  are  cut  with  a  punch. 

WAFER-WOMAN,  wa'fer-woo-man,  n.  a 
woman  who  sold  wafers.  Such  women 
were  often  employed  in  love-affairs  and 
intrigues. 

'Twas  no  set  meeting 

Certainly,  for  there  was  no  t«a/er-woman  with  he» 

These  three  days,  on  my  knowledge. — Beau,  and  Fl. 

WAFT,  waft  or  waft,  v.t.' to  bear  through 
a  fluid  medium,  as  air  or  water. — I'.i.  to 
float. — n.  a  floating  body  :  a  signal  made 
by  moving  something,  as  a  flag,  in  the 
air.— ?i.  Watt'er.  [Sw.  vefta,  to  fan, 
waft ;  prob.  aUied  to  Wave.] 

WAG,  wag,  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  move  from  sidg 
to  side:  to  shake  to  and  fro  -.—pr-p.  wagg'- 
ing ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  wagged.  [A.S. 
wagian,  xvegan ;  conn,  with  Weigh  and 
Wagon.] 

WAG,  wag,  n.  a  droll,  mischievous  fellow: 
a  man  full  of  sport  and  humor :  a  wit. 
[Prob.  from  wagging  the  head  in  deri- 
sion.] 

WAGE,  waj,  v.t.  to  pledge:  to  engage  in 
as  if  by  pledge :  to  carry  on,  esp.  of  war: 
to  venture. — n.  a  gage  or  stake  :  that  for 
which  one  labors:  wages.  Though  a 
plural,  wages  sometimes  has  a  verb  in  the 
singular.  "  The  wages  of  sin  is  death." 
—Rom.  vi.  23.  "  Wages,  then,  depend 
mainly  upon  the  demand  and  supply  of 
labor."— J.  S.  Mill. 
Thou  thy  worldly  task  hast  done, 
Home  art  gone,  and  ta"en  thy  wages.— Shak. 

In  ordinary  language  the  term  wages  is 
usually  restricted  to  the  remuneration 
for  mechanical  or  muscular  labor,  e«p. 
to  that  which  is  ordinarily  paid  at  short 
intervals,  as  weekly  or  fortnightly,  to 
workmen.  Correctly  speaking,  however, 
what  is  called  the  fees  of  professional 
men,  as  lawyers,  physicians,  etc.i  the 
salaries  of  public  functionaries,  business 
men,  etc.,  the  pa?/ of  military  and  naval 
men,  and  the  like,  all  are  wages.  On  th* 
other  hand,  when  an  author  publishes  a- 


WAGER 


473 


WALLAROO 


book,  or  a  shoemaker  sells  a  pair  of 
shoes,  the  suras  received  are  not  wages, 
though  to  the  seller  they  are  virtual- 
ly the  same  thing.  [O.  Fr.  wager  (Fr. 
gager),  to  pledge.     A  doublet  of  Gage.] 

WAGER,  waj'er,  n.  that  which  is  imaged  or 
pledged :  something  staked  on  the  issue 
of  anything  :  that  on  which  bets  are  laid: 

'•  (lato)  an  offer  to  make  oath. — v.t.  to  haz- 
ard on  the  issue  of  anything. — v.i.  to  lay 
a  wager. — n.  Wag'eree.  [O.  Fr.  waigiere 
(Fr.  gageiire) — Wage.] 

WAGES,  waj'ez,  n.pl.  (used  as  sing.)  wage: 
that  which  is  paid  for  services.  [PI.  of 
Wage.] 

WAGGERY,  wag'er-i,  n.  the  tricks  or  man- 
ner of  a  wag  :  mischievous  merriment : 
pleasantry. 

WAGGISH,  wag'ish,  adj.  like  a  wag :  mis- 
chievous or  Irouguish  in  sport :  done  in 
waggery  or  sport. — adv.  Wagg'ishly. 
— n.  Wagg'ishness. 

WAGGLE,  wag'l,  v.i.  and  v.t.  to  wag  or 
move  from  side  to  side.  [Freq.of  Wag,  v.J 

Wagon,  wag'un,  n.  a  four-wheeled  vehicle 
for  carrying  hea\'y  goods.  [A.S.  ivcegen. 
See  t)ie  by-form  Wain.  The  ending  -on 
is  probably  due  to  Romance  influence.] 

WAGON  AGE,  wag'on-aj,  n.  money  paid 
for  carriage  or  conveyance  by  wagon  :  a 
collection  of  wagons.  "Wagonage  prov- 
ender, and  two  or  three  pieces  of  can- 
non."— Carlyle. 

WAGON -BOILER,  wag'on-boil-er,  n.  a 
kind  of  steam-boiler,  having  originally 
a  semi-cylindrical  top,  the  ends  and  sides 
vertical,  and  the  bottom  flat,  thus  having 
the  shape  of  a  wagon  covered  with  its 
tilt.  Improved  forms  have  the  sides  and 
bottom  slightly  curved  inwardly. 

WAGONER,  wag'un-er,  n.  one  who  con- 
ducts a  wagon. 

WAGONETTE,  wag-ua-et',  n.  a  kind  of 
open  carriage. 

Wagtail,  wag'tal,  n.  a  small  bird,  so 
named  frona  its  constantly  wagging  its 
tail. 

WAIF,  waf,  n.  anything  found  astray  with- 
out an  owner  :  a  worthless  wanderer. 
[Norman  Fr.  tceif  (O.  Fr.  gaif),  Low  L. 
wayvium,  conn,  with  Waive.] 

wail,  wal,  v.i.  to  lament  or  sorrow  aud- 
ibly.— v.t.  to  bemoan  :  to  grieve  over. — 
n.  a  cry  of  woe  :  loud  weeping.  [An 
imitative  word,  from  the  A.S.  interj.  ird, 
wd-ld  (E.  Woe),  Goth,  vai ;  cf.  Jr.  waill.] 

WAILING,  wal'ing,  n.,  wail. — adv.  Wail- 

INGLY. 

WAIN,  wan,  n.  a  wagon.  [A.S.  wmgen, 
wceti;  Ger.  wagen;  from  the  root  vah,  to 
carry,  L.  veho.    Doublet  Wagon.] 

WAII^SCOT,  wan'skot,  n.  the  panelled 
boards  on  the  walls  of  apartments. — v.t. 
to  line  with,  or  as  if  with,  boards  or 
panels.  [Lit.  "  wall-timber  or  boards," 
A.S.  wag,  wdh,  a  wall,  and  scot  or  schot, 
which  also  appears  in  the  obs.  shide, 
a  lath — M.  E.  scheden,  to  divide  (Ger. 
scheiden).] 

WAIST,  wast,  n.  the  smallest  part  of  the 
human  trunk,  between  the  ribs  and  the 
hips :  the  middle  part  of  a  ship.  [From 
Wax,  to  grow;  cf.  Ger.  umehs — ivaclisen.] 

WAISTBAND,  wast'band,  n.  the  band  or 
part  of  a  garment  which  encircles  the 
wai.it. 

WAISTCOAT,  wast'kot  (coUoq.  wes'kot  or 
wes'kot),  n.  a  short  coat  or  garment  with- 
out sleeves,  worn  under  the  coat,  extend- 
ing no  lower  than  the  hips,  and  covering 
the  waist  ;  a  vest  :  a  similar  garment 
formerly  worn  by  women.  "  You'd  best 
come  like  a  mad  woman  with  a  band  on 
your  waistcoat."  —  Dekker.  "Waistcoat 
was  a  part  of  female  dress  as  well  as 
male.  ...  It  was  only  when  the  waist- 
eoat  was  worn  without  a  gown  or  upper 


dress  that  it  was  considered  the  mark  of 
a  mad  or  profligate  woman.  Low  females 
of  the  latter  class  were  generally  so  at- 
tired."— Nares. 
WAISTCOATEER,  wSst-kot-er',  n.  one  who 
wears  a  waistcoat,  esp.  a  low  profligate 
woman  :  a  strumpet. 
I  knew  you  a  luaisicoateer  In  the  garden  alleys, 
And  would  come  to  a  sailor's  whistle. 

— Massinger. 

WAISTER,  wast'er,  n.  {naut.)  an  inexpe- 
rienced or  broken-down  seaman,  such  as 
used  to  be  placed  in  the  waist  of  a  man- 
of-war  to  do  duty  not  requiring  much  ex- 
ertion or  a  knowledge  of  seamanship:  a 
green  hand. 

WAIT,  wat,  v.i.  to  stay  in  expectation  :  to 
remain  :  to  attend  (with  on) :  to  follow  : 
to  lie  in  ambush. — v.t.  to  stay  for:  to 
await.  [O.  Fr.  waiter  (Fr.  guetter),  to 
watch,  attend  —  O.  Ger.  walitan.  See 
Wake.] 

WAIT,  wat,  n.  the  act  of  waiting  for  some- 
thing or  somebody  ;  as,  after  a  long  wait 
we  were  admitted  :  the  act  of  waiting  in 
concealment  for  the  purpose  of  attacking; 
ambush  ; 
Why  sat'st  thou  like  an  enemy  in  wait  ? — Milton  : 
a  kind  of  old  night  watchman  ;  one  of  a 
band  of  musicians  in  the  pay  of  a  town 
corporation  whose  duties  were  at  first  to 
pipe  or  sound  the  hours  and  guard  the 
streets,  but  subsequently  to  act  merely 
as  town's  minstrels  or  musicians  ;  "  For 
as  the  custom  prevails  at  present  there  is 
scarce  a  young  man  of  any  fashion  in  a 
corporation  that  does  not  make  love  with 
the  town  music  ;  the  waits  often  help 
liim  through  his  courtship." — Steele :  at 
present,  one  of  a  band  of  musicians  who 
promenade  the  streets  during  the  night 
and  early  morning  about  Christmas  or 
New-year  time,  performing  music  appro- 
priate to  the  season  :  an  old  musical  in- 
strument of  the  hautboy  or  shawm  kind  ; 
the  name  of  the  instrument  may  be  from 
the  waits,  who  chiefly  performed  on  it. — 
To  LIE  IN  WAIT,  to  lie  in  ambush  :  to  be 
secreted  in  order  to  fall  by  surprise  on  an 
enemy  :  hence  (fig.),  to  lay  snares  or  to 
make  insidious  attempts,  or  to  watch  for 
the  purpose  of  ensnaring.  "Behold,  ye 
shall  lie  in  wait  against  the  city,  even 
behind  the  city."— Josh.  viii.  4. — To  LAY 
WAIT,  to  set  an  ambusn.  "  Their  tongue  is 
as  au  arrow  shot  out ;  it  speaketh  deceit ; 
one  speaketh  peaceably  to  his  neighbor 
with  his  mouth,  but  in  heart  he  layeth 
his  wait." — Jer.  ix.  8. 

WAITER,  wafer,  n.  one  who  waits :  an  at- 
tending servant :  a  salver  or  tray:— /em. 
Wait'bess. 

WAITS,  wats,  n.pl.  itinerant  musicians 
who  welcome  in  Christmas.  [From 
Wait.] 

WAIVE,  wav,  v.t.  to  relinquish  for  the 
present :  to  give  up  claim  to :  not  to 
insist  on  a  right  or  claim.  [O.  Fr.  weiver. 
Cf.  Waif.] 

WAKE,  wak,  v.i.  to  cease  from  sleep:  to 
watch  (so  in  B.) :  to  be  roused  up,  act- 
ive, or  vigilant. — v.t.  to  rouse  :  to  re- 
vive :  to  put  in  action  '.—pa-t.  and  pa.p. 
waked  or  woke.  [A.S.  wacan :  Ger. 
waehen,  to  watch ;  allied  to  Watt, 
Watch,  also  to  ivax,  to  grow,  and  to 
L.  ingeo,  to  be  lively,  to  thrive.] 

WAKE,  wak,  7i.  act  of  tcaking :  feast  of 
the  dedication  of  a  church,  formerly 
kept  by  watching  all  night :  sitting  up 
of  persons  with  a  corpse. 

WAKE,  wak,  n.  the  streak  of  smooth  wa- 
ter left  in  the  track  of  a  ship  :  hence  fig., 
"  in  the  wake  of,"  in  the  train  of :  imme- 
diately after.  [From  Fr.  ovaiehe,  through 
the  Sp.,  from  L.  aquagium,  a  water- 
course— aqua,  water,  and  ago,  to  lead.] 


WAKEFUL,  wak'fool,  adj.  being  awake: 
indisposed  to  sleep  :  vigilant.  —  adv. 
Wake'fully. — n.  Wake'fulness. 

WAKEN,  wak'n,  v.t.  and  v.i.  to  wake  or 
a^vake. 

WALE,  wal,  n.  a  raised  streak  left  by  & 
stripe  :  a  ridge  on  the  surface  of  cloth  : 
a  plank  all  along  the  outer  timbers  on  s 
ship's  side.  — v.t.  to  mark  with  waleg. 
[A.S.  walu,  the  mark  of  a  stripe  or  blow ; 
Sw.  wal.    See  Goal.] 

WALE,  wal,  v.t.  to  choose :  to  select. 
Bums.  [Scotch.  Also  wile  or  ivyle,  Ice, 
velja,  Dan.  valge,  Sw.  valja,  Goth,  waljan, 
Ger.  wahlen,  to  choose  or  select ;  Ice.  val^ 
Ger.  tcahl,  a  choice  ;  probably  from  same 
root  as  icill.] 

WALE,  wal,  n.  the  act  of  choosing  :  the 
choice  :  a  person  or  thing  that  is  excel- 
lent:  the  pick:  the  best.  "The  pick 
and  ivale." — Burns.     [Scotch.] 

WALE-KNOT,  wal'not,  n.  (naut.)  a  par- 
ticular sort  of  large  knot  raised  upon 
the  end  of  a  rope,  by  untwisting  the 
strands  and  inter-weaving  them  among 
each  other.  It  is  made  so  that  it  cannot 
slip,  and  serves  for  sheets,  tackles,  and 
stoppers. 

WALE-PIECE,  wal'-pes,  w.  a  horizontal 
timber  of  a  quay  or  jetty,  bolted  to  the 
vertical  timbers  or  secured  by  anchor- 
rods  to  the  masonry  to  receive  the  im- 
pact of  vessels  coming  or  lying  along- 
side.    E.  H.  Knight. 

WALIE,  wa'li,  adj.  excellent :  large : 
ample.     [Scotch.] 

WALISE,  wa-lez',  n.  a  portmanteau :  a 
valise.    Sir.  W.  Scott.     [Scotch.] 

WALK,  wawk,  i\i.  to  move  along  leisurely 
on  foot  with  alternate  steps  :  to  pace  :  to 
travel  on  foot :  (B.)  to  conduct  one's 
self  :  to  act  or  behave  :  to  live  :  to  be 
guided  by. — v.t.  to  pass  through  or  upon' 
to  cause  to  walk.  [A.S.  wealcan,  to  roll, 
turn ;  cog.  with  Ger.  walken,  to  fuli 
cloth.] 

WALK,  wawk,  n.  act  or  manner  of  walk' 
ing  :  gait :  that  in  or  thi-ough  which  one 
walks :  distance  walked  over  :  place  for 
walking  :  path  :  high  pasture-ground  : 
conduct  :  course  of  life. 

WALKING-FISH,  wawk'ing-fish,  n.  the 
name  given  to  an  acanthopterygious  fish 
of  the  genus  Antennarius  (A.  hispidus), 
from  its  ability  to  use  its  pectoral  fins  as 
legs  in  traversing  the  land.  These  are 
set  in  a  greatly  elongated  wrist,  and  are 
themselves  stiff  and  powerful,  their 
pointed  rays  resembling  claws.  It  is  a 
native  of  the  Indian  seas. 

WALKING-GENTLEMAN,  wawk'ing-jen- 
tl-man,  n.  an  actor  who  fills  subordinate 
parts  requiring  a  gentlemanly  appear- 
ance.    Dickens. 

WALKING-LADY,  wawk'ing-la-di,  n.  an 
actress  who  fills  parts  analogous  to  those 
taken  by  the  walking-gentleman. 

WALL,  wawl,  n.  an  erection  of  brick, 
stone,  etc.,  for  a  fence  or  security  :  the 
side  of  a  building  :  (fig.)  defence,  means 
of  security  : — pi.  fortifications. — v.t.  to 
inclose  with  or  as  with  a  wall  :  to  defend 
with  walls.  [A.S.  weall,  wall ;  Ger.  waU, 
both  from  L.  vallum,  a  rampart.] 

WALLACHIAN,  wal-lak'yan,  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  Wallachia,  its  language  or 
inhabitants. 

WALLACHIAN,  wal-lak'yan,  n.  one  of  the 
natives  of  Wallachia,  the  descendants  oi 
Roman  and  other  colonists:  that  member 
of  the  Romance  family  of  tong'ues,  or 
descendants  of  the  Latin,  spoken  in 
Roumania  (Wallachia  and  Moldavia)  and 
adjoining  regions.  ^ 

WALLAROO,    wal-la-r65',    n.   the  native     ^^ 
Australian   name   for  several  species  c"     .^ 
kangaroos. 


r 


WALL-BOX 


4T4 


WAPPATO 


WAUL- BOX,  wawl'-boks,  a  device  for 
8U]iporting  a  plumber-block  on  which  a 
shaft  rests  ia  passing-  through  a  wall. 
It  is  a  rectangular  cast-iron  frame  with 
arrangements  for  receiving  and  holding 
the  box  in  position. 

Wallet,  wol'et,  n.  a  bag  for  carrying 
necessaries  ou  a  journey :  a  knafKsack  : 
a  poctet-book.  [Prob.  a  corr.  of  Fr. 
mcUlette,  dim.  of  maUe,  a  bag  (see  Mail, 
a  bag),  under  influence  of  VajJSE.] 

VALL-EYEi,  wawrn,  n.  an  eye  in  which 
tlie  whit«  part  is  very  lai-g<?  :  the  popular 
nanie  for  the  disease  of  the  eye  called 
gl^ueoma.—V'^LL.'STED,  mij.  very  light 
grav  in  the  eyes,  esp.  of  horses.  [Older 
form  ifhally-eyed—A.S.  hwdan,  to  waste 
awav.] 

WALL-FLOWER,  wawl'-flow'er,  n.  a  plant 
■with  fragrant  yellow  flowers,  found  on 
old  iriills. 

WALI^FRUIT,  wawl'-frSot,  ».,/ruif  grow- 
ing on  a  traii, 

WALLOON,  wal-ioon',  n.  one  of  the  de- 
scendants of  the  old  Gkillic  Belgie  who 
occupy  the  Belgian  provinces  oi  Hain- 
ault.  Ii6ge,  and  Naniur,  Southern  Bra- 
bant, Western  Luxembourg,  and  a  few 
villages  in  Rhenish  Prussia:  the  language 
of  tlie  same  territorj'.  It  is  a  dialect  or 
patois  of  French,  with  a  great  proportion 
of  Gallic  words  preserved  in  it.  [The 
name  given  by  the  Teutons  to  the  Celts 
of  Flanders  and  the  Isle  of  Walcheren, 
from  a  root  teal,  val,  signifying  stranger. 
Akin  'Waia'UT,  Welsh.] 

WALLOW,  wol'o,  v.i.  to  roll  about,  as  in 
mire  :  to  live  in  filth  or  gross  vice.  [A.S. 
walwian,  Goth,  valrjan,  L.  volvo.  Cf. 
Well,  a  sprinij.  and  Wkltek,] 

WALLYDRAIGLE,  wali-dra-gl,  WALLY- 
DRAGGLE,  wal'i-drag-1,  n.  the  youngest 
of  a  family:  the  bird  in  a  nest :  hence, 
any  feeble  ill-gTov\Ti  creature.  Ramsay, 
[Scotch.  Perh.  lit.  the  dregs  of  the  waU 
let.] 

WALNUT,  wawl'nut,  n.  the  common 
name  of  trees  and  their  fruit  of  the 
genus  Jugians,  nat.  ordei-  Juglandaceaj. 
The  best  known  species,  the  common 
walnut-tree  (J.  regia),  is  a  nati\'e  of  Per- 
sia. It  is  a  large  handsome  tree  with 
strong  spreading  bninches.  The  timber 
of  the  walnut  is  of  gi'eiit  value,  is  very 
durable,  takes  a  fine  p>olish,  and  is  a  beau- 
tiful furniture  wood.  It  is  also  employed 
for  turning  and  fancy  articles,  esp.  for 
pun-stocks,  being  hght  and  at  the  same 
time  hard  and  fine-grained.  The  ripe 
fruit  is  one  of  the  best  of  nuts,  and  forms 
a  favorite  item  of  dessert.  They  yield  by 
expression  a  bland  fixed  oil,  which,  un- 
der the  names  of  zcaJnut-oil  and  nut-oil, 
is  much  used  bj-  painters,  and  in  the 
countries  in  which  it  is  produced  is  a 
common  article  of  diet.  Otlier  notewor- 
thy species  are  the  white  walnut,  or  but- 
ter-nut, and  the  black  walnut  (./.  nigra) 
of  North  America.  The  timber  of  the 
latter  is  even  more  v;iluable  than,  and  is 
used  for  the  same  purposes  as,  the  com- 
mon walnut,  but  the  fruit  is  very  in- 
ferior. [A,S.  wealh-hnut,  a  walnut,  lit. 
a  foreign  nut — wealh,  foreign,  and  hnut, 
nut ;  so  Gter.  tcallmiss,  Dut.  u-alnoot. 
See  Welsh,  the  original  meaning  of 
which  is  simply  foreign.] 

WALNUT-OIL,  wawl'nut-oil,  n.  an  oil  ex- 
pressed from  the  walnut,  usefiU  as  a  ve- 
hicle in  painting,  or  as  a  drving-oil. 

WALPURGIS-NIGHT,  val-pobrgis-nlt,  n. 
the  eve  of  1st  May,  which  has  become 
associated  with  some  of  the  most  popu- 
lar witch  superstitions  of  Germany, 
'*JM)Ugh  its  connection  with  Walpurgis, 
^'^purga.  or  Walb^rga,  a  female  saint 
the  eighth  centmy,  is  not  satisfactori- 


ly accounted  for,  her  feast  falling  prop- 
erly on  the  25th  of  Februai-y.  On  this 
night  the  witches  were  supposed  to  ride 
ou  broomsticks  and  he-goats  to  some 
appointed  rendezvous,  such  as  the  high- 
est .ixxnt  of  the  Hartz  Mountains  or  the 
Brocken,  where  they  held  high  festival 
with  their  master  the  devil. 

WALRUS,  wol'rus,  n.a.  marine  carnivorous 
mammal,  the  single  species  constituting 
a  genus  Trichccus,  as  well  as  the  family 
Ti'ichecidce,  and  belonging,  with  its  allies 
the  seals,  to  the  Pinnigrade  section  of  the 
order  Carnivora.  The  walrus  (T.  rosma- 
nis),  which  is  also  known  as  the  morse, 
sea-horse,  and  sea-cow,  is  distinguished 
by  its  round  head,  small  mouth  and  eyes, 
thick  lips,  short  neck,  body  thick  in  the 
middle  and  tapering  towards  the  tail, 
wrinkled  skin  with  short  yellowish  hairs 
thinly  dispersed  over  it.  The  legs  are 
short  and  loosely  articulated ;  the  five 
toes  on  each  foot  are  connected  by  webs. 
The  upper  canine  teeth  are  enormously 
developed  in  the  adults,  constituting  two 
large  pointed  tusks  directed  downwards 
and  slightly  outwards,  projecting  con- 
siderably below  the  chin,  and  measuring 
usually  13  to  15  inches  in  length,  some- 
times even  3  feet  and  more.  There  are 
no  external  eai-s.  T^e  animal  exceeds 
the  largest  ox  in  size,  attaining  a  length 
of  20  feet.  The  walrus  is  gregarious  but 
shy,  and  very  fierce  when  attacked.  It 
inhabits  the  shores  of  Spitzbergen,  Hud- 
son's Bay,  and  other  places  in  high  north- 
ern latitudes,  where  it  is  hunted  by 
whalers  for  its  blubber,  which  yields  ex- 
cellent oil ;  for  its  skin,  which  is  made 
into  a  valuable  thick  and  durable  leather; 
and  for  its  tusks,  the  ivory  of  which, 
though  coarse  grained,  is  compact,  and 
Is  employed  in  the  arts.  [Directly  from 
Dut.  u-alnts,  a  walrus,  lit.  a  whale-horse 
—wal  (as  in  n-alvisch,  whale-fish,  whale), 
a  whale,  and  ros,  a  horse  ;  similar  are 
Ger.  tcallross,  Dan.  valros,  Sw.  vallross, 
and  its  A.S.  and  Ice.  names,  hora-htcCBl, 
Ice.  hross-hvalr,  horse-whale.] 

WALTZ,  wawlts,  n.  a  German  national 
dance  performed  by  two  persons  with  a 
rapid  whirling  motion  :  the  music  for  it. 
— v.i.  to  dance  a  waltz.  [Lit.  the  "  revolv- 
ing dance,"  Ger.  walzet — tcalzen,  to  roU, 
conn,  with  Wallow  and  Welter.] 

"WAMPUM,  wom'pum,  n.  the  North  Amer- 
ican Indian  name  for  shells  or  beads  used 
as  money  and  as  tokens  of  treaties  and 
alliances  between  tribes. 

WAN,  won,  adj.  faint:  wanting  color:  pale 
and  sickly  :  languid. — adv.  Waj^lt. — n. 
Wan'ness.  [A.S.  u-ann,  pale;  perh.  conn, 
with  Wm,  which  orig.  meant  to  suffer, 
struggle.] 

WANbt  wond,  n.  a  long  slender  rod  :  a  rod 
of  authority,  or  of  con j  urers.  [Ice.  vondr, 
a  shoot  of  a  tree,  Dan.  vaandT] 

WANDER,  won'der,  v.i.  to  ramble  with  no 
definite  object :  to  go  astray  (lit.  or  fig.): 
to  leave  home  :  to  depart  from  the  sub- 
ject :  to  be  delirious. — n.  Wan'dkrer. 
[A.S.  n-andrian:  (Jer.  trandern,  allied  to 
WENT),  and  to  WiNi),  to  tvirn  round.] 

WANDERING,  woa'der-ing,  p.  and  adj. 
given  to  wander :  roaming :  roving : 
rambling :  vmsettled :  as,  to  fall  into 
iimuiering  habits. — Wandeeing  Jew,  a 
legendary  character,  who,  according  to 
one  vereion,  that  of  Matthew  Paris,  dat- 
ing from  the  thirteenth  century,  was  a 
servant  of  Pilate,  by  name  Cartaphilus, 
and  who  gave  Christ  a  blow  when  he  was 
led  out  of  the  palace  to  execution.  Ac- 
cording to  a  later  version  he  was  a 
cobbler  named  Ahasuerus,  who  refused 
Christ  permission  to  sit  down  and  reet 


when,  on  his  way  to  Golgotha,  he  passed 
bis  house.  Both  legends  agree  in  the 
sentence  pronounced  by  Christ  on  the 
offender,  "Tiiou^halt  wander  on  the  earth 
till  I  return."  A  prey  to  remorse  he  has 
since  wandered  from  land  to  land  with- 
out yet  being  able  to  find  a  grave.  The 
story  has  been  tui-ned  to  account  by 
many  poets  and  novelists,  as  Shelley. 
Groetiie,  Sue,  and  others. 

WANDEROO,  won-de-ro5',  n.  a  catarrhine 
monkey  of  the  genus lHacac«s(Jlf.  s-ilemts), 
inhabiting  Oeyion  and  the  East  Indies. 
The  length  is  about  3  feet  to  the  tip  of 
the  tail,  which  is  iufted,  and  much  re- 
sembles that  of  the  lion  ;  the  color  of  the 
fur  is  deep  black ;  the  callosities  on  the 
hinder  quarters  are  bright  pink  ;  a  well- 
developed  mass  of  blacK  hair  covers  the 
bead,  and  a  gi'eat  grayish  beard  rolls 
down  the  face  and  round  the  chin,  giving 
the  animal  a  somewhat  sage  and  vener- 
able appearance. 

Wane,  wan,  v.i.  to  decrease,  esp.  of  the 
moon,  as  opp.  to  nxix :  to  decline,  to  faiL 
— «,  decline  :  decrease,  [A.S.  tcanian  ; 
from  root  ti'on,  seen  in  Wanton.] 

WANT,  wont,  n.  state  of  being  without 
anything :  absence  of  what  is  needful  or 
desired:  poverty:  scarcity:  need. — v.t. 
to  be  destitute  of  :  to  need':  to  feel  need 
of :  to  fall  short :  to  wish  for. — v.i.  to  be 
deficient :  to  fall  short.  [Ice.  vanta,  to 
be  wanting;  from  root  of  Wane.] 

WANTING,  wont'ing,  adj.  absent :  defi- 
cient. 

WANTX3N,  won'tun,  adj.  moving  or  play- 
ing loosely  :  roving  in  sport :  frisky : 
wandering  from  rectitude  :  licentious : 
running  to  excess  :  unresti-ained  :  irregu- 
lar.— adv.  Wan'tonly. — n.  Wan'tonness  ', 
[M.  E.  tvantoicen,  from  uxin,  sig.  want; 
and  A.S.  togen,  educated,  pa.p.  of  teon 
to  draw,  lead  ;  cf.  Ger.  nngezogen,  rude.]; 

WANTON,  won'tun,  n.  a  u-antoti  or  lewd 
person,  esp.  a  female  :  a  trifler. — v.i.  to 
ramble  without  restraint :  to  frolic  ;  to 
play  lasciviouslv. 

WAPENSHA^V,  wa'pn-sha,  WAPIN- 
SCHAW,  wa'pin-shaw,  n.  in  Scotland  an 
appearance  or  review  of  persons  under 
arms,  made  formerly  at  certain  times  in 
every  district.  These  exhibitions  or 
meetings  were  not  designed  for  military 
exercises,  but  only  for  showing  that  the 
lieges  were  properly  provided  with  arms. 
The  name  has  been  revived  in  some  quar- 
ters and  applied  to  the  periodical  gath- 
erings of  the  volunteer  corps  of  a  more 
or  less  vride  district  for  review,  inspec- 
tion, shooting  competitions,  and  the  like. 
[Lit.  a  ireapon-^ow.] 

WAPENTAKE,  wap'n-tak,  «.  a  name  in 
Yorkshire,  England,  for  a  district  simi- 
lar to  the  hundreds  of  southern  coun- 
ties, so  called  from  the  inhabitants  being 
formerly  taught  the  use  of  arms.  [A.S. 
trcepengetoec  {lit.)  "  weapon-taking."  See 
Weapon  and  Take.    Cf.  Wapinschaw.] 

WAPITI,  wap'i-ti,  n.  a  species  of  deer,  the 
North  American  stag  or  elk  [Cerrxts  can- 
adensis), which  more  nearly  resembles 
the  European  red-deer  in  ci>lor,  shape, 
and  form,  than  it  does  any  other  of  the 
cer\ine  race,  though  it  is  much  larger 
and  of  a  stronger  make.  It  is  in  fact 
the  most  gigantic  of  the  deer  genus,  fre- 
quently growing  to  the  height  of  our 
tallest  oxen.  Its  flesh  is  not  much  prized, 
being  coarse  and  dry,  but  its  hide  is  made 
into  excellent  leather.  [Probably  the 
Iroquois  name.] 

WAPPATO,  wapVto,  -lu  the  tubers  of 
Sagittaria  littoralis:  so  called  by  the 
Indians  of  Oregon,  who  use  them  as  an 
article  of  food.    [Spelled  also  WapaT0O=] 


WAE 


475 


WASSAIL 


WAE,  wawr,  n.  a  state  of  opposition  or 
contest  :  a  contest  between  states  car- 
ried on  by  arms :  open  hostility :  the 
profession  of  arms. — v.i.  to  malce  war  : 
to  contend  :  to  fight  -.^^r.p.  warring-  ; 
pa.t.  and  pa.p.  warred.  [A.S.  iverre,  in- 
fluenced by  O.  Fr.  werre  (Fr.  guerre), 
which  is  from  O.  Ger.  werra,  quan-el.] 

WAEBLE,  wawr'bl,  v.i.  to  sing-  in  a  quav- 
ei-ing  waj',  or  witli  variations  :  to  chirp, 
as  birds  do. — v.t.  to  sing  in  a  vibratory 
manner  :  to  utter  musically  :  to  carol. — ■ 
n.  a  quavering  modulation  of  the  voice  : 
a  song.  [O.  Fr.  werbler,  to  warble,  malve 
turns  with  the  voice  —  Ger.  wirbeln,  to 
make  a  turn ;  akin  to  Whiel.] 

WARBLE,  wawr'bl,  WAEBLET,  wawrb'- 
let,  n.  in  farriery,  one  of  those  small 
hard  tumors  on  the  backs  of  horses  oc- 
casioned by  the  heat  of  the  saddle  in 
travelling  or  by  the  uneasiness  of  its 
situation  :  also,  a  small  tumor  produced 
by  the  larv<E  of  the  gad-fly  in  the  backs 
of  horses,  cattle,  etc. 

WARBLER,  wawr'bler,  n.  one  that  loar- 
hies :  a  songster :  a  singing-bird. 

WARD,  wawrd,  v.t.  to  guard  or  take  care 
of  :  to  keep  in  safety :  to  fend  off. — v.i. 
to  act  on  the  defensive. — n.  act  of  ward- 
ing, watch  :  one  whose  business  is  to 
■ward  or  defend  :  state  of  being  guarded  : 
means  of  guarding  :  one  who  is  under  a 
guardian  :  a  division  of  a  city,  hospital, 
etc.  :  that  which  guards  a  lock  or  liind- 
ers  any  but  the  right  key  from  opening 
it :  (B.)  guard,  prison.  [A.S.  iceardian; 
Ger.  warten,  to  watch,  to  watch  in  order 
to  protect.     See  Guakd.] 

WARDEN,  wawrd'en,  n.  one  who  wards  or 
guards  :  a  keeper,  esp.  a  public  officer  in 
State  penal  institutions. — n.  Ward'en- 
SHIP.     [O.  E.  wardein  (Fr.  gardien).] 

WARDER,  wawrd'er,  n.  one  who  wards  or 
keeps. 

WARDROBE,  wawrd'rob,  n.  a  room  or 
portable  closet  for  robes  or  clothes:  wear- 
ing-apparel. 

WARDROOM,  wawrd'room,  n.  a  room  used 
as  a  messroom  by  the  officers  of  a  war- 
ship. 

WARDSHIP,  wawrd'ship,  n.  the  office  of  a 
ward  or  guardian  :  state  of  being  under 
a  guardian. 

WARE,  war,  n.  (used  generally  in  pi.),  mer- 
chandise :  commodities :  goods.  [A.S. 
waru  ;  Ger.  waare,  Ice.  vara.} 

WARE,  war,  adj.  in  B.  =.  aware.  [See 
Wary.] 

WARE,  war,  in  B.,  pa.t.  of  Weak. 

WAREHOUSE,  war'hows,  n.  a  house  or 
store  for  wares  or  goods. — v.t.  to  deposit 
in  a  warehouse. 

WARFARE,  wawr'far,  n.  a  carrying  on 
vi^ar  :  military  lite  :  war  :  contest  or 
strug-gle.     [War  and  Fare.] 

WARILY,  WARINESS.     See  under  Wary. 

WARLIKE,  wawrlik,  adj.,  like,  fit,  or  dis- 
posed for  war  :  belonging  to  war  :  sol- 
dierly. 

WARLOCK,  wawr'lok,  n.  a  male  witch,  a 
wizard.  [A.S.  tccerloga,  a  breaker  of  an 
agreement — wcer,  a  compact,  and  leogan, 
to  lie,  modified  by  Ice.  vardh-lokk-r,  a 
matrical  song.] 

WARM,  wawrm,  adj.  having  moderate 
heat,  hot  :  subject  to  heat  :  zealous  : 
easily  excited  :  violent  :  enthusiastic. — 
•y.t.  to  make  warm:  to  interest:  to  excite. 
— v.i.  to  become  warm  or  ardent. — adv. 
Warm'ly.  —  ns.  Warm'ness,  Warm'er. 
[A.S.  u-eaitn  ;  Ger.  warm ;  allied  to  O.  L. 
formus,  Gr.  thermos,  hot,  Sans,  gharma, 
heat.] 

WARM,  wawrm,  n.  warmth  :  heat. 
The  winter's  hurt  recovers  with  the  irarm ; 
The  paxched  ^een  restored  Is  with  shade. 

—Surreu, 


WARM,  wawrm,  n.  a  warming:  a  heating: 
as,  let  us  get  a  good  warm.     Dickens. 

WAR -MAN,  wawr'-man,  n.  a  wari'ior. 
"  Thejsweet  war-man  is  dead  and  rotten." 
— Shak. 

WAR-MARKED,  wawr'-markt,  adj.  bear- 
ing the  marks  or  traces  of  war:  approved 
in  war  :  veteran. 

Your  army,  which  doth  most  consist 
Of  war-marked  footmen.— Sftafc. 

WARM-BLOODED,  wawrm-blud'ed,  adj. 
having  warm  blood :  applied  in  zool.  to 
mammals  and  birds,  the  blood  of  wliicli 
by  virtue  of  a  complete  circulation  of 
that  fluid,  and  its  aeration  througli  the 
medium  of  lungs  at  each  revolution,  has 
a  temperature  varying  from  99"  or  100" 
F.  in  man  to  110°  or  112°  F.  in  birds  :  in 
contradistinction  to  fishes,  amphibians 
and  reptiles,  or  cold-blooded  animals. 

WARMTH,  wawrmth,  n.  state  of  being 
warm. 

WARN,  wawrn,  v.t.  to  make  zvary  or  aware: 
to  put  on  ward  or  guai-d  :  to  give  notice 
of  danger  :  to  caution  against :  to  ad- 
monish. [A.S.  warnian  ;  Ice.  varna,  to 
warn,  forbid,  Ger.  icarnen ;  allied  to 
Ward,  Beware,  Wary.] 

WARNING,  wawrn'ing,  n.  caution  against 
danger,  etc.  :  admonition  :  previous  no- 
tice. 

WARP,  wawrp,  v.t.  to  turn :  to  twist  out 
of  shape  :  to  turn  from  the  right  or 
proper  course  :  to  pervert :  to  tow  or 
move  with  a  line  attached  to  buoys,  etc. 
— v.i.  to  be  twisted  out  of  a  straight 
direction  :  to  bend  :  to  swerve  :  to  move 
with  a  bending  motion.  [A.S.  iceorpan, 
tverpan  ;  Goth,  wairpan,  Ger.  werfen,  to 
cast.] 

WARP,  wawrp,  n.  the  threads  stretched 
out  lengthwise  in  a  loom  to  be  crossed 
by  the  woof:  a  rope  used  in  towing. 
[A.S.  wearp  ;  Ger.  werft.} 

WAR-PAINT,  wawr'-pant,  n.  paint  put  on 
t!ie  face  and  other  parts  of  the  body  by 
N.  American  Indians  and  other  savages 
on  going  to  war,  with  the  purpose  of 
making  their  appearance  more  terrible. 
Longfellow. 

WAR-PATH,  wawr'-path,  n.  the  route  or 
path  taken  on  going  to  war:  a  warlike 
expedition  or  excursion — used  chiefly  in 
regard  to  the  American  Indians. — Out  on 
THE  war-path,  on  a  hostile  or  warlike 
expedition :  hence  (colloquiallj')  said  of 
one  who  is  about  to  make  a  deliberate 
attack  upon  an  adversary  or  a  measure. 

WARPED,  wawrpt,  p.  and  adj.  twisted  by 
shrinking  or  Reasoning:  turned  out  of  the 
true  direction  :  hence,  perverted :  unnat- 
ural. "  Such  a  warped  slip  of  wilderness." 
—Shak. 

Here's  another,  whose  warp'd  looks  proclaim 
What  store  her  heart  is  made  on.^Shak. 

WARRANT,  wor'ant,  v.t.  to  guarantee  or 
make  secure  :  to  give  assurance  against 
harm  to  :  to  autlioiize  :  to  maintain  :  to 
assure.  [O.  Fr.  irarantir  (Fr.  garantir) 
— O.  Ger.  wereri,  to  give  bail  for  ;  Ger.  ge- 
irahren,  to  vouch,  warrant;  conn,  with 
Ward,  Wary.] 

WARRANT,  wor'ant,  n.  that  which  war- 
rants or  authorizes  :  a  commission  giving 
authority  :  a  writ  for  arresting  a  person: 
security. 

WARRANTABLE,  wor'ant-a-bl,  adj.  au- 
thorized by  icarrant  or  right:  justifiable. 
~adv.  Warr'antably. — n.  Warr'ant- 
ableness. 

WARRANTER,  wor'ant-er,  WARRANTOR, 
wor'ant-or,  n.  one  who  warrants. 

WARRANTY,  wor'ant-i,  n.  a  legal  warrant 
or  deed  of  security:  a  guarantee:  author- 
ity. 

WARREN,  wor'en,  n.  in  England,  a  piece 
of  ground    for    warding   or   protecting 


animals,  especially  rabbits.     [O.  Fr.  war' 
enne  (Fr.  garenne) — Fr.  garer,  from  Teut. 
root  of  Ward,  Warrant.] 
WARRIOR,   wor'i-or,   n.  one  engaged  in 

war :  a  soldier. 
WART,  wawrt,  n.  a  small,   hard  excres- 
cence on  tlie  skin  :   a  protuberance  on 
trees.     [A.S.  wearte  ;  Ger.  warze ;  prob. 
allied  to  L.  verruca.} 
WARTY,  wawrt'i,  adj.  like  a  wart :  over^ 

grown  with  warts. 
WARY,  war'i,  adj.  warding  or  guarding 
against  deception,  etc.,  cautious. — adv. 
War'ily.— n.  Wae'iness.    [M.  E.  woi — 
A.S.  wcer,  cautious,  conn,  with  Ward, 
Warn.] 
WAS,  woz,  the  past  tense  of  the  verb  to 
be  ;  as,  I  was,  thou  ivast  or  ivert,  he  loas ; 
we,  you,  or  they  were.    Sometimes  used 
elliptically  for  there  was. 
In  war,  u-as  never  lion  ra^ed  more  fierce. 
In  peace,  vxis  never  g^entle  lamb  more  mild. 

—Sliak. 
I  was  a  poor  groom  of  thy  stable,  king. 
When  thou  wert  kms.—Shak. 
When  an  were  changing  thou  alone  wert  true. 

— Byron. 
I  turned  to  thee  tor  thou  loert  near.— Bryant. 
The  forms  of  the  subjunctive  occur  in  such 
expressions  as,  it  I  irere,  or  ivere  I  to  go  ; 
if  thou  icert ;  wert  thou  ;  ivere  they,  etc. 
Have  strew'd  a  scene  which  I  should  see 
With  double  joy  wert  thou  with  me.— 5y?-07i. 
Nay,  nay,  God  wot,  so  thou  wert  nobly  born 
Thou  hast  a  pleasant  presence. — Tennyscm. 

[A.S.  ie  n-oes,  I  was,  he  woes,  he  was.  th& 
Ulcere,  thou  wert,  pi.  irceron,  were  ;  inf. 
icesan.  to  be.  The  root  of  iras  is  one  of 
the  three  different  roots  that  go  to  make 
up  the  complete  conjugation  of  the  sub- 
stantive verb.  (See  also  Am  and  Be.) 
The  forms  with  r  exhibit  the  common 
change  of  s  to  r,  seen  in  Ice.  vesa  or  i^era, 
to  be  ;  Ger.  loesen,  to  be,  war,  I  was  ;  cf. 
also  Dan.  voere,  Sw.  imra,  to  be.  The 
origiaal  meaning  was  to  dwell,  as  in 
Goth,  visan,  to  dwell,  to  remain,  to  be ; 
seen  also  in  Sans,  vas,  to  dwell ;  Gr.  {v)asfy, 
a  city.  The  second  person  singular  now 
is  either  wert  or  wast,  neither  of  which 
occurs  in  Anglo-Saxon  nor  perhaps  be- 
fore the  fourteenth  century.  Wert  seems 
to  be  taken  from  the  Scandinavian=Ice. 
varf,  wert ;  second  sing.  pret.  icast  is 
formed  by  adding  t,  which  is  a  second 
person  suffix,  as  in  hast,  art,  shalf.  In 
A.S.  the  past  subj.  was — sing,  tcoere  (all 
three  persons),  pi.  ureron  (all  persons), 
these  in  later  times  became  were  uni- 
formly, but  trert  is  now  commonly  used 
as  second  pers.  sing.] 

WASH,  wosh,  v.t.  to  cleanse  with  water : 
to  overflow:  to  waste  away  by  the  action 
of  water  :  to  cover  with  a  thin  coat  of 
metal  or  paint. — v.i.  to  cleanse  with  wa- 
ter.—?!, a  washing  :  the  shallow  part  of 
a  river  or  arm  of  tlie  sea:  a  marsh  or  fen: 
alluvial  matter  :  waste  liquor,  refuse  of 
food,  etc.  :  that  with  which  anj'thing  is 
washed  :  a  lotion  :  a  thin  coat  of  paint, 
metal,  etc.  [A.S.  trascan ;  Ice.  vaska, 
Ger.  waschen.} 

WASHER,  wosh'er,  n.  one  who  washes :  a 
flat  ring  of  iron  or  leather  between  the 
nave  of  a  wheel  and  the  linch-pin,  under 
the  head  of  a  screw,  etc. 

WASHY,  wosh'i,  adj.  watery:  damp:  soft: 
weak  :  not  solid. 

WASP,  wosp,  n.  a  stinging  insect,  like  the 
bee,  allied  to  the  hornet.  [A.S.  waps 
(Ger.  u-espe)  ;  prob.  from  L.  i-espa.} 

WASPISH,  wosp'ish,  adj.  like  a  wasp: 
having  a  slender  waist  like  a  wasp:  quick 
to  resent  an  affront. — adv.  Wasp'ISHLY. 
• — n.  Wasp'ishness. 

WASSAIL,  WASSEL,  wos'sel,  n.  a  festive 
occasion  or  meeting  where  drinking  ana 


WASSAIL 


476 


WATER-CLOSET 


pled|ring  of  healths  are  indulged  in  ;  fes- 
tivities ;  a  drinking  bout ;  a  carouse  ; 
The  kin^  doth  wake  to-night  and  takes  his  rouse, 
Keep  tcassail. — Shak.: 

the  liquor  used  on  such  occasions,  espe- 
cially about  Christmas  or  the  New  Year. 
It  consists  of  ale  (sometimes  wine)  sweet- 
ened with  sugar,  and  flavored  with  nut- 
meg, cinnamon,  cloves,  roasted  apples, 
etc.  ; 

But  let  no  footstep  beat  the  floor. 
Nor  bowl  of  uxtssail  mantle  viarm.— Tennyson  : 

a  merry  drinking-  song  ;  "Have  you  done 
your  wassail  f  Tis  a  liandsome  drowsy 
aitty,  I  assure  you." — Beau.  &  Fl.  [A.S. 
wesnoel,u-ces  heel,  be  health,  that  is, health 
be  to  you,  an  old  pledge  or  salutation  in 
drinking — wes,  imper.  of  wesan,  to  be, 
and  h(Bl,  health.] 

WASSAIL,  wos'sel,  v.i.  to  hold  a  merry 
drinking  meeting:  to  attend  at  wassails: 
to  tope.  "  Spending  all  the  day,  and  a 
good  part  of  tiie  night,  in  dancing,  carol- 
ling, and  ivassailing." — Sir  P.  Sidney. 

WASSAIL,  wos'sel,  adj.  of,  pertaining  to, 
or  connected  with  wassail  or  festivities : 
convivial:  as,  a  tcassail  candle,  that  is,  a 
large  candle  used  at  wassails  or  feasts. 
Shak. 

WASSAIL-BOUT,  wos'sel-bout,  n.  a  jovial 
drinking-bout. 

Many  a  uassail-bout  wore  the  long:  winter  out. 
— Longfelloiv. 

WASSAIL-BOWL,  wos'sel-bol,  n.  a  large 
bowl  in  which  wassail  was  mixed  and 
placed  on  the  table  before  a  festive 
company.  It  was  an  old  custom  to  go 
about  with  such  a  bowl,  containing  the 
liquor  called  wassail,  at  the  time  of  the 
New  Year,  etc.,  singing  a  festival  song, 
and  drinking  the  health  of  the  inhabit- 
ants, and  collecting  money  to  replenish 
the  bowl.  In  some  parts  of  England  the 
wassail  bowl  still  appears  at  Christmas. 
"  When  the  cloth  was  removed  the  butler 
brought  in  a  huge  silver  vessel.  .  .  .  Its 
appearance  was  hailed  with  acclamation, 
being  the  wassail-bowl  so  renowned  in 
Christmas  festivity." — W.  Irving. 

WASSAIL -CUP,  wos'sel -kup,  n.  a  cup 
from  which  wassail  was  drunk. 

WASSAILER,  wos'sel-er,  n.  one  who  drinks 
wassail  or  takes  part  at  a  wassail  or  drink- 
ing feast:  hence,  generally,  a  feaster  ;  a 
reveller.  "The  rudeness  and  swilled  in- 
solence of  such  late  tvassailers."— Milton. 

WASSERMAN,   waws'ser-man,    n.   a  sea- 
monster  in  the  shape  of  a  man. 
The  ffriesly  Wassemian.  that  makes  his  game. 
The  flying  sliips  with  swiftnes  to  pursew. 

— Spenser. 

[Lit.  waterman — Ger.  ivasser,  water,  and 
man.] 

WASTE,  wast,  adj. .  empty,  desert :  deso- 
late :  stripped :  lying  unused  :  unpro- 
ductive.— v.t.  to  lay  waste  or  make  deso- 
late :  to  destroy  :  to  wear  out  gradually : 
to  squander :  to  diminish :  to  impair. — 
v.i.  to  be  diminished  :  to  dwindle  :  to  be 
consumed.  [A.S.  tveste,  empty;  cog.  with 
Ger.  wiist,  desert,  L.  vastus,  empty.] 

WASTE,  wast,  n.  act  of  wasting:  useless 
expenditure :  loss :  destruction :  that 
which  is  wasted  or  waste  :  uncultivated 
country  :  desert  :  refuse. 

WASTEFUL,  wast'fool,  adj.  full  of  tmste: 
destructive:  lavish. — adv.  Waste'fullt. 
— n.  Waste'fulness. 

WASTENESS,  wast'nes,n.  (B.)  devastation. 

WASTER,  wast'er,  n.  one  who  or  that 
which  wastes  :  (B.)  a  spendthrift  :  a  de- 
stroyer. 

WASTING,  wast'ing,  n.  {B.)  devastation. 

"  ATCH,    woch,  n.  act    of  looking    out  : 

wat^v.  observation  :     guard  :    one     who 

the^i  ^  or  those  who  watch  :  a  sentry : 

place  where  a  guard  is  kept :  time  of 


watching,  esp.  in  a  ship :  a  division  of  the 
night:  a  pocket  timepiece.  The  essential 
parts  of  a  watch  are  the  dial  on  which 
the  hours,  minutes,  and  seconds  are 
marked,  the  hands  which  move  round 
the  dial  pointing  to  tliese  divisions,  the 
train  of  wheels  which  carry  round  the 
hands,  etc.,  the  balance  which  regulates 
the  motion  of  the  wheels,  and  the  coiled 
spring  (the  mainspring),  whose  elastic 
force  produces  the  motion  of  the  whole 
niachinerj',  the  movement  being  inclosed 
in  a  protecting  case  usually  of  gold  or 
silver. — A  repeating  watch  or  repeater 
has  in  addition  a  small  bell,  gong,  or 
other  sounding  object  on  which  the 
hours,  half-hours,  quarters,  etc.,  are 
struck  on  the  compression  of  a  spring. 
A  chronometer  tvatch  or  pocket  chronom- 
eter isone  of  the  finest  kinds  of  watches 
fitted  with  a  compensation  balance  and 
other  devices  which  prevent  the  varia- 
tions of  temperature  from  affecting  the 
regular  movement  of  the  watch .  Watches 
were  invented  at  Niiremberg  about  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and 
for  a  long  time  the  wearing  of  a  watch 
was  considered  in  some  degree  a  mark  or 
proof  of  gentilitj-.  Thus  Malvolio  remarks 
in  anticipation  of  his  great  fortune.  "  I 
frown  the  while  ;  and  perchance  wind  up 
my  watch,  or  play  with  my— some  rich 
jewel." — Shak.  [A.S.  w-cecce ;  conn,  with 
Wake.] 

WATCH,  woch,  v.i.  to  look  with  attention: 
to  keep  guard  :  to  look  out.^ — v.t.  to  keep 
in  view  :  to  give  heed  to  :  to  have  in  keep- 
ing :  to  guard. 

WATCH-CASE,  woch'-kas,  n.  a  case  for  a 
watch.  In  the  following  passage  from 
the  second  part  of  Henry  I\^.,  iii.  1,  some 
commentators  define  watch-case  as  the 
case  or  box  of  a  watch  (watchman)  or 
sentry  ;  others  as  the  case  or  framework 
of  a  watch  or  clock  within  which  contin- 
ual restless  motion  is  kept  up. 

O  thou  dull  god  (sleep),  why  liest  thou  with  the  vile 
In  loathsome  beds,  and  leaVest  the  kingly  couch 
A  watch-case,  or  a  common  Marum-bell  ? — Shak. 

WATCHER,  woch'er,  n.  one  who  tcatches. 

WATCHFUL,  woch'fool,  adj.  careful  to 
watch  or  observe :  attentive :  circum- 
spect :  cautious. — adv.  Watch'fully. — 
n.  Watch'fulness. 

WATCHMAN,  woch'man,  n.  a  man  who 
watches  or  guards,  esp.  the  streets  of  a 
city  at  night. 

WATCHWORD,  woch'wurd.  n.'  the  pass- 
word  to  be  given  to  a  wafch  or  sentry. 

WATER, waw'ter,  n.  the  fluid  which  forms 
the  ocean,  lakes,  and  rivers  :  any  collec- 
tion of  it,  as  the  ocean,  a  lake,  river,  etc.: 
urine:  lustre  of  a  diamond.  Water,  when 
pure,  is  transparent,  inodorous,  tasteless; 
a  powerful  refractor  of  light,  an  imper- 
fect conductor  of  heat  and  electricity  ; 
it  is  very  slightly  compressible,  its  abso- 
lute diminution  for  a  pressure  of  one  at- 
mosphere being  onlyabout  51  '3  millionths 
of  its  bulk.  Although  water  is  colorless 
in  small  quantities,  it  is  blue  like  the  at- 
mosphere when  viewed  in  mass.  It  as- 
sumes the  solid  form,  that  of  ice  or  snow, 
at  33°  F.,  and  all  lower  temperatures  ; 
and  it  takes  the  form  of  vapor  or  steam 
at  212°  F.  under  a  pressure  of  29-9  ins. 
of  mercury,  and  retains  that  form  at 
all  higher  temperatures.  Under  ordinary 
conditions  water  possesses  the  liquid  form 
only  at  temperatures  lying  between  32° 
and  212°.  It  is,  however,  possible  to  cool 
water  very  considerably  below  32°  F.  and 
yet  maintain  it  in  the  liquid  form ;  the 
vessel  containing  the  water  must  be  per- 
fectly clean,  and  the  water  must  be 
maintained  in  a  state  of    perfect  rest. 


Water  may  also  be  heated,  under  press* 
ure,  many  degrees  above  212°  F.  with- 
out passing  into  the  state  of  steam.  The 
specific  gravity  of  water  is  1  at  39° -2  F., 
being  the  unit  to  which  the  specific 
gravities  of  all  solids  and  liquids  are  re- 
ferred, as  a  convenient  standard,  on  ac- 
count of  the  facility  with  which  it  is 
obtained  in  a  pure  state  ;  one  cubic  inch 
of  water  at  62°  F.,  and  29-9  inches,  baro- 
metrical pressure,  weighs  252.458  grains. 
Distilled  water  is  815  times  heavier  than 
atmospheric  air.  Water  is  at  its  great- 
est'density  at  39°-2  F.  (=4°C.),  and  in 
this  respect  it  presents  a  singular  excep- 
tion to  the  general  law  of  expansion  by 
heat.  If  water  at  39°'2  F.  be  cooled,  it 
expands  as  it  cools  till  reduced  to  32°, 
when  it  solidifies  ;  and  if  water  at  39°"3 
F.  be  heated,  it  expands  as  the  tempera- 
ture increases  in  accordance  with  the 
general  law.  In  a  chemical  point  of 
view  water  exhibits  in  itself  neither  acid 
nor  basic  properties ;  but  it  combines 
with  both  acids  and  bases  forming  hy- 
drates ;  it  also  combines  with  neutral 
salts.  Water  also  enters,  as  a  liquid, 
into  a  peculiar  kind  of  combination  with 
the  greater  number  of  all  known  sub- 
stances. Of  all  liquids  water  is  the  most 
powerful  and  general  solvent,  and  on 
this  important  property  its  use  depends. 
Without  water  not  only  the  operations 
of  the  chemist  but  the  processes  of  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  life  would  come  to  a 
stand.  In  consequence  of  the  great  sol- 
vent power  of  water  it  is  never  found 
pure  in  nature.  Even  in  rain-water, 
which  is  the  purest,  there  are  always 
traces  of  carbonic  acid,  ammonia,  and 
sea-salt.  Where  the  rain  water  has  fil- 
tered through  rocks  and  soils,  and  reap- 
pears as  spring  or  river- water,  it  is  al- 
ways more  or  less  charged  with  salts 
derived  from  the  earth,  such  as  sea-salt, 
gypsum  and  chalk.  When  the  propor- 
tion of  these  is  small  the  water  is  called 
soft,  when  larger  it  is  called  hard  water. 
The  former  dissolves  soap  better,  and  is 
therefore  preferred  for  washing;  the  lat- 
ter is  often  pleasanter  to  drink.  The 
only  way  to  obtain  perfectly  pure  water 
is  to  distil  it.  Distilled  water  is  pre- 
served in  clean  well  stopped  bottles,  and 
used  in  chemical  operations.  Water  is 
reposited  in  the  earth  in  inexhaustible 
quantities,  where  it  is  preserved'  fresh 
and  cool,  and  from  which  it  issues  in 
springs,  which  form  streams  and  rivers. 
But  the  great  reservoirs  of  water  on  the 
globe  are  the  ocean,  seas,  and  lakes, 
which  cover  more  than  three-fifths  of 
its  surface,  and  from  which  it  is  raised 
by  evaporation,  and,  uniting  with  the  air 
in  the  state  of  vapor,  is  wafted  over  the 
earth  ready  to  be  precipitated  in  the 
form  of  rain,  snow,  or  hail.  Water  is  a 
compound  substance,  consisting  of  hy- 
drogen and  oxj'gen,  in  the  proportion  of 
2  volumes  of  the  former  gas  to  1  vol- 
ume of  the  latter  ;  or  by  weight  it  is 
composed  of  2  parts  of  hydrogen  united 
with  16  parts  of  oxygen. — v.t.  to  wet, 
overflow,  or  supply  with  water:  to  wet 
and  press  so  as  to  give  a  wavy  appear- 
ance to. — v.i.  to  shed  water  :  to  take  in 
water.  [A.S.  wceter ;  Dut.  water,  Ger. 
wasser  ;  Gr.  hydor,  L.  wdws,  wet,  nnda, 
a  wave,  Sans,  uda,  water ;  conn,  with 
Wet.] 

WATER-CARRIAGE,  waw'ter-kar'ij,  n., 
carriage  or  conveyance  bv  water. 

WATERCLOCK,  waw'ter-klok,  n.  a  clock 
which  is  made  to  go  by  the  fall  of  tcater. 

WATER-CLOSET,  waw'ter-kloz'et,  n.  a 
closet  used  as  a  privy,  in  which  the  dis- 
charges are  carriec^  off  by  water. 


WATER-COLOR 


477 


WAX-PALM 


WATER- COLOR,  waw'ter -*:ul'ur,  n.  a 
color  or  pigment  diluted  with  water  and 
gum.  instead  of  oil. 

WATERCOURSE,  waw'ter-k5rs,  n.  a  course 
or  channel  for  water. 

WATERFALL,  wavv'ter-fawl,  «.  a  fall  or 
perpendicular  descent  of  a  body  of  water: 
a  cataract  or  cascade. 

WATER-FOWL,  waw'ter-fowl,  n.  a  bird 
that  frequents  the  water,  or  lives  about 
rivers,  lakes,  or  on  or  near  the  sea  :  an 
aquatic  fowl.  The  term  is  generally 
applied  to  web-footed  birds,  but  some- 
times employed  also  to  include  herons, 
plovers,  and  other  birds  which  frequent 
rivers,  lakes,  and  sea-shores. 

WATER-FOX,  waw'ter-foks,  n.  a  name 
given  to  the  carp  on  account  of  its  sup- 
posed cunning.     Iz.  Walton. 

WATER-FRAME,  waw'ter-fram,  n.  the 
name  given  to  Arkvvright's  frame  for 
spinning  cotton  on  account  of  its  having- 
been  at  first  driven  by  water.  Called  also 
Throstle  (which  see). 

WATER-FURROW,  waw'ter-fur-5,  n.  in 
agri.  a  deep  furrow  made  for  conducting 
water  from  the  ground  and  keeping  it 
dry. 

WATER-FURROW,  waw'ter-fur-5,  v.t.  to 
plough  or  open  water-furrows  in;  to  drain 
by  means  of  water-furrows.     Tiisser. 

WATER-GALL,  waw'ter-gawl,  n.  a  cavity 
made  in  the  earth  by  a  torrent  of  water: 
an  appearance  in   the  sky  known  from 
experience  to  presage  the  approach  of 
rain  :  a  rainbow-colored  spot  :  an  imper- 
fectly formed  or  a  secondary  rainbow  : 
a  weather-gall.     "  False  good  news  are 
always  produced  by  true  good,   like  the 
water-gall  by  the  rainbow." — H.  Walpole. 
And  round  about  her  tear-distained  eye 
Blue  circles  streamed,  like  rainbows  in  the  sky. 
These  water-galis  in  her  dim  element 
Foretell  new  storms,— S/iafc. 

fWATER,  and  O.  E.  galle,  Ice.  galli.  Ger. 
galle.  fault,  flaw,  imperfection.] 

WATER-GAS,  waw'ter-gas,  n.  an  illu- 
minating gas  obtained  by  decomposing 
water.  Steam  is  passed  over  red-hot 
coke,  when  the  oxygen  being  absorbed 
the  hydrogen  and  carbonic  oxide  are 
passed  through  a  retoit  in  which  car- 
bonaceous matter  is  undergoing  decom- 
position, absorbing  therefrom  sutHcient 
carbon  to  render  it  luminous  when 
lighted. 

WATERGAUGE  or  WATERGAGE,  waw'- 
ter-gaj,  n.  an  instrument  for  gauging  or 
measuring  the  quantity  of  icater. 

WATER-INCH,  waw'ter-insh,  n.  in  hy- 
draulics, a  measure  of  water  equal  to 
the  quantity  discharged  in  24  hours 
through  a  circular  opening  of  1  inch  dia- 
meter leading  from  a  reservoir,  under 
the  least  pressure,  that  is,  wlien  the 
water  is  only  so  high  as  to  merely  cover 
the  orifice.  This  quantity  is  500  cubic 
feet  very  nearly. 

WATERING-PLACE,  waw'ter-ing-plas,  n. 
a,  place  where  water  may  be  obtained  :  a 
place  to  which  people  resort  to  drink 
mineral  water,  or  bathe,  etc. 

WATERISH,  waw'ter-ish,  adj.  resembling 
ivater  :  somewhat  watery  :  thin. 

WATERLANDER,  waw'ter-land-er,  WA- 
TERLAKDIAN,  waw'ter-land-j'an,  n.  a 
member  of  the  more  moderate  of  the  two 
sections  into  which  the  Dutch  Anabap- 
tists became  divided  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury on  the  question  of  excommunica- 
tion, both  with  regard  to  the  strictness 
and  severity  with  which  it  was  applied, 
as  well  as  the  extent  to  which  it  reached, 
their  opponents  extending  it  to  the  rela- 
tives of  the  offender :  so  called  from  a 
district  in  Holland  called  Waterland. 

WATER-LEVEL,  waw'ter-lev'el,  n.  the 
level  formed  by  the  surface  of  still  water: 


a  levelling-  instrument  in  which  water  is 
employed  instead  of  mercury  or  spirit  of 
wine  It  consists  of  a  glass  tube  contain- 
ing water,  open  at  both  ends,  and  having 
the  ends  turned  up.  When  the  tube  is 
placed  on  a  horizontal  surface  tlie  water 
will  stand  at  the  same  height  in  the 
turned  up  ends,  and  when  placed  in  an 
inclined  position  the  water  will  manifest- 
ly stand  highest  in  the  depressed  end. 

WATER-LILY,  waw'ter-lil'i,  n.  a  water- 
plant  like  a  lily,  with  large  floating 
leaves. 

WATERLINE,  waw'ter-Un,  n.  the  line  on 
a  ship  to  which  the  water  rises. 

WATER-LOGGED,  waw'ter-logd,  adj.  ren- 
dered /ofir-like,  or  unmanageable,  from  be- 
ing filled  with  icater. 

WATERMAN,  waw'ter-man,  n.  a  ma?i  who 
phes  a  boat  on  water  for  hire :  a  boat- 
man :  a  ferryman. 

WATERMARK,  waw'ter-mark,  n.  a  mark 
showing  the  height  to  which  water  has 
risen  :  a  tide  mark :  a  mark  wrought 
into  paper. 

WATERMILL,  waw'ter-mil,  n.  a  mill  driven 
bv  icater. 

WATER-PARTING,  waw'ter-part'ing,  n. 
same  as  Watershed. 

WATER-POWER,  waw'ter-pow'er,  n.  the 
power  of  icater,  employed  to  move  ma- 
chinery, etc. 

WATERPROOF,  waw'ter-proof,ad;".  imper- 
vious to  water  :  so  firm  and  compact  as 
not  to  admit  water:  as,  imterpiroof  cloth, 
leather,  or  felt.  Many  solutions  and  com- 
positions have  been  employed  for  the 
purpose  of  rendering  cloth  and  other 
things  water-proof,  but  caoutchouc  or 
india-rubber  has  now  nearly  superseded 
all  other  agents  for  this  purpose  :  anj' 
substance,  as  caoutchouc,  a  sc'-ition  of 
soap  and  alum,  or  of  isinglass  .-.th  in- 
fusion of  galls,  for  rendering  cloth, 
leather,  etc.,  impervious  or  nearly  im- 
pervious to  water. 

WATERSHED,  waw'ter-shed,  n.  the  line 
which  separates  two  river-basins :  a  dis- 
trict from  which  several  rivers  rise.  [See 
Shed,  to  part.] 

WATER-SPOUT,  waw'ter-spowt,  n.  a  re- 
markable meteorological  phenomenon 
frequently  observed  at  sea,  and  exactly 
analogous  to  the  whirlwinds  experienced 
on  land.  It  occurs  when  opposite  winds 
of  different  temperatures  meet  in  the 
upper  atmosphere,  whereby  a  great 
amoimt  of  vapor  is  condensed  into  a 
thick  black  cloud,  to  which  a  vertical 
motion  is  given.  This  vertical  motion 
causes  it  to  take  the  form  of  a  vast  fun- 
nel, which,  descending  near  the  surface 
of  the  sea,  draws  up  the  water  in  its 
vortex,  which  joins  in  its  whirling  mo- 
tion. The  whole  column,  which  after  the 
junction  extends  from  the  sea  to  the 
clouds,  assumes  a  magnificent  appear- 
ance, being  of  a  light  color  near  its  axis, 
but  dark  along  the  sides.  When  acted 
on  by  the  wind  the  column  assumes  a 
position  oblique  to  the  horizon,  but  in 
calm  weather  it  maintains  its  vertical 
position,  while  at  the  same  time  it  is 
carried  along  the  surface  of  the  sea. 
Sometimes  the  upper  and  lower  parts 
move  with  different  velocities,  causing 
the  parts  to  separate  from  each  other,  of- 
ten with  a  loud  report.  The  whole  of  the 
vapor  is  at  length  absorbed  in  the  air,  or 
it  descends  to  the  sea  in  a  heavy  shower 
of  rain.  Sudden  gusts  of  wind,  from  all 
points  of  the  compass,  are  very  common 
in  the  vicinity  of  water-spouts.  What 
are  sometimes  called  water-spouts  on  land 
are  merely  heavy  falls  of  rain  of  a  very 
local  character,  and  may  or  may  not  be 
a^ccompanied  with  whirlmg  winds.    They 


occur  generally  during  thunder-storms, 
and  differ  only  from  severe  hail-storms 
in  point  of  temperature. 

WATER-TABLE,  waw'ter- ta'bl,  n.  a 
moulding  or  other  projection  in  the 
wall  of  a  building  to  throw  off  the 
water. 

WATERTIGHT,  waw'ter-tit,  adj.  so  tight 
as  not  to  admit  water,  nor  let  it  escape. 

WATER  WHEEL,  waw'ter-hwel,  n.  a  wheel 
moved  by  water :  an  engine  for  raising 
water. 

WATERWORK,  waw'ter- wurk,  n.  any 
work  or  engine  by  which  water  is  fur- 
nished, as  to  a  town,  etc.,  usually  in  the 
pi. 

WATERY,  waw'ter-!,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
like  water :  thin  or  transparent  :  taste- 
less :  containing  or  abounding  with  wa- 
ter.— n.  Wa'teriness. 

WATTLE,  wot'l,  n.  a  twig  or  flexible  rod  : 
a  hurdle  :  the  fleshy  excrescence  under 
the  throat  of  a  cock  or  a  turkey. — v.t.  to 
bind  with  wattles  or  twigs  :  to  form  by 
plaiting  twigs.     [A.S.  watul.] 

WAUL,  wawl,  v.i.  to  cry  as  a  cat.  [Imi- 
tative.] 

WAVE,  wav,  n.  a  ridge  on  the  surface  of 
water  swaying  or  moving  backwards  and 
forwards  :  a  state  of  vibration  propa- 
gated through  a  system  of  particles : 
inequality  of  surface  :  a  line  or  streak 
like  a  wave. — v.i.  to  move  like  a  wave  : 
to  play  loosely  :  to  be  moved,  as  a  signal 
or  a  flag  :  to  fluctuate. — v.t.  to  move 
backwards  and  forwards  :  to  brandish  : 
to  waft  or  beckon  :  to  raise  into  inequal- 
ities of  surface.  [M.E.  wawe — A.S.  wceg ; 
cog.  with  Ger.  woge,  Ice.  vogr;  allied  to 
Vogue,  Waver.] 

WAVELESS.  wav'les,  adj.,  free  from 
traves :  undisturbed. 

WAVELET,  wav'let,  n.  a  little  wave.  [Dinoc 
of  Wave.] 

WAVE-OFFERING,  wav'-of'er-ing,  n.  (B.) 
an  offering  waved  towards  the  four  points. 

WAVER,  wav'er,  v.i.  to  move  to  and  fro:  to 
shake  :  to  be  unsteady  or  undetermined : 
to  be  in  danger  of  falling. — n.  Wav'ereb. 
[An  extension  of  Wave.] 

WAVY,  wav'i,  adj.  full  of  or  rising  in 
waves  :  playing  to  and  fro  :  undulating. 

WAX,  waks,  n.  a  fat-like  yellow  substance 
produced  by  bees,  and  used  by  them  in 
making  their  cells:  any  substance  like  it, 
as  that  in  the  ear  :  the  substance  used  to 
seal  letters  :  that  used  by  shoemakers  to 
rub  their  thread. — v.t.  to  smear  or  rub 
with  wax. — adj.  Wax'en.  [A.S.  weax, 
wcEX ;  Ice.  vox,  Dut.  was,  Ger.  wachs.] 

WAX,  waks,  v.i.  to  grow  or  increase,  esp. 
of  the  moon,  as  opp.  to  wane :  to  pass 
into  another  state.  [A.S.  weaxan  ;  Ice. 
raa-a,  Ger.  wachsen,  Goth,  wahsjan  ;  L. 
augeo,  to  increase,  Gr.  auxano.  Sans, 
i-aksh,  Zend,  ukhs.] 

WAXCLOTH,  waks'kloth,  n.,  cloth  covered 
with  a  coating  of  wax,  used  for  table- 
covers,  etc.  :  a  popular  name  for  all  oU 
floorcloths. 

WAXEN,  waks'n,  (B.)  pa.p.  of  Wax, 
groicn. 

WAX-PALM,  waks'-pam,  n.  a  species  of 
palm,  the  Ceroxylon  andicola,  found  in 
South  America.      It  is  a  native  of  the 
Andes,  and  is  found  chiefly  between  4° 
and  5°  of  north  latitude,  at  an  elevation 
of  about  5000  feet  above  the  sea-level, 
among  rugged  precipices.     It  grows  to 
the   height  of  180  feet.      The  trunk  is 
marked  by  rings,  caused  by  the  falliDS- 
off  of  the  leaves,  which  are  18  to  20  tee^ 
long,  and  is  covered  with  a  tb]cJ^.^''^nd 
tion,  consisting  of  two-thii-ds  resi^  _^^^^ 
one-third   wax.      This   substance^.^^    _^^_ 
exuded  from  the  leaves,  i^^^^    heated, 
most    inodorous,   excepi- 


WAX-PAPER 

when  it  gives  out  a  resinous  odor.  In 
the  region  in  which  it  grows  the  wax, 
usually  mixed  with  bees'-wax  and  tallow, 
is  miwe  into  candles.  The  only  other 
palm  which  exudes  wax,  and  that  in  a 
sort  of  scales  from  the  palmate  leaves,  is 
the  Carnauba  palm,  found  plentifully  in 
Brazil. 

W^\:X-PAPER,  waks'-pa-per,  n.  a  kind  of 
paper  prepared  by  spreading  over  its  sur- 
face a  coating  made  of  white  waXj  tur- 
pentine, and  spermaceti. 

WAX-RED,  waks'-red,  adj  of  a  bright  red 
color,  resembling  that  of  sealing-wax. 
"  Wax-red  lips."— S/wfc. 

WAX-SCOT,  waks'-skot,  n.  a  duty  ancient- 
ly paid  twice  a  year  towards  the  charge 
of  wax-candles  in  churches. 

WAX-WrNG,  waks'-vring,  n.  the  common 
name  of  the  specips  of  dentirosti-al  birds 
of  the  genus  Ampelis.  They  are  so  named 
because  most  of  them  have  small,  oval, 
horny  appendages  on  the  secondaries  of 
the  wings  of  the  color  of  red  sealing-wax. 
Only  three  species  have  been  recorded, 
viz.  the  Bohemian  wax-wing  or  chatterer 
{A.  garrula),  a  migratory  bird,  which  has 
a  wide  geographical  range,  the  American 
wax-wing  or  cedar-bird  (A.  carolinensis), 
which  is  confined  to  North  America,  and 
the  red-winged  chatterer  or  Japanese 
wax-wing  {A.  phenicoptera),  an  Asiatic 
bird. 

WAXWORK,  waks'wurk,  n.,  icork  made 
of  wax,  esp.  figures  or  models  formed  -of 
wax. 

WAXY,  waks*!,  adj.  resembling  VKue: 
soft :  adhesive. 

WAY,  wa,  n.  passage :  road :  length  of 
space :  distance  :  direction  :  manner  of 
Ufe  :  advance  ic  life  :  general  manner  of 
acting  :  means  :  manner  :  will. — By  the 
WAY,  as  we  go  on. — WAY'S  and  means, 
resources  of  revenue.  [A.S.  img ;  Qer. 
weg,  L.  via,  Sans,  vaha :  akin  to  t^eho,  to 
carry;  Gr.  ochos,  a  carriage.    Ct.  Weigh.] 

WAYBILL,  wa'bil,  re.  list  of  goods  carried 
by  a  freight  train  on  railways. 

Wayfarer,  wa'far-er,  n.  one  who /ares 
or  goes  on  his  leay :  a  traveller  or  pass- 
enger. 

WAYFARING,  wa'far-ing,  adj.  travelling 
or  passing. 

Waylay,  wa-ia'  or  wa'ia,  i\t.  to  He  in  the 

icai)  for  :  to  watch  or  lie  in  ambush  for. 
WAYMARK,  wa'mark,  n.  (B.)  a  guidepost. 
WAYWARD,  wa'ward,  adj.  froward:  will- 
ful.—)). Way'wardness.      [Prob.  origi- 
nally sig.  "taking  one's  own  way"  (of. 
the  adj.  Froward).] 
WAYWISE,  wa'wlz,  adj.  expert  in  finding 
or  keeping  the  way:  knowing  the  way  or 
route.    Ash. 
WAYWISER,  wa'wiz-er,  n.  an  instrument 
for  measuring  the  distance  which  one  has 
travelled  on  the  road  :  an  odometer  or 
pedometer.  "  I  went  to  see  Colonel  Blount 
who  showed  me  the  application  of  the 
tcaywiser  to  a  coach,  exactly  measuring 
the  miles,  and  showing  tljem  by  an  index 
as  we  went  on.  It  had  3  circles,*one  point- 
ing to  the  number  of  rods,  another  to  the 
miles,  by  10  to  1000,  with  all  the  sub- 
divisions   of  quarters."  —  Evelyn.    [Ger. 
urgweiser,  from  leeg,  way,   and  weisen, 
to  direct.] 
WAYWODE,  WAIWODE,  wa'w3d,  n.  a 
^        name  originally  given  to  military  com- 
■*>         manders  in  various  Slavonic  countries, 
and   afterwards  to   governors  of  towns 
bv  Er;?^*if  es.     It   was  borne  for  a  time 
■^ho^,l'^ers  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia, 
podftf.     r^^^itlytook  the  title  of  Hos- 
armv   lekder    V^^  ^"^-  ^i^oyewoda,  lit. 
V>odU,  to  lead.]"'™   "^^  ^°  ^'■"y'  ^^^ 


478 

WAYWORN,  wa'wOrn,  ai^'.  worn  out  by 

travel. 
WE.  \ve,pron.,pl.  of  I:  I  and  another  or 
others  :  I  and  he  or  she,  or  I  and  they. 
We  is  sometimes,  like  they,  vaguely  used 
for  society,  people  in  general,  the  world, 
etc.,  but  when  the  speaker  or  writer  uses 
we  he  identifies  himself  more  or  less  di- 
rectly with  the  statement :  when  he  uses 
they  he  implies  no  such  identification. 
Both  pron»uns  thus  used  may  be  trans- 
lated by  the  French  on  and  the  German 
man;  as  we  (or  they)  say=07i  dit,  man 
sagt. 
(Vice)  seen  too  oft,  familiar  \vlth  her  face. 
We  first  endure,  then  pitv,  then  embrace.— POpc 
"  •  TJiey  say  so.'  '  And  who  are  "  they  "f 
Everybod J'— nobody.  They!  They  is  a 
regular  scandal-monger,  an  unknown, 
unacknowledged,  unseen,  unanswered, 
unauthorized  creation  quoted  on  all  oc- 
casions.' "—Mrs.  8.  C.  Hall.  We  is  fre- 
quently used  by  indi%iduals,  as  editors, 
authors,  and  the  like,  when  alluding  to 
themselves,  in  order  to  avoid  the  appear- 
ance of  egotism  which  it  is  assumed 
would  result  from  the  frequent  use  of 
the  pronoun  I,  though  it  is  an  open  ques- 
tion whether  or  not  ive  is  any  less  ego- 
tistic than  /,  in  authorship.  The  plural 
style  is  also  used  by  kings  and  other  po- 
tentates, and  is  said  to  have  been  first 
used  in  his  edicts  by  King  John  of  En- 
gland, according  to  others  by  Richard  I. 
The  French  and  German  sovereigns  fol- 
lowed the  example  about  the  beginning 
of  the  thirteenth  century. 

We  charge  you,  on  allegiance  to  ouredf. 
To  holil  your  slaughtering'  hands.— S/iaV. 
[A.S.  we,  O.S.  we,  m,  Ice.  ver,  veer,  Dan. 
and  Sw.  vi,  Dut.  inj,  Ger.  n-ir,  Goth,  weis; 
cog.  Sans,  vayam — we.  The  initial  tr  or 
V  is  supposed  to  represent  m  of  the  old 
radical  ma,  me,  I,  and  the  suffix  s  (Ger.  r) 
to  be  a  relic  of  an  old  demonstrative  sma 
joined  to  the  first  pronoim.  Originally, 
therefore.  we=ma-sma=I+that  (or  he).] 

WEAK,  wek,  adj.  soft :  wanting  strength: 
not  able  to  sustain  a  great  weight:  want- 
ing health  :'  easilj'  overcome  :  feeble  of 
mind  :  wanting  moral  force  :  frail :  un- 
steady :  slight  or  incomplete  :  having 
little  of  the  chief  ingredient:  impressible: 
incon(;lusive. — adv.  Weak'LY.— jj.Weak'- 
NESS.  [A.S.  u'ac,  pliant — jrican,  to  yield; 
cog.  vN-ith  Dut.  tceek.  Ice.  veik-T,  Ger. 
weich.] 

WEAKEN,  wek'n,  v.t.  to  make  lyeaTc ;  to 
reduce  in  strength  or  spirit. — v.i.  to  grow 
weak  or  weaker.  [A.S.  wacian ;  Ger. 
weichen.    See  Weak.] 

WEAKLING,  wek'ling,  n.  a  vxah  or  feeble 
creature. 

WEAKLY,  wek^i,  adj.,  weak  in  body  or 
mind. 

WEAL,  w51,  n.  state  of  being  well:  a 
sound  or  prosperous  state  ;  welfare. 
[A.S.  wela,  wealth,  bliss ;  Ger.  wohl. 
See  Well,  adj.] 

WEAL,  wel,  n.  a  form  of  Wale. 

WEALD,  weld,  n.  a  ^vood  or  forest :  a 
wooded  region:  an  open  country.  [A.S. 
weald.  Ger.  icald,  wood,  from  the  root 
of  Wild.] 

WEALDEN,  weld'n,  adj.  (geol)  pertaining 
to  the  upper  oolitic  series  of  rocks.  [So 
called  because  first  studied  in  the  ivealds 
in  S.  of  England.] 

WEALTH,  welth,  n.  large  possessions  of 
any  kind:  riches.  [Lit.  "state  of  being 
well  or  prosperous ;"  an  extension  of 
Weal,  state  of  being  well.] 

WEALTHIEST,  welthl-est,  adj.  superl.  of 
Wealthy:  {Pr.  Bk.,  Ps.  Ixxviii.  31)  fat- 
test. 

WEALTHY,  welth'i,  adj.  rich  :  (B.)  pros- 
perous.— adv.  Wealth'ilt. — n.WKALTH'- 
meaa. 


WEATHERBOUND 

WEAN,  wen,  v.t.  to  accustom  to  do  with* 
out  the  breast :  to  reconcile  to  the  want 
of  anything :  to  estrange  the  affections 
from  any  object  ac  habit.  [A.S.  wenian ; 
Ice.  venja,  Ger.  gewohnen,  to  accustom, 
ent-wohnen,  to  disuse,  to  wean.] 

WEAPON,  wep'un,  n.  any  instrument  off 
offence  or  defence. — adj.  Weap'oned. 
[A.S.  rccepen ;  Goth,  vepna,  arms,  Ger, 
waffen  and  wappen.] 

WEAPON-SALVE,  wep'on-sav,  n.  a  salve 
which  was  supposed  to  cure  the  wound 
by  being  applied  to  the  weapon  that 
made  it.  Sir  Kenelm  Digby  says  the 
salve  produces  sympathy  between  the 
wound  and  the  weapon,  citing  several 
instances  to  prove  that  "  as  the  sword  is 
treated  the  wound  inflicted  by  it  feels. 
Thus,  if  the  instrument  is  kept  wet  the 
wound  wUI  feel  cool,  if  held  to  the  fire 
it  wOl  feel  hot,"  etc.  This  is  referred  to 
in  the  following  lines  : — 

She  has  taen  the  broken  lance. 
And  washed  it  from  the  clotted  gore, 
And  salved  the  splinter  o'er  and  o'er. 

Sir  W.  Scott  (Marmion). 

WEAR,  war,  v.t.  to  carry  on  the  body  :  to 
have  the  appearance  of  :  to  consume  by 
use,  time,  or  exposure :  to  waste  by  ruli^ 
bing:  to  do  by  degrees. — v.i.  to  be  wasted 
by  use  or  tinie  :  to  be  spent  tediously:  to 
consume  slowly  :  to  last  under  use  :— 
pa.t.  wore ;  pa.p.  worn. — n.  Weae'ee. 
[Lit.  "to  cover,"  A.S.  werian;  Ice.rerja, 
to  cover,  Goth,  vasjan.    See  Vest.] 

WEAR,  war,  n.  act  of  wearing :  lessening 
or  injury  by  use  or  friction. — Weae  AND 
Tear,  loss  by  wear  or  use. 

WEAR,  war,  v.t.  to  put  a  ship  on  another 
tack.     [Prob.  a  corr.  of  Veer.] 

WEAR,  wer.  n.  another  speUing  of  Weieu 

WEARABLE,  war'a-bl,  adj.  fit  to  be  worn, 

WEARISOME,  we'ri-sum.  adj.  making 
weary  :  tedious. — adv.  Wea'eisomely.— 
n.  Wea'eisomeness. 

WEAKY,  we'ri,  aty.  worn  out :  having  the 
strength  or  patience  exhausted  :  tired  : 
causing  wearine.ss. — v.t.  to  wear  out  or 
ma'Ke  weary  :  to  reduce  the  strength  or 
patience  of  :  to  harass. — adv.  Wea'eily. 
— n.  Wea'einess.     [A.S.  werig.] 

WEASEL,  we'zl,  n.  a  small  animal  with  a 
slender  body  and  short  legs,  living  on 
birds,  mice,"  etc.  [A.S.  wesle  ;  Ger.  icie- 
sel.] 

WEATHER,  we;?i'er,  n.  state  of  the  air  as 
to  heat  or  cold,  dryness  or  wetness,  etc. 
~-i\t.  to  affect  by  exposing  to  the  air : 
to  sail  to  the  windward  of :  to  gain  or 
pass,  as  a  promontory  or  cape  ;  to  hold 
out  stoutly  against  difficulties.  [A.S. 
weder ;  Ice.  vedhr,  Grer.  tcetter.] 

WEATHER-BEATEN,  we(7i'er-bet'n,  adj. 
distressed  or  seasoned  by  the  weather. 

WEATHER-BOARD,  wef/t'er-bSrd,  n. 
(nauf.)  that  side  of  a  ship  which  is  to- 
ward the  wind,  the  windward  side  ;  a 
piece  of  plank  placed  in  the  ports  of  a 
ship  when  laid  up  in  ordinary,  and  serv- 
ing as  a  protection  from  bad  weather ; 
weather-boards  are  fixed  in  an  inclined 
position,  so  as  to  turn  off  the  rain  with- 
out preventing  the  circulation  of  air  :  a 
board  used  in  weather-boarding  (which 
see). 

WEATHER-BOARD,  wetTi'er-bord,  v.t.  tc 
nail  boards  upon,  as  a  root  or  side  of  a 
house,  lapping  one  over  another,  in  order 
to  prevent  rain,  snow,  etc.,  from  pene- 
trating them. 

WEATHER  -  BOARDING,  we^Ver  -  bord  - 
ing,  n.  boards  nailed  with  a  lap  on  each 
other,  to  prevent  the  penetration  of  the 
rain  and  snow,  used  in  roofing  and  siding. 

WEATHERBOUND,  we^Ti'er-bownd,  adj., 
bound  or  delayed  by  bad  vxather. 


WEATHERCOCK 


479 


WEEPING-WILLOW 


WEATHERCOCK,  wetft'er-kok,  n.  a  vane 
(often  in  the  form  of  a  cock)  to  show  the 
direction  of  the  wind :  anything  turning 
easily  and  often. 

WEATHERGAGE,  weth'er-ga],  n.  a  gage 
of  or  that  which  shows  the  weather :  the 
position  of  a  ship  to  the  windward  of 
another. 

WEATHERSIDE,  we<7i'er-sld,  n.  the  wind- 
ward side. 

WEAVE,  wev,  v.t.  to  twine  threads  to- 
gether :  to  unite  threads  in  a  loom  to 
form  cloth  :  to  work  into  a  fabric  :  to 
unite  by  intermixture. — v.i.  to  practice 
weaving  :^3a.;.  wove,  (rarely)  weaved  ; 
pa.p.  wov'en.  [A.S.  wefan ;  Ice.  vefa, 
Ger.  weben.] 

WEAVER,  wev'er,  n.  one  who  weaves  : 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  weave. 
"  Tl^eauers  were  supposed  to  be  generally 
good  singers.  Their  trade,  being  seden- 
tary, they  had  an  opportunity  of  prac- 
ticing, and  sometimes  in  parts.  .  .  .  Many 
of  the  weavers  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  days 
were  Flemish  Calvinists,  who  fled  from 
the  persecution  of  the  Duke  of  Alva,  and 
were  therefore  particularly  given  to 
singing  psalms.  .  .  .  Hence  tlie  excla- 
mation of  Falstaff."  "  I  would  I  were  a 
weaver !  I  could  sing  psalms,  and  all  man- 
ner of  songs." — Nares:  the  name  Weaver- 
Bird  is  given  to  insessorial  birds  of  various 
genera.  They  are  so  called  from  the  re- 
markable structure  of  their  nests,  which 
are  woven  in  a  very  wonderful  manner 
of  various  vegetable  substances.  Some 
species  build  their  nests  separate  and 
sing]}',  and  hang  them  from  slender 
branches  of  trees  and  shrubs,  but  others 
build  in  companies,  numerous  nests  sus- 
pended from  the  branches  of  a  tree  being 
under  one  roof,  though  each  one  forms  a 

i)   separate  compartment  and  has  a  separate 

'l  entrance.  They  are  natives  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  Asia,  of  Africa,  and  of  Australia, 
none  being  found  in  Europe  or  America. 
The  PJoceus  icterocephalus,  or  yellow- 
crowned  weaver,  is  a  native  of  South 
Africa,  and  constructs  an  isolated  pen- 
sile kidney-shaped  nest,  about  7  inches 
long  by  4i  broad,  with  an  opening  in  the 
side.  Naturalists  are  not  quite  agreed 
as  to  whether  the  nests  of  the  weaver- 
bird  are  built  in  their  own  peculiar  man- 
ner as  a  means  of  preservation  against 
the  rain,  or  against  the  attacks  of  ser- 
pents and  small  quadrupeds,  probably 
the  latter. 

WEAVING,  wev'ing,  n.  the  act  of  one  who 
weaves :  the  act  or  art  of  producing 
cloth  or  other  textile  fabrics  by  means 
of  a  loom  from  the  combination  of 
threads  or  filaments.  In  all  kinds  of 
weaving,  whether  plain  or  figured,  one 
system  of  threads,  called  the  looof  or 
weft,  is  made  to  pass  alternately  under 
and  over  another  system  of  threads 
called  the  icafp,  web.  or  chain.  The  es- 
sential operations  are  the  successive  rais- 
ing of  certain  threads  of  the  warp  and 
the  depression  of  others  so  as  to  form  a 
decussation  or  shed  for  the  passage  of  the 
weft  yarn,  which  is  then  beaten  up  by 
means  of  a  lay  or  batten.  Weaving  is 
'  performed  by  the  hand  in  what  are  called 
hand-looms,  or  by  steam  in  what  are 
called  power-looms,  but  the  general  ar- 
rangements for  both  are  to  a  certain  ex- 

'  tent  the  same.  Weaving,  in  the  most 
general  sense  of  the  term,  comprehends 
not  only  those  textile  fabrics  which  are 
prepared  in  the  loom,  but  also  net-work, 
lace-work,  etc. 

WEB,  web,  n.  that  which  is  woven :  the 
fine  texture  spun  by  the  spider  as  a  snare 
for  flies  :  a  film  over  the  eye  :  the  skin 
between  the  toes  of  waterfowls  :  a  large 


roll  of  paper.  [A.S.  webb ;  Ice.  vefr, 
Ger.  gewebe  ;  from  root  of  Weave.] 

WEBBED,  webd,  adj.  having  the  toes 
united  by  a  web  or  skin. 

WEBBING,  web'ing,  n.  a  narrow  woven 
fabric  of  hemp,  used  for  chairs,  etc. 

WEB-FOOTED,  web'-foot'ed,  adj.  having 
webbed  feet. 

WEB-PRESS,  web'-pres,  n.  a  printing-ma- 
chine which  takes  its  paper  from  the 
web  or  roll :  much  used  in  newspaper 
and  such  like  printing. 

WED,  wed,  v.t.  to  marry  :  to  join  in  mar- 
riage :  to  unite  closely. — v.i.  to  marry : 
— pr.p.  wedd'ing;pa.^.  and  pa.p.  wedd'ed 
or  wed.  [A.S.  weddan,  to  engage,  to 
marry  (Ger.  wetten,  to  wager) — wedd,  a 
pledge,  cog-,  with  Goth,  vadi,  Ger.  wette, 
a  bet.     See  Gage,  and  Wage,  Wager.] 

WEDDED,  wed'ed,  adj.  married  :  belonging 
to  marriage. 

WEDDING,  wed'ing,  n.  marriage  :  mar- 
riage ceremony, 

WEDGE,  wej,  n.  a  piece  of  wood  or  metal, 
thick  at  one  end  and  sloping  to  a  thin 
edge  at  the  other,  used  in  splitting :  a 
mass  of  metal. — v.t.  to  cleave  with  a 
wedge  :  to  force  or  drive  with  a  wedge  : 
to  press  closely  :  to  fasten  with  a  wedge. 
[A.S.  wecg;  Ice.  veggr,  Ger.  week,  a  wedge; 
prob.  from  the  root  of  Way,  Weigh.] 

WBDGEWOOD-WARE,  wej'wood-war,  n. 
a  kind  of  semi-vitrifled  pottery  much 
esteemed.  [Invented  by  Josiah  Wedge- 
wood  (1730-95).] 

WEDLOCK,  wed  lok,  n.  marriage  :  matri- 
mony. [Lit.  "state  of  being  wedded," 
A.S.  wedlac — Wed,  and  -lac,  "  a  gift," 
"sport."  See  LAKE,  a  game,  and 
Kno^vledge.] 

WEDNESDAY,  wenz'da,  n.  fourth  day  of 
the  week.  [A.S.  Wodenes  dceg,  "the  day 
of  Woden  or  Odin,"  the  chief  Teutonic 
deity.] 

WEE,  we,  adj.  small.  [Cf.  Prov.  E.  weeny, 
small,  A.S.  hwcene,  Ger.  wenig ;  cf.  Scot, 
a  ivheen,  a  small  number.] 

WEED,  wed,  n.  any  useless  plant  of  small 
growth:  anything"  useless  or  troublesome. 
— v.t.  to  free  from  weeds:  to  remove  any- 
thing hurtful  or  offensive. — n.  WeeD'ER. 
[A.S.  weod,  an  herb.] 

WEED,  wed,  7i.  a  garment  ;  an  article  of 
clothing  ;  "  Lowly  shepherd's  weeds." 
—Spenser  ;  "  Palmer's  weeds."  —  Milton  ; 
"  This  silken  rag,  this  beggar-woman's 
tveed." — Tennyson:  an  upper  or  outer 
garment;  "  His  own  hands  putting  on 
both  shirt  and  weede." — Chapman :  an 
article  of  dress  worn  in  token  of  mourn- 
ing ;  mourning  garb  ;  mournings  ;  "  In 
a  mourning  weed,  with  ashes  upon  her 
head,  and  tears  abundantly  flowing." — 
Milton.  In  this  sense  used  now  in  the 
plural,  and  more  specifically  applied  to 
the  mourning  dress  of  a  widow.  "A 
widow's  weeds  are  still  spoken  of,  mean- 
ing her  appropriate  mourning  dress." — 
Nares.  [A.S.  weed,  wcede,  a  garment,  O. 
Fris.  reed,  wede,  Dut.  {ge)tvaad,  Ice.  vdd, 
O.Ger.  tvdt,  clothing,  a  garment  ;  from 
same  root  as  Goth,  ga-vidan,  to  bind, 
and  as  E.  weave,  withy.} 

WEEDY,  wed'i,  adj.  consisting  of  toeeds : 
full  of  weeds. 

WEEK,  wek,  n.  the  space  of  seven  days  : 
the  space  from  one  Sunday  to  another  : 
a  cycle  of  time  which  has  been  used  from 
the  earliest  ages  in  Eastern  countries, 
and  is  now  universally  adopted  over  the 
Christian  and  Mohammedan  worlds.  It 
has  been  commonly  regarded  as  a  memo- 
rial of  the  creation  of  the  world  in  that 
space  of  time.  It  is  besides  the  most 
obvious  and  convenient  division  of  the 
lunar  or  natural  month. — This  (that) 
DAT  WEEK,  the  same  day  a  week  after- 


wards :  the  corresponding  day  in  th& 
succeeding  week.  "  This  day  week  you 
will  be  alone." — Charlotte  Bronte. — Pas- 
sion WEEK,  the  week  containing  Good 
Friday. — The  Feast  of  weeks,  a  Jewish 
festival  lasting  seven  weeks,  that  is,  a 
"week  of  weeks"  after  the  Passover. 
It  corresponds  to  our  Pentecost  or  Whit- 
suntide.— A  PROPHETIC  week,  in  Scrip. 
a  week  of  years  or  seven  years.  [O.  E. 
weke,  wike,  A.S.  wice ;  Dut.  week.  Ice. 
vika,  a  week.  Origin  and  further  con- 
nections doubtful.] 
WEEK-DAY,  wek'-da,  n.  any  day  of  the 
week  except  Sunday. 
One  solid  dish  his  tveek-day  meal  affords, 
An  added  pudding  solemnized  the  Lord's. — Pope. 

WEEKLY,  wek'li,  adj.  coming,  happening, 
or  done  once  a  xceek. — adv.  once  a  week. 
— n.  a  publication  appearing  once  a  week. 

WEEN,  wen,  v.i.  to  think  or  fancy.  [A.S. 
wenan  —  wen  (Ger.  wahn),  expectation, 
hope.] 

WEEP,  wep,  v.i.  to  express  grief  by  shed' 
ding  tears  :  to  wail  or  lament. — v.t.  to 
lament :  to  pour  forth  -.—pia.t.  and  pa.p. 
wept.  [A.S.  icepan ;  allied  to  Goth,  vop- 
jan,  E.  WHOOP.] 

WEEPER,  wep'er,  n.  one  who  weeps  :  a 
white  border  round  the  sleeve  of  a  mourn- 
ing dress. 

WEEPING,  wep'ing,  adj.  drooping  the 
branches  (as  it  were  through  grief). 

WEEPING-ASH,  wep'ing-ash,  »!..  Fraa- 
inus  pendula,  a  variety  of  ash  difi'ering 
from  the  common  ash  onlj'  in  its  branches 
arching  downwards  instead  of  upwards. 

WEEPING-BIRCH,  wep'ing-berch,  n.  a 
variety  of  the  birch-tree,  known  as  Be- 
tida  p>endula,  with  drooping  branches. 
It  is  very  common  in  different  parts  of 
Europe.  It  differs  from  the  common 
bircli  not  only  in  its  weeping  habit,  but 
also  in  its  young  shoots  being  quite 
smooth,  bright  chestnut  brown  when 
ripe,  and  then  covered  with  little  white 
warts. 

WEEPING  -  CROSS,  wep'ing-kros,  n.  a 
cross,  often  of  stone,  erected  on  or  by  the 
side  of  a  highway,  where  penitents  par- 
ticularly oflered  their  devotions. 

For  here  I  mourn  for  your,  our  publike  losse. 
And  doe  my  pennauce  at  the  vseeping-crosse. 

—  Wither. 
— To  RETURN  or  COME  HOME  BY  WeEPING- 
Cross,  an  old  phrase  meaning  to  suffer  a 
defeat  in  some  adventure  :  to  meet  with 
a  painful  repulse  or  failure  :  to  repent 
sorrowfully  having  taken  a  certain 
course  or  engaged  in  a  particular  under- 
taking. "  But  the  time  will  come  when, 
comming  home  by  Weeping-Crosse,  thou 
shalt  confesse  that  it  was  better  to  be  at 
home." — Lyly. 

WEEPINGLY,  wep'ing-li,  adv.  in  a  weep- 
ing manner :  with  weeping :  in  tears. 
"  She  took  her  son  into  her  arms  weep- 
ingly  laughing'." — Wotton. 

WEEPING-RIPE,  wgp'ing-rip,  adj.  ripe  or 
ready  for  weeping.  "  The  king  was  ^t•eep- 
ing-ripe  for  a  good  word." — Shak. 

WEEPING-ROCK,  wep'ing-rok,  n.  a  por- 
ous rock  from  which  water  gradually 
issues. 

WEEPING-SPRING,  wep'ing-spring,  n.  a 
spring  that  slowly  discharges  water. 

WEEPING-TREE,  wep'ing-tre,  n.  a  name 
common  to  varieties  of  several  trees,  the 
branches  and  twigs  of  which  in  a  normal 
state  have  an  upward  direction,  while  in 
the  weeping  variety  the  branches  and 
branchlets  are  elongated  and  pendulous, 
or  drooping.  The  weeping-willow,  weep- 
ing-birch, and  weeping-ash  are  exam- 
ples. 

WEEPING-WILLOW,  wep'ing-wil-6,  n.  a 
species  of  willow,  the  Salix  babylonica, 
wkose  branches  grow  very  long  and  slen- 


WEEVIL 

der,  and  hang  down  nearly  in  a  perpen- 
dicular direction.  It  is  a  native  of  the 
Levant,  and  is  said  to  have  been  first 
planted  iu  England  by  the  poet  Pope. 

WEEVIL,  wev'il.  n.  a  small  kind  of  beetle 
very  destructive  to  grain.  [A.S.  icifel ; 
Ger.  tdebel,  hith.  tvabalas ;  from  the  root 
of  Weave.] 

IfEFT.  weft,  n.  the  threads  woven  into  and 
crossing  the  warp.  [A.S.  u-eft,  for  wefed, 
a  weak  pa.p.  of  vefaii,  E.  Weave.] 

WEIGH,  wa,  v.t.  to  compare  by  the  bal. 
ance  :  to  find  the  heaviness  of  :  to  be 
equal  to  in  heaviness  :  to  bear  up,  to 
raise,  esp.  a  ship's  anchor  :  to  ponder  in 
the  mind  :  to  consider  worthy  of  notice. 

i:i.  to  have  weight :  to  be  considered 

of  importance  :  to  press  heavily.  [A.S. 
wegan,  to  carry,  to  weigh  ;  Ger.  wiegen, 
to  weigh  ;  L.  veho,  to  carry.  Cf.  Way, 
Wain.] 

IVTEIGHT,  wat,  n.  the  heaviness  of  a  thmg 
when  weighed,  or  the  amount  which  any- 
thing weighs:  the  force  with  which  a 
body  is  attracted  to  the  earth,  measured 
by  the  mass  into  the  acceleration  :  a 
mass  of  metal  adjusted  to  a  standard 
and  used  for  finding  weight  :  anything 
heavy:  a  ponderous  mass:  pressure  :  im- 
portance :  power  :  inipressiveness.  [A.S. 
ge-iriht ;  Ger.  ge-tmcht;  from  root  of 
Weigh.] 

WEIGHTY,  wat'i,  adj.  heavy :  important  : 
forcible.— adv.  Weight'ily.— «.  Wkight'- 

INESS. 

WEIR,  WEAK,  wer,  n.  a  dam  across  a 
river  :  a  fence  of  stakes  for  catching  fish. 
[A  S.  wer,  an  inclosure — werian,  to  pro- 
tect :  cf.  Ger.  wehr,  a  dam — wehren,  to 
ward.] 

i^'EIRD,  werd,  «.  a  spell  or  charm. — adj. 
skilled  in  witchcraft  :  unearthly.  [A.S. 
v.-yrd,  fate — root  of  weorthayi,  Ger.  wer- 
dsn,  to  happen.  See  WOKTH.] 
VELCOME,  wel'kum,  adj.  received  with 
gladness  :  admitted  willingly  :  causing 
gladness  :  free  to  enjoy. — n.  kindly  re- 
ception.— v.t.  to  receive  with  kindness  : 
to  entertain  hospitably.  [From  Come 
and  Will,  influenced  also  by  WELL.] 

Vv'ELD,  weld,  WOLD,  wold,  n.  a  plant  na- 
tive to  Great  Britain  and  several  Euro- 
pean countries,  used  by  dyers  to  give  a 
yellow  color,  and  sometimes  called  DY- 
ERS' Weed.  It  is  much  cultivated  in  Kent 
for  the  London  dyers.  It  is  the  Reseda 
Luteola  of  botanists,  being  a  member  of 
the  same  genus  as  mignonette.  Some- 
times also  called  Wild  Woad.  [O.  E. 
welde,  wolde,  Scand.  wald.  Origin  doubt- 
ful.] 

TfELD,  weld,  v.t.  to  unite  or  join  together 
into  firm  union,  as  two  pieces  of  metal, 
by  hammering  or  compression  when 
raised  to  a  great  heat.  Iron  and  platin- 
um, and  perhaps  one  or  two  other  met- 
als, may  be  hammered  together  when 
heated  to  nearly  a  state  of  semi-fusion  ; 
and  horn  and  tortoise-shell  may  be 
joined  firmly  by  pressure.  [O.  E.  icelle, 
Scand.  tvaid  (the  final  d  not  properly 
belonging  to  the  word)  ;  Ger.  and  Dut. 
Kcllen,  to  boil,  to  unite,  to  weld  ;  Sw. 
walla,  to  weld  or  join  two  pieces  of  iron 
\lmost  at  a  melting  heat.  The  same 
A-ord  as  well,  to  boil,  to  bubble  up,  to 
.veil.  "  The  process  of  welding  iron  is 
iamed  in  many  languages  from  the  word 
lov  boiling." — Wedgivood. 
'jyELD,  weld,  n.    a   junction,    as    of  two 

Eieces  of  iron,  when  heated  to  a  white 
ea*  by  hammering  or  compression  :  as, 
a  firm  or  close  weld. 
WELD,  WELDE.   weld,  v.t.  to  wield  :  to 
manage  :  to  direct :  to  govern.     "  Those 
that  vxld  the  awful  crown.  "—-Spereser. 


480 

"WELD ABLE,   weld'a-bl,    adj.    capable  of 

being  welded. 
WELDER,  weld'er,  n.  one  who  welds. 
WELDER,  weld'er,  n.   in  Ireland,  a  mana- 
ger :    an   actual   occupant  :   a  tenant  of 
land  under  a  middleman  or  series  of  mid- 
dlemen.    ' '  Such  immediate  tenants  have 
others  under  them,  and  so  a  third  and 
fourth  in  subordination,  till  it  comes  to 
the  welder,  as  they  call  him,  who  sits  at 
a  rack-rent,  and  lives  miserably."— Stuj/f. 
WELDING-HEAT,    weld'ing-het,    n.    the 
heat  necessary  for  welding  two  pieces  of 
metal  :    specifically,  the  white   heat  to 
which  iron  bars  are  brought  when  about 
to  undergo  this  process. 
WELFARE,  wel'far,  n.  state  of  faring  or 
doing  well :  freedom  from  any  calamity, 
etc.  :    enjoyment  of  health,  etc.  :   pros- 
perity. 
WELKIN,  wel'kin,  n.    the  sky  or  region 
of   clouds.      [A.S.  ivolcen,  welcn,  cloud, 
air,  sky  ;   Ger.  wolke,  cloud  ;   conn,  with 
Well,  a  spring,  the  root  idea  being  the 
"rolling"  (of  clouds)  in  the  air.] 
WELL,  wel,  n.   a  rise  of  water  from  the 
earth  :    a   spring :    a  pit    in   the   earth 
whence  a  supply  of  water  is  obtained  : 
an  inclosure  in  a  ship's  hold  round  the 
pumps  :    the   open  space  in  the  middle 
of   a  staircase. — v.i.    to  issue  forth,  as 
water    from    the    earth  :     to    spring. — 
Well-spring  {B.),  n.  a  fountain.     [A.S. 
well:   Ger.  icelle,  a  wave.      The  root  is 
found  in  A.S.  wealwian,  Goth,  valvjan, 
L.  volvere,  to  roll.] 
WELL,  wel,  adj.  good  in  condition  :  fortu- 
nate :  in  health. — adv.  in  a  proper  man- 
ner :    rightly  :    thoroughly  :    favorably : 
conveniently.-WELi^FA'voRED  (B.)  good- 
looking,  so  as  to  draw /at'or. — WELL-OFF, 
Well-to-do,  easy  in  circumstances,  rich. 
— Well-read,  widely  acquainted   with 
books.     [A.S.  ivel,  cog.  with  Goth,  vaila, 
Ger.  wohl.] 
WELLADAY,     wel'a-da,    WELLAWAY, 
wel'a-wa,   int.    alas.     [Corr.   from  M.  E. 
u-eylaicay  —  A.S.   wala  w-a,  "woe,   lo! 
woe."] 
WELL-BEING,  wel'-be'ing,  n.  state  of  be- 
ing well. 
WELL-BORN,  wel'-bawrn,  adj.,  horn  of  a 
good  or  respectable  family  :  not  of  mean 
birth. 
WELL-BRED,    wel'-bred,     adj.,    bred   or 
trained  well :  educated  to  polished  man- 
ners. 
WELLINGTONIA,  wel-ing-ton'i-a,  n.  the 
largest  of  existing  trees,  a  native  of  Cali- 
fornia.    [^Naraed  after  the  Duke  of  Well- 
ington.] [almost. 
WELL-NIGH,  wel'-ni,  adv.  nearly  as  well: 
WELSH,  welsh,  adj.  pertaining  to  Wales 
or  its  inhabitants. — 7i.pl.  the  inhabitants 
of  Wales: — sing,  their  language.     [A.S. 
wahe  (Ger.  welsch) — u-ealli,  a  Welshman; 
hence  a  foreigner  ;  ace.  to  Weigand,  from 
L.  Gallicus — Gallus,  a  Gaul.] 
WELSH-RABBIT,  welsh-rab'it,  n.  cheese 
melted  on  toasted  bread.  [Corr.  of  Welsh 
rate  bit.] 
WELT,  welt,  n.  a  kind  of  hem  or  edging 
round   a   shoe. — v.t.    to  furnish  with   a 
welt.     [W.  gwald,  a  hem— gwal,  a  wall, 
gwaliarv,  to  inclose.] 
WELTER,  wel'ter,  v.i.  to  roll  or  wallow 
about,  esp.  in  dirt.      [M.  E.  waiter,  to 
roll,  Sw.  valtra  ;  conn,  with  Waltz  and 
Wallovt.] 
WEN,  wen,  n.  a  wart :  a  fleshy,  pulpy  tu- 
mor.     [A.S.   wenn,  a  swelling,  a  wart ; 
Dut.  wen.] 
WENCH,  wensh,  n.  a  low,  coarse  woman  : 
a  strumpet. — v.i.  to   frequent   the  com- 
pany of  wenches  or    strumpets.      [A.S. 
tuencle,  a  maid,  prob.  a  Celt,  word  ;  conn, 
with  W.  gweini,  to  serve.] 


WHARF 

WEND,  wend,  v.i.  to  go  :  to  wind  or  turno 
[A.S.   icendan    (Ger.  weiiden),  to    turn ; 
the  causative  of  WIND,  to  turn  round.] 
WENT,  went,  pi-operly  po.r.  of  Wend,  but 

now  used  aspa.t.  of  Gto. 
WEPT,  wept, pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Weep. 
WERE,  wer,  v.i.  the  pi.  of  Was,  used  as 
jja.i.  ofBE.     [A.S.  uxere;  Ger.  war,  Ice. 
vera,  to  be.    See  Was.] 
WERGILD,  wer'gild,  n.   (among  the  Old 
English  and  Germans)  a  fine  paid  in  com- 
pensation for  a  murder  or  severe  injury. 
[A.S.,  from  icer,  man  (see  Werwolf), 
and  gild,  payment — geldan,  to  ,pay  (E. 
Yield).] 
WERWOLF,  wer'woolf,  n.  a  person  sup- 
posed to  be  able  to  change  himself  into 
a  wolf  at  pleasure.     [Lit.   "  man-wolf," 
A.S.  wer,  man  (Goth,  vair,  L.  vir),  and 
WoLF.J 
WESLEY  AN,  wes'le-an,  adj.  pertaining  to 
Wesleyanism. — n.  one  who  adopts  Wes- 
levanism. 
WESLEY ANISM,  wes'le-an-izm,  w.  the  sys- 
tem of  doctrine  and  church  polity  of  the 
Wesleyan  Methodists  :   Arminian  Meth- 
odism.    [Named  from  John  Wesley.] 
WEST,  west,  n.  the  quarter  where  the  sun 
sets  :  one  of  the  four  chief  points  of  the 
compass  :    any  part  of  the  world  thai 
relatively  to   another    place    lies    in    a 
westerly  direction,  as  the  United  States 
with  reference  to  England,  the  Western 
States  with    reference  to  the  Atlantic 
sea-board,  China  with  reference  to  Cali- 
fornia,  etc.  —  adj.   situated  toward  the 
west.     [A.S.:  Ger.  ivest.] 
WESTERLY,  west'er-li,  adj.  lying  towards 
the  icest  :  from  the  west. — adv.  towards 
the  west. 
WESTERN,  west'ern,  adj.  situated  in  the 

u-est  :    moving  towards  the  west. 
WESl'WARD,   west'ward,  adj.   and   adv.. 
towards  the  wes<.— West'waedly,  adv. 
towards  the  west. 
WET,  wet,  adj.  containing  water  :  having 
water  on  the  surface  :    rainy. — n.  water 
or  wetness:  moisture. — v.t.  to  make  wefej 
to  soak  with  water  :   to  sprinkle  i—pr.p. 
wett'ing ;   pa.t.  and  pa.^J.  wet,  (rarely) 
wett'ed. — ^Wet-dock,  u.  a  dock  or  basin 
for  floating  vessels  at  all   states  of  the 
tide. — WET-NURSE,n.  a  nurse  who  suckles 
a  child  for  its  mother.     [A.S.  wcet ;  Ice. 
vatr ;   from  root  of  Water.] 
WETHER,  we/7i'er,  n.    a   castrated  ram. 

[A.S.  wedher;  Ger.  widder.] 
WETNESS,  wet'nes,  n.  state  of  being  wet: 
moisture:  a  watery  or  moist  state  of  the 
atmosphere. 
WETTISH,  wet'ish,  adj.  somewhat  wet. 
WEY,  wa,  n.  a  measure  or  weight  difi'erent 
with  different  articles=183  lbs.  wool,  40 
bushels  salt  or  corn,  48  bushels  oats,  etc. 
[From  Weigh.] 
WHACK,  hwak.     Same  as  Thwack. 
WHALE,  hwal,  n.  the  common  name  of  an 
order  of  mammalia  :  the  largest  of  sea- 
animals.     [A.S.  hwxl  (Ice.   hvalr,  Ger. 
wall-ftsch)  ;  perh.  from  root  of  A.S.  hwe- 
lan,  to  rush,  to  roar.] 
WHALEBONE,    hwal'bon,    n.    an  elastic 
substance  like  bone,  from  the  upper  jaw 
of  the  whale. 
WHALER,  hwal'er,  n.  a  ship  or  a  person 

employed  in  the  whale-Rshing. 
WHALING,  hwal'ing,  adj  connected  with 
?(7ia/e-catching. — n.  the  business  of  catch- 
ing whales. 
WHARF,  hworf,  n.  a  bank  of  timber  or 
stone  on  the  shore  of  a  harbor  or  river 
for  lading  and  unlading  vessels  :  —pi. 
Wharfs,  WHAEVi:s.—r.<.  to  secure  by  a 
wharf.  [A.S.  hwearf—hweorfan,  to  turn-, 
conn,  with  Ger.  werben  (lit.)  to  turn,  and 
so  to  seek  after,  acquire.] 


WHARFAGE 


481 


WHETSTONE 


WHAEFAGE,  hworfaj,  n.  the  dues  paid 

for  using  a  trharf. 

WHARFINGER,  hworf in-jer,  n.  one  who 
has  the  care  of  or  owns  a  loharf. 

WHAT,  hwot,  interrog.  pron.  neuter  of 
Who:  how  great:  sometliin^ — rel.pron. 
^that  which. — What  TIME  (B.)^at  what 
time,  when.  [A.S.  htccet,  neuter  of  hica, 
who  ;  Ger.  was ;  aUied  to  L.  quid.  See 
Who.] 

WHATEVER,  hwot-ev'er,  jsron.  ewcr2/thing 
which:  being  this  or  that :  all  that :  one 
thing  or  another. 

WHATNOT,  hwot'not,  n.  a  piece  of  furni- 
ture with  shelves  for  books,  etc.,  so  called 
because  used  to  hold  anything. 

WHATSOEVER,  hwot-so-ev'er,jf>ro?i.  same 
as  Whatever. 

WHEAL,  hwel,  n.  a  Wale,  which  see. 

WHEAT,  hwet,  n.  a  well-known  grassy 
plant,  also  its  seed,  which  furnishes  a 
white  flour  for  bread.  [A.S.  hwmte ;  Ger. 
iveizen;  allied  to  White,  and  nanfied  from 
its  color.] 

WHEATEN,  hwet'en,  adj.  made  of  wheat. 

WHEAT-FLY,  hwet'-fll,  n.  the  name  of 
several  flies  or  insects  injurious  to 
wheat. 

WHEEDLE,  hwedl,  v.t.  to  entice  by  soft 
words  :  to  flatter.  —  ns.  Wheed'ler, 
Wheed'lino.  [A.S.  wadlian,  to  beg — 
wadl,  poverty  ;  Ger.  icedeln,  to  wag  the 
tail,  as  a  dog.] 

WHEEL,  hwel,  n.  a  circular  frame  turn- 
ing on  an  axle  :  an  old  instrument  of 
torture. — v.t.  to  cause  to  whirl :  to  con- 
vey on  wheels. — v.i.  to  turn  round  or 
on  an  axis:  to  roll  forward.  [A.S.  hweol; 
Ice.  hjol.'\ 

WHEEL-BHID,  hwel'-berd,?!.  a  name  given 
to  the  common  goat-sucker  on  account 
of  the  noise  made  by  the  male  during 
incubation,  when  perched,  which  is  not 
unlike  that  of  a  spinning-wheel. 

WHEEL-BOAT,  hwel'-bot,  n.  a  boat  with 
wheels,  to  be  used  either  on  water  or 
upon  inclined   planes  or  railways. 

WHEEL-BUG,  hwel'-bug,  n.  an  insect  of 
the  genus  Arilus  (A.  serratus),  family 
Reduviidse,  said  to  possess  electric  pow- 
ers. Its  popular  name  is  derived  from 
the  curious  shape  of  the  prothorax, 
which  is  elevated  and  notched,  so  as 
to  resemble  a  portion  of  a  cog-wheel. 

WHEEL-CARRIAGE,  hwel'-kar-rij,  n.  a 
carriage  moved  on  wheels,  as  a  coach, 
chaise,  gig,  railway  carriage,  wagon, 
cart,  etc. 

WHEEL-CHAIR,  hwel'-char,  n.  a  chair  or 
chair-hke  structure  mounted  on  wheels  : 
a  bath-chair  :  an  invalid's  chair. 

WHEEL-CUTTING,  hwel'-kut-ing,  n.  the 
operation  of  cutting  the  teeth  in  the 
wheels  used  by  watch  and  clock  makers, 
and  for  other  mechanical  purposes. 

WHEELED,  hweld,  adj.  having  wheels : 
often  used  in  composition  ;  as,  a  two- 
wheeled  carriage,  a  four-wTiee/ed  carriage. 

WHEELER,  hwel'er,  n.  one  who  wheels: 
a  maker  of  wheels,  a  wheelwright :  a 
wheel-horse,  or  one  next  the  wheels  of 
the  carriage  :  a  worker  on  sewed  muslin. 

WHEEL- FIRE,  hwel'-fir,  n.  in  chem.  a  fire 
which  encompasses  a  crucible  without 
touching  it. 

WHEEI^HOUSE,  hwel'-hows,  n.  (naut.)  a 
kind  of  round  house,  built  over  the  steer- 
ing-wheel in  large  ships  for  the  shelter  of 
the  helmsman. 

WHEELLESS,  hwel '  les,  adj.  without 
wheels.  "  Wheelle.^s  carts."— ifes  Ferrier. 

WHEEL -LOCK,  hwel'-lok,  n.  a  small 
machine  attached  to  the  old  muskets  for 
producing  sparks  of  fire.  It  consisted  of 
a  wheel  which  revolved  against  a  flint 
fixed  in  the  lock. 

WHEELMAN,  bwei'man,  n.  one  who  uses 

EE 


a  bicycle  or  tricycle  or  similar  convey- 
ance. 

WHEEL-ORE,  hwel'-or,  n.  in  mineral,  an 
opaque  mineral,  of  a  steel-gray  or  black 
color,  and  metallic  lustre,  consisting 
chiefly  of  sulphur,  antimony,  lead,  and 
copper.  It  is  found  in  Herod's-foot  Mine, 
or  Wheal,  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  [Corn. 
tcheel,  for  huel,  a  mine,  and  E.  Ore.] 

WHEEL-PLOUGH,hwel'-plow,M.  a  plough 
with  a  wheel  or  wheels  added  to  it,  for 
the  purpose  of  regulating  the  depth  of 
the  furrow,  and  rendering  the  implement 
more  steady  to  hold. 

WHEEL-RACE,  hwel'-ras,  n.  the  place  in 
which  a  water-wheel  is  fixed. 

WHEEL-ROPE,  hwel'-rop,  n.  {naut.)  a  rope 
reeved  through  a  block  on  each  side  of 
the  deck,  and  led  round  the  barrel  of  the 
steering-wheel,  to  assist  in  steering. 
Chains  arc  now  much  more  commonly 
used  for  tins  purpose. 

WHEEL-SHAPED.hwel'-shapt,ad;".shaped 
like  a  wheel :  specifically,  in  hot.  mono- 
petalous,  expanding  into  a  flat  border  at 
top,  with  scarcely  any  tube  :  rotate  :  as, 
a  wheel-shaped  corolla. 

WHEEL-SWARF,hwel'-swawrf,n.a  clayey 
cement  or  putty  made  in  Shefl5eld,  En- 
gland, from  the  dust  derived  by  abrasion 
from  grindstones,  and  used  in  'urnaces 
where  steel  is  manufactured  for  coating 
the  layers  of  iron  and  charcoal. 

WHEEL-TIRE,  hwel'-tir,  n.  the  iron  band 
that  encircles  a  wooden  wheel.  [See 
Tire  1 

WHEEL-WINDOW,  hwel'-win-do,  n.  in 
Oothic  arch,  a  circular  window  with 
radiating  mullions  resembling  the  spokes 
of  a  wheel.     [See  Rose-window.] 

WHEEL-WORK,  hwel'-wurk,  n.  the  com- 
bination of  wheels  which  communicate 
motion  to  one  another  in  machinery,  the 
motion  being  communicated  from  the 
one  wheel  to  the  other  by  belts  or  straps 
passing  over  the  circumference  of  both, 
or  by  teeth  cut  in  those  circumferences 
and  working  in  one  another,  or  by  cogs. 
The  most  familiar  instances  of  wheel- 
work  are  to  be  found  in  clocks  and 
watches. 

WHEELWRIGHT,  hwel'rit,  n.  a  un-ight 
who  makes  wheels  and  wheel-carriages. 

WHEEZE,  hwez,  v.i.  to  breathe  with  a 
hissing  sound :  to  breathe  audibly  or 
with  diflSculty.  —  n.  Wheez'ing.  [A.S. 
hweosan  ;  Ice.  hvoesa,  to  wheeze,  to  niss; 
from  the  sound.] 

WHELK,  hwelk,  n.  a  mollusc  having  a 
spiral  shell.  [A.S.  weoloc,  a  whelli  ;  perh. 
from  the  root  of  Walk  and  Welkin,  and 
sig.  orig.  the  "wreathed  creature."] 

WHELM,  hwelm,  v.t.  to  cover  completely  : 
to  plunge  deep  :  to  overburden.  [A.S. 
for-welman,  to  overwhelm  ;  Ice.  Jivelfa, 
to  overturn  ;  allied  to  Scot,  whummle,  to 
turn  upside  down.] 

WHELP,  hwelp,  Ji.  the  young  of  the  dog 
kind  and  of  lions,  etc.:  a  puppy  :  a  cub  : 
a  young  man  (in  contempt). — i\i.  to 
bring  forth  young.  [A.S.  hwelp;  Ice. 
hvelpr,  Ger.  welf.'\ 

WHEN,  hwen,  adv.  at  what  time?  at  which 
time  :  at  or  after  the  time  that :  while. — 
Whenas  (-'az)  (B.)  when.  [A.S.  hwanne, 
accus.  sing,  from  the  stem  of  Who  ;  Ger. 
wand,  ivenn.     Cf.  Then.] 

WHENCE,  hwens,  adv.  from  what  plaee  : 
from  which  things:  wherefore. — FROM 
WHENCE  may  be  called  a  pleonastic  mode 
of  expression,  from  being  implied  in 
whence  ;  but  it  is  very  often  met  vrith  in 
our  literature,  and  has  sometimes  been 
defended  as  being  more  emphatic.  ' '  From 
whence  come  wars  and  fightings  among 
ye." — Jas.  iv.  1.  "Remember  therefore 
jrom  whence  thou  art  faUen." — Rev.  ii.  5. 


"  A  place /rorre  whence  himself  does  fly." 
— Shak.  "  The  place  from  whence  they 
fell."— M7fon.— Of  whence  in  the  same 
sense  is  rarely  met  with.  "What  and 
of  whence  was  he  ?  " — Dryden.  [M.  E. 
whenne-s — A.S.  hwanon  (Ger.  wannen) ; 
from  the  stem  of  Who.     Cf.  THENCE.] 

WHENCESOEVER,  hwens-so-ev'er,  adv. 
from  what  place,  cause,  or  source  soever, 

WHENEVER,  hwen-ev'er,  adv.  at  every! 
time  when.  ' 

WHENSOEVER,  hwen-so-eVer,  adv.  at 
what  time  soever  :  whenever. 

WHERE,  hwar,  adv.  at  which  place,  at 
what  place?  to  what  place,  to  which 
place. — Whereabout',  about  where:  near 
what? — Whereas',  as  or  on  account  of 
which :  since  :  when  in  fact  :  near. — 
Whereat',  at  which  :  at  what? — Where- 
by', by  which. — Where'fore,  for  which 
reason  :  for  what  reason  ?  why  ? — Where- 
in', in  which  :  in  what  ?— Whereof  (-of), 
of  which:  of  what? — Whereon',  on  which: 
on  what  ? — Wheresoev'er,  in  what  place 
soever. — Whereto',  to  which  :  to  what  ? 
— Whereunto'  (B.)  whereto  :  for  what 
purpose  ? — Whereupon',  upon  or  in  con- 
sequence of  which.  —  Wherev'er,  at 
whatever  place.  —  Wherewith',  with 
which  :  with  what  ?  —  Wherewitblax,', 
same  as  Wherewith.  [A.S.  hwa-r  or 
hwce-r ;  from  stem  of  Who.     Cf.  There.] 

WHERRY,  hwer'i,  n.  a  name  applied  most 
commonly  to  a  light  shallow  boat,  seated 
for  passengers,  and  plying  on  rivers. 

What  sig^hts  of  line  folks  he  oft  rowed  iu  his  wherry, 

'Twas  cleaned  out  so  nice,  and  so  painted  withal. 

—Ch.  Dihdin: 

a  light  half-decked  fishing  vessel  used  in 
different  parts  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land. [Formerly  written  tcherie,  whirrie; 
Skeat  connects  it  with  Ice.  hverfr, ' 
shifty,  crank,  said  of  vessels,  this  again 
being  connected  with  wharf,  and  A.S.  T 
hweorfan,  to  'turn.]  " 

WHERRY,  hwer'i,  n.  a  liquor  made  from 
the  pulp  of  crab-apples  after  the  verjuice 
is  expressed.  Sometimes  called  Crab- 
WHERRY.  [W.  chwerw,  bitter,  the  oppo- 
site of  sweet.] 

WHERRYMAN,  hwer'i-man,  n.  one  who 
rows  a  wherry.  ' '  He  that  is  an  excellent 
wherryman  looketh  towards  the  bridge, 
when  he  pulleth  towards  Westminster." 
— Bacon. 

WHET,  hwet,  v.t.  to  sharpen  by  rubbing: 
to  make  keen  :  to  excite  : — pr.p.  whett'- 
ing  ;  pa.t.  smA pa.p.  whett'ed. — n.  act  of 
sharpening  :  something  that  sharpens 
the  appetite.  —  n.  Whett'er.  [A.S. 
hwettan,  from  A.S.  hwoet,  sharp  ;  Ger. 
tvetzen.] 

WHETHER,  hwe^fc'er,  interrog.  pron.  sig. 
which  of  two. — conj.  which  of  two  alter- 
natives. [A.S.  hicm-ther,  from  the  stem 
of  Who,  with  the  old  compar.  suflBx 
-ther ;  co"'.  with  Goth,  hva-thar,  Ger. 
we-der ;  also  with  L.  u-teru-s,  Gr.  ko- 
tero-s,  Sans,   ka-tard.     Cf.  Other   and 

A  T  XFR  1 

WHETSTONE,  hwet'ston,  n.  a  stone  for 
sharpening  cutlery  or  tools  by  friction. 
Whetstones  are  made  of  various  kinds 
of  stone,  the  finer  kinds  being  made  of  a, 
siliceous  slate,  and  when  used  are  moist-} 
ened  with  oil  or  water.  "  Diligence  is  to 
the  understanding  as  the  whetstone  to 
the  razor." — South.— To  GIVE  the  whet-j 
stone,  to  deserve  the  whetstone,  old 
phrases  in  which  (and  in  various  others) 
the  whetstone  is  associated  with  lying, 
and  regarded  as  the  proper  premium  for 
accomplishment  in  this  art.  The  origin 
of  the  usage  is  not  clear,  but  perhaps 
the  whetstone  was  regarded  as  to  be 
used  for  sharpening  the  wits.  "  This 
will  explain   a   smart   repartee  of  Sir 


WHEY 

Francis  Bacon's  before  King  James,  to 
whom  Sir  Kenelm  Digby  was  relating, 
that  he  had  seen  the  true  philosopher  s 
stone  in  the  possession  of  a  hermit  in 
Italy,  and  when  the  king  was  very  curi- 
ous to  understand  what  sort  of  stone  it 
•was,  and  Sir  Kenelm  much  puzzled  in 
describing  it.  Sir  Fra.  Bacon  interposed, 
and  said,  '  Perhaps  it  was  a  wlietstoue. 
— Zachary  Orey. 
WHEY,  hwa,  n.  the  watery  part  of  railK, 
separated  from  the  curd,  esp.  in  making 
cheese.  —  adjs.  Whey'ey,  Whey'ish,  of 
whey:  like  whey.  [A.S.  hwag ;  bcot. 
whig,  Low  Ger.  wey ;  prob.  conn,  with 
root  of  Water.] 
WHICH,  hwich,  pron.  an  inte'^rogative 
pronoun,  bv  which  one  or  more  among 
a  number  of  individual  persons  or  things, 
often  one  among  a  definite  number  (fre- 
quently one  of  two),  is  inquired  for,  or 
intended  to  be  definitely  singled  out- 
used  with  or  without  an  accompanj-ing 
noun;  as,  u-hieh ma.n  is  it?  irhich  woman 
is  it?  which  is  the  house?  rchich  are  the 
articles  you  mean?  "IVliich  of  you  con- 
vinceth  pie  ol  sin  ?"— John  viii.  46. 

Which  of  you  will  stop 
The  vent  of  hearing  when  loud  Rumor  speaks  T 

—Shak. 
So  with  herself  is  she  in  mutiny. 
To  live  or  die  which  of  the  twain  were  better. 
When  life  is  shamed,  and  death  reproach^'s  debtor. 

— Shak. 

A  relative  pronoun,  serNnng  as  the  neu- 
ter of  u-ho,  and  having  an  antecedent  of 
the  singular  or  plural  number  but  of  the 
neuter  gender ;  as,  the  thing  or  things 
which  :  the  birds  tchich  were  singing  ;  or 
the  antecedent  may  be  a  sentence,  word, 
or  notion  ;  &.s,  he  is  very  ignorant,  which 
is  a  great  pity.  Such  usages  as  the  fol- 
lowing are  now  obsolete.  "  Our  Father 
1  whicli  art  in  heaven." — Matt.  vi.  9.  "  All 
/  those  friends  «-7itc/i  I  thought  buried." — 
'  Shak.  "Had  I  been  there  irhich  am  a 
silly  woman." — Shak.  Sometimes  equiv- 
alent to  "a  thing  or  circumstance 
which,"  the  relative  clause  preceding 
that  which  is  referred  to. 
And,  tch  ich  was  strange,  the  one  so  like  the  other 
As  could  not  be  distinguished  but  by  name. 

—Shak. 
Used  adjectively  or  with  a  noun   sub- 
joined,  the  relative  coming  before  the 
noun  by  an  inversion  which  gives  a  cer- 
tain brevity. 
Refusing  her  grand  bests,  she  did  confine  thee 
Into  a  cloven  pine;  mthin  which  rift 
Imprison'd  thou  didst  painfully  remain 
A  dozen  j'ears;  withm  which  space  she  died. 

— Shak. 

Which  is  used  as  an  indefinite  pronoun, 
standmg  for  whichever,  any  one  which, 
that  which,  those  which,  and  the  like ; 
as,  take  rchich  you  will.  —  ^V}lich  was 
often  formerly  preceded  by  the  definite 
article  the.  "  That  worthy  name  by  the 
which  ye  are  called." — James  ii.  7. 

The  party  'gainst  the  which  he  doth  contrive 
Snail  seize  oue  half  his  goods. — Shak. 

It  was  formerly  often  followed  by  that 
or  as,  having  the  effect  of  giving  em- 
phasis or  definiteness.  "  This  abbot  which 
that  was  an  holy  man."  —  Chaucer.  — 
WmCH  IS  WHICH?  which  is  the  one, 
■which  the  other  ?  a  common  phrase  im- 
plying inability  to  distinguish  between 
two.  [A.S.  hioilc,  Moyle,  contr.  from  htvt- 
lic,  lit.  why-like,  from  hwi,  instrumental 
case  of  wh&,  who,  ivhcet,  what,  and  Uc, 
like :  similar  are  O.  Sax.  htcilik.  Ice. 
hvilikr,  Dan.  hvilken,  Goth,  hveleihs, 
Dut.  icelk,  Ger.  welch.  Of.  such  =-  so- 
like.  Like  who,  which  was  origrinally  an 
interrogative,  and  it  was  not  used  as  a 
relative  till  the  close  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury. As  an  interrogative  it  is  stiU  of 
any  gender,  but  as  a  relative  it  is  now 


only  neuter.  It  is  both  singular  and 
plural.] 

WHICHEATER,  hwich-ev'er,  WHICHSO- 
EVER, hwich-so-tn''er,  jjron.  every  one 
which  :  whether  one  or  other. 

WHIFF,  hwif,  n.  a  sudden  puff  of  air  from 
the  mouth  :  a  slight  blast.— 1;.<.  to  throw 
out  in  whiffs :  to*^  puff.  [W.  chwiff;  imi- 
tative.! 

WHIFFLE,  hwifl,  v.i.  to  turn  as  if  by 
whiffs  or  gusts  of  wind  :  to  be  fickle :  to 
prevaricate.  —  n.  Whiff'LER.     [Freq.  of 

WHIFF.] 

WHIG,  hwig,  n.  the  name  (now  almost 
superseded  by  "  Liberal ")  of  one  of  the 
great  English  political  parties :  in  Ameri- 
can hist,  (a)  a  friend  and  supporter  of  the 
principles  of  the  Revolution — opposed  to 
Tory  and  Royalist ;  (b)  one  of  a  political 
party  from  about  1839  to  1853— opposed 
to   Democrat.  — adj.   Whig'gish.  —  adv. 
Whig'gishly.  — ws.   Whig'gism,  Whig'- 
GERY,  Whig  principles.     fOrig.  a  nick- 
name of  the  peasantry  in  tlie  south-west 
of  Scotland  ;  perh.  from  Scot,  whig,  sour 
milk  (see  Whey),  their  drink  ;  perh.  from 
a  word  whiggatn,  which  western  drovers 
used  in  driving.    The  name  was  after- 
wards applied  to  the  Covenanters,  who 
belonged  mostly  to  the   south-west  of 
Scotland ;  finally  given  (in  1079)  to  the 
popular  pai'tv  which  strove  to  exclude 
the  Duke  of  York  from  the  succession, 
because  he  was  a  R.  Catholic] 
WHILE,  hwil,  n.  a  space  of  time. — adv. 
during  the  time  that :  at  the  same  time 
that,  as  long  as. — v.t.  to  cause  to  pass 
without    irksomeness     (with    away).— 
WHlt.ES,    genitive   form  of  while :  {B.) 
while.    [A.S.  hioil;   Goth,  hveila,  Ger. 
ireile.] 
WHILOM,  hwtl'om,  adv.  formerly,  once, 
of  old  (obs.).    [A.S.  hwilum,  hwilon  (lit.) 
"at  times,"  dative  pi.  of  hwil,  a  time. 
See  While.] 
WHILST,   hwilst,    adv.   same  as  Whii.e. 
[Whiles,  genitive  form  of  While,  with 
excrescent  -t.    Cf.  MXDST.] 
WHIM,  hvdm,  n.  a  caprice:  a  fancy.     [Per- 
haps originally  Scand.,  and  conn,  with 
Ice.  hvima,  to  have  the  eyes  wandering.] 
WHIMPER,  hwim'iDer,  v.i.    to  cry  with  a 
low,    whining  voice.     [Scot,    whimmer, 
G«r.  wimmem;  perhaps  from  the  root 
of  Whine.] 
WHIMSEY,  hwim'zi,  n.  a  whim:  a  freak. 

[Extension  of  WHIM.] 
WHIMSICAL,    hwim'zik-al,    adj.    full   of 
whims :  having  odd  fancies  :  fantastical. 
—adv.  Wnni'siCALLY.— J!s.  Whim'sicaI/- 
NESS.  Whuisical'ity. 
WHIN,  hwin,  n.  gorse,  furze.   [W.  chytyn, 

weeds.] 
WHINE,  hwin,  v.i.  to  utter  a  plaintive, 
shrill  cry :  to  complain  in  an  unmanly 
way. — n.  a  plaintive  cry :  an  affected 
nasal  tone  of  complaint. — n.  Whin'er.— 
adv.  Wmu'lNaLY,  [A.S.  hivinan;  cf. 
Ger.  weuien,  to  weep.T 
WHINNY,    hwin'i,     adj.     abounding    in 

whins. 
WHINNY,  hwin'i,  v.i.  to  neigh  or  cry  like 
a  horse: — pa.t.  and  pa.p.  whinn'ied. 
[Imitative;  cf.  L.  hinnio.] 
WHINSTONE,  hwin'ston,  n.  general  name 
for  any  hard,  dark,  unstratified  rock. 
[Ety.  of  Whin  dub.] 
WHIP,  hwip,  v.t.  to  take  or  seize  with  a 
sudden  motion  :  to  snatch  :  to  carry  or 
convey  suddenly  and  rapidly  —  usually 
followed  by  some  preposition  or  adverb, 
as  away,  from,  out,  into,  up,  and  the 
like.  "  I  whipt  me  behind  the  arras."— 
Shak.;  "  Whips  out  his  rapier."— Shak.; 
'•  She,  in  a  hurry,  whips  tip  her  darling 
under  her  arm."— S«r  R.  n Estrange;  '  'He 
whips  out  his  pocket-book  every  moment, 


WHIP 

and  writes  descriptions  of  everything  he 
sees."— H.  Walpole ; 

My  madness  came  upon  me  as  of  old 
And  whipt  me  into  waste  fields  far  away. 

—Tennyson: 

to  sew  slightly;  to  form  into  gathers;  as, 
to  ichip  a  ruffle ; 

In  ba,\f-ifhipped  muslin  useless  needles  lie.— Gay  ; 
to  overlay,  as  a  rope,  cord,  etc.,  with  a 
cord,  twine,  or  thread  going  round  and 
round  it;  to  inwrap— generally  with  about, 
around,  over,  or  the  like  ;  "  Whipped 
over  either  with  gold  thread,  silver,  or 
silk." — Sti'.bbes:  to  strike  with  a  whip  or 
lash  or  with  anything  tough  and  flexible; 
to  lash;  as,  to  whip  a  horse  :  to  punish 
with  a  whip,  scourge,  birch,  or  the  like  ; 
to  flos;  as,  to  ?/7ijp  a  vagrant;  to  wliip  a 
perverse  boy  ;  "  Who  for  false  quantities 
was  irhijyp'd  at  school," — Drydeti:  to 
drive  with  lashes  ; 
Consideration,  like  an  angel,  came 
And  whipp'd  the  offending  Adam  out  of  him. 

—Shak.: 

to  make  to  turn  or  rotate  with  lashes  5 
as,  to  whip  a  top;  "Since  I  plucked 
geese,  played  truant,  and  ivliix>ped  top." 
— Shak. :  to  lash  in  a  figurative  sense;  to 
treat  with  cutting  severity,  as  with  sar- 
casm, abuse,  or  the  like  ; 

Wilt  thou  ickip  thine  own  faults  in  other  men  f 

—Shak.; 

"  The  league  between  virtue  and  nature 
engages  all  things  to  assume  a  liostile 
front  to  vice.      The  beautiful  laws  and 
substances  of  the  world  persecute  and 
«7«p  the  traitor." — Emerson  :  to  thrash^ 
to  beat  out,  as  grain  by  striking  ;  as,  to 
whip  wheat :  (nOiit.)  to'hoist  oi- purchase 
by  means  of  a  rope  passed  through  a 
single  pulley  :  to  beat ;  to  overcome  ;  to 
surpass  ;  "  We  can  nhip  all  creation."— 
Lever :  to  fish  in  with  rod  and  line;  as,  to 
ivhip    a    stream ;    "  Tc   whip  the   trout 
stream." — Lever  :  to  beat  into  a  froth,  as 
eggs,  cream,   etc.,   with  a  whisk,  fork, 
spoon,  or  the  like. — To  WHIP  THE  CAT:  to 
practice  the  most  pinching  parsimony : 
to  work  from  house  to  house  by  the  day, 
as  an  itinerant  tailor,  carpenter,  or  the 
like. — To  WHIP  in,  to  keep  from  scatter- 
ing, as  hounds  in  a  hunt:  hence,  to  bring 
or  keep  the  members  of  a  party  together, 
as  in  a  legislative  assembly.     [Originally 
applied  to  various  kinds  of  quick  motion 
or  action,  and  allied  to  Dut.  mppen,  to 
hasten,   to  skip,  to  toss ;  wip,  a  lift,   a 
svring,  a  swipe  ;  O.Dut.  wippe,  a  whip ; 
Low  Ger.   u-ippen,   Dan.   vippe,   to  see- 
saw; Ger.  u-ippen,  to  rock,  to  see-saw,  etc. 
The  h  would  seem  therefore  not  to  belong 
properly  to  the  word.    The  meaning  of 
flog  comes  from  the  noun,  and  the  noun 
has  probably  got  it  from  the  resemblance 
of  a  whip  to  a  s%vipe.    Perhaps  more 
than  one  word  may  be  mixed  up  under 
this  form;  cf.  W.   elurip,  a  quick  turn; 
chwipiaw,  to  move  briskly.] 
WHIP,  hwip,  v.i.  to  move  nimbly:  to  start 
suddenly  and  run ;  or  to  tiu'n  and  run : 
as,  the  boy  whipped  away  in  an  instant ; 
he  ivhippedtonmi  the  corner. 
^Vhip  to  our  tents,  as  roes  run  o'er  land.— Sftofc. 
WHIP,  hwip,  n.  an  instrument  for  dr.'ving 
horses,  cattle,  etc.,  or  for  correction,  con- 
sisting commonly  of  a  handle,  to  which  is 
attached  a  thong  of  plaited  leather :   a 
coachman  or  driver  of  a  carriage  ;  as,  a 
good  ti-hip;    "Major  Benson,  who  was 
a  famous  lehip,  took  his  seat  on  the  box 
of    the    barouche."  —  Miss   Edgeivorth : 
(naut.)  a  rope  passed  through  a  single 
block  or  pulley  used  to  hoist  light  bodies: 
one  of  the  radii  or  arms  of  a  wind-mUl 
to  which  the  sails  are  attached;  also,  the 
length  of   the  arm   reckoned  from  the 
shaft :   in.  the  British  parliament,  (a)  a 


WHIPCORD 


483 


WHIT 


member  who  performs  the  non-official 
but  important  duties  of  lookiag  after 
the  interests  of  liis  partj',  and  whp 
secures  the  attendance  of  as  many 
members  as  possible  at  important  di- 
visions ;  as,  the  Liberal  tvhip,  the  Con- 
servative whip;  (6)  a  call  made  upon 
the  members  of  a  party  to  be  ia  their 
places  at  a  certain  time  ;  as,  both  par- 
ties have  issued  a  rigorous  ichip  in 
view  of  the  expected  division. 

WHIPCORD,  hwip'kord,  n.,  cord  for  mak- 
in^  tt^hips. 

WHIPHAND,  hwipTiand,  n.  {lit.)  the  hand 
that  holds  the  w?iip :  advantage  over. 

WHIPPER,  Jivvip'er,  n.  one  who  whips :  an 
officer  who  inflicts  the  penalty  of  whip- 
ping. 

WHIPPER-IN,  hwip'er-in,  n.  one  who 
keeps  the  hounds  from  wandering,  and 
tvhips  them  in  to  the  line  of  chase  :  one 
who  enforces  the  discipline  of  a  party. 

WHIPPING,  hwip'ing,  n.  act  of  whipping: 
punishment  witli  a  whip  or  lash. 

WHIPPING -POST,  hwip'ing-post,  n.  a 
post  to  which  offenders  are  tied  to  be 
ivliipped. 

WHIR,  hwer,  n.  a  sound  from  rapid  whirl- 
ing.— v.i.  to  whirl  round  with  a  noise  : — 
pr.p.  whirr'ing  ;  pa.t.  a,nApa.p.  whirred. 
[Imitative ;  cf.  Ger.  schwirren.'] 

WHIRL,  hwerl,  n.  a  turning  with  rapidity : 
anything  that  turns  with  velocity. — v.i. 
to  revolve  rapidly. — v.t.  to  turn  round 
rapidly.  [Ice.  hvirfill,  Ger.  wirbel ;  from 
the  root  of  A.S.  hweorfan,  to  turn.  Cf. 
Wh.\ef.] 

WHIRLIGIG,  hwerl'i-gig,  n.  a  child's  toy 
wliich  is  spun  or  iiiliirled  rapidly  round. 

WHIRLING-TABLE,  hwer'ling-ta-bl, 
WHIRLING-MACHINE,  hwer'ling-ma- 
shen,  n.  a  machine  contrived  for  the 
purpose  of  exhibiting  the  principal  effects 
of  centripetal  or  centrifugal  forces,  when 
bodies  revolve  in  the  circumferences  of 
circles  or  on  an  axis. 

WHIRL-PIT,  hwerl'-pit,  n.  a  whirlpool. 
•'  By  raging  whirl-pits  overthrown." — 
Sandys. 

WHIRLPOOL,  hwerl'-pool,  n.  a  circular 
eddy  or  current  in  a  river  or  the  sea  pro- 
duced by  the  configuration  of  the  chan- 
nel, by  meeting  currents,  by  winds  meet- 
ing tides,  etc.  The  celebrated  whirlpool  of 
Charybdis  between  Sicily  and  Italy,  and 
of  the  Malstr5m,  off  the  coast  of  Norway, 
are  not  whirlpools  in  the' strict  sense,  but 
merely  superficial  commotions  created  by 
winds  meeting  tides,  and  in  calm  weather 
are  free  from  all  danger.  Instances  of 
vortical  motion,  however,  do  occur,  as 
in  the  whirlpool  of  Corrievrekin  in  the 
Hebrides,  between  Jura  and  Scarba,  and 
in  some  eddys  among  the  Oi'kneys. 

WHIRL-PUFF,  hwerl'-puf,  n.  a  whirlwind. 
Holland. 

WHIRL-WATER,  hwerl'-waw-ter,  n.  an 
old  name  for  a  water-spout.  Letter  of 
1626,  quoted  by  Nares. 

WHIRL- WHALE,  hwerl'-hwal,  n.  a  mon- 
ster of  the  whale  kind  :  a  whirl-about :  a 
whirlpool.     Sylvester. 

WHIRLWIG,  hwerl'wig,  WHIRLWIG- 
BEETLE,  hwerl'wig-be-tl,  n.  a  beetle  of 
the  genus  Gyrinus  {O.  natator),  which 
abounds  in  fresh  water,  and  maybe  seen 
circling  round  on  its  surface  with  great 
rapidity.  Its  eyes  are  divided  by  a  nar- 
row band,  so  that,  although  it  has  only 
two,  it  is  made  to  look  as  if  it  had  four. 
[Whirl,  and  A.S.  wicga,  wigga,  a  beetle 
or  similar  insect ;  cf.  Earwig.] 

WHIRLWIND,  hwerl'wind,  n.  a  violent 
wind  moving  in  a  circle,  or  rather  in  a 
spiral  form,  as  if  moving  round  an  axis, 
this  axis  having  at  the  same  time  a  pro- 
gressive motion,  rectilinear  or  curvilin- 


ear, on  the  surface  of  the  land  or  sea. 
Whirlwinds  are  produced  chiefly  by  the 
meeting  of  currents  of  air  which  run  in 
different  directions.  When  they  occur 
on  land  they  give  a  whirling  motion  to 
dust,  sand,  part  of  a  cloud,  and  some- 
times even  to  bodies  of  great  weight  and 
bulk,  carrj-ing  them  either  upwards  or 
downwards,  and  scattering  them  about 
in  all  directions.  At  sea  they  often  give 
rise  to  waterspouts.  They  are  most  fre- 
quent and  violent  in  tropical  countries, 
where  the  thermal  states  of  the  atmos- 
phere are  most  favorable  for  their  pro 
duction. 

WHISK,  hwisk,  v.t.  to  move  with  a  quick 
motion  :  to  sweep  or  stir  rapidly. — v.i. 
to  move  nimbly  and  rapidly. — n.  a  rapid 
sweeping  motion  :  a  small  bunch  of  any- 
thing used  for  a  brush  :  a  small  instru- 
ment for  beating  or  whisking,  esp.  eggs. 
[Scand.  viska,  Ger.  icischen ;  from  the 
root  of  Wash.] 

WHISKER,  hwisk'er,  n.  he  who  or  that 
wliich  whisks:  the  hair  on  the  sides  of  a 
man's  f,ace(esp.  in  pi.):  the  bristle  on  the 
face  of  a  cat,  etc. — adj.  Whisk'eeed. 

WHISKY,  WHISKEY,  hwisk'i.  n.  an  ard- 
ent spirit  distilled  generally  from  barley, 
but  sometimes  from  wheat,  rye,  sugar, 
molasses,  etc.  There  are  two  chief  varie- 
ties of  whisky — viz.  malt-whisky  and 
grain-whisky.  The  former  variety  is  of 
finer  quality,  and  made  chiefly  from 
malted  barley  or  here,  and  sometimes, 
though  rarely,  from  rye.  The  latter  is 
made  from  various  substances,  as  sugar, 
molasses,  potatoes,  but  principally  from 
unmalted  grain,  as  Indian  corn,  barley, 
oats,  etc.,  dried  and  ground  up.  The 
grain  most  largely  used  is  Indian  corn. 
Grain-whisky  requires  the  same  process 
of  fermentation  and  distillation  as  malt- 
whisky,  but  is  cheaper,  from  its  gi-eater 
yield,  and  because  it  saves  the  expensive 
process  of  malting.  Though  coarser  it  is 
stronger,  but  if  kept  long  enough  is 
equally  free  from  fusel  oil.  [Ir.  and  Gael. 
uisge,  waXer,  iiisge-beatha,  whisky,  usque- 
baugh, lit.  water  of  life.  WmSKY,  there- 
fore, means  simply  water,  the  latter  part 
of  the  name  being  dropped.] 

WHISKY^ACK,  hwiski-jak,  n.  the  famil- 
iar name  of  a  species  of  jay  common  in 
North  America.  It  is  the  Garridus  cana- 
densis. 

WHISPER,  hwis'per,  v.i.  to  speak  with  a 
low  sound:  to  speak  very  softly:  to  plot 
secretly. — v.t.  to  utter  in  a  low  voice  or 
under  the  breath. — n.  a  low,  hissing  voice 
or  sound :  cautious  or  timorous  speak- 
ing. [A.S.  hwisprian:  Ger.  wispem,  Ice. 
hviskra  :  allied  to  Whistle  ;  prob.  orig. 
from  an  interj.  like  jjst,  hst.] 

WHISPERER,  hwis'per-er,  n.  one  who 
whispers  :  (B.)  a  secret  informer. 

WHISPERHOOD,  hwis'per-hood,  n.  the 
state  of  being  a  whisper  :  the  initial  con- 
dition of  a  rumor,  that  is,  the  time  when 
it  was  only  whispered  or  insinuated.  "  I 
know  a  lie,  that  now  disturbed  half  the 
kingdom  with  its  noise,  which  although 
too  proud  and  great  at  present  to  own 
its  parents,  I  can  remember  its  whisper- 
hood." — Swift.  [Probably  used  only  this 
once.] 

WHISPERING,  hwis'per-ing,  p.  and  adj. 
speaking  in  a  whisper ;  "  For  talking  age 
and  whi.vpering  lovers."  —  Goldsmith : 
making  secret  insinuations  of  evil ;  evU- 
spealdng ;  backbiting ; 

.\las  I  they  had  been  friends  In  youth  ; 
BuC  whispering  tongues  can  poison  truth. 

— Coleridge; 

making  a  low,  sibilant  sound  ; 

As  once  we  met 
Unheedful,  tho'  beneath  the  whispering  rain. 

— Tennyton. 


— WmSPEEING  GALLERY  or  DOME,  a  gal- 
lery or  dome  in  which  the  sound  of  words 
uttered  in  a  low  voice  or  whisper  is  com- 
municated to  a  greater  distance  than  un- 
der  any  ordinary  circumstances.  Thus  in 
an  elliptical  chamber,  if  a  person  stand- 
ing in  one  of  the  foci  speak  in  a  whisper 
he  will  be  heard  distinctly  by  a  person 
standing  in  the  other  focus,  although 
the  same  sound  would  not  be  audible  at 
the  same  distance  under  any  othei  cir- 
cumstances or  at  any  other  place  in  the 
chamber.  The  reason  isth.it  the  sounds 
produced  in  one  of  the  foci  of  such  a 
chamber  strike  upon  the  wall  all  round, 
and,  from  the  nature  of  the  ellipse,  are 
all  reflected  to  the  other  focus.  This 
serves  in  some  measure  to  explain  the 
effects  of  whispering  galleries  and  domes 
in  general. 

WHIST,  hwist,  interj.  silence  !  hush  I  be 
still  1 

WHIST,  hwist,  adj.  not  speaking:  not 
making  a  noise  :  silent :  mute  :  still — 
chieflv  used  predicatively.  "So  uhisi 
and  dead  a  silence  reigned." — Harring^ 
ton."  "  Far  from  the  town  where  all 
is  irhist  and  still." — Marlmc. 

The  winds  with  wonder  whist 
Smoothly  the  waters  kiss'd. — Milton. 

WHIST,  hwist,  n.  a  well-known  game  at 
cards,  said  to  be  s<'  called  because  the 
parties  playing  it  have  to  be  whist  oi 
silent,  but  this  is  doubtful.  Another 
name  was  whisk.  The  game  is  played 
with  the  full  pack  of  fifty-two  cards  by 
four  persons,  two  being  partnezs  against 
the  other  two,  each  player  receiving 
thirteen  cards  dealt  out  one  by  one  irn 
rotation.  The  last  card  dealt  is  turned 
face  up,  and  is  called  the  trump  card  ; 
it  gives  a  special  power  to  the  suit  tc 
VI  Inch  it  belongs.  The  cards  rank  as  fol 
lows  :  ace  (highest),  king,  queen,  knave, 
and  the  others  according  to  their  num. 
ber  of  pips.    Play  is  commenced  by  the 

Iierson  on  the  left  hand  of  the  dealer 
aying  down  a  card  face  up  on  the  tabl"8. 
the  other  players  following  in  succession 
with  cards  of  the  same  suit  if  they  have 
them.  When  all  have  played  the  player 
who  has  laid  the  highest  card  takes  the 
four  cards  laid  down,  which  constitute  a 
trick.  The  winner  of  the  trick  thet 
leads,  as  the  first  of  a  new  trick,  the 
winner  of  which  becomes  the  leader,  anc' 
60  on.  When  a  player  cannot  piny  e, 
card  of  the  same  suit,  he  may  play  one 
of  the  trump  suit,  and  take  the  trick,  oi 
lay  one  of  a  different  suit,  which  gives 
him  no  chance  of  winning  the  trick. 
When  the  hand  is  played  out  the  score 
is  taken  as  follows  :  the  partners  who 
conjointly  gain  the  majority  of  tricks 
score  one  point  for  every  trick  taken 
above  six.  The  ace,  king,  queen,  and 
knave  of  the  trump  suit  are  called  hon- 
ors, and  count  one  each  for  the  side  who 
holds  them  ;  if  one  side  hold  three  hon- 
ors, they  count  two  by  honors,  as  the 
opposite  side  can  have  but  one  ;  if  one 
side  hold  all  the  honors,  four  by  honors 
is  counted  ;  should  the  honors  be  equally 
divided  neither  side  counts,  the  honors 
being  then  said  to  cancel  each  other. 
WHISTLE,  hwis'l,  v.i.  to  make  a  shriH 
sound  by  forcing  the  breath  through  the 
lips  contracted  :  to  make  a  like  sounii 
with  an  instrument  :  to  sound  shrill.— 
v.t.  to  form  or  utter  by  whistling  :  to 
call  by  a  whistle. — n.  the  sound  made  in 
whistling :  a  small  wind  instrument. 
[A.S.  Incistlan ;  Sw.  htmssla ;  cf.  Whis- 
per.] 
WHIT,  hwit,  n.  the  smallest  particle 
imaginable :  a  bit.  [By-form  of  WighTb 
a  creature.] 


WHITE 


484 


WHO 


WHITE,  hwlt,  adj.  oi  the  color  of  snow  : 
pale  :  lolorless  :  pure  :  unblemished  :  (B.) 
purified  from  sin. — n.  the  color  of  snow  : 
anything  white,  as  a  white  man,  the  mark 
at  which  an  arrow  is  shot,  the  albuminous 
part  of  an  egg'. — v.t.  to  make  white. — n. 
White'ness.  [A.S.  hunt :  Ice.  hrit-r,  Ger. 
weiss ;  also  conn,  with  Sans,  ^-vit,  to  be 
white,  to  shine.     See  Wheat.] 

WHITEBAIT,  hwit'bat,  n.  a  very  small, 
delicious  white  lish  of  the  herring  kind. 
[-BAIT=-'  food."] 

WHITE  -  FEATHER,  hwit-fef/i'er,  jt.  the 
symbol  of  cowardice,  a  term  introduced 
in  days  when  cock-fighting  was  in  vogue. 
As  a  game-cock  has  no  white  feathers,  a 
white  feather  was  a  proof  that  a  bird  was 
not  game.  Generally  used  in  such  phrases 
as  to  show  the  white-feather,  to  have  a 
white-feather  in  one's  u'ing:=to  show  cow- 
ardice, to  behave  like  a  coward.  "'He 
has  a  white-feather  in  his  wing  this  same 
Westburnflat  after  a','  said  Simon  of 
Hackburn,  somewhat  scandalized  by  his 
ready  surrender.  '  He'll  ne'er  fill  his 
father's  boots.'  "Sir  W.  Scott. 

WHITE-FILM,  hwit'-film,  n.  a  white  film 
growing  over  the  eyes  of  sheep,  and  caus- 
ing blindness. 

"VNTHITE  -  FISH,  hwlt'-fish,  n.  a  general 
name  for  whitings  and  haddocks:  asmall 
American  fish,  Alosa  menhaden,  caught 
in  immense  quantities,  and  used  for  ma- 
nuring land  on  the  southern  border  of 
Connecticut,  along  the  sound  :  a  fish  of 
the  salmon  famOy,  belonging  to  the  genus 
Coregonus,  C.  sapidus,  found  in  the  lakes 
of  North  America. 

WHITEFRIAR,  h%vTt'fri-ar,  n.  one  of  the 
Carmelite  order  of  friars,  so  called  from 
their  white  dress. 

"WHITE-HEAT,  hmt'-liet,  n.  the  degree  of 
heat  at  which  bodies  become  white. 

WHITELEAD,  hwit'led,  n.  a  carbonate  of 
lead  used  in  painting  white. 

WHITE-LEATHER,  hwit-leth'er,n.  leather 
tanned  with  alum  and  salt,  a  process 
which  does  not  discolor  the  hide  or  give 
it  the  brown  appearance  due  to  tanning 
by  oak-bark,  etc. 

WHITE-LIE,  hwit'-li,  n.  a  lie  for  which 
some  kind  of  excuse  can  be  offered  :  a 
false  statement  made  in  the  interest  of 
peace,  reconciliation,  harmless  sport,  or 
the  hke  :  a  harmless  or  non-malicious 
falsehood.  "I  wish  that  word  'fib' 
was  out  of  the  English  language  ;  and 
vihite-lie  drummed  out  after  it." — Miss 
Edgeworth. 

WHITE-LIGHT,  hwlt'-llt,  n.  in  physics, 
the  name  generally  given  to  the  light 
which  comes  directly  from  the  sun,  and 
which  has  not  been  decomposed  by  re- 
fraction in  passing  through  a  transpar- 
ent prism  :  a  light  produced  artificially, 
and  used  as  signals,  etc. 

WHITE-LIME,  hwlt'-lim,  n.  a  solution  or 
preparation  of  lime  used  for  whitewash- 
ing :  a  variety  of  whitewash. 

■WBITE-LIMED,  hwlt'-limd,  adj.  white- 
washed  or  plastered  with  lime.     Shak. 

WHITE-LINE,  hwlt'lin,  n.  in  printing,  a 
void  space,  broader  than  usual,  left  be- 
tween lines.     Called  also  a  Blank-line. 

WHITE-LISTED,  hwlt-list'ed,  adj.  having 
white  stripes  or  lists  on  a  darker  ground 
(the  tree  in  the  quotation  having  been 
torn  with  lightning). 

He  raised  his  eyes  and  saw 

The  tree  that  shone  white-listed  through  the  gloom. 

— Tennyson. 

WHITE-LIVERED,  hwTt'-UVerd,  adj.  hav- 
ing a  pale  look,  so  called  because  thoughfc 
to  be  caused  by  a  white  liver :  cowardly  : 
malicious. 

WHITEN,  hwlt'en,  v.t.  to  make  white :  to 


bleach. — v.t.  to  become  ot  turu  white. — 

n.  Whtt'enee. 

WHITE-SWELLING,  hwit'-swel'ing,  n.  a 
disease  of  the  joints,  e.sp.  the  knee. 

WHITEWASH,  hwit'wosii,  n.  a  wash,  or 
mixture  of  whiting  or  lime  and  water, 
used  to  tt'/irten  ceilings,  etc. — v.t.  to  cover 
with  whitewash  :  to  give  a  fair  appear- 
ance to. 

WHITE- WATER,  hwlt'-waw-ter,  n.  a  dis- 
ease of  sheep  of  a  dangerous  kind. 

WHITE-WAX,  hwlt'-waks,  n.  bleached 
bees'-wax. 

WHITE-WEED,  hwit'-wed,  n.  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  ox-eye  daisy,  a 
composite  jSant  of  the  genus  Chrysan- 
themum (C.  Lciicanthemum).  [From  the 
color  of  its  flowers.] 

WHITE-WILLOW,  hwit'-wil-o,  n.  a  Brit- 
ish tree  of  the  genus  Salix,  the  S.  alba. 
[See  Willow.] 

WHITE-WINE,  hwIt'-wTn,  n.  any  wine  of 
a  clear  transparent  color,  bordering  on 
white,  as  Madeira,  Sherry,  etc. :  opposed 
to  wine  of  a  deep  red  color,  as  Port  and 
Burgundv. 

WHITE-WlTCH,  hwit'-wich,  n.  a  wizard 
or  witch  of  a  beneficent  or  good-nat- 
ured disposition.  "  The  comnion  peo- 
ple call  him  a  wizard,  a  white-ivitch,  a 
conjuror,  a  cunning  man."  —  Addison. 
"Her  qualifications  a&  white-ivitch  were 
boundless  cunning,  equalh'  boundless 
good-nature,  considerable  knowledge  of 
human  weaknesses,  some  mesmeric 
power,  some  skill  in  '  yarbs,'  as  she 
called  lier  simples,  etc." — Kingsley. 

WHITHER,  hwi^/t'er,  adv.  to  what  place  ? 
to  which  place:  to  what.  [A.S.  hicoe-der, 
hm-der,  from  the  stem  of  WHO,  with  the 
locative  suffix  -der  or  -ther,  Ice.  tha-thra, 
Sans,  ta-tra.    Cf.  Thither,  There.] 

WHITHERSOEVER,hwi<;t-er-so-ev'er,adu. 
to  whatever  place. 

WHITING,  hwit'ing,  n.  a  small  sea-fish 
allied  to  the  cod,  so  called  from  its  ivhite 
color :  ground  chalk  free  from  stony 
matter. 

WHITISH,  hwit'ish,  adj.  somewhat  white. 
— n.  Whit'ishness. 

WHITLOW,  hwit'lo,  n.  in  sarg.  parony- 
chia, a  swelling  or  inflammation  about 
the  nails  or  ends  of  the  fingers,  or  affect- 
ing one  or  more  of  the  phalanges  of  the 
fingers,  generally  terminating  in  an  ab- 
scess. There  are  four  or  five  varieties  of 
this  swelling,  according  to  the  texture 
primarily  attacked.  Should  the  skin  be 
the  primary  seat  of  the  inflammation 
vesicles  appear,  which  soon  discharge 
pus.  giving  rapid  relief;  should  the  cellu- 
lar or  connective  tissue  beneath  the  skin 
or  under  the  nail  be  affected,  there  is  a 
painful  feeling  of  tenseness  and  throb- 
bing of  the  part,  often  accompanied  by 
febrile  disturbance  imtil  pus  can  be  evac- 
uated, which  should  be  done  by  incision 
as  soon  as  the  presence  and  seat  of  the 
disease  has  been  discovered.  The  most 
dangerous  form  of  whitlow  occurs, 
however,  when  the  tendons  and  their 
sheaths  or  the  periosteum  are  affected; 
in  this  form  suppuration  may  extend 
above  the  wrist,  and  may  occasion 
the  loss  of  the  finger,  the  hand,  and  may 
seriously,  in  some  rare  cases  fatally,  af- 
fect the  health  of  the  patient  :  an  inflam- 
matory disease  of  the  feet  in  sheep  ;  it 
occurs  round  the  hoof,  where  an  acrid 
matter  is  collected,  which  ought  to  be 
discharged.  [A  corruption  of  whickflaw 
for  quick-flaw,  lit.  a  flaw  or  sore  of  the 
quick.  The  forms  whickfla'V  and  whit- 
flaw  both  occur  in  old  and  provincial  En- 
glish.] 

WHITLOW-GRASS,   hwit'lo-gras,    n.  the 


ccmmoD  name  of  a  Britiish  plant,  DrcAa 

verna. 
■W"  HIT-MONDAY,     hwit-mun'da,    n.    the 

Monday  following  Whitsunday. 
WHITSUN,  hwit'sun,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 

observed  at  miitsxmtide. 
WHITSUNDAY,  hwit'sun-da,  WHITSUN- 
TIDE, hwit'sun-tid,  n.  the  seventh  Sun- 
day after  Easter,  commemorating  the 
day  of  Pentecost,  when  the  converts  in 
the  primitive  church  wore  irhite  robes. 
WHITTLE,  hwit'l,  v.t.  to  pare  or  cut  with 
a  knife  :  to  cut  to  an  edge. — i).  a  small 
pocket-knife.  [M.  E.  th-witel  (which, 
being  confused  with  Whet,  dropped  the 
th-) — A.S.  thwitan,  to  cut.] 
WHIZ,  hwiz.  v.i.  to  make  a  hissing  sound, 
like  an  arrow  or  ball  flj'ing  through  the 
air  : — pr.x).  whizz'ing  ;  pa.t.  and  pa.p. 
whizzed.  —  n.  a  hissing  sound. — adv. 
Whizz'ingly.  [Imitative  ;  cf.  Wheeze, 
Whist,  and  Hiss.] 
WHO.  hoo,  pron.  both  rel.  and  interrog., 
always  for  persons  :  what  person?  which 
person.  —  Who,  Which,  That.  These 
agree  in  being  relatives,  who  being  used 
for  persons,  which  for  things,  and  that 
being  used  indifferently  for  either.  TT7jo 
and  tvJiich  have  well-defined  different 
uses  :  (a)  they  connect  two  co-ordinate 
sentences ;  as,  I  met  a  policeman  who 
showed  me  the  way  ;  I  studied  geome- 
try ichich  I  found  useful.  Each  of  these 
sentences  could  be  turned  into  two  prop- 
ositions grammatically,  as  well  as  log- 
ically, independent :  I  met  a  policeman 
and  he  showed  me  the  way  :  I  studied 
geometry  and  it  I  found  useful.  An- 
other use  of  the  same  nature  is  when 
the  second  clause  is  of  the  kind  termed 
adverbial,  where  we  may  still  resolve 
who  and  which  into  a  personal  or  demon- 
strative pronoun  and  a  conjunction  :  as, 
why  should  we  condemn  James  who 
(for  he,  aeeing  that  he)  is  innocent?  why 
should  we  studj-  phrenology  which  (see- 
ing that  it)  is  profitless?  (b)  Thej-  are 
often  used  to  introduce  subordinate  or 
adjectival  clauses,  which  serve  to  define 
or  explain  a  noun  regarding  which  a 
statement  is  made  in  the  principal  clause; 
as,  I  saw  the  man  u-ho  first  taught  me 
to  swim  ;  the  house  uhich  he  built  still 
stands.  Now,  in  these  latter  uses,  who 
and  which  cannot  be  turned  into  and  he, 
and  it.  The  following  sentence,  stand- 
ing alone,  is  ambiguous  :  "I  re-read  the 
book  which  gave  me  much  pleasure." 
This  may  mean  either  that  the  re-read- 
ing gave  mucJ/  pleasure,  and  in  that 
case  the  sentince  consists  of  two  co- 
ordinate sent'.nces  and  belongs  to  sec- 
tion (a),  or  i ;  may  mean  I  re-read  the 
book  which  \  'hen  formerly  read  gave  me 
much  pleasui-e.  In  the  latter  case  the 
second  clause  limits  or  explains  the  ob- 
ject of  the  first  and  belongs  to  section 
(6).  To  remove  such  ambiguity,  and  the 
unpleasant  effect  arising  from  the  too 
frequent  use  of  who  and  which,  it  has 
been  proposed  b^'  some  grammarians  (es- 
pecially Professor  Bain)  always  to  em- 
ploy that  and  not  trho  or  ^chich,  when 
the  relative  is  used  to  introduce  a  re- 
strictive or  adjectival  clause,  and  instead 
of  saying  "  the  man  who  hath  no  music 
in  himself  ...  is  fit  for  treasons,  etc.," 
"  they  are  the  books  .  .  .  which  nourish 
all  the  world,"  to  say,  as  Shakespeare 
says,  "the  man  that  hath,  etc.,"  "they 
are  the  books  .  .  .  that  nourish,  etc.," 
reserving  who  and  tvhich  for  such  cases 
as  are  noticed  under  section  (a).  [A.S. 
hwa ;  cog.  with  Goth,  hva-s.  Ice.  river, 
Ger.  zver ;  also  with  Sans,  kds,  Gr.  pos, 
L.  quis.] 


V\^HOEVER 


4S5 


WILDGRAVE 


WHOEVF/B,  hoo-ev'er,  prcn,  every  one 
who  :   whatever  person. 

WHOLE,  hoi,  adj.  sound,  as  in  health  (so 
in  B.):  unimpaired:  containing  the  total 
amount,  number,  etc.:  all:  not  defective: 
complete. — n.  the  entire  thing:  a  system 
or  combination  of  parts.  —  n.  Whole'- 
NESS.— adu.  Whol'ly.  [M.E.  hool—A.Q. 
hal,  healthy  ;  Ice.  heill,  Ger.  heil ;  also 
cog.  with  Gr.  kalos,  beautiful.  By -form 
Hale,  adj.] 

WHOLESALE,  hOl'sal,  n.,  sale  of  goods  by 
the  ivhole  piece  or  large  quantity. — adj. 
buying  and  selling  in  large  quantities. 

WHOLESOME,  hol'sum,  adj.  healthy: 
sound  :  Ealutary. — adv.  Whole'somely. 
— n.  Whole'someness. 

WHOM,  hoom,  pron.  objective  case  of 
Who.  J-A-S.  hivam,  wifiich  was  orig. 
dative  of  wha.  Who,  and  replaced  the 
older  acc'is.  hwone.] 

WHOMSOEV  eft,  ho6m-so-ev'er,  pron.  ob- 
iective  case  of  Whosoever. 

Whoop,  hw6(5p  or  hoop,  n.  a  loud  eager 
cry. — ii.i.  to  give  a  clear,  sharp  cry :  to 
shout  in  sco.-n,  eagerness,  etc. — v.t.  to 
insult  with  suouts.  [A.S.  wop — wepan 
(pa.t.  iceSp),  E.  Weep,  Goth,  vopjan,  to 
cry  out.] 

WHOOPING-  or  HOOPrNG^-COUGH, 
hoop'ing-kof,  n.  a  convulsive  cough  of 

^children,  Uke  a  whoop. 

WHORE,  hor,  n.  a  woman  who  practices 
unlawful  sexual  intercourse :  a  prosti- 
tute :  a  harlot. — Whoredom,  hor'dum,  n. 
unlawful  sexual  intercourse.  —  Whore- 
monger, hor'mung-ger,  n.  a  lecher :  a 
pander.  See  Monger. — adj.  Whor'ish. 
—adv.  Whor'ishly. — n.  Whor'ishness. 
[A.S.  hore ;  Ger.  hure.] 

WHOKL,  hworl,  n.  a  number  of  leaves  in 
a  ivhirl  or  circle  round  the  stem.  [By- 
form  of  WnmL.] 

WHORTLEBERRY,  hwor'tl-ber-i,  n.  a 
widely-spread  heath  plant  vrith  a  blue 
edible  berry,  called  also  the  Bilberry. 
[Changed  (probably  through  influence  of 
Wort,  a  jilant)  from  hurtle-hcrry — A.S. 
heorot-berige  {lit.)  "  hart-berry. "j 

WHOSE,  hooz,  pron.  the  possessive  case 
of  Who  or  Which.— Whosesoever  (B.) 
©f  whomsoever.  [M.E.  hwas  —  A- S. 
hicces.] 

WHOSO,  hSo'so,  WHOSOEVER,  h66-so- 
ev'er,  indefinite  relative  pron.  every  one 
who  :  whoever, 

WEY,  hwi,  adv.  for  what  cause  or  reason? 
on  which  account:  wherefore.  [A.S.  hwi, 
hivy.  instrumental  case  of  hwa,  E.  Who. 
Cf.  How.] 

WICK,  wik,  n.  the  threads  of  cotton  or 
other  substance  in  a  candle  or  lamp 
which  burn.  [A.S.  weoca ;  Ger.  wieke,  a 
roll  of  lint.] 

WICKED,  wik'ed,  adj.  evil  in  principle  or 
practice  :  deviating  from  molality  :  sin- 
ful: ungodly:  naughty. — ».  (B.)  a  wicked 
person.— aat'.  Wick'edly. — n.  Wick'ed- 
NBSS.  (Perh.  from  A.S.  wican,  to  become 
weak,  decay  ;  see  Weak.  But  Grimm 
connects  it  with  A.S.  wicca,  E.  Witch, 
so  that  tlie  primary  meaning  would  be 
"  bewitched,  "  accursed,"  hence  "  pep- 
verse."] 

WICKER  wik'er,  m.  a  small  pliant  twig  or 
osier. — adj.  made  of  twigs  or  osiers.  [Ety. 

.    dubj 

WICKET,  wik'et,  n.  a  small  gate  ;  one  of 
three  upright  x-oas  i/O^vie'.i  at  in  cricket. 
fo.  Fr  ivtket  (l"r.  guichet),  a  dim.  of  O. 
Scand.  vik,  an  mlet.  ] 

WIDE,  wid,  adj.  extended  far :  having  a 
considerable  distance  between  :  broad  : 
distant.— adu.  Wide'ly. — n.  Wide'NESS. 
[A.S.  wid,  Ice.  vndhr.  Ger.  weit^ 

WIDEN,  wid  a,  v.t.  •:rz:'l  lo  !re.kf-o:-sriu-A' 
wide  or  widoc. 


WIDE-SKIRTED,  wld'-skert-ed,at^".itaving 
wide  borders :  extensive. 
With  plenteous  rivers  and  itndeshirted  meads, 
We  make  thee  lady. — Shak. 

WIDE-SPREAD,  wid'-spred,  adj.  spread  to 
a  great  distance:  extending  far  and  wide. 
"  To  stand  upon  such  elevated  ground  as 
to  be  enabled  to  take  a  larger  view  of 
the  widespread  and  infinitely  diversified 
constitution  of  men  and  afl:airs  in  a  large 
society." — Brougham. 

WIDE -STRETCHED,  wid'-strecht,  adj. 
large:  extensive.  "  Wide-stretched  hon- 
ors."— Shah. 

WIDGEON,  wid'jun,  n.  a  species  of  nata- 
torial bird  allied  to  the  Anatidae  or  ducks; 
the  Mareca  penelope.  The  widgeons  are 
migratory  birds  which  breed  occasionally 
in  the  most  northern  parts  of  Scotland, 
but  the  ordinary  breeding  place  is  in  more 
northern  regions,  which  they  quit  on  the 
approach  of  winter,  and  journey  south- 
ward. They  are  very  numerous  in  the 
British  Islands  during  the  winter,  where 
they  spread  themselves  along  the  shores 
and  over  the  marshes  and  lakes.  They 
feed  on  aquatic  plants,  and  on  grass  like 
the  geese.  They  have  always  been  in 
request  for  the  table.  The  American 
widgeon  is  the  Mareca  amerieana.  It  is 
most  abundant  in  the  Carolinas,  and  is 
often  called  bald-pate  from  the  white  on 
the  top  of  the  head  :  from  the  widgeon 
bein^  supposed  to  be  a  foolish  bird,  the 
word    was  applied   formerly  to  a  fool. 

The  apostles  of  this  false  religion. 
Like  Mahomet ^s,  were  as  ass  and  tmdgeon. 
— Hudibras. 

fCf.  Goose,  Gudgeon  ;  cf.  also  the 
French  vigeon,  vingeon,  gingeon,  names 
of  ducks,  the  origin  of  the  word  being 
doubtful.] 

WIDOW,  wid'5,  n.  a  woman  vnthowt  or 
bereft  of  her  husband  by  death. — v.t.  to 
bereave  of  a  husband :  to  strip  of  any- 
thing valued.  "Widoiv  in  old  English 
was  both  masculine  and  feminine.  The 
word  was  afterwards  limited  in  applica- 
tion to  women,  because  the  position  of  a 
widow  is  so  often  of  a  distressing  char- 
acter ;  and  when  it  became  necessary  to 
distinguish  a  man  who  had  lost  his  wife 
by  a  single  word,  the  masculine  suffix 
was  added  to  the  recognized  feminine 
widmo." — E.  Adams.  [A.S.  tviduive  :  Ger. 
vnttv^  ;  borrowed  from  L.  vidua,  bereft 
of  >  lUband,  Saas.  vidhava — vi  (=  L. 
ve-t,  without,  and  dhava,  a  husband.] 

WIDOWER,  wid'o-er,  n.  a  man  whose  wife 
is  dead. 

WIDOWHOOD,  wid'5-hood,  n.  state  of 
being  a  widow,  or  (rarely)  of  being  a 
widower. 

WIDTH,  width,  n.  wideness. 

WIELD,  weld,  v.t.  to  use  with  full  com- 
mand :  to  manage  :  to  use. — n.  Wield'- 
ER.  [A.S.  geweldan  —  wealdan ;  Goth. 
valdan,  Ger.  walten.] 

WIELDY,  weld'i,  adj.  capable  of  being 
wielded :  manageable. 

WIFE,  wif  (pi.  Wives,  wIvz),  n  originally, 
a  woman  of  mature  age  that  is  or  might 
be  married,  and  in  common  language 
often  still  so  applied,  esp.  in  Scotland  ; 
in  literature  used  now  only  in  compound 
words,  generally  designing  a  woman  of 
low  employmeot ;  as,  aietvife,  fish-imfe: 
the  lawful  consort  of  a  man  :  &  woman 
who  is  united  to  a  man  in  the  'awful 
bonus  of  wedlock  —  tne  correlative  of 
husband i  "The  husband  of  one  wife." — 
1  Tim.  iii.  3 ;  "He  that  hath  wife  and 
children  hath  given  hostages  to  fortune ; 
for  they  are  impediments  to  great  en- 
terprises either  of  virtue  or  mischief." — 
Bacon;  "A  good  urife  is  heaven's  last 
best  gift  to  man,  liis  angel  ami  minister 
of  graces  innumerable,  bis  ^^em  of  manp 


virtues,  his  casket  of  jewels." — Jer.  Tay- 
lor. [A.S.  wlf,  a  woman,  a  wife  (neut., 
pi.  wif)\  Dut.  wijf.  Ice.  vif,  Dan.  viv, 
Ger.  weib,  woman.  The  root  meaning  is 
doubtful ;  often  connected  with  loeave. 
This  word  gives  the  first  syllable  of  ^oo- 
man.    See  Woman.] 

WIFE-CARLE,  wif'-karl,  n.  a  man  who, 
busies  himself  about  household  affairs  w 
woman's  work.     [Scotch.] 

WIFELESS,  wlf  les,  adj.  without  a  wife. 

WIG,  wig,  n.  an  artificial  covering  of  hair 
for  the  head.     [Short  for  Periwig.] 

WIGGED,  wigd,  adj.  wearing  a  wig. 

WIGHT,  wit,  n.  a  creature  or  a  person- 
used  chiefly  in  sport  or  irony.  [A.S, 
wiht,  a  creature ;  Ger.  wicht.  GrlmcDi 
refers  it  to  a  root  seen  in  O.  Ger.  unha% 
(Ger.  weihen),  to  consecrate,  orig.  to  Ao, 
to  make.    See  Whit.] 

WIGHT,  wit,  n.  a  hero.     [A.S.  vyig,  war.] 

WIGWAM,  wlg'wam,  n.  an  Indian  hut. 
[E.  corr.  of  North  American  Indian  word 
slg.  "  in  his  house."] 

WILD,  wild,  adj.  being  in  a  state  of  na- 
ture :  not  tamed  or  cultivated  :  uncivil- 
ized :  desert  :  unsheltered  :  violent  :  a- 
centious. — n.  an  uncultivated  region  :  a 
forest  or  desert.  —  adv.  Wild'ly. — n. 
Wild'ness.  [A.S.  wilde ;  Ger.  unld ;  conn. 
with  Ger.  wahl,  forest,  E.  Weald.] 

WILDER,  wild'er,  v.t.  to  bewilder.  [Short 
for  Bewilder.] 

WILDERNESS,  wil'der-nes,  n.  a  unld  or 
waste  place  :  an  uncultivated  regioO: 
1^4..S.  wildeor~ness.'\ 

WILDFIRE,  wTld'fIr,  n.  a  composition  of 
inflammable  materials  readily  catching 
flre  and  hard  to  be  extinguished  ;  Greek- 
fire  ;  "  Brimstone,  pitch,  wildfire,  burn 
easily,  and  are  hard  to  quench." — Bacon: 
a  kind  of  lightning  unaccompanied  by 
thunder :  a  name  for  erysipelas ;  also  % 
name  for  lichen  eircumscriptus,  an  erup= 
tive  disease,  consisting  of  clusters  or 
patches  of  papulfe  :  a  name  given  to  a 
disease  of  sheep,  attended  with  inflam^ 
mation  of  the  skin. — Wild-fire  rash,  in 

fKithol.  a  species  of  gum-rash^  in  which 
he  pimples  are  in  clusters  or  patches, 
generally  flying  from  part  to  part. 

WILD-FOWL,  vild'-fowl,  n.  a  name  given 
to  birds  of  -arious  species  which  are 
pursued  as  gau  p.  but  ordinarily  restricted! 
to  birds  belonging  to  the  orders  Gralla- 
tore-s  and  Natatores  :  water-fowl. 

WILD  GOOSE,  wlld'-goos,  n.  a  water-fowl 
of  *:i.'  '.•>.  lus  Anser,  the  A.  ferus,  a  bird 
of  p:-.iir.oe,  and  the  stock  of  the  domestic 
goost  The  wild-gijse,  known  also  as 
the  Gr  r-LAO,  was  ormerly  abundant  ic 
the  fe.'ny  parts  of  (England,  and  resided 
there  all  the  year,  bu",  it  is  now  onlv 
known  as  a  winter  visitant  to  the  British 
Isles.  II.  's  the  largest  of  the  species 
found  in  Ih  tain.  Th :  term  wild-goose  is 
also  prom. -.-juously  applied  to  several 
species  of  ti  e  goose  kind  found  wild  in 
Great  Britain,  as ^4.  palustris,  A.  segetum, 
and  A.  irachyrhynchus.  The  wild-goose 
of  North  America,  also  migratory,  is  3 
distinct  species,  tht  .1.  Cygnopsis  or  cana 
densis. — Wild-goose  chase,  the  pursuit 
ot  anything  In  ignorance  of  the  direction 
it  will  take  :  hence,  a  foolish  pursuit  or 
enterprise.  Accord'-ag  to  Dyce  a  iixlld 
goose  chase  was  a  kind  of  horse  raco 
where  two  horses  wei  e  started  togpt  her 
and  whichever  rider  couid  get  th  ■  lead 
the  other  was  obliged  io  follow  hini  over 
whatever  ground  the  foremost  jockey 
chose  to  go. 

WILDGRAVE,  wild'grav,  n.  a  head  forest 
keeper  in  Germany  in  former  times  ;  an 
official  having  the  superintendence  of  the 
game  in  a  forest^llferent  from  a  vvald 
grave  or  woodreeve.  Sir  W,  Scott.  [Qero 


WILDING 


486 


WINDBEOACH 


wUdgraf,  from  iMd,  grame,  wild  animals, 
and  graf,  commonly  a  title  equivalent  to 
count.] 

WILDING,  wlld'ing.  n.  that  which  grows 
wild  or  without  cultivation:  a  wild  crab- 
apple. 

WILE,  wll,  n.  a  trick:  a  sly  artifice.  [A.S. 
u-il:  Ice.  rei,  rceZ,  a  trick.  'Doublet  Guile.] 

WILL,  wil,  n.  power  of  choosiug'  or  deter- 
mining-: choice  or  determination  :  pleas- 
ure: command:  arbitrary  di.sposal:  feeling 
towards,  as  in  good  or  ill  will:  disposition 
of  one's  effects  at  death  :  the  written 
document  containing  such. — v.i.  to  exer- 
cise the  will :  to  decree  :  (B.)  to  be  \vill- 
ing. — v.t.  to  determine:  to  be  resolved  to 
do:  to  command:  to  dispose  of  by  will. — 
Last  will  and  testament,  in  law,  the 
legal  declaration  of  a  man's  intentions  as 
to  what  he  wills  to  be  performed  after 
his  death  in  relation  to  his  property.  In 
England  no  will,  whether  of  real  or  per- 
sonal estate,  is  to  be  valid  unless  it  be  in 
writing,  and  signed  at  the  foot  or  end  by 
the  testator,  or  by  some  person  in  his 
presence,  and  by  his  direction.  Such  sig- 
nature must  be  made  or  acknowledged 
by  the  testator  in  the  presence  of  two  or 
more  witnesses  present  at  the  same  time, 
and  such  witnesses  must  attest  and  sub- 
scribe the  will  in  the  presence  of  the  tes- 
tator. Soldiers  on  actual  service,  or 
mariners  at  sea,  have  the  power  of  mak- 
ing nuncupative  wills.  In  the  United 
States  the  law  is  in  substantial  agree- 
ment with  that  of  England.  In  Scotland 
formerly  only  personal  property  could  be 
disposed  of  by  will,  real  property  being 
conveyed  by  a  disposition  or  deed  in 
which  the  testator's  liferent  in  the  sub- 
ject was  reserved,  but  heritable  property 
can  now  be  so  disposed  of.  [A.S.  icilla ; 
Goth,  vilja,  Ger.  imlle ;  L.  volo,  to  will, 
Gr.  boule,  wUl,  purpose.] 

WILL,  wil,  V.  aiix.,  pres.  I  will,  thou  tmlt, 
he  (177/;  past,  would;  no  past  participle. 
A  word  denoting  either  simple  futurity 
or  futurity  combined  with  volition  ac- 
cording to  tlie  subject  of  the  verb. 
Thus,  in  the  first  per.son,  I  (we)  icill.  the 
word  denotes  willingness,  consent,  inten- 
tion, or  promise  ;  and  when  emphasized 
it  indicates  determination  or  fixed  pur- 
pose ;  as,  I  will  go,  if  you  please  ;  I  ivill 
go  at  all  hazards  ;  I  will  have  it  in  spite 
of  him.  In  the  second  and  third  persons 
will  expresses  only  a  simple  future  or 
certainty,  the  idea  of  volition,  purpose, 
or  wish  being  lost ;  thus,  "  you  will  go," 
or  "  he  icill  go,"  indicates  a  future  event 
only.  Tlie  second  person  may  also  be 
used  as  a  polite  command  :  as,  you  ii'iU 
be  sure  to  do  as  I  have  told  you. — As  re- 
gards mil  in  questions,  Mr.  R.  Grant 
Wiiite  lays  down  the  following  rules : 
"  Will  is  never  to  be  used  as  a  question 
with  the  first  person  ;  as,  icill  I  go?  A 
man  cannot  ask  if  he  wills  to  do  any- 
thing that  he  must  know  and  only  he 
knows  .  .  .  As  a  question,  tfill  in  the  sec- 
ond person  asks  the  intention  of  the  per- 
son addressed;  as,  will  jo\x  go  to-morrow? 
that  is.  Do  you  mean  to  go  to-morrow? 
...  As  a  question,  icill  in  the  third  per- 
son asks  wliat  is  to  be  the  future  action 
of  the  person  spoken  of,  with  a  necessary 
reference  to  intention;  as,  icill  he  go? 
that  is.  Is  he  going  ?  Does  he  mean  to 
^o  and  is  his  going  sure  ?  "  Simple  futur- 
ity with  the  first  per  son  is  appropriately 
expressed  by  tshall.  Among  inaccurate 
speakers  and  writers,  especially  in  Scot- 
land, Ireland,  and  in  some  parts  of  the 
United  States,  there  is  some  confusion 
in  the  use  of  shall  and  tmll ;  thus  ivill  im- 
properly takes  the  place  of  shall  in  such 
frequently  used  phrases  as,  "I  will  be 


obliged  to  you,"  "  we  will  be  at  a  loss," 
"I  will  be  much  gratified,"  and  so  on. 
— Would  stands  in  the  same  relation  to 
imll  that  should  does  to  shall.  Thus 
would  is  seldom  or  never  a  preterite  in- 
dicative pure  and  simple,  being  mainly 
employed  in  subjunctive,  conditional,  or 
optative  senses,  in  the  latter  case  having 
often  the  functions  and  force  of  an  in- 
dependent verb  ;  as,  (a)  conditional  or 
subjunctive,  "  he  would  do  it  if  he  could  ;" 
"  he  could  do  it  if  he  would ;"  "  they 
would  have  gone  had  they  been  permit- 
ted." Here  it  will  be  seen  would  refers 
to  the  present  only,  the  past  being  ex- 
pressed by  would  have.  In  such  sentences 
as  "He  was  mistaken  it  ivould  seem,"  or 
"it  would  appear" — in  which  should  is 
sometimes  used  —  would  retains  almost 
nothing  of  conditionality,  having  merely 
the  eiTect  of  softening  a  direct  statement. 
(Mr.  R.  Grant  White  regards  "  it  should 
seem"  as  the  normal  expression,  though 
he  quotes  " it  toouM  appear"  from  good 
English  writers.  He  himself  writes :  "  It 
would  seem  that  a  man  of  Mr.  Lowe's 
general  intelligence  should  know,"  etc. — 
Everyday  English,  chap,  xiii.)  (b)  Opta^ 
tive ;  "  I  tvould  that  I  were  j'oung  again." 
In  this  use  the  personal  pronoun  is  often 
omitted.  "  Woidd  to  God  we  had  died 
in  Egypt."— Ex.  xvi.  3.  "  Woidd  God  I 
had  died  for  thee,  O  Absalom." — 3  Sam. 
xviii.  3.  "  Would  thou  wert  as  I  am." — 
Shak. — Woidd  most  nearly  has  the  force 
of  a  simple  past  indicative  in  such  sen- 
tences as,  "he  woidd  go  and  you  see* 
what  has  happened ;"  but  this  implies 
farther  that  he  did  actually  go  or  at  least 
set  out,  and  the  would  is  here  emphatic. 
—  Would  is  also  used  to  express  a  habit 
or  custom,  as  if  it  implied  a  habitual 
exercise  of  will ;  as,  she  woidd  weep  all 
day  ;  every  other  day  he  would  fly  into  a 
passion. —  Will  and  would  were  formerly 
often  used  with  adverbs  and  preposition- 
al phrases  to  express  motion  or  change 
of  place,  %vhere  modern  usage  would  re- 
quire will  go,  would  go,  or  the  like.  "  Now 
I  will  away  ;"  "  I'll  to  the  ale-house  ;" 
"I  will  about  it ;"  '^  Fll  to  my  books;" 
"he  is  very  sick  and  would  to  bed;" 
"  there  were  wit  in  this  head,  and  'twould 
out." — Shak. — What  maybe  called  a 
similar  elliptical  usage  occurs  in  such 
phra.=es  as  "what  would  you?"  where 
present  usage  would  supply  have  or  do. 
[A.S.  willan,  pres.  sing.  1  and  3  wile,  2 
wilt,  pi.  willath  (1,  3,  and  3) ;  pret.  irolde, 
woldest ;  pi.  woldon  or  woldan ;  Dut. 
willen.  Ice.  vilJa,  Dan.  irille,  to  will ;  Ger. 
will,  I  will,  he  wDl,  infln.  wollen  ;  Goth. 
viljan ;  cog.  L.  volo,  1  will,  velle,  to  will ; 
Gr.  boulomai,  I  will.  Akin  Well,  WHiiL, 
Wild.] 

WILLEIVUTE,  wiiaem-It,  n.  a  mineral  of 
resinous  lustre  and  yellowish-green  col- 
or. It  is  a  native  silicate  of  zinc.  It  is  of 
rare  occurrence  in  Europe,  but  is  found 
in  New  Jersey,  in  rock..raasses  constitut- 
ing a  very  valuable  and  important  zinc 
ore.  [In  honor  of  Willem  I.,  king  of  the 
Netherlands.] 

WILLET,  wil'et,  n.,  Symphemia  semipal- 
mata,  a  bird  of  the  snipe  family,  found 
in  North  and  South  America.  It  is  a  fine 
game  bird,  and  its  flesh  and  eggs  are 
prized  as  food.  t  is  so  named  from  its 
cry. ^^pilt-will-im,  'et." 

WILLFUL,  wil'fool  adj.  governed  only  by 
one's  will :  done  oi-  suffered  by  design  : 
obstinate. — adv.  Will'fully. — n.  WlLL'- 

FULNESS. 

WILLING,  wU'ing,  adj.  having  the  will  in- 
clined to  a  thing :  desirous :  disposed  : 
chosen. — adv.  Will'ingly. — n,  WrLL'- 
INQNESS. 


WILLOW,  wil'o,  n.  a  tree  of  several  spe» 
cies,  with  slender,  pliant  branches.  [A.S. 
wilig  ;  Low  Ger.  icilge,  wichel.] 

WILL -WORSHIP,  wil'-wur'ship,  n.  (B.) 
worship  of  what  one  wills  or  wishes  : 
superstitious  observance. 

WILT,  wilt,  2d  pers.  sing,  of  Will. 

WILY,  wil'i,  adj.  full  of  wiles  or  tricks : 
using  craft  or  stratagem  :  artful  :  sly. — 
adv.  Wil'ily. — Wil'iness,  n.  cunning. 

WIMBLE,  wim'bl,  v.t.  to  whirl,  to  turn  : 
to  bore  with  a  wimble. — n.  an  instru- 
ment for  boring  holes,  turned  by  a  handle. 
[A  corr.  (with  freq.  suffix)  of  Wind,  to 
turn.     See  Gimlet.] 

WIMPLE,  wim'pl,  n.  a  hood  or  veil  folded 
round  the  neck  and  face  (still  a  part  of  a 
nun's  dress) :  a  flag.  [O.  Fr.  guimple — 
O.  Ger.  loimpal,  a  light  robe  (Ger.  wim- 
pel,  a  streamer).     See  Gimp.] 

WIN,  win,  v.t.  to  get  by  labor  :  to  gain  in 
contest :  to  allure  to  Idndness,  to  gain : 
to  obtain  the  favor  of. — v.i.  to  gain  the 
victory :  to  gain  favor  : — pr.p.  winn'ing  ; 
pa.t.  oxlA  pa.p.  won  (wun).  [A.S.  win- 
nan,  to  suffer,  to  strug;gle  ;  Ice.  viuna,  to 
accomplish,  Ger.  ge-winnen,  to  win.] 

WINCE,  wins,  v.i.  to  shrink  or  start  back  : 
to  be  affected  acutely,  as  by  a  sarcasm  j 
to  be  restive,  as  a  horse  uneasy  at  its 
rider.  [Perh.  through  O.  Fr.  from  Ger. 
wanken,  to  shake.] 

WIN'CEY.     Same  as  Linsey-woolset. 

WINCH,  winsh,  n.  the  crank  of  a  wheel  or 
axle. — v.i.  to  wince.     [A.S.  wince.] 

WIND,  wind,   n.  air  in  motion  :  breath  : 
flatulence:   anything  insignificant. — v.t. 
(wind)  to  sound  by  blowing  :  (wind)  to  ex- 
pose to  the  wind  :  to  drive  hard,  so  as  to 
put  out  of  breath  :  to  allow  to  recover 
wind:— ^r.^.  wTnd'ingand  vrind'ing;pa.p  . 
wound  and  wind'ed.     [A.S.  ;  Ice.  vindr  ' 
Ger.  ivind,  L.  ventus ;  from  root  of  Gr  • 
ao,  to  blow.  Sans,  fo.] 

WIND,  wind,  v.t.  to  turn  round,  to  twist: 
to  coil:  to  encircle:  to  change. — v.i.  to 
turn  completely  or  often:  to  turn  round 
something:  to  twist:  to  move  spirally: 
to  meander  x—pr.p.  wind'ing;  pa.t.  and 
pa.p.  wound. — ^To  wind  rp,  to  bring  into 
small  compass  :  to  bring  to  a  final  set- 
tlement, as  the  affairs  of  a  company. 
[A.S.  windan  ;  Ger.  winden.  Ice.  vinda, 
Goth,  vindan.    Cf.  Wend.] 

WINDAGE,  wind'aj,  n.  the  difference  be- 
tween the  size  of  the  bore  of  a  gun  and 
that  of  the  ball  or  shell.  [From  Wind, 
the  space  being  filled  with  air.] 

WIND-BAND,  wind'-band,  n.  a  band  of 
musicians  who  play  only  or  principally 
on  wind-instruments. 

WIND-BEAM,  wind'-bem,  n.  in  arch,  an 
old  term  for  a  collar-beam. 

WIND-BILL,  wind'-bil,  n.  in  Scots  law,  an 
accommodation  bill  :  a  bill  of  exchange 
granted  without  value  having  been  re- 
ceived by  the  acceptors,  for  the  purpose 
of  raising  money  by  discount. 

WIND-BORE,  wind'-tor,  n.  the  extremity 
of  the  suction-pipe  of  a  pump,  usually 
covered  with  a  perforated  plate  to  pre- 
vent the  intrusion  of  foreign  substances. 

WINDBOUND,wind'bownd,  adj.  prevented 
from  sailing  by  a  contrary  wind.  "  The 
windhoimd  navy." — Dryden. 

WIND-BREAK,  wind'-brak,  v.t.  to  break 
the  wind  off.  "  'Twould  wind-break  a 
mule  to  vie  burdens  with  her." — Foid. 

"WINDBROACH,  wind'broch,  n.  the  hurdy- 
gurdy  or  vielle.  "  For  an  old  man  to 
pretend  to  talk  wisely  is  like  a  musi- 
cian's endeavoring  to  fumble  out  a  fine 
sonata  upon  a  windbroach."  —  Tom 
Brown.  [The  last  component  probably 
a  corruption  of  Ger.  bratsche,  a  violaj 
or  tenor-vioUn.] 


WIND-BROKEN 


487 


WLNTER'S-BARK 


WIND-BROKEN,  wind'-brok'n,  adj.  dis- 
eased in  tlie  respiratory  organs :  having 
the  power  of  breathing  impaired  by  chest 
disease  :  as,  a  umid-broken  horse. 

WIND-CHANGING,  wind'-chanj-ing,  adj. 
changeful  as  the  wind  :  fickle.  "  Wind- 
changing  Warwick." — Shak. 

WIND-CHEST,  wind'-cliest,  n.  in  music, 
the  chest  or  reservoir  in  an  organ  or  har- 
monium for  storing  the  wind  produced 
by  the  bellows,  and  which  is  thus  pre- 
vented from  acting  by  direct  and  inter- 
mittent currents  on  the  pipes  and  reeds. 

WIND -CONTUSION,  wind'-kon-tu-zliun, 
n.  in  surg.  a  contusion,  such  as  rupture 
of  the  liver,  concussion  of  the  brain,  un- 
accompanied by  any  external  mark  of 
violence,  supposed  to  be  produced  by  tlie 
air  when  rapidly  displaced  by  the  velocity 
of  a  projectile,  as  a  cannon-ball.  It  is 
now,  however,  considered  to  be  occa- 
sioned by  the  projectile  itself  striking 
the  body  in  an  oblique  direction,  the  com- 
parative escape  of  the  external  soft  tis- 
sues being  accounted  for  by  the  degree  of 
obliquity  with  which  the  missile  impinges 
on  the  elastic  skin,  together  with  the 
position  of  the  internal  structures  injured 
relatively  to  the  impingement  of  the 
ball  on  one  side  and  hard  resisting  sub- 
stances on  another. 

WIND-DROPSY,  wind'-drop-si,  n.  a  swell- 
ing of  the  belly  from  wind  in  the  intes- 
tines :  tympanites. 

WIND-EGG,  wind'-eg,  n.  an  imperfect 
egg.  Wind  eggs  are  frequently  laid  by 
hens  which  have  been  injured  or  are 
growing  old.  They  are  frequently  desti- 
tute of  a  shell,  being  surrounded  only  by 
a  skin  or  membrane,  and  sometimes  by  a 
very  thin  shell.     Sir  T.  Broivne. 

WINDER,  wlud'er,  n.  one  who  or  that 
which  winds  yarns  or  the  like  ;  as,  a  bob- 
h\n-ioinder  :  an  instrument  or  machine 
for  winding :  a  plant  that  twists  itself 
round  otliers  ;  "  Winders  anA  creepers." 
— Bacon  :  the  winding-step  of  a  staircase. 

WINDER,  wind'er,  n.  in  pugilism,  a  blow 
that  deprives  of  breath. 

WINDFALL,  wind'fawl,  n.  fruit  blown  off 
a  tree  by  the  wind  :  any  unexpected 
money  or  other  advantage. 

WINDGAUGE,  wind'gaj,  n.  an  instrument 
for  gauging  or  measuring  the  velocity  of 
the  witid. 

WINDING,  wind'ing,  n.  a  turning :  a  bend. 
— adj.  twisting,  or  bending. — adv.  Wind'- 

INGLY. 

WINDING-SHEET,   wind'ing-shet,    n.    a 
sheet  in  which  a  corpse  is  wrapped. 
These  arms  of  mine  shall  be  thy  winding-sheet. 
My  heart,  sweet  boy,  shall  be  thy  sepulchre. 

— Shak.: 
a  piece  of  tallow  or  wax  hanging  down 
from  a  burning  candle — regarded  by  the 
ignorant  as  an  omen  of  death.  "He 
feel  asleep  on  his  arms  ....  a  long 
winding-sheet  in  the  candle  dripping 
down  upon  him." — Dickens. 

WINDING-TACKLE,  wInd'ing-tali-1,  n. 
(7iaut.)  a  tackle  consisting  of  one  fixed 
triple  block,  and  one  double  or  triple 
movable  block,  used  principally  to  hoist 
up  any  weighty  materials. 

WIND-INSTRXIMENT,  wind'-in-stroo-ment 
!  n.  an  instrument  of  music,  played  by 
means  of  artificially  produced  currents 
of  wind,  as  the  organ,  harmonium,  etc., 
or  by  the  human  breath,  as  the  flute, 
horn,  etc.,  in  all  of  which  the  vibration 
of  a  column  of  air  produces  the  sound. 
The  name  is,  however,  generally  re- 
stricted to  the  orchestral  instruments 
of  the  second  cla.ss,  consisting  of  a  tube 
(straight,  bent,  or  curved),  producing  a 
fundamental  tone  with  its  harmonics  or 
!      overtones  when  the  vibrating   column 


extends  the  whole  length  of  the  tube. 
This  column  may,  however,  be  shortened 
by  having  holes  of  certain  sizes  and  at 
certain  distances  along  the  tube,  which 
are  opened  or  stopped  by  the  fingers 
or  valves,  the  instrument  being  thus 
adapted  to  produce  in  its  simpler  forms 
the  tones  of  the  diatonic  scale,  and  in  its 
more  complex  forms  the  tones  of  the 
chromatic  scale.  The  wind-instruments 
of  an  ordinary  orchestra  are  divided  into 
two  classes :  wood  instruments,  as  the 
flute,  oboe,  clarionet,  and  bassoon  ;  and 
brass  instruments,  as  the  horn,  cornet- 
a-pistons,  trombone,  euphonium,  bom- 
bardon, and  ophicleide.  The  quality  of 
tone  of  the  woods  is  soft,  smooth,  light, 
and  almost  vocal ;  that  of  the  brasses  is 
somewhat  harder,  more  powerful  and 
majestic.  Being  all  fixed  toned  they 
cannot,  of  course,  play  in  perfect  tune 
like  stringed  instruments,  and  they  can 
only  produce  one  sound  at  a  time. 

WINDLASS,  wind'las,  n.  a  machine  for 
raising  hea\'y  weights,  consisting  of  a 
revolving  cylinder.  [Dut.  ivindas — win- 
den,  E.  Wind,  and  as,  an  axletree  ;  so 
Ice.  7iHnd-ass,  a  innd-ing  beam.] 

WINDMILL,  wind'mil,  n.  a  mill  driven  by 
the  triiid. 

WINDOW,  wind's,  n.  an  opening  in  the 
wall  of  a  building  for  air  and  light :  the 
frame  in  the  opening.  [Lit.  "  wind-eye," 
M.  E.  windage  —  Ice.  vindauga  —  vindr, 
wind,  and  aiiga,  eye.] 

WINDPIPE,  wind'p'ip,  n.  the  pipe  or  pas- 
sage for  the  wind  or  breath,  to  and  from 
the  lungs. 

WINDWARD,  wind'ward,  adv.,  toicard 
where  the  wind  blows  from. — adj.  to- 
ward the  wind. — n.  the  point  from  which 
the  wind  blows. 

WINDY,  wind'i,  adj.  consisting  of  wind: 
next  the  wind  :  tempestuous  :  empty. — 
n.  Wind'iness. 

WINE,  win,  n.  the  fermented  juice  of  the 
grape  or  fruit  of  the  vine  (Vitis  viuifera). 
Wines  are  distinguished  practically  by 
their  color,  hardness  or  softness  on  the 
palate,  their  flavor,  and  their  being  still 
or  effervescing.  The  differences  in  the 
quahty  of  wines  depend  partly  upon 
differences  in  the  vines,  but  more  on  the 
differences  of  the  soils  in  which  they  are 
planted,  in  the  exposure  of  the  vinej'ards, 
in  the  treatment  of  the  grapes,  and  the 
mode  of  manufacturing  the  wines.  When 
the  grapes  are  fully  ripe,  they  generally 
yield  the  most  perfect  wine  as  to  strength 
and  flavor.  The  leading  character  of 
wine,  however,  must  be  referred  to  the 
alcohol  which  it  contains,  and  upon  which 
its  intoxicating  powers  principally  de- 
pend. The  amount  of  alcohol  in  the 
stronger  ports  and  sherries  is  from  16  to 
25  per  cent  ;  in  hock,  claret,  and  other 
light  wines  from  7  per  cent.  Wine  con- 
taining more  than  13  per  cent  of  alcohol 
may  be  assumed  to  be  fortified  with 
brandy  or  other  spirit.  The  most  cele- 
brated ancient  wines  were  those  of  Lesbos 
and  Chios  among  the  Greeks,  and  the 
Falernian  and  Cecuban  among  the  Ro- 
mans. The  principal  modern  wines  are 
Port,  Sherry,  Claret,  Champagne,  Ma- 
deira, Hock,  Marsala,  etc.,  etc.  The  va- 
rieties of  wine  produced  are  almost  end- 
less, and  differ  in  every  constituent 
according  to  the  locality,  season,  and 
age  ;  but  generally  the  produce  of  each 
vineyard  retains  its  own  leaditj,  char- 
acteristics. The  principal  wine-produc- 
ing countries  are  France,  .jermany, 
Spain,  Portugal,  Sicily,  Greece,  Cape 
Colony,  Australia,  and,  America.  The 
name  wine  is  also  given  to  the  juice  of 
certain  fruits  prepared  in  imitation  of 


wine  obtained  from  grapes,  but  distin- 
guished by  naming  the  source  whence  it 
is  derived,  as  currant  tnne,  gooseberry 
wine ;  to  the  effect  of  drinldng  wine  in  . 
excess,  intoxication,  as  "Noah  awoke 
from  his  wine." — Gen.  ix.  34  ;  to  the  act 
of  drinking  wine,  as  "  Who  hath  redness 
of  eyes?  They  that  tarry  long  at  the 
'<?i/ie."— Prov.  xxiii.  29,  30  -,  to  a  wine 
party  at  the  English  universities,  as 
"  The  ex-coach  was  drinking  brandy- 
and-water,  and  maundering  about  great 
leines,  and  patrician  bear-fights." — Miss 
Braddon. — ^Wine  of  moN  {viniim  ferri  of 
the  Pharm.  Brit.),  sherry  with  tartrated 
iron  in  solution. — Quinine  wine,  sherry 
with  sulphate  of  quinine  in  solution. — 
Oil  of  wine,  ethereal  oil,  a  reputed  ano- 
dyne, but  only  used  in  the  preparation 
of  other  compounds. — Spikit  of  wine, 
alcohol.  [A.S.  iv'tn,  borrowed  (like  Dut. 
wijn.  Ice.  vin,  Dan.  viin,  Goth,  wein  or 
vein,  Ger.  wein)  from  L.  vinvm,  wine, 
which  corresponds  to  Gr.  oinos,  with 
digamma  voinos  or  foinos,  wine.  L. 
vinum,  wine,  is  what  is  produced  by 
vitis,  the  vine,  the  twining  plant  (cog. 
with  E.  Withy),  the  root  meaning  to 
twine  or  twist,  seen  also  in  vitium,  vice, 
and  in  E.  to  icind,  wire,  etc.] 

WINE-BIBBER,  win'-bib'er,  n.  a  hihher  or 
drinker  of  wine  :  a  drunkard. 

WING,  wing,  n.  the  organ  of  a  bird,  or 
other  animal  or  insect,  by  which  it  flies : 
flight:  any  side-piece:  side  of  an  army, 
ship,  building,  etc.  :  (jig.)  protection. — 
v.t.  to  furnish  or  transport  with  wings: 
to  supply  with  side-pieces  :  to  wound  in 
the  wing. — On  THE  WING,  on  fliglit :  de« 
parting.  [Sw.  winge.  Ice.  vasngr;  cf.  E. 
Swing.] 

WINGED,  wingd,  adj.  furnished  with 
icings:   swift:    wounded  in  the  wing. 

WINK,  wingk,  v.i.  to  move  the  eyelids 
quickly  :  to  give  a  hint  by  winking  :  to 
seem  not  to  see,  connive  at  (so  in  B.); 
to  be  dim,  to  flicker. — n.  act  of  winking: 
a  hint  given  by  winldng.  [A.S.  wincian; 
Ger.  unnken.] 

WINNER,  win'er,  n,  one  who  wins  in  a 
contest. 

WINNING,  win'ing,ad/.  gaining  or  adapted 
to  gain  favor :  attracting. — n.  what  is 
gained  in  contest,  labor,  etc.  —  adv. 
Winn'ingly. 

WINNOW,  win'o,  v.t.  to  separate  the  chaff 
from  the  grain  by  wind  :  to  fan  :  to  ex- 
amine.— v.i.  to  separate  chaff  from  grain. 
— n.  Winn'owkr.  [A.S.  windwian,  to 
expose  to  the  wind — Wind.] 

WINSOME,  wiu'sum,  adj.  cheerful :  pleas- 
ant :  attractive.  [A.S.  wyn-sum,  pleas- 
aai—icijn,  joy,  Ger.  wonne.] 

WINTER,  win'ter,  n.  the  cold  season  of  the 
year:  the  after-autumn.  —  v.i.  to  pass 
the  winter. — v.t.  to  feed  during  winter. 
[A.S.;  Ger.  winter;  of  uncertain  origin; 
not  connected  with  Wind.] 

WINTER-QUARTERS,win'ter-kwawr'terz, 
n.pl.  the  quarters  of  an  army  dm-ing  win- 
ter :  a  winter  residence. 

WINTER'S -BARK,  win'terz  -  bark,  n.  a 
plant,  or  its  bark,  of  the  nat.  order  Mag- 
noUacca:,  Drimys  Wititeri.  It  is  a  native 
of  some  of  the  mountainous  parts  ot 
South  America,  aud  abimdant  in  the 
lower  grounds  of  Cape  Horn  and  Staten 
Island.  It  is  an  evergreen  shrub,  with', 
laurel-like  leaves,  corj'mbs  of  white  flow- 
ers, and  many-seeded  berries.  Star  anise 
(lUicium)  is  closely  allied  to  it.  The  bark 
is  cf  a  pale,  grayish-red  color  exter- 
nal'y,  has  an  agreeable,  pungent,  aro- 
matic taste,  and  contains  an  acid  resin, 
an  acid,  volatile  oil,  and  some  tannin. 
It  is  an  excellent  aromatic,  but  not  easily 
procured,  other  substances,  particularly 


VVINTER-SETTLE 


488 


WITHER 


the  bark  of  the  Canella  alba,  being  sub- 
stituted for  it.  D.  granatensis.  New  Gra- 
nada Wintcr's-bark,  is  inferior  to  the 
former  in  its  aromatic  ]>ropertics,  and 
grows  in  New  Granada  and  Brazil.  [From 
Capt.  John  mnter,  who  first  brought  it 
from  the  Straits  of  Magellan  in  1579.] 

iWINTER-SETTLE,  win'ter-set-1,  n.  a  win- 
ter-seat or  dwelling:  winter-quarters:  a 
term  belonging  to  the  early  history  of 
England.  "In  S74  the  heathen  men  took 
their  wintcr-sctlle  in  Lindesey  at  Torke- 
sey.  The  ne.xt  year,  just  1000  years  ago, 
■we  read  how  tiiey  passed  from  Lindesey 
to  Kepton,  and  took  their  winter-settle 
there." — K.  A.  freeman  [A.S.  winter- 
sell.] 

WINTERY,  win'ter-i.  WINTRY,  win'tri, 
adj.  resembling  or  suitable  to  winter: 
stormy. 

iW'lPI'!,  wip,  v.t.  to  clean  by  rubbing:  to 
i-ub  off:  clear  away. — n.  act  of  cleaning 
by  rubbing:  a  sarcasm.  [A.S.  loipian; 
see  Wisp.] 

iWll'ER,  wip'er,  ».  one  who  wipes:  the 
instrument  used  for  wiping:  in  mach.  a 
piece  projecting  generally  from  a  hori- 
zontal axle  for  the  purpose  of  raising 
stam[)ers,  pounders,  or  pistcms  in  a  ver- 
tical direction  and  letting  them  fall  by 
their  own  weight.  Wipers  are  employed 
in  fulling-mills,  stamping-mills,  oil-mills, 
powder-mills,  etc. 

iVVIRE.  w!r,  n.  a  thread  of  metal:  any 
metallic  substance  drawn  to  an  even 
threail  or  slender  rod  of  uniform  diameter 
by  Ix'ing  |);isscd  between  grooved  rollers 
or  drawn  through  holes  in  a  plate  of 
steel,  etc.  Wire  is  usually  cylindrical,  but 
it  is  also  made  of  various  other  forms, 
as  oval,  half-round,  square,  and  triangu- 
lar, and  of  more  complicated  shapes  for 
small  pinions,  for  forming  the  pattern  on 
blocks  for  calico-printing,  and  for  other 
purposes.  The  term  wire  has  also  a 
collective  signification,  being  frequently 
used  to  designate  a  quantity  of  metallic 
threads.  The  metals  most  commonly 
drawn  into  wire  are  gold,  silver,  copper, 
and  iron :  but  the  finest  wire  is  made 
from  platina.  U.sed  absolutely  for  tele- 
graph wire;  and  hence,  the  telegraph; 
as.  send  an  order  per  wire.  "In  India 
the  wild  beasts  and  monkeys  destroy  or 
play  upon  the  wires,  which  are  perliaps 
recording  at  the  time  a  minute  on  Ed- 
ucation."— IF.  H.  Russell. — Wfre  of 
Lapland,  a  shining,  slender  substance 
made  from  the  sinews  of  the  reindeer, 
soaked  in  water,  beaten,  and  spun  into  a 
sort  of  thread  of  great  strength.  These 
threads  are  dipped  in  melted  tin,  and 
dra«Ti  through  a  horn  with  a  hole  in  it. 
The  Laplanders  use  this  wire  in  embroi- 
dering their  clothes.  [A.S.  tcir.  Low  Ger. 
zcire.  Ice.  v(rr,  Dan.  vire,  wire,  Sw.  wira, 
to  twist,  to  wind.  Probably  allied  to  L. 
mriiie,  bracelets.  No  doubt  of  same  root 
as  wind,  to  twist.] 

SVIRE.  wir,  v.t.  to  bind  with  wire;  to  apply 
wire  to;  as,  to  icire  corks  in  bottling 
liquors:  to  put  upon  a  wire;  as,  to  icire 
beads:  to  snare  by  means  of  a  wire;  as, 
to  wire  a  bird :  in  teleg.  to  send  by  tele- 
graph, as  a  message;  to  telegraph;  as, 
wire  a  reply. 

WIRE,  wIr,  v.i.  to  flow  in  currents  as  thin 
as  wire. 

Then  in  small  streams  through  all  the  isles  triritig. 

Sends  it  to  every  part  both  heat  and  life  inspiring. 

—Ph.  Fletcher. 
to  communicate  by  means  of  the  tele- 
grai)h ;  to  telegraph ;  as,  I  wired  imme- 
diately on  arrival. — To  wiee  in,  to  apply 
one's  self  closely  and  perseveringly  to 
anything:  to  press  forwards  with  a  view 
to  having  a  share. 


WIRE-BRIDGE,  w!r'-brij,  n.  a  bridge  sus- 
pended by  cables  formed  by  wire. 

WlRE-UAliTRIDGE,  wir'-kar-trij,  n.  a 
cartridge  for  fowling  in  which  the  charge 
of  shot  has  wire  ligaments. 

WIREDRAW,  wir'draw,  v.t.  to  draw  into 
wire:  to  draw  or  sjjin  out  to  a  great 
length:  to  strain  or  stretch  the  meaning 
of  anything. 

WIRE-PULLER,  wir'-pool-er,  ji.  one  who 
exercises  an  influence  felt  but  not  seen, 
as  if  the  actors  were  his  puppets  and  he 
pulled  the  wires  that  move  them:  an  in- 
triguer. 

WIRY,  wir'i,  adj.  made  of  or  like  wire: 
flexible  and  strong. 

WIS,  wis,  1'.  (in  the  form  I  wis),  used  as 
=  know.  [/  tcis  is  from  A.S.  pe-icis,  cer- 
tainly  (Ger.  ge-wi.is),  from  root  of  Wit.] 

WISDOM,  wiz'dimi,  n.  quality  of  being 
icise:  judgment:  right  use  of  knowledge: 
(B.)    piety.     [A.S.]. 

WISE,  wiz,  adj.  having  icit  or  knowledge: 
able  to  make  use  of  knowledge  well:  judg- 
ing rightly:  discreet:  learned:  skillful: 
dictated  by  wisdom:  containing  wisdom. 
— (idi\  Wise'lt.  [A.S.  wis;  Ger.  weise; 
from  root  of  Wit.] 

WISE,  wiz,  n.  way,  manner.  [A.S.  wise; 
Ger.  weise;  akin  to  Wise,  adj.  and  Wit. 
Doublet  Guise.] 

WISEACRE,  WLz'a-ker,  n.  one  who  pre- 
tends to  great  wisdom:  a  simpleton. 
[From  Ger.  iceissager,  a  prophet — O.  Ger. 
wizzago    (A.S.  tvitiga) .] 

WISH,  wish,  v.i.  to  have  a  desire:  to  long 
(so  in  B.)  :  to  be  inclined. — v.t.  to  desire 
or  long  for :  to  ask :  to  invoke. — n.  desire, 
longing:  thing  desired:  expression  of  de- 
sire.— H.  Wish'er.  [A.S.  icyscan;  Ger. 
wiinschen,  Sw.  oiiska.'] 

WISHFUL,  wish'fool,  adj.  having  a  wish 
or  desire:  eager. — adv.  Wish'fullt. — n. 
Wish'fui-ness. 

WISP,  wisp,  «.  a  small  bundle  of  straw  or 
hav.     [Probably  connected  with  WniSK.] 

WIST,  wist,  (B.)  knew.  [A.S.  wiste,  pa.t. 
of  witan,  to  know.     See  Wit.] 

WISTFUL,  wist'fool,  adj.  full  of  thought: 
thoughtful:  earnest:  eager. — adv.  Wist'- 
FULLY. — n.  Wist'fulness.  [From  root 
of  Wit.] 

WIT,  wit,  v.i.  (B.)  to  know.— To  wit  (ger- 
undial  inf.  used  as  adr.  )=namely.  that 
is  to  say.  [A.S.  witan,  to  know;  Goth. 
vitan,  Ger.  toissen;  conn,  also  with  L. 
video  (see  Vision),  Gr.  eidon.  Sans,  vid 
(see  Veda)  .] 

WIT,  wit,  n.  understanding  (so  in  B.)  :  a 
mental  faculty  (chiefly  in  pi.)  :  the  power 
of  combining  ideas  with  a  ludicrous  effect : 
the  result  of  this  power:  one  who  has 
wit.     [A.S.  witt — witan.] 

WITCH,  wich,  n.  a  woman  regarded  as 
having  supernatural  or  magical  power 
and  knowledge. — v.t.  to  bewitch.  [A.S. 
wiece;  wicca,  wizard;  ace.  to  Grimm,  from 
Goth,  veihan  (Ger.  loeihen) ,  to  conse- 
crate, orig.  to  do,  to  perform  (rites).  Cf. 
L.  facio,  operari,  and  Gr.  erdo.] 

WITCHCRAFT,  wich'kraft,  n.  the  prac- 
tices of  witches:  sorcery:  a  supernatural 
power  which  persons  were  formerly  sup- 
posed to  obtain  by  entering  into  compact 
with  the  devil.  Indeed  it  was  fully  be- 
lieved that  they  gave  themselves  up  to 
him,  body  and  soul,  while  he  engaged 
that  they  should  want  for  nothing,  and 
be  able  to  assume  whatever  shape  they 
pleased,  to  visit  and  torment  their  ene- 
mies, and  accomplish  their  infernal  pur- 
poses. As  soon  as  the  bargain  was  con- 
cluded, the  devil  was  said  to  deliver  to 
the  witch  an  imp  or  familiar  spirit,  to  be 
ready  at  call,  and  to  do  whatever  it  was 
directed.      By  the  aid  of  this  imp  and  the 


devil  together,  the  witch,  who  was  al- 
most always  an  old  woman,  was  enabled 
to  transport  herself  through  the  air  on 
a  broomstick,  and  to  transform  herself 
into  various  shapes,  particularly  those  of 
cats  and  hares;  to  inflict  diseases  on 
whomsoever  she  pleased,  and  to  punish 
her  enemies  in  a  variety  of  ways.  The 
belief  in  witchcraft  is  very  ancient.  It 
was  a  common  belief  in  Europe  till  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  maintained  its 
ground  with  tolerable  firmness  till  the 
middle  of  the  seventeenth  century;  in- 
deed it  is  not  altogether  extinct  even  at 
the  present  day.  Numbers  of  reputed 
witches  were  condemned  to  be  burned, 
so  that  in  England  alone  it  is  computed 
that  no  fewer  than  30,000  of  them  suffered 
at  the  stake.  The  word  also  means  power 
more  than  natural :  enchantment :  irre- 
sistible influence:  fascination. 
You  have  untchcraft  in  your  lips,  Kate.— S/iafc. 

WITCHES'  -  SABBATH,  wich'ez-sab-bath, 
n.  a  stated  meeting  of  witches  and  devils 
at  night  for  connnunieating  the  mischief 
they  had  done,  and  concocting  more,  at 
which  the  most  obscene  rites,  or  rather 
revels,  were  indulged  in.  The  witches 
rode  to  the  rendezvous  on  broomsticks, 
sometimes  on  their  demon-lovers  in  the 
shape  of  goats,  having  previously  an- 
ointed themselves  with  the  fat  of  a  mur- 
dered or  unbaptized  child.  Neophytes 
were  introduced  to  the  devil  at  such 
meetings,  where  they  received  his  mark 
on  their  bodies  as  evidence  that  they  had 
sold  their  souls  to  him.  In  Germany  the 
witches'-Sabbath  was  held  on  Walpurgis- 
night.     [See  Walpurgis-night.] 

WITENAGEMOTE,  wit'en-a-ge-mot,  n. 
among  the  Anglo-Saxons,  the  great  na- 
tional council  or  parliament,  consisting 
of  athelings  or  princes,  nobles  or  ealdor- 
men,  the  large  landholders,  the  princi- 
pal ecclesiastics,  etc.  The  meetings  of 
this  council  were  frequent ;  they  formed 
the  highest  court  of  judicature  in  the 
kingdom;  they  were  summoned  by  the 
king  in  any  political  emergency;  their 
concurrence  was  necessary  to  give  valid- 
ity to  laws,  and  treaties  with  foreign 
states  were  submitted  to  their  approval. 
They  had  even  power  to  elect  the  king, 
and  if  the  sceptre  descended  in  his  race 
it  was  by  means  of  the  formal  recogni- 
tion of  the  new  king  by  the  nobles,  bish- 
ops, etc.,  in  an  assembly  convened  for 
the  purpose.  [A.S.  xvitena- gemot — wit- 
ena,  gen.  pi.  of  wita,  a  wise  man,  (^e)- 
mot,  a  meeting,  a  moot,  an  assembly; 
lit.  "the  assembly  of  the  wise  men."] 

WITH,  )7.  same  as  Withe. 

WITH,  \fitli,  prep,  denoting  nearness  or 
connection:  by:  in  competition  or  con- 
trast: on  the  side  of:  immediately  after: 
among.  [A.S.  leidh,  wither,  prob.  orig. 
sig.  "placed  over  against;"  Ice.  vidh, 
Ger.  irider.  It  prob.  absorbed  the  A.S. 
mid,  with    (Ger.  mit,  Gr.  meta) .] 

WITHAL,  wif/i-awl',  adv.,  with  all  or  the 
rest:  likewise:  moreover:  (B.)  prep.  = 
with. 

WITHDRAW,  wi*;i-draV,  v.t.  to  draw 
iack  or  away:  to  take  back:  to  recall. 
— v.i.  to  retire:  to  go  away. — ns.  With- 
deaw'al,  Withdraw'ment.  [Prefix  icith, 
against,  hack,  and  Draw.] 

WITHE.  WITH,  with,  «.  a  flexible  tvyig, 
esp.  of  u-illow:  a  band  of  twisted  twigs. 
[A.S.  widhig ;  Ice.  vidhir,  Ger.  wcide, 
willow;  further  conn,  with  Gr.  itys,  L. 
intis,  Sans,  vi,  to  tie,  to  plait.] 

WITHER,  wi/7i'er,  v.i.  to  fade  or  become 
dry  in  the  weather:  to  lose  freshness:  to 
shrink:  waste. — v.t.  to  cause  to  dry  up: 
to  cause  to  decay,  waste.  [A.S.  wedrian; 
from  root  of  Weather.] 


WITHERS 


489 


WOODBINE 


WITHERS,    wii/i'erz,    n.pl.    the    ridge    oe- 

tween    the    shoulder-bones    of    a     horse. 

[From  wither,  against  (see  ety.  of  With, 

prep.).] 
WITHHOLD,  wi«7i-hold',  v.t.  to  hold  back: 

to  keep  back.    [Prefix  with,  against,  back, 

and  Hold.] 
WITHIN,  \vi(ft-in',  prep,  in  the  inner  part: 

inside:  in  the  reach  of:  not  going  outside 

of. — adc.    in    the    inner    part:    inwardly. 

[Prefix  with,  and  In.] 
WITHOUT,  \vi(7i-owt',  prep,  outside  or  out 

of:  beyond:  not  with:  in  absence  of:  not 

having:  except. — adv.  on  the  outside:  out 

of  doors.     [Prefix  with,  and  Out.] 
WITHSTAND,    wif/t-stand',    v.t.    to    stand 

against:    to    oppose    or    resist.       [Prefix 

with,  against,  and  Stand.] 
WITLESS,    wit'les,    adj.,    wanting    loit    or 

understanding:    thoughtless. — adv.    Wit'- 

LESSLY. — n.    WIT'LESSNESS. 

WITLING,  wit'ling,  n.  one  who  has  little 
wit:  a  pretender  to  wit. 

WITNESS,  wit'nes,  n.,  knowledge  brought 
in  proof:  testimony  of  a  fact:  that 
which  furnishes  proof:  one  who  sees  or 
has  personal  knowledge  of  a  thing:  one 
who  attests. — v.t.  to  have  direct  knowl- 
edge of:  to  see:  to  give  testimony  to. — 
v.i.  to  give  evidence.  [A.S.  ge-witness — 
Wit.] 

WITTED,  wit'ed,  adj.  having  wit  or  under- 
standing. 

WITTICISM,  wit'i-sizm,  n.  a  witty  remark: 
a  sentence  or  phrase  affectedly  witty:  a 
low  kind  of  wit.  [Witty,  and  Gr.  affix 
-cism. 

WITTINGLY,  wit'ing-li,  adv.  knowingly: 
by  design.  [From  witting,  pr.p.  of  WiT, 
to  know.] 

WITTY,  wit'i,  adj.  possessed  of  wit:  amus- 
ing: droll:  sarcastic:  (B.)  ingenious. — 
adi\  Witt'ily. — w.  Witt'iness. 

WIVE,  wiv,  v.t.  to  take  for  a  wife. — v.i.  to 
marry.     [A.S.  ivifian — wif,  E.  Wife.] 

WIZARD,  WISARD,  wiz'ard,  n.  originally, 
a  w'ise  man:  a  sage. 

See  how  from  far,  upoQ  the  eastern  road, 
The  star-led  wisards  haste  with  odors  sweet. 

—Mitton. 

[Milton  here  means  the  Magi,  or  wise  men 
of  the  East.]  A  proficient  in  the  occult 
sciences:  an  adept  in  the  black  art:  one 
supposed  to  possess  supernatural  powers, 
generally  from  having  leagued  himself 
with  the  Evil  One:  a  sorcerer:  an 
enchanter:  a  magician:  hence,  a  title 
occasionally  applied  to,  or  assumed  by 
modern  performers  of  legerdemain  :  a 
conjurer:  a  juggler.  "And  the  soul 
that  turneth  after  such  as  have  familiar 
spirits,  and  after  wizards,  ...  I  will 
even  set  my  face  against  that  soul." — 
Lev.  XX.  6.    [From  wise,  and  term,  -ard.] 

WIZARD,  wiz'ard,  adj.  enchanting;  charm- 
ing. Collins:  haunted  by  wizards; 
"Where  Deva  spreads  her  wizard 
stream." — Milton. 

WOAD,  wod,  n.  a  plant  used  as  a  blue  dye- 
stuft'.     [A.S.  wad;  Ger.  waid;  L.  vitrum.] 

WOE,  WO,  wo,  n.  grief:  misery:  a  heavy 
calamity:  a  curse:  an  exclamation  of 
grief.  [A.S.  {inter j.)  ica;  Ger.  weh;  L. 
vae,  Gr.  ouai.  Cf.  Wail.] 

WOE-BEGONE,  wo'-be-gon',  adj.  beset  with 
woe.     [See  under  Begone.] 

WOE  WORTH.      See  Worth. 

WOFUL,  wo'fool,  adj.  sorrowful:  bringing 
calamity:  wretched. — adv.  Wo'FtrLLY. — 
n.   Wo'fi'i.ness. 

WOLD,  wold.  jj.  by-form  of  Weaid. 

WOLF,  woolf(pZ.  Wolves,  woolvz),  n.  a 
quadruped  belonging  to  the  digitigrade 
carnivora,  family  Canidie,  in  habits  and 
physical  development  closely  related  to 
the  dog,  some  naturalists,  indeed,  consid- 
ering it  as  the  progenitor  of  some  exist- 


ing races  of  the  dog,  with  which  it  has 
been  known  to  interbreed.  The  common 
European  wolf  (Canislupus)  is  yellowish 
or  fulvous  gray;  the  hair  is  harsh  and 
strong,  the  ears  erect  and  pointed,  the 
tail  straight,  or  nearly  so,  and  there  is  a 
blackish  band  or  streak  on  the  forelegs 
about  the  carpus.  The  height  at  the 
shoulder  is  from  27  to  29  inches.  The 
wolf  is  swift  of  foot,  crafty,  and  rapa- 
cious; a  destructive  enemy  to  the  sheep- 
cote  and  farm-yard ;  it  associates  in  packs 
to  hunt  the  larger  quadrupeds,  such  as 
the  deer,  the  elk,  etc.  When  hard  pressed 
with  hunger  these  packs  have  been  known 
to  attack  isolated  travellers,  and  even  to 
enter  villages  and  carry  off  children.  In 
general,  however,  wolves  are  cowardly 
and  stealthy,  approaching  the  sheepfolds 
and  farm-steadings  only  at  dead  of  night, 
making  a  rapid  retreat  if  in  the  least 
scared  by  a  dog  or  a  man,  and  e.xhibiting 
great  cunning  in  the  avoidance  of  traps. 
Wolves  are  still  plentiful  in  some  parts 
of  Europe,  as  France,  Spain,  Italy,  Ger- 
many, Turkey,  and  Russia;  they  probably 
ceased  to  exist  in  England  about  the  end 
of  the  fifteenth  century;  the  last  of  their 
race  in  Scotland  is  said  to  have  been 
killed  by  Cameron  of  Lochiel  in  1680, 
while  in  Ireland  they  are  known  to  have 
existed  until  at  least  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  The  black  wolf  (C 
occidentalis)  of  America  is  a  larger  and 
finer  animal  than  his  European  congener. 
The  little  prairie  wolf  or  coyote  {  C.  oeh- 
ropus) ,  abounding  on  the  vast  plains  of 
Missouri  and  Mexico,  is  a  burrowing  ani- 
mal, and  resembles  in  many  respects  the 
jackal.  The  Tasmanian  wolf  is  a  mar- 
supial, and  allied  to  the  kangaroo.  [A.S. 
wulf,  Dut.  and  Ger.  wolf.  Ice.  ulfr,  Dan. 
ulv,  Sw.  ulf  (the  Scandinavian  forms 
showing  the  common  loss  of  initial  y)  ; 
Goth,  vnlfs;  cog.  Bulg.  vluhu,  Lith.  vil- 
kas,  L.  lupus,  Gr.  lukos  ( both  with  loss  of 
the  initial  labial).  Sans,  vrika — wolf:  all 
traced  to  a  root  vark,  valk,  meaning  to 
tear.] 

WOLF-DOG,  woolf'-dog,  n.  a  large  kind  of 
dog  of  several  varieties,  kept  to  guard 
sheep,  cattle,  etc.,  and  destroy  wolves: 
a  dog  supposed  to  be  bred  between  a  dog 
and  a  wolf. 

WOLFFIAN,  wol'fi-an,  adj.  in  physiol.  a 
term  applied  to  certain  bodies  in  the 
vertebrate  embryo,  preceding  the  true 
kidneys,  whose  functions  they  perform. 
As  the  foetus  advances  they  gradually 
disappear,  their  place  being  supplied  by 
the  true  kidneys,  except  in  fishes,  in 
which  they  are  permanent.  [After 
Wolff,  the  discoverer.] 

WOLF-PISH,  woolf'-fish,  n.  a  teleostean 
acanthopterygious  fish  ( Anarrhichas 
lupus),  so  called  from  its  ferocious  as- 
pect and  habits.  It  is  found  around  the 
coasts  of  Britain,  where  it  attains  a 
length  of  6  or  7  feet,  but  in  southern 
seas  it  is  said  to  reach  a  much  greater 
size.  The  mouth  is  armed  with  strong 
sharp  teeth,  the  inner  series  forming 
blunt  grinders  adapted  for  crushing  the 
molluscs  and  crustaceans  on  which  it 
feeds.  The  ventral  fins  are  absent;  the 
color  is  brownish-gray,  spotted,  and 
striped  with  brown  over  the  upper 
parts,  while  the  belly  is  white.  The 
flesh  is  palatable,  and  largely  eaten  in 
Iceland,  whilst  the  skin  is  durable,  and 
manufactured  into  a  kind  of  shagreen. 
Wlien  drawn  up  in  a  net  it  attacks  its 
captors  ferociously,  and  unless  stunned 
with  a  blow  on  the  head,  is  capable  of 
doing  great  damage  to  both  persons  and 
nets  with  its  powerful  teeth.  Called 
also  Sea-cat,   Cat-fish,  and  Sea-wolf. 


WOLFIAN,  wol'fi-an,  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
promulgated  by  Frederick  A.  Wolf,  the 
great  German  philologist.  —  WoLFlAif 
THEORY,  a  theory  put  out  by  Wolf  in 
1795  to  the  effect  that  the  Iliad  and 
Odyssey  cannot  be  the  works  of  one  man, 
Homer,  because  writing  was  unknown  at 
the  time  that  these  poems  are  said  to 
have  been  composed.  He  supposes,  there- 
fore, that  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  consist 
of  ballads  or  episodes,  the  work  of  dif- 
ferent men,  collected  and  arranged  in  a 
more  or  less  consistent  and  homogeneous 
whole  in  the  sixth  century  B.C.  These 
ballads  were  preserved  by  the  recitation 
of  strolling  minstrels. 

WOLFISH,  woolf'ish,  adj.  like  a  wolf  either 
in  form  or  quality:  rapacious.  —  adv. 
Wolf'ishly. 

WOLVERENE,  wool'ver-en,  WOLVERINE, 
wool'ver-in,  n.  a  carnivorous  mammal, 
the  Oulo  arcticus  (or  luscus)  or  glutton 
(see  Glutton). — Wolverine  State,  a 
popular  name  for  the  State  of  Michigan, 
[A  dim.  formed  from  xeolf,  on  account  of 
its  fierce,  bloodthirsty  disposition.] 

WOMAN,  woom'an,  n.  the  female  of  man: 
a  grown  female:  a  female  attendant: — 
pi.  Women  (wim'en).  [A.S.  wimman, 
wifmann,  a  compound  of  wif.  Wife,  and 
Man;  cf.  A.S.  maedenmann,  a  virgin,  Ger. 
weibs-metisch,  a  female.] 

WOMANHOOD,  woom'an-hood,  n.  the 
state,  character,  or  qualities  of  a  woman. 

WOMANISH,  woom'an-ish,  adj.  having 
the  qualities  of  a  woman:  feminine. — 
adv.  Wom'anishly. — n.  Wom'anishness. 

WOMANKIND,  woom'an-kind,  ».,  women 
taken  together:   the  female  sex. 

WOMANLIKE,  woom'an-lik,  adj.,  like  a 
woman. 

WOMANLY,  woom'an-li,  adj.  like  or  be- 
coming a  woman:  feminine. — adv.  in  the 
manner  of  a  woman. — «.  Wom'anliness. 

WOMB,  woom,  n.  the  organ  in  which  the 
young  of  mammals  are  developed,  and 
kept  till  birth:  the  place  where  anything 
is  produced:  any  deep  cavity.  [A.S. 
wamh ;  Ger.  wamme,  paunch.] 

WOMBAT,  wom'bat,  n.  an  Australian  mar- 
supial mammal  of  the  opossum  family. 

WON,  wun,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of  Win. 

WONDER,  wun'der,  n.  the  state  of  mind 
produced  by  something  new,  unexpected, 
or  extraordinary:  a  strange  thing:  a 
prodigy. — v.i.  to  feel  wonder:  to  be 
amazed  (with  at).  [A.S.  wundor;  Ger. 
wunder,  Ice.  undr.] 

WONDERFUL,  wun'der-fool,  adj.,  full  of 
wonder:  exciting  wonder:  strange:  (B.) 
wonderfully. — adv.  Won'derfully.  —  n. 
Won'debfulness. 

WONDROUS,  wund'rus,  adj.  such  as  may 
excite    wonder:    strange.    —    adv.  Won'- 

DROUSLY. 

WONT,  wunt,  adj.  used  or  accustomed. — 
n.  habit. — v.i.  to  be  accustomed.  [Orig. 
pa.p.  of  M.  E.  wane,  to  dwell — A.S.  wun- 
ian   (Ger.  tvohnen) .] 

WON'T,  wont,  will  not.  [Contr.  of  M.  E. 
wol  not.] 

WONTED,  wunt'ed,  adj.  accustomed: 
usual.     [See  Wont.] 

WOO,  woo,  v.t.  to  ask  in  order  to  mar- 
riage: to  court. — v.i.  to  court  or  make 
love. — n.  Woo'eb.  [A.S.  wogian,  to 
woo,  prob.  orig.  "to  bend;"  cf.  A.S. 
vog,  voh,  bent,  Goth,  un-vahs,  blameless, 
{lit.)  "not-bent."] 

WOOD,  wood,  n.  the  solid  part  of  trees: 
trees  cut  or  sawed:  timber:  a  collection 
of  growing  trees. — v.t.  to  supply  wood. 
[A.S.  leudu;  cog.  with  Ice.  vidh-r,  wood, 
Ger.  uiit,  firewood.] 

WOODBINE,  wood'bin,  WOODBIND, 
wood'bind,  n.  the  honeysuckle,  so  called 


WOODCOAL 


490 


WORSHIP 


because  it  twists  and  binds  the  trees  to- 

petlier.  [A.S.  teuciu-biiid.    Cf.  IIOPBIXD.  1 
WOODCOAL,  wood'kol,  >».,  coal  like  wood 

in  texture  :  charcoal :   lignite  or  brown 

co;il. 
WOODCOCK,  wood'kok,  71.  a  bird,  allied 

to  the  snipe,  which  frequents  woods. 
WOODCUT,    wood'kut,    n.   an    engraving 

ait  on  7rood:  an  impression  from  it. — n. 

Wood'cutter. 
WOODED,    wood'ed,    adj.   supplied    with 

wood:  covered  with  wood. 
WOODEN,    wood'n,  af{/.   made  of   wood: 

hard:  clumsy. 
WOOD-ENGRAVING,  wood'-en-grav'ing, 

n.  the  act  or  art  of  engrai-ing  on  wood: 

an  eujLCraving  on  or  taken  from  wood. 
WOODLAND,  wood'land,  n.,  land  covered 

with  wood. 
WOODLARK,  wood'lark,  n.  a  species  of 

lark  found   in   or   near   tcoods,   singing 

cliiffly  on  the  wing. 
WOODJLVN,    wood'man,   n.  a  man   who 

cuts  down  trees:  a  forest  officer:  a  hunts- 
man. 
WOODNYMPH,  wood'nimf,  n.  a  nymph  or 

goddess  of  tlie  woods. 
WOODPECKER,    wood'peker,   n.   a  bird 

that  pecks  lioles  in  the  wood  or  bark  of 

trees  for  insects. 
WOOD-PIGEON,  wood'-pij'un,  71.  the  wild 

pigeon  which   lives  in  woods,  the  ring- 
dove. 
WOODRUFF,  wood'ruf,  71.  a  plant,  found 

in   tcoods    and    sliady    places,  witli    its 

leaves  in  whorls  like  ruffs. 
WOODWARD,   wood'wawrd,  n.  an  officer 

to  guard  tlie  woods. 
WOODY,    wood'i,    adj.    abounding    with 

U'oods:  pertaining  to  woods:   consisting 

of  wood. 
WOOF,  woof,  »i.   same  as  Weft.  [From 

pa.t.  of  Weave.     Cf.  Weft.] 
WOOL,  wool,  71.  the   soft    curly   hair    of 

sliccp   and    other  animals:  short   thick 

hair.  [A.S.  ifull;  cog.  with   Goth,  vulla, 

Ger.  xrolle.] 
WOOL-GATHERING,  woor-ga<7i'er-ing,m. 

indulgence  of  idle  fancies. — adj.  dreamy, 

listless. 
WOOL-GROWER,  wool'-gro'er,  n.  one  who 

raises  sheep  for  the  production  of  wool. 
WOOLLEN,  wool'en,  adj.  made  of  or  per- 

tnining  to  trnol. 
WOOLLY,  wool'i,  adj.  consistingof  or  like 

teool:    clothed    with   wool. — 71.  Wool'i- 

NESS. 

WOOLSACK,  wool'sak,  71.  the  seat  of  the 
lord  chancellor  in  the  British  House  of 
Lords,  being  a  large  square  sack  of  tvool 
covered  with  scarlet. 

WORD,  wurd.  «.  an  oral  or  written  sign 
expressing  an  idea  or  notion:  talk,  dis- 
course: signal  or  sign:  message:  prom- 
ise: declaration: — (pi.)  verbal  conten- 
tion.— The  Word,  the  Scripture:  (theol.) 
the  second  person  in  the  Trinity. — v.t.  to 
express  in  words.  [A.S.  tvord;  cog.  with 
Goth,  vaurd,  Ice.  ord,  Grer.  trort;  also 
conn,  with  L.  I'erbuw,  a  word,  Gr.  eiro, 
to  speak.] 

WORDBOOK,  wurd'book,  M.  a  boolc  with  a 
collection  of  words:  a  vocabulary. 

WORDING,  wurd'ing,  71.  act,  manner,  or 
style  of  expressing  in  tvords. 

WORDY,  wurd'i,  adj.  full  of  words:  using 
or  containing  many  words. — adu.WoRD'- 
ILY. — n.  Word'iness. 

WORE,  wor,  pat.  ol  Wear. 

WORK.  wurk.  n.  effort  directed  to  an  end: 
the  result  of  work:  that  on  which  one 
works:  anything  made  or  done:  deed: 
effect:  a  literary  composition:  a  book: 
management: — pi.  (fort.)  walls,  trenches 
etc. — I'.i.  to  make  efforts  to  attain  any- 
thing: to  perform:  to  be  in  action:  to 
be  occupied  in  biisiuess  or  labor:  to  pro- 


duce effects :  to  strain  or  labor :  to  fer- 
ment.— v.t.  to  make  by  labor :  to  bring 
into  any  state  by  action  :  to  effect :  to 
influence  :  to  manage:  to  solve:  to  cause 
to  ferment :  to  embroider  :  — pa.t.  and 
po.p.  worked  or  wrought  (rawt).  —  n. 
Woek'er.  [A.S.  7veorc :  Ice.  verk,  Ger. 
werk ;  further  conn,  with  Gr.  ergon. 
Cf.  OrganJ 

WORKABLE,  wurk'a-bl,  o^/.  that  may  be 
7Corked. 

WORKHOUSE,  wurk'hows,  n.  a  house 
where  any  work  or  manufacture  is  carried 
on  :  a  house  of  shelter  for  the  poor,  who 
are  made  to  work :  a  penal  institution 
for  minor  offences. 

WORKMAN,  wurk'man,  n.  a  man  who 
iporks  or  labors,  esp.  manually  :  a  skill- 
ful artificer. 

WORKMANLIKE,  wurk'man  -  Ilk,  adj., 
like  a  rvorkman :  becoming  a  skillful 
workman  :  well  performed. 

WORKMANSHIP,  wurk'nian-ship,  n.  the 
skill  of  aworhman  :  manner  of  making: 
work  done. 

W  ORKSHOP,  wurk'shop,  n.  a  shop  where 
7K)rk  is  done. 

WORLD,  wurld,  n.  the  earth  and  its  in- 
habitants :  the  system  of  things  :  pres- 
ent state  of  existence:  any  planet  or 
heavenly  body :  public  life  or  society : 
business  :  the  public  :  a  secular  life : 
course  of  life :  a  very  large  extent  of 
country,  as  the  "  new  world : "  very 
much  or  a  great  deal,  as  a  "world  of 
good :"  time,  as  in  the  phrase  "world 
vnthout  end  "  ■=  eternally  :  possibility, 
as  in  "nothing  in  the  world:"  (B.)  the 
ungodly.  [A.S.  tvor-uld,  weor-uld,  (lit.) 
"a  generation  of  men,"  from  wsr,  a  man, 
and  -uld,  sig.  an  age;  Ice.  verbid,  O.  Ger. 
weralt  (Ger.  7velt).  Cf.  Wer-wolf,  Web- 
gild  ;  also  Eld  and  Old.] 

"WORLDLING,  wurld'ing,  n.  one  who  is 
devoted  to  teorldly  or  temporal  posses- 
sions. 

W  ORLDLY,  WTirld'li,  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  tvorld,  esp.  as  distinguished  from  the 
■world  to  come  :  devoted  to  this  life  and 
its  enjoyments:  bent  on  gain.— m.  World'- 

MNESS. 

WORLDLY-MINDED,  wurldli - mlnd'ed, 
adj.  having  the  mind  set  on  the  present 
world. 

WORM,  woirm,  n.  any  small  creeping  ani- 
mal :  anything  that  gnaws  or  torments  : 
remorse :  a  debased  being :  anything 
spiral :  the  thread  of  a  screw :  a  spiral 
pipe  used  in  distilling.  —  v.i.  to  work 
slowly  or  secretly. — v.t.  to  effect  by  slow 
and  secret  means.  [A.S.  weorTn,  un/rm, 
dragon,  snake,  creeping  animal ;  cog. 
with  Goth,  vaurms,  a  serpent.  Ice.  ormr, 
Ger.  imrm,;  also  with  L.  vermis.  Cf.  Ver- 
inoELU  and  Crimson.] 

wORM-EAT,  wTirm'-et,  v.t.  to  gnaw  or 
perforate,  as  is  done  by  worms  :  hence, 
to  impair  by  a  slow,  insidious  process. 
"  Leave  off  these  vanities  which  UDorm- 
eat  your  brain." — Jarvis. 

WORM-EATEN,  wurm'-et-n,  adj.  gnawed 
by  worms  ;  having  a  number  of  internal 
cavities  made  by  worms  ;  as.  wo7~n-eaten 
boards,  planks,  or  timber  ;  "  Concave  as 
a  covered  goblet  or  a  worm-eaten  nut." 
— Shak.  :  old  ;  worn  -  out ;  worthless. 
Raleigh. 

WORM-EATENNESS,  wurm'-et-n-nes,  n. 
state  of  being  worm-eaten  :  rottenness. 

WORMED,  wurmd,  adj.  bored  or  pene- 
trated by  worms  :  iuiured  by  worms. 

WORM-FENCE,  wurm  -fens,  »i.  a  zigzag 
fence  made  by  placing  the  ends  of  the 
rails  upon  each  other:  sometimes  called 
a  Stake  Fence. 

WORM-FEVER,  wnirm'-fe-ver,  n.  a  popu- 
lar name  for  infantile  remittent  fever. 


WORM-GEAR,  wurm'-ger,  n.  in  mach.  a 
combination  consisting  of  a  shaft  fitted 
with  an  endless  screw  which  works  into 
a  spirally  toothed  wheel. 

WORM -GRASS,  wurm'-gras,  WORM- 
SEED,  wurra'-sed,  n.  names  given  to 
plants  of  the  genus  Spigelia. 

WORM-HOLE,  wurm'-hol,  n.  a  hole  mada 
by  the  gnawing  of  a  worm.  "  To  fill 
with  worm-holes  stately  monuments." — 
Shak. 

WORMING,  wurm'ing,  n.  (naut.)  yarn  or 
other  material  wound  spirally  round 
ropes  between  the  strands. 

WORM-LIKE,  wurm'-lTk,  adj.  resembUng 
a  worm  :    spiral  :  vermicular. 

WORMLING,   wurm'ling,   n.  (lit.)  a  Uttle 
worm  :  hence,  a  weak,  mean  creature. 
O  dusty  -ioormling  !  dar'st  thou  strive  and  stand 
With  fieaven's  high  Monarch  ^—Chapman. 

WORM-OIL,  wurm '-oil.  n.  an  oil  obtained 
from  the  seeds  of  Chenopodium  antheU 
mi7iticvm.  It  is  a  powerful  anthelmintic. 

WORM-POWDER,  wurm'-pow-der,  n.  a 
powder  used  for  expelling  worms  from 
the  intestinal  canal  or  other  open  cavities 
of  the  body. 

WORM-SEED,  wurm'-sed,  n.  a  seed  which 
has  the  property  of  expelling  worms  from 
the  rutestinal  tube  or  other  open  cavities 
of  the  body :  it  is  brought  from  the  Le- 
vant, and  is  the  produce  of  a  species  of 
Artemisia  (A.  santonica),  which  is  a  na- 
tive of  Tart.iry  and  Persia  :  the  seed  of 
Erysi7num  cheirantlioides  or  treacle-mus- 
tard :  a  plant  of  the  genus  Spigelia. 

WORM-SHAPED, wurm'-shapt,  adj.  in  hot. 
same  as  Vermicular  (which  see). 

WORM-SHELL,  wurm'-shel,  n.  the  species 
of  the  genus  Vermetus :  so  called  from 
their  long  twisted  shape. 

WORM-TEA,  wurm'-te,  n.  a  decoction  of 
some  plant,  generally  a  bitter  plant,  used 
as  an  anthelmintic. 

WORMUL,  wor'mul,  n.  a  sore  or  tumor  on 
the  back  of  cattle  caused  by  the  larva  of 
an  insect  which  punctures  the  skin  and 
deposits  its  eggs  :  a  warble.  Called  also 
WoRNAL,  WoRNiL.  [Probatly  a  corrup- 
tion of  tcorm-ill.'\ 

WORM-WHEEL,  wurm'-hwel,  n.  a  wheel 
which  gears  with  an  endless  or  tangent 
screw  or  worm,  receiving  or  imparting 
motion.  By  this  means  a  powerful  effect 
with  a  diminished  rate  of  motion  is  com- 
municated from  one  revolving  shaft  to 
another. 

WORMWOOD,  wurm' wood,  n.  the  bitter 
plant  absinthium.  [A.S.  werm-od  \Ger. 
icerm-utli) ;  from  the  root  of  Warm  (with 
affix  -od),  because  orig.  taken  to  icarTn 
the  body  ;  afterwards  corrupted  to  worvt- 
wood,  through  its  use  as  a  vermifuge 
suggesting  a  false  ety.l 

WORMY,  wurm'i,  adj.  like  a  m^otto;  grovel- 
ling :  containing  a  worm :  abounding 
with  worms. 

WORN,  worn,  pa.p.  of  Weak. 

WORRY,  wur'i,  v.t.  to  tear  with  the  teeth: 
to  harass  :  to  tease : — pa.t.  and  pa.p, 
worr'ied. — n.  trouble,  perplexity,  vexa- 
tion. [Conn,  with  Dut.  worgen,  to 
strangle  ;  Ger.  wurgen,  to  choke.] 

WORSE,  wurs,  adj.  (used  as  comp.  of  Bad), 
bad  or  evil  in  a  greater  degree:  more 
sick.  —  adv.  bad  in  a  higher  degree. 
[A.S.  ivyr-sa,  old  comp.  from  a  root 
wear,  bad,  seen  also  in  O.  Ger.  wirstr, 
Goth.  rairs.J 

WORSHIP,  wur'ship,  w.  religious  service : 
adoration  paid  to  God  :  a  title  of  honor  : 
submissive  respect. — v.t.  to  respect  high- 
Iv :  to  treat  with  civil  reverence :  to  pay 
divine  honors  to  :  to  adore  or  idolize. — 
v.i.  to  perform  acts  of  adoration  :  to 
perform  religious  service  : — pr.p.  wor*- 
shipping ;  pa.t,  ajxA  pa.p,  wor'shipped,— 


WORSHIPFUL 


491 


WRECKER 


n.  WoR'sHiPPER.  [Lit.  "  state  of  having 
worth  or  worthiness,"  A.S.  iveordhsoipe 
— Worth,  and  affix  -ship,  A.S.  -scipe.] 

WORSHIPFUL,  wur'ship-fool,  adj.,imrthij 
of  worship  or  honor,  used  as  a  term  of 
respect. 

WORST,  wurst,  adj.  bad  in  the  highest 
degree,  whether  in  a  moral  or  physical 
sense  ;  as,  the  worst  sinner,  the  worst 
disease,  the  toorst  evil  that  can  befall  a 
state  or  an  individual.  [Superl.  of  icorse 
(which  «ee).] 

Speak  to  me  as  to  thy  thinkings. 
As  thou  dost  ruminate  ;  and  give  thy  worst  of 

thoughts 
The  worst  of  words. — Sliak, 
Corrupted  freemen  are  the  wcnrst  of  slaves. 

— Qarrick. 

WORST,  wurst,  n.  that  which  is  most  evil 
or  bad  :  the  most  evil,  severe,  aggravated, 
or  calamitous  state  or  condition  —usually 
with  the.  "  He  is  always  sure  of  finding 
diversion  when  the  ivorst  comes  to  the 
worst." — Addison. — At  the  worst,  in 
the  most  evil  state  or  at  the  greatest 
disadvantage.  "  Thou  hast  me  at  the 
worst." — Sliak.  "  Things  at  the  ivorst 
will  cease,  or  else  climb  upward  to  what 
they  were  before." — Shak. — To  put  to 
THE  WORST,  to  inflict  defeat  on  :  to  over- 
throw. "Who  ever  Ijnew  Truth  put  to 
the  worst  in  free  and  open  encounter  ?  " — 
Milton. 

WORST,  wurst,  adv.  most  or  least,  accord- 
ing to  the  sense  of  the  verb.  "  When 
thou  didst  hate  him  worst." — Shak.  "  The 
gods  do  like  tliis  ivorst." — Shak. 

WORST,  wurst,  v.t.  to  get  the  advantage 
over  in  contest  :  to  defeat :  to  overthrow. 
"  The  victorious  Philistines  were  worsted 
by  the  captivated  ark,  which  foraged 
their  country  more  than  a  conquering 
army." — South. 

WORST,  wurst,  v.i.  to  grow  worse  :  to  de- 
teriorate :  to  worsen.  "  Anne  haggard, 
Mary  coarse,  every  face  in  the  neighbor- 
hood worsting,  .  .  .  had  long  been  a  dis- 
tress to  him." — Miss  Austen. 

WORSTED,  woost'ed  or  woorst'ed,  n. 
twisted  thread  or  yarn  spun  out  of  long, 
combed  wool.  [From  Worsted,  a  village 
near  Norwich  in  England.] 

WORT,  wurt,  n.  a  plant  of  the  cabbage 
kind.  [A.S.  wyrt ;  Ger.  wurz,  wurzel,  a 
root.] 

WORT,  wurt,  n.  new  beer  un  fermented  or 
in  the  act  of  fermentation  :  the  sweet 
infusion  of  malt.  [A.S.  ivirt,  wert ; 
wilrze,  sweet  herbs  ;  probably  orig.  same 
as  above  word.] 

WORTH,  wurth,  n.  value :  that  quality 
which  renders  a  thing  valuable  :  price  : 
moral  excellence  :  importance.  —  adj. 
equal  in  value  to  :  deserving  of.  —  (B.) 
v.i.  be.  [Lit.  "being,  substance,"  A.S. 
weorth — leeorthan,  to  he,  connected  with 
Were.     See  next  word.] 

WORTH,  wurth,  in  the  plirase  Woe 
WORTH,  sig.  woe  be  to.  [A.S.  weorth, 
imper.  of  weorthan,  to  be,  Grer.  werden. 
See  above  wora.J 

WORTHILY  wur'i/ti-li,  adv.  in  a  worthy 
mannei  ;  (Pr.  Bk.)  justly  :  truly. 

WORTHxJiISS,  wurth'les,  adj.  of  no  worth 
or  value  :  having  no  value,  virtue,  excel- 
lence, etc.  :  useless. — adv.  Worth'less- 
LY.— n.  WORTH'UCSSNESS. 

WORTHY,  -wnr'th'i,  adj.  having  ivorth : 
valuable  :  deserving :  suited  to  :  (B.)  de- 
serving (either  of  good  or  b.ad). — n.  a 
man  of  eminent  worth  -.—pi.  Wor'thies. 
— n.  Wor'thiness. 

WOT,  wot,  WOTTETH,  wot'eth,  v.t.  (B.) 
pres.t.  of  obs.  wit,  to  know.  [A.S.  wdt 
(orig.  a  perf.,  signifying  "  have  or  "  has 
seen"— Gr.  oida),  used  as  pres.  ind.  of 
witan,  to  know.     See  Wrr.] 


WOULD,  wood,  pa.t.  of  Will.  [A.S. 
wolde,  pa.t.  of  willan.] 

WOUND,  -wovfud,  pa.t.  a.nd  pa.p.  of  Wind, 
to  turn. 

WOUND,  woond,  n.  a  cut  or  bruise  :  hurt : 
injury. — v.t.  to  make  a  wound  :  to  in- 
jure. [A.S.  wund  ;  Ger.  wunde,  Ice.  und; 
conn,  with  Wind,  to  twist.] 

WOVE,  WOVEN,  pa.t.  and  pa.p.  of 
Weave. 

WOW-WOW,  wow'-wow,  n.  the  native 
name  for  an  ape  of  the  gibbon  genus 
(Hylobates  leuciscus)  found  in  Malacca 
and  the  Sunda  Isles. 

WOXE,  woks,  WOXEN,  wok'sn,  for 
Waxed.     Spenser. 

WRACK,  rak,  n.  a  popular  name  for  sea- 
weeds generally,  but  more  especially 
when  thrown  ashore  by  the  waves  ;  the 
name  is  sometimes  restricted  to  tiie  spe- 
cies of  Fucus,  which  form  the  bull<  of  the 
wrack  collected  for  manure,  and  some- 
times for  making  kelp;  those  found  most 
plentifully  on  the  British  shores  are  the 
F.  vesieidosus  and  the  F.  nodosus  :  de- 
struction of  a  ship  by  winds  or  rocks  or 
by  the  force  of  the  waves  ;  wreck.  Shak.: 
ruin  ;  destruction.  Shak.  (This  is  the 
ordinary  spelling  in  the  old  editions  of 
Shakespeare,  both  of  the  noun  and  of  the 
verb.)  [A  form  of  Wreck.  In  the  sense 
of  sea-weed  it  means  lit.  what  is  cast  up 
or  thrown  out  by  the  waves.  Cf.  Dan. 
vrag,  wreck,  vrage,  to  reject,  Sw.  vrak, 
wreck,  refuse,  vraka,  to  throw  away,  to 
reject.] 

WRACK,  rak,  v.t.  to  destroy  in  the  water  ; 
to  wreck.  Milton  :  to  torture  ;  to  rack. 
Couiey. 

WRACK,  rak,  n.  a  thin,  flying  cloud :  a 
rack. 

AVRACKFUL,  rak'fool,  adj.  ruinous:  de- 
structive.    Sluik. 

WRAITH,  rath,  n.  an  apparition  in  the 
exact  likeness  of  a  person,  supposed  by 
the  ignorant  to  be  seen  before  or  soon 
after  the  person's  death. 

Then  glided  out  of  the  joyous  wootl 
The  ghastly  wraith  of  one  that  I  know. 

— Teiuiyson. 

[Also  found  in  form  wrach,  and  probably 
a  Celtic  word.  Cf.  Gael,  arrach,  a  spectre, 
an  apparition,  Ir.  arrach,  arracht,  a  like- 
ness, spectre,  apparition.] 

WRANGLE,  rang'gl,  v.i.  to  make  a  dis- 
turbance :  to  dispute  :  to  dispute  noisily 
or  peevishly.  —  n.  a  noisy  dispute.  [A 
freq.  from  the  pa.t.  of  WRING.] 

WRANGLER,  rang'gler,  n.  one  who  wran- 
gles or  disputes  angrily  :  in  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  one  of  those  who  pass  the 
best  examination  for  the  degree  of  B.A. 
—n.  Wrang'lership. 

WRAP,  rap,  v.t.  to  roll  or  fold  together  : 
to  infold  :  to  cover  by  winding  something 
round  (often  with  up)  -.^pr.p.  wrapp'ing; 
pa.t.  and  i^a.p.  wrapped. — n.  a  wrapper, 
as  a  shawl,  etc.  [M.E.  vjrappen.  See 
Lap,  v.t.  to  wrap,  and  Envelope.] 

WRAPPER,  rap'er,  n.  one  who  or  that 
which  wraps :  a  loose  outer  garment  of  a 
woman. 

WRATH,  rath,  n.  violent  anger  :  (B.)  holy 
indignation.  [A.S.  wrcedh,  wrath  (lit.) 
"a  twist  in  the  temper."     See  WROTH.] 

WRATHFUL,  riith'fool,  adj,  fall  of  wrath: 
very  angry  :  springing  from  or  express- 
ing wrath.  —  adv.  Wrath'fully.  —  n. 
Wrath'fulness. 

WREAK,  rek,  v.t.  to  inflict.  [A.S.  wrecan, 
orig.  to  drive  out,  and  so  to  banish,  pun- 
ish, avenge  ;  Ice.  reka,  to  drive,  pursue, 
Ger.  rdchen ;  conn,  with  L.  urgeo,  Gr. 
eirgo.    See  Wreck  and  Wretch.] 

WREATH,  reth,  n.  a  chaplet :  a  garland. 
[Lit.  "that  which  is  writhed  or  twisted," 
A.S.  wrcedh — wridhan,  E.  Writhe.] 


WREATHE,  reth,  v.t.  to  twine  about  o« 
encircle. — v.i.  to  be  interwoven.     [Sea 
Wreath.] 
WRECHE,  n.  revenge.   Chaucer.     [Soften^ 
ed  from  A.S.  wrcec,   banishment,  punish^ 
ment,  misery,  from  WTecan,  to  punish.] 
WRECK,  rek,  n.  the  destruction  of  a  ves- 
sel by  being  driven  ashore,  dashed  against 
rocks,  foundered  by  stress  of  weather,  ol 
the  like  ;  shipwreck  ; 
Go,  go,  begone,  to  save  your  ship  from  wreck. 
Which  cannot  perish,  having  thee  on  board. 

— Shak. ; 

the  ruins  of  a  ship  stranded  ;  a  vessel 
dashed  against  rocks  or  land,  and  broken 
or  otherwise  destroyed  or  totally  crippled 
or  injured  by  violence  and  fracture  ;  any 
ship  or  goods  driven  ashore  or  found  de< 
serted  at  sea  in  an  unmanageable  con< 
dition  ;  specificallj',  in  law,  goods,  etc.. 
wliich,  alter  a  shipwreck,  have  been 
thrown  ashore  by  the  sea,  as  distin< 
guished  from  Jlotsam,  jetsam,  and  ligan: 
goods  cast  on  shore  after  shipwreck  be< 
long  to  the  government,  or  in  some  cases 
to  the  owner  of  the  land,  if  not  claimed 
within  a  certain  time  :  destruction  of 
ruin  generally  ;  dissolution,  especially 
by  violence;  "His  country's  wreck." — 
Shak. ;  "  The  wreck  of  matter  and  the 
crush  of  worlds." — Addison:  the  remains 
of  anything  destroyed,  ruined,  or  fatally 
injured  ;  as,  he  is  reduced  to  a  mere 
icreck,  he  is  but  the  wreck  of  his  former 
self.  [Formerly  wrak,  wrack,  which  is 
the  same  word  as  A.S.  urcec,  exile,  pun- 
ishment, but  the  special  meaning  of  ship- 
wreck has  been  attached  to  it  through 
foreign  influence  ;  cf.  Dut.  wi-ak,  a  wreck 
and  as  adjective  unsound,  rotten,  Dan. 
vrag,  O.  Dan.  vrak,  wreck.  Ice.  rek  for 
vrek,  Sw.  UTak,  what  is  drifted  ashore — 
all  from  verbs  meaning  to  drive  or  drift  ^ 
A.S.  wrecaii,  to  drive,  to  drive  into  ban- 
ishment, to  punish,  to  wreak.  Ice.  reka., 
originally  vreka,  to  drive,  to  compel 
impers.  to  be  drifted  or  tossed.  Wrack, 
what  is  drifted  ashore,  sea-weed  cast  up, 
is  the  same  word,  and  shows  the  literal 
meaning.  The  literal  meaning  of  a  ship 
being  wrecked  is  therefore  similar  to 
that  expressed  by  the  phrase  to  cast  away 
a  ship.] 
WRECK,  rek,  v.t.  to  destroy  or  cast  away, 
as  a  vessel,  by  violence,  collision,  or  the 
like  ;  to  drive  against  the  shore  or  dash 
against  rocks  and  break  or  destroy  :  to 
cause  to  suffer  shipwreck — said  of  a  per- 
son ;  as  a  icrecked  sailor  ;  "A  pilot's 
thumb,  uTcck'd  as  he  was  coming  home.'' 
— Shak.:  to  ruin  or  destroy  generally, 
physically  or  morally  ;  or  financially,  as 
a  bank  ; 
Weak  and  envy^d,  if  they  should  conspire. 
They  wreck  themselves,  and  he  hath  his  desire. 

— Daniel. 

WRECK,  rek,  v.i.  to  suffer  wreck  or  ruin. 
"  Rocks  whereon  greatest  men  have  cf- 
tenest  ivreck'd." — Milton. 

WRECK,  rek,  n.  in  mining,  a  kind  of 
frame  or  table :  a  rack. 

WRECK,  rek,  n.  revenge  :  vengeance. 
Sixnser.     [A  form  of  Wreak.] 

WRECK,  rek,  v.t.  to  wreak.    Milton. 

WRECKAGE,  rek'aj,  n.  the  act  of  wreck- 
ing or  state  of  being  wrecked  ;  "  Wreck- 
age and  dissolution  are  the  appointed 
issue." — Carlyle :  the  ruins  or  remains 
of  a  ship  or  cargo  that  has  been  wrecked; 
material  cast  up  by  the  sea  from  a 
wrecked  vessel. 

WRECKER,rek'er,  n.  one  who  plunders  the 
wrecks  ol  ships :  one  who,  by  delusive 
lights  or  other  signals,  causes  ships  to 
mistake  their  course  and  be  cast  ashore, 
that  he  may  obtain  plunder  from  the 
wreck :  one  whose  occupation  is  to  re- 
move the  cargo  from  a  wrecked  vessel. 


WREN 

or  to  assist  in  recovering  it  when  washed 
out,  for  the  benefit  of  the  owners  and 
underwriters ;  a  vessel  emploj-ed  in  this 
occupation. 
WREN,  ron,  n.  a  well-known  small  bira. 
[A.S.'  wrenna  ;  of.  the  Gael,  dreadhan, 
Ir.  dreati.]  . 

WRENCH,  rensh,  v.t.  to  vmngor  pull  with 
a  twist :  to  force  by  violence  :  to  sprain. 
— n.  a  violent  twist :    a  sprain  :   an  in- 
strument for  turning  bolts,  etc.     [A.S. 
u-rencan  ;  Ger.  reiiken  ;  from  Wring.! 
WREST,  rest,  v.t.  to  ttcist  from  by  force 
to  twist  from  truth  or  from  its  natur'U 
meaning.— n.  violent  pulling  and  V.vist- 
ing:    distortion.  —  n.   Wrest'er     |A.S. 
wroestan:  Dan.   vriste;  perh.  fioro    the 
root  of  Writhe.] 
WRESTLE,  -es'l,  v.i.  to  contend  by  -^i-ap- 
pling    and    trying  to  throw   the   other 
down  :  to  struggle. — n.  a  bout  at  wrest- 
ling :  a  struggle  between  two  to  throw 
each  other  down.— n.  Wrest'ler.    [A.S. 
ipr(fstlian ;  from  %crcRstan,  E.  Wrest.] 
WRETCH,  rech,  n.  a  most  miserable  per- 
son :  one  sunk  in  vice  :  a  worthless  per- 
son.    [Lit.  "an  outcast,"  A.S.  ucrecca — 
tcrecan.  E.  Wreak.] 
^VRETCHED,  rech'ed,  adj.  very  miserable  : 
worthless.  —  adv.     Wretch'edlt.  —  n. 
Wretch'edness.    [From  Wretch.] 
WRIGGLE,  rig'l,  v.i.  to  twist  to  and  fro.— 
v.t.  to  move  by  wriggling. — n  Wrigg'- 
ler.    [Extension  of  obs.  xmg,  conn,  with 
A.S.  UTigian.    See  Wry,] 
WRIGHT,  i-It,  n.  a  maker  (chiefly  used  in 
compounds,  as  ship-^imght,  etc.).     [A.S. 
tryrlita  —  worhte,   pa. p.  of  ii-eorcan,   E. 
Work.] 
iVRING.  ring,  v.t.  to  tvnst :  to  force  by 
twisting:  to  force  or  compress  :  to  pain  : 
to  extort  :  to  bend  out  of  its  position. — 
v.i.  to  writhe  :  to  twist:— pn.t.  and^a.p. 
wrung,   (B.)   wringed.      [A.S.   imngan ; 
Ger.  ringeii,  to  wriggle,  twist ;  allied  to 
Wrigole.    Cf.  Wrench.] 
WRINKLE,  ring'kl,  Jt.  a  small  ridge  on  a 
surface  from  twisting  or  shrinking :  un- 
evenness. — v.t.  to  contract  into  wrinkles 
or  furrows:    to   make    rough. — v.i.  to 
shrink  into  ridges.     [A.S.  iiyrincle — wrin- 
ean,  icringan,  to  wring;  Dut.  loronckel,  a 
twisting  ;  dim.  of  Wring.! 
WRINKLY,  ringk'li,  adj.  full  of  wrinkles  : 

liable  to  be  wrinkled. 
WRIST,  rist,  n.   the  joint  by  which   the 
hand  is  united  tv  the  arm.     [A.S.  wrist ; 
Ger.  rist.'' 

*aiSTBAI^.;,  rist'band,  n.  the  band  or 
j«ari;  -i  r-.  sleeve  which  covers  the  u-rist. 
TjH'-,  rit,  n.  a  writing :  {law)  a  written 
Toeument  by  which  one  is  summoned 
er  required  to  do  something.  ; —  HoLY 
Writ,  the  Scriptures. 
WRITE,  rlt,  v.t.  to  form  letters  with  a  pen 
or  pencil  :  to  express  in  writing  :  to  com- 
pose :  to  engrave :  to  recor'' :  to  com- 
municate by  letter. — v.i.  to  perform  the 
.let  cf  writing:  to  be  employed  as  a  clerk: 
to  compose  books:  to  send  letters: — pr.jj. 
writ'ing;  pa.t.  wrote;  pa.p.  writt'cn. 
[A.S.  uritan ;  Ice.  rita ;  tlie  original 
meaning  being  "  to  scratch  "  (cf.  the  cog. 
Ger.  reiszen,  to  tear).] 
WRITER,  rlt'er,  n.  one  who  writes:  a  scribe 
or  clerk  :  an  ordinary  legal  practitioner 
in  Scotch  country  towns  :  an  author. — 
V>'riter's  cramp,  a  spasmodic  affection 
frequently  attacking  persons  (generally 
middle-aged)  who  have  been  accustomed 
to  write  much.  The  patient  loses  com- 
plete control  over  the  muscles  of  ttie 
thumb  and  the  lore  and  middle  finger, 
^o  that  all  attempts  to  write  regularly, 
and  in  the  severer  oases  even  legibly,  are 
unsuccessful.  The  various  methods  of 
treatment  for  this  trouble  (such  as  surg- 


492 

ical  operations,  the  application  of  elec- 
tricity, etc.)  have  not  generally  produced 
•very  satisfactory  results,  entire  cessation 
trom  writing  for  a  considerable  time  seem- 
ing to  be  the  only  course  open  to  the 
patient.  Called  also  Scrivener's  Palsy. 
WRITERSHIP,  rit'er-ship,  n.  the  office  of  a 

jl'ritrr. 
WRITHE,  Tith,  v.t.  to  turn  to  and  fro  :  to 
ttnst  violently :  to  wrest. — v.i.  to  twist. 
[A.S.  wridhan,  to  twist;  Ice.  ridha;  L. 
vertere.  Sans.  vrat.  See  Wreath.Wrath, 
and  Wroth.] 
WRITING,  rit'ing,  n.   act  of  forming  let- 
ters with  a  pen  :  that  which  is  written  : 
a  document :  a  book :  an  inscription : — 
pi.  legaKdeeds  :  official  papers. 
WRONG,  rong,  adj.  not  according  to  rule 
or  right :  not  fit  or  suitable  :  incorrect : 
not  right  or  true.— ?(.   whatever   is  not 
right  or  just:  any  injury   done  to  an- 
other. —  ad«.   not"  rightly. —t'.<.   to  do 
wrong  to :  to  deprive  of  some  right :  to 
injure— adr.  Wrong'LY.  [Lit.  "twisted," 
from  Wring  ;  cf .  Fr.  tort,  from  L.  tortus, 
twisted.] 
WRONGFUL,  rong'fool,  adj.  wrong:  un- 
just: injurious. — adv.  WRONQ'FTJli.Y. — n. 
Wkong'fui.ness. 
WRONG-HEADED,    rong'-hed'ed,    adj., 
wrong  in  head  or  mind  :  wrong  in  prin- 
ciple.—?!. Wrong'-head'edness. 
WROTE,  rot,  pa.t.  of  Write. 
WROTH,    rawth,    adj.     wrathful.      ];A.S. 
wradh,  orig.  sig.  "  twisted; "  Ice.  retdh-r, 
O.  Ger.  reid ;  i'rom  Writhe.    Cf.  Wrath 
and  Wreath.] 
WROUGHT,    rawt,    pa.t.    and    pa.p.    of 

Work.     [A.S.  wprhte,  ge-worht.] 
WRXJNG,  rung,  pa.^  and  pa.p.  of  Wrino. 
WRY,  rl,  adj.,  writhed,  twisted,  or  turned 
to  one  side  :  not  in  the  right  direction. 
— n.  Wry'ness.    [A.S.  im-igian;  cf.  Wrig- 
gle and  Writhe.] 
WRYNECK,  ri'nek,  w.    a  twisted  or  dis- 
torted neck :   a  small  bird  allied  to  the 
woodpecker,  which  tiinsts  round  its  head 
strangely  when  surprised. 
WRYNECKED,  ri'nekt,  adj.  having  a  dis- 
torted   neck.       Some   commentators  in 
noticing  the  Shakespearean  phrase,  "the 
wrynecked  fife,"  are  of  opinion  that  the 
allusion  is  to  the  player;  others  hold  that 
the  reference  is  to  the  instrument,  which 
they  say  is  the  old  English  flute,  or  jlute 
A  bee:   so  called  from  having  a. curved 
projecting  mouthpiece  like  a  bird's  beak. 
WUD,  wud,  adj.  mad.     [Scotch.] 
WURRUS,  wur'rus,   n.    a  brick-red    dye- 
powder,  somewhat  resembling  dragon's- 
blood,  collected  from  the  seeds  of  Rot- 
tlera  tinctona. 
WUSSE,  wus,  adv.  probably  a  form  of  the 

--wis  of  Y-ws,  certainly. 
Wby,  I  hope  you  will  not  a-hawking  now, will  you? 
ilo'umase;  but  I'll  practice  a^'ainst  next  year,  uncle. 

— B.  Jonson. 

WUTHER,  wui/i'er,  v.i.  to  make  a  sullen 
roar.  Written  also  WtJDDER.  "The 
air  was  now  dark  with  snow  ;  an  Iceland 
blast  was  driving  it  wildly.  This  pair 
neither  heard  the  long  'unithering'  rush, 
nor  saw  the  white  burden  it  drifted." — 
C.  Bronte.     [Yorkshire  dialect.] 

WYCH.     Same  as  WiCH. 

WYCH-ELM,  wich'-elm,  n.  a  British  plant 
of  the  genus  Ulmus,  the  U.  montana. 
It  is  a  large  spreading  tree  with  large 
broadly  elliptical  leaves,  and  grows  in 
woods  in  England  nd  Scotland.  Some 
varieties  have  penculous  branches,  and 
belong  to  the  class  cf  "weeping"  trees. 
[O.E.  wiche,  wyche,  .^.S.  wice,  a  name 
applied  to  various  trees.  "  The  sense  is 
'  drooping '  or  bending  and  it  is  derived 
from  A.S.  wic-en,  pp.  of  wtcan,  to  bend." 
—Skeat.] 


XYLOPHYLLA 

WYCH-HAZEL,  wich'-ha-zl,  n.  the  com- 
mon name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Ham- 
amelis,  the  type  of  the  nat.  order  Ham- 
amelidaceas.  They  are  small  trees,  with 
alternate  leaves  on  short  petioles,  and 
yellow  flowers,  disposed  in  clusters  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  and  surrounded  by  a 
three-leaved  involucrum.  They  are  nar 
tives  of  North  America,  Persia,  or  China. 

WYE,  wi,  71.  the  supports  of  a  telescope, 
theodolite,  or  levelling  instrument,  so 
called  from  their  resembling  the  letter 
Y.    Written  also  Y. 

"WYLIE-COAT,  wy'li-kot,  n.  a  boy's  flan- 
nel  under-dress,  next  the  shirt :  a  flannel 
petticoat.     [Scotch.] 

"WYND,  wynd,  n.  an  alley:  alane.  [Scotch.] 

WYNN,  win,  n.  a  kind  of  timber  truck  or 
carriage.     Simmonds. 

W  yVERN,  wi'vrn,  n.  an  imaginary  animal 
resembling  a  flying  serpent.  [Fr.  vivre 
— L.  viperd,  a  viper.    See  Viper.] 


XANTHINE,  zan'thin,  n.  the  yellow  color- 
ing  matter  in  certain  plants,  as  madder, 
[Gr.  xanthos,  yellow.] 
XANTHOCHROl,  zan-thok'roy,  n.pl.  one  of 
the  five  groups  of  men,  according  to  Hux- 
ley and  other  ethnologists,  comprising 
the  fair  whites.     [Gr.] 
XEBEC,  ze'bek,  n.   a   small  three-masted 
vessel  much  used  by  the  former  corsairs 
of  Algiers.     [Sp. — Turkish  sumbaki.] 
XENELASIA,  zen-e-la'si-a,  n.  a  Spartan  in- 
stitution which  prohibited  strangers  from 
residing  in  Sparta  without  permission, 
and    empowered    magistrates    to    expel 
strangers  if  they  saw  fit  to  do  so.     [Gr., 
the  expulsion  of  strangers.] 
XENIUM,  ze'ni-um  ( pi.  Xenia,  ze'ni-a),  n. 
anciently,  a  present  given  to  a  guest  or 
stranger,  or  to  a  foreign  ambassador  :  a 
name  given  to  pictures  of  still  life,  fruit, 
etc.,  such  as  are  found  in  houses  at  Pom- 
peii.    Fairholt.     [L.,  from  Gr.  xenion,  a 
gift  to  a  guest,  from  xenos,  a  guest.] 
XENODOCHEUM,  zen-o-do-ke'um,  XEN- 
ODOCHIUM,  zen-o-do-kl'um,  n.  a  name 
given  by  the  ancients  to  a  building  for 
the  reception  of  strangers.     The  term  is 
also  applied  to  a  guest  house  in  a  mon- 
astery.      [Gr.    xenodocheion  —  xenos,    a 
stranger,  and  dechomai,  to  receive.] 
XENODOCHY,  zen-od'o-ki,  n.  reception  of 
strangers :    hospitality.     Also,  same   as 
Xenodocheum.     [Gr.   xenodochia.     See 
above.] 
XENOGENESIS,  zen-o-jen'e-sis,  n.  the  pro- 
duction or  formation  of  an  organism  of 
one  kind  by  an  organism  of  another,  as 
was  formerly  believed  of  parasitic  worms 
by   their  hosts.      Huxley.      [Gr.   xenos, 
strange,  and  genesis,  birth.] 
XENOGENETIC,  zen-o-je-net'ik,  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  xenogenesis.  "  I  have  dwelt 
upon  the  analogy  of  pathological  modifi- 
cation which  is  in  favor  of  the  xenoge- 
netic  origin  of  microzymes." — Huxley. 
XYLOGRAPHY,  zi-log'raf-i,  n.  the  art  of 
engraving  on  wood.— n.   Xylog'RAPHER. 
—adj.  Xylograph'ic.     [Gr.  oeylon,  wood, 
and  grapho,  I  vrrite.] 
XYLO'PHILOUS,  zT-lofi-lus,  adj.  growing 

upon  or  living  in  wood. 
XYLOPHYLLA,  zi-lof'il-a,  n.  a  genus  of 
Euphorbiacefe,  or,  as  some  regard  it,  a 
section  of  PhvUanthus,  consisting  of 
shrubs  without  leaves,  but  whose 
branches  are  flattened  out  and  leaf-like, 
bearing  the  flowers  in  tufts  in  the 
notches  of  the  margin.    They  are  na- 


XYLOPIA 


493 


YE 


tives  of  the  West  Indies,  and  are  named 
from  the  singular  appearance  of  their 
leaf-like  branches.  [Gr.  xylon,  wood, 
and  phyllon,  a  leaf.] 

XYLOPIA,  zT-l6'pi-a,  n.  a  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Anonacefe.  The  species  are 
trees  or  shrubs,  natives  chiefly  of  South 
America.  X.  aromatica  is  known  by  the 
name  of  African  pepper.  The  fruit  of  X. 
grandiflora  is  a  valuable  remedy  for 
fevers  in  Brazil.  The  wood  of  all  is  bit- 
ter ;  hence  they  are  called  hitter-woods. 
rSaid  to  be  contracted  for  Xylopicria, 
from  Gr.  xylon,  wood,  and  pikros,  bit- 
ter.] 

XYLOPYROGRAPHY,  zi-lo-pi-rog-'ra-fi,  n. 
the  art  or  process  of  producing  a  picture 
on  wood  by  charring  it  with  a  hot  iron. 
[Gr.  xylon,  wood,  pyr,  pyros,  fire,  and 
grapho,  to  write.] 

XYLORETINE,  zl'16-re-tin,  n.  a  sub-fossil 
resinous  substance,  found  in  connection 
with  the  pine-trunks  of  certain  peat- 
mosses. [Gr.  xylon,  wood,  and  rhetine, 
resin.]  

XYST,  zist,  XYSTOS,  zis'tos,  n.  in  ane. 
arch,  a  sort  of  covered  portico  or  open 
court,  of  great  length  in  proportion  to 
its  width,  in  which  the  athlete  performed 
their  exercises.  [L.  xystus,  Gr.  xystos, 
from  on/0,  to  scrape,  from  its  smooth  and 
polished  floor.] 

XYSTARCH,  zis'tark,  n.  an  Athenian 
oflBcer  who  presided  over  the  gymnastic 
exercises  of  the  xystos.  [Gr.  oeystos, 
xyst,  and  archo,  to  rule.] 

XYSTER,  zis'ter,  n.  a  surgeon's  instru- 
ment for  scraping  bones.  [Or.  xyster, 
from  xyo,  to  scrape.] 


Y-,  a  common  prefix  in  Old  EngKsh  words, 
as  in  y-cleTpt,  y-clsiA,  etc.,  representing 
A.S.  ge-,  which  assumed  this  form  by 
the  common,  weakening  of  g  to  y.  The 
meaning  of  words  with  this  prefix  is 
usually  the  same  as  if  it  were  absent. 

TACARE,  yak'a-ra,  n.  the  native  name  of 
a  Brazilian  alligator  (Jacare  sclerops), 
having  a  ridge  from  eye  to  eye,  fleshy 
eyelids,  and  small  webs  to  the  feet :  the 
spectacled  cayman.     [Written  also  Jao 

AKE.] 

YACCA-WOOD,  yakVwood,  n.  the  orna- 
mental wood  of  Podocarpus  coriacea,  a 
small  tree  of  Jamaica.  It  is  of  a  pale- 
brown  color  with  streaks  of  hazel-brown, 
and  is  much  used  in  the  West  Indies  for 
cabinet  work. 

YACHT,  yot,  n.  a  light  swift-sailing  ves- 
sel, elegantly  fitted  up  for  pleasure-trips 
or  racing.  [Dut.  jagt  (formerly  jacht), 
from  jagen,  to  chase.] 

YACHTER,  yot'er,  n.  one  engaged  in  sail- 
ing a  yacht. 

YACHTING,  yot'ing,  n.  saiUng  in  a  yacht. 

YAK,  yak,  n.  a  large  kind  of  ox,  domesti- 
cated in  Central  Asia. 

YAM,  yam,  n.  a  large  root  like  the  potato 
growing  in  tropical  countries.  [West 
Indian  ihame.] 

YAMA,  ya'ma,  n.  in  Hind.  myth,  the  god 
of  departed  spirits  and  the  appointed 
judge  and  punisher  of  the  dead :  the  em- 
bodiment of  power  without  pity,  and 
stern,  unbending  fate.  He  is  generally 
represented  as  crowned  and  seated  on  a 
buffalo,  which  he  guides  by  the  horns. 
He  is  four-armed  and  of  austere  counte- 
nance. In  one  hand  he  holds  a  mace,  in 
another  a  noose  which  is  used  to  draw 
out  of  the  bodies  of  men  the  souls  which 


are  doomed  to  appear  before  his  judg- 
ment-seat. His  garments  are  of  the 
color  of  fire,  his  skin  is  of  a  bluish  green. 

YAMER,  ya'mer,  YAMMER,  yam'mer,  v.i. 
to  shriek :  to  yell  :  to  cry  aloud :  to 
whimper  loudly  :  to  whine.  "  '  The  child 
is  doing  as  well  as  possible,'  said  Miss 
Grizzy  ;  '  to  be  sure  it  does  yammer  con- 
stantly, that  can't  be  denied.'"  —  Miss 
Ferrier.  [Scotch.  O.  E.  yomer,  A.  S. 
geomerian,  to  lament,  to  groan,  from 
geomor,  sad,  mournful,  wretched;  of. 
Ger.  jamm^ren,  to  lament,  to  wail.] 

YANKEE,  yang'ke,  n.  a  cant  name  for  a 
citizen  of  New  England.  During  the  War 
of  the  Revolution,  the  name  was  applied 
to  all  the  patriots  ;  and  during  the  Civil 
War  it  was  the  common  designation  of 
the  Federal  soldiers  by  the  Confederates. 
In  Britain  the  term  is  sometimes  applied 
generally  to  all  natives  of  the  United 
States.  [A  word  of  uncertain  origin. 
The  most  common  explanation  seems 
also  the  most  plausible,  namely,  that  it 
is  a  corrupt  pronunciation  of  English  or 
of  Fr.  Anglais  formerly  current  among 
the  American  Indians.  In  Bartlett's 
Dictionary  of  Americanisms  a  statement 
is  quoted  to  the  effect  that  Yengees  or 
Yenkees  was  a  name  originally  given  by 
the  Massachusetts  Indians  to  the  English 
colonists,  and  that  it  was  afterwards 
adopted  by  the  Dutch  on  the  Hudson, 
who  applied  the  term  in  contempt  to  all 
the  people  of  New  England.  Bartlett 
also  quotes  a  statement  of  Heckwelder 
(an  authority  on  Indian  matters),  who 
affirmed  that  the  Indians  applied  the 
term  Ye7igees  specially  to  the  New  En- 
glanders  as  contradistinguished  from  the 
Virginians  or  Long-  Knives,  and  the  En- 
glish proper  or  Saggenash.  As  early  as 
1713  it  is  said  to  have  been  a  common 
cant  word  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  in  the 
sense  of  good  or  excellent,  being  prob- 
ably borrowed  by  the  students  from  the 
Indians,  to  whom  a  "Yankee"  article 
would  be  synonymous  with  an  excellent 
one,  from  the  superiority  of  the  white 
man  in  mechanical  arts.] 

YANKEE-DOODLE,  yang-ke-doo'dl,  n.  a 
famous  air,  now  regarded  as  American 
and  national.  In  reality  the  air  is  an  old 
English  one,  called  Nankey  Doodle,  and 
had  some  derisive  reference  to  Crom- 
well. It  is  said  that  the  brigade  under 
Lord  Percy,  after  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton, marched  out  of  Boston  playing  this 
tune  in  derisive  and  punning  allusion  to 
the  name  Yankee,  and  the  New  England- 
ers  adopted  the  air  in  consideration  of 
the  fact  that  they  had  made  the  British" 
dance  to  it.  The  really  national  tune 
of  the  whole  United  States,  however,  is 
"Hail,  Columbia  1" 

YARD,  yard,  m.  an  E.  measure  of  3  feet  or 
36  inches :  a  long  beam  on  a  mast  for 
spreading  square  sails.  [A.S.  geard,  gyrd, 
a  rod,  measure  ;  Dut.  gard,  Ger.  gerte ; 
further  conn,  with  Goth,  gazds,  a  stick, 
and  L.  hasta,  a  pole,  a  spear.] 

YARD,  yard,  n.  an  inclosed  place,  esp. 
near  a  building.  [A.S.  geard,  hedge,  in- 
closure  ;  Goth,  gards,  Ger.  garien  ;  conn, 
with  L.  hortus,  Gr.  chortos.  See  Court, 
Cohort,  and  Garden.] 

YARD-ARM,  yard'-arm,  n.  either  half  or 
arm  of  a  ship's  yard  (right  or  left)  from 
the  centre  to  the  end. 

YARD-LAND,  yard'-land,  n.  a  quantity  of 
land  in  England,  different  in  different 
counties  :  a  virgate.  In  some  counties 
it  was  15  acres  ;  in  others  20  or  24,  and 
even  40  acres. 

YARD-STICK,  yard'-stik,  n.  a  stick  or  rod 
3  feet  in  length,  used  as  a  measure  of 
cloth,  etc. 


YARD-WAND,yard'-wond,  n.  a  yard-stick. 
"His  cheating  yard-wand." — Tennyson. 

YARE,  yar,  adj.  ready  :  quick  :  dexterous  : 
eager — said  of  persons,  and  especially  of 
sailors  ;  as,  to  be  yare  at  the  helm.  "  Be 
yare  in  thy  preparation." — Shak.:  easily 
wrought:  answering  quickly  to  the  helm: 
swift  :  lively — said  of  a  ship.  "  The  les- 
ser (ship)  will  come  and  go,  leave  and 
take,  and  is  yare,  whereas  the  otlier  is 
slow." — Raleigh.  [A.S.  gearu,  prepared, 
ready,  yare ;  akin  Ger.  gar,  prepared,  ■ 
ready  ;  Ice.  giir-,  gjor,  quite :  cf.  Ice. 
gora,  to  do,  to  make  ;  prov.  E.  gar,  to 
cavise  to  do.     Akin  Garb,  Gear.] 

YARE,  yar,  adv.  briskly :  dexterously : 
yarely.     Shak. 

YARELY,  yar'li,  adv.  readily :  dexter- 
ously:  skillfully.  "Those  flower-soft 
hands  that  yarely  frame  the  office." 
—Shftk. 

YARKE,  yar'ke,  n.  the  native  name  of 
different  South  American  monkeys  of 
the  genus  Pithecia. 

YARN,  yarn,  n.  spun  thread  :  one  of  the 
threads  of  a  rope  :  a  sailor's  story  (spun 
out  to  some  length).  [A.S.  gearn  ;  Ice. 
and  Ger.  gam.] 

YARROW,  yar'o,  n.  the  plant  milfoil. 
[A.S.  geanve;  Ger.  garbe.] 

YATAGHAN,  yat'a-gan,  n.  a  long  Turkish 
dagger,  usually  curved. 

YAWL,  yawl,  n.  a  small  ship's  boat,  with 
four  or  six  oars.  [Dut.  jol.  Cf.  Jolly- 
boat.] 

YAWN,  yawn,  v.i.  to  open  the  jaws  in- 
voluntarily from  drowsiness  :  to  gape. — • 
n.  the  opening  of  the  mouth  from  drows- 
iness. [A.S.  ganian,  goenan ;  Scot,  gan-t, 
Ger.  gahnen ;  conn,  with  Gr.  chaino,  L. 
h-io,  to  gape.     Cf.  Htattjs.] 

YAWNING,  yawn'ing,  adj.  gaping  :  open- 
ing :  wide  :  drowsy. —  n.  act  of  opening 
wide  or  gaping. 

YAWS,  yawz,  n.  a  disease  occurring  in 
America,  Africa  and  the  West  Indies,  and 
almost  entirely  confined  to  the  African 
races.  It  is  characterized  by  cutaneous 
tumors,  numerous  and  successive,  grad- 
ually increasing  from  specks  to  the  size 
of  a  raspberry,  one  at  length  growing 
larger  than  the  rest  ;  core  a  fungous 
excrescence  ;  fever  slight,  and  probably 
irritative  merely.  It  is  contagious,  and 
cannot  be  communicated  except  by  the 
actual  contact  of  yaw  matter  to  some 
abraded  surface,  or  by  inoculation,  which 
is  sometimes  effected  by  flies.  It  is  also 
called  Frambcesia,  from  the  French 
framboise,  a  raspberry.  [African  yaiv,  a 
raspberry.] 

YCLAD,  i-klad',  pa.p.  clad  :  clothed.  ' '  Her 
words  yclad  with  wisdom's  majesty." — 
Shak.     [Prefix  y-,  and  Clad.] 

YCLEPT  or  YCLEPED,  i-klept',  pa.p. 
called  (obs.).     [A.S.  clypian,  to  call.] 

YE,  ye,  pron.  properly  the  nominative 
plural  of  the  second  person,  of  which 
thoii  is  the  singular,  but  in  later  times 
also  used  as  an  objective  after  verbs  and 
prepositions.  Ye  is  now  used  only  in  the 
sacred  and  solemn  style  ;  in  common  dis- 
course and  writing  you  is  exclusively 
used.  "But  ye  are  washed,  but  ye  are 
sanctified." — 1  Cor.  vi.  11.  "Loving  of- 
fenders thus  I  will  excuse  t/e." — Shak. 
"  I  thank  ye;  and  be  blest  for  your  good 
comfort."— STiafc. 

A  south-west  blow  on  ye 
And  blister  j'ou  all  o'er. — Shak, 

"  The  confusion  between  ye  and  ^ou  did 
not  exist  in  Old  English.  Ye  was  always 
used  as  a  nominative,  and  you  as  a  dative 
or  accusative.  In  the  English  Bible  the 
distinction  is  very  carefully  observed, 
but  in  the  dramatists  of  the  Elizabethan 
period  there  is  a  very  loose  use  of  the 


YEA 


494 


YOURSELF 


two  torma."— Dr.  Morris.  [A.S.  ge,  ye, 
nom.  pi.  corresponding  to  th(i,  thou ; 
the  genit.  was  euwer,  the  dat.  and  ace. 
cote;  so  that  ye  is  properly  tlie  nom.  pi. 
and  you  the  obj.  ;  Dut.  </y,  Ice.  ier,  er, 
Dan.  and  Sw.  i,  Ger.  ihr,  Goth,  jus,  all 
ye  or  you  (pi.).] 

■yEA,  ya,  adi?.,  j/es;  verily.  [A.S.  grea;  Ice., 
Ger.,  and  Goth.  ja.    See  "i  es.] 

VEAN,  ySn,  u.t.  to  bring  forth  young.  [A.S. 
eanian.] 

VEAR,  yer,  »i.  the  time  the  earth  takes  to 
go  round  the  sun:  36.5i  days  or  13  months: 
—pi.  age  or  old  age.  [A.S.  gear  ;  Ger. 
jahr:  Ice.  &r;  perh.  conn,  with  Slav,  jaro, 
spring,  Gr.  Iwra,  season.] 

YEARLING,  yer'ling,  n.  an  animal  a  year 
old. 

YEARLY,  ygr'li.ad/  happening  every  year: 
lasting  a  year. — adv.  once  a  year  :  from 
year  to  year. 

YEARN,  yern,  v.i.  to  feel  earnest  desire  : 
to  feel  uneasiness,  as  from  longing  or 
pity.  [A.S.  geornian  —  georn,  desirous 
(Ger.  gern).] 

YEARNING,  yern'ing,  n.,  earnest  desire, 
tenderness,  or  pity. — adj.  longing.— adt>. 
Yearn'ingly. 

YEAST,  vest,  n.  the  froth  of  malt  liquors 
in  fermentation  :  a  preparation  which 
raises  dough  lor  bread.  JA.S.  gist ;  Ger. 
ga.<seht,  gischt ;  from  a  Teut.  root  "to 
seethe,"  conn,  with  Gr.  zeo.  Sans,  yas.] 

YEASTY,  yest'i,  adj.  like  yeast :  frothy  : 
foamy. 

YELK.    Same  as  Yolk. 

YELL,  yel,  v.i.  to  hoicl  or  cry  out  with  a 
sharp  noise  :  to  scream  from  pain  or  ter- 
ror.— n.  a  sharp  outcry.  [A.S.  gellan ; 
Ger.  gellen  ;  conn,  with  A.S.  galan,  to 
sing  (see  Nightingale).] 

YELLOW,  yel'o,  adj.  of  a  bright  gold 
color. — n.  a  bright  golden  color. — n. 
YELL'ow>fESS.  [A.S.  geolu ;  Ger.  gelb ; 
cog.  with  L.  hehnis,  hght  bay,  gilmis, 
pale  vellow.] 

YELLOW-BIRD,  yel'6-berd,  n.  a  small 
singing  bird  of  the  family  Fringillidce, 
common  in  the  United  States,  the  Frin- 
gilla  or  Chrysometris  tristis.  The  sum- 
mer dress  of  the  male  is  of  a  lemon  yel- 
low, with  the  wings,  tail,  and  fore  part 
of  the  head  black.  The  female  and  male, 
during  winter,  are  of  a  brown  olive  color. 
When  caged  the  song  of  this  bird  greatly 
resembles  that  of  the  canary.  The  name 
is  also  given  to  the  yellow  poll  warbler 
(Dendroica    cestiva). 

YELLOW-BOY,  yel'6-boi,  n.  a  cant  name 
for  a  guinea  or  other  gold  coin.  "  John 
did  not  starve  the  cause  ;  there  wanted 
not  yelloiv-boys  to  fee  counsel." — Arbuth- 
not.  

YELLOW-FEVER,  yel'6-fe'ver,  n.  a  ma- 
lignant febrile  disease,  indigenous  chiefly 
to  the  West  Indies,  upper  coasts  of 
South  America,  the  borders  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  the  Southern  United 
States  It  is  attended  with  yellowness 
of  the  skin,  of  some  shade  between  lem- 
on-yellow and  the  deepest  orange-yellow. 
It  resembles  typhus  fever  in  the  prostra- 
tion, blood-disorgaaization,  and  soften- 
ing of  internal  organs  which  are  features 
of  both  diseases. 

STELLOWHAMMER,  yel'6-ham-er,  n.  a 
song-bird,  so  named  from  its  yeHoM)  color: 
the  yellow  bunting. 

yELLOWISH,  yel'b-ish,  adj.  somewhat 
yellow. — n.  YELL'ovnsHNESS. 

YELLOW-LEGS,  yel'o-legz,  n.  a  graUor 
torial  bird  of  the  genus  Gambetta  (O. 
Jlavipe.'s),  family  Scolopacidas,  distributed 
along  the  eastern  coast  of  America  from 
Maine  to  Florida,  so  called  from  the 
color  of  its  legs.    It  is  10  inches  long, 


with  a  bill  li  inch.  It  is  migratory, 
leaving  the  north  in  summer.  It  feeds 
on  fish  fry,  crustaceans,  etc.,  and  in 
autumn  it  is  fat  and  much  prized  for 
table. 

YELLOW -METAL,  yel'o-met-al,  n.  a 
sheathing  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc : 
Muntz's  metal. 

YELLOW  -  PINE,  yel'o-pln,  n.  a  North 
American  tree  of  the  genus  Pinus,  P. 
mitis  or  variabilis.  The  wood  is  compact 
and  durable,  and  is  universally  employed 
in  the  countries  where  it  grows  for  do- 
mestic purposes.  It  is  also  extensively 
exported  to  Britain  and  elsewhere.  In 
Canada  and  Nova  Scotia  the  name  is 
given  to  P.  resinosa,  and  it  is  also  applied 
to  P.  australis.     [See  Pine.] 

YELLOW-ROOT,  yel'o-root,  n.  a  plant  of 
the  genus  Xanthorrhiza,  the  X.  ajnifolia. 
It  is  a  small  North  American  shrub 
having  creeping  roots  of  a  yellow  color, 
stalked  pinnate  or  bi pinnate  leaves,  and 
small  dull  purple  flowers  in  axillarj' 
branched  racemes.  The  hark  of  the 
root  is  intensely  bitter,  and  is  used  in 
America  as  a  tonic. 

YELLOWS,  yel'oz,  n.  an  inflammation  of 
the  liver,  or  a  kind  of  javmdice  wliich 
affects  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep,  causing 
yellowness  of  the  eyes.  "  His  horse  .  .  . 
raied  with  the  ycllotcs." — Sliak.  :  a  dis- 
ease of  peach-trees,  little  heard  of  except 
in  America,  where  it  destroys  whole 
orchards  in  a  few  years. 

YELLOW-SNAKE,  yel'o-snak,  n.  a  large 
species  of  boa,  common  in  Jamaica,  the 
Chilabothrus  inornatus.  It  is  from  8 
to  10  feet  long,  the  head  olive-green, 
the  front  part  of  the  body  covered  vnt\i 
numerous  black  lines,  while  the  hinder 
part  is  black,  spotted  with  yellowish 
olive. 

YELLOW-THROAT,  yel'o-throt,  n.  a  small 
North  American  singing  bird  of  the  genus 
Sylvia  (S.  Marilandica),  a  species  of  war- 
bler. 

YELP,  yelp,  v.i.  to  utter  a  sharp  bark. 
[A.S.  gealp,  a  loud  sound  :  Ice.  gialjya, 
to  make  a  noise,  Ger.  gelfem ;  prob.  in- 
fluenced by  Yell.] 

YEOMAN,  yo'man,  n.  a  man  of  common 
rank  next  below  a  gentleman  :  a  man  of 
small  estate :  an  officer  of  the  royal 
household.  [Found  in  O.  Fris.  gaman, 
villager — ga,  a  village  (Goth,  gawi,  Ger. 
gau),  and  Man  ;  cf.  also  Bavarian  gdu- 
man,  a  peasant.] 

YEOIVIANRY,  yo'man-ri,  n.  the  collective 
body  of  yeomen  or  freeholders. 

YES,  yes,  adv.  ay  :  a  word  of  affirmation 
or  consent.  [A.S.  gese — gea,  yea,  and  se 
(for  sle,  si),  let  it  be.] 

YESTER,  yes'ter,  adj.  relating  to  yester- 
day :  last.  [A.S.  gistran,  yesterday  ; 
Ger.  gesfern ;  conn,  with  L.  hestermLS, 
Gr.  chfhes,  Sans,  hyas.] 

YESTERDAY,  yes'ter-da,  n.  the  day  last 
past. 

YESTERNIGHT,  yes'ter-nit,  n.  the  night 
last  past. 

YET,  yet,  adv.  in  addition :  besides :  at 
the  same  time  :  up  to  the  present  time  : 
hitherto  :  even  :  however. — coiij.  never- 
theless :  however.  [A.S.  git,  gita,  from 
a  root  seen  also  in  L.  ja-m.] 

YEW,  u,  n.  an  evergreen  tree,  allied  to  the 
pine.  [A.S.  eoto,  iw;  Ger.  eibe,  Ir.  iubhar.} 

YEZDEGERDIAN,  yez-de-gei-'di-an,  adj.  a 
term  applied  to  an  era,  dated  from  the 
overthrow  of  the  Persian  Empire,  when 
Yezdegerd  was  defeated  by  the  Arabians, 
in  the  eleventh  year  of  the  Hegira,  a.d. 
636. 

YEZIDEE,  yez'i-de,  n.  a  member  of  a  small 
tribe  of  people   bordering  on    the    Eu- 


phrates whose  religion  is  said  to  be  a 
mixture  of  the  worship  of  the  devil,  with 
some  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Mag^i,  Mo- 
hammedans, and  Christians. 
Y-FERE,  i-fer',  adv.  in  company  or  union  •. 
together. 

O  goodly  grolden  chain  1  wherewith  nfere 

The  vertues  Unked  are  in  lovely  wise. — Spenser. 

[Apparently  from  O.  E.  if  ere,  A.S.  gefira, 
a  companion.] 

YGDRASIL,  YGGDRASILL,  ig'dra-sil,  n. 
in  Scand.  myth,  the  ash-tree  which  binds 
together  heaven,  earth,  and  hell.  Its 
branches  spread  over  the  whole  world 
and  reach  above  the  heavens.  Its  roots 
run  in  three  directions  :  one  to  the  Asa 
gods  in  heaven,  one  to  the  Frost-giants, 
and  the  third  to  the  under-world.  Under 
each  root  is  a  fountain  of  wonderful  vir- 
tues. In  the  tree,  which  drops  honey,  sit 
an  eagle,  a  squirrel,  and  four  stags.  At 
the  root  lies  the  serpent  Nithhoggr  gnaw- 
ing it,  while  the  squirrel  Ratatoskr  runs 
up  and  down  to  sow  strife  between  the 
eagle  at  the  top  and  the  serpent  at  the 
root. 

YIELD,  yeld,  v.t.  to  resign  :  to  grant :  to 
give  out  :  to  produce  :  to  allow. — v.i.  to 
submit  :  to  comply  with  :  to  give  place. 
. — n.  amount  yielded  :  product.  [A.S. 
gildan,  to  pay  ;  Goth,  gildan,  Ger.  gelfen. 
Ice.  gjalda.     See  GUILD.] 

YIELDING,  yeld'ing,  adj.  inclined  to  give 
way  or  comply:  compliant. — adv.  Yield'- 

INGLT. 

YOKE,  yok,  n.  that  which  joins  together  : 
the  frame  of  wood  joining  oxen  for  draw- 
ing: any  similar  frame,  as  one  for  carry- 
ing pails  :  a  mark  of  servitude  :  slavery  : 
(B.)  a  pair  or  couple. — v.t.  to  put  a  yoke 
on  :  to  join  together  :  to  enslave.  [A.S. 
ioc ;  Ger.  joeli ;  L.  jugum,  Gr.  zygon, 
Fi'om  the  root  of  L.  jungo.  Sans,  yudj, 

YOKE-FEIJLOW,yok'-fel'o,YOKE-MATE, 
yok'-mat,  n,  an  associate :  a  mate  or 
fellow. 

YOLK,  yok,  YELK,  yelk,  n.  the  yellow 
part  of  an  egg.  [A.S.  geolca — from  root 
of  A.S.  geolo,  E.  Yellovf.] 

YON,  yon,  YONDER,  yon'der,  adv.  at  a 
distance  within  view. — adj.  being  at  a  dis- 
tance witliin  \new.  [A.S.  geon-d,  thither, 
yonder  ;  cog.  with  Ger.  jen-er,  that ;  the 
root  being  the  pronominal  stem  ya.] 

YORE,  yor,  n.  in  old  time.  [From  A.S. 
geara,  formerlv,  allied  to  gear,  E.  Yeak: 
or  compounded  of  geo,  formerly,  and  cer, 
E.  Ere.] 

YOU,  n,  pron.  2d  pers.  pron.  pi.,  but  also 
used  as  sing.  [Orig.  only  an  objective 
case  ;  A.S.  eow ;  O.  Ger.  in,  Ger.  euch. 
See  Ye.] 

YOUNG,  yung,  adj.  not  long  born  :  in  early 
life  :  in  the  first  part  of  growth  :  inex- 
perienced.— n.  the  offspring  of  animals, 
[A.S.  geong  ;  Ger.  jung  ;  also  conn,  with 
L.  juvenis,  Sans.  yuvan.J 

YOUiSTGISH,  j-ung'gish,  adj.  somewhat 
yonng. 

YOUNGLING,  yung'ling,  n.  a  yoking  person 
or  animal.  ^.S.  geong-Ung ;  Ger.  jiing- 
ling.] 

YOUNGSTER,  yung'ster,  n.  a  young  per- 
son :  a  lad.  [Orig.  fern.;  see  -ster  in  List 
of  Affixes.] 

YOUNKER,  yung'ker,  n.  same  as  Young- 
ster. [From  Dut.  jonker  (from  jonk- 
heer,  "young  master"  or  "lord"),  Ger, 
junker.'] 

YOUR,  ur,  pron.  poss.  of  You  ;  belonging 
to  you.     [A.S.  eoxiXT.    See  You.] 

YOURS,  iirz,  pron.  poss.  of  You,  not  fol- 
lowed bv  a  noun . 

YOURSELF,  ur-self, pron.,  your  own  self 
or  person. 


YOUTH 

SOUTH,  yi56th,  n.  state  of  being  young : 
early  life :  a  young  person  :  young  per- 
sons taken  together.  [A.  S.  geogudh, 
from  the  stem  of  YoUNG ;  Ger.  jugend, 
Gtoth.  Junda.] 

YOUTHFUL,  yo5th'fool,  adj.  pertaining  to 
youth  or  early  life  :  young :  suitable  to 
youth :  fresh  :  buoyant,  vigorous. — adv. 

(Youth'fdixy. — n.  Youth'fulnkss. 

YUCCA,  yuk'a,  n.  a  large  garden  plant  of 
the  lily  family,  familiarly  called  Adam's 
needle,  native  to  sub-tropical  America. 
[T7.  Indian  name.] 

TUFTS,  yufts,  n.  a  kind  of  Russia  leather, 
which  when  well  prepared  is  of  good 
red  color,  soft  and  pinguid  on  the  sur- 
face, and  pleasant  to  the  touch,  with  an 
agreeable  peculiar  odor.    Simmonds. 

TUG,  yug,  YUGA,  yocg'a,  n.  one  of  the 
ages  into  which  the  Hindus  divide  the 
duration  or  existence  of  the  world.  [Sans. 
yuga,  an  age,  from  yuj,  to  join.] 

TULAN,  ySo'lan,  n.  a  beautiful  flowering 
tree  of  China ;  the  Magnolia  Yidan,  a 
tree  of  30  or  40  feet  in  its  native  country, 
but,  in  European  gardens,  of  not  moi'e 
than  13  feet. 

TULE,  yool,  n.  the  Old  English  and  still 
to  some  extent  the  Scotch  and  Northern 
English  name  for  Christmas,  or  the  feast 
of  the  nativity  of  our  Saviour. 

And  at  each  pause  they  kiss;  was  never  seen 

such  rule 
In  any  place  but  here,  at  bonfire  or  at  Tvle. 

—Drayton. 
They  brin^  me  sorrow  touchM  with  joy, 
The  merry  merry  bells  of  Tide. — Tetinyson. 

[A.S.  geol,  gi&l.  Oil,  ge6hol,  Christmas, 
the  feast  of  the  nativity,  whence  genla, 
the  Yule  month,  December;  Ice.  jol, 
originally  a  great  festival  lasting  thirteen 
days,  and  having  its  origin  in  heathen 
times,  afterwards  applied  to  Christmas ; 
Dan.  jiiul,  Sw.  jid.  Of  doubtful  origin, 
but  most  commonly  connected  with 
wheel.  Ice.  hjol,  Dan.  and  Sw.  hjul,  as 
being  a  feast  originally  celebrated  at  the 
sun's  wheeling  or  turning  at  midsummer 
and  midwinter,  but  the  h  of  these  words 
is  strongly  agaiust  this.  Skeat  follow- 
ing Fick  connects  it  with  E.  yoid,  yawl, 
as  referring  to  festive  noise  or  outcry. 
Jolly  is  from  this  word,  coming  to  us 
through  the  French.] 


z 


SACCHEAN,  zak'5-an,  n.  a   follower  of 

Zaccheus  of  Palestine,  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury,  who  taught  that  only  private  prayer 
was  acceptable  to  God.  His  disciples, 
therefore,  retired  to  a  hill  near  Jerusa- 
lem for  their  devotions. 

2AFFEE,  zaf'fer,  n.  impure  oxide  of  co- 
balt :  the  residuum  of  cobalt,  after  the 
sulphur,  arsenic,  and  other  volatile  mat- 
ters have  been  expelled  by  calcination. 
So  that  it  is  a  gray  or  dark-^ray  oxide  of 
cobalt,  mixed  with  a  portion  of  silica. 
When  fused  into  a  glass  it  is  intensely 
blue,  and  is  much  used  by  enamellers 
and  porcelain  manufacturers  as  a  blue 
color.  [Fr.  zafre,  safre,  saffre.  Sp.  zafre, 
probably  of  Arabic  origin.] 

ZAIM,  zaim,  n.  a  Turkish  chief  or  leader. 

ZAIMET,  za'i-met,  n.  a  Turkish  name  for 
an  estate  :  a  district  from  which  a  zaim 
draws  his  revenue. 

ZAMANG,  za-mang*,  n.  a  leguminous  tree 
of  Venezuela,  the  Pithecolobium  Saman, 
the  hemispherical  head  of  one  individual 
of  which  Humboldt  describes  as  being 
536  feet  in  circumference,  its  diameter 


495 

being  60  feet  and  the  diameter  of  Us 

trunk  9  feet. 
ZANY,  za'ni,  n.  a  merry-andrew :  a  buf- 
foon.    [Fr.  zani— It.  zani,  a  corr.  of  Oio- 
vanni,  John.    Cf.  the  use  of  the  names 
John  and  Jack.] 
ZAX,  zaks,    n.    an    instrument    used    by 
slaters  for  cutting  and  dressing  slates  : 
a  kind  of  hatchet  with  a  sharp  point  on 
the  poll  for  perforating  the  slate  to  re- 
ceive the  nail.     [A.S.  seax.  Ice.  sax,  a 
knife  or  short  sword  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sahs.l 
ZAYAT,  za'yat,  n.   in  Burmah,  a   public 
sned  or  portico  for  the  accommodation 
of  travellers,  loungers,  and  worshippers, 
found  in  every  Burmese  village  and  at- 
tached to  many  pagodas.    H.  Yule. 
Z-CRANK,  zee'-krangk,  n.    a  peculiarly- 
shaped  crank  in  the  cylinder  of  some 
marine  steam-engines,   so  named  from 
its  zigzag  form.    Simmonds. 
ZEAL,  zel,  n.,  boiling  or  passionate  ardor 
for  anything:  enthusiasm.     [L.  zelus— 
Gr.  zelos,  zeo,  to  boil.    Cf.  Yeast.] 
ZEALOT,  zel'ot,  n.  one  full  of  zeal :  an  en- 
thusiast :  a  fanatic.    [Gr.  zelotes— zelos 
(see  Zeal).] 
ZEALOUS,  zel'us,  adj.  full  of  zeal:  warmly 
engaged  or   ardent  in  anything.— ad». 
Zeal'ously. 
ZEBRA,  ze'bra,  n.  an  animal  of  the  horse 
kind,   beautifully  striped.     [Of   African 
oriofin.] 
ZEBU,  ze'boo,  n.  a  kind  of  ox  with  long 
ears  and  a  hump  on  the  shoulders,  called 
also  the  Indian  ox.     [E.  Indian  name.] 
ZECHARIAH,  zek-d-n'a,  n.  the  name  of 
one  of  the  books  of  the  Bible,  the  work  of 
one  of  the  twelve  minor  prophets.    Little 
is  known  of  his  history,  and  the  obscur- 
ity of    his  style  has  much  embarrassed 
the  commentators  on  this  book. 
ZECHIN,  zek'in,  n.  a  Venetian  gold  coin, 
worth    about    $2.35.     [It.  zecchino,  Fr. 
sequin.    See  Sequin.] 
ZEMINDAR,  zem-in-dar",  n.  Indian  name 
for  the  landlords  who  pay  the  govern- 
ment revenue,  as  distinguished  from  the 
ryots  or  actual  cultivators  of  the  soil. 
[From  an  Ar.  word,  sig.  "  land."] 
ZENANA,  ze-na'na,  n.  the  name  given  to 
the  portion  of  a  house  reserved  exclusive- 
ly for  the  females  belonging  to  a  family 
of  good  caste  in  India.     [Per.  zcnanah, 
belonging  to  women,  from  zen,  woman.] 
ZEND,  zend,  n.  an  ancient  Iranian   lan- 
guage, in  which  are  composed  the  sacred 
writings  of  the  Zoroastrians.      It  is  a 
member  of    the   Aryan  family  of  lan- 
guages, and  very  closely  allied  to  San- 
skrit, esp.  the  Sanskrit  of  the  Vedas,  by 
means  of  which,  and  by  the  help  of  com- 
parative philologry,  it   has  been  deciph- 
ered. Called  also  Avestan.  A  contracted 
name  for  the  Zend-Avesta  or  sacred 
writings  of  Zoroaster.     [From  Zend  in 
Zend-Avesta.] 
ZEND-AVESTA,  zend-a-ves'ta,  n.  the  col- 
lective name  for  the  sacred  writings  of 
the  Guebers  or  Parsees,  ascribed  to  Zor- 
oaster, and  reverenced  as  a  bible  or  sole 
rule  of  faith  and  practice.    It  consists  of 
several  divisions,  of  which  the  oldest  is 
written  in  the  'jvimitive  Zend  language. 
It  is  often  calkti  the  Avesta.   [This  name 
seems  to  mean  "commentary-text,"  or 
authorized  text  and  commentary.    The 
first  portion  of  the  name  is  now  usually 
applied  to  the  language  in  which   the 
early  portion  of  the  work  is  written.] 
ZENDIK,  zen'dik,  n.  this  name  is  given  in 
the  East  not  only  to  disbelievers  in  re- 
vealed religion,  but  also  to  such  as  are 
accused  of  magical  heresy.     [Ar.,  an  in- 
fidel, an  atheist.] 


ZINCOGRAPHY 

ZENITH,  zen'ith,  n.  the  point  of  the  heav- 
ens directly  overhead :  greatest  height. 
[Fr.,  through  It.  zenit,  from  Ar.  semt, 
short  for  semt-nir-r&s,  lit.  "  wav  of  the 
head."] 
ZEPHYR,  zef'ir,  n.  the  west  wind  :  a  soft, 
gentle  breeze.  [Gr.  zephyros  —  zophos, 
darkness,  the  dark  quarter,  the  west.] 
ZERO,  ze'ro,  n.  cipher  :  nothing :  the 
point  from  which  a  thermometer  is 
graduated.  [Fr.— It.— Ar.  sifr.  [Doub- 
let Cipher.] 
ZEST,  zest,n.  something  that  gives  a  relish: 
relish.  [Fr.  zeste,  skin  of  an  orange  or 
lemon  used  to  give  a  flavor  ;  perh.  from 
L.  schistus~Gr.  scliistos,  cleft,  divided — 
schizo,  to  cleave.] 
ZETA,  ze'ta,  n.  a  little  closet  or  chamber. 
Applied  by  some  writers  to  the  room  over 
the  porch  of  a  Christian  church  where 
the  sexton  or  porter  resided  and  kept  the 
church  documents.  Britton.  [L.  zeta, 
for  diceta,  a  chamber,  a  dwelling,  from 
Gr.  diaifa,  a  way  of  living,  mode  of  life, 
dwelling.] 
ZETETIC,  ze-tet'ik,  adj.  proceeding  by  in- 
quiry: seeking. — The  zetetic  method, 
in  math,  the  method  used  in  endeavoring 
to  discover  the  value  of  unknown  quan- 
tities or  to  find  the  solution  of  a  problem. 
[Gr.  zetctikos,  from  zeted,  to  seek.] 
ZETETIC,   ze-tet'ik,  n.  a  seeker  :  a  name 

adopted  by  some  of  the  Pyrrhonists. 
ZETETICS,  ze-tet'iks,  n.  a  name  given  to 
that  part  of  algebra  which  consists  in  the 
direct  search  after  unknown  quantities, 
ZETICULA,  ze-tik'ii-la,  n.  a  small'  with- 
drawing room.     [A  dim.  of  zeta.] 
ZEUGLODON,   zu'glo-dou,   n.   an  e.Ktinot 
genus  of  marine  mammals,  regarded  by 
Huxley  as  intermediate  between  the  true 
cetaceans  and  the  carnivorous  seals.   The 
species  had  an  elongated  snout,  conical 
incisors,  and  molar  teeth  with  triangular 
serrated  crowns,  implanted  in  the  jaws 
by  two  roots,  each  molar  apjiearing  to 
be  formed  of  two  separate  teeth  united 
at  the  crown  (whence  the  generic  name). 
They  belong  to  the  eocene  and  miocene, 
the  best  known  species  being  Z.  cetoides 
of  the  middle  eocene  of  the  United  States, 
which  attained  a  length  of  70  feet.     The 
first  found  remains  were  believed  to  be 
those  of  a  reptile,  and  the  name  Basilo- 
saurus  was  therefore  given  to  them.    [Gr. 
zengle,  the  strap  or  loop  of  a  yoke,  and 
odous,  odontos,  a  tooth,  lit.  yoke-tooth: 
so  called  from  the  peculiar  form  of  its 
molar  teeth.] 
ZEUGLODONTID^.  zu-glo-don'ti-de,  n.pl. 
an  extinct  family  of  cetaceans,  of  which 
Zeuglodon  is  the  type. 
ZEUGMA,  zug'ma,  n.  a  figure  in  grammar 
in  which  two  nonns  are  joined  to  a  verb 
suitable  to  only  one  of  them,  but  sug- 
gesting another  verb  suitable  to  the  other 
noun;  or  in  which  an  adjective  is  simi- 
larly used  with  two  nouns.    [Gr.  zeugma, 
from  zeiignymi,  to  join.     See  Yoke.] 
ZEUGMATIC,  zug-mat'ik,  adj.  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  figure  of  speech  zeugma. 
2EUS,  zus,  n.  in  myth,  the  supreme  divinity 
among  the  Greeks:  the  ruler  of  the  other 
gods:  generally  treated  as  the  equivalent 
of  the  Roman  Jupiter. 
ZIGZAG,  zig'zag,  adj.  having  short,  sharp 
turns. — v.t.    to   form  with   short   turns. 
[An   imitative  word;    Fr.   zig-zag,  Ger. 
zickzaek.'\ 
ZINC,   zingk,   n.   a    bluish -white    metal, 
somewhat    like   tin.    [Ger.  zink,   prob. 
allied  to  zinn,  tin.] 
■/.INCOGRAPHY,  zing-kop'ra-fi,  n.  art  of 
printing  from  plates  of  zinc.     [Zinc,  and 
Gr.  grapho,  to  write.] 


ZIRCONIUM 


496 


ZYTHUM 


3IECONTUM,  zir-ko'ni-um,  n.  one  of  the 
rarer  metals. 

20DIAC,  zo'di-ak,  n.  an  imaginary  belt  in 
the  heavens,  containing  the  twelve  con- 
Btellations,  called  signs  of  the  zodiac. — 
adj.  Zodi'acjai-  fLit.  "  the  circle  of  ani- 
mals," Gr.  zOdiakos,  of  animals  (hyklos, 
a  circle)— zodion,  dim.  of  zOon,  an  ani- 
mal, zao,  to  live.] 

l^ILEAN,  z6-i-le'an,  od/.relating  to  Zoilus, 
a  severe  critic  ;  hence,  a  term  applied  to 
bitter,  severe,  or  malignant  criticism  or 
critics.     [See  ZonJSM.  | 

aOIUSM,  zO'il-izm,  n.  illiberal  or  carping 
criticism  :  unjust  censure.  "  Bring  can- 
did eyes  unto  the  perusal  of  men's  works, 
and  let  not  zoilism  or  detraction  blast 
any  well  -  intended  labors."  —  Sir  T. 
Browne.  [After  Zoilus,  a  sophist  and 
grammarian  of  Amphipolis,  who  criti- 
cised Homer,  Plato,  and  Isocrates  with 
exceeding  severity.] 

'3DLLVEREIN,  tsol'ver-In,  n.  the  Oerraan 
commercial  or  customs  union,  founded 
about  the  year  1818,  and  afterwards 
greatly  extended  through  the  example 
and  efforts  of  the  government  of  Prussia. 
Its  principal  object  was  the  establish- 
ment of  a  uniform  rate  of  customs  duties 
throughout  the  various  states  joining  the 
union.  The  territories  of  the  Zollverein 
now  coincide  with  those  of  the  new  Ger- 
man Empire  (with  the  notable  exceptions 
<rf  Hamburg  and  Bremen),  and  include 
Luxembui'g.  JGler.  zoU,  toll,  custom, 
dirty,  and  verein,  union  or  association.] 

!50JiIB0RUK,  eosn'bo-ruk,  n,  same  as  ZOM- 
BOORUK.  "  A  eectloc  of  son»t  eighteen  or 
twenty  oameis  .      ,  wkt-c  e:;<Nt«"ntA»,  or 


swivel  guns,  mounted  on  their  bacte, 

and  an  artilleryman  or  two  to  each." — 
W.  H.  Russell. 
ZONE,  zon,   n.  a  girdle:  one  of  the  five 
great  belts  into  which  the  surface  of  the 
earth  is  divided.     [L.  zcma — Gr.  zone,  a 

f'rdle — zOnnymi,  to  g^ird  ;  akin  to  Join, 
OKE.] 

ZONED,  z5nd,  adj.  wearing  a  zone  or  girdle: 

having  zones  or  concentric  bands. 
ZOOLOGIST,  zo-ol'o-jist,  n.  one  versed  ia 

2007<_ 

56Y,  zo-ol'o-ii, 

ural  history  which  treats  or  animals. — 


ZOOLOGY,  zo-ol'o-ji,  n.  that  part  of  nat- 


adj.  ZOOLOG'ICAI- — ad%:.  ZOOLOO'ICAIXT, 
[Gr.  20071,  an  animal,  and  logos,  a  dis- 
course.! 

ZOOPHYTE,  zo'o-fit,  n.  a  term  now  applied 
to  true  polyps,  as  corals,  etc.  [Lit.  "  ani- 
mal-plant, Gr.  zoophyton — zoon,  an  am- 
mal,  phyton,  a  plant.] 

ZOROASTRIAJNISM,  zor-6-as'tri-an-izm,  n. 
the  national  faith  of  ancient  Persia,  so 
named  from  its  founder.  Zoroaster. 

ZOUAVE,  zofl-av'  or  zwav,  n.  a  soldier  be- 
longing to  the  light  infantry  corps  in  the 
French  army,  organized  in  Algeria,  and 
originally  intended  to  be  composed  ex- 
clusively of  a  tribe  of  Kabyles,  but  which, 
having  gradually  changed  its  character, 
is  now  constituted  almost  exclusively  of 
Frenchmen.  These  corps  still,  however, 
wear  the  picturesque  dress,  which  con- 
sists of  a  loose,  dark-blue  jacket  and 
waistcoat,  baggy  Turkish  trousers,  yellow 
leather  leggings,  white  gaiters,  a  sky- 
blue  sash,  and  a  red  fez  with  yellow 
tassel.  The  few  corps  filled  with  AJger- 
ines  etiii.  conxiBiAeid:  vr.ta  tbe  Fireccb  oTiay  , 


are  now  known  as  Turcos.     [Fr.,  froiK 
the  name  of  a  tribe  inhabiting  Algeria,  J 

ZUCHETTO,  tsoo-ket'to,  n.  in  the  R.  Cath. 
Ch.  the  skull-cap  of  an  ecclesiastic  cover- 
ing the  tonsure.  A  priest's  is  black,  a 
bishop's  purple,  a  cardinal's  red,  and  the 
pope's  white.  [It.  zucchetta,  a  small 
gourd,  anything  in  the  form  of  a  gourd, 
from  zucca,  a  gourd.] 

ZULU,  zooloS  or  zoo-166',  n.  a  member  ol  ' 
a  warlike  branch  of  the  Kafir  race  in' 
habiting  a  territory  in  South  Africa  situ- 
ated on  the  coast  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
immediately  north  of  the  British  colony 
of  Natal. 

2JUMB00RUK,  zoom-boo'ruk,  n.  in  the 
Orient,  a  small  cannon  supported  by  a 
swivelled  rest  on  the  back  of  a  camel, 
whence  it  is  fired. 

ZYMOTIC,  zj-mot'ik,  adj.  denoting  all  dis- 
eases, as  cholera,  typhus,  etc.,  in  which 
a  poison  works  through  the  body  like  a. 
fermeyit.  [Gr.,  from  zymoo,  to  ferment 
— zyme,  leaven.] 

ZYMURGY,  zi'mer-ji,  n.  a  name  applied  to 
that  department  of  technological  chem- 
istry which  treats  of  the  scientific  prin- 
ciples of  wine-making,  brewing,  distilling, 
and  the  preparation  of  yeast  and  vinegar, 
in  which  processes  fermentation  plays  the 
principal  part.  Watts.  [Gr.  zyme,  a  fer- 
ment, and  ergon,  work.] 

ZYTHEPSARY,  zl-thep'sa-ri,  n.  a  brewery 
or  brew-house.  [Gr.  zythos,  a  kind  of 
beer,  and  hepso,  to  boU.] 

ZYTHUM,  zJ'thum,  n.  a  kind  of  ancient 
malt  beverage :  a  liquor  made  from  malt 
and  wheat.  fL,  e^um=-Ot.  gytfws,  a 
ku\d  of  beer.] 


PREFIXES    AND    SUFFIXES, 


PREFIXES. 

A-  (A.S.)  represents  : 

(1.)  A.S.  on,  on,  as  abed  (from  M.  E.  on 
hoedde),  among,  about,  a-fishing. 

(2.)  A.S.  and-,  over  against,  close  to,  as 
along  (from  A.S.  and-lang,  i.e.,  over 
against  in  length).  [Cog.  with  Goth. 
anda,  Ger.  ent-,  ant-,  L.  Ante-,  Gr. 
Anti-  (which  see).] 

(3.)  A.S.  &-,  out,  out  from,  as  in  arise  (from 
A.S.  Arisan,  to  rise  out  of  or  up),  or  sig. 
"  very,"  as  in  aghast.  [Cog.  with  Ger. 
er-,  Goth,  us-,  wr-.] 

(4.)  A.S.  of,  of,  from,  as  in  adown  (from 
A.S.  of  dune,  "  from  the  height  "),  anew, 
akin  ;  or  from  of-,  intensive,  as  athirst. 

(5.)  A.S.  ge-,  y-,  as  aware  (from  M.  E.  ywar 
— A.S.  geiceer),  a-f-ford. 

(6.)  for  at,  old  sign  of  inf.,  as  ado.  [From 
the  Scand.] 

A-  (L.  and  Gr.)  represents  :  (1.)  L.  Ab-  ; 
(2.)  L.  Ad-;  (3.)  L.  Ex-,  as  in  abash, 
amend  ;  (4.)  Gr.  A-  (for  An-).  See  these 
prefixes. 

A-,  AB-,  ABS-  (L.),  away  from,  as  avert, 
absolve,  auaunt,  abstract.  [L.  a,  db,  abs 
(oldest  form  ap) ;  cog.  with  Gr.  Apo-, 
Sans,  apa,  Ger.  ab,  E.  Off.] 

AD-  (L.),  to,  at,  as  adhere,  adapt.  The  d 
becomes  assimilated  to  the  following 
consonant,  as  in  accede,  a/fix,  agrgregate, 
aflot,  ajinex,  approve,  arrive,  assign,  at- 
tract. [L.  ad  ;  cog.  with  Sans,  adhi, 
Goth,  and  E.  at,  Celt,  ar-.l 

AMBI-,  AMB-  (L.),  round  aoout,  both,  as 
ambition,  amputate,  ambidexter.  [L.  ; 
cog.  with  Gr.  AMPHI-,  Sans,  abhi,  around, 
O.  Ger.  umpi  (Ger.  um).] 

AMPHI-  (Gr.),  round  about,  both,  as  am- 
phitheatre, amphibious.  [Cog.  with  L. 
Ambi-,  Ajmb-.] 

AN-  (A.S.),  against,  in  return,  as  answer. 
[A.S.  and-,  Ger.  ant-,  Goth,  and-.] 

AN-,  A-  (Gr.),  not,  without,  as  anarchy, 
atom,  ambrosia.  [Gr.;  cog.  with  Sans. 
an-,  a-,  L.  in-,  E.  UN-,  In-,  not.] 

ANA-,  AN-  (Gr.),  up,  back,  as  analyze, 
a«atomy,  aneurism.  [Cog.  with  Goth. 
a?ia,  E.  On.] 

ANTE-  (L.),  before,  as  antecedent,  antici- 
pate, ancestor  (for  L.  ante-cessor).  [L. 
ante,  old  form  anti ;  conn,  with  Anti-.] 

A  NTT-  (Gr.),  opposite  to,  against,  as  anti- 
pathy, antipodes,  antagonist.  [Gr. ;  conn, 
with  L.  Ante-,  Sans,  anti,  facing,  Ger. 
ant-  in  Antwort,  E.  an-  (for  and-)  in 
Answeb  (see  Diet.).  Cf.  A-  (A.S.)  (3.), 
above.] 

APO-  (GrJ,  off,  from,  away,  as  apostle, 
aphelionr     [Cog.  with  L.  Ab-.] 

AT-  (E.),  near,  as  atone  ;  against,  as  twit. 
[A.S.  cet] 

AUTO-  (Gr.),  self,  as  awtograph,  awtopsy. 

BE-  (A.S.),  by,  before,  beside,  as  behalf ; 

FP 


intensive,  as  besprinkle;  privative,  as  be- 
head.    [A  form  of  By.     See  Diet.] 

BIS-  (L.),  twice,  as  biscuit,  biennial.  [Corr. 
of  dvis,  ablative  of  duo,  two.] 

CATA-,  CATH-,  CAT-  (Gr.),  down,  down- 
wards, according  to,  as  cataract,  cath- 
olic, catechism.     [Gr.  fcota.] 

CIRCUM-,  CIRCU-  (L.),  round  about,  as 
circumscribe,  circnit.  [Properly  accusa- 
tive of  circus,  a  circle.  See  Circlb  in 
Diet.] 

CIS-  (L.),  on  this  side,  as  cisalpine.  [From 
the  demons,  stem  ki-,  which  appears  in 
Gr.  e-kei,  there,  and  the  -c  of  L.  hie,  sic] 

COM-,  CON-  (L.),  together,  with,  as  con- 
nect, cohere,  cotlect,  correct ;  often  in- 
tensive, as  commotion.  [Com-  is  the  old 
form  of  L.  citm,  with  ;  cog.  with  Gr.  syn. 
Sans.  sam.  The  root,  originally  signify- 
ing "one,"  is  seen  in  L.  sim-ul,  together, 
Gr.  ham-a,  together,  E.  simple  (which 
see  in  Diet.).] 

CONTRA-,  CONTEO-,  COUNTER-  (L.), 
against,  as  contradict,  controvert,  coun- 
teract. [L.  contra  (whence  Fr.  contre), 
from  Con-,  and  -tra,  from  root  tar,  to 
cross,  seen  also  in  Trans-.] 

DE-  (L.,  or  Fr. — L.),  down,  from,  away, 
occurs  in  words  derived  either  directly 
from  L. ,  as  deduce  ;  or  through  the  Fr. 
from  L.,  in  which  case  De-  represents 
either  (1.)  O.  Fr.  des-,  from  L.  dis-, 
asunder,  not,  as  in  defeat  (O.  Fr.  des-fait), 
or(2.)Fr. — L.  de-,  as  describe  [tit.  "write 
doiCTi"],  decompose. 

DIA-  (Gr.),  two,  through,  as  dialogue  ["  a 
conversation  between  two"],  diameter. 
[Gr.  dia  (from  dyo,  two),  sig.  dividing 
mto  two,  through.] 

DIS-  (Gr.),  two,  twice,  as  dissyllable,  di- 
cotyledonous. [From  dins,  from  root  of 
Two.] 

DIS-  (L.),  in  two,  asunder,  as  dispart,  dif- 
fer, disperse  ;  negative,  as  disrelish  ; 
privative,  as  dislodge.  {Dis  for  dvis, 
from  L.  duo,  Gr.  dyo.  Sans,  din,  Goth, 
and  E.  two.    See  Two  in  Diet.] 

DYS-  (Gr.),  ill,  difficult,  as  dysentery,  dys- 
pepsy.  [Cog.  with  Sans,  dits,  Goth,  tus, 
Ger.  zer-,  A.S.  To-,  E.  Two.] 

E-.     See  Ex-. 

EC-  or  EX-  (Gr.),  out  of,  from,  as  ecstasy, 
ea;odus.  [Gr.  ex,  cog.  with  L.  ex,  and 
Russian  iz',  out.] 

EM-,  EN-  (Fr.— L.),  in,  into,  as  enlist ;  to 
make,  as  enlarge  ;  before  b  and  p,  En- 
changes  to  Em-,  as  embark.  [Fr.  en — L. 
in.    See  In-  (L.),  in,  into.] 

EN-  (Or.),  in,  on,  as  energy,  endemic,  em- 
phasis.    [See  In  in  Diet.] 

ENTER-  (Fr.),  between,  among,  as  ',enter- 
tain.    [Fr.  entre — L.  Inter-.] 

EPI-  (Gr.),  on,  as  epitaph  ;  during,  as  ep- 
hemeral.    [Gr.  epi ;  Sans,  api,  L.  Ob-.J 


ES-  (Fr.  or  Sp. — L.),  out,  as    escape,  e»- 

planade.     [O.  Fr.  or  Sp.  es — L.  Ex-.] 
ESO-  (Gr.),  m,  into,  as  esoteric.      [From 

Gr.  eis,  into,  whose  form  was  prob.  orig. 

ens,  a  strengthened  form  of  En-  (Gr.).] 
EU-  (Gr.),  well,  as  euphony,  eulogy.     [Gr. 

eit,  e^ls,  good,  for  es-its,  real,  from  root  of 

Is  (see  Diet.).] 
EX-  or  E-  (L.),  from,  out  of,  as  expel,  eject, 

e/flux.     [Conn,  with  Gr.  Ec-  or  Ex-.] 
EXO-  (Gr.),  outside,  as  exotic.   [From  Ex- 

(Gr.).] 
EXTRA-  (L.),  on  the  outside,  beyond,  as 

extramural,   extraordinary.      [Contr.  of 

extera  (parte  being  understood),  ablative 

feminine  of  exterus,  beyond,  a  compar. 

form,  from  Ex-  (L.).] 
FOR-  (A.S.),  through,  thorough,  away,  so 

as  to  be  non-existent,  or  to  be  destroyed, 

as  forswear,  forbid.      [A.S.  for;   Ger. 

ver-,   Goth,  fra-,   L.  per-.   Sans,  para ; 

conn,  with  Far  and  From.] 
FOR-   (Fr. — L.),  as    in  foreclose,  forfeit. 

[Fr.— L.  foris,  lit.   "  out  of  doors,"  used 

m    the  sense    of  "outside,"  "beyond," 

"  amiss."] 
FORE-  (A.S.),   before,   as  /oretell.     [A.S. 

fore;  O.  Ger.  fora  (Ger.  vor),  Goth,  f aura, 

L.  Pro-.] 
GAIN-  (A.S.),  against,  as  gainsay.     [A.S. 

gegn,  gean.    See  Against  in  Diet.] 
HEMI-  (Gr.),  half,   as  ftemisphere.     [Gr. ; 

cog.  with  L.  Semi-  Sans,  sanii-,  O.  Ger. 

s*lmi-.] 
HYPER-    (Gr.),  over,  above,   beyond,   as 

?(2/perborean,  Tii/percritical.     [Cog.   with 

Super-  and  Over-.] 
HYPO-,  HYP-(Gr.),  under,  as  Tii/potenuse. 

[Cog.  with  L.  Sdb-,  Goth,  uf.  Sans,  iipa.] 
I-,  Y-,   as  in  J-wis,    yclept,  hand-y-work. 

[A.S.    ge-,    sign   of  the  past  participle 

passive.] 
Us-  (L.),  not,  as  infirm.     Before  p,  the  n 

changes  to  m,  as  impudent  ;  before  I,  m, 

and  r,  it  is  assimilated  to  those  conso- 
nants,  as  itlegal,  immature,    irregular. 

[L.  ;  cog.  with  Gr.  An-,  E.  Un-.] 
IN-  (L.),  in,  into,  as  infuse,  itlumine,  impel, 

iirigate.     [See  In  in  Diet.] 
EN-.  (A.S.),  in,  on,  as  income,  inward  ;  to 

make,  as  imbitter,  lit.  to  put  into  a  state 

of  bitterness.     [See  In  in  Diet.] 
INTER-  (L.),  in  the  midst  of,  between,  as 

interval,    intellect.      [A  compar.   form, 

cog.  vnth  E.  Under,  and  Sans,  antar, 

within.] 
INTRA-  (L.),  in  the  inside  of,  within,  as 

intramural.     [Contr.  of  intera,  ablative 

feminine  of  intents,  inward — Inter-.] 
INTRO-  (L.),  into,   within,   as    introduce. 

[Contr.  of  intero,  ablative  masculine  of 

interns — Inter-.] 
JUXTA-  (L.),  near,  as  jiixtaposition.     [Su- 
perlative form,  from  root  of  L.  ju(n)go, 

to  join.    See  Join  in  Diet.] 

("4"-) 


498 


PREFIXES   AND   SUFFIXES. 


META-,  MET-  (Or.),  lit.  "  in  the  middle," 

hence  with  ;   after,  as  method  (lit.  way 

after) ;   often  implies  change,  as  meta- 

morphose,  metonymy.     [Gr.  meta  ;  cog. 

with  A.S.  mid,  Goth,  viith,  Ger.  mil ; 

Sans,  mithu,  Zend  viat.] 
MIS-  (A.S.  and  Scand.),  wrong,  ill,  as  mis- 
behave,   7nisdeed,    mislead.      [A.S.    and 

Scand.  mis-,  Ger.  miss-.    Of.  Miss,  v.t.  in 

DictJ 
MIS-  fFr.— L.),  as  in  mischief.     [Fr.  mia-, 

for  0.  Fr.  mes-,  from  L.  viiniis,  less.] 
MONO-,  MON-  (Gr.),  single,  as  jnwiograph. 

[Gr.  monos,  alone.] 
N-  (A.S.),  no,  not,  as  never.    [A.S.  ne ;  cog. 

with  O.  Ger.  and  Goth-  nt,  L,  ne.  Sans. 

na.] 
NE-  (Gr.),  not,  as  jiepenthe  ;  (L.)  not,  as 

nefarious,  neuter.     [AlUed  to  E.  No  (see 

Diet.).] 
NEC-  (L.),not,  as  neglect,  negrative.  [Contr. 

of  tteque,  from  ne,  not,  gue,  and.] 
NON-  (L.),  not,  as  nonsense,  nonage.  [From 

ne  unum,  not  one.    Cf.  E.  Not  in  Diet.] 
OB-(L.),  in  the  way  of,  against,  as  obstruct, 

omit,  occur,   offer,  oppose,  ostentatioxi. 

[Cog.  with  Gr.  epi.  Sans,  api.] 
OFF-  (A.S.),  off,  from,  away,  as  o^shoot, 

offset.    [A  form  o£  OF.    Cf.  A-,  AB-,  and 

see  Op  in  Diet.] 
ON-  (A.S.),  on,  as  onset,  onlooker.     [See 

O.v  in  Diet.] 
OUT-  (A.S.),  out,  beyond,  as  outlaw,  outbid. 

[A.S.  ut.    See  Our  in  Diet.] 
OVER-  (A.S.),   over,  above,  as  oi'erarch, 

oi'erseer.     [See  Over  in  Diet.] 
PAN-  (Gr.),  all,  as  ;janacea,  pantheism. 
PARA-,   PAR-  (Gr.),  beside,  as  parable ; 

beyond,  wrong,  as  paralyze.    [Gr.  para ; 

akin  to  Sans,  imra,  away,  L.  per-,  and 

E.  for-  in  /oj-give.] 
PENE-  (L.),  almost,  as  peninsula. 
PER-  (L.),  thi-ough,  as  permit,   peHucid, 

poilute ;    thoroughly,    as    perfect.      In 

perjure,  pensh,  it  is  equivalent  to  E. 

for-  in  /oi-swear  (see  For-,  A.S.).    j^Akin 

to  Gr.  Para-,  beside.  Sans,  para,  away, 

E.  for-,  Ger.  vcr-.'] 
PERI-  (Gr.),   round,  as  perimeter,  peri- 
phrasis.   JGrr.  peri;    Sans,  peri,  also 

allied  to  Cfr.  para.] 
P0L-,   POR-   (L.),    as  ponute,   portend. 

[From  O.  L.  port-,  towards.] 
POST-  (L.),   backwards,  behind,  after,  as 

postpone. 
POUR-,  PUR-  (Fr.— L.),  as  pourtray,  pur- 
vey.   [Fr.— L.  Pro-.) 
PREE-  (Lu),  before,  as  predict,  prefer.    [Lt 

prae,  akin  to  L.  pro.} 
PRETER-  (L.),  beyond,  as  preterit,  pre- 

(ernatural,  pretermit.     [L.  prceter — prce, 

with  comparative  suffix  -ter.    See  Alter 

in  DictJ 
PRO-    (Grr.),    before,   as    prologue,,   pro- 

framme.  [Gr.  i)ro ;  cog.  with  L.  Pro-, 
ans.  pra,  E.  For  (prep.;  see  Diet.).] 

PRO-  (L.),  before,  forth,  forward,  as  pro- 
ject; instead  of,  from  the  idea  of  being 
before,  as  pronoun.  [Cog.  with  Peo- 
(Gr.),  which  see.] 

PROS-  (Gr.),  towards,  as  proselyte,  pros- 
ody. [Original  form  proti,  an  extension 
of  Pro-  (Gr.),;  cog.  with  Sans,  prati, 
Slav,  proti.} 

PUR-.    See  under  PoUK-. 

RE-,  RED-  (L.),  change  of  place  or  condi- 

"  tion,  as  in  remove,  reumon  (an  asseoa- 
blage  of  things  or  persons  formerly 
apart) ;  hence,  change  of  motion  from 
one  direction  to  the  opposite  ~=  "  back," 
J^^^ain,"  as  retract,  resound,  redeem. 

RETRO-  (Li.),  back,  backwards,  as  retro- 
spect, retrograde.  [From  'Rb-,  and  the 
compar.  suffix  -ter.] 

SE-  (L.),  without,  as  secure  ;  aside,  as  se- 
duce.   [Old  form  of  Sine-.] 


SEMI-  (L.),  half,  as  semicircle.  [L.;  cog. 
with  Gr.  hemi.] 

SINE-  (L.),  without,  as  sinecure.  [Si, 
demons,  instrumental  sig.  "  by  that," 
and  ne,  not.] 

SUB-  (L.),  under,  from  under,  after,  as 
subject,  suspect,  succeed,  sit/fuse,  sujr- 
gest,  summon,  support,  surprise,  sus- 
l^end,  sojourn.  [L.  sub  (which  in  O.  Fr. 
became  .so-).] 

SUBTER-  (L.),  under,  as  subterfuge.  [From 
Sub-,  and  compar.  suffix  -ter,  meaning 
motion.    See  Trans-.] 

SUPER-  (L.),  over,  above,  beyond,  as  super' 
structure,  sjtpernatural.  [L.;  cog.  with 
Sans,  upari,  Gr.  hyper,  Goth,  vfar,  E. 
Over.] 

SUPRA-  (L.),  over,  above,  as  supramun- 
dane.  [Contr.  of  ablative  fem.  of  su- 
perns,  above,  from  SUPEEr-.  Cf.  SUPE- 
RIOR in  Diot.] 

SURr- (Fr.),  over,  as  surmount.  [Fr.,  fixim 
L.  sifjpcr.] 

SYN-  (Gr.)  together,  with,  as  s^tax,  sy- 
stem, satiable,  symbol.  [Cog.  with  Com-.] 

TO-  (E.),  in  to-day,  together,  towards,  here- 
to-fore, is  the  prep.  To  (see  Diet.). 

TO-  (A.S.),  asunder,  as  in  to-brake.  [A.S. 
to-,  cog.  with  Gr.  Dys-  (which  see) ;  cf. 
Dis-  (L.).] 

TRANS-  (L.),  beyond,  across,  as  transport, 
traverse.  [From  root  tar,  to  cross  ;  the 
same  root  occurs  in  Inter-,  Intro-, 
Pheter-,  Retro-,  Subter-.I 

U-  (Gr.),  no,  not,  as  t/topia.  [Gr.  ou,  not.] 

ULTRA-  (L.),  beyond,  as  wttramarine. 
[Fi-om  Mtter  (stem  of  ulterior),  ul-  being 
li-om  root  of  L.  it/e.] 

UN-(A.S.),  not,  as  unhappy,  Mntruth;  back, 
as  untie.  [Cog.  with  Gr.  AN-,  and  L.  In- 
(negative).j 

UNDER-  (A.S.),  under,  below,  as  under- 
prop, undersell.     [See  Under  in  Diet.] 

UT-  (A.S.).  up,  as  wphill.   [See  Up  in  Diet.] 

VIS-,  VICE-  (Fr.— L.),  in  place  of,  as  vis- 
count, viceroy.  [Fr.  vis-,  from  L.  vice, 
instead  of.] 

WAN-  (A.S.),  wanting,  as  u'anton.  [Cf. 
Wane  and  Want  in  Diet.] 

WITH-  (A.S.),  against,  back,  as  ?t'it^stand, 
vnlhArayi ;  with,  near,  as  imthxa.  (this 
meaning'  is  very  rare  as  prefix).  [A.S. 
with — wither.    See  WITH  io  Diet.} 

Y-.    See  uniter  I-. 


SUFFIXES. 

-ABLE,  adj.  suffix,  capable  of,  as  porta2)te, 

laughab/e.     [L.  -a-b-i7i-«.} 
-AC,  adj.  suffix,  pertaining  to,  as  elegjioe; 

also  used  as  noun  suffix,  as  maniac    [L, 

-acu.s,  Gr.  -ahos.] 
-ACBOUS,  having  the  qualitiesof,  as  berb- 

aceous.    [L.  -aeeiis.] 
-ACJOUS,  full  of,  as  audacious.    [I*,  -etx, 

-acts.} 
-ADE,  noun  suffix,  as  ecapade  [Ft.— It.] ; 

and  as  crusade,  tornado  [Sp.  -ade,  orig- 
inal form  -ado]. 
-AGE,  ending  of  abstract  nouns,  as  hom- 
age ;   marks   place  where,  as  vicarage. 

[Fr.  -aae.  from  L.  -aticiim,] 
-AIN,  -AN,  -EN,  -ON,  noun  suffixes,  as 

villain,    pagan,    warden,   surgeon.    [L. 

-anus.] 
-AL,  adj.  and  noun  suffix,  as  mortaf,  car- 

dina/.     [L.  -alis.] 
-AN,  -AIN,  -ANE,  adj.  suffix,  as  human, 

certain,  humane.    [L.  -anus.] 
-ANA,  things  belonging  to,  such  as  say- 

.ngs,   anecdotes,  etc.,  as   Johnsoniono. 

X.    neuter  pL  of  adjs.  in  -anus.     See 

-AnJ 
-ANCE, -ANCY.    See -NCB. 
-AND,  -END,  noun  sulBx,  as  viand,  leg- 


end.   [L.  -andits,  -endus,  genudial  suf- 
flxj 

-ANEOUS,  belonging  to,  as  extraneous. 
[L.  -aneus.] 

-ANT,  -ENT,  adj.  suffix,  as  repentant, 
patient ;  also  sometimes  denoting  the 
agent,  as  sergeant,  student,  innocent.  [L. 
-ans,  -ant-is,  or  -etis,  -ent-is,  suffix  of  pr.p.] 

-AR,  belonging  to,  as  angular.  [L.  -ar-is. 
Sans,  -ara.] 

-AR,  -ARD,  -ART.  See  under  -ER  (mark- 
ing the  agent). 

-AR,  -ER,  -OR,  noun  suffixes,  marking 
place  where,  as  cellar,  larder,  manor  [II 
-arium]  ;  denoting  the  agent,  as  vicarj 
treasurer,  chancellor  [L.  -arius]. 

-ARD,  intensive,  as  drunkard,  coward. 
[Fr.— Ger.  hart,  E.  Hard.] 

-ART,  noun  suffix,  marking  place  where, 
as  sexamary  [L.  -arium]  ;  the  agent,  as 
secretary/,  antiquary/  [L.  -arius]  ;  with 
-an  added,  forming  an  adj.  suffix,  asunit- 
ari-an,  etgvari-aii. 

-ASM.    See  under  -iSM. 

-ASS,  -ACE,  as  cuirass,  cutlass,  menaeCj 
pinnae*.  [L.  -aceiis,  -dcius.  It.  -aceio, 
Fr.  -as.] 

-ASTER,  dim.  and  freq.  (often  implying 
contempt),  as  poetaster.  [Fr.  -astre  (It. 
•astro) — ^L.  -as-ter,  from  Aryan  as-tar.] 

-ATE,  verbal  suffix,  as  navigate,  permeate; 
adj.,  as  desolate,  delicate;  noun,  as  legate, 
advocate.  [Norm.  Fr.  -at,  L.  -atus,  suffix 
of  pa. p.] 

-BLE.    See  -able. 

-BLE,  -PLE,  fold,  as  doubte,  trebte,  quad- 
rupte.     [L.  -plus,  lit.  "  full." 

-CE.     See  under  -S,  adverbial  suffix. 

-CELLI,  -CELLO,  dim.,  as  vermiceHi,  vio- 
Xoncello.  [It.,  from  L.  -cu-lus.  See  un- 
der -I.] 

-CH.  dim.,  as  blotch.     [See  -OCK.] 

-CLE,  -CULE,  dim.,  as  in  particle,  animal ^ 
cide,  from  L.  cu-lus,  which  also  gives 
(through  It.)  -CELLI,  -CELLO.  See  un- 
der -L.] 

-CY,  being,  or  state  of  being,  as  clemency/. 
[Fr.  -cie — ^L.  -tia.] 

-D,  -T,  or  -ED,  pa.t.  suffix,  as  loved.  The 
e  in  -ed  is  the  connecting  vowel,  omitted 
when  the  verb  ends  ine.  [A.S. -de,  "did," 
from  di-de,  pa.t.  of  Do.] 

-D,  pa.p.  suffix,  as  loved ;  in  nouns  (with 
passive  meaning),  as  deed,  seed ;  in  adjs.j 
as  feathered,  wicked,  cold  ;  in  the  form 
-TH  (or  -T),  in  abstract  nouns  and  adjs., 
as  death,  flight,  swift,  (with  euphonic  -s-) 
du-s-t,  bla-s-t.  [Orig.  -th,  as  in  uncoutA, 
and  from,  the  root  of  The,  That  ;  seen 
also  in  the  L.  suffix  -tu-s,  as  in  no-tu-s, 
Sa.ns.  jna-ta-s,  and  in  the  Gr.  suffix  -to-s.} 

—DOM,  dominion,  power,  as  kingdom;  state, 
as  freedom ;  act.  as  martyrdom.  [A.S, 
dom,  judgment,  dominion,  Ger. -thum.] 

-DOR,  as  in  corridor,  matadore,  stevedore, 
battledoor.     [Sp.  -dor,  L.  -tor.] 

-ED,  see  -D. 

-EE,  one  who  or  that  which  is  (passive),  a* 
trustee,  jubilee  (Fr.  -ie — L.  -attis,  of  part, 
pass.) ;  Pharisee,  Sadducee  [L.  -a;u-s.J 

-EER,  -lER,  one  who,  has  frequentative 
meaning,  as  charioteer.  [Fr.  -er,  -ier — L, 
arius.] 

-EL,  dim.,  as  damse?.     [See  under  -L.] 

-EN,  dim.,  as  chicken,  maiden.    [A.S.  -en.\ 

-EN,  fem.  suffix,  now  found  only  in  vixen. 
[A.S.  -en,  -n ;  Ger.  -in,  Gr.  -ine,  L.  -ina.} 

-EN,  made  of,  as  wooden,  leathent ;  orig. 
sig.  belonging  to,  as  heathen.  [A.S.i 
Goth,  -en,  -an,  Qer.  -en,  ein.  Sans,  -um  ; 
a  genitive  suffix,  as  in  mine.] 

-EN,  pa.  part,  as  woven,  borne,  sworn. 
[A.S.  -n,  -ne,  -en ;  conn,  with  -ant,  -ent.] 

-EN,  pi.  suffix,  as  oxen,  kine  (for  Iry-en). 
[A.S.  -an  (for  -ans).] 

-EN,  to  make,  as  whiten.  [Orig.  reflexiye 
or  passive.] 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES. 


499 


-EN,  -m,  -ENE,  belonging  to,  as  alien, 

vermin,  terrene.    [L.  -enus,  -ena,  -enum.] 
-ENCE,  -ENCY.     See  -nce,  -not. 
-ENT,  belonging  to,  as  different.     [L.  -ens, 

-entis.     See  -ANT.] 
-EOUS,  in  rigiiteor<s,  corr.  of  -wise  (wliich 

see) ;  in  courteons,  from  O.  Fr.  -eis  (from 

L.  -ensis). 
fEOUS,   same  as  -OOS,  as  ligneous.      [L. 

-eus.] 
»-ER,  freq.  and  intens.,  as  glimmer,  flutter. 
-ER,  infinitive  suffix,  as  cover,  encounter, 

[Fr.  -7-e,  -ir,  from  L.  pr,  inflrjtive  -are, 

-ere,  -ire.] 
-ER,   marks  the  agent,  as  writer;  some- 
times changed  to  -ar,  as  liar ;  with  -i-  or 

•y-  prefixed,  as  cloth-i-€r,  \nw-y-er  ;  with 

excrescent  -t  or  -d,  as  bragg-ar-<.     [A.S. 

-ere ;  Ger.  -er.l 
»-ER,  more,  used  in  compar.   of  adjs.,  as 

greater,    more.      [Aryan  compar.  suffix 

-ra.] 
-ER,  noun  suffix,  as  matter,  gutter.     [Fr. 

-iere — L.  -ena.l 
-EREL,  dim.  suffix,  as  mackereZ.     [See  un- 


[Tr., 


der  -L.] 

-ERIE,  place  where,  as  menagerie, 
from  L.  -arium.     See  -ERT.J 

-ERLY,  direction  to  or  from,  as  souther??/. 
[From  -ERN  and  -LY.] 

-ERN,  adj.  suffix,  sig.  direction,  as  south- 
ern [A.S.  -er-n]  ;  adj.  suffix,  sig.  belong- 
ing to,  as  modern  [L.  -ermis];  noun  suffix, 
as  cistern  [L.  -erna], 

-ERY,  noun  suffix,  as  brewen/,  witchery, 
cutlery.  [Noun  suffix  -Y  added  to  nouns 
in  -ER  (marking  agent).  See  -AEY,  -ERIE, 

-ORT.] 

-ES  or  -S,  pi.  suffix,  as  foxes,  hats.  [A.S. 
-as.  -s  is  a  general  pi.  suffix,  as  L.  and 
Gr.  -es.] 

ESCENT,  growing,  becoming,  as  conval- 
escent.    [L.  -esco,  -isco,  -asco,  Gr.  -asko, 
suffix,  implying  becoming,  beginning.] 
ESE,  belonging  to,  as  Japane.'se.     [It.  -ese, 
L.  -ensis.] 

-ESQTJE,  partaking  of  the  quality  of,  as 
picturesgwe.  [Fr.  -esque  (It.  -eseoy—L. 
-isous,  a  by-form  of  -icus  (see  -ic),  and 
conn,  with  -ISH,  adj.  suffix.] 

-ESS,  fem.  suffix  of  nouns,  as  lioness.  JFr. 
-esse,  L.  -issa,  Gr.  -issa  (made  up  of  -it  or 
-id  and  -yd).] 

-ESS,  -ICE,  -ISE,  as  prowess,  justice, 
merchandise.     [Fr. — L.  -itia.] 

-EST,  as  in  harvest,  earnest. 

-EST,  suffix  of  3d.  sing,  in  verbs,  as  bring- 
est.  [A.S.  -ast,  -est;  L.  -es,  -isti;  Gr.  -si, 
-sthon.  -s  or  -ST^=3d  per.  pron.,  Gr.  sy 
(su),  L.  til,  E.  Thou.] 

-EST,  superl.  suffix,  formed  from  the  corn- 
par,  by  adding  -t,  as  smallest.  [A.S. 
-est  (in  adjs.),  -ost  (in  adverbs) ;  L.  -issi- 
mus,  Qr.-istos,  -stos,  -tatos.  Sans,  -ishta.] 

-ET,  -ETE,  noun  suffix,  markino^  the  agent, 
as  prophet,  poet,  athlete.      [L.  -eta,  Gr. 

-ET,  -ETTE,  -OT,  dim.,  as  cygnet,  bUlet, 

etiquette,  ballot.     [Norm.  Fr.  -et,  -ot,  Fr. 

-et.  -ette.] 
-EUR.    See  under  -OR. 
-EVER,   at    any  time,  as  whoever,  every 

one  who.     [See  Ever  in  Diet.] 
-FARE,  way,  as  in  -welfare,  chaf/er.    [See 

Fare  in  Diet.] 
-FAST,  as  in  steadfast,  shame/aced.    [A.S. 

fcBst,  firm,  fast.] 
-FOLD,     as    tourfold,    ma.mfold.      [A.S. 

feald.] 
-FUL,  full  of,  as  delightful.     [See  Full, 

adj.  in  Diet.] 
-FY,  to  make,  as  purify.      [Fr.  -fier  —  l,. 

fic-are,  for  fac-ere,  to  make.] 
-HEAD,  -HOOD,   state,  nature,   as  God- 

head,  manhood.     [From  A.S.  h&d,  Ger. 

-heit,  state ;  changed  into  Hood  ;  to  be 

distinguished  from  H"*"  of  the  body.] 


-I,  pi.  suffix  of  nouns  in  -us,  as  literati 
[L.  -i;  conn,  with  Gr.  -at,  -oi]  ;  also  pi. 
suffix  of  nouns  borrowed  from  It.,  as 
banditti  [It.— L.], 

-IBLE,  adj.  suffix,  as  possibte,  flexibte. 
[From  L.  -ibills,  another  form  of  -abilis. 
See  -ableJ 

-IC,  adj.  suffix,  of  or  belonging  to,  as  gi- 
gantic, public;  also  largely  used  as  noun 
suffix,  as  logic,  fabric.  [L.  -icus,  -ica, 
-icuvi,  Gr.  -mos;   of.  Sans,  -ika.] 

-ICAL,  belonging  to,  as  cubicat.  [-ic  and 
-al.] 

-ICE,  noun  suffix,  as  chalice  [Fr. — L.  -ex, 
-ids]  ;  novice  [Fr. — L.  -ictus].  See  an- 
other -ice  under  -ess,  -ICE,  -ISE. 

-ICS,  lit.  things  that  belong  to  a  science,  as 
mathematics.  [In  imitation  of  Gr.  -ika, 
neuter  pi.  of  adjs.  in  -ikos.    See  -ic] 

-ID,  noun  suffix,  as  Nereid ;  also  used  in 
coining  chemical  words,  as  chloride,  ox- 
ide, bromide  [L.  -id-,  Gr.  -id-,  Fr.  -ide] ; 
also  adj.  suffix,  as  tepid,  acid  [L.  -ddus]. 

-IE,  -Y,  dim.,  as  lassie.  [From  -ick,  a 
weakened  form  of  -OCK.] 

-lER,  one  who,  as  cavalier.  [Fr.  -ier ; 
usually  appears  in  form  -eer.] 

-IFF,  adj.  suffix,  fit  for,  disposed  to,  as 
plainti^  (orig.  adj.  =—  "complaining"), 
fugitive,  active,  pensive.    [Fr. — L.  -imis.] 

-ILE,  able,  as  ductite.  [L.  -His,  contr.  of 
-ibilis ;  to  be  distinguished  from  -ILE 
fbelow).    See  -able.] 

-il/E,  belonging  to,  as  Gentite.     [L.  -His.] 

-IM,  pi.  suffix,  as  cherubim.     [Heb.  tm,] 

-INA,  fem.  suffix,  as  czarina.  [See  -EN, 
fem.] 

-INE,  fem.  suffix,  as  heroine.  [See  -EN, 
fem.] 

-INE,  -IN,  noun  suffix,  as  ravine,  medic- 
ine,  cousin ;  much  used  in  chemical  com- 
pounds, as  iodine,  glycerine,  bromine ; 
also  adj.  suffix,  as  divine.  [Lu-inus,  -ina,] 

-ING,  dim.,  as  farthijigf.  [The  -ng  is 
nasalized    from    Aryan    dim.    -ka   (see 

-OCK).] 

-ING,  suffix  of  pr.p.,  as  lovingr.  [Corr.  of 
A.S.  -inde,  which,  as  also  -ande  and 
-ende,  it  replaced.      See  -ND,  also  -ant, 

-ENT.] 

-ING,  suffix  of  verbal  nouns,  as  learningr. 
[A.S.  -xmg,  Ger.  -ung.] 

-ION,  being,  state  of  Deing,  as  creatioji. 
[L.  -10,  -ionis.] 

-lOR,  more,  term,  of  comp.  degree,  as  su- 
perior.    [L.  -ior.    See  -ER,  morej 

-IQUE,  belonging  to,  as  antig^^e.  [Fr. — L. 
-iqiius;  conn,  with  -ic,  L.  -ieus.  See  -ac] 

-ISH,  adj.  suffix,  ethnic,  as  Iris7i ;  signify- 
ing somewhat,  as  brownisft  ;  sometimes 
impljnng  depreciation,  as  outlandish 
[A.S.  -isc] 

-ISH,  to  make,  as  establish!.  [From  Fr. 
pr.p.  suffix -iss-ant ;  chiefly  used  in  words 
from  the  Fr.  The  Fr.  -iss-  is  from  L. 
-esc-,  inceptive.] 

-ISK,  dim.,  as  asterisk.  [Gr. -isfcos;  conn, 
with  -ISH,  little.     See  -OCK.] 

-ISM,  -ASM,  formiig  abstract  nouns  sig. 
condition,  system,  as  egoism,  deism,  Cal- 
vini.snj,  laconiswi,  pleonasjn.  [L.  -ismus, 
-asmus — Gr.  -ismos,  -asmos.] 

-1ST,  denoting  the  person  who  holds  a  doc- 
trine or  practices  an  art,  as  Calvinist, 
chemist,  novelist.     [L.  -ista — Gr.  -istes.] 

-ITE,  born  in,  belonging'  to,  as  Israelite, 
Jesuit.     [L.  -ita — Gr.  -ites.] 

-IVE.    See  under  -iff. 

-IX,  fem.  suffix,  as  testatria;. 
Conn,  with  -ESS,  fem.  suffix. 

-IZE,  to  make,  as  equalize.  l^Gr.  -izO,  L. 
-ire.  Fr.  -tser.] 

-K,  freq.  or  intens.,  as  harfc,  talfc. 

-KIN.  dim.,  as  lambkin  ;  son  of,  asWilfcin. 
[A  double  dim.  suffix  from  -k  (see  -OCK), 
and  in  (see  -BN,  dim.).] 


JL.  -tic,  -ie 

•X 

[Gr.  -izH, 


-KIND,  kind,  race,  as  manHnd.  [See  -kin 
above,  and  KiN  in  Diet.] 

-L,  forming  diminutives,  appears  in  con- 
nection with  various  vowels,  and  from  va- 
rious sources,  as  in  -el,  -ule,  -er-el,  -lEi 
-L-ET,  -L-ING,  -C-LE,  -C-U1.E,  as  damset, 
globnte,  mongret,  bundZe,  hamZet,  duck= 
ling,  follicte,  molecate. 

-LE,  noun  suflfcc,  as  bridZe,  beadZe,  riddZe 
shoveZ,  naiZ.  [A.S.  -el,  Ger.  -el — Arj-an 
-or(-aZ)]  ;  also  adj.  suffix,  as  idZe,  fickZe, 
brittZe,  mickZe  [A.S.  -el,  -ol — Aryan  -ra]. 

-LE,  freq.  and  intens.,  as  sparkZe,  settZe, 

-LENCE,  -LENCY,  forming  abstract 
nouns.     [L.    -l-entia,   from   -lens.     See 

-LENT.] 

-LENT,  full  of,  as  vioZent,  viruZent.    [Lu 

•l-entus.] 
-LESS,   free   from,  wanting,  as  guiltZess,  . 

godZess.     [A.S.  -leas,  Ger.  -las ;  from  root. 

of  Loose  and  Lose.] 
-LET,  dim.,  as  streamZet.    [From  -l  and 

-ET,  dim.] 
-LIKE,    like,    as   godZifce.    [See   Like  in 

Diet.] 
-LING,  dim.,  as  darZiTijr ;  sometimes  imply- 
ing depreciation,  as  hireZing.     [Made  up 

of  -L  and  -ING.] 
-LING,  -LONG,  adv.  suffix,  as  darkZingr, 

sideZongr.     [A.S.  -lunga,  -linga.] 
-LOCK.    [See  Wedlock  and  Knowledge 

in  Diet.] 
-LOCK,  -LICK,  a  plant.    [See  Hemlock, 

Gaeuc] 
-LY,  adj.  and  adv.  suffix,  as  vaaxdy,  only, 

[The  adj.  suffix  is  from  A.S.  lie,  E.  Like; 

adv.  is  from  lie-e,  dat.  of  Zic] 
-M,  noun  suffix,  as  bloom,  steam,   seam, 

fathom  [A.S.  -ma,  -m] ;  as  realm,  crime, 

alum,  regime  [Fr. — L.  -men]. 
-MEN,    that    which,    state,    as    regimeTi, 

acumen.     [Only  in  words  borrowed  from 

Latin.    L.  -men ;  Sans.  -man.  See  -ment, 

-MONY.] 

-MENT,  as  nourishment,  establishment, 
detriment.  [L.  -men-tu-m,  Fr.  -ment. 
See  -MEN.] 

-MONY,  as  testimony/,  parsiwion?/-  [I* 
-mon-iu-m,  -Dwn-ia.    See -men.] 

-MOST,  suffix  of  superl.  deg.,  as  endmost. 
See  Most  in  Diet.  [In  most  cases  this 
suffix  is  not  the  word  most,  the  m  being 
part  of  the  root,  or  an  old  superl.  suffix, 
and  -ost  the  superlative  suffix,  as  in  in^ 
most  =  in-m-ost.  See  -est,  superl.  suffix.] 

-N,  as  main,  wagon.  [Orig.  -na,  the  suffix 
of  passive  past  participles.] 

-NCE,  -NCY,  forming  abstract  nouns,  as 
distance,  decency.     [Fr.  -nee — L.  -nt-ia.J 

-ND,  as  fiend  (lit.  "hating"),  friend  (lit, 
"loving").     [A.S.  pres.p.  suffix.] 

-NESS,  abstract  idea,  as  tenderness.  [A.S. 
-7iis,  -nes,  cog.  with  Ger.  -niss.] 

-OCK,  dim.,  as  hillocA;.  [A.S.  -uca — Aryan, 
-ka.    See  -ie  and  -ING,  dim.] 

-CM,  old  dative  suffix,  now  used  as  objecl^ 
ive,  as  who?n  ;  in  adverbs  of  time,  as 
seldom.     [A.S.  -zim,.] 

-ON,  -EON,  -ION,  noun  suffix,  as  capon, 
mason,  truncheon,  oniojj,  clarion.  [Fr. 
— L.  -onem,  -ionem.] 

-OON,  noun  suffix,  often  augmentative,  as 
ballooji,  salooji.     [Fr.  -on,  It.  -one.] 

-OR,  -OUR,  -ER,  denoting  the  agents 
sometimes  directly  from  L.  (see  -TOR), 
but  mostly  through  Fr.  -eur,  and  spelled 
originally  -onr,  as  emperor  (old  spelling 
emperonr,  Fr.  empereui — L.  impera- 
torem) ;  in  others,  E.  -er  has  supplanted 
-eur,  -our,  as  preacher  (Fr.  precheur — L. 
prcedicatorem),  while  -or  is  at  times  af- 
fixed to  E.  roots,  as  sailor.] 

-ORY,  belong^ing  to,  as  prefatory/  [L.  -ori'- 
us] ;  place  where,  as  purgatory  [L.  -ori- 
um]. 


500 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES. 


-OSE,  fan  of,  as  verboas.    [L.  -oras.    See 

-ous.] 
-OT,  dim.,  as  ballof.    [See  -HT,  dim.] 
-jQUR.    See  -OK. 
-OUS,  adj.  sufBx,  as  religious,  curious  [L. 

-osus]  ;  dubiaiis,  ansdcms  [L.  -us]. 
.-OW,  noun  suilix,  as  shadow  [from  A.S.  -u]; 

swallow  [from  A.S. -etce];  marrow  [from 

A.S.  -h]  ;  also  adj.  suffix,  as  narrow  [from 

A.S.  -u\. 

PLE.    See  -BLE,  fold. 
"K,  noun  suffix,  marking  the  instrument, 

as  stair,  timber ;  adj.  suffix,  as  bitter. 
-SE,  place,  as  here.    [A.S.  -r,  to,  orig.  a 

locative  suffix.] 
-BED/  manner,  state,  as  hatred,  kindred. 

fA.S.  -rceden  ;  cog.  with  Qer.  -rath.   See 

Read  in  Diet.] 
-BIG,  dominion,  power,  region,  as  bishop 

ric.     [A.S.  rtoe,    power.    See   Rich   In 

DicU 
-SIGHT,   as   M^right,  Aayraright.     [A.S. 

riht.    See  Right  in  Diet.] 
-S,  adverbial  suffix,  as  needs,  always,  once, 

hence,  thence,  whil-»-t,  betwi-x-t.     [A.S. 

-es,  gen.  suffix.] 
-"S,  is  the  present  genitive  suffix.    [Short 

for  A.S.  -e*— Aryan  -s  or  sya,  orig.  a 

demons,  pron.    The  O  is  prob.  due  to  a 

false  notion  that  this  •«  was  a  relic  of 

his.'] 
-S,  -SE,  verbal  suffix,  to  make,  as  cla-»-p, 

cleanse,  rinse. 
-SUIP,  -SCAPE, as  friendsAip,  stewardsfttp, 

.andscape.    [A.S.  scipe,  shape,   form — 

scapan,  E.  Shape;  cog.  with  Qer.  -scliaft.} 
rSIS,  action  or  state,  as  thesis.  [Gr.  sis.] 
—SOME,  full  of,  as  glad«om«,  buxom,  lis- 

sotne.    [A.S.  -gum,  Ger.  -«am :  a  oy-ionu 

\<i  Sams.] 


-SON,  son,  as  Johnson.    [See  Son  in  Diet.] 

-ST.    See  -EST,  suffix  of  2d  sing. 

-STER  marks  the  agent,  as  maltster,  often 
with  depreciation  as  gamester,  punsier. 
[A.S.  -estre,  a  fern,  suiflx,  which  now 
keeps  this  sense  only  in  spinster.] 

-STRESS,  fem.  suffix,  as  songstress.  [From 
-STEK,  orig.  fem.  suiBx,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  L.  -ESS.] 

-SY,  state,  as  pleurisy,    [Same  as  -SB.] 

-T.    See  -D. 

-T,  -TE,  adj.  and  noun  suffix,  as  convent, 
fac<,  chas^  tribute.  [L.  -tus,  pa.p.  suf- 
fix ;  cog.  with  -D,  pa.p.  suffix.] 

-TEEN,  ten  to  be  added,  as  fourteen.  [A-S. 
■t]/ne.    CI.  -TY,  ten  to  be  multiplied.] 

-TER,  noun  suffix,  as  character.  [Or.  -ier, 
L.  -tor.  Sans,  -tri;  perh.  conn,  with 
-ster.] 

-TER,  -THER,  as  In  after,  hither.  [A. a 
-der,  -ther,  old  comparative  suffix.  See 
Whether  in  Diet.] 

-TH,  order,  as  sixtfi.  [Becomes  also-D; 
conn,  with  L.  -tus,  -tins,  aa in  h.  quarfus, 
fourth.] 

-TH,  suffix  of  8d  sing,  of  verbs,  now  for  the 
most  part  softened  to  -«.  [A.S.  from 
root  -ia,  which  appears  in  L.  4,  Or.  -ti, 
-si,  -tat,  -to,  and  m  That  and  Thb  (aee 
Diet.).] 

-TH,  -T.    See  nnder  -D  (pa.p.  sofflx). 

-THER,  denoting  the  agent,  as  fdMer, 
mother.  fEVom  Aryan  4ar,  the  Meet. 
Cf.  -Toe.]' 

-THER.    See  -TEE,  -THEE. 

-TOR,  the  agent,  as  condacfor.  [FnEa 
Aryan  -tar,  the  agent.    See  -IBKB,  as«d 

•0?.  -OB,  -OCB,  -KB.  1 


-TUDE,  forms  abstract  Doans,  as  gtsAitude, 

PU  -tudo.] 
-TY,  being  or  state  of  being,  as  dignify; 

quality,   as  honesty.     [Fr.  -te — L.  -<ae, 

-tat-is.] 
-TY,  ten  to  be  multiplied,  as  eisty.    [A.S. 

-tig ;  cog.  with  Ger.  'Zig.    Cf .  -teen.] 
-ULE,  little,  dim.,  as  globttfe  [L.  -mZus]. 

See  under  -L. 
-TTii,  neuter  term.,  as  medium.    [L.  -um, 

Gr.  -on.] 
-UNCLE,  little,  dim.,  as  pedwricfe.     [L. 

■>un-cu-lus,  A.S.  -incle ;  conn,  with  -kh 

and  -CUIE,  diminutives.] 
-CTBE,  act  of,  as  capture ;  state  of  being, 

as  verdttre.     [L.  -wra.] 
-URNAXi,  belonging  to,  as  Aiumal.    [L. 

-wm-us  and  -At*;  conn,  with  -ern  (in 

modem).] 
-WARD,  -WARDS,  adj.  and  adv.  suffix 

sig.  direction,  as  homewwrd,  homewards, 

rA.8.  -tceard,  gen.  -vxardes,  cog.  with 

Ger.  -Warts ;  conn,  with  A.S.  weorthan, 

to  be  (see  Worth  in  Diet.),  and  L.  ver- 

sus — t'erio,  to  turn.    Cf.  Forward,  Fob» 

WARDS  in  Diet.] 
-WAY,  -WAYS,  adv.  suffix,  sig.  manner, 

direction,  as  aiway,  always,  straightway. 

[Cf.  -wise.] 
-WISE,  way,  manner,  as  likett^isc,  right- 

eaius.    [A.S.  -wis,  Ger.  -wiss.    See  Wise, 

way.  In  Diet.] 
-T,  adj.  suffix,  as  spongy  [from  L.  -iosus] ; 

as  jolly  [Norm.  Fr.  •*/  from  L.  -^v^^s  (cf. 

-IVE)] ;  as  sUly,  dirty,  any  [A.8.  -ig ;  cog. 

with  Ger.  -ig,  Goth,  -ha,  -ga,  L.  -cii-s, 

Gr.  -ko-s]. 
-Y,  noun  suffix,  as  storv,  Italy  \Ft.  -ie,  L. 

-»a]  i  as  joy,  remedy  [from  L.  4um] ;  ae 

ally,  deputy  [from  L.  -a<*i«]  ;  as  progen; 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


[This  vocabolary  contains  all  oommon  Scripture  Names  except  monosyllables  and  dissyllables,  the  latter  being  alvm^ 
lirocented  on  the  first  syllable.    Ch  has  the  sound  of  k,  and  so  has  c,  except  when  marked  p.  to  indicate  the  soond  of  s:  a  is  ' 
except  when  marked  otherwise.] 


A-bad'dOD. 
Ab'a-na. 
Ab'a-rim. 
A-bed'ne-go. 
A-bel-Me-halath. 
A-bel-Mi/ra-im. 
A-bel-Shit'tinj. 
A-bi'a. 
A-bi'a-thar. 
A-bi-e'zer. 
Ab'i-gaiL 
A-bi'hQ. 
A-bl'jah. 
A-brjam. 
Ab-i-le'ne. 
A-bim'e-lecb. 
A-bin'a-dab. 
A-bfram. 
Ab'i-shag. 
A-bisb'arL 
A'bra-ham. 
Ab'sa-lom. 
A-§el'da-ma. 
A-cha'ia  ('ya). 
A-dl'uo. 
A-don-i-be'zek. 
Ad-o-nl'jah. 
Ad-o-ni'rain. 
A-don-i-ze'dek. 
A'dram'me-lech. 
Ad-ra-myt'ti-ank 
A'dri-a. 
A'dri-el. 
A-dul'lam. 
Ag'a-bus. 
A-grip'pa. 
A-has-u-e'raB. 
A-ha-zI'ah. 
A-hl'jah. 
A-him'araz. 
A-bim'e-lecb. 
A-bin'o-am. 
A-hitb'o-pheL 
A-bl'tub. 
A-bo'li-ab. 
A-hol'i-bah, 
Aj'a-lon. 
Al-ex-an'dri-o. 
Al-pb»'us  (-fy). 
fAJ-tas'cbith. 
Am'a-lek-ite. 
Am'a-na. 

Am'a-sa  or  A-a^ask 
Ain-a-zTah. 
A-min'a-dab. 
Am'mon-ite. 
Am'o-rite. 
Am-phip'o-Ba 
Am  ra-pbel. 
An'a-kim. 
A  -uam'me-lecb. 


An'a-thoth. 

An-dro-nTcngt 

An'ti-ooh. 

An'ti-pas. 

An-tip'a-tria. 

A-pel'les  ('lea), 

Ai>-ol-lo'ni-a. 

A-pol'los. 

A-pol'ly-oa. 

Ap'pi-I  Fd'runi. 

Aq'ui-la. 

A-ra'bi-an. 

Ar'a-rat. 

A-rau'nab. 

Ar-che-la'us. 

Arc-tu'rus. 

Ar-e-op'a-gu8. 

Aye-tas. 

A'ri-el. 

Ai'-i-ma-th6'a. 

A'ri-ocb. 

Ar-is-tar'chus, 

Ar-is-to-bulus. 

ALT-ma-ged'don. 

Ar-me'ni-a. 

Ar'o-er. 

Ay  te-mas. 

A-ru'mah. 

As'a-hel. 

As'e-nath. 

Asb'ke-naz. 

Ash'ta-roth. 

A-si-a  (a'sbi-a). 

As'ke-lon. 

As-syr'i-a. 

Ath-a-ll'ah. 

At-ta-ll'a. 

Au-gus'tue. 

Az-a-ri'ah- 

A-zo'tus. 


Ba'al-ah. 

Ba-al  be'ritb. 
Ba'al-gad. 
Ba-al-liazor. 
Ba-al-hermOQ. 
Ba-al-nie'on. 
Ba-al-pe'or. 
Ba-al-per'a^zim. 
Baral-sbal'i-sha. 
Ba-al-ta'mar. 
Ba-al-ze'bub. 
Ba-al-ze'phoc 
Ba'a-sha. 
Bab'y-lon. 
Ba-bu'rim. 
Ba-rab'bas. 
Bar'na-bas. 
Bar'sa-bas. 
Bar-thoro-mew. 
*^-->xie'il8. 


Bar-zilla-t 

Bath'sh§-baic 

Be-el'ze-bub. 

Be-er-la-hfli'lOfe 

Be-e'roth. 

Be'er-she-besi 

Be'he-moth. 

Be'li-al. 

Bel-shaz'zar, 

Bel-te-sba/zBTa 

Be-na'iah  ('ya)o 

Ben-ba'dad. 

Ben'ja-min. 

Be-re'a. 

Ber-m'ge. 

Be-rd'dach-bal'a^ao. 

Beth-ab'a-ia. 

Beth'a-ny. 

Beth-ar'bel. 

Beth-a'ven. 

Be-tbes'da  (-tb8S0> 

Beth-bo'ron. 

Beth'le-hem. 

Beth-ma'a-ch^i. 

Betb-pe'or. 

Beth'pha-g5  (-JSJ. 

Beth-sai'da. 

Beth-sbe'mestu 

Be-thu'el. 

Be-zal'e-el. 

Bi-tbyn'i-a. 

Bo-a-neKges  Cjae). 


Ca'ia-phas  Cya>ta8). 

Cain. 

Cal'va-ry. 

Ca'naan-ite. 

Can'da-ge, 

Ca-per'na-um. 

Cap-pa-do'ci-a  fshi-). 

Car'che-misb. 

Cen'chre-a  (sen'). 

Ces-a-re'a  (sea-). 

Chal-de'an. 

Ched-or-la'o-mer. 

Cbem'a^rims. 

Cher'eth-ites. 

Chin'ne-reth. 

Clio-ra'zin. 

Ch  u-shan-rish-€Uthft'- 

im. 
Ci-iic-i-a  (si-lish'i-a). 
Cin'ne-roth  (sin'). 
Clau'dia. 
Claudi-us. 
Cle'o-phas. 
Co-los'se. 
Co-ni'ab. 
Cor-ne'li-us. 
Cy-re'ne  (si-). 
CS'-re'ni-us  (si-). 


Oal-marnQ'thet. 

Dal-ma'ti-a  CsJli«J, 

Dum'a-ris. 

Da-mas'cus. 

.Dan'i-el. 

DarFi'us. 

Deb'o-i-ah, 

De-cap'o-lls, 

Del'i-lah. 

De-me'tri-us. 

DJ-a'na  or  D!-a£'&. 

Di-o-nys'i-us  (-nizb'), 

IM-ot're-ph68  {-ffia). 

Dru-sil'la. 


E-bed-me1ech> 

Eb-en-e'zer. 

E'dom-Ite. 

Ed're-I. 

E-le-a'leh. 

E-le-a'zar. 

El-e-l6'he-Isrt»«ilU 

El-ha'nan. 

E-li-ab. 

E-lI'a-kim, 

E-lI'a-shib. 

E-li-e'zes. 

E-Ii'hu. 

E-lI'jah. 

E-lim'e-lecSlc 

Bn'i-phaz, 

K-lI'sha. 

B-lish'e-b&, 

El'ka-natt. 

El'larsar, 

El'na-tii.ntiv 

E-16'l. 

El'y-mafe, 

Em'raa-U6i 

E'ne-as. 

En-eg--la'fa» 

En-ge'dl. 

En-ro'i;el. 

Ep'a  |)bi-as. 

E-paph-ro-di*ta&, 

Eph'e-sus. 

E'phra-ira. 

Eph'ra-tah. 

Ep-i-cu-re'ans, 

E-rns'tus. 

E-sar-had'don. 

Es-div'Vc. 

Esh'1.  -  •.!. 

E-thi-6'pi-a. 

Eu-ni'ce. 

Eu-o'dl-as. 

Eu-phra'tes  ('tSz). 

Eu-roc'ly-don. 

Eu'ty-chus. 

E- vil- m  e-ro'dach. 

Ex'o-dus. 


E-ze'ki-eL 

E-zi-on-ga'ber. 

Felix. 

Fes'tus. 
For-tu-nfi'tT3& 

Gab'ba-tha, 

Ga'bri-el. 

Gad-a-renes  (-ristat). 

Garlati-a  (-Ji'sbi-a). 

Gtare-ed, 

Gal-i-le'an, 

Gal'i-lee. 

Gal'li-o. 

Ga-ma'll-ei> 

Ged-a-li'ah. 

Ge-de'rotb. 

Ge-ha'a. 

Grem-a-ri'ah. 

Ge-nes'a-reth(or  J^). 

Gen'e-sis  (-jen'). 

Ger-ge-sene8'(-s6niO< 
Ger'i-zim. 

Geth-sem'a-ne. 

Gib'be-thon, 

Gib'e-ah. 

Gib'o-on. 

Gid'e-on, 

Gil-bo'a. 

Gil'e-ad. 

Girgarsh!tfe 

Gol'go-thftc 

Go-U'r.th. 

Go-mor'raJj. 

Hab'  ak'kuk. 
Hach'i-iah. 
Had-ad-e'zer. 
Ua-dad-rim'mou. 
Ha'Uar. 

Ha-gar-enes'  (-^iz*). 
Hag'ga-i. 
Ha-nan'e-eL 
Ha-uani. 
Haii-a-ni'ah. 
Ha-ro'shetfa. 
Hav'i-lah 
Ha-voth-ja'ii. 
Uaz'a-el. 
Heph'zi-bah. 
Her-mog'e-n6s 
(-moj'e-nez). 
He-ro'di-ans. 
He-ro'di-as. 
He-ro'di-on. 
Hez-e-kl'ah. 
Hid'de-kel. 
Hi-e-iap'o-lis. 
Hig-ga'ion  ('yon). 
HU-ki'ah. 


Ho-s§'a  (-28% 

Ho-she'a. 

Hy-me-ne'us. 


Ich'a-bod. 

I-co'ni-um. 

Id-u-me'a. 

D-lyr'i-cum. 

Im-man'u-eU 

I-sa-iah  (i-za.'ya|t 

Is-car'i-ot. 

Ish-bo'sheth. 

Ish'ma-el. 

Ish'ma-el-ite, 

Is'ra-el  (iz'). 

Is'ra-el-Ite  0if}t 

Is'sa-char. 

Ith'a-mar. 

It'ta-I. 

It-u-re'a. 


JSrbesb-gil  e*dl. 

Jab'ne-el. 

Ja-i'rus. 

Jeb'u-sTte. 

Jec-o-nl'ah. 

Jed'u-thun. 

Je-gar-sa-h  a-dtft'' 

Je-hoa-haz. 

Je-ho'ash. 

Je-hoi'a-cbin. 

Je-hoi'a-da. 

Je-boi'a-kim. 

Je-hon'a-dab= 

Je-lio'ram. 

Je-bosh'a-phat. 

Je-hosh'e-ba, 

Je-ho-vah-ji'rell: 

Je-ho-vab-nis'sS. 

Je-ho-vali-sha'taKb 

Jer-e-mi'ah. 

Jer'i-cho. 

Jer-o-b5'am. 

Je-rub'ba-aL 

Je-ru'sarleoi: 

Jesh'i-mon, 

Jeshu-ruB; 

Jez'e-bel. 

Jez're-el. 

Jo-an'na. 

Joch'e-bed. 

Jo-ha'nan. 

Jon'a-dab. 

Jon'a-tbaii. 

Josh'u-a. 

Jo-sT'ah. 

Joz'a-cbai'. 

Ju-de'a. 

Ju'li-us. 

Ju'pi-ter. 

(501) 


502 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Sad'moD-Ite& 

Ked'e-moth. 

Ken'nlz-zltes. 

Ke'ri-oth. 

Ke-tu'rah. 

Kib-rotb- bat  •!&'&• 

vah. 
Kir-he'res. 
Kir-jath-a'lm. 
Kir-jath-arT)a. 
Sir-^ath-bQ'zcyUii 
Kir-jath-jeVrtJO. 


La-od-i-flfl'fc 

La-se'a. 

Laz'a-rus. 

Leb'a-non. 

Leb-be'us, 

Lem'Q-el. 

Le-vTa-than. 

Lib'er-tines  (-tiik*). 

Lib'y-a. 

Lo-atn'mL 

Lo-ra'ha-mah- 

tiu'ci-fer. 

Lu-ci-iis  (lu'8hl<^:4^ 

Lyc-aro'ni-a. 

Lyc-i-a  (Usb'l-^ 

Lyd'i-a. 

Ly-sa'ni-as. 

Lys-i-as  (liah'i-MV 


Ma'acah. 

Mag-e-do'nt^ 

Mach-pelah. 

Mag'da-Ia. 

Ma'ba-lath. 

Ma-ha-na'izn. 

Ma-ber-shal-Al" 

bashbaz. 
Mak-he'da^ 
Mara-chJL 
llan'a-en. 
Ma-Das'seh. 
Ma-Do'ah. 
Har-orahAb.'9^ 


Ma-re' shah. 

Mat-ta-nl'ah, 

Mat-thi'as  (naatb-> 

Maz'za-roth. 

Med'e-ba. 

Me-gid'do. 

Mel-chiz'e-dek. 

Mel'i-ta. 

Men'a-hem. 

Me-phib'o-sbeth. 

Mer;i-rl. 

Mer-a-tha'im. 

Mer'i-bah. 

Iile-r5-dach-bal'a» 

daa. 
Mes-o-po-ta'tnl-a. 
Mes-sl'ah. 
M5-theg-am'mah. 
Me-thu  se-lah. 
Ml-ca'iah  Cya). 
MTcharcl. 
Ml-cha'iah  ('ya). 
Mid'i-an-Ite. 
Mi-Ie'tus. 
Mir'i-am. 
Mit-y-le'ne. 
Miz'ra-im. 
Mo'ab-Ite. 
Mor'de-cai, 
Mo-ri'ah. 
Mys-i-a  (mizh'5-a). 


Na'a-man. 

Na'ioth  CyotbV 

Ha'o-ml, 

Naph'ta-li. 

Na-than'a-d. 

Naz-a-rene', 

Naz'a-reth. 

Naz'a-rite. 

Ne-ap'o-lis. 

Ne-ba'ioth  ('yoth). 

Neb-u-chad-nez'aasr. 

Neb-u-zar-a'dan. 

Neg'i-noth. 

Nfrte-mTah. 

NS'bi-loth. 

Se-bush'taa. 


Neth'i-nima. 

Ni-ca'nor. 

Nic-o-de'mua. 

Nic-o-la'i-tana. 

Nic'o-Ias. 

NI-cop'o-lls 

Nin'e-veb. 


Ob-a-dTah. 

O-bed-5'dom. 

(yiue-^  or  O-mS'ga. 

O-nes'i-iaus. 

On-e-siph'o-rw. 

O-rfon. 

Otb'ni-eL 


PSrdan-a'ram. 
Pal'es-tlne. 
Pam-phyl'i-ai 
Par'rae-naa. 
Par'thi-ana. 
Par-va'ira. 
Pat'a-ra. 
Pek-a-hfah. 
Pel-a-trab. 
Pe'letb-Itea. 
Pe-nl'el. 
Pe-nu'eL 
Per'a-zim. 
Pe-rez-uz'zah. 
Per'ga^raos. 
Per'iz-zite. 
Per-si-a  (per'shi-a). 
Phal'ti-el. 
PbSri-aoh-hoph'ra. 
(fa'ro  or  fa  ra-o')= 
Pha-raOh-ne'chob. 
Pbar'i-see. 
Phe-nlce. 
Phe-nic'i-a  (-siab-% 
Phil-a-derpm-a. 
Phl-le'mon. 
Phi-le'tus. 
Phi-lip'pl. 
Phil'is-tine  (-'ihtj, 
FbiD'e-as. 
P&iryg's-a  (M^ie 


Pl-ha-hfroth- 

Pir'a-thon. 

K-sid'i-a. 

Ple'ia-des  Cya-dSz). 

Pot'i-phar. 

Po-tiph'e-rah. 

Pris-cil'la. 

Proch'o-rus. 

Ptol-e-ma'is  (tol-). 

Publi-us. 

Pu-te'o-ll. 


Ba'a-mah. 

Ra-am'sgs  fsSa), 

Rab'sha-k6b- 

Ea-gu'el. 

Ra-math-a'im. 

Ka-math-le'bl. 

Ea-me'ses  ('sSz). 

Rariuoth-gil'e-ad. 

Re-bek'ah. 

Be'chab-ites. 

ES-ho-bo'aia, 

Ke-ho'both. 

Keph'a-im. 

Keph'i-dim. 

Ehe'gi-um  (re'Jt-). 


Sa-ba'oth. 
Sa-be'ans. 
Sad'du-cees  ('4&0' 
Sal'a-mis. 
Sal-ino'ne. 
Sa-lo'me. 
Sa-ma'ri-a. 
Sa-mar'i-tan. 
Sam -0-th  ra'cl-a 
(-thra'shi-a). 
8am'u-el. 
San-bal'lat. 
Sap-phl'ra  (saf-fi^ 
Sa-i-ep'ta. 
Scyth'i-an  (sitb% 
Se-cun'dus. 
8e-leu'ci-a  Tshi*^ 
Sen-nacb'e-ribt 
Sepb'a-rad. 


Seph-ar-va'im. 
Ser-a-J'ah. 
Ser'g-i-us  ('ji-). 
Shal'i-sha. 
Sbal-ma-ne'serCaer). 
Sha-re'zer. 
Shem-a-fah. 
Shem'i-nith. 
Sheph-a-trah. 
Shesh-baz'zar. 
She'thar-boz'na-1. 
Shib'bo-letb. 
Shig-ga'ion  fyun). 
ShimW. 
Shoshan'nim. 
Shu'lam-ite. 
Si-Io'am  or  Sil'oam. 
Sil-va'nus. 
Sim'e-on. 
Su-'i-on. 
Sis'e-ra. 
Sod'om-Ites. 
Sol'o-mon. 
Sop'a-ter. 
So-sip'arter. 
Sos'the-oes  (-nSz). 
Steph'a-nas. 
Suk'ki-ims  (-inis). 
Su-san'na. 
Sy-e'ne. 
Syn'ti-ch5. 
Syr'a-cflse. 
Syr-i-a. 

fiy-ro-pbe-nlo-i-aa 
(-oisVi-an). 


T&'a-nacti. 
Tab'e-rah. 
Tab'i-tha. 
Ta'bor. 

Ta-hapVn5s  (-cea). 
Tah'pe-nes  (•q6z). 
Tap'pG-ah. 
Te-kO'ah. 
Ter'arpbim. 
Ter'ti-us  (-shl-ne). 
Ter-tul'lus. 
Thad-ds'^is  {-6^ 


The-oph'i-lus. 

Thes-sarlo-nfos*. 

Thy-a-ti'ra. 

Tt-be'ri-as. 

Tt-be'ri-us. 

Tig-lath-pi-l5'ser 

('zer). 
Tim-nath-hS'r6e 

('rez). 
Tim'o-thy. 
Tir'ba-kah. 
Tir'sha-tha. 
To-bi'ah. 
To-bt'jah. 
To-gar'mab. 
Trach-o-nTtis. 
Tro-gyl'li-um  (-jfi^ 
Troph'i-mus. 
Try-phe'na. 
Tu'bal-cain. 
Tych'i-cus. 
T^-ran'nus. 


U-phar'sin  (a-X 
U-rTah  (Q-). 
U-ri'jah  (a-). 
Uz-zi'ah. 


<Iac-ch§'u8. 

Zacb-a-rrah. 

Zach-a-rfas. 

Zal-mun'na. 

Zam-zum'  mtitwy. 

Zar'e-phatb. 

Zar'e-tan. 

Zeb'e-dee. 

Ze-bo'im. 

Zeb'u-lun. 

Zech-a-iTah. 

Zed-e-kfab. 

Ze-Io'phe-badi 

Zem-a-ra'im. 

Zeph-a-ni'ah. 

Zeph'a-thah. 

Ze-rub'ba-bel 

Zer-u-fab. 

Eip-porah. 


SELECT  UST  OF  MYTHOLOGICAL  AND  CLASSICAL  NAMES. 


ACHATES,  a-ka'tEz,  the  armor-bearer  and 

faithful  friend  of  ^neas. 

ACHERON,  ak'e-ron,  a  river  of  the  lower 
world,  round  which  the  shades  hover. 

ACHILLES,  a-Iiiriez,  the  son  of  Peleus  and 
Thetis,  and  the  bravest  of  the  Greeks  in 
the  war  against  Troy.  He  was  invul- 
nerable, except  in  his  right  heel,  in 
which  he  was  mortally  wounded,  through 
treachery,  by  Paris.  His  quarrel  with 
Agamemnon  is  the  subject  of  Homer's 
Uiad. 

ACTION,  ak-te'on,  a  famous  hunter  who, 
having  accidentally  seen  Diana  and  her 
nymphs  bathing,  was  changed  by  the 
goddess  into  a  stag,  and  torn  to  pieces  by 
his  own  dogs. 

ADONIS,  a-do'nis,  a  beautiful  youth  be- 
loved by  Venus.  He  was  killed  by  a  wild 
boar  during  the  chase,  and  from  his 
blood  the  anemone  sprung.  His  worship 
was  of  Phoenician  origin. 

^ACUS,  e'a-kus,  one  of  the  judges  in 
Hades. 

iEGEUS,  e-je'us,  a  king  of  Athens  who, 
believing  his  son  Theseus  to  have  per- 
ished in  his  expedition  against  the  Mino- 
taur, threw  himself  into  the  sea,  hence 
called  the  iEgean. 

^NEAS,  e-ne'as,  a  Trojan  prince,  son  of 
Anchises  and  Venus,  the  ancestral  hero 
of  the  Romans,  and  as  such  the  hero  of 
Virgil's  -^neid. 

.lEOLIJS,  e'o-lus,  the  god  and  king  of  the 
winds,  which  he  kept  inclosed  under  a 
mountain. 

.aiSCULAPlUS,  es-ku-la'pi-us,  eon  of  Apol- 
lo, the  "  blameless  physician  "  of  Homer, 
killed  by  Jupiter,  to  keep  men  from  es- 
caping death  altogether,  and  afterwards 
deified.  His  descendants  had  a  secret  and 
hereditary  knowledge  of  the  medical  art. 

AGAMEMi^ON,  ag-a-mem'non,  son  of  Atre- 
us,  leader  of  the  Greeks  before  Troy,  mur- 
dered on  his  return  home  b^  ..Slgisthus, 
with  the  connivance  of  his  own  wife 
Clytemnestra. 

AGANIPPE,  ag-arnip'p§,  a  fountain  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Helicon,  sacred  to  the 
Muses. 

AGLAIA,  a-gla'i-a,  "  the  bright  one,"  one 
of  the  Graces. 

AJAX,  a'jaks,  son  of  Telemon,  a  Grecian 
hero  in  the  Trojan  war,  second  only  to 
Achilles  in  valor.  Unsuccessful  in  his 
struggle  with  Ulysses  for  the  armor  of 
Achilles,  he  killed  himself. 

ALCESTIS,  al-ses'tis,  wife  of  Admetis,  died 
in  the  stead  of  her  husband,  but  was 
brought  back  to  him  from  the  lower 
world  by  Hercules. 

ALECTO,  a-lek'to,  one  of  the  Eumenides 
or  Furies. 

AMMON,  am'mon,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 

AMPHION,  am-fl'on,  a  king  of  Thebes  who 
received  from  Hermes  (Mercury)  a  lyre, 


on  which  he  played'with  such  magic  skill 
that  the  stones  moved  of  their  accord  and 
formed  the  city  wall. 

AMPHITRITE,  am-fl-trTte,  the  wife  of  Po- 
seidon (Neptune),  and  mother  of  Triton. 

ANDROMACHE,  an-drom'a-ke,:the  wife  of 
Hector. 

ANDROMEDA,an-drom'e-da,  the  daughter 
of  an  Ethiopian  king,  rescued  from  a  sea- 
monster  by  Perseus,  who  married  her. 

ANT^SSUS,  an-te'us,  a  giant  overcome  by 
Hercules. 

APHRODITE,  af-r5-drte,  the  Greek  god- 
dess of  love  and  beauty,  the  mother  of 
Eros  (Cupid),  identified  with  the  Roman 
Venus. 

APIS,  a'pis,  the  bull  worshipped  by  the 
Egyptians. 

APOLLO,  a-pollo,  twin-son  with  Diana  of 
Jupiter  and  Latona ;  the  god  of  prophecy, 
of  song,  and  of  music.    See  Phoebus. 

ARACHNE,  a-rak'ne,  a  Lydian  maiden  who 
challenged  Athena  to  a, trial  of  skill  in 
spinning,  and  was  by  her  changed  into  a 
spider. 

AEES,  a'rez,  the  Greek  form  of  Mars,  god 
of  war. 

ABETHUSA,  ar-e-thu'sa,  one  of  the  Ne- 
reids, and  the  nymph  of  a  celebrated 
fountain  near  Syracuse. 

ARGUS,  ar'gus,  the  keeper  with  a  hundred 
eyes,  appointed  by  Hera  to  watch  the  cow 
into  which  lo  had  been  changed.  He  was 
lulled  to  sleep  and  killed  by  Hermes,  by 
command  of  Zeus.  Hera  gave  his  eyes 
to  the  tail  of  the  peacock. 

ARIADNE,  ar-i-ad'ne,  daughter  of  Minos, 
king  of  Crete.  She  guided  Theseus  out 
of  the  labyrinth  of  Crete,  but  was  aban- 
doned by  him  at  Naxos,  and  was  after- 
wards married  to  Dionysus. 

ARION,  a-ri'on,  a  famous  Greek  bard  and 
cithara-player,  who,  when  cast  into  the 
sea  by  robbers,  was  carried  safe  to  land 
by  a  dolphin  which  he  had  charmed  by 
his  music. 

ASCANIUS,  as-ka'ni-us,  the  son  of  jEneas. 

ASTR^A,  as-tre'a,  daughter  of  Zeus  and 
Themis,  and  the  goddess  of  justice.  She 
lived  among  men  during  the  golden  age. 

ATALANTA,  at-a-lant'a,  (1)  of  Bceotia, 
celebrated  for  her  swiftness,  conquered 
by  Hippomenes  or  by  Milanion  in  run- 
ning, by  the  stratagem  of  dropping  three 
golden  apples  in  the  race,  and  married  by 
him.  (2)  of  Arcadia,  a  sharer  in  the 
Calydonian  boar-hunt,  passionately  loved 
by  Meleager. 

ATE,  a'te,  the  Greek  goddess  of  mischief. 

ATHENA,  arthe'na,  a  Greek  goddess,  iden- 
tified with  the  Roman  Minerva. 

ATLANTIS,  at-lant'is,  a  great  and  beauti- 
ful island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  sunk  in 
the  sea  when  its  inhabitants  became  im- 
pious. 

ATLAS,  atlas,  the  leader  of  the  Titans  in 


their  conflict  with  Zeus.  Being  coO' 
quered,  he  was  condemned  to  bear 
heaven  on  his  head  and  hands. 

ATROPOS,  at'ro-pos,  "  the  inevitable,"  one 
of  the  Fates. 

AURORA,  aw-ro'ra,  the  Greek  Eos,  the 
goddess  of  the  dawn. 

AVERNUS,  a-ver'nus,  a  lake  near  the  en- 
trance to  the  lower  world — the  lower 
world  itself. 

BACCHUS,  bak'us,  the  god  of  wine,  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Semele,  daughter  of  Cadmus. 

BELLEROPHON,  bel-ler'o-fon,  the  rider 
of  the  winged  horse  Pegasus,  and  the 
destroyer  of  the  ChimEera. 

BELLONA,  bel-lo'na,  the  Roman  goddess 
of  war,  sister  of  Mars. 

BRIAREUS,  bri'a-rus,  or^EG^ON,  g-je'on, 
a  giant  with  a  hundred  arms,  the  son  of 
Uranus  by  Gaia.  He  aided  Zeus  in  his 
struggle  with  the  Titans. 

BUCEPHALUS,  bu-sef'a-lus,  the  favorite ' 
charger  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

CACUS,  ka'kus,  son  of  Vulcan,  a  giant  and 
notorious  robber.  Having  stolen  the  cat- 
tle of  Hercules,  he  was  killed  by  him. 

CADMUS,  kad'mus,  the  mythical  founder 
of  Thebes  in  Bceotia,  and  the  first  to  in- 
troduce alphabetic  writing  among  the 
Greeks. 

CALCHAS,  kal'kas,  the  wisest  of  the 
Greek  soothsayers  at  the  siege  of  Troy. 

CALLIOPE,  kal-lfo-pe,  the  Muse  of  epio 
poetry. 

CALYPSO,  kal-ip'so,  a  nymph  who  in- 
habited the  island  of  Ogygia,  on  which 
Ulysses  was  shipwrecked.  She  loved 
him,  and  delayed  his  voyage  for  seven 
years. 

CASSANDRA,  kas-san'dra,  a  daughter  of 
Priam,  king  of  Troy,  beloved  by  Apollo, 
who  gave  her  the  gift  of  prophecy,  but 
not  of  being  believed. 

CASTOR,  kas^or,  and  POLLUX,  poHuks, 
twin-brothers,  the  former  mortal,  the 
latter  immortal,  who,  from  their  love 
to  each  other,  were  placed  by  Jupiter  as 
a  constellation  in  heaven  under  the  name 
of  Gemini,  "  the  twins." 

CECROPS,  se'krops,  the  first  king  of  At- 
tica, and  founder  of  the  Cecropia  or 
citadel  at  Athens. 

CERBERUS,  ser'ber-us,  the  three-headed 
dog  that  guarded  the  entrance  to  the 
lower  world. 

CERES,  se'rez,  the  Greek  Demeter,  god- 
dess of  agriculture,  especially  of  corn, 
sister  of  Jupiter,  and  mother  of  Pros- 
erpine. 

CHARON,  ka'ron,  the  son  of  Erebus,  fer- 
ried the  souls  of  the  dead  over  the  rivers 
Acheron  and  Styx,  receiving  for  this  serv- 
ice the  obolus  placed  in  every  corpse's 
mouth  before  burial. 

CHARYBDIS,    ka-rib'dis,    a    dangerous 

(r03) 


504 


SELECT  LIST  OF  MYTHOLOGICAL  AND  CLASSICAL  NAMESo 


whirlpool  between  Italy  and  Sicily,  and 
opposite  to  Scylla. 

CHIRON,  M'ron,  a  centaur  celebrated  for 
his  knowledge  of  medicine  and  music, 
the  tutor  of  iEsculapius,  Achilles,  and 
Hercules.  Accidentally  wounded  by  one 
of  the  poisoned  arrows  of  Hercules,  he 
^ve  up  bis  immortality,  and  waschanged 
into  the  constellation  Sagittarius. 
'  3HLORIS.  klo'ris,  wife  of  Zephyrus,  tne 
Greek  goddess  of  flowers  ;  identical  with 
the  Roman  Flora. 

DIRCE,  sir'se,  daughter  of  Helios  and 
Perse,  a  sorceress  who  detained  Ulysses 
on  his  way  home  from  Troy,  conv-ertlng 
his  men  into  swine. 

CLIO,  kll'o,  the  Muse  of  history. 

CLOTHO,  klO'tho,  the  spinner  of  the 
thread  of  life,  the  youngest  of  the  Fates. 

COCYTUS,  ko-sTtus,  a  nver  In  the  lower 
world. 

COMDS,  ko'mus,  a  god  of  mirth  and  joy, 
represented  as  a  winged  youth. 

CORYBANTES,  kor-i-ban'tes,  priests  of 
Cybele  or  Rhea,  in  Phrygia,  who  wor- 
shipped her  with  wild  dances  to  the  sound 
of  cvmbals. 

CRCESUS,  kro'sus,  a  king  of  Lydia,  ol 
boundless  wealth. 

CUPID,  ku'pid,  the  Greek  Eeos,  the  god 
of  lo^e,  son  of  Venus,  represented  as  a 
mischievous  boy  with  arrows,  which  he 
aims  at  gods  and  men  alike. 

CYBELE,  sib'e-le,  a  goddess  originally 
Phrygian,  worshipped  at  Rome  also  as 
Ops. 

CYNTHIA,  sin'thi-a,  Diana,  so  called  from 
Mount  Cynthos,  in  Delos,  her  birthplace. 

tJYTHEREA,  sith-er-e'a,  Venus,  so  caUed 
,     from  the  island  of  Cythera,  where  she 

)    was  worshipped. 

vjJLEDALUS,  de'da-lus.  the  builder  of  the 
Cretan  lab_vrinth,  who  was  shut  up  by 
Minos,  but  escaped  by  means  of  artificial 
win^-s. 

PAMOCLES.  dam'o-klez,  a  flatterer  of  the 
tyrant  Dionysius.  Having  lauded  high- 
ly the  happiaess  of  Idngs,  he  had  his 
views  altered  on  finding  a  keen-edged 
sword  suspended  by  a  single  horse-hair 
over  his  head,  as  he  sat  at  a  banquet. 

DAMON,  da'mon,  and  PHINTIAS,  fln'ti- 
as,  two  noble  Pythagoreans  of  Syracuse, 
remembered  as  models  of  faitbfiu  friend- 
ship. 

DANAE,  dan'a-€,  the  mother  of  Perseus 
by  Jupiter,  visited  by  the  god  in  a 
shower  of  gold,  when  immured  in  & 
tower  by  her  father's  order. 

DAPHNE,  dafne,  a  nymph  beloved  by  Ap- 
pol'io,  and  turned  into  a  laurel-tree. 

DEJANIRA,  dej-arnfra,  wife  of  Hercules. 
Having  unwittiugly  caused  his  death, 
she  killed  herself. 

^ELOS,  de'los,  the  smallest  of  the  Cy- 
clades,  a  floating  island,  until  Jupiter 
made  it  stationary,  in  order  to  be  a  safe 
resting-place  for  Latona,  and  the  birth- 
place of  Apollo  and  Diana. 

BELPHI,  del'fl,  a  small  town  in  Phocis, 
the  Pytho  of  Homer,  celebrated  for  its 
oracle  of  Apollo. 

'i'EUCAUON,  du-kali-on,  son  of  Pro- 
metheus, with  his  wife  Pyrrha,  the  sole 
survivor  of  the  deluge. 

WIANA,  dl-a'na,  twin-sister  of  Apollo,  the 
virgin  goddess  of  the  moon  and  of  hunt- 
ing, identified  by  the  Romans  with  the 
Greek  Artemis. 

DIDO,  di'do,  daughter  of  the  Tyrian  king 
Belus,  and  the  reputed  foundress  of 
Carthage.  She  fell  m  love  with  ^neas, 
the  Trojan  hero,  but  not  finding  her  love 
returned,  killed  herself. 

OIONYSUS,  di-on-rsus,  the  Greek  Bac- 
chus. 

^ONA,   do-dO'na,    a    oHr    of    EpiruB, 


famed  for  an  oracle  of  Jupiter,  where 
the  responses  were  given  by  the  wind 
rustUng  through  oak-trees. 

DRAGON,  di-a'kon,  the  author  of  the  first 
written  code  of  laws  at  Athens,  in  which 
the  penalty  of  death  was  attached  even 
to  petty  crimes. 

EGERIA,  e-ger'i-a,  one  of  the  Camenaa  or 
prophetic  nymphs  of  Roman  mythology, 
who  dictated  to  Noma  Pompilius  lua 
forms  of  worship. 

ELEUSIS,  el-a'sis,  a  very  ancient  city  o! 
Greece,  famous  for  its  mysteries  of  Ceres, 

ENDYMION,  en-dim'i-on,  a  youth  cele- 
brated for  his  beauty,  and  the  perpetual 
sleep  in  which  he  was  wrapped  by  the 
Moon,  in  order  that  she  might  tdsa  him 
without  his  knowledge. 

EOS,  e'os.    See  Aueora. 

ERATO,  er'a-to,  the  Muse  of  amatory 
poetry. 

EREBUS,  eKe-bus,  son  of  Chaos,  brother 
of  No.K,  the  god  of  darkness,  also  the 
lower  world. 

KUPHROSYNE,  a-fros'i-ne,  one  ot  the 
CJmcGS* 

EUROPA,  Q-r6'pa,  the  daughter  ot  Age- 
nor,  carried  off  by  Jupiter  into  Crete 
under  the  form  or  a  white  buil.  The 
continent  of  Europe  was  named  after 
her. 

EUKUS,  Q'rus,  the  east  wind. 

EURYDICE.  fl-rid'i-se,  the  wife  of  Or- 
pheus. When  she  died,  he  followed  her 
to  Hades,  and  by  the  charms  of  his  lyre 
won  her  back  from  Pluto  on  condition 
that  he  would  not  look  back  at  her  upon 
the  way.  This  his  love  made  htm  forget, 
and  she  returned  to  the  lower  world- 

EUTERPE,  fl-ter'pe,  the  Muse  of  lyric 
poetry  and  music. 

FATES,  three  goddesses  who  determined 
the  birth,  life,  and  death  of  man — Clotho, 
Lachesis,  and  Atropos. 

FLORA,  flS'ra,  the  Roman  goddess  of 
flowers. 

FURIES,  three  goddesses  of  vengeance— 
Alecto,  Megara,  and  Tisiphone. 

GANYMEDE,  gan'i-mgd,  son  of  Troe,  for 
his  beauty  carried  off  from  Mount  Ida 
by  the  eagle  of  Jupiter  to  be  the  cup- 
bearer of  the  gods, 

QERYON,  ge'ri-on,  a  giant  king  in  Spain, 
whose  oxen  were  carried  off  by  Hercules. 

OLAUCUS,  glaVkus,  a  fisherman  who 
was  changed  into  a  sea-god. 

GORQONS,  gor'goas,  tbree  female  mon- 
sters, who  turned  all  they  looked  upon 
into  stone — ^Medusa, Euryale.  and  Stheno. 

GRACES,  three  attendants  of  Venus,  of 
great   beauty — Aglaia,    Thalia,   and  Eu- 

^phrosyne. 

HEBE,  helje,  the  goddess  of  youth,  daugh- 
ter of  Juno,  cup-bearer  to  the  gods,  and 
%vife  of  Hercules  after  he  was  deified. 

HECATE,  hek'a-t§  or  hek'St,  a  goddess 
often  identified  with  Diana  on  earth, 
Luna  in  heaven,  and  Proserpine  in  the 
lower  world,  and  therefore  represented 
with  three  heads. 

HECTOR,  hek'tor,  the  son  of  Priam,  king 
of  Ti-oy,  and  husband  of  Andromache ; 
the  bravest  of  the  Trojans,  slain,  and 
dragged  three  times  round  the  w^s  of 
Troy,  by  Achilles. 

HECUBA,  hek'u-ba,  wife  of  Priam,  and 
mother  of  Hector,  noted  for  her  misfor- 
tunes after  the  fall  of  Troy. 

HELENA,  hel'e-na,  daughter  of  Jupiter 
and  Leda,  sister  of  Castor,  Pollux,  and 
Clytemnestra,  wife  of  Menelaus,  and  the 
greatest  beauty  of  her  day.  She  caused 
the  Trojan  war  by  eloping  with  Paris, 
son  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy. 

HELENUS,  hel'e-nus.  a  celebrated  sooth- 
sayer, son  of  Priain,  kiag  of  '.IToy 


HELICON,  heri-kon,a  mountain  in  Boeoti&^ 
sacred  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

HELLE,  hel'le,  a  maiden  who,  while  flee- 
ing from  her  stepmother,  was  drownea 
in  the  strait  which,  after  her,  is  called 
the  Hellespont. 

HERA,  he'ra,  the  Grecian  goddess  corre. 
sponding  to  the  Juno  of  the  Romans. 

HERCULES,  heKkQ-Iez,  the  son  of  Jupite; 
and  Alcmena,  one  of  the  most  celebratei 
heroes  of  antiquity,  noted  especially  foi 
his  twelve  labors. 

HERMES,  her'mez,  the  Greek  name  of  Mer- 
cury. 

HERO,  he'ro,  a  beautiful  priestess  of  Venus 
at  Sestos,  beloved  by  Leander  of  Abvdos. 

HESPERIDES.  hes-per-i-dez,  daughters  of 
Hesperus.  In  their  garden  were  golden 
apples  guarded  by  a  dragon,  which  was, 
however,  killed  by  Hercules,  who  carried 
off  the  apples, 

HESPERUS,  hes'per-iis,  a  son  of  Aurora, 
or  of  Atlas,  turned  into  a  star. 

HIPPOCRENE,  hip-po-kre'ne,  a  fountain 
near  Mount  Helicon,  sacred  to  the  Muses, 
and  said  to  have  been  produced  by  a 
stroke  of  the  hoof  of  the  winged  horse 
Pegasus. 

HOltiE,  ho're.  the  Hours,  daughters  of  Ju- 
piter and  Themis.  They  controlled  the 
changes  of  the  seasons,  and  kept  watch 
at  th»  gates  of  Olympus. 

HYACINTHUS,  hi-a-sin'thus,  a  beautiful 
lad,  beloved  by  Apollo,  and  accidentally 
killed  by  a  blow  from  his  quoit.  From 
his  blood  sprang  the  flower  that  bears  tiia 
name. 

HYBLA,  hib'la,  a  town  in  Sicily,  the  neigh- 
borhood of  which  was  celebrated  for  its 
honey. 

HYDRA,  hrdra,  a  water-serpent  witn  fifty 
heads,  killed  by  Hercules  near  the  Ler- 
nean  lake. 

ffYGEIA,  hl-je'i-a,  the  goddess  of  health 
daughter  of  ,<£sculapius. 

HYMEN,  hi'men,  the  god  of  marriage. 

HYMETTUS,  hi-met'tus,  a  mountain  near 
Athens,  famed  for  its  honev  and  its  mar- 
ble. 

ETYPERION,  hip-e-ri'on,  a  Titan,  son  of 
Uranus  (Heaven)  and  Gala  (the  Earth), 
father  of  the  Sun. 

lACCHUS,  i-ak'us,  a  name  of  BacchHS. 

IDA,  rda,  a  mountain  in  Crete,  also  s 
mountain-range  near  Troy. 

IDALIA,  J-da'li-a,  a  surname  of  Venus,  de^ 
rived  from  the  town  of  Idalium  in  Cyprus, 
sacred  to  her. 

ILIUM,  U'i-um,  a  poetical  name  for  Troy. 

10,  76,  daughter  of  a  king  of  Argos,  loved 
by  Jupiter,  and,  through  fear  of  Juno, 
changed  into  a  cow.  Juno  now  tormented 
her  with  a  gadfly,  and  she  fled  from  land 
to  land,  swimming  the  Bo.sporus  ("ox- 
ford"), and  at  length  finding  rest  in 
Egypt,  where  she  recovered  human  form, 
and  was  worshipped  as  Isis. 

IPHIGENIA,  if-i-jen-fa,  daughter  of  Aga- 
memnon. She  was  to  be  sacrificed  in 
expiation  for  an  offence  of  her  father 
against  Diana,  but  was  spared  by  the 
goddess,  who  put  a  hart  in  her  place. 

IRIS,  fris,  the  swift-footed  messenger  of 
the  gods,  the  personification  of  the  rain* 
bow. 

ISIS,  Tsis,  an  Egyptian  goddess,  by  tiie 
Greeks  identified  both  with  Demet«r  and 
with  lo. 

J-X.10N,  iks-Fon,  the  son  of  a  king  of  The*. 
saly,  was  chained,  for  an  offence  against 
Juno,  to  a  constantly  revolving  wheel. 
JANUS,  ja'nus,  the  Roman  sun-god,  havmg 
a  face  on  the  front,  and  another  at  the 
back,  of  his  head.  His  temple  in  the  Fo- 
rum had  two  doors  opposite  each  other, 
'which  in  time  of  war  were  open,  aod  La 


SELECT  UST  OF  MYTHOLOGICAL  AND  CLASSICAL  NAMEB, 


SOS 


time  of  peace  were  shnt.     The  latter 

happenea  only  thrice  in  Roman  history. 

JASON,  jason,  the  leacter  of  the  Argonauts, 
brought  the  Qoldeu  Fleece  from  Colchis, 
with  the  help  of  Medea,  whom  he  married. 

JUNO,  ja'no,  the  Greek  Hera,  daughter  of 
Saturn,  sister  and  wife  ot  Jupiter,  and 
protecting  goddess  of  women. 

JUPITEB,  jiipi-ter,  the  chief  god  among 
the  Romans,  son  of  Saturn,  and  t^usbaad 
of  Juno  i  corresponding  to  the  QreeJe 
Zeus. 

tAGHESIS,  lak'e-eis,  the  one  of  the  Fates 
who  determined  the  Jot  of  Uf&' 

£iAOCOON,  laok'oK>a,  a  Trojan,  priest  of 
Apollo,  killed ,  together  with  his  two  sonSi 
at  the  altar  by  serpents, 

KiAOOAMIA,  la-o-dam-J'a,  wife  of  Protesi- 
laus.  Her  husband  was  killed  by  Hector 
before  iSroy,  and  she  prayed  the  goda  to 
give  him  to  her  for  but  three  hours.  The 
request  was  granted,  and  when  the  time 
expired,  she  died  with  him. 

IA.TONA,  la^tOna,  the  mother  of  Apollo 
and  Diana. 

JLEANDEB,  ie-an'der,  a  youth  of  Abydos, 
who  awam  across  the  Hellespont  every 
night  to  visit  Hero  of  Sestos,  until  he 
was  drowned  in  a  storm. 

UEDA,  le'da,  the  wife  of  Tyndarus,  king  of 
Laconia,  visited  by  Jupiter  in  the  form 
of  a  swan.  By  him,  she  was  the  mother 
of  PoUus  and  Helen  ;  by  her  husband,  of 
Castor  and  Cflytemnestra. 

LUCRETIA,  150-kresh'i-a,  the  wife  of  Col- 
latinus.  When  dishonored  by  Sextus 
Tarquinius,  she  killed  herself,  and  thus 
became  the  immediate  cause  of  the  ex- 
jmdsion  of  the  Tarquins  from  Rome. 

EiUNA,  IQ'na,  the  moon-goddess,  the  Greek 
Selene. 

ItARS,  mfirz,  an  old  Roman  god  of  war, 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno;  the  Greek  Ares. 

MAESYAS,  mar'si-as,  a  satyr  who  chal- 
lenged Apollo  to  a  miisical  contest,  with 
the  Muses  as  judges,  and  who  was  flayed 
alive  for  his  temerity. 

MKDEA,  me-d§'a,  daughter  of  a  king  of 
Colchis.  She  assisted  Jason  to  obtain 
the  Golden  Reece,  afterwards  became  his 
wife,  and,  when  deserted  by  him  for  an- 
c  xer,  dratroyed  her  rival  and  her  own 
children  by  Jason,  and  fled  to  Athens. 

MEDUSA,  me-du'sa,  one  of  the  Qorgons, 
killed  by  Perseus. 

MEG,5£RA,  me-ge'ra,  one  of  the  Furiee. 

KELIBCEUS,  mel-i-bd'us,  the  name  of  a 
shepherd. 

MELPOMENE,  mel-pom'e-n6,  the  Muse  of 

MEwSlON,  mem'non,  a  son  of  Aurora,  and 
king  of  ^iEthiopia,  who  went  to  aid  the 
Trojans,  was  slain  by  Achilles,  and,  on 
the  funeral  pyre,  changed,  by  his  mother, 
into  a  bird.  iHis  marble  statue  at  The- 
bes, when  touched  by  the  first  rays  of 
the  sun,  gave  forth  a  sound  like  a  lute- 
string. 

MENTOR,  men'tor,  the  faithful  friend  of 
Ulysses. 

MERCURY,  mer'ktt-ri,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Maia,  a  Roman  god  of  commerce  and 
gain,  messenger  of  the  gods  ;  identified 
with  the  Greek  Hermes. 

VIDAS,  mfdas,  a  Phrygian  king  who  re» 
ceived  from  Bsujchus  the  power  of  turn- 
ing everything  he  touched  to  gold.  Even 
tais  food  turning  to  gold,  he  escaped  star- 
vation only  by  washing  in  the  Pactolus. 
He  decideli  in  favor  of  Pan,  a  musical 
contest  between  him  and  Apollo,  who,  in 
revenge,  gave  Midas  an  ass's  ears. 

jSSINERV  A,  min-er'va,  the  Roman  goddess 
of  wisdom,  identical  with  the  Gi«ek  Pal- 

tONOS,  mfnos,  a.  idoK  and  lawgiver  at 


Crete,  made  after  death  a  Judge  in  the 

Infernal  regions. 

MNEMOSYNE,  ae-mo^i-ne,  the  mother  of 
the  Muses. 

MOMUS,  mO'mus,  the  god  of  mockery  and 
censure. 

MORPHEUS,  mor'fe-us,  the  god  of  dreams. 

MUSES,  daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Mnemoe- 
yue.  They  were  Calliope,  the  Muse  of 
epic  poetry  ;  Clio,  of  history  ;  Erato,  of 
amatory  poetry ;  Thaiia,  of  comedy  ; 
Mjoj'Omene,  of  tragedy;  TERPsicaiORK,  of 
dancing;  Ectkepe,  of  lyric  poetry;  Poly- 
HyarNiA,  of  lyric  poetry  auid  eloquence ; 
and  Ubattia,  of  astronwny. 

NARCISSUS,  nar-fiis'us,  a  beautiful  youth 
who  fell  in  love  with  his  own  image  re- 
flected in  a  well,  and  pined  away  until  he 
was  changed  into  the  flower  that  bears 
his  name, 

NAUSICAA,  nA-sik'a^a,  the  daughter  of 
King  Alcinous.  When  playing  at  ball 
with  her  maidens  on  the  shore,  she  found 
the  shipwrecked  Ulysses,  and  conducted 
him  to  her  father's  court. 

NEM^S^AN  UON,  ne-md'an,  a  lion  in  the 
wood  of  Nemsa,  which  was  destroyed  by 

NEPTUNE,  nep'tfin,  the  Poseidon  of  the 
Greeks,  brother  of  Jupiter,  and  chief  god 
of  the  sea. 

NESTOR,  nes'tor,  an  aged  king  of  Pylos, 
famous  among  the  Greeks  oefore  Troy 
for  his  eloquence,  wisdom,  and  foresight. 
(  NIOBE,  nl'oAje,  the  wife  of  Amphion,  king 
of  Thebes.  Having  boasted  that  she  had 
more  children  than  Latona,  her  seven 
sons  and  seven  daughters  were  killed  by 
Apollo  and  Diana,  and  she  wept  for  them 
until  she  was  turned  into  stone, 

NOX,  noks,  night,  the  daughter  of  Chaos, 

NUMA,  nu'ma,  the  second  King  of  Rome, 
who  organized  the  whole  religious  ritual 
of  the  state. 

CEDIPUS,  e'di-pus,  a  king  of  Thebes  who 
solved  the  Sphinx's  riddle,  whereupon 
she  killed  berseU. 

CENONE,  6-n6'ne.  a  nymph  of  Mount  ida, 
beloved  by  Paris  whde  yet  a  shepherd. 

OLYMPUS,  o-lim'pus,  a  mountain  on  the 
borders  of  Thessaly  and  Macedonia,  the 
seat  of  the  gods. 

OMPHALE,  om'fa-ld,  a  Lydian  queen  whom 
Hercules  served  as  a  slave  for  a  short 
time.  She  would  amuse  herself  by  wear- 
ing bis  lion's  skin  and  cai  >ying  his  club, 
while  Hercules  donned  woman's  dress 
and  spun  wool. 

OPS,  the  wife  of  Saturn,  the  Roman  god- 
dess of  plenty  and  patroness  of  hus- 
bandry. 

0REST£;S,  o-res'tez,  son  of  Agamemnon. 
He  avenged  his  father's  murder  by  slay- 
ing his  mother  Clytemnestra,  and  her 
paramour  j3ilgisthus. 

ORION,  o-ri'on,  a  celebrated  giant  and 
hunter,  who  at  his  death  was  lamed  into 
a  constellation. 

ORPHEUS,  or'fas,  a  Thradan  poet  who 
moved  rocks  and  tamed  wild  beasts  by 
the  music  of  his  lyre. 

OSIRIS,  o-sf  ITS,  the  chief  Egyptian  deity, 
husband  of  Isia,  and  the  first  to  introduce 
civilization  into  Egypt. 

PACTOLUS,  pak-t6'lus,  a  river  in  Lydia, 
said  to  bring  down  golden  sands,  from 
Midas  having  washed  in  it. 

PMAN,  pg'an,  a  name  of  Apollo  aa  the 
healer. 

PALLAS,  pal'las,  the  same  as  Athena. 

PAN,  an  Arcadian  pastoral  god,  inventor 
of  the  shepherd's  flute. 

PANDORA,  pan-d6'ra,  the  first  woman, 
made  by  Vulcan  by  command  of  Jupiter. 
She  brought  with  her  from  heaven  a  box 
containing  all  human  Uls,  which  feminine 
iBuriosity  made  her  open,  and  out  of  it 


they  all  flew,  to  afflict  manMoid,  while 
nctning  remained  but  Hope, 

PARC^,  par'se,  the  Fates. 

PARIS,  pay  is,  son  of  Priam,  iaang  of  Troy, 
Brought  up  as  a  snepherd  on  Mount  Id^!, 
there  ne  decided  the  dispute  as  to  their 
beauty  between  Juno,  Minerva,  and  Ve- 
nus, in  favor  of  the  last,  who  promisee 
him  Helen,  wife  of  Menelaus,  and  the 
fairest  of  women.  His  carrying  her  off 
caused  the  Trojan  war,  in  which  he  was 
siain. 

PARNASSUS,  par-nas'sus,  a  mountain  in 
Greece  sacreo  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

PATROCLUS,  pa-trok'lus,  the  dearest 
friend  of  Achilles,  rashly  challenged 
Hector  before  Troy,  and  was  killed  by 
him. 

PEGASUS,  peg'a-eus,  a  winged  horse  which 
sprang  from  the  blood  of  Medusa,  bore 
Bellei-ophon  in  his  struggle  with  the 
Chimsera,  then  flew  upwards  to  heaven. 
He  is  called  the  horse  of  the  Muses. 

PELOPS,pe'lops,son  of  Tantalus,and  father 
of  Atreus,  When  a  chUd,  he  was  served 
up  as  food  to  the  gods,  but  was  recalled 
to  life  by  Jupiter.  He  became  king  of 
Ells,  and  VTas  so  powerful  that  he  gave 
his  name  to  the  whole  Greek  peninsula. 

PENELOPE,  pe-nel'o-pe,  the  wife  of 
Ulysses,  celebrated  for  her  constancy 
during  his  twenty  years'  absence.  She 
put  off  her  importunate  suitors  by  prom- 
ising to  marry  when  she  had  finished  a 
web  she  was  weaving ;  but  what  was 
woven  during  the  day,  she  undid  at 
night. 

PERSEUS,  per'sfls,  a  son  of  Jupiter,  cut  off 
the  head  of  Medusa,  and  saved  AJadrom- 
eda  from  a  terrible  sea-monster. 

PHAETON,  fa'e-thon,  a  son  of  Sol.  Having 
obtained  leave  to  drive  the  chariot  of  the 
sun  for  one  day,  he  upset  it,  and  was 
burled  by  a  thunder-bolt  from  Jupitea 
into  the  river  Po. 

PHILOMELA,  fil-o-mela,  a  daughter  of 
Pandion,  king  of  Athens,  changed  intc 
a  nightingale. 

PHLEGETHON,  fleg'e-thon,  a  river  of  fir? 
in  the  lower  world. 

PHCEBE,  fe'be,  a  name  of  Artemis  or  Diana, 
as  the  goddess  of  the  moon,  it  being  re- 

farded  as  the  sister  of  Pbcebus  or  the 
un. 
PHCEBUS,  feTjus,  a  name  of  Apollo  as  god 

of  the  sun. 
PHOSPHORUS,  fos'for-us,  the  Greek  Bame 

of  Lucifer,  the  morning  star. 
PIERIA,  pi-er'i-a,  a  district  In  the  north 

of  Greece,  one  of  the  earliest  seats  ol  the 

worship  of  the  Muses,    who  are  often 

styled  Fierides. 
PLUTO,  plu'to,  the  king  of  the  lower  world, 

brother  of  Jupiter  and  Neptune. 
PLUTUS,  plu'tus,  the  god  of  riches. 
POLLUX.    See  Castor. 
POLYHYMNIA,  pol-i-him'ni-a,  the  Mase  of 

lyric  poetry  and  eloquence. 
POLYPHEMUS,  pol-i-fe'mus,  a  one-€yed 

Cyclops  in  Sicily,  who  was  blinded  by 

Ulysses    while    he    was  sleeping,  after 

having  devolved  many  of  the  companions 

of  the  latter. 
POMONA,  po-mO'na,  the  goddess  of  frtut. 
POSEIDON,   po-si'dOn,   the  Greek  god  oS 

the  sea,  identical  with  the  Roman  Nep 

tune. 
PRIAM,  prfam,  the  last  king  of  Trc^,  slait 

by  Pyrrhus. 
PRIAPUS,  pri-a'pus,  son  of  Bacchus  and 

Venus,  the  goa  of  fruitfulness,  of  gar- 

PROMETHEUS,  pro-m6'thOs,  son  of  lape- 
tus,  and  father  of  Deucalion.  He  made  a 
man  of  clay,  and  put  life  into  \am  by 
fire  stolen  from  heaven.  For  this, 
Jupiter  chained  him  to  a  rock,  where  «> 


506 


SELECT   LIST  OF   MYTHOLOGICAL   AND   CLASSICAL   NAMES. 


^nilture  preyed  continually  upon  his  liver, 
until  he  was  delivered  by  Hercules. 

PKOSEKPINE,  pros'er-pin,  daughter  of 
Jupiter  and  Ceres,  carried  off  liy  Pluto, 
and  made  queen  of  the  lower  regions. 

PROTEUS,  pro'te-us,  a  sea-god  who  assumed 
any  form  he  pleased.  He  tended  the 
seals  or  sea-calves  of  Neptune. 

PSYCHE,  sT'ke,  a  nymph  beloved  by  Cupid. 

PYGMALION,  pig-ma'li-on,  a  king  of  Cy- 
prus who  fell  in  love  with  the  image  of 
a  maiden  which  he  himself  had  made. 
N'enus  changed  it  into  a  woman,  whom 
he  married. 

PYRAJll  S,  pir'a-mus,  the  devoted  lover 
of  Thjsbe.  Supposing  her  to  be  dead,  he 
stabbed  himself  under  a  mulberry  tree. 

PYTHON,  pi'thon,  a  serpent  killed  near 
Delphi  by  Apollo,  who  founded  the  Pyth- 
ian games  to  commemorate  the  victory. 

REMUS,  re'mus,  twin-brother  of  Romulus, 
killed  by  him  for  laughing  at  his  infant 
walls. 

RU.\DAMANTUUS,  rad-a-man'thus,  one  of 
the  judges  in  the  lower  world. 

ROMULUS,  rom'yoo- Ills,  the  mythical 
founder  of  Rome,  son  of  Mars  by  Rhea 
Silvia,  e.xposed  at  birth  in  a  cradle  on 
the  Tiber,  and  miraculously  suckled  by 
a  she-wolf. 

RUBICO  (Eng.  RuBicox,  roob'i-kon),  a 
small  stream  on  the  east  coast  of  Italy, 
the  boundary  between  Italy  and  Cisal- 
pine Gaul.  It  was  thus  the  limit  of  Cae- 
sar's province,  and  his  crossing  it  at  the 
head  of  his  army  at  the  commencement 
of  the  civil  war  was  tantamount  to  bid- 
ding defiance  to  the  laws  of  the  republic. 

SARDANAPALUS,  sar-dan-a-pal'us,  king 
of  Nineveh,  noted  for  his  licentiousness 
ard  elt'eminacy.  When  hopelessly  de- 
feated, he  burned  himself  together  with 
all  his  treasures. 

SATURN,  sat'urn,  an  old  Roman  divinity, 
the  god  of  agriculture  and  civilization, 
identified  by  the  Romans  with  the  Greek 
Cronos,  and  thus  the  father  of  Jupiter, 
by  whom  he  was  dethroned. 

SCYLLA,  sil'la,  a  rock  between  Italy  and 
Sicily,  opposite  Charybdis,  very  danger- 
ous to  passing  ships.  It  was  the  haunt 
of  Scylla,  a  fearful  monster. 

SEMELE,  sem'e-le,  the  mother,  by  Jupiter, 
of  Bacchus. 

SEMIRAillS,  sem-ir'a-mis,  with  her  hus- 
band Ninus,  the  mythical  founder  of 
Nineveh.  She  was  distinguished  for  her 
personal  prowess;  and  after  the  death 
of  Ninus  she  reigned  alone  with  great 
glory. 


SERAPIS,  se-ra'pis,  an  Egyptian  divinity. 

SILENUS,  si-le'nus,  the  companion  of 
Baccuus,  represented  as  being  usually 
drunk,  and  seated  on  an  ass.  When 
drunk  or  asleep  he  would  prophesy,  if 
surrounded  by  a  chain  of  llowers. 

SINON,  si'non,  a  Greek  who  allowed  him- 
self to  be  taken  prisoner  by  the  Trojans, 
and  persuaded  them  to  admit  within 
their  city  the  wooden  horse,  which  was 
filled  with  Greek  warriors. 

SISYPHUS,  sis'i-fiis,  a  wicked  king  of 
Corinth,  who  was  punished  in  the  lower 
world  by  having  to  roll  to  the  top  of  a 
hill  a  stone  which  constantly  rolled  back 
again. 

SOL,  the  ancient  Italian  god  of  the  sun, 
later  identified  with  the  Greek  Helios, 
hence  often  called  Titan  or  Ph-^bus  by 
tlie  poets. 

SOMNUS,  som'nus,  the  god  of  sleep,  said 
to  be  son  of  Night  and  brother  of  Death. 

STY'X,  stiks,  a  river  of  the  lower  world, 
across  which  the  shades  of  the  departed 
were  ferried. 

TANTALUS,  tan'ta-lus,  a  son  of  Jupiter, 
for  divulging  his  father's  secrets,  was 
made  to  stand  up  to  his  chin  in  water, 
with  branches  of  fruit  hung  over  his 
head,  the  water  receding  when  he  wished 
to  drink,  and  the  fruit  when  he  desired 
to  eat. 

TARPEIAN  ROCK,  tarip'an  rok,  on  the 
Capitoline  hill  at  Rome,  over  which 
criminals  were  thrown. 

TELEMACHUS,  te-lem'a-kus,  the  son  of 
Ulysses  and  Penelope,  left  Ithaea  to 
search  for  his  father,  and  found  him  at 
home  on  his  return. 

TERMINUS,  ter-min-us,  the  god  who 
guarded  boundaries. 

TERPSICHORE,  terp-sik'o-re,  the  Muse  of 
dancing. 

THALIA,  tha-l!'a,  the  Muse  of  comedy. 

THERSITES,  theris 'tes,  a  Greek  before 
Troy  famous  for  his  ugliness  and  scur- 
rility, killed  by  Achilles. 

THESEUS,  the'sus,  the  great  legendary 
hero  of  Attica,  who  killed  the  Minotaur, 
and  performed  various  other  famous  ex- 
ploits. 

THESPIS,  thes'pis,  the  founder  of  Greek 
tragedy. 

THETIS,  the'tis,  a  Nereid,  mother  of 
Achilles. 

THISBE,  this'be,  a  Babylonian  maiden 
who  killed  herself  beside  the  body  of 
her  lover  Pyramus. 

TIMON,  tl'mon,  a  celebrated  misanthrope 
of  Athens. 


TIMOTHEUS,  ti-mo'the-us,  a  celebrated 
musiciiin  of  Miletus. 

TIRESLAS,  ti-re'si-as,  a  blind  soothsayer 
of  Thebes. 

TISIPHONE,  tl-sif'o-ne,  one  of  the  Furies. 

TITANS,  ti'tans,  the  sons  of  Titan,  helped 
their  father  against  Jupiter,  but  were 
overthro^vn. 

TITHONUS,  tith-6'nus,  the  mortal  hus- 
band of  Aurora,  endowed  by  her  with 
immortality,  but  not  eternal  youth.  In 
a  decrepit  old  age  his  immortality  be- 
came a  burden  to  him,  and  he  was 
changed  into  a  grasshopper. 

TITYRUS,  tit'i-rus,  the  name  of  a  shep- 
herd. 

TROILUS,  tro'i-lus,  a  son  of  Priam,  king 
of  Troy,  slain  by  Achilles. 

TROPHONIUS,  trof-o'ni-us,  the  builder, 
along  with  his  brother  Agamedes,  of 
the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi.  Deified 
after  his  death,  he  imparted  oracles  in 
a  cave  in  Boeotia. 

TROY,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor,  destroyed  by 
the  Greeks  after  a  siege  of  ten  years. 
See  HEI.ENA. 

TYRT.EUS,  tir-te'us,  a  lame  schoolmaster, 
sent  by  Athens  to  Sparta  in  answer  to 
an  appeal  for  aid,  and  who,  by  his  in- 
spiriting martial  lyrics,  led  the  Spartans 
on  to  victory. 

ULYSSES,  il-lis'ez,  a  king  of  Ithaca, 
famed  for  his  craft  and  eloquence.  His 
wanderings  for  ten  years,  over  many 
lands  and  seas,  on  his  way  home  from 
Troy,  form  the  subject  of  the  Odyssey. 

URANIA,  ii-ra'ni-a,  the  Muse  of  astron- 
omy. 

VACUNA,  va-ku'na,  the  goddess  of  rural 
leisure. 

VENUS,  ve'nus,  the  goddess  of  love  and 
beauty. 

VERTUMNUS,  ver-tum'nus,  the  god  of  the 
seasons. 

VESPER,  ves'per,  the  same  as  Hesperus. 

VESTA,  ves'ta,  daughter  of  Saturn,  god- 
dess of  the  household  fire  and  of  do- 
mestic life.  Her  priestesses  took  an 
oath  of  virginity,  and  were  charged  to 
keep  the  sacred  fire  burning. 

VIRGINIA,  vir-jin'i-a,  a  Roman  girl  whom 
her  father  Virginius  stabbed  to  death 
to  save  her  from  the  lust  of  the  decemvir 
Appius  Claudius.  This  led  to  the  expul- 
sion of  the  decemvirs. 

VULCAN,  vul'kan,  the  Roman  god  of  fire, 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno,  confounded 
with  the  Greek  Hephaistos. 

ZEPHYRUS,  zef'i-nis,  the  west  wind. 

ZEUS,  ze'us,  the  Greek  name  of  Jupiter. 


/^ 


BF'j,'-.u»L  •.•eoe."''  "''"-'JJ, 


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